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HomeOpinionIndia's overworked doctors are trashed by all —patients, corporates & even PM...
India's overworked doctors are trashed by all —patients, corporates & even PM Modi
The human resource shortage and lack of regulation in India's hospitals is mind-boggling, leaving doctors to face the ire.
Amir Ullah Khan
15 June, 2019 12:27 pm IST
Members of Resident Doctors Association of New Delhi's AIIMS show solidarity with their counterparts in West Bengal | Photo: PTI
As over 700 doctors resign and more go on strike in Mamata Banerjee's West Bengal and other cities join in solidarity to protest patient attacks, I recall a conversation with a friend of mine who runs a small 100-bed hospital in one of India's largest cities. Every now and then, his float glass façade is shattered. Without a frown, he replaces the same, with new float glass. Having seen this happen a few times, I asked him the silly question – why don't you replace the glass with an iron grill? Wryly smiling he explained his crafty solution to a unique problem. Each time a patient died, the irate attendants would gather, encouraged by a local politician, and throw stones at his facade. The cathartic sound of shattering glass would douse all anger and with a sense of achievement, the bereaved patients leave and the hapless doctors heave a sigh of relief.
The vilification of doctors starts right at the top. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in London last year, upset the entire doctor community by declaring that there is an unholy nexus between doctors and pharmaceutical majors. He went on to also state that doctors hoodwink anxious patients by selling them expensive stents. These comments by someone as senior as Modi further vitiated an atmosphere where doctors and not the corporate owners of tertiary care hospitals found themselves facing the music as irate patients across the country vented their fury on whoever they could see in front of them.
Also read:There is a law to protect doctors from assault but this is why it doesn't work
The problem with both the health and the education sector in India is a deep asymmetry of information. While customers buying consumer goods know enough about products or have several alternatives to choose from, students and patients are clueless and must depend on the ethics and values of their providers of service. This asymmetry and stray examples of abuse of this power have led to a wide sweeping generalisation on the moral turpitude within the health sector.
The prime minister's statement was adding fuel to the fire that had been burning since a highly publicised case of one major hospital charging Rs 16 lakh for a dengue patient who had died amidst claims of gross overbilling.
The strike by doctors in Kolkata that has now spread to many states brings up some very serious issues regarding the health sector in the country. The issue once again highlights the abysmal lack of clinical standards and a huge deficit in terms of human resources in state-run hospitals. The Clinical Establishments Act 2010 that was passed more than a decade ago has not been implemented in any state. Hospital associations have successfully ensured that the law is not implemented as according to them it is far too draconian, both by way of the penalties imposed and the price caps that it imposes. As a result, there is a widespread feeling that hospitals, particularly those run by corporate interests overcharge customers, even as they run on subsidised land made available by city planners and municipalities.
Doctors, on their part, complain that they are often underpaid even as they work round the clock given huge shortages of manpower, face angry customers and are abandoned by their owners and their management when things go sour. Unlike in other countries, our doctors are not covered by comprehensive insurance policies that protect them against legal action and against malpractice suits. Hospital managements complain that this kind of wanton vilification forces them to spend heavily on security, often hiring armed guards who must tackle mobs on a rampage. The police, which now runs an Omnipolis helpline in cities like Hyderabad, charges hospitals heavily for providing assistance during such emergencies.
Also read: Doctors blame staff shortage & poor infrastructure, not angry relatives for attacks on them
Nineteen states, including West Bengal, have passed the Protection Of Medicare Service Persons And Medicare Service Institutions (Prevention Of Violence And Damage To Property) Act that protects doctors. But enforcement is poor because the Act is not tagged to the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC).
The situation is dire indeed. A much-quoted Lancet study shows that our doctor shortages are mind-boggling. There is much regional variation — there is one government hospital bed for every 614 people in Goa while there is only one for every 8,789 people in Bihar. Six out of 10 hospitals in our poor states do not provide intensive care and a fourth of them have abysmal sanitation and drainage facilities. The government's flagship program Ayushman Bharat suffers from this gross undersupply of doctors even as it increases demand substantially. Till these concerns are addressed we will continue to have the kind of unfortunate flare-ups we are seeing in Kolkata.
The author is a professor of Health Economics at the MCRHRDI, formerly with the Gates Foundation.
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Sristi 16 June, 2019 At 1:49 pm
Let's keep it a security issue for medical professionals. Work ethics and general integrity issues are common to all professions and work places. We all belong to the same country.
Rohit Mittal 16 June, 2019 At 1:46 pm
How to divert attention from mamta's antics and the fact that peacefuls and minority appeasement led to this tomfoolery. The print and it's mullah try to help the blame on Modi. The unfair and illegal aggression of patients towards doctors doesn't absolve the latter. Instead of taking about the blatant minority appeasement by Mamta, the print is raking up the unrelated issue of stent regulation. Or maybe the print finds 500 to 600% mark up in the prices of stents and implants justified.
SunderV 16 June, 2019 At 12:40 pm
When did Modi talk bad about doctors? And why such headlines, with one sided biased report. Cheap journalism. Finally, I went and checked the author and there I realize the pain and burning happening somewhere, just because he is M.
Dr PNTiwari 16 June, 2019 At 11:07 am
I'm alone medical member in Delhi in d line of judiciary after leaving my medical profession of Allopathy over 20years and over ten years as a medical Advocate in Criminal n Consumer Courts before joining as member judge.
I had lots of tension in my life when I was serving in my noble profession, but after leaving my medical (MBBS) field, never felt humiliation or any type of insulting behavior by any one.
I will advise my medical fellow to come in legal fraternity n then see d difference. In coming days, medical profession will b more degraded right from politicians. Now it's good that our Central health minister is a doctor n ENT specialist, but how far he will continue n help allopathy, is a point of issue.
At d end, I will advise medical fraternity to be unite n have strong medical defence for surviving for livelihood. Gd luck.
Dr. P N Tiwari MBBS, LLM, Member Judge, Del. M. 9990353185.
Ramu 15 June, 2019 At 10:49 pm
Have Modi's name in the headline for no reason– guaranteed to get you thousands of views.
Cheap, sensational, gutter level journalism. It stinks. Totally disgusted.
This writer's ignorance is baffling.
Walk into any of the thousands of doctors clinics and "nursing homes" and get a dose in person of totally unnecessary tests and the lengths to which most doctors go to promote the products of those from whom they get commission — not what they feel is the best option available.
S.K . Misra 15 June, 2019 At 6:20 pm
Doctors are in short supply and overworked in many countries. They are also working in active battle zones. But no one harms them. Through out history, every culture has respected and revered healers and doctors. Even animals are grateful for life saving aid; and yet Indians, who are universally considered amongst the most docile and mild mannered people, have taken to attacking doctors.
Surely, some examination of the way doctors conduct themselves in the discharge of their professional duties towards their patients, specially in govt hospitals and clinics, is warranted to get to the heart of the matter.
For me, the death or suffering of a human being due to a doctor's refusal to attend to him because he's on strike, is abhorrent to all human values; let alone the hippocratic oath.
In a society where doctors and teachers start praying to the goddess Lakshmi (instead of Saraswati), humility and compassion are bound to be replaced by arrogance and entitlement; and human values will be the first to be sacrificed.
Like mr. Ramaswamy, I can narrate many instances from personal experience of similar nature but I don't think it's necessary.
Jay Deep Ghosh 15 June, 2019 At 11:53 pm
Where from do you get the assumption that the Indians are considered the most docile and mild mannered people. If you go by the number of crimes committed or by number of terrorism cases India is one of the world's most violent society.
Even it is considered by a number of western publications as the most unsafe country for women. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjpnbrajOziAhUFXn0KHW1cBOsQzPwBegQIARAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2018%2F06%2F27%2Findia-ranked-worlds-most-dangerous-place-for-women-reigniting-debate-about-womens-safety%2F&psig=AOvVaw0v2bgY2tJaF5jnWdcbxiFK&ust=1560709127608535&cshid=1560622725375
Sen 15 June, 2019 At 3:18 pm
Yes this is true…. but the doctors also need to be apolitical and have basic discipline and ethics in place.
Raj 15 June, 2019 At 8:54 pm
Your post is very hypocritical.
I assume you are Mamtaz supporter.
Patient's families have NO RIGHT to physically assault the doctors.
For that matter no one has the rights to physically assault people in civilized society.
You are deliberately trying to divert the topic.
DR. MAHESH DOCHERLA 15 June, 2019 At 10:39 pm
May I know what your knowledge is on the discipline and ethics of the medical profession and its practical applicability in real life situations in India as compared to other countries? Why do you think these incidents do not take place in other countries [even dictatorships & monarchies]? If Indian doctors do lack discipline & ethics, how is it that Indian doctors are the most sought after in the world [both First world & Third World]?
Your comment is simply reflective of the same mindset as those who assault doctors. You consider anyone who is showing humility as ripe for extortion, threats and lynching.
As soon as doctors do realise that it is their humility that is inviting the violence, and you have successfully pushed them into the corner, then the story will change drastically.
There is wise quote from "ART OF WAR" by SUN TZU -"Never push a cornered enemy after he is encircled and he knows he is defeated. Leave him a chance to escape. If you still harass him after he is defeated, he will fight with renewed vigour since he has no choice but death anyway. If you create such a situation for the enemy in war, it is very much possible that the apparent winner will lose the battle against the defeated enemy."
I have paraphrased this wise quote to make it more intelligible to the common man. Hope you get the advice.
If there is an actual corruption or deficieny of service, then patient always has the choice of changing his doctor [which is actually not available in public health services anywhere in the world, for your kind information.] or he has the choice of complaining in several fora such as Medical Council, Human Rights Commission, Consumer Forum, Civil litigation & Criminal litigation, not forgetting the latest weapon in the arsenal of patients – defaming the doctor on social & electronic media.
Just ask yourselves as to how many other professional streams are accountable on this many fora – especially for a highly niche subject such as medicine.
Are you even aware that even courts of law & the judges, do not take expert opinion or advice to know about the merits of the case, before passing judgement in these cases?
You are free to read the Medical Ethics Code for various nations for the allopathic professions. Ours is available on the MCI website. Complementary medicine rules or AYUSH professions are available of the Central Council of Indian Medicine website.
Of course, when the tallest and most powerful leader ever elected in this country without any proof of his education, himself shoots off his mouth against modern medicine doctors in general but does not have the guts to say it within the country or prove it, it is not a surprise that the layman of the country has a big enough mouth to shoot at everyone.
Even Hippocrates would have modified his oath if he were alive today to see these incidents which happen only in India. For God's sake, even terrorists and naxals all over the world spare doctors, nurses, patients and hospitals. So, what do you call people coming in lorry loads and attacking all medical personnel in 5 different medical colleges over period of 4 days?
S Ramaswamy 15 June, 2019 At 3:09 pm
You have dragged in the name of the Hon.Prime Minister unnecessarily and presented an extremely one sided story.
At the outset, let me make it clear that any sort of violence in a civilized society is not acceptable.FIRmust be lodged and strict action taken against them as per law.
However, I am personally aware of medical malpractices in renowned hospitals of delhi and other big cities. A friend of mine in his sixties was asked to undergo coronary bypass operation in a reputed Delhi hospital, __r _an_a __m, and hounded to get admitted. He went to National Heart Instt and Dr RML where he was told there is no need of coronary byepass.
In the city I live in majority of hospitals employ Ayurvedic doctors to do the rounds and administer injections , check up patients etc. One of them who did not understand the difference between iv drip and iv injection, administered iv injection to a patient when he was to be given drip over 12 hours. It was the patient's presence of mind which saved the patient. ICUs are routinely left in the hands of paramedical staff. The list is endless. Patho tests are manipulated to suit doctors. Doctors get a 30% commission on the tests recommended. Even expired stents are inserted in patients. I am stating this based on persinal knowledge.
So do not criticise the Hon PM without going into the matter in detail.
S Ramaswamy
Do you even know the honorable PM's educational qualifications? Has he ever produced a verifiable certificate? If he is aware of the malpractises of the medical profession, I am not against it. Let the PM lodge a complaint against the specific doctor that he knows did such malpractise. You can also do the same.
Secondly, the interview in London mentioned in the article was sponsored by Pharmaceutical company, SUN PHARMA, belonging to Dilip Sanghvi. Does the PM of the country need sponsorship for his foreign trips? If he can take sponsorship for pharma companies, why cannot doctors?
Third, in the same interview, the PM mentions how doctors go on foreign trips sponsored by pharma companies. Yes, we do. I personally have not gone till now. Most doctors do the trip to attend conferences and present research combined with some tourism. They cannot afford it out of their pockets and hence, are sponsored by companies. If doctors cannot afford, then how did Modi in 1978 do a tour of USA? Someone did sponsor it right? What about the electoral bonds whose sources are hidden from public? What about the election expenditure? What about his Rs. 2 lakh suit? Was it bought with his own money or with taxpayers' money or did some company like Adani buy it for him? You are aware that there are rules for that in government, are you?
As follow up to my earlier comments, and to some of the comments you made, do you know that RSS run hospitals many times do not have any modern medicine consultants and is run almost completely by AYUSH doctors, unless some allopathic consultant actually volunteers. You are free to check out their hospital in my town namely JAYABHARAT HOSPITAL. The prices are reasonable, it is not completely free, they run the state insurance scheme [surprising since they have hired 0 doctors] but do not have single qualified, modern medicine doctor on duty at the hospital. All outside consultants admit their own patients here for the nursing care.
You made a comment that one of the points of corruption is the hiring of AYUSH doctors by corporate hospitals. Then why is the honourable PM and his coterie & cabinet bringing a law for bridge courses? If AYUSH branches are effective, why don't they run 24 hrs hospitals staffed by AYUSH doctors only under the same rules and regulations as Allopathic doctors? Why aren't Ayurvedic medicines regulated in a similar manner? Why don't AYUSH researchers need to take consent from patients before involving them in research and ethics committed permissions before starting a research project?
Finally, whatever is said and done, there is far more corruption in every field in India, even bureaucracy, army and government. Have you counted how many of them have been thrashed like doctors are thrashed? Why is moral standard applicable to only doctors but not to Modi.
Respect has to be earned and a big mouth not backed by proof only results in the person opening his mouth losing all respect and honor.
You do not even seem to be aware of what the term "honor" means. Mob lynching is not honorable. Keeping silent as a leader when your own followers do not have the guts to fight one on one but will gather a mob to beat up one man is not honorable. What nonsense are you talking using words like "honourable"? That is the title he receives by virtue of being elected PM. It is addressed to the whole population of India whom he represents as PM. If he can do something to correct it, then he has been given the authority to do it but definitely not to worsen it with his arrogance.


The desolate expanse of Cliffe on the Southern side of the Thames has seen little use over history beyond agriculture, defence, and the cement industry. The construction needs of the Industrial Revolution called for cement development, and 'artificial' Portland cement which we still use today emerged in the mid 19th Century as a development from more scarce naturally-occurring Roman cement. The first cement works at Cliffe was The 'Pottery' (1854-1886). This was home to numerous conical 'bottle' kilns used to create cement; going from two to sixteen over the site's lifespan. A whiting factory stood adjacent, having existed prior to 1842. In 1867, Nine Elms was built (see below). Later, Cliffe Quarry operated from 1874 to 1921 and expanded. Thames/Alpha Cement Works operated from 1912 to 1970. It was then that the Cliffe cement industry was replaced by Marinex gravel company, which dredged gravel from the Thames bed. This gravel industry continues today.
Nine Elms was a cement works established by Francis & Co. downstream from the Pottery in 1867. A canal was constructed linking a riverside wharf to the centre of this site which appears to still exist although in a sorry state. A row of workmans' cottages were built for the site at the end of Salt Lane. This site was centred around a chamber kiln that still partially exists; a row of furnaces with conical tops similar to bottle kilns. These conical tops appear to have been removed in more recent years although they can be seen in numerous contemporary photographs. Only the concrete foundations of the rest of the Nine Elms site remains today. In 1870/1 a tramway was improved, which connected the site to the nearby cliffs used to extract chalk by having workers hang by only a rope around their waists and hack at the chalk! Nine bottle kilns and a further ten stood on the site, and the chamber kiln remaining today was built 1866/68.
Adjacent to the 1866/68 kiln is an earthen mound which was in fact a slit trench constructed in either the First or Second World War for real defence purposes facing onto the Thames' inlet into the marshes. It is known that some of the nearby cement work buildings were used for training during wartime so it could've been used for training. This trench is now obscured heavily by bushes although it follows an L-shape and is around 7 meters long and 70-80 cm wide. It is said to be set into a mound of chalky kiln waste, and is lined with timber and steel supports, and corrugated iron. It has a steel picket which could suggest it was defended further with barbed wire. The brambles made it very hard to see anything more than the raised earthen banks of the trench and chalk deposit, although English Heritage archeological surveys have enlightened us further on the trench' details.


Mar. 23, 2019, 10:30 a.m.
There's no shortage of sports bars in Philly, but if you're looking to pair your descent into the final week of March Madness with really great food, the options get somewhat narrower. We're not talking an eight-course dinner — just something that goes beyond the standard wings and and other frozen-fried things.
Where can you enjoy top-tier tavern cuisine while watching your bracket get busted? Start with this list.
From the outside it looks like any other corner tavern in deep South Philly, but thanks to a refresh a few years ago, the menu and drink list are as shi-shi as any Fishtown spot. General Tso's cauliflower, anyone? The prices, on the other hand, still suit the neighborhood. Look for $4 drafts when college basketball's on the TVs.
With the look of a classic English pub, this Fairmount mainstay might be the city's best kept secret when it comes to watching sports. Expect an intellectually-focused crowd that's not afraid to let loose when their team makes a big splash. The menu turns pub fare on its head, with solid versions of everything from empanadas to moules frites to duck sausage sandwiches.
The food options at this century-old hideaway tucked behind the Ben Franklin Parkway are small, but stellar. House-roasted beef is the prime option, sliced to order and piled on a soft kaiser roll that just barely holds the juices, and the well-fed crowd is always ready for sports banter. Beer list is also much more modern than the bar's brass finishings might suggest.
Opened last fall as a reinvigorated food hall, this historic former commodities exchange across from Independence Mall is now home to several flatscreen TVs. Choose your eats from a dozen independently-owned kiosks — Filipino skewers? Fried chicken? Korean tacos? Ice cream? — and bring it back to your stool to go with TAPS Fill Station pours.
3925 Walnut St.; 100 N. 18th St.
These twin tap houses (one in University City, one on Logan Square) are experts at straddling the line between being serious about food and serious about sports. Each locale has a dozen or more giant flatscreens, but also a huge craft beer lineup that rivals any in the city. Look for better-than-standard wings, nachos and pizzas, but also dishes that'll liven up the mouth party — think elote dip, charred brussels and blue crab mac 'n' cheese.
1150 Market St.; 8400 Germantown Ave.
The team behind this local collection of brewpubs, which have dotted the region for two decades, finally landed in Center City last year. (There's also a Chestnut Hill outpost.) The atmosphere is equal parts family-friendly and beer geek haven, with comfortable seating and everything brewed in house. Just like each pub's brewmaster takes pride in their work, so does each kitchen's chef, and you can taste the results.
This new beer hall beneath the Cira Garage in University City is packed with activities that aren't gazing at screens — board games, Skee-Ball, shuffelboard, Ms. Pac-Man — but there are plenty of flatscreens, too. The menu isn't groundbreaking, but it does comes from a chef with a Le Bec-Fin pedigree. Bonus: Since the place just opened, you know he's still paying careful attention to execution.


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What is Windows PowerShell, PowerShell, Azure Cloud Shell, Command Prompt in Windows Terminal
Windows Terminal is a consolidation of various command-line utilities such as Windows PowerShell, PowerShell, Command Prompt, etc. It lets you use more than one command-line utility at a time from a single window on your Windows 11/10 computer. If you are about to use it for the first time, you might not entirely understand the tool. That is why you must check this article to know what exactly is Windows PowerShell, PowerShell, Azure Cloud Shell, and Command Prompt in Windows Terminal.
Before getting started with a particular tool inside of Windows Terminal, you need to know about Windows Terminal itself. For your information, Windows Terminal is a multi-tabbed utility, allows users to use multiple tools (Command Prompt, Windows PowerShell, PowerShell, Azure Cloud Shell, etc.) from one window. You can use them as a dedicated tool without opening one window for each app.
In general, you need to have one window for Windows PowerShell, another for Command Prompt, and so forth. However, Windows Terminal omits that clutter and allows users to use both tools from a single window.
Windows PowerShell, PowerShell, Azure Cloud Shell, Command Prompt in Terminal explained
Windows PowerShell, Azure Cloud Shell, and Command Prompt in Windows Terminal work the same as the dedicated tool. There is no difference between running a command in a dedicated Windows PowerShell window and Windows Terminal's Windows PowerShell window. Likewise, there is no difference between running a command in a dedicated CMD window and a Command Prompt in Windows Terminal.
On the other hand, PowerShell is compatible with Windows, macOS, and Linux. In other words, PowerShell 7.2 and later versions are built on .NET Core instead of .NET Framework, which made it possible to get PowerShell on another platform other than Windows. If you have used it before and want to try it on Windows 11/10, you can find the same in Windows Terminal.
The next thing is Azure Cloud Shell. Generally, it provides a browser-based shell experience to the users. However, if you want to get the same in Windows Terminal, you need to open the Azure Cloud Shell profile.
You have so many advantages of having all those utilities under one roof. From customizing the panel to add more profiles, you can do everything while using the Windows Terminal. Talking about customization, let's assume that you do not want the typical blue color in the background of Windows PowerShell. In such cases, you can change it to something else you like.
Customize Windows Terminal, PowerShell, Azure Cloud Shell, and Command Prompt in Windows Terminal
To customize Windows Terminal, Azure Cloud Shell, and Command Prompt in Windows Terminal, follow these steps:
Open Windows Terminal on your computer.
Click the arrow icon in the title bar and select Settings.
Choose a profile on the left side.
Switch to the Appearance tab.
Select your desired font, font size, font weight, background color, etc.
Click the Save button.
To get started, you need to open Windows Terminal and click the arrow icon in the title bar. From the opened list, select the Settings option and choose a profile on the left side.
On the next screen, you can change the default setting as per your requirements. For your information, you can change the font family and size, name of the profile, icon, tab title, font-weight, cursor shape, set background image, and more.
At last, you must click the Save button to save all the changes. For your information, the list of options changes as you change the profile.
How to change Startup profile in Windows Terminal
By default, Windows Terminal opens Windows PowerShell. However, you might not need Windows PowerShell all the time and want to use Command Prompt or something else. For that, you need to change the Default Shell in Windows Terminal.
To change the Startup profile in Windows Terminal, follow these steps:
Open Windows Terminal on your PC.
Click on the arrow icon in the title bar.
Select the Settings option.
Make sure you are in the Startup tab.
Expand the Default profile drop-down list.
Select a profile you want.
After that, Windows Terminal will open the new Startup profile. However, if you want to add a new profile in Windows Terminal, you need to follow this step-by-step guide.
What is Windows Terminal used for?
Windows Terminal is used to execute commands in Windows 11/10 computer. It is possible to enter any command you can use in Windows PowerShell, Command Prompt, and other shells. Whether you want to execute one or multiple commands, both are possible in Windows Terminal.
Is Windows Terminal the same as Command Prompt?
No, Command Prompt is a dedicated tool included in Windows computers. Secondly, Command Prompt is a part of Windows Terminal. It is possible to add other command-line tools, such as Windows PowerShell in Windows Terminal.
That's all! Hope this guide helped you understand the methodology of Windows Terminal.
Read that may interest you:
How to Add or Remove Open in Windows Terminal from Context Menu
How to add Open Windows Terminal as an administrator in the Context Menu
How to change Default Color Scheme in Windows Terminal
How to enable Transparent Background in Windows Terminal
How to reset Windows Terminal settings to default
How to open Windows Terminal as an administrator.
Date: October 10, 2021 Tags: Terminal
How to open, customize and configure Windows Terminal settings
Best Terminal Emulator software for Windows 11/10
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Sudip loves to engage with the latest technology & gadgets. Apart from writing about all things technology, he is a Photoshop junkie and a football enthusiast.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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    </build>

    <properties>
        <maven-war-plugin.warName>${project.parent.artifactId}</maven-war-plugin.warName>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.estatio</groupId>
            <artifactId>estatio-app</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.isis.mavendeps</groupId>
            <artifactId>isis-mavendeps-webapp</artifactId>
            <type>pom</type>
        </dependency>
        <!--
        -->

        <!-- HACK: inlining mavendeps-webapp dependencies
         TODO: This is a work-a-round making org.apache.isis.WebServer available in intelliJ configuration
        There is may be the chance of a version conflict, since the classes are now added to the WAR
        -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.isis.core</groupId>
            <artifactId>isis-core-viewer-wicket-impl</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.isis.core</groupId>
            <artifactId>isis-core-viewer-restfulobjects-server</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.isis.core</groupId>
            <artifactId>isis-core-security-shiro</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.isis.core</groupId>
            <artifactId>isis-core-security</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.geronimo.specs</groupId>
            <artifactId>geronimo-servlet_3.0_spec</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.isisaddons.metamodel.paraname8</groupId>
            <artifactId>isis-metamodel-paraname8-dom</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Other dependencies -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.jcraft</groupId>
            <artifactId>jsch</artifactId>
            <version>0.1.51</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>commons-logging</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-logging</artifactId>
            <scope>compile</scope>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.isis.mavendeps</groupId>
            <artifactId>isis-mavendeps-intellij</artifactId>
            <type>pom</type>
        </dependency>

    </dependencies>

    <profiles>
        <profile>
            <id>jdbc-hsqldb</id>
            <activation>
                <property>
                    <name>!skip.jdbc-hsqldb</name>
                </property>
            </activation>
            <dependencies>
                <dependency>
                    <groupId>org.hsqldb</groupId>
                    <artifactId>hsqldb</artifactId>
                </dependency>
            </dependencies>
        </profile>
        <profile>
            <id>jdbc-logging</id>
            <activation>
                <property>
                    <name>!skip.jdbc-logging</name>
                </property>
            </activation>
            <dependencies>
                <dependency>
                    <groupId>org.lazyluke</groupId>
                    <artifactId>log4jdbc-remix</artifactId>
                    <exclusions>
                        <exclusion>
                            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
                            <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
                        </exclusion>
                    </exclusions>
                </dependency>
            </dependencies>
        </profile>
        <profile>
            <id>jdbc-postgres</id>
            <activation>
                <property>
                    <name>!skip.jdbc-postgres</name>
                </property>
            </activation>
            <dependencies>
                <dependency>
                    <groupId>postgresql</groupId>
                    <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
                    <version>9.1-901.jdbc4</version>
                </dependency>
            </dependencies>
        </profile>
        <!--
        <profile>
            <id>jdbc-mssql</id>
            <activation>
                <property>
                    <name>!skip.jdbc-mssql</name>
                </property>
            </activation>

            <dependencies>
                <dependency>
                    <groupId>com.microsoft.sqlserver</groupId>
                    <artifactId>mssql-jdbc</artifactId>
                    <version>6.4.0.jre8</version>
                </dependency>
            </dependencies>
        </profile>
        -->
    </profiles>

</project>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Arconic Engineered Structures is a world-class producer of titanium aero ingots and mill products—and a leader in multi-material airframe subassemblies and advanced technologies and materials, such as 3D printing and titanium aluminides. Titanium is the world's fastest-growing aerospace metal, and we're taking it to greater heights with vertically integrated capabilities and deep materials science expertise. Our engineered products and solutions help build the world's most advanced aircraft—and help protect our troops and power our world. Arconic is an exciting place to launch and grow a career.
If you're a motivated, enthusiastic individual that wants to have a career with an industry leader, we want to hear from you!
The Quality Engineer, reporting directly to the Quality Manager, is responsible for Quality Planning as part of contract review, document control functions including externally provided and internally generated. Participate and lead Quality Assurance audits, monitoring functions within the plant and assists in the management of the quality management system to assure compliance with Company and regulatory policies, procedures and specifications. Develop and lead quality assurance improvement programs for continuous improvement. Manage the development and analysis of statistical data and specifications to determine present standards and establish proposed quality and reliability expectancy. Come be part of a team that produces the most highly sought-after titanium products in the world!
Coach and mentor quality assurance services and team members to support the needs of the manufacturing facilities within the business unit.
Participate in the Internal Auditing Program designed to ensure compliance with established standards to prevent or eliminate defects in new or existing products.
Lead the Quality Planning activity within contract review to ensure the business is able to comply with the customer purchase order requirements.
Facilitate the Specification Management System including regular audits of the system.
Assist in preparation for regulatory audits utilizing required tools. Complete audits as assigned, including internal, supplier, and corporate system audits.
Develop, implement, and conduct training programs to increase Quality Assurance skills across AES.
Facilitate and implement quality assurance improvement programs consisting of cross functional teams.
Assist in the management of the Corrective/Preventative action system (QPulse).
Lead Risk Assessment activities related to equipment, suppliers, customer requirements and processes.
Recommend policies, procedures and standards to leverage best practices and standardized manufacturing processes across AES.
Oversee Calibration program and ensure compliance with established standards. Participate in Risk Assessment activities related to equipment, suppliers and customer requirements, as well as supporting the facilitation of the Quarterly Management Review.
Coordinate and Lead the Material Review Board meetings.
Assist in preparation for regulatory audits utilizing required tools.
Minimum 2 years of quality experience in a manufacturing environment.
Bachelor's Degree from an accredited institution in the following disciplines preferred: Quality, Engineering, Material Science or Metallurgy.
Strong background and knowledge of applicable quality requirements, systems and process orientation.
Knowledge and utilization of statistical analysis tools.
Strong problem solving, and analytical skills are essential for identifying and resolving problems and implementing corrective action.
Demonstrated ability to handle multiple projects and roles.
Excellent written and verbal communication and organizational skills are required. The ability to effectively communicate to all audiences (i.e. peers, executives, customers, external auditors) is required.
Working knowledge of SAP. Q-Pulse experience a plus.
Ability to travel as job requires.


text:
Senate Passes Plan for $225 Million in Funding for Israel's Iron Dome System
By Reuters On 8/1/14 at 12:12 PM EDT
Light streak trail is seen as a rocket is launched from the northern Gaza Strip towards Israel July 29, 2014. Amir Cohen/Reuters
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. Senate unanimously passed legislation on Friday to provide $225 million in emergency funding for Israel's "Iron Dome" missile defense system.
An earlier version of the funding plan had failed on Thursday when Senate Republicans blocked a broader spending bill that was largely intended to provide money to handle the current immigration crisis at the U.S.-Mexico border.
But lawmakers reached an agreement overnight to pass the missile funding measure.
To become law, the funding plan must still pass the House of Representatives and be signed by President Barack Obama. Given U.S. lawmakers traditionally strong support for Israel, it is not expected to encounter significant resistance in the House.
Israel's Iron Dome missile interceptor system, which was partly funded by the United States, has shot down most of the rockets fired at its cities by militants in Gaza during the current three-week conflict.
Tel Aviv Diary: Israelis Ponder How the War in Gaza Will End


The latest Horror movie trailer.
Olivia is our Junior Designer and one of our newest additions to the team. Having studied Graphic Design at Humber College, she brings new and fresh designs to the table and is always excited to try new things.
Olivia is a devoted Fleetwood Mac fan, and is obsessed with all things 1970's. Her biggest dream is to live near a beach…some day.


text:
In genetica umana l'aplogruppo K (M9, P128, PF5500) o KT del cromosoma Y è un aplogruppo del cromosoma Y umano, ramo del macro aplogruppo IJK. Secondo le regioni in cui erano dispersi i principali subcladi, è probabile che K (M9) abbia avuto origine nel subcontinente indiano, circa 47.000 anni fa.

I due grandi cladi di K(M9) sono LT, che si è diffuso principalmente ad ovest; e K2, che inizialmente migrò verso est.

Aplogruppo LT

L'aplogruppo LT o K1 (L298/P326, CTS12815) ha avuto origine circa 45.000 anni fa. Ha una presenza importante nell'Asia meridionale, tuttavia, la maggiore diversità è nel Vicino Oriente.

 L (M20) è importante nell'Asia meridionale e nel Medio Oriente, estendendosi a ovest fino all'Europa.

 T (M184) è diffuso principalmente in Europa, Medio Oriente, India, Corno d'Africa e Caucaso meridionale.

Aplogruppo K2

L'aplogruppo K2 o K-M526 (M526/PF5979/rs2033003), precedentemente chiamato K(xLT), MNOPS o semplicemente K, si diffuse ampiamente in Asia, diversificandosi in molteplici gruppi che spaziarono dal Sud-est asiatico all'Asia orientale, all'Europa, all'Asia centrale, all'India e verso il continente americano.

La popolazione originaria si sarebbe insediata prima nel sud-est asiatico, poiché questa regione costituisce il suo centro di espansione. La diffusione dell'aplogruppo K2 è stata ampia ma si è scissa in molti rami, secondo il seguente albero filogenetico:

K2* è stato trovato nei resti dell'uomo di Ust'-Ishim in Omsk risalenti a 45.000 anni fa, che è considerato il più antico Homo sapiens in Siberia.
K2c (P261), precedentemente chiamato K3 o K4, è stato trovato a Bali (Indonesia).
K2d (P402), trovato in Giava.
K2e (M147), precedentemente K1, poco è stato trovato in India e Pakistan.
K2a (M2335)
K-Y28299 poco è stato trovato in India e Pakistan. Probabilmente correlato a K2e.
NO (M214)
N (M231) è tipico dell'Eurasia settentrionale.
O (M175) predomina in estremo oriente.
K2b (P331, L405)
MS o K2b1 (P399)
M (P256) spicca in Melanesia.
S (P405) tipico degli australiani aborigeni e degli isolani del Pacifico, compresi i negritos delle Filippine.
P (PF5850)
P2 (F20148) comune nelle Filippine.
P1 (M45)
Q (M242) soprattutto nei nativi americani.
R (M207) dispersi principalmente in Europa e nell'Asia meridionale.
R1 (M173)
R1a (M420)
R1b (M343)
R2 (M479)

Navigazione aplogruppi

Note

Bibliografia
 https://web.archive.org/web/20170116195823/http://ycc.biosci.arizona.edu/ Y Chromosome Consortium
 Y-chromosome Phylogenetic Tree, dal sito FamilyTreeDNA.com
 A Nomenclature system for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups, Genome.org

Voci correlate
 Aplogruppi del cromosoma Y
 Genetica umana
 Ipotesi genetiche sul popolamento dell'Europa

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

K

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Courtesy of The Swimming Show, SABCSport, South Africa.
Andrew Chin and Mandy Uys explain, "This was the fourth leg of nine Swim for Rivers for Life.
Our project's vision is to raise awareness among children of the plight of South African rivers, one province at a time. We are busy planning for 2018.
We are using swimming to get a strong message across and making a real difference.
We are rolling out Hippo Rollers and water purification to schools in need. For around $250 we can provide a school with clean drinking water for three years plus."
The athletes swim in a local river and then discuss with students and local adults about the ecology of rivers, what causes them to become degraded, how ordinary citizens can monitor their health, how to reduce water pollution, how to be water wise and, particularly, how to be water safe.
Watch program above 5:00 from start.


Portugal, located in the extreme west of Europe, has access to the Atlantic Ocean with a coastline of 830 kilometers. The coast is sandy, and in some places there are also rocky beaches. Basically the territory of Portugal is flat, and the highest mountain chain is Serra da Estrala, which is part of the national park. In the country there are numerous rivers and artificial lakes used for the production of electricity and irrigation of fields. The population of the country is more concentrated in coastal regions, especially near Lisbon and Porto, and inland areas such as the Alentejo region are less populated.
Rent a car in Portugal provides you with the possibility of a comfortable trip throughout the country, the implementation of the planned objectives for business matters or for the purpose of vacation at the most economical tariffs.
Important information for those wishing to travel in this beautiful country is that Portugal can be visited all year round, and by using the services of Naniko, you can get the best car rental services in Portugal for the implementation of your plan.
Travel for your pleasure on a car rent in Portugal using the best deals from Naniko!
We are always able to provide our customers with favorable conditions of auto rental in Portugal and in most countries of the world, as well as tariffs formed in accordance with the principles of transparency and based on a reasonable pricing system, under which the cost of auto insurance and local taxes are provided initially.
To pay for services, you can use the most convenient method for you: on-line payment, cash payment in our office in accordance with the legislation or bank transfer.
You do not have to worry about the question of how to find our rental offices for receiving an ordered car. At your desire we can carry out the delivery (as well as the return) of the vehicle to the address you need or place of arrival. For the delivery of car to the airport, you must specify the details of your flight for accuracy.
Regardless of where the car takes place, in the offices or at the address you need, a rental agreement is drawn up on the spot, which lists all the conditions and arrangements, also the exact time for the vehicle to receive and return. Always carefully read the important points of the contract in order to avoid misunderstandings.
Make the right choice, use the ideal conditions offered by Naniko for a rent car in Portugal!
The availability of periodic discounts and special offers in different directions allows you to get even more savings, and by providing our customers unlimited mileage for all our cars, we open them access to any long-distance routes.


The pxeboot.write extension exists to make a Computer netboot a Baserock system using PXE. If this extension is used to netboot a installer system, it would be doing a remote deployment in hardware.
NOTE: to run this command and follow the tutorial you should be in a definitions checkout (since the write extension is in definitions.git). If you don't have a checkout yet you may find the quick start document useful.
This deployment assumes that you have exclusive access to the target interface, or that it's vlanned by your infrastructure team.
In my case the target interface is already vlanned in the VLAN7 so as the help suggested, we need to create a pre-vlanned network interface in our Baserock system.
If I want to do this froma Baserock VM, I need to create a network bridge into it to a pre-vlanned interface in my host using macvtap.
Once I've enabled macvtap and created the pre-vlanned interface, I only have to configure the new interface in my Baserock VM. I'm currently using libvirt. Configuring the new interface is easy to do with virt-manager. To do it I opened the details of the Baserock VM, click on 'Add Hardware', select 'Network', select in 'Host device' the eth0.7 interface, and click on 'Finish'.
After this a new network device should appear in your Baserock VM, you can check that out using ifconfig once again, but this time in the Baserock VM.
Doing the deployment from Baserock on Hardware involves much less magic. Assuming that we are in the same case as before (Target vlanned in the VLAN7), we can easily create a network interface in the same vlan with vconfig.
At this point we should have everything ready to try a pxeboot deployment. So let's see first the example available in definitions.git and how can we modify it for our deployment.
This cluster is deploying, using extensions/pxeboot.write, an installer system. This installer system has a subsystem which is the system that the installer system will install. In my case I want to install a build system, so I'll leave it as is.
Let's have a look at what we need to modify to do the on-hardware deployment.
2014-12-18 16:19:11 [systems/installer-system-x86_64.morph][installer]ERROR: nfs-server.service is not running and is needed for this deployment. Please, run `systemctl start nfs-server` and try `morph deploy` again.
And it failed because this deployment needs to use a local nfs server. Reading the error message you can figure out what you need to do to run it.
And now we try again.
2014-12-18 17:21:37 [systems/installer-system-x86_64.morph][installer]Please wait for the system to install, then enter "installed"
Now the target machine will be rebooted and it will hopefully boot a Baserock build system.


Semi-Sparkling cuvée Prosecco based wine, re-fermented in the bottle and aged on the lees for at least three months.
It's the ambassador of local tradition, as first Prosecco bubbles appeared during the fifties, before sparkling came into fame in the following decades.
The wine's aroma has hints of bread yeast, light citrus fruit and honey; the mouth is fresh, clean by firm acidity, with a mineral, lime and almond texture.
A lively crisp and fragrant prosecco with a fruity nose and palate expressing notes of apples, apricots and citrus fruit.
Delicate fruity aromas of fresh green apples and pears plus a hint of yeastiness leading to a creamy, softly sparkling palate.
Full and fine with superb mousse. Pinot adds opulent, complex characters whilst chardonnay adds to the brightness and vibrancy.
An exuberant, confident and bright style - lively and very approchable with a citrus fruits - golden apple character which is at the same time both incisive yet quite gentle.
La Battistina Gavi Spumante Brut N.V.
An interesting nose of crystallised ginger, citrus, apple, jasmine and a hint of spice. The palate is delicate, yet rich with citrus and ripe apricots. The mouthfeel is creamy and the finish is dry and refreshing.
a lively crisp and fragant prosecco with a fruity nose and palate expessing notes of apples, apricots and citrus fruit.
Fresh and dry with a persistent with foam. Soft and approachable with red berry charaters on the nose and palate.
One of Australia`s best sparkling red wines. A creamy raspberry bouquet, the palate is luscious with nice sweet berry flavours with hints of plum, nutmeg and gentle tannins.
Mont Marcal Brut Reserva N.V.
Mont Marcal Gran Cuvee Cava Brut N.V.
This Cava packs an exciting mouthful of raspberry fruit with a fresh feel and a pleasant kick of tannins on the finish.
A layered bouquet of apple and lemon citrus complements fresh bready notes derived from two years bottle ageing on lees. The deliciously crisp palate displays toasty, creamy complexity, enhanced by a lingering nutty finish.
Petit DP, Dom. Desire Cremant du Jura N.V.
A frizzante style prosecco that is soft and fruity with charming, gently mouth-filling bubbles and packed with apple and citrus fruits.
A delicious sparkler, with a gentle mousse, aromatic notes of pear followed by a crisp palate with a delicate finish.
From the heart of historical Prosecco, Follo or Fol as locals call this pitoresque little town, here`s a severe selection of 100% Prosecco grapes. This elegant brut is characterised by inviting aromas of citrus fruit, especially tangerine and grapefruit with a note of rustic mint. The mouth is wide and creamy. Full of fresh fruits with a firm acidity that provides a crisp, lingering finish of lime, mineral and almond.
Santa Digna Estelado Rose, Miguel Torres N.V.
This is the most extraordinary wine, a very delicious, well-made fizz that is really quite delicate - and made from Pais, the most widely grown grape in southern Chile, and one that is usually scorned as barely worthy of making civilised wine. Pale rose in colour, with fine and persistent bubbles. Notes of red fruits and citrus dominate. On the palate, fresh, lively, and genuine.
`La Rose No. 7` Cremant de Limoux N.V.
This beautifully balanced wine shows delicate soft stone fruit aromas, nuances of caramel and cream with a nice biscuity finish.
`Le Moulin` Blanquette de Limoux N.V.
A fantastic zero dosage vintage fizz - around 6,000 bottles are produced, and only in the best vintages. Rich brioche aromas with hints of apple and citrus behind some yeasty, savoury characters. The palate is similarly complex - mineral, nutty and lightly saline notes backed with crisp citrus and a fine mousse. Real weight and length.


text:
Die RKW Architektur + ist ein Architekturbüro mit 450 Mitarbeitenden in Düsseldorf sowie Standorten in Leipzig, Münster, München, Dortmund und Berlin.

Bauten (Auswahl)

Auszeichnungen (Auswahl)
RKW erhielt mehr als 100 Preise in nationalen und internationalen Wettbewerben, darunter mehr als 50 erste Preise und zahlreiche für vorbildliche Bauten.

Literatur
 Klaus Dieter Weiss (Hrsg.): Workmanship. Arbeitsphilosophie und Entwurfspraxis 2000–2010. RKW Architektur + Städtebau, Basel 2010.
 Wolfgang Hocquel, John Dennis Gartrell: Architektur für den Handel. Kaufhäuser, Einkaufszentren, Galerien. Geschichte und gegenwärtige Tendenzen – Architecture for the Retail Trade. Department Stores, Shopping Centers, Arcades. History and Current Tendencies. Birkhäuser, Basel/Berlin/Boston 1996, ISBN 3-7643-5268-X (Basel), ISBN 0-8176-5268-X
 Johannes Busmann, Hans-Günter Wawrowsky: Architektur. RKW, Rhode, Kellermann, Wawrowsky. 1950–2000. Hatje, Ostfildern-Ruit 1998, ISBN 3-7757-0735-2.
 Romana Schneider, Klaus von Beyme: Architektur im 20. Jahrhundert. (Katalogbuch anlässlich der Ausstellung "Architektur im 20. Jahrhundert. Deutschland" im Deutschen Architektur-Museum, Frankfurt am Main, 25. März–25. Juni 2000), Prestel, München/London/New York 2000, ISBN 3-7913-2293-1.

Weblinks

 Website

Einzelnachweise

Architekturbüro (München)
Dienstleistungsunternehmen (Düsseldorf)
Architektur (Düsseldorf)
Stadtplanung (Düsseldorf)
Gegründet 1950


text:
Farligt möte (engelska Narrow Margin) är en amerikansk action-thriller från 1990 som är regisserad av Peter Hyams. I filmen spelas Robert Caulfield av Gene Hackman och Carol Hunnicut av Anne Archer. Filmen hade Sverigepremiär den 25 januari 1991 och var tillåten från 15 år. Filmen är en nyinspelning av Mord på tåg 63 från 1952.

Handling
Connie har arrangerat en blind date åt sin väninna Carol Hunnicut med åklagaren Michael Tarlow på en restaurang i Los Angeles. I väntan på att deras bord ska bli klart får Michael ett meddelande och går upp på sitt rum för att ringa ett samtal. Samtidigt knackar det på dörren och maffialedaren Leo Watts står utanför och vill prata med Michael. Det hela leder till att Michael skjuts till döds av Leos hantlangare. Men vad de inte vet är att Carol har sett allting, och i ren panik flyr hon till en avskilt belägen stuga i Kanadas ödemark uppe i Klippiga bergen. Men åklagaren Robert Caulfield och polisassisten Dominick Benti spårar upp henne för att övertala henne att vittna, men hon är ovillig. Vad de inte vet är att de även har blivit förföljda av maffian. De blir beskjutna och tvingas fly för sina liv genom skogen och hamnar på ett tåg och tror sig ha blivit av med förföljarna. Men när de upptäcker att även maffian finns ombord börjar en mardrömslik jakt på liv och död.

Rollista i urval
Gene Hackman - Robert Caulfield
Anne Archer - Carol Hunnicut
J.T. Walsh - Michael Tarlow
Harris Yulin - Leo Watts
M. Emmet Walsh - Dominick Benti

Amerikanska filmer 1990
Amerikanska actionfilmer
Amerikanska thrillerfilmer
Los Angeles på film
Kalifornien på film
British Columbia på film
Kanada på film
Engelskspråkiga filmer
Filmer i regi av Peter Hyams
Filmer från TriStar Pictures


text:
Shock Nagasaki is an American punk rock band from Brooklyn, New York, United States. Originally from Syracuse, New York. They are currently signed to TKO Records. Originally released by the Netherlands-based Rebellion Records, the band's debut album, The Year of the Spy, was re-issued by TKO Records. The band's current lineup includes Bryan Lopus on drums, Jamie Coville on vocals and guitar, Widing on guitar, and Jake Brock on bass. Shock Nagasaki's single "Hit the Beach" (2007) broadened the band's fan base, receiving significant airplay on Sirius Satellite Radio's Punk channel.

Albums
The Year of the Spy (2007)

References

External links
 PunkNews.org Article
 Official Shock Nagasaki MySpace

Punk rock groups from New York (state)
Musical groups from Brooklyn


222 reviews of NU Car Rental - Las Vegas " This agency was very pleasant. Auto Lemon - Used Car History Check Auto Lemon - Used Car History Check features free car fact on why how to about new , where, used cars on any make , what, when model car. It was the first World Cup to be held in Eastern Europe the 11th time that it had been held in Europe. 641 Responses to " Ford Focus Transmission Problem Has Ford Focusing On Solution" # 1 Robert Miles says:.
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BRIA 25 3 John Maynard Keynes and the Revolution in Economic Thought
Bill of Rights in Action
SPRING 2010 (Volume 25, No. 3)
Revolution and Change
England's Glorious Revolution | John Maynard Keynes and the Revolution in Economic Thought | William Jennings Bryan, the "Great Commoner"
John Maynard Keynes and the Revolution in Economic Thought
British economist John Maynard Keynes believed that classical economic theory did not provide a way to end depressions. He argued that uncertainty caused individuals and businesses to stop spending and investing, and government must step in and spend money to get the economy back on track. His ideas led to a revolution in economic thought.
John Maynard Keynes (pronounced canes) was one of the great economic thinkers. Born into an academic family in 1883, his father was a noted philosophy and economics professor at Cambridge University. His mother was a teacher who later served as mayor of Cambridge.
Keynes attended Eton, England's best prep school. After Eton, he went to King's College at Cambridge University. He earned a degree in mathematics, but his curiosity extended to many fields—history, classical literature, the arts, and moral philosophy. He learned economics from Cambridge's leading economist, Alfred Marshall.
Brilliant, an outstanding student, and intellectually curious, Keynes did not pursue a traditional academic career. He did work as a university lecturer, but he also spent much of his life working in government, writing books and articles (for newspapers, magazines, and academic journals), and working as a financial consultant. Keynes also played the stock market, which he considered a casino. He lost his shirt more than once but ended up with a substantial investment fortune.
In 1906, Keynes got a job in Britain's colonial India Office as a junior clerk. His curiosity propelled him to become an expert in India's finance system.
Britain's Leading Economist
When World War I broke out in 1914, Keynes joined Britain's Treasury ministry. He specialized in financial relations among the allies. At the Paris Peace Conference after the war, he was in charge of the ministry's position on how much Germany should pay in war reparations—financial compensation to the victors.
Keynes found that allied leaders believed Germany should pay for the "whole costs of the war," including widows' pensions. Keynes disagreed. He called for reparations that Germany had a reasonable "capacity to pay." Keynes believed that by financially crippling Germany, all European nations would suffer.
In May 1919, the final draft of the Treaty of Versailles shocked Keynes. It demanded the Germans pay billions of dollars over a period of 30 years.
Keynes declared, "The Peace is outrageous and impossible and can bring nothing but misfortune." He resigned from the Treasury. Returning to Cambridge, he took charge of the finance department at King's College and wrote a book, The Economic Consequences of Peace. The book made him famous.
In his book, Keynes attacked the leaders at the Paris Peace Conference. He predicted the harsh treaty would impoverish Germany and would lead to a war of German revenge. He also criticized the leaders for dealing only with political matters like redrawing national borders while ignoring economic cooperation needed to bring permanent peace to Europe. Published in 1919, Keynes' book was an international bestseller.
Keynes lived in Bloomsbury, an area in central London. He was a long-time member of a circle of famous writers, painters, and performing artists. A passionate supporter of the arts, he frequently attended the theater, art galleries, and the ballet. In 1925, he married ballerina Lydia Lopokova.
On their honeymoon to the Soviet Union to visit Lydia's family, Keynes met with communist economic planners to observe Marxist socialism in action. Upon returning to Britain, Keynes wrote an essay attacking the Soviet system. He called it a system using "the weapons of persecution, destruction, and international strife" along with "an obsolete economics textbook" (Marx's Das Kapital).
In the 1920s, Keynes began to focus on the problem of Britain's unemployment. It had remained stuck around 10 percent since the end of the war. Like most economists at that time, he believed monetary policy would remedy an economic slump.
This meant that the nation's central bank, the Bank of England, should lower interest rates and increase the money supply. These monetary measures were supposed to halt falling prices, boost industrial production, and revive hiring.
But Keynes was puzzled when monetary policy did not lift Britain out of its economic rut. In 1924, he explored a radically new way to combat unemployment by hiring the jobless to build roads, bridges, and other government-financed projects.
Keynes also became embroiled in a controversy concerning the gold standard. At this time, most industrial countries tied the value of their paper currency to gold. For example, one French franc might be backed by 1/100 of an ounce of gold in the French treasury. Britain had gone off the gold standard during the war. In 1925, Winston Churchill, Britain's finance minister, acted against Keynes' advice and returned the nation to the gold standard. Keynes opposed this move because it limited the paper money supply to the amount of gold in the Bank of England's vaults. By holding back the money supply, the gold standard helps to control inflation in boom times. But Britain was in a long economic slump.
Thus, the gold standard hobbled monetary policy, which called for an expansion of the money supply to stimulate economic growth. Also, Churchill set the British pound's value in gold high. This made the nation's exports too expensive to complete with other countries.
As Keynes predicted, returning to the gold standard worsened Britain's unemployment. In 1928, he helped draft a Liberal Party election campaign proposal to reduce unemployment by government-funded public-works projects. Then the New York stock market crashed on October 24, 1929.
Keynes and the Great Depression
The stock market crash ended a frenzy of speculation that had driven up stock prices far beyond their real value. The U.S. central bank, the Federal Reserve, had used monetary policy to try to rein in speculation by increasing interest rates. But the Fed's policy caused a sharp drop in consumer spending for major purchases such as automobiles and houses.
Following the disaster on Wall Street, people began to withdraw their money from the nation's banks, causing many banks to fail and many depositors to lose their money. The Federal Reserve refused to pump more money into the banking system and even raised interest rates further in 1931. This made it more difficult for individuals and businesses to borrow and spend.
The crash led to the Great Depression. During the 1930s, industrial production in the U.S. dropped by nearly 50 percent. Unemployment reached 25 percent of the labor force. The U.S. offered no unemployment insurance, only bread lines filled with jobless workers and their families.
The Depression quickly spread to Europe and around the world. Relying on monetary solutions, most central banks cut interest rates and increased their money supply. Britain finally abandoned the gold standard in 1931. But the economic damage was too severe. Consumers and businesses, gripped by fear of the future, hoarded cash and stopped spending. Meanwhile, the U.S. and other nations cut their spending and raised taxes to balance their budgets.
As the worldwide depression became more severe, Keynes concluded that the free-market capitalist system had no remedy for a long and deep economic decline. Reducing interest rates and other monetary policy solutions were not enough. Keynes feared that if capitalism did not find a way to address mass unemployment, desperate people might turn to communism or fascism.
Keynes argued that the government must save capitalism. In a 1931 radio broadcast, he revived his earlier backing of public-works projects and called for the major redevelopment of central London. He asserted that the reduction of government relief payments to idle workers and an increase in tax revenue from suppliers of materials would offset the cost of such projects.
In 1932, Keynes began to argue publicly that the solution to mass unemployment depended on more, not less, government spending. This would require the government to borrow money and temporarily run a deficit.
The following year, Keynes wrote a series of newspaper articles explaining the "employment multiplier." This was a new economic concept that he and one of his students, Richard Kahn, had been developing.
Keynes pointed out that newly employed public project workers and suppliers would have cash to spend again, causing more demand for goods and services from private businesses. With more orders coming in, Keynes predicted, businesses would regain confidence and begin to hire workers. These workers would in turn spend their paychecks, multiplying demand, and so on.
Despite his reputation as Britain's leading economist, Keynes had little luck convincing the government. The Treasury continued to insist on spending cuts and balanced budgets.
In December 1933, the New York Times published an article by Keynes directed at newly elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Keynes advised Roosevelt to focus first on the terrible unemployment problem. Keynes presented his case for the government to borrow and spend large amounts of money on public-works projects. Earlier, Keynes had passed on to FDR an explanation of the "employment multiplier."
In May 1934, Keynes visited Roosevelt in Washington, but FDR was reluctant to adopt Keynes' ideas. Nevertheless, Keynes had many meetings with government officials, Wall Street investors, business leaders, and university economists. He tried his best to persuade them to embrace his big idea that explained why severe depressions occurred and how to end them.
Keynes' Big Idea
Keynes had been working on the puzzle of persisting unemployment in Britain for over a decade. In 1936, he published The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, which revolutionized economics.
In his book, Keynes declared that free-market capitalism had failed to provide a remedy for an economy stuck in a long-lasting depression with mass unemployment. He wrote that relying on traditional monetary solutions like lowering interest rates was not enough. In uncertain times, businesses and individuals shy away from borrowing and lending money.
Keynes argued that uncertainty brought on by a shock to the economy, such as the 1929 Stock Market Crash, cripples "effective demand." Effective demand is the actual amount of consumer and investor spending in an economy. When effective demand is up, businesses are profitable and employment is high.
When uncertain consumers and investors sharply cut back on their spending, effective demand drops. Businesses lose confidence about future sales and income. To cut costs, they start to lower prices, reduce wages, and lay off workers. Unemployed workers do not have much money to spend, which further reduces spending throughout the economy. Thus, a vicious downward spiral goes into motion, leading to failed businesses and mass unemployment.
Keynes challenged a key free-market principle that saving is always good because it provides the money for investing in businesses. Keynes agreed saving was a good idea during normal economic conditions. But he argued that it hurt the economy in a depression. If people hoard their cash in a depression, he said, they will obviously spend less. This only worsens "effective demand" and feeds into the downward economic spiral.
Keynes recognized that it makes sense for individuals to hold on to their money in uncertain times, but he pointed out that their reduced spending harms the economy as a whole. As people spend less, companies sell less and invest less in production. The economy gets worse. Keynes called this the "paradox of thrift."
When uncertain consumers and investors are not spending in a depression, where should the money come from to pump up "effective demand"? Keynes answered that government should take on this role.
Keynes pioneered the use of national economic statistics (macroeconomics). He estimated how much a government should spend to increase "effective demand" and achieve full employment.
Keynes called for governments in a depression to hire jobless workers directly for public works like roads, dams, and schools. He was confident that the "employment multiplier" would then stimulate private business activity and rehiring to end the depression.
The most controversial part of Keynes' theory concerned how the government would finance its public-works spending. He said that the government would have to borrow the money by selling treasury bonds. It should not attempt to balance its budget but should run a temporary deficit. Raising taxes to pay for the public works would take more money out of people's hands, he explained, defeating the goal of boosting "effective demand."
Keynes concluded that lowering interest rates, expanding the money supply, and other monetary policies could only go so far. Getting an economy out of a deep depression, he argued, required fiscal policy measures such as government borrowing and deficit spending. He also thought tax cuts could help, but he noted that people were likely to save some or all the money they gained rather than spend it.
Keynes recognized that his deficit spending solution to boost "effective demand" could explode the national debt and cause inflation in the future. But he thought the government could address these problems by increasing taxes once prosperity returned.
Thus, "effective demand" (sometimes called "aggregate demand") was at the center of Keynes' General Theory about the cause of and remedy for severe depressions. This was his big idea.
Traditional economists argued against deficit spending and government intervention in the economy. They pointed out that in the long run the economy would correct itself. Keynes famously replied, "In the long run, we are all dead." Keynes wanted to relieve the tremendous suffering a depression caused and avoid a possible communist or fascist revolution.
Many younger economists in the world enthusiastically accepted Keynes' radically new ideas. Older economists tended to defend free-market principles and warn about the dangers of government intervention in the private enterprise system.
Keynes' chief opponent was Friedrich A. Hayek, an Austrian free-market economist and harsh critic of socialism. Hayek rejected Keynes' argument for massive government spending to end a depression. Instead, Hayek called for individuals to save more, directly contradicting Keynes' "paradox of thrift." Saving more, Hayek argued, would enable greater private investment in business.
Keynes and the New Deal
When Keynes published his book in 1936, the New Deal was operating in the U.S. Numerous government employment programs such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA) hired workers to construct government buildings, roads, and other public projects. The purpose of the WPA and similar New Deal programs was relief for the jobless. The New Dealers did not design these programs to increase "effective demand," as Keynes wanted.
Keynes calculated that the U.S. federal government needed to borrow billions of dollars for its employment programs to stabilize "effective demand" and get the U.S. on the road to recovery. But the New Deal borrowed and spent far less. The government even raised taxes, further crippling consumer and investor demand. By 1936, the unemployment rate was lower but still more than 15 percent.
In 1937, President Roosevelt took a sharp turn and decided to balance the budget. He ended some job program funding, cut other government spending, and raised taxes. In addition, the Federal Reserve reduced the money supply to curb renewed stock market speculation.
These fiscal and monetary policies were the exact opposite of what Keynes advised. As a result, "effective demand," in Keynes' view, took another hit in the U.S. Industrial production declined, business investment dropped, consumer spending decreased, and unemployment surged to 20 percent in 1938. Some called this the "Second Depression."
A debate then took place among Roosevelt's economic advisers. One group wanted to spend less and balance the budget. The other group agreed with Keynes that the government needed to borrow and spend more to strengthen "effective demand."
The Keynesians won the debate and deficit spending resumed. By 1940, however, war in Europe and Asia had its own influence on "effective demand" in the U.S. Factories began to convert to producing weapons. In March 1941, the Lend-Lease Act authorized producing and transporting defense materials to Britain and other countries fighting Germany and Japan.
When the U.S. entered World War II in December 1941, wartime spending grew enormously. Deficit spending soared to $50 billion per year between 1943 and 1945. This was far above the annual budget deficits in the 1930s. Meanwhile, unemployment shrank to 1 percent.
The Fate of Keynesian Economics
As the war ended, Keynes took a leading role in negotiating an international agreement to prevent a repetition of the economic decline that followed World War I. In July 1944, 40 nations signed the Bretton Woods Agreement. This agreement, mainly designed by the U.S., established a stable currency exchange system, opened up free trade, and provided loans to poor countries to develop their economies.
In 1945, Keynes negotiated an agreement with the U.S. to settle what Britain owed for the Lend-Lease program and to secure post-war aid. Keynes hoped for a $6 billion "gift" from the U.S. in recognition of Britain's heroic war effort. He had to settle, however, for a $3.75 billion loan at 2 percent interest.
Plagued by heart disease, Keynes died in London in 1946 at age 62. He never lived to see the "Keynesian Revolution." For two decades after the war, nearly all economists were Keynesians. Most advocated government deficit spending in bad times and government surpluses in good times.
Economic Terms
central bank A special bank operated by the government, such as the U.S. Federal Reserve, that sets monetary policy.
monetary policy Central bank monetary policy increases or decreases the money supply to try to control inflation and avoid depressions. Central banks set certain interest rates that eventually affect businesses and the consumers by making it more or less expensive to borrow money.
fiscal policy The spending, borrowing, and taxing policy adopted by the government.
effective demand Keynes' term for actual consumer spending on goods and services plus investor spending on capital goods such as computers for business operations.
In the 1970s, a spike in oil prices led to a dangerous combination of high inflation and unemployment. Keynesian economics did not seem to apply to this situation. Milton Friedman, a University of Chicago economist, led a revival of free-market economics. Friedman stressed less government spending, little regulation of private enterprise, and lower taxes.
Free-market capitalism took off in the U.S. after 1980. Free-market economists argued that the private enterprise market system was self-regulating and needed little government oversight. Banks, investment companies, and other financial institutions were de-regulated. Economists increasingly relied on mathematical computer programs to predict investment risk.
Then things fell apart in 2008. Real estate values fell dramatically, spurring huge losses in banking and financial institutions and destabilizing the stock market. Businesses along with state and local governments cut wages and laid off workers. Unemployment grew to more than 10 percent. Millions of homeowners could not afford their mortgage payments, which led to increased foreclosures and further depressed real estate prices. In a recurring cycle, financial institutions, which had invested heavily in mortgages, continued to suffer substantial losses.
Amid this financial uncertainty, people sharply reduced their spending and investing ("effective demand"). Many hoarded cash in low interest savings accounts and bought gold, further reducing demand. Another Great Depression seemed near.
The Bush and Obama administrations rescued banks, other financial institutions, and auto companies with billions of dollars in loans. Congress passed a $787 billion government-spending program to stimulate the economy. Keynesian economists said this was too little. Free-market economists said it was too much and would cause further damage by increasing the national debt, inflation, and taxes. By the end of 2009, the prospects for the U.S. economy were at best uncertain.
1. What are the similarities and differences between the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Great Recession today?
2. According to Keynes, what is the "paradox of thrift"? Do you think it is true? Explain.
3. What was Keynes' "big idea"? Do you think it was the right remedy for ending the Great Depression? Why? Do you think it is the right remedy today for ending the Great Recession? Why?
Skidelsky, Robert. John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman. New York: Penguin Books, 2003.
Skousen, Mark. The Big Three in Economics: Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and John Maynard Keynes. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2007.
By the end of 2009, 8 million jobs had been lost in the U.S. Great Recession. Economists predict a slow employment recovery. This has prompted a variety of proposals for creating more jobs. Form small groups to discuss the proposals listed below. Each group should select three proposals, rank them by importance, and then defend the top-ranked one before the rest of the class.
Proposals to Create More Jobs
1. Grant federal aid to states to prevent layoffs of teachers, police, and other state and local government workers.
2. Grant federal aid to states to fund construction of highways, bridges, and other transportation projects.
3. Grant federal aid to states to make schools, libraries, and other public buildings more energy efficient.
4. Create a direct government employment program to hire jobless workers for public projects as the Work Progress Administration (WPA) did during the Great Depression.
5. Provide a tax credit to companies that hire new workers.
6. Provide a tax credit to those who purchase a newly constructed house.
7. Provide a tax credit to homeowners who install energy saving windows and doors or solar heating.
8. Cut taxes for small, large, or all businesses.
9. Cut taxes for individuals.
10. Cut government spending and reduce the national debt.
Groups may also devise their own proposals.


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Justification, a change of state, a new standing before God.
Repentance, a change of mind, a new mind about God.
Regeneration, a change of nature, a new heart from God.
Conversion, a change of life, a new life for God.
Adoption, a change of family, new relationship towards God.
Sanctification, a change of service, separation unto God.
Solitude with God repairs the damage done by the fret and noise and clamor of the world. … The disaster of shallowness ultimately follows the spiritual life that takes not the shining way upon the Mount of God. Power from on high has the Highest as its source, and the solitudes of the Highest must never be departed from, else that power will cease.
We live in a go, go faster, then go some more world. Everything is urgency and immediacy. It is vital for Christians to find times of solitude to tune out the clamor and tune in to God's Voice.
The prophet Elijah was one who learned that God was not in the noise, but in the still, small Voice (see 1 Kings 19:1-13). Are we quieting ourselves enough to hear His Voice? If we don't, we run the risk of spiritual burnout, just as Elijah experienced. Find Make some time for solitude this week.
What do you think, pastor? Is your church Bible taught, or Spirit taught? Is there a difference? If so, how can you move your church into this deeper place?
Sometimes pastors don't want to say "No" to someone in their congregation because they don't want to hurt them. Sometimes pastors don't confront someone in their sinful choices because it seems "mean spirited" to do so.
Love must be tough. Love sometimes inflicts pain.


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