Although California now occupies a progressive niche in the national political ecology, its history is dotted with raw reaction. It wasn't so long ago that Californians led the backlash against labor unions, fair housing, campus dissent and unauthorized immigration. Young people are often surprised to learn that California elected only four Democratic governors in the 20th century. Only two completed more than one term; both were named Brown, and one begat the other.
Miriam Pawel's new book, "The Browns of California," features those two governors along with their ancestors, spouses, siblings, allies and adversaries. A former reporter for the Los Angeles Times, Pawel is also the author of an award-winning biography of Cesar Chavez, who figures in the Brown family story — first as Pat Brown's adversary, then as Jerry Brown's ally. With this book, however, Pawel has expanded her historical and political horizons significantly.
Working largely from archival material, oral histories and her own interviews, Pawel charts the family's fortunes from the 1852 arrival of Augustus Schuckman, Pat Brown's maternal grandfather, to Jerry Brown's unprecedented fourth term as governor. To do that, she must summarize countless issues, events and movements, many of them complex. That she does so quickly and deftly is no small part of her achievement.
Pawel's narrative is unflaggingly direct, but it also functions as deep art, for the book is actually a history of California posing as a family portrait. Whether it's the Gold Rush, Japanese internment, Free Speech Movement, Watts riots, Proposition 13 or climate change, the Brown story reflects large portions of California's past and much of its present. Politics is often the topic at hand; at other times, it takes its place in a larger social tableau. When we read that Pat Brown's father ran a gambling operation in the Tenderloin, we gather that San Francisco was a wide-open town. When Brown becomes its district attorney, that conclusion is affirmed.
As governor, Pat Brown signed the State Water Project and the Master Plan for Higher Education into law; both were admired around the world. But for all his accomplishments, Sacramento was the final stop on his political journey. The Kennedys, who helped him beat Richard Nixon in 1962, considered him soft, and Pawel notes that he lacked the killer instinct; in fact, his qualms about the death penalty drew widespread criticism.
Pawel writes memorably about Pat Brown's connection to former Gov. Earl Warren. Warren was a Republican, but he also won the Democratic primary in 1946 and was no partisan. Brown openly admired Warren and measured his own achievements against his precursor's. As chief justice of the Supreme Court, Warren quietly supported Brown against both Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan, arguably the two most important American politicians in the second half of the 20th century. After waxing Brown in 1966, Reagan governed more moderately than he campaigned, but his victory shattered the state's midcentury liberal consensus.
Reagan was succeeded by Jerry Brown, who took office at age 36. By that time, he had studied at a Jesuit seminary and UC Berkeley, completed a law degree at Yale, purchased a home in Laurel Canyon, served on the Los Angeles Community College District Board and ascended to secretary of state. Much of his political and social life in Los Angeles revolved around the El Adobe Cafe in Hollywood. The Mexican restaurant also catered to local musicians, including Linda Ronstadt, whom Jerry met there and subsequently dated.
Post-Watergate voters welcomed Jerry's iconoclasm, and Pawel emphasizes his disdain for empty rhetoric and received ideas. He lacked his father's personal touch and ignored his advice. Although Jerry's impatience with convention came off as arrogance, his foresight was undeniable. Initially dismissed as kooky, many of his ideas became common sense long ago. Likewise, his presidential campaign in 1992 prefigured Bernie Sanders' deep run in 2016, complete with small donations, populist challenges to the party elite and calls for single-payer health care.
After an unsuccessful Senate bid in 1982, Jerry Brown served with Mother Teresa and studied Zen Buddhism in Japan before chairing the California Democratic Party from 1988 to 1991. He hosted a program on KPFA, returned to public office as mayor of Oakland and served a term as attorney general. If those efforts seem disparate, Pawel finds the connective tissue in the habits of mind he took from his Jesuit training, which re-emerged after he began his second eight-year stint as governor in 2011. This time, he was also more inclined to credit his late father's achievements.
Although much of the spotlight falls on Pat and Jerry Brown, Pawel gives full consideration to Kathleen Brown's career, including her term as state treasurer and 1994 gubernatorial bid. We also learn a great deal about Pat's mother, Ida Schuckman Brown; his wife, Bernice; and Anne Gust Brown, Jerry's wife. They are presented not as foils or assistants, but rather as distinctive figures with their own goals, dispositions and accomplishments.
The book closes with Jerry Brown's visit to Augustus Schuckman's property in Colusa County, where he and Anne plan to retire. Despite the subtitle, there is little discussion of how the Brown dynasty shaped the nation, but the individual contributions and larger patterns are clear enough. By reminding us that a single family has produced so much of the state's leadership, Pawel's skillful portrait also raises an imminent question: What's next?


Help protect your ability to earn an income.
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Even a single month without a paycheck can be a tremendous setback. Day-to-day expenses and bills build up even if your salary stops.
Horace Mann Life Insurance Company (Horace Mann) offers disability income protection insurance that can help assure you a monthly income when total disability occurs due to a covered sickness or accident.
For specific costs and further details of the coverage, including exclusions, any reductions or limitations and the terms under which the policy may be continued in force, see your insurance agent or write to the company.
Disability income protection insurance is underwritten by Horace Mann Life Insurance Company.


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Home CSR It's time to change: Virgin Trains joins fight to encourage people to...
It's time to change: Virgin Trains joins fight to encourage people to talk about mental health issues
Andy Mann
(Left to right) From Virgin Trains on the east coast: David Horne, Managing Director, Suzanne Donnelly, Commercial Director, Clare Burles, People Director. Pictured far right: Jo Loughran, Director of Operations at Time to Change.
Virgin Trains signed the Time to Change pledge and named a train in a commitment to tackling the stigma around mental health.
As a signatory, Virgin Trains on the east coast will invest over £700,000 a year to improve the physical and mental wellbeing of its people. As part of this investment, the train operator will commit to educate over 3,000 employees in recognising and taking on mental health issues in both colleagues and customers. Time to Change is an initiative from charities Mind and Rethink Mental Illness which look to encourage people to talk about mental health and improve public attitudes towards mental health problems through training and awareness-raising.
In addition, Virgin Trains has appointed two Mental Health Champions who are members of the firm's east coast board, to ensure that the issue is talked about at the highest levels of the organisation. Clare Burles, People Director and Suzanne Donnelly, Commercial Director will advocate for mental health issues in board meetings and develop policy to ensure continued buy-in among senior leaders to support the agenda within their own teams. With its Mental Health First aid courses, the firm will also be training all managers to equip them to better support employees with mental health issues in the workplace. It will also look to roll out this training to all employees in the future.
Clare Burles, People Director and Executive Mental Health Champion at Virgin Trains on the east coast said: "We're very proud to be making a public pledge to improve mental health in our business. At Virgin Trains we take the wellbeing of our employees and the customers who travel with us very seriously. That's why, unlike many other train companies, we've created an entirely in-house Health and Wellbeing team, whose focus is on improving the mental wellbeing of our employees as well as their physical fitness for work. Our commitment to working with Time to Change underlines the importance of mental health not only for our own people but the rail industry as a whole – we're proud to be leading the way."
Sue Baker, Director of Time to Change, said: "We know it can be hard to talk about mental health, which is why we're supporting employers to open up; to talk and to listen. Too many people with mental health problems are made to feel isolated, ashamed and worthless, but with the right support, those of us with mental health problems can recover and have equal opportunities in all areas of life. Everyone's attitude makes a difference and it's fantastic to see organisations like Virgin Trains on the east coast taking the lead.
"Many leading employers have found that making a strategic commitment to the mental wellbeing of their workforce not only benefits their staff but also their bottom-line, improving productivity and staff retention. With one in six British workers experiencing mental illness it's time for businesses to make a change and start creating more mentally healthy workplaces."
Time to Change aims to end mental health discrimination and encourage people to start conversations around mental health. Over 500 businesses have signed the pledge to demonstrate their commitment to implementing a mental health plan and create an environment where employees feel able to discuss mental health.
Time to Change is funded by the Department of Health, Comic Relief and the Big Lottery Fund. Set up to create a positive shift in public attitudes towards mental health problems, Time to Change supports communities, schools and workplaces to open up to mental health problems; to talk and to listen.
Previous articleBrother UK invests in Greater Manchester HQ
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After 34 years working in numerous operational and communications disciplines for three FTSE companies (Yorkshire Electricity; Meggitt and BAE Systems), at over a dozen locations, on 24 November 2016, I became the inaugural editor of Business Manchester. Business Manchester is a good news, Manchester focused, business website and daily newsletter. Over the years, I have written hundreds of press releases, features for trade magazines, copy for websites and brochures, edited in-house magazines and newsletters, as well as presenting a radio programme on Chorley FM. This experience has given me the ideal background for editing Business Manchester.
New alliance of industry leaders back North West as the UK's primary hydrogen economy
Sam Whitear - 3rd December 2018
Lucardo Rawtenstall hosts engaging team building event
Philip Ghayour - 10th April 2019
The Buzz Rooms gains industry recognition
Philip Ghayour - 24th October 2018
CallisonRTKL moves into Manchester One
Sam Whitear - 14th November 2018

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Waste management private finance initiative projects are set to benefit from a £3.5 billion cash injection from the Treasury to kick start projects that have been delayed by the credit crunch.
The extra money, is to be available from now, for school, hospital and waste PFI deals, and is the latest initiative from the Government to boost the economy.
Top of the list for new investment are energy-from-waste plants and waste PFI projects, including a Government contribution to the £3.3bn Greater Manchester PFI waste deal. MRWrecently revealed that the European Investment Bank is putting a £200 million loan towards the £750 million of initial finance cost required.
In total, £13bn of public investment in procurement will be safeguarded. Transport projects will receive £3.1bn and school projects will receive £2.4bn, the £13bn also includes funding for housing or regeneration schemes. Around 110 PFI projects are currently in the pipeline.
From now, the Government will lend to those PFI projects that cannot raise sufficient debt finance, lending alongside commercial lenders and the European Investment Bank. A Treasury spokesman said: The Government has signalled that the waste sector is an important sector requiring infrastructure investment. Waste has become an important sector not least because there are European Commission Directives in place that require the UK to come forward with waste plants, otherwise the UK risks being fined.
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has been working with Partnerships UK, the Treasurys own public private partnership, to develop an effective model going forward.
Treasury chief secretary Yvette Cooper believes the cash will breathe new life into PFI schemes, in which banks and contractors build new projects and then rent them back to the state for up to 35 years. Due to the credit crunch some banks have drawn back from investing in the schemes.
Cooper said: These projects will create jobs and support the economy as well as delivering vital infrastructure that local communities need. Thats why were determined to get them moving as soon as possible without extra delays. Where the private markets arent working properly, its right that the Government should act to get things moving.


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Connecticut Poll Shows Majority Support For Marijuana Legalization And Expungements As Lawmakers Consider Reform
As the governor of Connecticut steps up his push for to legalize marijuana in the state this year, a new survey shows that the policy has strong support among residents, including a slim majority of Republicans.
The poll from Sacred Heart University (SHU) found that 66 percent of Connecticut adults favor legalization, and the same percentage of respondents back expunging prior cannabis records.
Via SHU.
Democrats were more likely (77 percent) to embrace the broad reform, but more than half of Republicans (52 percent) also support it. A similar partisan split was seen when it comes to expungements, with 73 percent of Democrats and 49 percent of Republicans in favor of erasing previous marijuana convictions for possession and use.
Respondents also weighed in on several other cannabis-related questions. Most agreed, for example, that marijuana has fewer or the same number of "effects" as alcohol (72 percent), and there was also consensus that cannabis has fewer effects compared to other drugs like heroin and methamphetamine (73 percent).
"Residents continue to demonstrate strong support for legalizing recreational marijuana," Lesley DeNardis, executive director of the Institute for Public Policy at SHU, said in a press release.
Curiously, about 41 percent of residents said that they also feel marijuana is a gateway drug that leads to use of other illicit substances.
The survey involved interviews with 1,000 Connecticut residents from February 16-21.
These findings comes as the legislature is actively debating legalization legislation. Gov. Ned Lamont (D) introduced a reform proposal as part of his budget plan last month and lawmakers have already held a hearing to get testimony on the legislation.
That said, the measure has been met with strong pushback from advocates who feel that its licensing, equity and criminal justice provisions are inadequate.
Lamont, who convened an informal work group in recent months to make recommendations on the policy change, said his budget plan would involve establishing a "comprehensive framework for the cultivation, manufacture, sale, possession, use, and taxation of cannabis that prioritizes public health, public safety, and social justice."
In response to criticism that the proposal fails to substantially address equity, the administration said it is open to making revisions and wants advocates "at the table" as the legislation moves forward.
The new SHU survey did not ask respondents about equity-related issues beyond expunging past records.
As introduced, the governor's bill would allow adults 21 and older to possess up to 1.5 ounces of cannabis and purchase products from licensed stores, which would be scheduled to open in May 2022.
Home cultivation would be prohibited, however, and certain marijuana-related convictions that occurred before October 2015 would be automatically expunged. The state would bring in more than $33 million in revenue in fiscal year 2023, increasing to $97 million by 2026, according to a fiscal estimate. Starting in 2024, half of all the state excise tax would be earmarked for municipal aid and equity spending.
The legislature has considered legalization proposals on several occasions in recent years, including a bill that Democrats introduced last year on the governor's behalf. But while those stalled, there's increased optimism that 2021 is the year for reform.
Lamont reiterated his support for legalizing marijuana during his annual State of the State address in January, stating that he would be working with the legislature to advance the reform this session.
House Speaker Matt Ritter (D) said in November that legalization in the state is "inevitable." He added later that month that "I think it's got a 50–50 chance of passing [in 2021], and I think you should have a vote regardless."
Should that effort fail, Ritter said he will move to put a constitutional question on the state's 2022 ballot that would leave the matter to voters.
A poll released by SHU last year found that nearly two-thirds of voters (63 percent) either "strongly" or "somewhat" supported recreational legalization.
The governor has compared the need for regional coordination on marijuana policy to the coronavirus response, stating that officials have "got to think regionally when it comes to how we deal with the pandemic—and I think we have to think regionally when it comes to marijuana, as well."
He also said that legalization in Connecticut could potentially reduce the spread of COVID-19 by limiting out-of-state trips to purchase legal cannabis in neighboring states such as Massachusetts and New Jersey.
Tennessee Senators Approve Medical Marijuana Bill In Committee
Photo courtesy of Mike Latimer.
Michigan Sends $10 Million In Marijuana Revenue Back To Local Governments


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GROWER SERVICES
Dakota AgSynergy
If you have interest or questions about partnering with Dakota AgSynergy, we would love to hear from you!
1050 E. Interstate Ave.
Bismarck, ND, 58503
info@dakagsynergy.com
Justin Purintun
Email: Justin.Purintun@dakagsynergy.com
Justin Purintun is a co-founder and managing partner of Dakota AgSynergy, LLC. Born and raised on a farm in North Dakota, Justin has always had a passion for agriculture. After studying business and agriculture in college, Justin returned home to continue to be involved in the agribusiness world. In his spare time, Justin enjoys being outdoors at the lake, skiing, going to concerts and sporting events, and spending time with his wife and their two children.
BRANDON SEHN
Email: Brandon.sehn@dakagsynergy.com
Brandon Sehn is a co-founder and managing partner of Dakota AgSynergy, LLC. He grew up on a farm in south central North Dakota, where he continues to practice farming. Prior to entering the workforce he completed programs in Corporate Finance and Crop and Weed Science at North Dakota State University. In his spare time he enjoys watersports, snowmobiling in the Rocky Mountains, reading about history and general business, and spending time with his family.
CODY SEHN
Procurement Operations
Email: Cody.sehn@dakagsynergy.com
Cody Sehn is responsible for the Procurement Operations at Dakota AgSynergy,LLC, working directly with growers to help them capture the most value when selling their grain. Cody grew up on a farm in Linton, ND, and is now based out of Bismarck, ND. He holds a B.S. in Marketing from North Dakota State University. Outside of work, Cody enjoys deer hunting, skiing and snowmobiling.
Jon Purintun
Email: jon.purintun@dakagsynergy.com
Jon Purintun merchandises all of Dakota AgSynergy's grain. He was born and raised on a farm in North Dakota and is passionate about bringing local commodities to larger markets. Jon holds a B.S. in Business Administration with concentrations in Global Business and Marketing from the University of Jamestown. In his free time, Jon enjoys staying active in sports through coaching and recreational leagues.
Kristine Lunde
Email: Kristine.lunde@dakagsynergy.com
Micaela Meyer
Email: micaela.meyer@dakagsynergy.com
Karlie Schroeder
Email: Karlie.schroeder@dakagsynergy.com
2020 Dakota AgSynergy | Bismarck, ND | Website Design by Up & Running Design Co.


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Product Engineer (Node.js)
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Senior Back-end JavaScript Engineer (Node.js)
We're looking for a back-end JavaScript engineer with Node.js experience to join the Ghost product team and work remotely, on Open Source software.
Timezone: UTC+0 to UTC+12
FULL-TIME · REMOTE
Hey there! We're looking for a new member to join the Ghost team, maybe that's you?
We're a non-profit organisation on a mission to create modern, independent publishing technology to power the future of online journalism.
This is not a rocket-ship. You won't find any unicorn glitter or exponential curves around here, just a real company with a sustainable business which has been profitable from year 1 and has been growing healthily ever since. Currently our Annual Recurring Revenue is $2,700,000. We're very transparent about our mission and our metrics, you can read all about us.
Ghost is a full stack web application for running independent publications. It's one of the most popular modern open source projects in the world, and is used in production by tens of thousands of websites and companies.
Chances are you've already visited and read sites which run on Ghost! Our users range from renowned publications like The Stanford Review and Harvard International Review - through to some of the world's largest organisations like Apple, Square, DuckDuckGo, Buffer, OpenAI, CloudFlare, Digital Ocean, Mozilla, Napster, Tinder, OkCupid and many, many more.
As the company grows, we're looking for an experienced JavaScript developer to join the team and work directly on Ghost core. This is a senior role, with a lot of freedom to help evolve and refine our product architecture.
What we're looking for 🔎
For this position, we're specifically looking for experienced back-end JavaScript engineers with a track record of shipping large-scale projects and working in teams, confident taking a broad brief and seeing it through from start to finish.
Node.js experience is important, because that's what Ghost is written in! Ember.js experience is a big advantage, too. Experience working with other parts of our stack is a bonus, particularly Bookshelf, Knex, Express and Handlebars. A good grasp of MySQL and SQLite3 are helpful too, but not essential. Any other experience with startups, SaaS, open source, distributed applications or remote work is also very valuable.
One of the major perks of engineering at Ghost is that almost every single thing you work on will be released as open source under the MIT license. So you're not just writing code for us, you're writing it for yourself and for everyone else - both now, and in the future. Instead of spending years doing work will eventually be locked away in a box labelled "intellectual property" — you'll get to write code which is open for anyone to use, including you in your own future projects!
People who are great at written communication and highly self-motivated tend to do best at Ghost. The majority of our team is made up of former founders, freelancers and self-starters who are confident and comfortable working independently and getting things done.
This role would be well suited to someone who is experienced at building/shipping products, looking for a big/interesting thing to work on with a great international team and a healthy work/life balance. Our culture at Ghost is one of calm, happy work. Not a frantic startup treadmill.
Maybe you're overworked at a traditional tech company and uncomfortable with the level of resemblance your life bears to an episode of HBO's Silicon Valley. Or maybe you've been solo bootstrapping products for years and you're ready to work on something bigger with a group of excited, likeminded people.
We value diversity of all types at Ghost and our team is made up of a kind, thoughtful group of people with a wide range of backgrounds. We have as many people who speak German as we do English, some of us are single, others are married, while others are parents. We actively try to find people with different perspectives and experiences to the ones we already have. Women and minorities of any description are especially encouraged to apply!
What it's like to work here
Well, we work remotely from all over the world! Most communication happens on Slack, with weekly meetings via Zoom. That used to be something remarkable that was worth mentioning, but hey — 2020 is weird.
The biggest perk of working at Ghost is that we have a small, talented team with a very large audience. This means you have the ability to have a huge impact on the product and the company, whilst also having interesting and challenging problems to work on. We believe deeply in what we do, and we're all in this to build something lasting, sustainable and positive.
All jobs at Ghost come with
💵 Competitive salary
We pay well at market rates reflecting both location and experience
🌍 Fully remote work
Work from anywhere in the world, or travel continuously if that's your thing. Everything we do is online. As long as you have wifi, you're all set.
💻 All the tech you need
We'll pay for whatever hardware and software you need to work and make sure you're regularly upgraded to the latest versions.
🏢 Office costs covered
Whether you prefer a home office or a co-working space, we'll help pay for it.
📚 Personal development
An annual budget for books, courses, conferences and travel expenses.
✈ Twice annual international team retreats
Every 6 months we get the whole crew together for a week away. The last few trips have taken us to Dubai, Thailand, Austria & Egypt.
📅 3 day weekends, all year long
We close the office on the last Friday of every single month. Enjoy!
🏝 Unlimited paid vacation
Minimum 2 weeks per year, if you don't take it yourself, we kick you out of the office in December until the new year rolls around.
👶 Paid parental leave
When the time comes to welcome a new member of the family, we offer 3 months fully paid parental leave.
📈 Guaranteed pay-reviews
Everyone at Ghost receives annual pay reviews to update their salary for market rate changes and inflation.
🐶 Dog friendly office
Just kidding we literally don't have an office - but apparently tech companies think is an important detail to put on job descriptions and we didn't want to feel left out. So, um. Feel free to work with your dog.
Cats are cool, too.
Who you'll be working with
Matt 🇬🇧
Hannah 🇬🇧
Co-Founder / CTO
Naz 🇵🇱
Kevin 🇬🇧
How to apply 🚀
We're profitable, AKA we have unlimited runway, and we have very healthy revenue growth. There's no investor pressure, time limit, or need to hire as many people as fast as possible to fill a fancy office. We want to keep the team small, automate as much as possible with robots, build great software, and enjoy our work. Those are the things we optimise for. If that sounds like a good fit for you, then we'd encourage you to get in touch.
All jobs at Ghost start with an application form, progressing to 1-2 short interviews, and finally a (paid) trial project assignment.
Rather than trying to guess if we'll work well together based on lengthy arbitrary interview questions or challenges - instead we invite promising candidates to work on a real life trial project with us and pay them for their time. Trial projects are typically 20-30 hours of work, and give us an opportunity to get to know each other prior to pursuing a full time offer. It's also a chance for candidates to get to know the Ghost team and make sure that it's a good fit for them.
The button below will take you to the application form for this position where you can tell us a little more about yourself. Or, if you know someone who would be a great fit - maybe send them a link to this page?
Please note: For this particular position at Ghost we are explicitly looking for someone who is based in a timezone between UTC+0 and UTC+12.
What's one thing you wish everyone applying knew before applying?
We generally get 500+ applications for each open position, so please take your time when filling out our application form. Women and minorities of any description are especially encouraged to apply!
Not the right position for you?
If this role isn't right for you, but you're interested in hearing about other roles that open up in future, you can subscribe to our careers mailing list! We never use this list for any promotional emails, marketing, or anything else.
We're a non-profit organisation on a mission to create modern, open source publishing technology to power the future of independent journalism.


Tiare Reversible Lowrise Bottom. Print Name: Monarch, Color: Pink, reverses to Solid Black. Low-rise fit with wide waistband for more hip coverage, moderate rear coverage. Drawstring in the waistband holds this bottom in place.


There is just something magical and homey about the winter time and the spirit of the season that surrounds it! Our selection of Winter Art and Prints are great for displaying during the winter season and even year round. Find winter photographs, paintings of winter scenes, and beyond on GreatArtNow.com. When you shop with GreatArtNow.com you will be able to find high quality prints along with a large varied collection to look through. Find winter prints from famous artists as well as up and coming painters and photographers. From depictions of snowy mountain tops to moonlit small villages in the winter time, shop our great selection today. Many of our prints come with the option of framing, on canvas printing, and more. Start shopping GreatArtNow.com's Winter Art and Prints today!


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La Grande-Verrière is een gemeente in het Franse departement Saône-et-Loire (regio Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) en telt 570 inwoners (1999). De plaats maakt deel uit van het arrondissement Autun.

Geografie
De oppervlakte van La Grande-Verrière bedraagt 44,8 km², de bevolkingsdichtheid is 12,7 inwoners per km².

Demografie
Onderstaande figuur toont het verloop van het inwonertal (bron: INSEE-tellingen).

Externe links

Gemeente in Saône-et-Loire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The kitchen is one of the most important rooms in the house – and it's also one of the messiest. It's hard to maintain a consistently clean space when you have so many people under one roof and everyone uses this space multiple times a day.
Even if you live alone, it's still not the easiest part of the house to maintain.
But, keeping a clean kitchen doesn't have to be complicated! The trick is to figure out smart ways to store all of your kitchen items. This makes good organisation and cleanliness much easier to manage.
Here are 8 ideas for organising kitchen cabinets to help you figure it all out.
Admit it – the cabinet under the sink is probably where you have the biggest organisation issues. That's ironic considering that most sink cabinets are where home cleaning supplies go!
Still, it's a lot easier to keep this space clean than you might think.
You can install a big drawer on the bottom of the cabinet to better reach whatever products are behind the first row of spray bottles and other cleaners. Or, you can make everything go up instead of out. All it takes is one shelf or some over the door hangers to put on the cabinets to transform how everything is organised under the sink.
If it's not the cleaning supply cabinet you have the biggest issues with, it's the cabinet where you keep food storage bins. Take a deep breath, take everything out, and match all the containers to their lids.
Then, brainstorm a few ideas to better organise everything.
It may be time to start stacking all the containers that match one another. You could also put small containers inside of bigger storage bins, or replace where you put the containers altogether.
If you switch to a larger cabinet, you could have enough room to put all the different sizes side by side and better see where everything is. This helps you keep it that way long-term.
Another way to change how well your cabinets are organised is to install deep cabinets! Instead of having low cabinets that go back, install deep drawers that stack on top of one another.
Deep drawers are beautiful additions to any kitchen, and they make cleanliness much easier to maintain. You don't have to worry about losing things in the back of the cabinet anymore because everything pulls out to be in arm's reach.
If you're not looking to do a huge kitchen redesign, get creative with how you use the cabinets you do have. It might be a good idea to buy shelf organisers for your low cabinets and high cabinets, too.
These help you make the most of the space you already have. Shelf organisers give everything in a cabinet a designated space. They keep you from having to stack a bunch of things on top of one another, which is how things get lost in the mix.
Speaking of things that get lost in the mix, how often are you trying to find a special spice container that you've somehow misplaced? This probably happens more than you'd like to admit. But, it's not how things have to continue to be!
Take all your spices out of the cabinet they're in right now and put them in a drawer that pulls out. This can be one of the standard drawers you have by the stove or it can be in a tall drawer.
If your kitchen is particularly small, put up shelves where you can store the spices without them having to be tucked away in a cabinet. Some shelves are made to go on the side of the fridge while others fit well on the inside door of a cabinet.
Either way, they make spice storage much easier and create more room in your cabinets for other things to be organised.
Here's an interesting thought: not everything that is currently in your cabinets has to be in a cabinet. It can be hung up instead for easier access and better cleanliness.
The best things to hang are the items you use every day.
You can hang these up if you have a bit of open wall space in the kitchen. If your cabinets are particularly high, you may be able to place them on the splashback in between your top cabinets and your kitchen counters.
Hanging some of your kitchen utensils may sound a bit weird, but it actually works wonders for your kitchen. It makes the space function a lot better and it encourages more cleanliness.
Your cooking zone doesn't have to disrupt the space you have right now. Bringing this into your kitchen is as simple as setting up a magnetic holder over the stove or finally clearing the messy cabinet space you have.
The final way to better organise your kitchen cabinets is to just get rid of them! Take down all the cabinet doors and create an open shelving system. This makes it impossible for you to hide your cabinet clutter and put off cleaning it.
On the contrary, open shelving prioritises cleanliness and organisations. It changes how you look for and put away all your kitchen items, and it upgrades the whole look and feel of the kitchen, too.
Keep in mind that you don't have to use all of these tips on organising kitchen cabinets to transform your space. It's better to focus on a few ideas than to try to do an entire kitchen overhaul.
If the latter is more what you had in mind, though, use these additional tips to completely upgrade your current kitchen.


Powerful article and a perfect segway to our Hope Bar Project. We invite those looking to make an impact and legacy to learn more about this amazinv business model and contact us to learn about why we believe our #hopebar projects will help others!
excerpt: Rather than tell women we need to be more like men to succeed in this new realm, we should encourage women to look to the skills they do have to succeed in social enterprise. It is more important than ever that we not see compassion, long-term thinking, and social orientation as weaknesses. In the emerging realm of the social enterprise, these skills are what will help our ventures succeed, grow and change the world as we know it.


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Top 12 Most Amazing And Unique June Birthstones (2022 Guide)
June birthstones. Heidi Klum, Angelina Jolie, and Emily Ratajkowsi were all born in the fabulous month of June. This month, associated with summer but winter for those living down under, was named after the goddess Juno, goddess of weddings and married couples.
As for birthstones, they came into being centuries ago, when people found a connection between the stars and people's fortunes and lives. In a particular month, certain stars appear in our night skies, others in the skies of other parts of the world. The belief was that if you wore certain stones when certain stars were in the sky where you lived, that would increase your fortune. Thus, birthstones. And since then, they have evolved to what they are now.
People say X is the birthstone for June. However, there are actually many choices for awesome gemstones for any month, include the those for the two astrological signs encompassed by the month.
Birthstones for the calendar month of June are Pearl, Alexandrite, Moonstone, Agate, Chalcedony and Emerald.
June birthstones for the zodiac signs of Gemini (Twins, May 21–June 21) and Cancer (Crab, June 22–July 22) are Sapphire, Ruby, Citrine, White Sapphire, Tiger's Eye and Chrysoprase.
Discover everything you need to know about each month's birthstone: January, February, March, April, May, July, August, September, October, November and December.
Let's go through them all, since they all have fascinating stories!
June Birthstones #1: Pearl
Image via America pearl
Pearls are perfection. Pearl-fection is a little hard to say. The incredible smooth, roundness and shininess—these completely organic gemstones are like nothing else in the world.
Natural pearls are produced by a tiny irritant in the bodies of some mollusks. When something attacks them, they make pearls as a response. On the other hand, cultured pearls come from placing a bead into the animal, which it then coats with nacre, a strong, and iridescent, and also known as mother of pearl.
Image via Cartier
Multiple strands of pearls make amazing bracelets, while long pearl necklaces are a great addition to dresses or suits.
Pearls represent wisdom earned through experience. They bring out a person's loyalty and purity.
2. Alexandrite
Image via Zales
This rare gem can appear as different colors in different light (pleochroism), and lends the wearer an air of sophistication and refinement. This fine choice of a June birthstone was named for King Alexander II (totally different from Alexander the Great).
It's often found in some shade of purple or blue and is very luminous, with clearly-defined colors. Because it looks different in different light, it sure is easy to match with outfits. Wear a pendant with this fragile, vulnerable stone with a casual Summer outfit, or earrings with more formal outfits.
Alexandrite is thought of as very mysterious because of its ability to change its colors. For that reason, it is thought of, as both lucky and unlucky! Because it can roam from one color to the next—having different identities—Alexandrite is believed to bring emotional balance to a person.
3. Moonstone
This birthstone gets its name because it has glow that is said to be moonlike. This is called the Schiller effect. The glow can be milky and sometimes blue, and since it seems to move a bit, it's really magical. Tell me you're not impressed. Moonstones can be found in blue, pink, peach, black, and white.
A legend involving Moonstone is that on nights with a full moon, you can place the mineral in your mouth and you'll be able to peer into the future. What can it hurt? Just don't tell anyone!
Moonstone is one of the best gems for lowering stress and for calming a mind. It will sharpen your intuition and also lead you to inspiration.
June Birthstones #4: Agate
Image by Macys
Agates are absolutely amazing stones. Nowhere on Earth will you find quite this combination of earthiness and pure beauty. Agate is a form of quartz; it's a semiprecious stone found in volcanic rock. The most renown of them sport layers that show a change in chemistry, or stripes of different colors. They come in varied tones of yellow, amber, and brown, as well as white.
Sometimes the patterns on agate are so intricate and pretty that they look like works of art. It's amazing they were produced naturally.
Image via Macys
Agates are great to form into cabochons and and are often beaded. They are used in all sorts of jewelry.
Spiritually, Agate helps build concentration and clear thinking; in evens out one's aura, warding off negativity.
5. Chalcedony
Image via Adrift
Chalcedony is a category of gem that includes varieties such Onyx, Jasper, and Agate. It is, in turn, a type of Quartz. The June birthstone comes in just about any color, even pink. Some of the loveliest ones are a dreamy baby blue.
With a waxy, dull luster, chalcedony has a hardness of 6.5-7, making it durable and great for wearing in rings. The fibers in chalcedony show concentric banding.
This tough little gem fosters good will and brotherhood. It also brings one's spirit and emotions to a full and complete harmony. One type of Chalcedony, blue, is known for its help with a person's creativity.
June Birthstones #6: Emerald
Image via Tiffany
Take yourself to the Emerald City, baby! Emeralds are loaded with tons of history and legend. One can't deny the beauty of this gem with its pure, shimmering green colors. It has big hexagonal crystals and is beautiful due to its clean, unmarked appearance.
One of the reasons Emeralds are so prized is their rarity. While they are beautiful, they are often flawed, and synthetically treated to fix these flaws. And while they are very hard, they also break easily, which makes them risky for uses in rings.
Spiritually, Emerald corresponds to the heart chakra. It brings freshness to a person's soul and increases vitality. If one's budget allows, why not treat yourself to an Emerald?
7. Sapphire
When most people think of Sapphire, they think of the color blue, though Sapphire does come in many colors. The birthstone of the June signs Cancer and Gemini is in the corundum family, which also includes ruby.
You may know that Sapphire just as hard as a diamond, a 9 out of 10 on the Mohs scale. It possesses hexagonal crystals, and is one of the most precious and valued gemstones.
One of the most valued of the most valued is called Star Sapphires, which contain rutile particles called "silk." Well, these silky particles basically throw off light in a way that looks like a six-pointed star. Are you the kind of star who deserves such a jewel?
Sapphires have a history as rich as their color. The stone couldn't possibly have more importance—ancient Greeks wore these stones to talk to an oracle, a wise fortune teller. Some people believe that the tablets the Ten Commandments were carved in were sapphire.
8. Ruby
Image via Bulgari
Here is one stunning and bold gemstone. It is heartbreaking red. This is caused by traces of chromium. Other inclusions alter its color in various ways.
Rubies should be worn on your ring finger of your right hand. The flaming gemstone is best set in white and yellow gold, and looks greatest when worn with red, black, or white.
Ruby helps its wearer by guarding against negative energy. This gives you spiritual courage, energy, and motivation. As clear as a ruby's brightness is, that is how clear you can expect to feel wearing one.
June Birthstones #9: Citrine
Image via Boucheron
Naturally, there's a connection between Citrine and the word "citrus." That's because many citrine stones are a vivid orange, while they can also have some yellow and brown tones. The stone is transparent.
Well, seekers of June birthstones, Citrine gets its color from traces of iron, and is sometimes confused with the glorious topaz. Elizabeth Taylor and Kate Middleton are known to wear citrine. It's an amazing way to brighten up a look if you're wearing clothes with subtle colors. It goes with anything, and can give you glamour at a lower price than topaz.
Natural Citrine is the stone for someone with a hard task ahead who is looking for some courage. It puts one on the right path with motivation and confidence.
10. White Sapphire
Image via Kay
White Sapphire is actually clear, and that makes it a very rare form of Sapphire. The reason white these gems are clear is a lack of inclusions and chemical purity. They are the purest form of corundum.
Both physically and spiritually, white sapphire is all about purity. Specifically, it creates a purity—and clarity—of thought, in the wearer. That is why it has such a reputation as a Wisdom Stone. It also imparts pure joy in a person's soul.
11. Tiger'S Eye
Image by Stephanie Kantis via Macys
This fascinating stone is a yellow-brown type of quartz. It was a unique type of luster called chatoyant, which means changing. It gives off a strand of light when cut into cabochons.
These cabochons can be used in rings, pins, pendants, and other items. Tiger's Eye beads are awesome for necklaces.
You're right if you guessed that the spiritual benefits of Tiger's Eye would have to do with the boldness of the jungle cat, you're right. The gemstone helps a person take action, and it also helps a person come to clear decisions.
12. Chrysoprase
Image by Chopard
This quirky and really unique gemstone is usually found in an apple green. This color comes from the mineral nickel. The gemstone is awesome for beads and cabochons. In addition to having healing properties, these gem helps a person attract new love and also find prosperity.
Image by Irene Neuwirth
These are the great choices for June birthstones. You can go funky with Tiger's Eye or Agate. You can go with simpler and brighter colors with stones such as Ruby and Sapphire. Or you can choose beautifully pale stones like Pearl or White Sapphire. The choices are all good!
Tags: pearl alexandrite and moonstone, birthstones June, birthstone jewelry, modern birthstone, Sri Lanka, pearl alexandrite, birthstone pearl, April diamond, September sapphire, February amethyst, January garnet, July ruby, three June birthstones, green in daylight, birthstone moonstone, august peridot
January 02, 2022 by Hiuyan Lam
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The prime / target audience is children aged 2 - 6. We are trying to stir their imaginations - to excite and thrill. To that end I'm very happy for the characters to have a distinct look / feel rather than be a detailed copy of the animal from a photo. Also clearly looking for a cartoon type character (rather than the direct copy) which hopefully affords some additional creative license.
Will be a high quality, personalised children's picture book that will give oodles of enjoyment whilst they are young and will be a treasured keepsake as they get older.
▪ Greeting cards (using same "Characters"


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Article in xml format
Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia
On-line version ISSN 1809-5267
Arq. bras. psicol. vol.66 no.1 Rio de Janeiro 2014
Behavioral and emotional problems of schoolchildren according to gender*
Problemas comportamentais e emocionais de escolares segundo o gênero
Problemas comportamentales y emocionales de niños según el género
Adriana Martins SaurI; Sonia Regina LoureiroII
IDocente. Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá (CBM). Ribeirão Preto. Estado de São Paulo. Brasil
IIDocente. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP). Ribeirão Preto. Estado de São Paulo. Brasil
The aim of this study was to investigate mental health problems, including behavioral and emotional problems, in a cohort of schoolchildren according to gender and to assess the associations of family characteristics and behavioral performance for boys and girls. Data from 677 children born in Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil, when they were 10/11 years old was available. The mental health assessment was performed using the Brazilian version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results showed that the prevalence rates for boys and girls were, respectively: 41.7% and 34.5% for total difficulties score, 50.4% and 57.6% for emotional symptoms, 31.2% and 18.8% for hyperactivity, 38.8% and 27.6% for conduct problems, 27.1% and 26.7% for peer problems and, 4.7% and 2.7% for prosocial behavior. The family characteristics associated with behavioral problems were low socioeconomic status for boys and low maternal education and families with more than four members for girls.
Keywords: Mental health; Child behavior; Gender and health; Cohort studies.
O presente estudo investigou problemas de saúde mental, incluindo problemas comportamentais e emocionais, em uma coorte de crianças em idade escolar diferenciadas pelo gênero e avaliou as possíveis associações entre características familiares e desempenho comportamental. Foram avaliadas 677 crianças nascidas em Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brasil, aos 10/11 anos de idade. Para a avaliação da saúde mental utilizou-se a versão brasileira do Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades. As taxas de prevalência para meninos e meninas foram, respectivamente: 41,7% e 34,5% para o escore total de dificuldades, 50,4% e 57,6% para sintomas emocionais, 31,2% e 18,8% para hiperatividade, 38,8% e 27,6% para problemas de conduta, 27.1 % e 26,7% para problemas de relacionamento e 4,7% e 2,7% para comportamento pró-social. As características familiares associadas a problemas comportamentais foram baixo nível socioeconômico para os meninos e baixa escolaridade materna e famílias mais numerosas para as meninas.
Palavras-chave: Saúde mental; Comportamento infantil; Gênero e saúde; Estudos de coortes.
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar problemas de salud mental, incluyendo problemas comportamentales y emocionales, en una cohorte de niños en edad escolar diferenciados por género, y evaluar las posibles asociaciones entre características familiares y el desempeño comportamental. Se evaluaron 677 niños nacidos en Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brasil, con 10/11 años de edad. Para la evaluación de la salud mental se utilizó la versión brasileña del Cuestionario de Capacidades y Dificultades. Las tasas de prevalencia de problemas comportamentales para niños y niñas fueron, respectivamente: el 41,7% y el 57,6% para síntomas emocionales, el 31,2% y el 18,8% para hiperactividad, el 38,8% y el 27,6% para problemas de conducta, el 27,1 % y el 26,7% para problemas de relacionamiento y el 4,7% y el 2,7% para comportamiento pro-social. Las características familiares asociadas a problemas comportamentales fueron el bajo nivel socioeconómico para los niños y la baja escolaridad materna y familias más numerosas para las niñas.
Palabras clave: Salud mental; Conducta infantil; Género y salud; Estudios de cohortes.
Knowledge of child mental health disorders is important not only because they result in suffering for children and those around the children, but also because they interfere with social and educational development and can lead to life-long social and psychiatric problems (Rutter, 1996). There is little consensus on the extent to which manifestations of psychiatric symptoms are universal or the extent to which they can be affected by cultural aspects. However, since studies have found prevalence rates to vary all over the world, it seems necessary to consider culture and context in determining the way in which children's psychopathology may be manifested (Canino & Alegría, 2008; R. Hackett & L. Hackett, 1999; Roberts, Attkisson, & Rosenblatt, 1998). There is also evidence that child disorders may vary between developed and developing countries, making it necessary to distinguish studies by each country, as well (Fleitlich-Bilyk & Goodman, 2004; R. Hackett & L. Hackett, 1999). In fact, a major gap in the epidemiology of child mental disorders has been considered the lack of studies regarding the date on the prevalence rates in low-middle income countries (Kieling et al., 2011; Rohde, 2011).
Epidemiological studies and investigations about child mental health problems indicate that the prevalence of child psychiatric disorders in the developed world is between 10% and 20%, with a global mean of 15.8% (Kieling et al., 2011; Ravens-Sieberer et al., 2008; Roberts et al., 1998; Skovgaard et al., 2008). In the developing world, where children and adolescents form a higher proportion of the population, the prevalence can be higher, reaching rates of mental health problems up to 50% (Bhola & Kapur, 2003; Fleitlich-Bilyk & Goodman, 2004; Giel et al., 1981; R. Hackett, L. Hackett, Bhakta, & Gowers, 1999; Mullick & Goodman, 2001; Prior, Virasinghe, & Smart, 2005; Syed, Hussein, & Mahmud, 2007; Thabet, Stretch, & Vostanis, 2000). The first study conducted in Brazil to investigate the overall prevalence of childhood mental disorders was in the 1980s, where 828 children aged between 5 and 14 years old were assessed, whereas 10% had a psychiatric disorder (Almeida-Filho, 1982). In 2004, a study carried out in Southeast Brazil by Fleitlich-Bilyk and Goodman (2004) assessed 1.251 children aged between 7 and 14 years old using current diagnostic criteria and international measures, in which 13% of the sample presented psychiatric disorders. A year later, in a survey of child mental health problems in Northeast Brazil (Goodman et al., 2005), it was found that 7% of the 100 evaluated children (5 to 14 years old) had problems. Two other Brazilian studies can be mentioned, although the intentions in these were only to screen possible child mental health problems, without claiming to be a prevalence study (Cury & Golfeto, 2003; Ferrioli, Marturano, & Puntel, 2007). Both studies used community samples and assessed children between 6 and 12 years old. In general, Cury and Golfeto (2003) found behavioral problems in 18.7% of the children and Ferrioli et al. (2007) in 19% of them. More recently, two Brazilian cohort studies investigated mental health problems. One of them, conducted by Rodriguez, Silva, Bettiol, Barbieri and Rona (2011), carried out in the Northeast of Brazil, assessed 805 children at 10/11 years old and found an overall prevalence of mental health problems of 47,7%. The other one, conducted in the South of Brazil by Anselmi et al. (2010), evaluated attention and hyperactivity problems in 4.423 children, reporting a prevalence rate of 19,9%.
Two other issues are worth mentioning in relation to the investigation of mental health problems. The first one refers to the differences between behavioral and emotional problems in boys and girls. There is a vast literature that indicates that boys tend to have more externalizing problems and girls more internalizing problems (Cury & Golfeto, 2003; Marturano, Toller, & Elias, 2005; Syed et al., 2007; Zahn-Waxler, Klimes-Dougan, & Slattery, 2000), highlighting the importance of considering the peculiarities of each group in identifying mental health problems. The second one concerns therole of social and environmental factors in behavioral outcomes. Most of the literature suggests that when social circumstances are unfavorable, the impact of biological risk conditions could worsen developmental outcomes, including behavioral performance (A. Goodman, Fleitlich-Bilyk, Patel, & R. Goodman, 2007; Lund et al., 2010; Lund et al., 2011; Masten & Gerwitz, 2006; Sameroff & Fiese, 2005).
Therefore, the investigation of mental health problems, according to gender and considering social factors, may reveal important details for the mental health services and contribute to the prevention and reduction of behavioral problems in adulthood.
The aim of this study is to investigate mental health problems, including behavioral and emotional problems, in a Brazilian cohort of children, at the age of 10 years, according to gender, and to assess the association of family characteristics and behavioral performance for boys and girls.
Study design and data collection:
This study was part of a large prospective and longitudinal cohort study, conducted in the city of Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, a southeast region of Brazil. Its aim was to investigate the association between birth weight and cognitive function, behavioral problems, arterial blood pressure, childhood depression, pulmonary function, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and intestinal inflammatory disease during school age. The basic study design and details of the study population have been described previously (Cardoso et al., 2007; Silva et al., 2011).
In short, the large study was conducted in two phases. The first phase took place between April 1994 and August 1994, where data regarding a sample of 3.663 live born infants delivered at 10 maternity hospitals in the city of Ribeirão Preto was collected, representing 99% of all live births. The following information was obtained, using a standard questionnaire applied in interviews with the mothers, right after birth and with oral consent: anthropometric data (weight and length), gestational age and data from social factors (marital status, maternal and paternal education and number of household members). The socioeconomic status was collected at school age. Children whose mothers did not live in the studied area (733/ 20%) and twin births (84/ 2.3%) were excluded from the study; the sample size of this cohort was reduced to 2.846 individuals.
A follow-up study, corresponding to the second phase of the large study, was conducted in 2004, when the original children were school aged (10 years). Out of the 2.846 children participating in the first phase, 1.138 (40%) were found. To locate the sample of schoolchildren enrolled in the 125 elementary schools existing in Ribeirão Preto, a data bank, managed by the State Department of Education, was consulted. The full names of the students and of their parents, as well as school and grade were obtained as well. Some of the children who were not identified in school were located by an active search starting from the address recorded on the birth questionnaire. Once an individual belonging to the cohort was identified, the family was contacted by phone. The child's legal guardian was then invited to attend a meeting at school. After the reasons for the evaluation were explained, written informed consent was requested from the legal guardians, including the various stages of the study (clinical and psychological evaluation). Out of the1.138 children located, psychological data were available from 677 (59.5%) children (345/51% males and 332/49% females) aged 10 years at the time of assessment.
Comparison of the characteristics of the participants at birth and school age is presented else where (Silva et al., 2011). In brief, there was no difference in the participants who were followed up compared to those who were eligible to follow up but did not participate regarding marital status (married x unmarried), maternal and paternal education (< 8 years of study x more than 8 years of study) and offspring sex.
Instruments and measures:
Mental health problems were assessed using the Portuguese (Brazilian) version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), designed to screen behavioral and emotional problems of children and adolescents from 4 to 16 years of age (Fleitlich, Cortázar, & Goodman, 2000; Goodman, 1997; Woerner et al., 2004). It contains four scales that assess psychiatric symptoms (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention and peer problems) and a scale that reflects prosocial behavior. Scores are assigned to each of these scales (0, 1 or 2 as false, true or somewhat true) and scores for the 4-symptom scales are summed up to provide a "total difficulties score" ranging from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating poorer mental health. The cut-off point for the Brazilian population (total score ≥ 16) refers to clinical range and scores below this value were classified as normal range. Parents, teachers or the youths themselves could answer the questionnaire. In the present study, a parent report version was used.
Assessment of child and family characteristics: data on birth weight (grams), gestational age (weeks), condition at birth (preterm < 37 weeks and at term ≥ 37 weeks) and gender, as well as data on maternal and paternal education (low: < 8 and high: > 8 years of study), marital status (married or unmarried) and number of household members (< 4 and > 4 members) were collected at the birth of the child and were obtained from an interview with the mother. The assessment of the socioeconomic status was collected upon reaching school age, also through an interview with the mother. For this purpose, we used a Brazilian Questionnaire that evaluates the purchasing power of consumer groups, proposed by the Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (2008), where two levels are considered: levels A1, A2, B1, B2 corresponding to the most favored economic classes and levels C, D and E corresponding to the disadvantaged economic classes.
Statistical analysis:
Descriptive statistics were computed for the socioeconomic characteristics of children and families. We compared child's birth weight, gestational age, condition at birth and social characteristics (marital status, maternal and paternal education, socioeconomic status and number of household members) among boys and girls using the Chi-square test. To compare the prevalence rates of behavioral problems on SDQ scales (clinical range) for boys and girls we used logistic regression, expressed as crude odds ratio (OR), with a 95% confidence interval. For this analysis, the scores on SDQ scales were dichotomized (i.e., clinical versus normal range). Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were used to estimate the associations between family characteristics and behavioral performance for boys and girls separately, with a 95% confidence interval. In a first step, crude odds ratio was calculated and afterward, to control for possible confounders, we calculated adjusted odds ratio (AOR). In the multiple regression analysis, adjustment was performed for all the independent variables (marital status, maternal and paternal education, socioeconomic status and number of household members) and all of them were treated as categorical (binary variables). In the regression analyses, the reference (or comparison) group was chosen (when appropriate) as the hypothesized lowest risk group.
All analyses were considered to be statistically significant when the p-value was < 0.05. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS for Windows (version 17.0).
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo and no incentives were provided to the schools or to the student participants. Parents or legal guardians gave written consent to participate.
Results for child and family characteristics are presented on Table 1.
According to Table 1, the only significant difference found between boys and girls was birth weight, where boys had a higher birth weight than girls. There was no difference between the others child characteristics (gestational age and condition at birth) and family characteristics (marital status, maternal and paternal education, socioeconomic status and number of household members, p < 0.05).
The mental health problems (clinical range) on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scales, for boys, girls and total sample are showed on Table 2.
Table 2 shows that the proportion of boys scoring in the clinical range of the SDQ was significantly higher than girls for the hyperactivity scale (31.2% versus 18.8%, OR 1.96, 95% CI, 1.37-2.80, respectively) and conduct problems (38.8% versus 27.6%, OR 1.66, 95% CI, 1.20-2.30, respectively). There was a tendency to have a significant difference for total difficulties score, where boys scored higher than girls (41.7% versus 34.5%, OR 1.35, 95% CI, 0.99-1.85, respectively) and for emotional symptoms, where girls scored higher than boys (57.6% versus 50.4%, OR 0.75, 95% CI, 0.55-1.02, respectively). No difference was found in peer problems and prosocial behavior scales among boys and girls.
Tables 3 and 4 show the results of the simple (crude odds ratio) and multiple (adjusted odds ratio) linear regression analyses, used to estimate the associations between family characteristics and behavioral performance for boys and girls, respectively.
Table 3 shows that in a non-adjusted model (crude odds ratio), low maternal education (OR 2.44, 95% CI, 1.51 - 3.96), low paternal education (OR 3.08, 95% CI, 1.79-5.28) and disadvantaged socioeconomic classes (OR 3.11, 95% CI, 1.91-5.05) were considered risk factors for behavioral problems for school aged boys (10 years). After adjustment, the only variable that remained associated with behavioral problems for boys was lower socioeconomic status, specifically disadvantaged economic classes (AOR 2.70, 95% CI, 1.38-5.28).
Table 4 shows that the variables associated with behavioral problems for girls, in a non-adjusted model, were low maternal education (OR 3.16, 95% CI, 1.82-5.49), low paternal education (OR 2.40, 95% CI, 1.40-4.08), disadvantaged socioeconomic classes (OR 2.05, 95% CI, 1.26-3.31) and number of household members (OR 2.75, 95% CI, 1.69-4.49). After adjustment, only low maternal education (AOR 2.23, 95% CI, 1.10-4.52) and more than four members in the house (AOR 2.54, 95% CI, 1.40-4.61) showed association with behavioral problems for girls at 10 years of age.
Behavioral assessment conducted by SDQ showed that boys have more hyperactivity and conduct problems than girls at 10 years of age. No difference was found for peer problems and prosocial behavior. In the total difficulties score, there was a significant tendency for difference (p=0.057) between boys and girls, where boys presented more behavioral problems than girls. In the emotional symptoms scale, although girls presented more emotional symptoms than boys, the comparisons just failed to reach significance. These results are consistent with many studies that found that boys have more externalizing and attention problems than girls, in addition to more problems in the total difficulties score. In a Brazilian study conducted by Anselmi et al. (2010), 4.423 mothers or guardians completed the SDQ and the results also indicated that boys showed more attention and hyperactivity problems than girls (24% versus 16%, p < 0,001). In another Brazilian cohort study, Rodriguez et al. (2011) found that male gender was significantly associated with conduct problems and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Cury and Golfeto (2003) also found that boys had higher frequencies of conduct and hyperactivity problems compared to girls and male sex was also associated with psychiatric disorder in children in Karachi (Pakistan) and in Kerala (South India), according to Syed et al. (2007) and R. Hackett et al. (1999), respectively.
On the other hand, girls are reported to have more internalizing problems, such as emotional symptoms, when compared to boys, as shown by studies of Cury and Golfeto (2003), Marturano et al. (2005) and Zahn-Waxler et al. (2000). Indeed, in this study a higher proportion of girls have showed more emotional symptoms than the boys, but since this difference was only marginally significant (p =0.064), the results can be viewed as questionable.
Although our results are consistent with the literature regarding the type of disorder for boys and girls, the high proportion of behavioral problems found in both groups at all SDQ scales draws attention, since significant differences were found only in hyperactivity and conduct problems an also a tendency to significant difference for the total difficulties score. Overall, the total prevalence rates found here are remarkably higher than the rates described in the literature, both in Brazil and worldwide. A first point to be discussed is related to cultural issues. We have to remind that this study was conducted in a developing country, which could make a difference concerning prevalence rates. Many authors, such as Canino and Alegría (2008) and R. Hackett and L. Hackett (1999) agree that the prevalence of some of the most common specific disorders and syndromes, as well as risks and protective factors, vary across cultures. In a study of literature review on the possible association of poverty with common mental disorders in low and middle income countries, Lund et al. (2010) and Lund et al. (2011) noted that 79% of the analyzed studies reported a positive association, pointing out that in fact the social and economic conditions are associated with increased mental disorders in these countries. A review of 52 studies addressing the prevalence of psychopathology among children and adolescents conducted by Roberts et al. (1998) found that prevalence estimates ranged from approximately 1% (studies conducted in London and Hong Kong) to 51% (studies conducted in Puerto Rico and USA), with a global mean of 15.8%. In Brazil, seven studies investigated possible prevalence of child and adolescent disorders, conducted by Almeida-Filho (1982), Anselmi et al. (2010), Cury and Golfeto (2003), Ferrioli et al. (2007), Fleitlich-Bilyk and Goodman (2004), Goodman et al. (2005) and Rodriguez et al. (2011). In particular, Cury and Golfeto (2003) and Ferrioli et al. (2007) conducted their studies in the same city as our, using also the SDQ (parent version) as a screener for child mental health problems. They found, respectively, that 19% and 18,7% of the evaluated children were on the clinical range of the total difficulties score, which still represents a much lower rate than those found in our study (38.2% for total sample). In fact, for all the SDQ scales, the rates found in the present study were higher than those described in the mentioned studies. Cury and Golfeto (2003) also presented their results according to gender and obtained lower prevalence rates on all SDQ scales for both boys and girls compared with our study.
Furthermore, three other studies conducted in Brazil also obtained lower prevalence rates of behavioral problems. Goodman et al. (2005) and Fleitlich-Bilyk and Goodman (2004) found psychiatric disorders in 5,3% and 12,7% of the children, respectively, both using SDQ as a mental health assessment, while Almeida-Filho (1982) found a prevalence rate of 13%. In a Brazilian cohort study conducted by Anselmi et al. (2010), the only SDQ scale assessed was attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, with frequencies of 16% for girls and 24% for boys, still lower than those of our study, especially for boys.
However, in another Brazilian cohort study, conducted in Northeast of Brazil, also using the SDQ (parent version), prevalence rates were a little higher than those of our study (Rodriguez et al., 2011). They found frequencies of 47,7% for mental health problems, 58,2% for emotional symptoms, 27,2% for peer problems, 48,8% for conduct problems and 32,2% for hyperactivity disorders. The authors argued that is possible that the instrument is more difficult to administer in people with a higher level of poverty and lower educational level, since their study was conducted in a poor Brazilian city located in one of the most disadvantaged regions of Brazil. On the other hand, they also argued that they do not believe that the administration of the test could explain the high prevalence of psychological problems, since the psychologists in their study were well trained.
They conclude that socioeconomic and demographic conditions could be a clue to the understanding of the high rates of mental health problems reported in their study.
Four other studies carried out in developing countries (Bangladesh, Sri Lankan, Pakistan and the Gaza strip area) also provided information on mental health problems using the SDQ. Both studies found prevalence rates of behavioral problems lower than ours in SDQ total difficulties score: 13% (Mullick & Goodman, 2001), 16,3% for the age of 11 years (Thabet et al., 2000), 11,7% (Prior et al. 2005) and 34% (Syed et al., 2007), also according to the parents reports. In a study about child and adolescent psychiatric problems in India, Bhola and Kapur (2003) reviewed 55 epidemiological studies conducted from 1964 to 2002 in the community and school settings. The prevalence rates in community based studies ranged from 0,48% to 29,40% and for school based studies they ranged from 3,23% to 36,50%. In another study carried out in Kerala (South India), Hackett et al. (1999) found that 9,4% of the children aged from 8 to 12 years of age presented psychiatric disorder. In a multicenter study of childhood mental disorders in four developing countries (Sudam, Philippines, India and Colombia), Giel et al. (1981) found rates between 12% and 29% in the four study areas, using screening questionnaires completed usually by the mother.
The higher proportion of behavioral and emotional problems among the children in our cohort, when compared to both national and international studies, demands an explanation. What could explain the high proportions found in the clinical range on all SDQ scales? One possible reason lies in the role of the developmental factors, namely the extent to which cultural background and context affect the manifestation of symptoms and syndromes. An interesting issue is discussed by Kieling et al. (2011) when commenting the possible sources of discrepancy between results all over the world. They argued that different exposures to risk factors and protective factors, and the cultural context in which the mental health problems occur can determine their magnitude and extension. As the authors said, culture defines and creates specific sources of distress and impairment and affects how symptoms are interpreted. Considering that in this study maternal education was associated with behavioral outcomes for girls, and considering that a good proportion of mothers (64%) presented low education level (< 8 years of study), this condition could act as a risk factor for some of these girls. The same argument may apply to the boys, concerning the socioeconomic status, which was the only associated variable with behavioral problems. Data show that 64% of their families were at disadvantaged economic classes, which may reflect a developmental risk condition for the boys. Two Brazilian studies addressing the social factors associated with child mental health problems, using the SDQ, showed that socioeconomic status, the area of residence (shanty town, urban or rural area), maternal psychiatric illness, family violence, non-traditional family, poor general health, low IQ, repeating a year at school and male gender were all strongly associated with higher rates of probable psychiatric disorders among Brazilian 714 year olds (Fleitlich & Goodman, 2001; Goodman et al., 2007). These results are in concordance with the results found here, where association between social factors and behavioral problems were found for boys and girls. In a review work about child and adolescent mental health problems, the authors reported that one of the life-long risk factors for mental disorders is deficiencies in psychosocial and educational environment, in agreement with the results reported here (Kieling et al., 2011). Taking into account only socio-demographic variables, there is also evidence for association between paternal age and mental health problems (Rodriguez et al., 2011), family income and hyperactivity problems (Anselmi et al., 2010), low socioeconomic status and behavioral problems (Prior et al., 2005) and school type (community schools) regarding behavioral problems (Syed et al., 2007). All these results highlight the importance of considering the impact of these socials risk conditions for a better understanding of behavioral outcomes.
Another aspect possibly accounting for the higher proportion of behavioral problems concerns the type of instrument used. Although SDQ is a standardized measure for the Brazilian population, it is only a screening questionnaire which is not intended to be a standardized assessment measure suitable for generating exact diagnoses. It is important to keep in mind that SDQ is only capable of screenning behavioral and emotional problems while the diagnosis of psychiatric problems and behavioral disorders must necessarily be done using other appropriate measures. As pointed out by Fleitlich-Bilyk and Goodman (2004), to generate reliable prevalence estimates, a study needs to have a proper sample size, a representative sampling frame, standardized assessment measures, explicit and internationally accepted diagnostic criteria and assessment not only for symptoms but also for resultant distress and social impairment. In addition, we used here only the version of the SDQ completed by parents, which leaves a gap in the study since versions with multiple informants could provide more accurate results.
A third question refers to study design: most of the studies cited here used community samples and case-control studies. In these specific studies, the prevalence rates of mental problems were lower, while in the Brazilian cohort studies mentioned, including this one, the prevalence rates were higher. In cohort studies a group of individuals who shares the same cultural and historical experiences is assessed within a narrow range of time. This may reflect a more constant influence of socio-cultural characteristics of the participants and their families and can help to further understanding the developmental trajectories of child and adolescent mental health problems, which may have influenced the high prevalence rates reported here, compared with studies of different designs.
Another aspect to remind is that the high prevalence found in our study may be transient behavioral problems and future prospective studies should be conducted to verify the persistence of symptoms as well as the conditions attached to their increase or decrease over time. It is worth remembering that not every behavioral problem will necessarily become a psychiatric disorder.
Other issue to consider was emphasized by Fleitlich and Goodman (2000), as for the wide variation in prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders observed in childhood and adolescence. The authors argued that to understand this great variation, some factors must be considered, for example, understanding the questions of the questionnaires by respondents, whether or not included measures of the impact of symptoms on the lives of children and adolescents and the need for multiple informants. In the present study, it was not possible to include measures of the impact of symptoms and was used only one version of the SDQ (parent report), which may have contributed to the high prevalence of mental health problems. However, we believed that there was no adverse effect on the understanding of the SDQ questions by respondents since in our study we used a previous validated version for the Brazilian population and a well trained team of professionals in the appropriate use of the instrument.
Also regarding possible factors accounting for the high rates of mental health problems, it is possible that the parents who agreed to participate in the study could be those who had a child with psychological problems, making them more motivated to participate.
Last, it is worth remembering the comments of R. Hackett and L. Hackett (1999): dimensions of disorder vary across countries, cultures and social/demographic conditions. Because of that, it is important to establish specific prevalence rates studies encompassing such peculiarities in order to prevent methodological problems, which appears to be a major concern about epidemiological studies.
We have identified three limitations in our study: 1) We did not have information about those who participated and those lost to follow up regarding all variables used in this study; 2) Reports on the mental health assessment (SDQ) were completed only by the parents. The literature indicates that prediction of diagnostic status is optimal when parent, teacher and self-reports are available, which was not possible in this study; and 3) The absence of a clinical diagnosis or other instrument (golden standard) to measure signs and symptoms. However, it is clear for us, that our intention was not to establish prevalence rates of behavior disorders, but to provide an initial investigation of child mental health problems among Brazilian school-aged boys and girls. We know that special care must be taken into account when comparing our results with those obtained by others who established prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders, since methodological differences are evident.
The strengths of this study are, first, providing initial information about behavioral problems among Brazilian children at 10/11 years old, both boys and girls. Since, in Brazil, there are few studies investigating prevalence rates specifically for cohort children, we believe this is a necessary starting point. As mentioned by Kieling et al. (2011), the knowledge of the prevalence of mental health problems is often a first step to determine the magnitude of the problem. This could help to provide relevant information for development of services for mental health problems among children. The second contribution is the identification of social factors associated with risk conditions for behavioral problems among boys and girls. We believe that early identification of child problems in behavioral outcomes may support intervention strategies which aims at minimizing the impact of certain risk factors throughout their development.
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Adriana Martins Saur
adrianasaur@yahoo.com.br
Sonia Regina Loureiro
srlourei@fmrp.usp.br
Submetido em: 15/05/2013
Revisto em: 12/02/2014
Aceito em: 24/02/2014
* Apoio FAPESP e CNPq.
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Pavilhão Nilton Campos, Praia Vermelha - Urca
22290-240 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil
arquivosbrap@psicologia.ufrj.br


text:
Semiricinula nodosa is een slakkensoort uit de familie van de Muricidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1841 door Hombron & Jacquinot.

Muricidae