text:
A religious and political organization formed in 1930 by Wallace Fard Muhammad with the stated aim of "resurrecting" the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of black people in America and the world. Its tenets differ markedly from those of traditional Islam.
Elijah Muhammad took over the organization in 1934 and preached separation of blacks and whites, in addition to calling for a strong morality. After his death in 1975, Elijah Muhammad's son, W. Deen Mohammed, assumed leadership. (Note the different spelling of the last name.) Mohammed began moving the Nation toward mainstream Sunni Islam and shunning black separatist views. He essentially dismantled the Nation and created his own organization.
In 1976, Louis Farrakhan left the Nation of Islam, but in 1978 he and his supporters decided to rebuild the original organization.
Followers should be referred to as members of the Nation of Islam. The term Black Muslim, once associated with the organization, is now considered derogatory and should be avoided.
Nation of Islam clergymen use the title minister, which should be capitalized on first reference before a name. On second reference, use only the person's last name.
National Association of Evangelicals
The leading national fellowship of evangelical denominations, churches, organizations and individuals. Founded in 1942, it focuses on public witness and cooperative ministry among evangelicals. It includes 60 denominations along with other organizations and represents 30 million members.
National Baptist Convention of America
An association of black Baptist churches that formed after a split with the National Baptist Convention USA.
Filed in African-American, Baptist/Southern Baptist, Protestantism
National Baptist Convention USA
The oldest and largest black Baptist organization in the United States. Its formal name is National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc., but National Baptist Convention USA is acceptable in all references. (AP style currently adds periods to USA, but the denomination says it prefers USA without periods.) It was formed in Atlanta in 1886. Its current presidential headquarters are in Philadelphia, with its world headquarters located at the Baptist World Center in Nashville, Tenn.
Filed in Baptist/Southern Baptist, Protestantism
National Council of Churches
The formal name of this group, which was founded in 1950, is the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. It is commonly called the National Council of Churches, and that term is acceptable in all references. Use NCC on second reference. The NCC is an ecumenical organization that is the major national umbrella group for mainline Protestant, Anglican, Orthodox, historic African-American and Living Peace churches. More than 50 other faith groups, including Roman Catholics, work with the council on humanitarian, justice and interfaith issues.
Filed in Christianity, Government and politics, Interfaith, Orthodoxy
National Missionary Baptist Convention of America
A black Baptist denomination that was formed in the 1980s after a disagreement with the National Baptist Convention of America over publishing endeavors.
neo-Buddhism
A movement founded by B.R. Ambedkar in India in the mid-1950s to encourage members of the Hindu caste of untouchables to convert to Buddhism, which would assure them of social acceptance as well as spiritual guidance. Mass conversions are still held today.
neo-evangelical, New Evangelicalism
A term coined in 1947 by the Rev. Harold John Ockenga, an evangelical scholar who served as president of both Fuller and Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminaries. He used the term for evangelicals who believe that Jesus Christ is the sole means to salvation, but who are more flexible than traditional evangelicals in their interpretation and understanding of the authority of Scripture. Neo-evangelicals are typically more open to critical-historical methods of Scripture study, and some would say that interpreting Scripture in its context would allow for acceptance of committed homosexual relationships and other practices long condemned by the church. The term should be used with caution.
neo-orthodoxy
A theological movement that emerged in the 1920s as a scholarly reaction against extreme Protestant liberalism, and drew heavily on the work of the Swiss theologian Karl Barth. It emphasized the sovereignty of God, the seriousness of sin and the revelation of Christian doctrine through Scripture. However, it denied that accounts in the Bible were necessarily historic fact.
Filed in Christianity, Orthodoxy
neo-Pentecostal, charismatic
These terms apply to a movement that developed in the 1960s and 1970s within mainline Protestant and Roman Catholic churches. It is characterized by emotional expressiveness in worship, speaking or praying in "tongues" and healing. Unlike the Pentecostal movement of the early part of the 20th century, the new movement did not result in the creation of new denominations. Instead, its adherents operate within their original denominations.
Filed in Catholicism, Pentecostalism, Protestantism
neopaganism
A term used to describe contemporary paganism, as opposed to ancient paganism. Some groups or individuals describe themselves as "pagan" because they trace their belief and practices back to ancient times and the emphasis on the natural world and goddess worship. Others prefer "neopagan" because their faith blends the old and the new.
neotantra
A contemporary variation of the traditional Indian tantric traditions; often associated with New Religious Movements. Characterized by belief that sex can bring participants closer to the divine.
A spiritual movement that developed in Western society in the late 1960s. Adherents link elements of religion with psychology and parapsychology. It remains a loose network of spiritual seekers, teachers, healers and other participants. Followers construct their own spiritual journeys, which are heavily influenced by the mystical elements of many organized religions, as well as native practices such as shamanism and neopaganism.
New Atheist
A person who not only is an atheist but believes that religion is, on the whole, harmful and should be opposed whenever it conflicts with science or threatens societal interests. Capitalize both words.
New Religions studies
The academic discipline of studying New Religious Movements; draws from multiple academic fields, including psychology, history and sociology. See also: New Religious Movement.
New Religious Movement
A widely accepted term that describes religious groups outside the mainstream. These fringe groups often have roots in Christianity, Judaism or other major faiths but have beliefs and practices that are rejected by mainstream organizations. Some New Religious Movements are not new, and a few eventually evolve into mainstream religious groups. Cults, which are generally considered groups with overly controlling leadership or dangerous practices, are included in this category. New Religious Movements are sometimes called NRMs, but journalists should avoid using the abbreviation. See cult and sect.
The part of the Christian Bible written after the death of Jesus Christ. The name traces back to the Greek term meaning new covenant. There are 27 books in the New Testament, including the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, as well as the letters of the Apostles and early church leaders.
A metaphysical movement with origins in the 19th century, characterized broadly by interest in mental and spiritual health and healing.
The profession of the Christian faith shared by the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Catholic churches and most Protestant churches. Its earliest form was first agreed on by the overwhelming majority of hundreds of bishops who met in Nicaea in what is now Turkey in 325, and later expanded upon in 381 in Constantinople and confirmed in Chalcedon in 451. The councils were called to resolve the question of how to understand the divinity of Christ. The creed states that Christ was of one substance (consubstantial) with God the Father and was begotten, not created (made).
A school within Mahayana Buddhism that was founded in 13th-century Japan by Nichiren. It calls on adherents to rely on the Lotus Sutra as the sole scripture needed for salvation, which is attained through veneration of the sutra's sacred title, Namu-Myoho-renge-kyo.
A veil worn by some women who are Muslims; it covers all of their face except the eyes. See abaya, burqa and hijab.
Pronounced "nir-VAA-nah." In Buddhism and Hinduism, a state of ultimate peace that is the goal of all beings, which includes freedom from suffering, desire and the cycle of rebirth. The Buddha's entrance into nirvana at his death is referred to as his parinirvana (pronounced "PAH-rih-nir-VAA-nah").
no-self
In Buddhism, the major tenet that no "self" exists as an individual, independent substance; rather, the ego is a transitory collection, an ever-changing process of mental formations and impressions. Also called not-self, it is referred to as anatman in Sanskrit and anatta in Pali.
nonbeliever
No hyphen.
nondenominational
Used among North American Protestants to describe Christian churches, activities or organizations that are not sponsored by a specific denomination. Some non-Christian groups, including some Jews, use the term as well. It should not be used as a synonym for interfaith, interdenominational or ecumenical. Independent would be an acceptable substitute for nondenominational.
Filed in Judaism, Protestantism
An increasingly popular term for people who answer "none of the above" in surveys that ask them to categorize what religion they follow. Many nones say they believe in God and/or consider themselves religious. In the early 21st century, nones are one of the fastest-growing segments in religious identification surveys. Journalists should define the term on first reference.
nongovernmental organization
A public or private institution that is not part of a government and is not a business. NGOs, as they are known, usually focus on providing aid, disaster relief or developmental assistance, particularly on an international scale. NGO is acceptable on second reference.
nonspiritual
Those who do not participate in religious or spiritual matters, including not believing in a higher power, not attending religious services and not participating in religious activities such as praying.
nontheist
A person who questions or rejects the idea of a personal God or gods. The word is sometimes used as an umbrella term for agnostics, atheists and secularists; it can also include those who believe in a nonpersonal god — for example, deists.
A woman belonging to a religious order, typically Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox. Nuns are also found in the Anglican/Episcopal, Lutheran and Buddhist traditions. In Catholicism, nuns are cloistered, meaning they live a life of secluded prayer, while sisters are more likely to be engaged in ministry outside the convent. However, the terms have become interchangeable in everyday language. Catholics commonly refer to nuns and brothers as "religious," as in women and men religious, but that term is often confusing to general readers. Nuns and sisters are not ordained; they are lay people who take vows of poverty, chastity and obedience to the superior (leader) of their community. The superiors of some orders are referred to as Mother. Some nuns and sisters continue to use a surname, while others do not. On first reference, follow the appropriate conventions, as in Sister Jane Doe or Mother Teresa. On second reference, continue to use Sister or Mother and the first name if the person is known that way, such as Mother Teresa. Otherwise, use only the last name on second reference. See sister.


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Nation Current Affairs 19 Apr 2017 Congress welcomes SC ...
Congress welcomes SC's decision in Babri Masjid case
Published Apr 19, 2017, 3:39 pm IST
Updated Oct 27, 2018, 4:36 pm IST
Final verdict in Babri Masjid demolition case should be taken swiftly so that people don't lose their faith in the apex court, said Cong.
The two seats of cases relating to the Babri Masjid demolition have been merged for trial in Lucknow. (Photo: File)
New Delhi/Mumbai: The Congress Party on Wednesday hailed Supreme Court's decision in Babri Masjid demolition case and said the final verdict on it should be taken swiftly so that people don't lose their faith in the apex court.
"We welcome the Supreme Court's decision. Action should be taken against L.K. Advani, Murli Manohar and Uma Bharti. The decision on this matter should be taken swiftly so that people don't lose their faith in Supreme Court," Congress leader Naseem Khan said.
Echoing similar views, party leader Shakeel Ahmed also lauded the apex court's move saying that the decision has emphasized on the strong law and order prevalent system of the country
"This is a very important decision before the Supreme Court. The court has taken the decision on the basis of evidences it has. We hope that the culprits may not get away and justice is done in this case. This decision of the Supreme Court has emphasized on the strong law and order system of the country," Ahmed said.
Earlier in the day, the top court allowed the Central Bureau of Investigation's (CBI) appeal challenging the withdrawal of conspiracy charges against senior Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leaders including L.K. Advani, Murli Manohar Joshi and Uma Bharti and also ruled that the leaders will face criminal conspiracy charges in the Babri Masjid demolition case.
The apex court has directed the sessions judge in Lucknow to conduct the trial in the Babri demolition case on a daily basis, and that the judge will not be transferred. It also ruled out a fresh trial in the case.
The top court has also ordered the CBI to ensure that witnesses are produced in court everyday so that there is no delay in the Babri demolition case trial. The trial will have to be completed in two years.
However, the apex court has clarified that Kalyan Singh, being Governor of Rajasthan, will not be tried due to constitutional immunity unless he ceases to be in that post. In effect, his trial will begin after his term as Governor ends.
Singh was the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh when the demolition took place.
Others who will face criminal conspiracy charges are Vinay Katiyar, Sadhvi Ritambara, Satish Pradhan, Champat Rai Bansal. The late Giriraj Kishore is also among the names in the original chargesheet.
There were two sets of cases relating to the demolition of the disputed structure on December 6, 1992.
The first involved unnamed 'karsevaks' or volunteers, the trial of which is taking place in a Lucknow court, while the second set of cases relate to the VVIPs in a Rae Bareli court.
With Wednesday's order, both these cases are merged and will be heard in Lucknow.
The order comes after the CBI had petitioned the apex court saying 14 people, including BJP leaders, who had been acquitted of the charges under criminal conspiracy, should be tried in the Lucknow Court.
Tags: babri masjid demolition case, congress, supreme court
Location: India, Delhi, New Delhi
Central Bank stirs up NPR row over KYC

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Arby's recent acquisition of Buffalo Wild Wings that created BDarb's—sort of the liger of the food world, except with dipping sauce—is prompting eager speculation about menu crossovers. Consumers are especially jonesing for Arby's curly fries at Buffalo Wild Wings. Despite demand, though, CEO Paul Brown says it's not going to happen.
"As many requests as we've gotten for curly fries at a Buffalo Wild Wings, and we've gotten a lot of them ... we're not going to do that," Brown tells Business Insider. (Presumably, BDarb's would do anything for love, but, you know, not that.) Instead, Brown says, the new duo will focus on boring stuff like best practices and back-of-house technology.
Because we love a good game of wild speculation and wishful fast-food thinking, we at The Takeout began brainstorming our own Arby's/Buffalo Wild Wings crossovers that would be even more radical than curly fries. Who's with us?
Weird wings: Arby's has pull with less-traditional-meats producers, as evidenced by their venison and pork-belly offerings. Why not put those relationships to use for Buffalo Wild Wings' menu, which could begin serving turkey drumsticks (à la Medieval Times) or snack-sized quail wings?
TVs at Arby's: Long have we dreamt of an establishment where we could ensconce ourselves in pleather booths for hours, chomping mindlessly on roast-beef sandwiches while taking in one favorite sporting events. Nothing pairs quite as well with an Olympic viewing party, frankly, as The Meats.
Beer at Arby's: Hey, while we're at it, why not copy Buffalo Wild Wings' beer menu at Arby's? Business Insider reports this is actually on the table: The CEO says he'd explore the idea of serving beer at Arby's following the BDarb's merger.
Chicken wings covered in Arby's sauces: This seems like a natural fit. Would you slather your BDubs' wings in Horsey Sauce? We would.
@nihilist_WildWings: It's only fair that Buffalo Wild Wings have a nihilistic, unaffiliated Twitter account to call its own, too.


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Breast cancer's ubiquity doesn't make it any less scary for each woman who faces it. But Alice Keator finds comfort in her treatment team at the UNM Cancer Center – a team on which she has become a key player.
Fear is getting in the way of diagnosing and treating breast cancer early. "Fear has immobilized them," says Melanie Royce, MD, PhD. Royce, a professor of medicine at University of New Mexico's School of Medicine, is encouraging women to shift from a reactive to a proactive role. "The sooner they take action the sooner we can do something for them,'' explains Royce about the numerous women who come to the UNM Cancer Center with very large tumors.


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From North Carolina To Buenos Aires With Che Apalache : World Cafe Together with three of his former banjo students, Joe Troop creates music that combines the Latin American influences of his adopted home with the bluegrass he grew up on.
World Cafe
Essential and Emerging Artists
WC 30
World Cafe Playlist
Latin Roots
From North Carolina To Buenos Aires With Che Apalache
October 21, 20193:15 PM ET
Talia Schlanger
Kimberly Junod
Che Apalache On World Cafe
Che Apalache performing live for World Cafe Jamie Stow/WXPN hide caption
Jamie Stow/WXPN
Che Apalache performing live for World Cafe
"La Milonga Del Cuis Empedernido"
"Over In Glory"
"New Swing"
"The Dreamer"
Have you ever felt the urge to drop everything and move, because maybe your hometown leaves you feeling like you can't totally be yourself in some way?
The leader of Che Apalache has certainly felt that: Joe Troop decided when he was in college that he needed to go explore who he was outside of the confines of North Carolina. He went from studying abroad in Spain to immigrating to Argentina. But Joe did bring a piece of home with him — his banjo — and that is how he found his calling in Buenos Aires. Together with three of his former banjo students, Joe started to create music that combines the Latin American influences of his adopted home with the bluegrass he grew up on. The result is entirely unique — so much so that banjo master Béla Fleck decided to produce the group's debut album, Rearrange My Heart.
Che Apalache stopped by World Cafe to play a live set in front of an audience. Joe shared his story — what made him leave North Carolina, his life as an American immigrant in Argentina, the beginnings of the band and how he sees the U.S. now that he has spent a decade abroad.
This interview was recorded in September and was former host Talia Schlanger's last with World Cafe.
World Cafe: 10/21/19
Che Apalache


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for Surveying, Mapping & GIS
Market-Leading GIS software companies join to form VertiGIS
VertiGIS Ltd., a new company backed by Battery Ventures, brings together the capabilities of four leading geographic-information systems (GIS) companies whose proprietary technology helps small and large customers better harness the power of GIS and location intelligence.
VertiGIS, focused on vertical GIS applications for customers across a range of geographies and industries, will leverage technology from Esri, the global leader in location intelligence, whose ArcGIS platform is the world's most powerful mapping and spatial analytics software.
VertiGIS has over 400 employees across offices in six countries and serves more than 1,600 customers. VertiGIS is the result of the merger of four companies: AED-SICAD, with offices across Germany; Latitude Geographics, based in Victoria, Canada; Dynamic Design Group, with its key offices in Austria, Switzerland and Australia; and Geocom Group, with its main offices in Switzerland and Germany.
"It's exciting for us to reach this milestone and see VertiGIS come to life," said Jon Brooks, VertiGIS CEO. "We've assembled a first-class team that has been recognized for helping solve unique business challenges for decades; by coming together in this way we will be able to provide better service to an even wider range of customers, geographies, and industries."
Brooks' team is recognized in another way: Three of the initial VertiGIS companies are also part of an elite group of Platinum Partners with Esri.
"VertiGIS' clear vision for leveraging Esri technology and partners to provide compelling industry solutions is directly aligned with our overall mission," added Robert Laudati, Esri's Director of Global Partners & Alliances. "Moreover, we are encouraged by VertiGIS' ongoing commitment to our shared customers' success and look forward to continuing to support their business as it grows."
VertiGIS currently features Geocortex®, UT for ArcGIS, 3A for ArcGIS®, ConnectMaster, and GEONIS products and solutions, which range from utility-, land management-, and telecommunications-specific frameworks and offerings to suites of tools and capabilities for developing targeted mobile and web mapping applications.
"As VertiGIS grows we will be looking to add new products and services to the group; in the immediate term, however, our focus will continue to be on serving our customers, and exploring the opportunities and efficiencies we can bring to them as part of our new organization," Brooks explained.
Website VertiGIS
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Glos-la-Ferrière  est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département de l'Orne en région Normandie, devenue le  une commune déléguée au sein de la commune nouvelle de La Ferté-en-Ouche.

Elle est peuplée de  habitants.

Géographie
Situé au nord-est du département de l'Orne et limitrophe de l'Eure, Glos-la-Ferrière est à  au nord de L'Aigle et à  de la ville côtière la plus proche, Trouville-sur-Mer. Le bourg se situe à une altitude de  (NGF) voire  environ au niveau de l'église.

Glos-la-Ferrière est traversée par le Val-Vernet, le Val Coulé et la Barne.

Le village est situé sur le plateau du pays d'Ouche constitué par une couverture d'argile à silex avec lambeaux de limons.

Toponymie
Glos est attesté sous les formes : Gloth 1050 - 1066, Glos vers 1136, Glos sous l'Aigle vers 1790, Glos-la-Ferrière depuis 1800.

Formation homonyme de deux autres villages en Normandie : Glos (Calvados, Gloz 1198, Glotium 1283), Glos-sur-Risle (Eure, Gloz 1175).

Pour Albert Dauzat et Charles Rostaing, il s'agit peut-être d'une variante du gaulois clottu « grotte, excavation » représenté dans la toponymie du Midi et des Alpes. cf. les Balmes de Glos en Isère. Xavier Delamarre mentionne les mots des dialectes français et provençaux clot, clota, etc. signifiant « trou, cavité, fosse » issus du gallo-roman *CLOTTO « cavité, trou », issu du gaulois *clutso, variante de *cl(o)usto « oreille », d'où « trou de l'oreille » (cf. gallois clust « oreille »).

Pour Ernest Nègre, il s'agit d'un nom de personne germanique employé absolument, comme c'est souvent le cas. Il cite Chlodio.

François de Beaurepaire ne se prononce pas.

Aucun de ces auteurs ne se risque à une analyse à partir d'un étymon vieux norrois ou anglo-saxon [lequel d'ailleurs ?]. Elle se heurte aussi au fait que les Glos sont situés hors de la zone de diffusion des toponymes anglo-scandinaves.

Le gentilé est Glosien.

La Ferrière est un toponyme du Bas Moyen Âge, comme le suggère la présence de l'article défini. L'ancien français ferrière (cf. latin médiéval ferreria) est attesté en 1398 au sens d'« installation pour extraire, fondre et forger le fer ». Le pays d'Ouche était en effet réputé pour cette activité jusqu'au .

Armoiries
Ses armes peuvent se blasonner ainsi : .

Histoire
L'occupation humaine de Glos remonterait au Néolithique. Il existe en effet, sur la route Glos-L'Aigle dans le petit bois situé face au lieu-dit le Boulay-Filleul, une pierre d'assez grande dimension (classée monument historique). En 1878, un instituteur effectuant une fouille à sa base y aurait découvert des haches de silex et un percuteur.

De plus, on a trouvé près de l'église des monnaies et des bagues de fabrication romaine. Enfin, une voie romaine passait par le hameau de la Haute-Voie, au sud du bourg. Cette voie devait être indispensable lorsque Glos fut la capitale de l'industrie métallurgique de Normandie, avant l'ère chrétienne et jusqu'à la fin du .

Au haut Moyen Âge, le riche bourg de Glos, qui n'est pas encore « la Ferrière », est un lieu de passage puisque situé au croisement de plusieurs routes. Ceci est donc source de dangers. Les défenses consistent en un fossé circulaire et au centre une butte de terre énorme, puis un château tout en bois de plusieurs étages comportant tous les systèmes les plus élaborés de l'époque. Un seul passage descendant de la butte au fond du fossé puis rejoignait ce qu'on appelle la « Basse-cour », emplacement fortifié par une épaisse palissade de bois qui protégeait ainsi notamment les troupeaux, les réserves et les habitants des alentours. Si le siège mis par l'adversaire tournait au désastre, on se réfugiait dans le château qui dominait la butte. Pendant la guerre de Cent Ans, Du Guesclin (1320-1380) détruisit les murailles et le château alors sous la dépendance des Anglo-Navarrais.

Aujourd'hui encore, on se rend compte de l'importance de Glos au  en allant voir l'impressionnante butte (d'environ  de hauteur et  de diamètre) et d'imaginer le château fait de poutres énormes sur vingt mètres de haut. Cette organisation basée sur le bois, est différente de celle de Verneuil qui a un château de briques dont il reste le donjon du . Glos est peut-être à la charnière de deux mondes : le monde romain et le monde des peuples du Nord.
Des monnaies d'un Jean duc de Bretagne seigneur de l'Aigle furent trouvées dans les environs du château fort.

Le , une pétition des habitants réclama l'ouverture d'une grande route L'Aigle - Glos - Orbec. Cette pétition obtint satisfaction avec obligation pour les Glosiens de faire des heures de travail sur la portion traversant la commune.

En 1793, le 21 brumaire, un arrêté de l'Assemblée obligea les communes à fouiller jusque dans les cimetières pour en extraire le plomb pour les munitions nécessaires dans la guerre contre les chouans.

Quelques faits d'Histoire
En 1113, le roi d'Angleterre et duc de Normandie  se rendit avec sa cour à l'abbaye de Saint-Évroult pour célébrer la fête de la Vierge. En 1119, il vint à la Ferté-Fresnel battre le seigneur de l'Aigle. Puis il tourna ses armes contre ses ennemis de Lyre et de Glos. Roger qui commandait le château de Glos fut battu et se soumit.
De 1358 à 1450, pendant la guerre de Cent Ans, les Anglais dévastèrent l'abbaye de Saint-Evroult et pillèrent la « ville de Glos ».

À la création des cantons, Glos est chef-lieu de canton. Ce canton est supprimé lors du redécoupage cantonal de l'an IX (1801).

En 1803, un météore éclata dans la région, des débris tombèrent au Bois de la Ville.

Le , 400 soldats prussiens occupèrent Glos pendant huit jours, vivant de réquisitions.

En 1830, effrayé par la Révolution, , évêque de Sées, se réfugia à Glos pendant trois mois.

En 1848, on planta deux arbres de la Liberté, l'un auprès de l'église, l'autre au bourg.

En 1871,  Prussiens en un jour, puis  en trois jours, s'abattirent sur la région.

La Grande Guerre fit vingt-quatre victimes (dont Félix Chalin, Emile Bertin, Ludovic Bunel, André Fourchégu, Clovis François, René Gohier, Auguste Leffray, Henri Mariette, Georges Nicolas, Philémon Mercier, Fernand Goupil, Georges Goupil, Alphonse Duval, Alexandre Hervé, René Lemonnier, Georges Play, Henri Rouillon, Albert Troussard, Louis Blanchoud et Victorin Plumauzille).

Lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Glos fut libérée sans difficulté le  par les Anglais. Un enfant de 13 ans, Roger Liger, avait été tué dix jours auparavant.

Le , Glos-la-Ferrière intègre avec neuf autres communes la commune de La Ferté-en-Ouche créée sous le régime juridique des communes nouvelles instauré par la loi  du  de réforme des collectivités territoriales. Les communes d'Anceins, Bocquencé, Couvains, La Ferté-Frênel, Gauville, Glos-la-Ferrière, Heugon, Monnai, Saint-Nicolas-des-Laitiers et Villers-en-Ouche deviennent des communes déléguées et La Ferté-Frênel est le chef-lieu de la commune nouvelle.

Découpage
Au Moyen Âge, Glos appartenait au seigneur de Breteuil. De 1310 à 1331, elle faisait partie du comté de Beaumont-le-Roger. En 1354, Glos et Breteuil furent cédées au comte d'Évreux, roi de Navarre, allié des Anglais. Un échange concernant le comté d'Évreux fit passer Glos aux mains de Frédéric-Maurice de la Tour d'Auvergne, duc de Bouillon, dont les descendants furent seigneurs de Glos jusqu'à la Révolution.

En 1411, le village fut pillé par les troupes du duc d'Alençon.

À la suite de la Révolution, Glos-la-Ferrière est nommé chef-lieu de canton dans le district de L'Aigle. Ce canton comprenait  jusqu'en l'an VII (1798) puis  jusqu'au 5 brumaire an X ().

Mais la commune de La Ferté-Fresnel revendique cette position et envoie donc au Sénat, avec copie à messieurs les commissaires du roi et à l'Assemblée administrative du département de l'Orne une réclamation. Le premier argument est la position centrale de bourg de La Ferté-Fresnel alors que plusieurs paroisses du canton sont éloignées de plus de trois lieues de Glos. De plus, La Ferté-Fresnel invoque qu'elle possède un « marché assez considérable » et « une très forte halle à blé » que n'a pas Glos-la-Ferrière. Le mémoire continue de citer d'autres avantages que possède La Ferté-Fresnel comme l'existence d'un bureau de contrôle des actes, d'un bureau des aides, d'un bureau des recettes de régie qui n'existent pas à Glos-la-Ferrière. Enfin, la commune offre un dernier argument : les « eaux très belles et très limpides » de la Ferté-Fresnel opposé à « la sécheresse » de sa rivale. Finalement, la flatterie et l'obséquiosité viennent couronner la démonstration : « La commune du bourg de la Ferté-Fresnel ose se flatter que messieurs les administrateurs du département de l'Orne, dont les connaissances sublimes vont journellement opérer le bonheur des citoyens de leur département, et dont le zèle à remplir scrupuleusement les grandes fonctions qui leur ont été, à juste titre, confiées par leurs concitoyens et compatriotes, voudront bien (...) lui accorder la translation ». Glos-la-Ferrière n'a pu qu'objecter en vain d'autres arguments, soutenant notamment que sa population était doublement plus élevée.
La Ferté-Fresnel deviendra ainsi le chef-lieu de canton en lieu et place de Glos-la-Ferrière.

La justice
Dès 1279, Glos-la-Ferrière fut le siège d'une sergenterie comptant alors vingt-cinq paroisses et elle le demeure jusqu'à la Révolution. Elle se rattachait à la vicomté de Breteuil dont un lieutenant tenait audience à Glos de dix en dix semaines pour la haute et basse justice. Les moines et leurs sujets avaient le droit, encore en 1472, d'y plaider en première instance, mais leurs appels étaient portés au siège de Breteuil puis à l'échiquier de Rouen. À partir de 1747, la vicomté de Breteuil eut son siège à Glos-la-Ferrière. Nous ne savons ce qu'il en advint par la suite.

Le , les « principaux habitant » de Glos décidèrent de former un « comité » pour « régler la police » dans le bourg : deux gardes relevés de six en six heures furent postés auprès de l'église et auprès des halles (place de la Poste). De plus, une « patrouille roulante » fut établie nuit et jour composée de six hommes. Le président de ce comité était M. de Malherbe de Saint-Laurent, seigneur du Boële, ancien chevau-léger du roi. Les conseillers étaient MM. Bessin, Gatine, Aury de Grandcour, Menant, Primois, abbé Le Vézier, prêtre et chapelain du Boële, Savary (notaire). En 1790, M. Savary était le maire de l'Assemblée municipale. En 1791, les gardes nationaux de Glos durent prononcer ce prononcer ce serment après les vêpres : « Je jure par tout ce que l'honneur a de plus sacré, de rester inviolablement attaché à la constitution décrétée par l'Assemblée nationale, de soutenir cette constitution de tout mon pouvoir, de la défendre contre tous ses ennemis et de verser jusqu'à la dernière goutte de mon sang pour la liberté de ma patrie ».
Le curé de l'époque refusa de prêter serment à la constitution.

Devises et dictons
« Bourg de L'Aigle, ville de Glos » (ancien).

Politique et administration

|-
|colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="#f3fff3"|  Pour les données antérieures, dérouler la boîte ci-dessous.

Le conseil municipal était composé de quinze membres dont le maire et trois adjoints. Ces conseillers intègrent au complet le conseil municipal de La Ferté-en-Ouche le  jusqu'en 2020 et Michel Boulanger devient maire délégué.

Démographie

Glos-la-Ferrière a compté jusqu'à  en 1836.

Économie
Dès l'époque gallo-romaine, Glos est une ville de forgerons, « les ferrons ». Pendant près d'un millénaire, le commerce du fer et des armes enrichit la ville qui a une population considérable pour l'époque. On peut estimer que derrière ses remparts, plus de  vivent de cette industrie et de ce commerce.

C'est Guillaume le Conquérant qui demandera des soldats équipés de « piques » de Glos pour la bataille d'Hastings qui lui ouvre les portes de l'Angleterre. Ces piques redoutables sont figurées avec trois Gaulois sur l'autel de Nantes trouvés sous la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, l'inscription rappelle qu'ils sont de la région d'Évreux.

Les coutumes des ferrons sont codifiées par la royauté en 1224. Ils sont « bourgeois » donnant cette noblesse à toute la commune. Ils auront une charte qui est reconnue pour les défendre par l'abbaye de Saint-Évroult tandis que l'abbaye Notre-Dame de Lyre les soutient.

Toutes les communautés des ferrons du Pays d'Ouche dépendent de celle de Glos. Cette unification dépend de la protection accordée par le roi. Chaque année, les ferrons s'assemblaient le dimanche d'après la nativité de saint Jean-Baptiste, dans la chapelle de la Maladrerie de Glos-la-Ferrière afin d'élire un juge ou maître des ferrons, obligatoirement natif de Glos, sachant forger et manier le fer. Son rôle était de recevoir le serment des ferrons de Normandie, de délivrer les lettres de maîtrise, de trancher les différends entre patron et ouvriers, tireurs de minerai, clients… En retour de ces privilèges, il devait  au roi, aux recettes de Breteuil et d'Orbec (cette redevance fut en 1655 transformée en une rente de 15 livres tournois).

Cette institution dura jusqu'à la Révolution, souvent confirmée par nos rois. À l'audience du maître des ferrons à Glos, les huissiers étaient aussi des ouvriers du fer et tenaient toujours un marteau de 30 livres et, au moindre bruit, cassaient les dents du « gêneur »… Le maître se tenait sur une haute enclume, jambe deçà, jambe delà.

Des fouilles effectuées en 1892 à Rugles et Glos démontrèrent que les forges de la région avaient une origine gauloise, ce que confirment les énormes tas de scories qui forment le sous-sol de ce deux cités. D'autre part, la production métallique des forges de Normandie et Bretagne atteignait en 1644 .

Tant que les bas fourneaux et les forges à bras dominent, la ville de Glos est un centre important. La modernisation, les forges hydrauliques entament le déclin par manque de rivières à proximité. Vient alors la Révolution, les tréfileries ont pris la suite des forges, produit raffiné avec secret de fabrication des aiguilles. Seule reste aujourd'hui la maison Bohin. Cette industrie s'éteint vers 1880 et peu après un Allemand achète le laitier par millions de tonnes car il est encore riche en fer et, il l'emploie dans des hauts fourneaux de son pays.

Le dernier signe visible aujourd'hui est la présence de centaines de clous plantés dans la façade de l'église.

En 1808, le citoyen Gervais (l'aïeul du l'amiral Gervais (1837-1921)) se fournissait dans le Nord de lin qu'il faisait tisser à Glos.

Glos fut encore un centre pour la couture des gants, à partir de 1817. Costard, du Sap, fabriquait les machines. La couture d'une paire de gants demandait trois heures à une bonne ouvrière et coûtait trente centimes.

Lieux et monuments

Le château du Boële et son colombier.
Ils sont inscrits aux monuments historiques. Le château construit vers 1625 par Jacques Jouey, avocat à Rugles. On ne connaît pas l'origine du fief qui était déjà constitué en 1414.
Son propriétaire en 1570, Jacques Jouey fut conseiller à la Cour des comptes de Normandie. Son petit-fils, , aura sa chapelle particulière en l'église en 1610. En 1738, le château fut agrandi de deux ailles couvertes de combles à la française. Au milieu du , , propriétaire de forges à Aube, l'acheta à la famille Toutain dont il fit la généalogie.
Le colombier voisin est couronné d'une suite d'arcatures destinées à supporter un toit conique.

Le Bois de la Ville.
Le manoir est du temps de , mais la façade a été refaite au . Dans l'herbage, à l'est, se situe l'ancien colombier. Un sieur du Bois de la Ville de Glos, commandant du second bataillon du régiment de Bourbon-Infanterie, mourut en 1734 à la bataille de Guastalla. Le propriétaire a longtemps été la famille Le Forestier dont le dernier descendant, Robert, a été maire de Glos pendant vingt-cinq ans.

La Pitière.
Ce pittoresque manoir doit dater du . Ses embellissements sont dus à Gilles d'Espinay, bourgeois de Couvains. Guillaume d'Espinay, fils de Gilles, fut anobli en 1644. Le dernier d'Espinay est mort sans héritier en 1715.

L'église Saint-Agnan.
L'église du village mesure  de long : un édifice vaste par rapport à l'étendue du village. Cela s'explique par le fait que lorsqu'elle fut érigée, Glos-la-Ferrière était un bourg important. À tel point qu'il existait à l'origine deux églises selon Orderic Vital (livre III). La seconde devait se situer en bordure nord du bourg à l'entrée du chemin de Chambord. Jusqu'en 1653, il y avait d'ailleurs deux curés.
L'église est inscrite sur la liste des édifices religieux dignes d'intérêt établis sous le nom d'Inventaire départemental
-  Extérieurs
Il y a un dénivelé de  entre le niveau du terrain autour de l'église et celui sur lequel repose celle-ci. Traditionnellement, le cimetière se trouvait autour de l'église. Au cours des siècles, de la terre a été rapportée pour recouvrir les anciennes tombes et permettre de nouvelles sépultures, ce qui explique cette dénivellation.
Les fondations de l'église sont certainement bien antérieures à l'édifice actuel, tel qu'il fut bâti aux . Il est probable, en effet, qu'un lieu de culte chrétien existait là vers le  et si des fouilles étaient faites, on trouverait certainement les bases de cet ensemble. Avant cette époque, le site était peut-être un lieu de culte des Romains puisqu'on sait qu'ils sont venus dans cette région, des tombes datant de cette époque ayant été trouvées.
Les fenêtres percées dans la façade de l'église sont de la fin du , mais on peut apercevoir dans la muraille de la façade sud des fenêtres obturées dont on distingue bien les contours et qui sont des , . Il existe également des contreforts sur la façade mais qui ne servent en fait qu'au décor. En effet, il n'y a pas de poussée latérale puisque la structure de la toiture en carène de bateau (typiquement normande) est posée sur le mur. On en déduit que l'église est beaucoup plus ancienne que les autres églises romanes que l'on peut voir dans la région.
D'ailleurs, à l'extrémité est, côté chœur, le chevet est carré, alors qu'un peu plus tard l'abside des églises romanes sera arrondie. On aperçoit également dans la façade du chevet deux arrondis en brique qui sont tout simplement des oculi, qui se voient au début de l'époque romane.
La façade de l'église est parsemée de centaines de clous dans les interstices des briques. Le travail du fer a été pendant près de  la richesse de la ville, et devant l'église une vingtaine de commerçants « les Ferrons », avaient un étal de clous et dans la façade du monument chacun exposait les modèles de sa production et espérait une protection divine.
Dans la façade sud, on voit une porte qui n'est plus utilisée de nos jours. Autrefois, on entrait dans l'église non pas par l'extrémité ouest comme aujourd'hui mais par cette porte du sud qui était la porte de la lumière, et on sortait au nord par la petite porte des Morts. Cet ensemble assez exceptionnel a été respecté et gardé intact au fil des siècles. L'illumination nocturne dont bénéficie l'église permet de mettre en valeur ce patrimoine.
Au nord, est greffée une chapelle que date l'inscription « LEN DE GRACE 1610 ».

 - Intérieur
À l'intérieur se trouve la table de communion qui date de la fin de l'époque . Le lutrin est fait d'un aigle couronné.
L'autel latéral gauche est surmonté d'un tableau rappelant l'importance accordée au rosaire et à l'ordre de saint Dominique. La statue en bois creux de ce dernier, ainsi que celle de sainte Catherine de Sienne entourent l'autel. Ces deux statues sont antérieures à la fin du . Elles proviennent de la chapelle du château du Boële d'où elles ont été retirées avant démolition.
L'autel latéral de droite est surmonté d'un autre tableau dont l'enfant Jésus qui y figure représente en fait  bébé, rappelant ici les œuvres du peintre Largillierre. À gauche de ce tableau se trouve la statue de saint Jacques. Glos est en effet une ville étape d'une des routes de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle qui se trouve à  de là. À droite se trouve saint Jean Baptiste accompagné d'un agneau symbolisant la douceur et la gentillesse. Devant le maître-autel se trouve un retable de la fin du . Au-dessus se trouve une statue de saint Agnan (le patron du village) qui fut évêque d'Orléans, et à ce titre, il a fait reculer Attila. Deux belles autres peintures, le Crucifiement et le sacrifice d'Abraham, ont été achetées en , lors de la vente du château du Boële.
Il faut aussi signaler la présence d'une statue en bois en très mauvais état représentant saint Thibault, le patron des lépreux. Elle séjourna fort longtemps dans la léproserie (la maladrerie) de Glos-la-Ferrière, où étaient isolés et soignés par des religieux, les gens qui avaient été en croisade et qui avaient rapporté la lèpre avec eux. La léproserie fut supprimée en 1696. Quant au baptistère, il s'agit d'une pièce rare à 8 pans, le 8 étant le chiffre de la perfection céleste. Le sacristie, qui se trouve derrière le chœur, date du , fermée par deux portes . Le lutrin est doté d'un aigle orné d'une couronne. Cet ornement rare signifie que les habitants de Glos n'avaient pas de « suzerain » et qu'ils étaient « bourgeois » depuis environ l'an 1200.
Au niveau du sol de la voûte, il y a une énorme pierre rectangulaire qui bouche probablement l'entrée de la crypte. Il y avait là-dessous des sarcophages de plomb, qui ont disparu pour faire des balles pour les fusils de la bataille de Valmy notamment. Il y a peut-être d'autres choses à y découvrir.
Enfin, l'église possède un orgue réputé datant de la fin du . Des concerts y sont encore donnés aujourd'hui.
 -  Clocher
La construction du clocher débuta vers 1610. Il est constitué d'énormes poutres en chêne permettant au clocher de culminer à 45 mètres. Celles-ci sont ainsi à même de supporter le poids très important des cloches (). On peut se rendre compte de la taille des cloches en observant sur le sol carrelé de l'allée centrale, deux cercles tracés par l'oxyde de cuivre laissés là par elles quand elles y furent déposées à l'occasion de travaux importants.
Les pieds de la voûte soutenant le clocher ne sont pas tous à la même hauteur. Ceci s'explique par le déplacement du clocher au , qui était auparavant devant l'église à l'emplacement de la rue d'aujourd'hui selon toute vraisemblance.

Menhir du Boulay-Filleul.
Il fait l'objet d'un classement au titre des monuments historiques depuis le .

Activité et manifestations

Fêtes et foires
La Saint-Éloi, fête des forgerons, était célébrée à la fin du mois de juin. Les forgerons se rendaient à l'église et assistaient à l'office. En chemin, ils chantaient :

Au Moyen Âge existait un marché aux chevaux une semaine sur dix. En outre, un marché se tenait au Pratel, sur le fief du Boële, dès 1631, le dernier samedi de septembre. C'était la foire Saint-Michel qui a été supprimée à la Révolution puis rétablie en 1862 accompagnée d'une fête mémorable : messe en musique, concours agricole, cours de chevaux le lendemain au Boële.

Une seconde foire avait lieu le troisième samedi d'avril. Ces deux foires ont été abandonnées après la Première Guerre mondiale. Seul un marché, le samedi, avait été maintenu.

Personnalités liées à la commune
 Étienne Auguste Gervais (1797 à Glos-la-Ferrière-1875 à Empoli), homme politique.
 Joseph Amos Menant, né à Glos en 1810, cuisinier, inculpé pour l'insurrection de juin 1848 et chercheur d'or parti en 1852 à San Francisco avec Louis Miniac.
 Paul Cornu (Glos-la-Ferrière 1881-Lisieux 1944), inventeur. Auteur du premier vol d'un hélicoptère avec pilote en . Un lycée de Lisieux porte son nom.
 Lucien Lambert (né en 1932), scénariste. Il a participé notamment à l'écriture de la série Belphégor et de Mima. Les réalisateurs Claude Zidi et James Cameron ont été condamnés pour contrefaçon en  par la cour d'appel de Paris, celle-ci ayant jugé que le film La Totale ! (de Zidi, 1991) et son remake américain True Lies (de Cameron, 1994), étaient inspirés d'un travail de Lucien Lambert, auteur d'un scénario similaire intitulé Émilie achevé en 1981.

Voir aussi
 Liste des communes de l'Orne

Notes et références

Notes

Références
 Altitudes, coordonnées, superficie : répertoire géographique des communes 2014 (site de l'IGN, téléchargement du )

Bibliographie
 Amand Desloges, Origine du fer en Normandie
  Bouteiller, Le Canton de la Ferté Fresnel
 Xavier Rousseau, Le Pays d'Argentan
 Gabriel Vaugeois, Histoire de l'Aigle
 Abbé Chancerel, La Croix de l'Orne, 1908

Liens externes

Ancienne commune dans l'Orne
Commune déléguée dans l'Orne
Ancien chef-lieu de canton dans l'Orne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The McAllen High School Choir and Theatre students unite to present the performance. "Newsies" tells the story of the Newsboys Strike of 1899. It is based on the book by Harvey Fierstein with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Jack Feldman. It was originally produced on Broadway by Disney Theatrical Productions.
WHERE McAllen High School auditorium, 2021 La Vista Ave.
McAllen James "Nikki" Rowe High School students will present the musical. It was first produced in 1934 with music and lyrics by Cole Porter. The story centers on several characters as they travel an ocean liner from New York to London. Rowe's production is by arrangement with Tams-Witmark Music Library, Inc.
Rafael Cantu Junior High School Cavalier Theatre will present the story of James, who discovers a magic potion that grows a giant peach. He then befriends a collection of singing insects who join him on his ride across the ocean, facing hunger, sharks, and plenty of disagreements along the way.
The McAllen-based and internationally known hypnotist will perform live Spanish-language shows.
WHEN McAllen Performing Arts Center, 801 Convention Center Blvd.
The country musician will perform live.
The entertainer will present live music and karaoke weekly.
Attendees wearing their '80s garb can enter a contest.
Middle and high school mariachi groups from across the Rio Grande Valley will perform.
Walker and Platt of Johnny Walker & the Blue Labels will perform.
The event will include food trucks and the 2014 film "Need for Speed" starring Aaron Paul and Dominic Cooper. Parking open at 6:30 p.m. Audio tuned in through FM radio.
The local band will perform surf and reggae sounds live.
The band, celebrating the legacy of Country Roland Sr., will perform live.
Join a staff naturalist for a 1-mile walk to explore birds, butterflies, plants and more.
Tour one of the largest adobe homes in the state of Texas.
Volunteers Mark and Joanie and John and Sue lead birding walks along the refuge for all experience levels.
The band will perform an acoustic set live.
The event will include performances by Neverhigh, Moon Rabbit and The Shakes.
The event will include a screening of "Small Foot." Weather permitting. Attendees may bring their own snacks; no alcohol or tobacco.
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text:
Q: Is there a more Pythonic way to combine an Else: statement and an Except:? I have a piece of code that searches AutoCAD for text boxes that contain certain keywords (eg. "overall_weight" in this case) and replaces it with a value from a dictionary. However, sometimes the dictionary key is assigned to an empty string and sometimes, the key doesn't exist altogether. In these cases, the "overall_weight" keywords should be replaced with "N/A". I was wondering if there was a more pythonic way to combine the KeyError exception and the else to both go to nObject.TextString = "N/A" so its not typed twice.
if nObject.TextString == "overall_weight":
    try:
        if self.var.jobDetails["Overall Weight"]:
            nObject.TextString = self.var.jobDetails["Overall Weight"]
        else:
            nObject.TextString = "N/A"
    except KeyError:
        nObject.TextString = "N/A"

Edit: For clarification for future visitors, there are only 3 cases I need to take care of and the correct answer takes care of all 3 cases without any extra padding.

*

*dict[key] exists and points to a non-empty string. TextString replaced with the value assigned to dict[key].

*dict[key] exists and points to a empty string. TextString replaced with "N/A".

*dict[key] doesn't exist. TextString replaced with "N/A".

A: Use .get() with a default argument of "N/A" which will be used if the key does not exist:
nObject.TextString = self.var.jobDetails.get("Overall Weight", "N/A")

Update
If empty strings need to be handled, simply modify as follows:
nObject.TextString = self.var.jobDetails.get("Overall Weight") or "N/A"

This will set nObject.TextString to "N/A" if a KeyError is raised, or if the value is retrieved is empty: '', [], etc.

A: Use dict.get() which will return the value associated with the given key if it exists otherwise None. (Note that '' and None are both falsey values.) If s is true then assign it to nObject.TextString otherwise give it a value of "N/A".
if nObject.TextString == "overall_weight":
    nObject.TextString = self.var.jobDetails.get("Overall Weight") or "N/A"

A: I think this is a good case for setting the default value in advance
if nObject.TextString == "overall_weight":
    nObject.TextString = "N/A"
    try:
        if self.var.jobDetails["Overall Weight"]:
            nObject.TextString = self.var.jobDetails["Overall Weight"]
    except KeyError:
        pass

RADICAL RETHINK
Ditch that first answer (just keeping it because it got an upvote). If you really want to go pythonic, (and you always want to set a value on TextString) replace the whole thing with
nObject.TextString = (nObject.TextString == "overall_weight"
    and self.var.jobDetails.get("Overall Weight")
    or "N/A")

Python and and or operations return their last calculated value, not True/False and you can use that to walk through the combinations.

A: The Zen of Python says "Explicit is better than implicit." I have found this to be very true in my own experience. When I write a piece of code I think to my self, "Will I understand what this means a year from now?" If the answer is "no" then it needs to be re-written or documented. The accepted answer relies on remembering the implementation of dict.get to know how it will handle the corner cases. Since the OP has 3 clear criteria, I would instead document them clearly in an if statement.
if nObject.TextString == "overall_weight" and \
    "Overall Weight" in self.var.jobDetails and \
    self.var.jobDetails["Overall Weight"] != "":
    nObject.TextString = self.var.jobDetails["Overall Weight"]
else:
    nObject.TextString = "N/A"

It's certainly more verbose... but that's a good thing. There is no question when reading this what the behavior will be.

A: Use get() function for dictionaries. It will return None if the key doesn't exist or if you specify a second value, it will set that as the default. Then your syntax will look like:
nObject.TextString = self.var.jobDetails.get('Overall Weight', 'N/A')

A: How about with:
key = 'Overall Weight'

with n_object.text_string = self.var.job_details[key]:
    if self.var.job_details[key] is None \
    or if self.var.job_details[key] is '' \
    or if KeyError:
        n_object.text_string = 'N/A'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Imposture is a Caroline era stage play, a tragicomedy written by James Shirley and first published in 1652. Shirley himself considered The Imposture the best of his romantic comedies.

The Imposture was licensed for performance (as The Imposter) by Sir Henry Herbert, the Master of the Revels, on 10 November 1640. It was acted at the Blackfriars Theatre by the King's Men, the company for which Shirley wrote in the 1640–2 era.

The play was published by booksellers Humphrey Moseley and Humphrey Robinson in the octavo collection of Shirley's works titled Six New Plays (1653). In that edition, the Prologue of the play states that Shirley "has been stranger long to the English scene" — referring to Shirley's stay in Dublin at the Werburgh Street Theatre from 1636 to 1640. This may indicate that The Imposture was the first of Shirley's plays acted after his return from Ireland. Shirley dedicated the play to Sir Robert Bolles.

Synopsis
Flaviano is the courtly favorite of the Duke of Mantua; he desires to marry the Duke's daughter Fioretta. She, however, has been promised to Prince Leonato of Ferrara, who has brought his army to the aid of Mantua in its current war. Honorio, the Duke's son and Fioretta's brother, favors Leonato; while he lies wounded, Flaviano schemes to persuade the Duke that Leonato is a wild young man who is morally unfit to be Fioretta's husband. Flaviano manipulates the situation so that Fioretta is moved to a convent, from where he spirits her secretly to his mother's country house. He also puts out word that Fioretta has decided to remain at the convent for a year, effectively postponing the marriage.

Prince Leonato is outraged, and blames the Duke for bad faith; he demands a face-to-face meeting with Fioretta. The Duke feels that he cannot deny this demand — but he and Flaviano plan to substitute another woman in the meeting. One of the novices at the content is Flaviano's former mistress Juliana; Flaviano prevails upon her to take Fioretta's part. He even wants Juliana to marry Leonato — but the Duke will not go that far; Juliana is merely to insist upon the one-year delay.

Prince Leonato arrives at the convent, and has his meeting with the false Fioretta. Juliana, superficially, plays her part as instructed; yet Leonato correctly interprets her replies to indicate that she would not object if he forced the issue. Taking the hint, Leonato leads a troop of his men to break into the convent and carry off "Fioretta." He takes her home to Ferrara...where the true Fioretta has also arrived. Suspicious of Flaviano, Fioretta has escaped from his mother's country house and reached Ferrara in disguise, where she has taken an assumed name and is staying with Leonato's sister Donabella. Honorio has also come to Ferrara, to seek justice and vengeance for what he thinks is the rape of his sister. As he and Leonato are prepared to duel, Juliana and Donabella rush between them. Honorio confronts his pretended sister, but Juliana manages to persuade him to remain silent for the time being.

The real Fioretta locates and welcomes her brother, while Juliana confronts Prince Leonato. She tells the prince that she is a noble virgin forced to impersonate Fioretta by the Duke of Mantua. Honorio breaks in with a captive Flaviano; Flaviano has followed Honorio to Ferrara to kill him, but has gotten caught instead. Honorio tries to explain Flaviano's villainous manipulations — but Leonato refuses to listen; he believes Juliana, and has resolved both to marry her and to go to war with Mantua.

For a moment, Flaviano's plotting appears to have worked; but he is betrayed by a co-conspirator named Claudio. Juliana's falsehood is exposed; she begs for mercy, but Leonato casts her aside. The Duke of Mantua himself arrives in Ferrara, and the Fioretta/Juliana tangle is exposed and unraveled. Leonato is matched with Fioretta, and Honorio with Donabella; Juliana is sent back to the convent, and Flaviano is exiled.

The play's subplot involves the courting of the widow Florelia by the soldiers Hortensio and Volterino. Florelia says that she will marry the man who cures her son Bertoldi of his cowardice. The soldiers, with a share of soldierly drinking and brawling, try to make Bertoldi brave, and failing that, to make him appear brave; but that fails too. Eventually making the best of a bad job, Florelia marries Hortensio.

Notes

References
 Forsythe, Robert Stanley. The Relations of Shirley's Plays to the Elizabethan Drama. New York, Columbia University Press, 1914.
 Nason, Arthur Huntington. James Shirley, Dramatist: A Biographical and Critical Study. New York, 1915; reprinted New York, Benjamin Blom, 1967.

English Renaissance plays
1640 plays
Plays by James Shirley


text:
Harriet Ballintine, professor of physical education, 1891-1930, introduced basketball to Vassar. A pioneer in physical education for women, Miss Ballintine attended the first class in athletics for women at Harvard, in the summer of 1889, and studied physical education abroad. In 1901, she and the English athelete and innovator Constance Applebee founded the American Field Hockey Association.
1894, Jan. 14
Every six weeks, each student was required to submit an essay to the English department. "For our essays we were given six general topics from which to choose: Madame de Sevigne's Letters, The Connotative Power of Words, The Salvation Army, An Old Testament Story, or a Fairy Story…." MS letter
Lecturing on "Chaucer as Seen in His Works," Assistant Professor of English George Lyman Kittredge from Harvard University "told us nothing new," observed The Vassar Miscellany, but "we enjoyed hearing him demolish the long accepted Chaucer legends." Professor Kittredge reviewed the scant evidence available, finding that Chaucer, while not a scholar, was learned in Latin, French, Italian, mathematics and chemistry and that he "was not in sympathy with the alchemists and astrologists of the time; he was a reverent son of the church though not a devotee—by no means Paganist as is claimed.... As to his wife, we know that she was named Philippa and was some time lady of the Queen's chamber. She might have been a shrew or a saint. All is conjecture."
A leading Shakespeare scholar and editor, Kittredge was credited with the establishment of Chaucer in the American college curriculum through such works as Observations on the Language of Chaucer's Troilus (1894), Chaucer and Some of his Friends (1903) and Chaucer and his Poetry (1915.) He spoke at Vassar on several occasions, and in October 1915 he spoke on "The Scholar and the Pedant" at the inauguration of his former student, Henry Noble MacCracken, as Vassar's fifth president.
The "entire college," according to The Miscellany News, turned out and overflowed in Avery Hall when, in May 1937, Professor Kittredge gave a "brilliant address" on Shakespeare's Villains." This last visit was also marked by a minor domestic catastrophe. Reported by The Misc under the headline "'Mechanics' of Faucets on Tub Baffle Kittredege," the distinguished visitor awakened his hosts, President and Mrs. McCracken, on the morning after his lecture, with cries for help. Bathing, he had be unable to turn off the water and had flooded a bathroom. Rescued by Mrs. MacCracken, "said the eminent Shakespeare scholar, 'Well, I never was any good at anything mechanical.'"
Harriot Stanton Blatch '78 addressed economics classes on "The Industrial Condition of Women in England."
17 new courses were announced for the next academic year: two in Greek; two in French; two in German, one of them in scientific German; one in physiographic geology; seven in mathematics, including two in solid analytical geometry, two in modern geometry and one each in determinants, calculus and theory of equations; one in English in modern literature; one in economics in money and banking. The New York Times
In his baccalaureate sermon to the Class of 1894, President Taylor, drawing from Luke xvii. 21, "The kingdom of God is within you," urged the application of Christ's philosophy to practical problems and to the advancement of the kingdom of God. The kingdom would not advance, he said, through speculative philosophy but through good works. He urged the class to be rich individually so as to be rich to others and to live an objective life of service.
The baccalaureate hymn was composed by Leonora Howe '94. The New York Times
Two seniors, Lil Beers '94 and Lillie Hench '94, were among the students presenting the Commencement concert in the Chapel. Nearly 100 alumnae joined other guests for a program that included works by Beethoven, Chopin, Liszt, Wagner, Gounod and Handel.
"The concert was in every way successful and was enjoyed by all who were present." The New York Times
Nearly 200 alumnae attended the alumnae reunion on Class Day, joining the Glee Club in Strong Hall to sing Vassar songs at a reception and luncheon. In the afternoon class day exercises were held in the Chapel. Class president Blanche Ferry '94 gave the address of welcome, which was followed by the class oration by Ellen Chater '94 and the class history by Leonora Howe '94, who was also the author of the class song.
At the tree-planting ceremony in front of Main Building, the records of the Class of 1894 were buried and the senior charge was given by Melvina Van Kleeck '94. Anna Jeanette Graham '95 received Matthew Vassar's spade and gave the junior response.
The seniors' promenade concert took place in the evening, after the president's reception.
The college's 28th Commencement was held in the Chapel. President Taylor presided and Emily Jordan Folger '79 marshaled the procession. Presentations by graduating seniors included: "An Instance of Literary Evolution," Mary Blanche Mumford '94; "Relief for the Unemployed," Caroline Cowan '94; "Scottish and Negro Songs," Alice Sarah Hussey '94; "Shakespeare's Fatalism," Elizabeth Hazelton Haight '94; "The Half is Better than the Whole," Emeline Barstown Bartlett '94; "Philanthropy and Natural Selection," Mary Margaret Macauley '94.
16 of the 71 students receiving the bachelor's degree received honors, the highest percentage yet granted under the revised curriculum, and Emeline Bartlett was awarded a fellowship in Greek for postgraduate study at the University of Chicago. She also gained the first scholarship offered by the Student Aid Society both in a general competition and for her acting of King Creon in Antigone. Two master's degrees were awarded to Mrs. Harriot Stanton Blatch '78 and Mary Rawson Botsford '78.
At the trustees' meeting President Taylor announced that a chair in philosophy had been established and that the department of physics and chemistry had been divided. He also assured the trustees that the financial turmoil of 1893-94 had not seriously affected Vassar's endowment funds, and he was pleased to announce over 200 applications for the 100 available places in next year's entering class. He closed his remarks with an appeal to the supporters of women's education. The New York Times
In its October issue, The Vassar Miscellany reported on alumnae pursuing postgraduate work. Nine recent alumnae were at the University of Chicago, and three, Margaretta Palmer '87, Mary Augusta Scott '76 and Laura Johnson Wylie '77 had taken their Ph.D degrees at Yale. Yale had published "Evolution of English Criticism," the thesis by Wylie, who was head of the English department at Packer Institute.
Lillie J. Martin '80 was in the experimental psychology department at the University of Göttingen, the first woman admitted to that institution, and three recent graduates were enrolled in the newly-chartered Radcliffe College in Cambridge.
Georgiana Sands '90 and Delia O'Connell '93 were in the Medical School at Johns Hopkins.
1894, Oct. 7
The academic year began with 447 students. Only 12 special students were enrolled, and several of them were expected to join the collegiate program during the year. The freshman class, with one more member than in 1893, numbered 131. Several applicants had withdrawn for the present year because there was no room for them on campus.
Sophia Richardson '86, an instructor in mathematics, was granted a semester's leave for study in "a special course" at the University of Chicago. The New York Times
1894, Oct. 21
Electric cars replaced the horse-drawn cars that ran from Poughkeepsie out to the college.
1894, Nov. 4
The New York Times reported that a recent petition by "over 400 students" for the wearing of caps and gowns at Commencement had been rejected by the faculty, "on the grounds that the custom is too mediaeval in spirit and that the cap and gown tend to separate the student from the world."
1894, Nov. 18
The college announced several changes made by the faculty in the curriculum and one in the entrance requirements. Study of hygiene was required in the first semester only, and the time previously allotted it in the second semester was given over to extended study of mathematics. Required study of mathematics and foreign languages was reduced from the first three semesters to the first year, with extensive opportunity for further, elective study.
Study of history was extended through the entire sophomore year and instead of a limited study of the mediaeval period, its subject matter became the history of European civilization. A new requirement was a year's work in either chemistry or physics.
For entrance to the college, to a thorough knowledge either of Latin or Greek and of French or German was added the "ability to read easy prose," the equivalent of a year's study, in a third language, either French or German. The New York Times
1894, Dec. 17
The New York Times published a letter from "An Occasional Correspondent" dated "Gentilly, France, Nov. 29, 1894":
"The New-York Times has already noted in its columns the work done by Miss Ida Welt, a young Vassar girl, at the University of Geneva, Switzerland. Miss Welt there devoted herself to chemistry, and, after passing the best examination, began some theoretical work which seems to have made her prominent not only in the small Swiss metropolis, but also in the great French one.
"Miss Welt continued her researches under Prof. [Charles] Friedel, the foremost French chemist at the University of Paris, and has lately published, under the auspices of the Académie des Sciences, in the October and November numbers, the result of her investigations under the title, "Researches on Dissymetrical Hydrocarbons." Miss Welt is the only woman chemist in Paris, and is attracting much notice on account of her thoroughness in the most abstruse departments of theoretical chemistry. Her Alma Mater, as well as all her countrywomen, may be justly proud of the distinction won by an American girl in the centre of European intellectual life."
The youngest of four sisters, the elder three of whom were physicians, Ida Welt '91 continued her researches, holding one of the first privatdozent appointments granted to a woman at the University of Geneva and carrying out research on the preparation of olefins and acetylenes at the University of Heidelberg laboratories of Friedrich Kraft.
She returned to New York in 1899, joined the American Chemical Society, and taught for many years before returning, before the Second World War, to Geneva.
1894, Dec. 8
Thomas Cochran, Yale '94, assisted by Ralph Reed Lounsbury, Yale '94, gave a lecture on "Scientific Football." The lecture was illustrated with stereopticon views. The New York Times, The Vassar Miscellany


Xenia Olivia: Fashion magazines: China edition. A must-read.
Thanks,for the follow on bloglovin.<3 Follow you back.
i LOVE THIS EDITION SO MUCH...I CANNOT WAIT UNTIL I GET THE NEXT ONE. CHECK OUT THE PROVERBS...NEW READERS ARE ALWAYS WELCOME TO JOIN.
Thanks for your comment! Sure, we can follow us on Bloglovin.
Sorry, GFC but would be better, interest ?
I need to get my hands on a Hong Kong issue!
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I love reading magazines and I wish I could see the Hong Kong issues or Chinese ones. It would be interesting to see the difference between those and The US ones and Spanish ones!
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If you get a moment come check out my latest post!
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Vogue is essential in every country.
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Dear, i'm following u on gfc and blogloving!
Really hope we'll keep in touch!
Adorable blog dear, thank you for the comment :) Following you now.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Music Review: Now! That's What I Call Music #68
18 June 2018 29 September 2018 Dee Music
Day 68 takes us to Now! #68, which was released on 19th November 2007.
This is how the world looked in November 2007. Well, it did if you were in a smoky neon synthpop club with your boyfriend, which is frankly the best place to be when you're twenty-two.
It's the time of year for party tracks. Don't disappoint me, Now! compilers!
Track 1: Leona Lewis – Bleeding Love
Lovely tune, quite like this one.
Track 2: Take That – Rule The World
I've always found this one a bit jarring, because the verse and chorus are two beautiful tunes that don't really work with each other. Just when you're enjoying one, it breaks the mood by switching to the other. Should have been two separate songs.
Track 3: Kylie Minogue – 2 Hearts
I like the stripped-back instrumentals at the start – it gives the track lots of edge and atmosphere. The vocals are great too.
Track 4: Mark Ronson and Amy Winehouse – Valerie
I mentioned this cover four days ago in my review of the Zutons original on Now! #64. It's a great, bombastic big band version, and I really like it, but the classic-rock-tinged original still has the slight edge for me.
Track 5: Sugababes – About You Now
Quite like this tune – nice solid pop song.
Track 6: Kanye West – Stronger
Really like this atmospheric electro-infused track – it's probably the best song Kanye West ever did.
Track 7: Craig David – Hot Stuff (Let's Dance)
It's based around a sample of David Bowie's Let's Dance, which is obviously appreciated, but the rest of the track is very generic and just makes me want to go listen to Let's Dance instead.
Track 8: Sean Kingston – Beautiful Girls
Pretty tune, quite like this one. At the time, because I wasn't following chart music very closely, I kept getting it mixed up with Mika's Big Girls (You Are Beautiful). The songs are very different, but that's the power of a title.
Track 9: Shayne Ward – No U Hang Up
I like the electro-tinged instrumentals – it's getting into that late '00s era when that was in vogue, yay! – but the vocals are too cheesy for me.
Track 10: Timbaland, DOE and Keri Hilson – The Way I Are
Oh, it's this one! That electro hook is absolutely classic. Great atmospheric track.
Track 11: Britney Spears – Gimme More
'It's Britney, bitch'. I remember everyone found this comeback a bit laughable at the time, but it was sampled brilliantly a few years later when she did Scream And Shout with will.i.am. I really like the electro bassline on this one, too.
Track 12: Rihanna – Shut Up And Drive
Great guitar on this one – it's an unusual style for Rihanna, but I really like it.
Track 13: Girls Aloud – Sexy! No No No…
Awesome epic atmosphere – it builds really nicely at the start and then launches into a brilliantly frenetic rock-tinged song. Big fan of this one.
Track 14: Robyn and Kleerup – With Every Heartbeat
Quite like the chilled-out backing track, but the vocals are too high-pitched for me.
Track 15: Enrique Iglesias – Tired Of Being Sorry
Nice Latin tinge, though it jars slightly with the electro instrumentals.
Track 16: Groove Armada and Mutya Buena – Song 4 Mutya (Out Of Control)
Nice retro '80s-sounding backing track, but I'm not hugely keen on the vocal style constantly veering between sung and spoken.
Track 17: Se:Sa and Sharon Phillips – Like This Like That
Nice upbeat track, with more retro instrumentals. Very danceable.
Track 18: Ida Corr and Fedde Le Grand – Let Me Think About It
There's a bit too much going on in this dance track, and it doesn't all work together.
Track 19: Axwell and Max C – I Found U
Bit of a throwback to early '90s dance, with some added '70s retro instrumentals for good measure. The tune's boring though.
Track 20: Freaks – The Creeps (Get On The Dancefloor)
Another dull tune, with a very repetitive backing track.
Track 21: Peter Gelderblom – Waiting 4
House remix of Red Hot Chili Peppers' By The Way. It's okay, but it's one of those ones where I just want to listen to the original instead.
Track 22: David Guetta and Chris Willis – Love Is Gone
Some very irritating siren-sounding instrumentals in the middle of this one, but otherwise it's quite a good upbeat electro track.
Track 23: Plain White Ts – Hey There Delilah
Pretty tune, but it's a bit too acoustic-y and twee for my liking.
Track 24: James Blunt – 1973
Always love a 20th-century-inspired title! Unfortunately the tune is not 20th-century-inspired – I was hoping it would be four-on-the-floor glam rock. Instead, it's a fairly standard melancholy one from James Blunt – pretty tune, but not really my style.
Track 25: Newton Faulkner – Dream Catch Me
Boring tune, irritating twangy guitar. Not keen.
Track 26: The Hoosiers – Worried About Ray
Interesting instrumentals, good atmosphere, but the vocals irritate me.
Track 27: Scouting For Girls – She's So Lovely
This one has always annoyed me – I find the tune and theme very twee.
Track 28: Feist – 1234
Too acoustic-y for me, and again I find the vocals irritating.
Track 29: Phil Collins – In The Air Tonight
We've already had this one on Now! #12! I don't care how awesome that 2007 Dairy Milk ad with the gorilla was – there's no excuse for repeating songs!
As ever, see the link for my review.
Track 30: Avril Lavigne – When You're Gone
Lovely piano at the start, but the vocals are too high-pitched and hurt my head.
Track 31: McFly – The Heart Never Lies
Horribly saccharine and repetitive. Not my kind of thing at all.
Track 32: Amy MacDonald – Mr Rock And Roll
Nice tune – if I were in a folk-rock mood I would absolutely love it, but I've not been that way inclined lately.
Track 33: KT Tunstall – Hold On
Not keen on the jarring guitar lines at the start, but it's got quite a good atmosphere.
Track 34: The Killers and Lou Reed – Tranquilise
I shouldn't like this, as the lines are sort of messy and jarring, but it actually works really well to create an awesome epic atmosphere.
Track 35: Stereophonics – It Means Nothing
Dull and drone-y, not a fan of this one.
Track 36: Peter, Björn & John and Victoria Bergsman – Young Folks
Oh, it's this one. I've always found that whistling really annoying, especially due to its use in the Homebase adverts!
Track 37: Freemasons and Bailey Tzuke – Uninvited
Great atmosphere, but the vocals are irritatingly generic.
Track 38: Mika – Big Girl (You Are Beautiful)
Daft theme, but it's quite nice and feelgood. At the time, because I wasn't following chart music very closely, I kept getting it mixed up with Sean Kingston's Beautiful Girls…oh, wait, I've done that anecdote. Great bassline and retro feel, anyway.
Track 39: Amy Winehouse – Tears Dry On Their Own
Repeated artist alert! We've already had Amy Winehouse on track 4.
Great tune though, quite like this one.
Track 40: Jennifer Lopez – Do It Well
Some great, epic instrumentals going on here – good stuff.
Track 41: Fergie – Big Girls Don't Cry
Slow and cheesy – not keen on this track.
Track 42: Akon – Don't Matter
Nice tune, but the vocals are a bit too saccharine for me. Also, it kind of rips off R Kelly's Ignition.
Track 43: Nicole Scherzinger and will.i.am – Baby Love
Super irritating tune on the vocals! Don't like this at all.
Track 44: Westlife – Home
The usual nauseatingly saccharine guff from Westlife. Time to line up that original version of Let's Dance.
Three days in a row without a 'Not on Spotify' incident! It would be nice if we'd seen the last of them, but I suspect there will still be a few lurking about.
Akon Amy MacDonald Amy Winehouse Avril Lavigne Axwell Bailey Tzuke Britney Spears Chris Willis Craig David David Guetta DOE Enrique Iglesias Fedde Le Grand Feist Fergie Freaks Freemasons Girls Aloud Groove Armada Ida Corr James Blunt Jennifer Lopez Kanye West Keri Hilson Kleerup KT Tunstall Kylie Minogue Leona Lewis Lou Reed Mark Ronson Max C McFly Mika Mutya Buena Newton Faulkner Nicole Scherzinger Now That's What I Call Music! Peter Björn & John Peter Gelderblom Phil Collins Plain White Ts Rihanna Robyn Scouting For Girls Se:Sa Sean Kingston Sharon Phillips Shayne Ward Stereophonics Sugababes Take That The Hoosiers The Killers Timbaland Victoria Bergsman Westlife will.i.am
Rediscovering jeans
Stuff I like about my parents' house #3: Now! That's What I Call Music #10 vinyl album


text:
O Tratado de Lunéville foi um acordo firmado entre a República da França e o Sacro Império Romano-Germânico, em 9 de fevereiro de 1801, através respectivamente de José Bonaparte e o conde Ludwig von Cobenzl.

O Tratado pôs fim à Segunda Coligação, permanecendo a Grã-Bretanha como a única nação a guerrear contra a França. Os termos do Tratado requeriam que a Áustria ratificasse as condições do Tratado de Campo Formio, fazendo com que algumas possessões austríacas fossem entregues e o imperador austríaco renunciasse a todas as pretensões ao Império Romano. O controle francês se estenderia até as margens do Reno, abandonando as possessões ao leste do rio. Questões de fronteira na Itália foram resolvidas e o Grão-Ducado da Toscana passou às mãos da França, recebendo o duque compensações na Alemanha. Ao mesmo tempo os signatários concordavam com a independência da República Batava, da República Cisalpina, da República Helvética e da República Liguriana, e os bispados semi-independentes de Trento e Brixen foram secularizados e anexados à Áustria. A paz resultante do Tratado de Lunéville perdurou até 1805, quando os austríacos retomaram as guerras contra Napoleão Bonaparte.

Ver também
 Guerras Napoleônicas

Luneville
Luneville
Luneville
Luneville
Luneville
Luneville