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2018-19 Editorial Board
Raina Kadavil
Raina is a senior at Boston University studying International Relations with a specialization in Security Studies in the Middle East and North Africa. She began as a Staff Writer and later REACT News co-founder for the IR Review, covering issues like the illegal dancers of Iran and the destruction of world heritage sites by ISIS. She is also a Business Development Specialist for BOARD International and has previously worked for the Youth Assembly at the United Nations, Rt Hon David Lammy MP in Westminster, and the former Attorney General of New South Wales in Australia. She is the co-founder of the organization Global Ambassadors and REACT News, and the author of Young Adult Fiction novel "The Voice of Thunder." She has had the honor of speaking at the United Nations several times and has been recognized for her work by the Coca-Cola Foundation, Zonta International, Claes Nobel, and more. She is currently conducting research on urban refugees in Istanbul, Turkey and Amman, Jordan. She hopes to someday work in human rights law, and loves getting lost in cities, forests, or a good book.
Gowtham Asokan
Editor-in-Chief & REACT News Anchor
Gowtham Asokan is a Junior studying Economics and Political Science. Being brought up in Turkey in an Indian background gave Gowtham a strong association to both countries. His hobbies include: Chess, Reading, and talking long walks by the Esplanade. He hopes to work on Economic policy regarding developmental economics in aiding lesser developed regions.
Morgan Cope
Morgan Cope is a senior in the College of Arts and Sciences studying International Relations with a concentration in International Economics, Business, and Politics. She truly realized her passion for exploring different cultures and lifestyles when she spent a summer living with a family in Dublin, Ireland and hopes to live abroad again someday soon! She loves meeting new people and hearing their experiences and stories. In her free time, Morgan enjoys singing along to throwback songs with her friends and adventuring around Boston to find delicious food.
Christopher Brown
Christopher, studies International Business, Economics and Politics with a focus in European Studies. As he transitions into his senior year at BU, his prime areas of focus are on the effects of the Brain Drain on the Balkans and the development of the international trade system. He plays saxophone and a little guitar, speaks French and English, and would like to read more Marx.
Sonali Paul
Sonali is a senior at the Questrom School of Business pursuing a concentration in finance with interests in law, economics and domestic and foreign policy. She is open-minded and curious and is looking forward to expanding her knowledge of global affairs through her work with the IR Review. During her free time Sonali likes to read good books, meditate, cook delicious recipes, listen to music, and run.
Samantha Dorning
Samantha Dorning is a sophomore at Boston University studying Political Science and International Relations with an intended concentration in Africa and the Middle East. She is from Chicago, Illinois where she lives with her parents, sister, and beloved dog and attended Providence Catholic High School. As a member of the Boston University community, she is involved in the Boston University International Affairs Association,
the BU Pre-Law society, and the BU Women's Club Hockey Team. Her passions include American politics and constitutional deliberation, the effect of American and Western policy on pre-modern nations, writing, and spending time with family and friends.
Melissa Bui
Melissa is currently a sophomore in CAS/Pardee studying International Relations with concentrations in Asia and International Systems & World Order. She is from Aurora, Colorado where she was born and raised. Within the BU community, she is the Co-Event Coordinator for Association Francophone de BU (French Club) and the Internal Public Relations Chair for BU Vietnamese Student Association. She is also a part of the International Affairs Association, in which she has staffed the BarMUN and BosMUN conferences. Outside of school, she enjoys hiking, playing the violin, and trying new foods.
Soo Min Cho
Soo Min is from Cupertino, CA but originally from South Korea. Her interest in journalism grew as she wrote and edited for her school newspaper for four years during high school. In her free time, she loves watching Netflix and traveling. Some of her favorite places that she has visited this year include France and Hong Kong. She also loves finding and eating at good restaurants.
Alexander Blumenfeld
Alex is a freshman in the College of Arts and Sciences studying Economics & Mathematics with a minor in International Relations. Originally from Ridgewood, NJ, he loves to study the intersection of economics and politics in global history, and his dream job is to work at the Fed someday. Outside of school, he can be found playing soccer, trying to stay up to date on the latest rappers, and searching for the best Mexican food around.
Layout Team
Natalie Carroll
Photography Editor
Natalie is a senior in the college of communication. She is half Irish and half Chinese, and was born in London, but grew up in Singapore. She has being doing photography since she was a sophomore in high school and worked as a photography assistant for a year and half to a Singapore-based photography and videography company. She has a bulldog puppy whom she adores more than anything, she has recently gotten into food photography and healthy cooking, and her dream job would be a combination between traveling and something food related.
Rebecca Giovannetti
Layout Coordinator
Rebecca is a senior in CAS, majoring in International Relations and Economics. IShe is m minoring in Journalism in COM, with a focus on Magazine Journalism. She was born and raised in São Paulo, Brazil. Her favorite food of all time is pasta, which is probably due to the fact she is half Italian. She is also a museum enthusiast who loves some company to explore new expositions around Boston.
Josee Matela
Layout Editor & REACT News Specialist
Just like Boston weather, Josee Matela's academics revolve around two degrees. As a junior pursuing a B.S. in Journalism and a B.A. in International Relations, Josee has her sights set on sharing stories from all over the globe. She's ecstatic to continue with the IR Review as a layout editor and producer for React News. Beyond BUIAA, she spends her time producing BUTV10's The Wire, interning for Boston's NPR news station WBUR 90.9, and dancing to songs in grocery store aisles.
Julia Mullert
Layout Editor
Julia is a sophomore studying International Relations with a minor in Journalism. Besides serving as Marketing Director, she is the CIO for BosMUN XVIII, an active member of the travel team, and the Campus Grant Coordinator for Students for Reproductive Justice at BU. She also works at My Life My Choice, an anti-human trafficking organization based in Boston. When not in school, you can find her dabbling in writing, photography, and podcasting, or binge watching Veronica Mars.
Carly Berke
Carly is a junior studying International Relations and Film & Television. She is originally from Los Angeles, California and she is am thrilled to work on the IR Review, as it enables her to combine her passion for media and design with her passion for international affairs. On campus, Carly is involved in Delta Phi Epsilon, a professional fraternity with a focus on foreign service, and the BU International Affairs Association, with whom she is currently serving as the Chief Internal Affairs Office of the 11th Boston Area Model United Nations Conference. In her free time, Carly loves good films, road trips, and breakfast pastries.
Journal Writers
Rachel Petherbridge
Journal Writer
Rachel, a dual citizen of the UK and USA, is a senior in the College of Engineering studying Biomedicial Engineering with a focus in Nanotechnology. She is a 2017 Goldwater scholar and her research interests involve utilizing foundational synthetic biology to engineer solutions to a variety of human problems, particularly in medicine. She is passionate about communicating science and scientific research in a way that is both appealing and informative to the public, bringing her to the IR Review. She is a volunteer with BU STEM Pathways, Vice President of BUs uWISE club, and an active committee chair in BU Model United Nations conferences. She enjoys exercising, visiting museums, and adventures.
Samira Jafar
Samira is a junior in the College of Arts and Sciences majoring in International Relations. She is originally from Kuwait and speaks Arabic fluently. Her areas interest in International Relations include gender equality efforts in developing countries and Middle Eastern conflict resolution. In her spare time, she likes to listen to music, read, bake, and practice yoga and pilates.
Yoni Tobin
Yoni is a sophomore from Maryland in the College of Arts and Sciences studying International Relations. His academic interests include the Middle East, terrorism, and immigration policy. His goal is to work as a foreign correspondent for a newspaper. In his free time, he enjoys reading, swimming, and watching basketball.
Tal Dickstein
Tal Dickstein is a Senior at Boston Universory pursuing a bachelor's degrees in economic and international relations and a master's degree in economics. He enjoys listening to music, solving puzzles, and completing job apps (send help).
Adia Armstrong
Book Reviews Writer
Adia is a sophomore in the College of Arts and Sciences and the Pardee School of Global Studies, where she is majoring in International Relations and double minoring in History and French. Though she holds an American passport, she is also a proud Canadian hailing from Toronto and Montreal (Really cool, eh?). She developed her passion for writing in the 6th grade and has since published three poems in local and national anthologies. When Adia is not at BUIAA, she is involved as an Activities Consultant for the Student Activities Office and is also an ASDB Coordinator at the Admissions Office. In her spare time, she likes to play soccer, learn about different countries and cultures, binge watch Netflix, eat "Trini food" and listen to music of all genres. She is really excited to be a part of the IRR team this year and to be granted the privilege of writing meaningful pieces and inspiring engaging conversations.
Desmond Molloy
Desmond is a senior and a Health Sciences major, Economics minor and Master of Public Health candidate. He is especially interested in the connections between urban environments and health outcomes, and the field of social business.
Kaylin Ikeda
Kaylin is from a city called Orange which is in Orange County, California. She used to play soccer and run track and still enjoys playing sports or working out. She also loves going to new food places or fun coffee shops with friends, but most of all, she loves the beach and traveling. This summer, she was able to go on a spontaneous trip to Santorini and Florence with her brother. She is a junior this year.
Blog Writers
Sabine Tessono
Blog Writer
Sabine is a freshman in the College of General Studies hoping to pursue a degree in English and Political Science. Her academic interests include creative writing, political science, and history. Having grown up in a Haitian household, her interests in her own cultural background and the world around her have inspired an interest in international relations. In her free time, she enjoys writing short stories, watching the Food Network, and crying over dogs and emotional video games.
Kavya Verma
Kavya is a junior studying International Relations and Political Science. Kavya's academic interests include security studies, toxic masculinity in global conflict, studying marginalized communities, European politics, and ranting about the inefficiencies of coalition governments. When she is not doing all of the above (maybe 2% of the time), Kavya can tell you about her upbringing across India, the UK, and the US, and quote The Office with concerning fluency.
REACT News Team
Mairin McQueen
REACT News Producer
Mairin is a junior pursuing a Dual Degree in Political Science and Film and Television Production. After graduation, she hopes to use her Production background to work in Political Communications. She plans to dedicate her career to Women's rights and political activism through media. For now, she enjoys working with kids, hiking, and eating Mexican food.
Maneesha Khalae
REACT News Anchor
Maneesha is a coordination-challenged, unintentionally loud foodie from Penang, Malaysia who decided to become an English major and has a low-key obsession with Orange Is The New Black.
Elisabeth Garfield
Elisabeth (whose friends call her Elle) grew up in the Bay Area of California, so it is no surprise that she is studying Computer Engineering and concentrating in Technology Innovation. She plans to apply her technical schooling to further the successes of social justice movements and make the world a kinder place. She has also lived in Switzerland and Florida, loves to swim, volunteer at animal shelters, and paint.
Eliot Usherenko
Eliot is a sophomore from West Roxbury (a suburb of Boston) and graduated from Boston Latin School. He rowed and swam competitively throughout high school while also participating in clubs from JSA to Model UN. He seeks to pursue a double-major of Economics and International Relations in the College of Arts and Sciences, as he is very interested in both politics and diplomacy. Some of his favorite TV shows are Mad Men, The Office, Friends, and Suits!
Noah Riley
Noah is a sophomore in the Kilachand Honors College and the College of Arts and Sciences double majoring in International Relations with a focus on Foreign Policy and Security Studies and Economics. Besides the IR Review, he is an active member of BUIAA as a member of the Model UN Travel Team while also playing baseball at BU. As a Greater Boston native, it is safe to describe him as a Boston sports fanatic, and he manages to find time to watch games in between episodes of TV show binge-watching.
Andy Chen
REACT News Tech Specialist
Andy was born in China but spent four years completing high school in Canada. He is interested in film, and is excited to be part of something wonderful as a videographer.


You are visiting the placeholder page for Perry Fagerburg. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Perry Fagerburg. We created this page automatically in hopes Perry Fagerburg would find it. If you are not Perry Fagerburg, but are an alumni of Hyde Park High School, register on this site for free now.


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Physical Therapist Assistant Associate in Science
Accreditation & Licensure
Graduate Rate
Graduation Rate = 87% Based on 3 year average for 2017-2019
Pass Rate
Licensure Examination Pass Rates
US Accredited Candidates
2020 First Time 94.4% 88.7%
2020 Ultimate 94.4% 89.3%
Ultimate Pass Rate Average = 94.6% Based on 3 year average for 2018-2020
*Resource: Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy
Report data is updated eight times a year. The data for this report is current as of September 2020.
Employment Rate Average = 98% Based on the three year average for 2017-2019
*This information is updated annually in the Spring Term
Program Learning Outcomes (PLO's)
PLO 1: By the completion of the program, the student will demonstrate effective written, oral, and reading communication skills with patients/clients, other health care providers, and the community. (MDC Learning Outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10)
PLO 2: By the completion of the program, the student will adhere to legal, ethical, and professional behaviors while serving as a health care provider. (MDC Learning Outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9)
PLO 3: By the completion of the program, the student will demonstrate the required skills to become a competent health care practitioner. (MDC Learning Outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
How to Apply to This Program
This program is competitive and has specific prerequisites. Is this the right program for you?
Follow These Steps
Speak to an Advisor
Questions about this or other programs at the Medical Campus?
Speak to a Medical Campus advisor. Please note that applications for all Medical Campus programs, except those leading to a Bachelor's degree, must be done in person. Visit the New Student Center any time during office hours to speak to an advisor and fill out an application. Appointments are not necessary.
New Student Center - Room 1113
Medical Campus address and directions
Email: madvisement@mdc.edu
We Are CAPTE Accredited

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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California Cities' Pension Tab Seen Almost Doubling in 5 Years
Life Health > Health Insurance > Your Practice
by Romy Varghese
April 10, 2017 at 10:55 AM Share & Print
(Bloomberg) — California cities and counties will see their required contributions to the largest U.S. pension fund almost double in five years, according to an analysis by the California Policy Center.
In the fiscal year beginning in July, local payments to the California Public Employees' Retirement System will total $5.3 billion and rise to $9.8 billion in fiscal 2023, according to the right-leaning group that examines public pensions.
— Read Abe sells Japan's elderly on charms of country life to save economy on ThinkAdvisor.
The increase reflects Calpers' decision in December to roll back the expected rate of return on its investments. That means the system's 3,000 cities, counties, school districts and other public agencies will have to put more taxpayer money into the fund because they can't count as heavily on anticipated investment income to cover future benefit checks.
Calpers hasn't calculated the dollar impact of reducing the investment return over the years, said the group, which derived its estimate from guidance the system sent in January.
Including the costs paid by cities and counties that run their own systems, the fiscal 2018 tab will be at least $13 billion to meet retirement obligations for public workers, according to the analysis, which is based on actuarial reports and audited financial statements.
Barring any changes to pensions, "several California cities and counties will find themselves forced to slash other spending," the group wrote in its report. "The less fortunate will simply be unable to pay the bills they receive from Calpers or their local retirement system."
— Read Calpers braces for lower returns in 'most challenging market' on ThinkAdvisor.


SisterInTheRaw posted this on Facebook…its so easy to make I just had to share it. There are a lot of recipes out there and it can be overwhelming. I like that healthy eating enthusiasts like SisterInTheRaw make my job as a coach so much easier by finding the simplest recipes that are the best for you.
Place all ingredients except for water in a large bowl and mix. Slowly add up to 1 1/2 cups of water until the mixture becomes batter-like. Allow the mixture to sit for 10 minutes so the flaxseeds begin to gel.
Divide mixture between 2 teflex-lined dehydrator sheets. Spread into a large square with the back of a spatula.
Dehydrate at 115 for 4 hours. Then flip the bread over onto the mesh tray and carefully peel away the teflex sheet.
Score the bread with a knife, creating 9 pieces of bread on each tray. Dehydrate for 2-4 more hours until the bread is dry, yet pliable.


Backyard fire features feed the fascination people have always had with fire. Where does everybody gather on a camping trip? There is something comforting about a fire. Add a fire feature to your outdoor living space and watch the magic happen.


In its 12th year raising money for The Institute of Cancer Research, London, the Climb of Life has reached the tremendous milestone of raising over £1 million.
Around 120 employees from the UK Business Supplies Industry took part in the Cumbrian challenge. They raised £103,325 this year, bringing the total over £1 million.
Several members of the ICR team joined in the fundraising effort, including Chief Executive Professor Paul Workman and his wife Liz, Dr Irene Chong and our Chief Operating Officer Dr Charmaine Griffiths.
The walking event offered 12 routes of different levels of challenge, organised and led by expert group leaders and all beginning from base in Grasmere, Cumbria.
Ten of the groups climbed the big mountains, Helvelyn, Bowfell, Crinkle Crags and the Langdale Pikes, while others carried out more gentle walks along locations such as Helm Crag and Gibson Knott.
At the end of the walk, all teammates enjoyed an evening at the event's partner hotel of 26 years, The Swan Hotel, Grasmere.
Chief Executive Professor Paul Workman said: "It is fantastic to see Graeme and his fellow climbers' hard work pay off with the amazing achievement of reaching £1 million raised for the ICR and our pioneering cancer research. It was a pleasure to join the group for the fourth year running with my wife, Liz. The atmosphere is always amazing and hugely inspiring.
"The £1 million raised so far from the Climb of Life continues to make a huge difference at the ICR as we work to achieve our mission of making the discoveries that defeat cancer.
The Climb of Life would not be possible each year without the dedication and motivation of the event's leader and dedicated ICR fundraiser Graeme Chapman, MBE, who once again organised the event this year. We would like to thank Graeme and all of the Climb of Lifers for their hard work over the years.
"My father died of cancer, which was one of the main drivers in choosing the ICR, as well as the knowledge that 95% of our fundraising would go directly to cancer research.
If you have been inspired by the Climb of Life and would like to fundraise for the ICR, find out more on our Sport and Challenges page.
You can also contact Heather Lacey, Supporter Events Manager, by email [email protected] or call 020 7153 5375 for more information.


There are vintage ads. And there are vintage spoof ads. The Dangerous Minds has an article about the advertising parodies of MAD Magazine. The publication was able to survive without any outside ads – meaning they were free to make parodies. The tobacco industry was often the target, but there were some breweries among the victims as well.
This one is from September 1956. More ads on Jasperdo's Flickr account.
I was sipping a beer ( a very nice brown ale, since you ask) at Schouskjelleren Mikrobryggeri, one of the Oslo brewpubs, some days ago. Their blackboard shows their range of beers on tap, six of their own, the rest hand picked from around the globe. Wheat or wit, IPAs, pale ales, usually at least a sour ale, an imperial stout, maybe a barley wine.
But, for the last six months or so, they also have their own pilsener. They have always had Hansa pils, but it is not promoted in any way. An industrial alternative for those who get too scared of all this craft stuff. The Hansa pils is not selling much, though. The regulars want the home brews or the hand picked imports on the blackboard. Their own lager is another story. The barman told me they have pulled it form the menu at times to stimulate the sale of their other beers.
If you want Norwegian craft lager to take home, there are a few really good ones available from micros like Lillehammer Bryggeri and Sundbytunet, but they have a very small distribution.
Lervig started out as a lager brewery, way before Mike Murphy arrived to start making top fermented beers. Their pilsener varieties did not impress anyone back then. I've been told that they are much improved now. I will give them a try, but there is a lot of marketing work to be done as well, perhaps integrating a pilsnener and a few other lager varieties into their series of well designed bottles and cans.
But the one to look out for is further north on the west coast. Kinn has announced that they are reducing their range of beers to concentrate on a core range. But among those core beers, there will also be a pilsener. Knowing the quality of Espen's beers, I'm sure this will be a winner. But they might have to consider the price level. I'm not sure how much the Norwegian consumers are willing to pay for a bottle of pils, however good it is. We are used to drinking our pale lagers in larger quantities than the darker and stronger beers, so it's a matter of keeping the price of a six-pack down to a reasonable level.


At the time of construction, this now 89-year old facility was recognized as the top industrial construction project in Western Washington. Today, it is the largest military fuel facility in the continental United States. The fuel depot is used primarily for Naval jet fuel storage and dispensing to Navy fuel tankers for air craft carrier jets. Marpac has worked at this facility continuously for over ten years. Projects designs were a collaborative effort between Marpac staff and the facility engineers. Work included new docks, fuel containment systems, fuel dispensing systems, new fuel tanks, renovation of fuel tanks, fuel piping systems, fire protection systems, roads and utilities, office building renovations as well as mechanical and electrical upgrades.
Challenges of this site included working around the Navy's fueling schedule, hazardous materials, working in confined tunnels and fuel tanks, as well as performing work on the water, under the water and areas only accessible by water, subject to tides.
Our work at Manchester was recognized by the Associated Builders and Contractors of Western Washington and resulted in several awards for Industrial Construction.


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Early lesson from NCI breach: Double check financial oversight
NCI Inc. recently accused its controller of embezzling $18 million over the last six years, shocking the federal contracting community.
In the wake of this event, Attorney Robert Tompkins notes how important it is for a company to have a clearly defined internal investigation policy.
"In a case like [NCI's], there are a host of different notice and reporting obligations that the company will have in addition to any internal requirements they have set," said Mr. Tompkins. "The first step is to undertake a full assessment of what happened, both to show that the company is being responsible but also to avoid further unpleasant surprises."
Attorney Timothy Belevetz provides numerous examples of ways that companies can strengthen their internal controls post-breach.
One possibility is to review and authorize expense reimbursements, said Mr. Belevetz, "There should be a requirement to provide supporting documentation."
READ: Early lesson from NCI breach: Double check financial oversight
Robert K. Tompkins
Government Contracts White Collar Defense and Investigations Litigation and Dispute Resolution Risk and Crisis Management Financial Investigations


ARCTIC SEA ICE SURVIVING THE SUMMER MELT: INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY AND DECREASING TREND.
INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS IN GLOBAL SST DEVIATIONS THROUGH SMMR FROM 1978 TO 1987.
TROPOSPHERIC RESPONSE IN THE ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR WAVE ALONG THE SEA ICE EDGE AROUND ANTARCTICA.


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# Initialize the Rails application.
Railsgoat::Application.initialize!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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3 Key Things To Know About The New Omicron Variant Of COVID-19
The world is on high alert again over the news of the emergence of a new Coronavirus variant called Omicron.
While it will take scientists some weeks to understand the omicron variant, including how quickly it can spread and what the illness that results from infection looks like, the World Health Organization has already labeled Omicron a "variant of concern", meaning it could be highly contagious, more transmissible, and have more mechanisms to evade the protection granted by vaccines than the original strain of Covid-19.
The variant has an unusually high number of mutations, with more than 30 in the key spike protein, the part of the virus that binds to a human cell.
More information about the variant will unfold in the coming weeks but here is what to know about Omicron.
1. How it emerged
Though the variant's existence was first reported in South Africa, it has also been found in Belgium, Botswana, Germany, Hong Kong, Israel, Italy, and the United Kingdom.
According to the WHO, the earliest known case of the omicron variant was November 9, and the mutation was first detected November 24 in South Africa, which has an advanced detection system. The discovery of the omicron variant has coincided with a spike in South African cases — a 1,124 percent increase over the past two weeks, according to the New York Times.
2. Its symptoms are unusual
The South African doctor who first sounded the alarm on the Omicron variant of the coronavirus said that its symptoms are "unusual but mild" in healthy patients but she's worried the strain could cause complications in the elderly and unvaccinated.
Dr. Angelique Coetzee, a practicing doctor for 30 years who chairs the South African Medical Association (SAMA), said she believed she had found a new strain of the virus after COVID-19 patients at her private practice in Pretoria exhibited strange symptoms.
She said: "It presents mild disease with symptoms being sore muscles and tiredness for a day or two not feeling well.
"So far, we have detected that those infected do not suffer the loss of taste or smell. They might have a slight cough. There are no prominent symptoms. Of those infected some are currently being treated at home."WHO officials also said in their statement Friday preliminary evidence suggests Omicron also poses a higher risk of reinfection, compared to other variants of concern.
3. What countries are doing to contain the new variant
On Friday, President Joe Biden announced new travel restrictions on eight southern African countries, which will take effect on Monday. Travel from Lesotho, South Africa, Eswatini, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, and Botswana will be restricted, though those restrictions won't apply to US citizens or green card holders, among other groups.
"I've decided that we're going to be cautious," Biden told reporters on Friday. "But we don't know a lot about the variant except that it is of great concern; it seems to spread rapidly."
Other nations — the UK, Singapore, Israel, France, and Germany — are also restricting travel from southern African nations in an effort to contain the new variant, despite criticism from the South African government.
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Everything To Know About Dementia: Signs, Symptoms, Causes, Types, Prevention & Treatment


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Rock Drawings
To Decolonize, We Must End the World as We Know It
Planting Seeds for a More Ethical Future
Centering Black Lives in the Study of Human Remains
Embracing the Poetry of Being Human
Can Anthropology Be Decolonized?
A Tree's Tongue
Indigenizing What It Means to Be Human
What If Neanderthals Had Outlived Homo Sapiens?
When Coffee Is Like Angel Cake With Strawberry Jam
Rhyme & Reason: Poetry as a Cultural and Communal Bridge
How Gravestones Shaped as Sheep United the Caucasus
The Paleolithic Age Cooked Up Creative Chefs
In Lebanon, Solar Power Is Booming. Why?
Fishing in the Shadow of Oil
Is a "Sweet Tooth" Genetic?
Nature/Nurture
Is War Inevitable? Consider the Ancient Maya
Standpoints
Best of SAPIENS 2022
A Native Alaska Community's Reckoning With Vaccine Hesitancy
Did Meat Do Neanderthals In?
A Major Museum's Attempt to Center Native American Voices
The Dangers of Ancient Apocalypse's Pseudoscience
How a Song Bridged Diné and Ndebele Worlds
How Diverse Was Medieval Britain?
A Mass Shooting in the "Evangelical Vatican"
Monogamy. Grandmas. Milk. The Evolution of Childhood Is Very Strange.
What Commentators Get Wrong (and Right) About North Korea
Broadening Demands for Reproductive Justice
Do Mountains Have Souls?
What Is Linguistic Anthropology?
Ask SAPIENS
A Somali Archaeologist Is Championing Heritage in the Horn of Africa
Heritage Forensics Is Tackling Devastating New Forms of Cultural Erasure
Op-ed / Crisis
Should You Feel Bad About Your Pandemic-Era Plastic Waste?
Anthropologists in Hong Kong explore how COVID-19 has intensified consumers' reliance on single-use plastics—revealing the limits of individual action in the face of a global crisis.
By Justin Lau and Michelle Cheng
Oceans Asia, an environmental group, collects discarded face masks on a beach on Hong Kong's Lantau Island in 2020.
Anthony Wallace/AFP/Getty Images
✽
"Sometimes I want to avoid producing excessive waste and be more environmentally friendly," said Teresa, a 22-year-old undergraduate in Hong Kong. [1] [1] Pseudonyms have been used for all interviewees to protect their privacy. "But I feel slightly powerless these days. On many occasions, I don't think I have a choice."
Every day, Teresa insists on wearing at least a surgical mask due to the ample scientific evidence of the effectiveness of mask-wearing in reducing the risk of COVID-19 transmission. Although she feels guilty about throwing these masks away after each use, wearing a reusable cloth mask is not an option for her. Research has shown that such masks are comparatively less effective than surgical masks and N95 masks in preventing viral transmission. And in Teresa's experience, even reusable cloth masks are not as environmentally friendly as people think.
"Some reusable [cloth] masks still contain a non-recyclable (PM 2.5) filter to enhance the medical protection," Teresa explained. "Besides, their durability varies. Some even start to wear out in less than a week!"
In the throes of a climate crisis, consumers in Hong Kong and elsewhere are often told that we are capable of making ethical decisions to contribute to sustainability. But the research we've done on waste disposal in Hong Kong throughout the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed an important truth: The idea that consumers can freely choose to be environmentally responsible is likely an illusion. In reality, our decisions are part of wider political and economic systems over which we have little control as individuals.
The pandemic has put this illusion of choice front and center.
Efforts to treat infections and stop the spread of the virus have led to a staggering surge of pandemic-related plastic waste—around 8.4 million tons globally, according to a study published in November 2021. Around 46 percent of that waste comes from Asia. The majority comes from hospitals, but individual demand for single-use medical products—such as face masks, disinfectant wipes, testing kits, medical gloves, and hand sanitizer bottles—has also contributed to this increase.
In early 2021, we embarked on an anthropological research project to track Hong Kong college students' waste disposal practices. Since the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak, Hong Kong has witnessed a dramatic drop in recycling. Surgical masks have swamped the city, piling up on beaches and trails. Many of the students we interviewed voiced their frustration over feeling like they had no choice but to participate in buying and using disposable goods.
Regardless of whether masks can be reused or not, Teresa's experience draws attention to the limited life span of all consumer goods. The chemical and material composition of a product, for example, determines the number of times it can be recovered for use. Even items marked as "reusable" cannot be recovered incessantly; they, too, become frail or degraded and must be thrown away eventually.
Moreover, even if a product has been thrown into a recycling bin, there's no guarantee of how the product will be handled or processed. In 2019, a team of investigative journalists found that almost two-thirds of recyclable wastes collected from housing estates in Hong Kong were being sent to a landfill. More recently, a scandal erupted when reporters documented a government-commissioned recycling outlet flagrantly dumping recyclables.
One student, Thomas, told us that these incidents had led him to distrust the entire recycling industry in Hong Kong. "I genuinely don't know if the items I put in the recycling bins will be recycled," he confessed.
In other words, people simply cannot control where their recyclables will end up—even if they do everything "right."
These controversies around recycling aren't limited to Hong Kong. Over the past several years, changes in the global economy have caused major disruptions to how waste flows.
In the past, China received and processed much of the plastic waste collected for recycling from elsewhere—including approximately 95 percent from Europe and 70 percent from the U.S. In early 2018, however, China implemented a ban on importing 24 types of recyclable materials (including plastics) under the National Sword policy. The Financial Times investigated the disastrous environmental consequences of this shift by tracking how G7 countries, who produce the majority of the world's plastic and paper waste exports, responded to China's ban. They found that G7 countries were largely forced to dump many recyclables at landfills. As of 2018, only 9 percent of plastics in the U.S. were recycled.
But even before the advent of this ban, the vast majority of plastic waste around the world ended up as trash. Researchers estimate around 8 million metric tons of plastic lands in the ocean annually, with deadly effects for ocean life.
The pandemic has intensified this situation; not only are consumers encouraged to use more single-use plastics to prevent the virus' spread, but the increased reliance on online shopping from home has led to more waste from shipping and packaging materials. Indeed, COVID-19 has only put more pressure on the already failing plastic recycling industry, exposing the global waste management system's fragility and inadequacy.
Even if we can't eradicate waste once and for all, we can still make the systems we have more accountable.
In Hong Kong, the government passed a new bill in August of last year that will charge residents for the collection of their municipal waste by weight. The policy encourages waste reduction and recycling practices by explicitly underscoring the "excessive consumption" and "wasteful habits" of Hong Kong residents. The government has also designed a mascot named "Big Waster," a translation of a pejorative term in Cantonese for a profligate person, who appears in public campaigns urging citizens to adopt a "Save More, Recycle More" lifestyle.
Such moralistic rhetoric presumes that individuals can always self-consciously choose to live a "wasteless" life. But our research presents a more nuanced picture: Even when people are environmentally conscious and want to make more sustainable choices, they struggle to pursue this way of living due to structural limitations—particularly in the face of a public health crisis.
Our argument aligns with the insights of anthropologists Gauri Pathak and Mark Nichter, who highlight the danger of continuing to "place the lion's share of responsibility for post-consumer waste onto citizens." For Pathak and Nichter, a strong waste management and recycling system is crucial, but it is not a panacea for ever-growing waste. Not all products are suitable and/or profitable to recycle. Moreover, an unchecked recycling process can even add to water and air pollution. In other words, recycling at best "prolongs, rather than eliminates, disposal." Overreliance on consumer recycling as a solution to the waste crisis ignores the broader systems that produce these materials in the first place.
So, what can be done? While Pathak and Nichter rightly point out there are no perfectly developed waste management systems that eradicate waste once and for all, we can still make the systems we do have more accountable.
Residents of Quarry Bay, a neighborhood in Hong Kong, drop off their household recycling.
Marc Fernandes/NurPhoto/Getty Images
To start, in Hong Kong and elsewhere, policymakers should consider establishing appropriate waste management infrastructure, including building a transparent waste recovery process to ensure that every recyclable is properly handled. Governments should also restrict the production and unnecessary use of environmentally harmful materials such as plastics, as Pathak and Nichter and others suggest, and support research focused on producing durable materials that are less harmful. And when it comes to unavoidable medical waste related to COVID-19, governments can at least mitigate the detrimental environmental impacts through stringent regulations on waste disposal.
Fundamentally, effective waste management needs to break the illusion that the waste crisis can be resolved by making ethical choices on an individual level. The responsibility shouldn't—and can't—fall solely on the shoulders of residents like Teresa.
If COVID-19 has taught us anything, it's that our individual behaviors can have powerful impacts on those around us—for better or worse. But individuals also need adequate infrastructural and regulatory support for their choices to enable the structural transformations needed to protect our imperiled planet. Such a transformation will entail changing the deep-seated social and economic systems that perpetuate waste production and finding new ways of living with fewer plastics.
Justin Lau
Justin Lau is a Ph.D. candidate in anthropology at the Australian National University and a research assistant at the Education University of Hong Kong. He holds an M.Sc. in the anthropology of development from the London School of Economics. His doctoral research examines the politics of waste technologies in Cambodia. He has two forthcoming articles in the Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology and Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space.
Open Bio
Michelle Cheng
Michelle Cheng is a postdoctoral fellow at the Education University of Hong Kong. She holds a Ph.D. and a bachelor's of social science from the University of Hong Kong. She works on an interdisciplinary research project to study pro-environmental behaviors of university students. Cheng's work has been published in Sustainability and Social Psychology of Education.
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Apr. 9, 2015 6:00 a.m.
White Rock Community Policing is looking for bike patrol volunteers: "Be the eyes and ears for the police and make a difference in your community by volunteering for this great team. Successful applicants must pass an extensive security check and be willing to commit approximately eight hours a month. All equipment is provided." Contact Julia Everett by email, julia.everett@rcmp-grc. gc.ca, or by calling 778-593-3600.
Flexible commitment, full training provided." Info at 604-502-6461 or heritagevolunteers@surrey.ca.
Volunteer with White Rock Sea Festival: White Rock Events Society welcomes volunteers to help with summer festival. Contact Dave Braun, davidrbraun1@gmail.com.


If only the ideas and hopes didn't fly headlong into the jaws of some very real problems.
As experts on the use of sanctions in Iraq and other hot spots, a pair of Kroc professors became main players on the world stage—€"and unheeded voices in the WMD debate.
Or: How an Egyptian Coptic Christian was plucked from academia to sow peace in the Mideast and run the United Nations.
by Rev. John Jenkins, CSC, '76, '78M.A.
Notre Dame's president explains how serving the Church is central to its role as a Catholic university.
Notre Dame looks to the faith of its faculty as it takes steps to strengthen its religious commitment.
One veteran teacher-scholar reflects on the study of constitutional law and its place and purpose at the university.
The dedication of the new Jordan Hall of Science held special meaning for Laetare Medal recipient and former board of trustees chairman Thomas P. Carney '37. "Now Notre Dame has a classroom building worthy of the level of science education it provides," he told his daughter, Janet Carney O'Brien '77. The chemical engineering graduate fondly recalls the often odiferous atmosphere of the research lab in his paean to an inventive professor in Synthetics and Smells: Memories of Father Nieuwland, CSC.
The death in July 2006 of Father Aidan Kavanagh, OSB, who founded the doctoral program in liturgical studies at Notre Dame, made the world a smaller place, writes Jeannette Cezanne. She relates his advice on communicating with parishioners in Listen to Mrs. Murphy.


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Photographers create wall wide view of York
11 Apr 2013 @ 2.29 pm
Alan Fleming | News
Terry's factory stands proud on the York skyline. Photograph: John Saunders
Along with two fellow photographers, Alan Fleming is capturing the city as it really is – not the chocolate box version. He explains why
York is one of the more photogenic and photographed places in the UK, with many people aiming to produce that ideal picture postcard image. However, three York local photographers – myself, John Saunders of Heworth, and Graham Smith of Fishergate – are looking at things in a different way and are taking part in a new photography project for the Friends of York Walls.
Our aim is to produce a detailed pictorial photographic record of everything that can be seen from, and adjacent to, York's historic bars, walls and associated defences as a snapshot in time – early 2013.
The object of the project is to record everything that can be seen in all directions and at all significant viewpoints around the bars, the full walls circuit and all the associated defences in York. An archive of still photographs is being produced and made available to the general public on the photo sharing website Flickr, in a group called York – Scene From The Walls.
A panorama looking west from Clifford's Tower by John Saunders
Bootham Bar from Exhibition Square. Photograph: Alan Fleming
The last remaining barbican at Walmgate Bar. Photograph: Graham Smith
It is hoped that these images will provide a useful and lasting resource not only for the Friends of York Walls, but also for local organisations including the City of York Council and anyone interested in York's archaeology and history at this particular moment – winter/spring 2013. An option to produce a DVD of all the photographs taken is also being considered.
Still photographs are being taken – wide angle in the main with close up detail only when required. The emphasis is on recording what can be seen, warts and all, from and around the walls walks, and at ground level where necessary, as a "snapshot in time".
Some images are not all that interesting but are still included if they are a part of the views. Wide panorama shots have also been included and a further option to add video footage and 360-degree panning video footage is being considered. New images may be added in the future if any sections
change significantly.
A view from Micklegate Bar Museum. Photograph: Graham Smith
Station Rise looking towards the railway memorial. Photograph: Alan Fleming
A view over York Railway Institute and beyond. Photograph: Alan Fleming
The archive already contains more than 1,700 images, with some more work still to be completed. A comprehensive tagging system has been used to identify locations and viewpoints and to make searches and filtering possible. Images are also being geo-tagged on the Flickr map facility.
Friends of York Walls is a voluntary group which aims to help promote, manage and develop York's Bar Walls, St Mary's Abbey, Clifford's Tower and The Castle for the benefit of local residents and visitors.
The group organise and undertake practical work, and organise public events in co-operation with the City of York Council and other like-minded groups or individuals. They seek to establish York's Walls as a major worldwide attraction, one that the residents of York can take a pride in, and residents and visitors can enjoy to the full.
For more information see the Friends of York Walls website or email [email protected] for more details and membership


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Last month, Lexicide explored the follies of platform atheism, so for balance's sake, February's word is evangelist. This is not really a lexicide, as a technology evangelist is actually a "bringer of good news," at least in the eyes of his employer.
That's what evangelist means, from the Greek eu (good) + angelion (messenger, the same root that gives us angel), which is why it was originally applied to the writers of the four Gospels (literally, god-spell, Old English for "good news"). Apple coined the term and gave the title to Mike Boich and Guy Kawasaki. Soon, every forward-thinking company had its evangelist, which explains (or signifies) the religious fervor with which companies worship their brands.
What's interesting to us is the construction of Oxford Dictionaries' definition above. Not only is secular evangelism acknowledged as a lexical child of Christian evangelism, but one can be an evangelist for things of questionable worth (in this case, junk bonds).
Don't hold your breath for companies to create an office of dysvangelism, however – that would be quite a heresy. Perhaps one day, corporations will have creeds instead of mission statements. In the meantime, our evangelists are going and making customers of all markets. It's how you earn the Great Commission, you know.
This entry was posted in words on February 26, 2016 by mark.


Next high tide in Middle Thorofare, Ocean Drive bridge, New Jersey is at , which is in from now.
Next low tide in Middle Thorofare, Ocean Drive bridge, New Jersey is at , which is in from now.
The local time in Middle Thorofare, Ocean Drive bridge, New Jersey is . See the detailed Middle Thorofare, Ocean Drive bridge, New Jersey tide chart below.
for Middle Thorofare, Ocean Drive bridge, New Jersey which is 1 km away.


Unsigned is a fictional magazine that is centered on unsigned/independent artists. The underground nature and feeling of independent artists was a driving force behind the design direction. Creating a signature look for this magazine was important because many unsigned artists stake their reputation on having a unique sound and presence. This project was a chance for me to explore a different aesthetic than my usual designs.


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Human Evolution Timeline Chart With Pictures And Amazing Facts
March 25, 2021 March 12, 2021 by Alison Bosman
Human evolution timeline chart, with details on each of the major stages of human evolution.
On this page you'll discover how modern humans evolved from the very first primates – animals that shared Earth with the dinosaurs over 80 million years ago.
Human Evolution Introduction
Human Evolution Timeline Chart (Click to go directly to the timeline)
Details Of Each Stage In The Human Evolution Timeline
Difficulties In Producing A Timeline Of Human Evolution
See a selection of awesome books on prehistoric life: Prehistoric Animals Books
Love natural history? Check out our list of the Best Nature Documentaries Ever Made
mya = million years ago
ya = years ago
Chimpazees are our closest living relations in the animal kingdom. The human and chimpanzee branches only split around 7 million years ago!
Human evolution is the process of gradual genetic change that led, over millions of years, to the development of our species, Homo sapiens.
Humans evolved from ape-like animals. We belong to Hominidae, the great ape family, and share a common ancestor with the other living great apes.
In other words, if both you and an orangutan went far enough back into your respective family trees, you'd eventually arrive at the same type of animal!
The common ancestor of all the great apes is thought to have lived around 20 mya (million years ago), when the great apes branched off from other primates.
Around 7 mya, a group of great apes known as Hominini branched off from the other great apes. This group contained the ancestors of humans together with the ancestors of chimpanzees (our closest living relatives).
Animals such as Ardipithecus – a chimpanzee-like animal that lived around 5 million years ago (mya) marked the separation of our ancestors from those of today's chimpanzees and bonobos.
Ardipithecus still lived in trees and had a relatively small brain compared to ours.
As yet more time passed, our ancestors developed larger brains and flatter faces. Their hands became stronger and more dexterous, and they began to walk upright and use tools. These characteristics helped them to survive and are present in modern humans today.
The timeline of human evolution below begins with the emergence of the first primates.
Primates is the animal group that contains all of today's monkeys and apes (including humans), as well as animals such as lemurs and galagoes.
You can find out more about Primates on this page: Primates: The Ultimate Guide
Human Evolution Timeline Chart
Below is a list of the major stages in the human evolutionary timeline.
You can click on the links (or on the colorful title banners) in the timeline below to find out more about a particular stage.
(Alternatively, scroll past the timeline to see details on every stage in order.)
85 mya: The First Primates Appear
The very first primates are thought to have appeared during the late Cretaceous Period while dinosaurs were still alive. These early primates were likely small, nocturnal, tree-dwelling animals.
Click to discover more about this stage in the human evolution timeline
66 mya: The Age Of Reptiles Comes To An End; Primates Continue To Evolve
After the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event which marked both the end of the Mesozoic Era and the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, mammals became the dominant land vertebrates.
Many mammalian groups – including the early primates – underwent rapid changes as they evolved to fill in the niches left empty by the disappearance of the dinosaurs.
63 mya: The First Haplorhines
Shortly (geologically speaking) after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, a group of primates known as Haplorhini appeared. Early haplorhines were small, arboreal (tree-dwelling) animals that resembled tarsiers. They were the ancestors of today's tarsiers, monkeys and apes – including humans.
42 mya: The First Simians
Simians – the group of primates to which all monkeys and apes belong – first appeared at some point between 60 and 40 mya.
25 mya: The Ape Lineage Separates From The Other Simians
The first apes are thought to have appeared around 25 mya in Africa, after having branched off from the old world monkeys. Early apes, such as Proconsul africanus, like the apes of today, lacked tails but still had monkey-like wrists and were unable to swing from branches in the manner of modern apes.
The oldest ape fossil comes from Tanzania, in Africa.
18 mya: The Appearance Of The Great Apes
Around 18 mya, the apes split into two groups: the gibbons (or lesser apes) of family Hylobatidae; and the great apes of family Hominidae.
16–10 mya: Orangutans And Gorillas Diverge From The Human Lineage
The ancestors of today's orangutans and gorillas gradually separate from the chimpanzee-like animals that are the common ancestors of today's chimpanzees and humans.
7–6 mya: The Ancestors Of Humans Separate From The Ancestors Of Chimpanzees
The ancestors of today's chimpanzees separate from the ancestors of today's humans.
5 mya: Ardipithecus Fossils Show Some Human Features
The ancestors of humans become ever-more human-like (and less chimpanzee-like). Two species of Ardipithecus from Ethiopia have reduced canines and a bowl-shaped pelvis that indicates an upright posture.
3.9–2.0 mya: Australopithecines Walk The Plains Of Africa
The australopithecines were bipedal hominins that evolved in the woodlands and savannas of Africa.
2.5–2 mya: Homo Habilis, The First-Known Species Of Genus Homo, Appears In East Africa
Homo habilis, the oldest-known species to be placed in the genus Homo has a larger brain capacity than its predecessors and is associated with the use of stone tools.
2.1–0.5 mya: Homo Erectus Evolves And Migrates Out Of Africa
Fossils of Homo erectus are found in many places in Asia, Europe and Africa. This early human species travelled widely and was the longest surviving hominin species on earth.
600,000–35,000 ya: Neanderthals Evolve In Europe And Asia
Neanderthals were large-brained hunter-gatherers that evolved in Europe and Asia. They used fire, created art and clothing, and buried their dead in ritualized ways. Although not the direct ancestors of modern Homo sapiens, their genes are present in modern humans of European descent.
300,000–160,000 ya: The First Homo Sapiens Appear
The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens yet to be found were discovered at Jebel Irhoud, in Morocco. They are around 315,000 years old.
80,000–50,000 ya: Modern Homo Sapiens Walk Out Of Africa And Populate The World
Sometime around 75,000 ya, a small group of people dispersed from East Africa and began to settle outside the continent. Within 50,000 years, their descendants would have spread into Asia, Europe and the Americas.
Human Evolution Timeline Chart Detail
The first primates would have looked very different to these modern primates.
The first primates are thought to have appeared around 85 mya, during the late Cretaceous Period. At this time dinosaurs still walked the Earth.
Although there is no fossil evidence of early primate-like mammals from this period, molecular studies of later primates suggest that primate evolution was under way even at this very early time.
The first primates would have been small, nocturnal animals that had adapted to climbing trees.
Click here to return to the timeline
Reconstruction of Plesiadapis, an early primate. From the Museo delle Scienze, Trento. Image: MUSE, (cropped / resized by ActiveWild.com), CC BY-SA 3.0
The Cretaceous Period ended 66 mya with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. This catastrophic event caused the extinction of the dinosaurs (that is, all of the dinosaurs that hadn't evolved into birds) and many other species.
You can find out more about the Cretaceous–Paleogene Extinction Event on this page: Why Did Dinosaurs Become Extinct?
With the dinosaurs gone, mammals were free to take over the land. The mammals of the time evolved quickly, with many of today's mammal groups making their first appearances during this time – including new primates.
The world at that time did not look like it does today. The continents were in different positions and broad-leafed forests covered most of the earth. Even the poles were covered with trees.
Adapting to this environment was a group of small, nocturnal primates known as Plesiadapiformes. Their fossils, which date from around 65 mya onwards, have been found in Asia, Europe, North Africa, and especially western North America.
They were likely small animals that resembled squirrels. These ancient primates lived in the trees and ate insects. Some had grasping hands but none of them had eyes that faced forwards.
Some, such as Plesiadapis, had long, bushy tails.
Archicebus achilles, the oldest-known haplorhine. Image by: Mat Severson, (cropped / resized by ActiveWild.com) CC BY-SA 4.0
Around 63 mya (perhaps even earlier; some sources suggest 74 mya), a group of primates known as Haplorhini appeared. This group contained the early ancestors of monkeys, apes (including humans) and tarsiers.
Fossils of early haplorhines have been found in North America, Europe, and Asia. They are still the size of squirrels, but their hands have become better adapted for manipulating objects, and their eyes are positioned more towards the front of the skull. This shows they are in the process of developing stereoscopic vision, a characteristic of all modern primates.
A fossil of the oldest-known haplorhine species, Archicebus achilles, was found in Hubei Province, China, in 2013. The species resembled a small tarsier, and may be the latest-known primate before Haplorhini split into the simians and the tarsiers.
At some time during their development, haplorhines lost the ability to make Vitamin C. Whereas most other mammals are able to produce this essential vitamin, haplorhines (including man) are required to include it in their diets.
Aegyptopithecus, an early monkey. Image by Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), (cropped / resized by ActiveWild.com) CC BY-SA 3.0
Between 60 and 40 mya the haplorhines split into two branches: tarsiers and simians.
The simians are the group of primates to which all monkeys and apes (and therefore humans) belong.
The oldest fossils of monkeys come from two sites in Africa; the Fayum Basin in Egypt, and the East African Rift Valley in Tanzania. They had fewer teeth, larger brains and flatter snouts than their ancestors. Their eyes were positioned further to the front of the skull, showing natural selection for stereoscopic vision.
Aegyptopithecus zeuxis is an example of an early monkey. The species lived in what is now Egypt around 30 mya. Its morphology indicates that it was arboreal (tree-dwelling) and was able to grasp branches with its hands and feet. Adults weighed around 13 lb. (6 kg) and had a small brain volume of no more than 1.2 cu inches (20 cc).
25 mya: The Ape Lineage Separates From Other Simians
Proconsul africanus, an early ape. Image by: Mauricio Antón, published with Alan Turner, (cropped / resized by ActiveWild.com) CC BY 4.0
The first apes are thought to have appeared sometime in the late Oligocene epoch, after having branched off from the other simians (although the fossil record holds very little evidence of this).
Unlike most monkeys, apes do not have tails. Apes also have broad chests and shoulders that allow them to swing from branch to branch (a form of movement known as brachiation). Apes generally have larger brains than monkeys (and most other animals), and several are known to use tools.
The oldest known ape fossils derive from the East African Rift Valley in Tanzania and are dated at 25 mya. These fossils were found alongside those of monkeys, indicating that the two groups were well established by that time and probably lived side by side.
Proconsul is an example of an early ape. It had no tail but still walked on the tops of branches in the style of old world monkeys, rather than swing below them like modern apes. Four species of these extinct early apes have been found in East Africa.
The common ancestor of humans and all other apes is thought to have lived around 20 mya. That common ancestor diverged into different types of apes via the process of speciation.
Speciation occurs when a particular group of a species becomes separated from the rest of its kind and then evolves into a new species.
Gigantopithecus, an extinct great ape thought to be related to today's orangutans. Image: Concavenator, (cropped / resized by ActiveWild.com), CC BY-SA 4.0
The great apes of this time were the ancestors of today's gorillas, orangutans, chimps and humans.
A modern-day orangutan.
The great apes gradually separate, through speciation, from the lineage that will lead to humans.
Around 16 mya, the ancestors of orangutans diverged from the lineage that would lead to humans. These animals would eventually give rise to the modern orangutans that inhabited forests in southeast Asia and southern China, but are now found only in Indonesia.
Around 10 mya, the gorilla lineage (animals of genus Gorilla) branched off from the ancestral line of humans and chimpanzees. These were the ancestors of the modern species of gorillas, which are found in central Africa.
The lineage leading to humans now consisted only of the ancestral species of chimpanzees and humans; a group known as Hominini.
Skull of Sahelanthropus tchadensis, named "Toumai". This species lived near the time of the divergence between humans and chimps. Photo: Oryctes, (cropped / resized by ActiveWild.com), CC BY-SA 3.0
A common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans speciates and gives rise to two evolutionary lines; one line eventually evolves into modern chimpanzees and bonobos; the other leads to modern humans.
Chimpanzees (including bonobos) are our closest living relatives in the animal kingdom. The common ancestor of chimps and humans is thought to have lived at some point between 10 and 6 mya. Since fossil evidence does not form easily in tropical forest conditions, the exact nature of this ancestor is not known.
At some time, this common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans split via speciation, giving rise to two evolutionary lines: one which would eventually evolve into modern chimpanzees and bonobos; and another which would lead to modern humans.
Possible examples of species in the human lineage after its split from the chimpanzees are Sahelanthropus tchadensis (fossils of which were found in Chad and date to about 7 mya) and Orrorin tugenensis (fossils of which were found in Kenya and date to about 6 mya).
Two species that lived around the time of the human / chimpanzee split are Sahelanthropus tchadensis (fossils of which were found in Chad and date to about 7 mya) and Orrorin tugenensis (fossils of which were found in Kenya and date to about 6 mya).
These species may either have been among the last common ancestors of humans and chimps, or examples human-lineage species after their split from chimpanzees.
Ardipithecus ramidus skull. Photo: Tiia Monto, (cropped / resized by ActiveWild.com), CC BY-SA 3.0
Two species of Ardipithecus from Ethiopia have reduced canines and a bowl-shaped pelvis that indicates an upright posture.
Two species of early hominins, Ardipithecus ramidus and Ardipithecus kadabba, are potentially the earliest-known examples of the human evolutionary linage after the divergence of chimpanzee ancestors.
Both species were found in the Afar region of Ethiopia. A. kadabba is dated to 5.6 mya and A. ramidus to about 4.4 mya.
Ardipithecus was a forest-dwelling creature. Both the shape of its pelvis and the position of the hole under its skull where the spinal cord enters the brain (the foramen magnum), indicate that it stood upright. Its brain was roughly the size of that of a modern chimpanzee.
Model of Australopithecus afarensis named "Lucy". Photo: Neanderthal-Museum, Mettmann, (cropped / resized by ActiveWild.com), CC BY-SA 4.0
The end of the Miocene epoch (5.333 mya) is associated with major climatic changes that saw many forest areas replaced by open woodlands and savannas.
The australopithecines are considered the first hominins to move out of a forest environment and evolve on the wooded savannas.
Life in an open, grassy habitat had different challenges for the early australopithecines. Their diet changed to include more tough vegetation and less fruit, and their method of locomotion no longer involved climbing trees. They were adapted to walking upright, using a striding motion. Escape from predators was also a problem, since they could no longer find easy refuge in trees.
Several Australopithecines of genus Australopithecus have been identified from fossil remains. Species of this genus are considered either to be ancestors of humans, or close relatives of species that were.
In general, the species show a mixture of ape-like and human features. They all stood upright and walked bipedally. Their pelvic girdles were adapted for bearing weight, and their hips were wider than those of the modern apes. They were all small, standing no taller than 4 ft 9 in (1.5 m), and had brain volumes similar to, or slightly larger than, those of modern chimpanzees.
The oldest australopithecine fossil is that of Australopithecus anamensis, found in northern Kenya and dated at 3.9 mya. Over 100 fossil specimens from 20 individuals have now been found in Kenya and Ethiopia.
Another species, Australopithecus afarensis, is known from 400 fossil specimens, mostly found in Ethiopia and Kenya. This species co-existed with A. anamensis for around 100,000 years and had similar characteristics, except that its brain was significantly larger (average of 27 cu inches; 450 cc). It still looked more like an ape than a human, apart from its upright bipedal gait.
The most famous A. afarensis fossil is 'Lucy', whose skeleton was discovered in 1974 near Hadar, in Ethiopia. Her fossil remains were dated at 3.2 mya.
Australopithecus africanus is a species known only from fossil remains in South Africa. The first specimen was found in 1924, which made it the first early hominin ever discovered. Since then, the fossil remains of many individuals have been excavated, the most complete one being "Little Foot", with 90% of his bones being found intact.
Homo habilis. Image by: Cicero Moraes, (cropped / resized by ActiveWild.com), CC BY-SA 4.0
The oldest known species to be placed in the genus Homo has a larger brain capacity and is associated with the use of stone tools.
Fossils of Homo habilis, the first hominin placed in the genus Homo, were found in Kenya, Ethiopia and South Africa.
It is generally accepted that H. habilis evolved from australopithecine ancestors, but it is not clear where or when this happened.
At Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where the earliest specimens were discovered, the fossils were associated with the presence of stone tools. This led paleontologists to name the species Homo habilis, meaning "handy man". H. habilis is the first hominin to be associated with stone tool use on a large scale.
Homo habilis had a brain capacity of around 36 cu inches (600 cc), which is considerably larger than its australopithecine ancestors. In addition, its face was more upright and flatter, compared to the prognathous (lower jaw protruding) face of other ape-like hominins. It also had smaller teeth and a less pronounced chin.
(As a sidenote, the light that we can see from the Andromeda Galaxy began its journey around 2.5 mya; around the same time that Homo habilis first appeared.)
Homo erectus. Photo: ©Neanderthal Museum
Fossils of Homo erectus are found in many places in Asia, Europe and Africa. This species travelled widely and was the longest surviving hominin species on earth.
It is thought that Homo erectus evolved from Homo habilis about 2 mya. The oldest fossils of H. erectus have been found both in China (dated 2.12 mya) and South Africa (2.04 mya), making it impossible as yet, to determine where H. erectus first evolved.
Homo erectus had an average brain capacity of 1000 cc, the largest of any hominin to date. It also had a flat face and human body proportions.
Fossils of H. erectus are often associated with Acheulean* stone tools, which are mostly chunky hand axes. This indicates that the wrists and hands of H. erectus had become stronger and more dexterous than those of their predecessors.
Homo erectus is also thought to be the first hominin to use fire in a controlled way.
* These tools are named after Saint-Acheul, a suburb of Amiens in which they were first discovered.
Numerous fossil specimens of H. erectus have been found in Asia (Peking Man, Nanjing Man), Europe (Tautavel Man), southeast Asia (Java Man) and Africa (called Homo ergaster).
Many of these fossils have similar ages and it appears that H. erectus moved great distances and settled in different parts of the world during its existence on earth.
Homo erectus is the longest surviving of all ancient hominin species. It is a potential ancestor of Homo heidelbergensis, an archaic human first discovered in Germany, which in turn may have been the latest common ancestor of Homo neanderthalensis and modern man.
Neanderthals. Image ©Neanderthal Museum
Neanderthals were large-brained hunter-gatherers that evolved in Europe and Asia. They used fire, created art and clothing, and buried their dead in ritualized ways. They were not the direct ancestors of modern Homo sapiens.
Archaic humans of species Homo neanderthalensis, otherwise known as Neanderthals, are well-known from fossil deposits in Europe and Asia.
Neanderthals were slightly shorter than the average modern human but had larger brains. They were skilled tool makers and became specialized ice-age hunters. They survived for several hundred thousand years.
Although Neanderthals are not the direct ancestors of modern humans, they are our closest known relatives.
Scientists believe that Neanderthals and modern humans shared a common ancestor – possibly Homo heidelbergensis – that lived around 800,000 ya.
After their appearance in Africa, some modern humans migrated into Europe, where they came into contact with Neanderthals. It is thought that interbreeding took place between the species. Today, people of European origin share as much as 4% of their genes with Neanderthals.
The numbers of Neanderthals began to decrease around 50,000 ya, and there is evidence of inbreeding and disease in their populations. Around 35,000 ya, the last group of Neanderthals died out and left our species, Homo sapiens, as the last remaining representative of millions of years of hominin evolution.
300,000–160,000 ya: The Oldest Homo Sapiens Fossils Are Found In Africa
A reconstruction of the earliest-known Homo sapiens, discovered at Jebel Irhoud in Morocco. Image ©Neanderthal Museum
The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens yet to be found are from Jebel Irhoud, in Morocco. They are around 315,000 years old.
The very oldest fossils of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens, were discovered at sites at Jebel Irhoud, Morocco. Others from Ethiopia in East Africa (dated at 196,000 and 160,000 ya), and from South Africa (dated at 259,000 ya), also indicate that our species evolved in Africa at least some time before this.
DNA evidence from human chromosomes indicates that H. sapiens may actually have first appeared more than half a million years ago.
The five people whose remains were found fossilized at Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, and who represent the oldest known modern humans, looked very much like us. Their faces were flat, like ours, and their teeth and jaws were the same, although slightly larger. They did, however, have more elongated skulls, unlike the rounded skulls of modern humans.
Although Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, the species soon began to roam. The oldest fossils of modern humans outside Africa have been found in Greece, and are dated to 210,000 ya. It is thought that several early migrations out of Africa occurred, but that the descendants of these migrants did not survive in the long term.
Early human. Image ©Neanderthal Museum
Sometime around 75,000 ya, a small group of people dispersed from East Africa and began to settle outside the continent, resulting in the lasting spread of modern people throughout the world.
It is estimated that a group of fewer than 1000 people crossed the Red Sea Straight into Yemen around 75,000 ya. They gradually populated the southern coasts of Arabia and southeast Asia.
Groups of these people also moved northwards and had arrived in Europe by 40,000 ya. The first settlers in Australia arrived around 50,000 ya, and the Americas were populated by 23,000 ya. Within the space of about 50,000 years, Homo sapiens had dispersed all around the world.
DNA analysis of living humans indicates that all modern people of non-African ancestry are descended from individuals in the small group that walked out of Africa around 75,000 years ago.
Difficulties Producing A Timeline Of Human Evolution
The timeline above lists some of the most important steps in the fascinating process of human evolution.
The timeline of human evolution is produced by analyzing fossilized remains. However, fossilization is an uncommon and unpredictable process. The fossil record has more gaps than fossils; trying to connect them up is like doing a jigsaw puzzle with most of the pieces missing.
Although scientists have identified around 20 different species of human ancestors from the fossilized remains of skeletons, the relationships between these ancient hominins are not easy to establish.
It is tempting to think that, if we place the fossils in order of age, they will reveal the path of human evolution.
But we now know that human evolution is not a chain-like sequence, with one species evolving into the next until the eventual appearance of Homo sapiens.
Instead, many early hominin species co-existed and not all gave rise to new species. Many became extinct with no descendants.
This makes it difficult to know how relevant each fossil species is in terms of the human evolution timeline.
The current understanding is that human ancestors include species of Australopithecus (between 4 and 2 mya), Homo habilis (2.2–2 mya) and Homo erectus (2–0.5 mya).
Hornung, T. C., & Biesalski, H. (2019). Glut-1 explains the evolutionary advantage of the loss of endogenous vitamin C-synthesis: The electron transfer hypothesis, Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, 2019(1), 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoz024
Johanson, D. C., & McHenry, H. (2018). Australopithecus. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Australopithecus
Lewis, T. (2013). Oldest fossils reveal when apes and monkeys first diverged. LiveScience. https://www.livescience.com/32029-oldest-monkey-fossil-found.html
O'Neill, D. (1999–2012). Early primate evolution: The first primates. Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marcos, California. https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/earlyprimates/early_2.htm#:~:text=The%20first%20true%20primates%20evolved,different%20from%20the%20primates%20today.
Pickrell, J. (2006). Timeline: Human evolution. New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9989-timeline-human-evolution/
Smithsonian Institution. (2020). Introduction to human evolution. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. https://humanorigins.si.edu/education/introduction-human-evolution
Wikipedia. (2021). Early human migrations. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_human_migrations#:~:text=The%20recent%20African%20origin%20paradigm,by%20about%2050%2C000%20years%20ago.
Wikipedia. (2021). Timeline of human evolution. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution
Williams, B. A., Kay, R. F., & Kirk, E. C. (2010). New perspectives on anthropoid origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(11), 4797–4804. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908320107
Categories Animal Facts, Science Facts
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Tunic #2 is done and I like it a lot. The weather has not been cooperating with my photography needs so pics may just end up on the dress form. But for now I have moved on to a pair of Jammies for my Zackie. He asked me for them with no solicitation. What could I say? Of course Bunbun will make you some winter jammies. I bought the wonderful flannel from the North Woods collection on Equllter.com.
This is my go to jammie pattern, simp 2771. Included are sizes from a 2 year old to Big Daddy, all the family. I have traced off half of the sizes at this point and of course not the one Zackie needed. My slow brain has since decided the next time Joanns has a Simplicity sale I will just buy one for each size, duh. No brainer. In the meantime I traced away.
This is a simple pattern, one of the reasons I love it. I've reviewed it here numerous times. This time, however, I am using a very strong print fabric. If I put a pocket on that did not match it would scream tacky and incompetent and I wanted that pocket. I needed to make a pocket with a band and piping in between that perfectly matched the bodice. It took a bit of effort that I will share with you.
I marked the pocket location with a horizontal line on the bodice. I matched the fold line of the band to that location line. Then I drew an outline of the big wolf on to the pattern piece. I matched to a scrap of fabric and cut out the band. I did the same for the pocket. Then I folded them on the seam allowance to see if they would match once stitched together.
I actually cut the pieces larger than needed to make sure I had a bit of fudge factor for matching. I didn't trim them to the proper size until the piping was installed.
I made my piping with a "moon colored" flannel, the cheap stuff so I washed it several times. I attached it to the lower pocket section. I am using half inch SAs here.
There was going to be a lot of bulk and 4 SAs of flannel so grading was inportant. I opened up the piping and cut the inner SA waaaayyyy back. Now it was time to attach the pocket band. I made sure my wolves matched up and stitched on the same seam line. There is a tute on the right sidebar all about how I do my piping if you are interested.
The band SA was graded back as well. Then I pinked what remained.
Now it was time to trim the pocket to the correct size and once again being careful to match to the bodice. I pressed the band on the fold line and trimmed the edge with the pinkers in an effort to keep the bulk down. I folded back the band, pinned it, and topstitched two rows above the piping.
Then I folded back the SAs, mitering and trimming the bottom corners. Too much bulk to do that at the top!
Now here comes the most important information I can give you today. DO NOT TOPSTITCH OVER YOUR PIPING. You will topstitch the bottom pocket first and as a separate process topstitch the band after. At no time will you cross the piping. Also, if you haven't already, take the cording out of the SAs, again, gotta get that bulk down!
I like to stitch a triangle at the tops of my pockets on just about everything. Then I usually follow with a zigzag at the very top but that would have been too bulky so I didn't. I used 1/4 inch masking tape to line up my triangles and stitched starting and ending at the piping.
All of this fiddliness took about an hour but I think it was time well spent.
You are just amazing. I am in awe.
Wow. Just... wow. You never fail to amaze me!
That is going to be adorable!
So cute-now I want some too!
Perfect pockets! I know what you mean - it they were off just a bit it would drive me crazy.
That is an awesome matching of the pocket. Looks good!
Wow is right! That was a lot of work but well worth the effort. Perfect pockets!
I have a pic on Flickr with those pj's in the same fabric. Eerie. I have now made 4 pairs of the doggie pj's for my 5 pound Chihuahua with no fur on his tummy. I am making two pairs of fleece pj's for my sons this Christmas. Thanks for the timely post.
Great minds think alike!:) Your puppy must be the best dressed puppy for miles!
It's the little details that make your garments so perfect and awe-inspiring! Putting an hour into a pocket so crucial to the wolf design was so worth it!
Meant to say, I adore the fabric and the pocket is sheer perfection!!
Your efforts were well rewarded, a great looking pocket!
So much effort and perfection in a pair of PJ's is what sets you apart! Thank you for the inspiration and encouragement!
LOL! I think I would have used a contrast fabric for the pocket on a little boy's pjs and not fiddled with that, but then....I'm worrying about finishing seams in clothing for a 4" doll, so go figure. We Type A's have all got our particular "things," don't we?
BRAVO!! A perfect match...I would expect nothing less from you, Bunny. You raise the bar for all of us to do better.
BRAVO! Your technique and patience are wonderful! I aspire to sew as well as you! Thanks so much for sharing.
All of this in an HOUR?! Awesome. You are the master of pattern matching!
Shame only those you sleep with will see your masterful pattern matching.
Love your jammies, and that pocket is perfection...so much so it looks like a design feature. Awesome job Bunny : ).
That is some masterful pattern matching, Bunny. Masterful!!
OK I admit I chuckled. I thought I was the only one who would have gone to the trouble of matching a pocket on a pair of pajamas! But it sure looks great!
Rett told me you made your grandson a pair of pajamas out of this great fleece. It's similar to fleece I used as an overlay for a woodland-inspired tablescape. She said I just MUST see it, and she was right!!! Your grandson would fit right in our library with these PJs!!! :-) I can't sew a lick, so I'm always thrilled to see what people who CAN do with fabric! And I love how precise you were in the process!!!
Hi, Alicia. Glad you like the fabric. It is a cotton flannel, not a fleece, but that's just semantics. What really caught me in your post is that you work in a library. I do too!


text:
To the Protestant, what is the benefit of putting a cross inside the church?
From the internet I found that :
[a cross is the principal symbol of the Christian religion]
I've searched in the internet, all I can find is a question about "why Catholic cross has statue ?" or "why there is a difference between Catholic VS Protestant cross ?".
And the questions like that are not the one I'm asking here.
My questions are :
1. What is the benefit of putting a cross symbol inside the church?
2. How did putting a cross inside a church begin and who ordered it?
edit : the question number-2 has the answer from the possible duplicate link here How did the cross come to be a symbol for Christianity? which is :
In order to increase the prestige of the apostate ecclesiastical system pagans were received into the churches apart from regeneration by faith, and were permitted largely to retain their pagan signs and symbols
So.... loooong time ago, in order to increase the prestige of the apostate ecclesiastical system pagans (cross symbol in this case) were received into the churches.
But the link there still has no answer for the question number-1 :)
protestantism cross
Thunderforge
karmakarma
It seems that most Protestant churches are fairly silent on their reasoning; it's something that people don't really think about because it is so ingrained into their worship. However, the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (one of the many, many Protestant denominations) had a Q&A where they discussed crosses in churches. Several key points:
Their guidelines for worship, the Westminster Standards (Confession of Faith and Catechisms) and the OPC Book of Church Order (BCO), do not have any mention about crosses in church, thus there are no formal guidelines
Local churches are free to include them or not include them as they see fit
Given that early churches did not have dedicated meeting places, they did not have crosses as permanent fixtures and yet were still able to worship
To answer your specific questions:
What is the benefit of putting a cross symbol inside the church?
The benefit is whatever the local churches ascribe to it when they ask for it to be installed. The question asker gives a fairly common perspective:
Some say that the cross like the [national] flag, is only symbolic. While the flag is not in the Bible, the cross is. Albeit a method of traditional Roman execution at the time of Christ on earth, without the cross there is no Calvary, no crucifiction and therefore no Christ, who died and shed his blood for us on the cross.
In other words, for some people the cross is a symbol that is representative of something greater. Much like people treat a flag with respect because it represents a nation, the cross is treated with respect and importance because it represents Christ's sacrifice (or Christ himself) and the basis it has on Christian faith.
How did putting a cross inside a church begin and who ordered it?
[W]hen did churches begin to include crosses in their architecture? Now I grant that the question is virtually un-answerable. But it makes a valid point. It was without question a long time before the New Testament churches had their own buildings, and arguably a longer time before they began to fix crosses on the walls.
While I suspect that historians could probably more reliably pinpoint the time that crosses became commonplace, I think the point is that because the early church was persecuted, they wouldn't have been able to hang crosses up. It was pretty commonplace by the time of the Protestant Reformation, and since your question is about Protestantism, I think it's fair to say that nobody "ordered it", instead people just thought it was a natural thing to do.
ThunderforgeThunderforge
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged protestantism cross or ask your own question.
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The Kings Parade release their new single 'Mother Tongue', recently which was the latest song to be taken from the London quartet's new EP Haze.
Speaking of the single The King's Parade say, "'Mother Tongue' is about realising you're losing touch with where you came from. You haven't necessarily changed as a person but your ambitions and ideals have.
A: The biggest one was probably at our EP release the other night! Someone was throwing shapes in the audience and kicked the power supply for the whole PA straight out of the socket. The whole system went down and we had no sound apart from our amps. It was the second song of the set and we had to improvise. I jumped down from stage into the audience and started singing and playing guitar. The whole crowd joined in; it ended up being pretty special!
A: Our music superpower would be the ability to transport ourselves into one of the other band member's bodies. You see through their eyes and you gain all of their skills and abilities. Sam says that if you've seen 'Sens8' you'll get it! haha. It would definitely be a good one to have used/ use on some epic bands like Queen, Led Zeppelin, Fleetwood Mac to name a few.
Q5: Jam, Record or Tour! Who would you jam with, who would you record with and who would you go on tour with and why?
– A: Jam with Alabama Shakes, I would just love to sing with Brittany (Singer), I think we'd really connect vocally and both bands would hit it off!
– A: Record with Jack White, His studio looks so special and I think he'd get an awesome sound out of us.
– A: Tour with Nothing But Thieves, I think it's important on tour to be able to connect with the other band you're touring with and I think we would get along with these guys. We love their sound and we hope they'd like ours!