text:
The recent evolution of UK drug strategies: from maintenance to behaviour change?
Mark Monaghan
People, Place and Policy, 6 (1), 29-40
First published: 30 March 2012
DOI: 10.3351/ppp.0006.0001.0004
Politically, the idea that certain kinds of drugs and drug use are intrinsically linked to certain kinds of criminality – known as the drugs-crime nexus – enjoys continuing salience. This shows little sign of abating. Since 1995, successive strategies have embraced this theme and policies have been developed to try and increase the numbers of drug users entering treatment in a bid to drive down crime rates. Drawing on a review of the relevant literature and an analysis of successive drug strategies and related policy documents, this paper argues that although contemporary drug policy is still underpinned by such notions the suggested means by which crime rates are to be reduced is gradually shifting. Since 2008, there has been a notable change in rhetoric with an increasing use of conditionality in the benefits system coupled with an overt desire to 'nudge' those engaging in risky behaviours to amend their ways. This seems to be related to a steady disillusionment with methadone maintenance treatment and a desire to solve the drug-crime problem by promoting the goal of 'abstinence'. More recently, abstinence has been replaced by the less well-defined term 'recovery', but both signal a desire for drug treatment to move away from maintenance. This paper argues that such developments are part of a creeping moralisation that has re-emerged in UK social policy over recent decades.
In 1995, the Conservative government published its national1 drugs strategy Tackling Drugs Together (Department of Health, 1995). This was very much a product of its time (McLaughlin et al., 2001). Drawing on political debates taking place in the United States and in reaction to some high-profile events such as the murder of James Bulger, the two largest parties in the UK decided that a more hard-line approach to crime by 'returning to justice' was the solution. In January 1993, the then shadow Home Secretary Tony Blair famously declared that New Labour would get 'tough on crime and tough on the causes of crime' and in same year the then Home Secretary, Michael Howard in his speech at the Conservative Party conference, outlined a number of 'law and order' measures to control crime, which, according to Hughes and Anthony (2006: 81), 'included substantial revisions' to current policy and practice working with drug users.
Howard's interjection can be seen as a blow to the principles of harm reduction prominent in UK drug policy at this point. In this context, harm reduction was based on containing, rather than eradicating the problems associated with certain drugs. Towards the end of the 1980s and into the 1990s, UK drug policy had been influenced by the view that certain kinds of drug use, particularly those involving intravenous (IV) administration, had the potential to contribute to the vigorous proliferation of life-threatening viral infections such as HIV/AIDS. Consequently, a significant treatment-focused 'harm reduction alliance' emerged. Consisting of various actors, mainly external to government, they lobbied for a more pragmatic drug policy, involving giving problematic drug users (PDUs) access to needle exchange schemes, making health education more available, supplying free condoms and introducing flexible prescribing of methadone (Robertson, 1987). Stimson (2000) refers to this as the 'health-phase' of UK drug policy, where drug related problems equated to issues pertaining to individual and public health.
The 1995 Drug Strategy initiated the reversal of this trend and ushered in what Stimson disparagingly terms the 'crime phase' of drug policy. Here drug harms are no longer viewed as a public-health problem but are intrinsically linked to criminality as drug-related crime came to be viewed as the primary scourge for families and communities (Hunt and Stevens, 2004). This consolidated criminal-justice control over UK drug policy. A central premise of the strategy was that PDUs were responsible for the majority of criminality in society with the suggestion that if drug users could be treated either voluntarily or through compulsion then crime rates would decline. This rhetoric has underpinned drug strategies ever since, representing a clear line of continuity. Alongside this, however, there have been a number of recognisable changes, which in the context of this paper relate to the methods proposed for tackling the problem of drug-related crime.
The first New Labour strategy emerged in 1998 followed by an updated version in 2002 and a successor document in 2008. The Coalition Government published their version in 2010. Over this 12 year period a creeping moralisation has re-emerged in social policy that has at its heart a specific desire to change the behaviour of specific 'problematic' populations without fully appreciating the underlying causes. This has filtered down into drug policy and the paper charts what this has meant for UK drug policy in theory if not practice, not least because policy developed at the national level often looks different on the ground and budgetary restraints can easily change the course of proposals.2As this is so, the current paper is organised in the following way. The next section takes a critical look at the link between drugs and crime. This followed by a discussion of New Labour's early drug strategy. Discussion then turns to New Labour's later documents and those of the Coalition. Finally some concluding comments are given.
The embroidery of the drug-crime link
The most widely cited explanation of the drugs-crime link is the tri-partite framework developed by Goldstein (1985). In this model he offered three different explanations for drug-related, violent offending:
psychopharmacological – some substances have the capacity to change the functions of the brain, for example, by increasing aggression and inhibition
economic-compulsive – drug users are compelled to use drugs by addiction, this is funded by their criminal exploits
systemic – illicit markets are inherently violent. Traffickers, dealers and users regulate their own affairs and have no recourse to national or international legal systems to do this.
Stevens (2011a) suggests that one reason for the longevity of the tri-partite framework is that it finds support on both sides of the drug legalisation debate. Those advocating continued prohibition, such as Inciardi (1991), use the psychopharmacological model to show how legalisation could bring about an increase in violent crime because it is likely to be accompanied by an associated rise in drug use. For others, the legalisation of substances will reduce crime as it takes away the systemic violence currently associated with illicit markets. Under the conditions of prohibition, the market is surrendered to various illegal syndicates who engage in gang crime to control their market share (Rolles et al., 2006).
Stevens (2007: 80) traces the drugs-crime link to official, government sponsored studies on both sides of the Atlantic' dating back to the 1980s. He states that despite warnings from one of their own colleagues (Mott, 1986), Home Office (1985) research has contributed to the 'exaggeration of the drugs-crime link' and this underpins many current debates. Indeed, the notion that most 'acquisitive' crime (crimes committed for some sort of financial gain such as shop lifting, burglary, robbery etc) or 'volume' crime (that which consumes large amounts of police time) are somehow drug related has become accepted wisdom. The drugs-crime nexus is now one of the most researched areas of drugs policy (e.g. Parkeret al., 1988; MacGregor, 2000; Bennett and Holloway, 2005; 2009; Duke, 2006; Seddon, 2006) and is firmly established in the minds of policy-makers, politicians and the tabloid press none of whom have shied away from making such assertions. For instance, in 1994 Tony Blair calculated that half of the cost of all property thefts, some £2 billion pounds, could be attributable to drug users (Blair, 1994). This consolidated the view that prolonged use of substances such as heroin and cocaine was linked to frequent offending.
Following the maxim that if you say something enough it becomes true, in a speech some years later Blair commented that:
"The bulk of crime is committed by a hard core of persistent offenders, around 100,000 in all…These persistent offenders share a remarkably similar profile. Half are under 21. Nearly two-thirds are hard drug users. More than a third were in care as children. Half have no education at all. More than three-quarters were unemployed when they were offending" (Blair, 2001).
Economic analysis conducted by Godfrey et al., (2002) estimated that Class A drug users in England and Wales caused between £9 billion and £16 billion of social costs through their criminal activities in the year 2000. Stevens (2007: 81) demonstrates that these figures are reached by 'estimating the costs of recent crimes reported by drug users entering treatment in the National Treatment Outreach Research Study (NTORS)' and 'multiplying them by the estimated number of problem drug users'. In a similar vein, the drugs-crime link has been consolidated by the fact that the NEW-ADAM (New England and Wales Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring) found that 65 per cent of sampled arrestees had traces of drugs in their urine. The figures showed that the most common drug was cannabis, with 24 per cent testing positive for heroin and 15 per cent for cocaine (Stevens, 2007: 81) This has also been used by policy makers as proof of the drugs-crime link, despite repeated warnings from the author's themselves (Holloway and Bennett, 2004) that because of shortcomings over the methodology, it should not be used for this purpose.
The problematic assumptions of the NTORS equations are put into focus by Stevens (2007) who demonstrates that drug users are more likely than non-drug users to be arrested for trigger offences such as acquisitive crimes. Therefore, studies of arrestees – on which government drug policies are based – are an exercise in 'voodoo criminology' to the extent that at best, they are methodologically flawed, and at worst they are fundamentally misleading. Such explanations, Stevens suggests, fail to account for the fact that a drug user's offending peaks just prior to the point of arrest as this coincides with the moment when help-seeking behaviour is most acute. This peak rate of offending is, however, taken as being indicative of the entire offending career of PDUs, thus greatly inflating the figures. Furthermore, there are also doubts about the nature of causality, not least because research has also proved inconclusive as to which activity occurs first for certain offenders; their initiation into drug taking or the onset of criminal behaviour.
Seddon (2006) has attempted to move the debate beyond a narrow causal discussion of drugs-related crime, by demonstrating how both problematic, chaotic drug use and significant amounts of criminality are linked to social disadvantage. The nature and extent of each is contingent on other factors such as (lack of) opportunities in the local formal economy which are counter-balanced by opportunities afforded to certain groups in the informal economy. For Seddon, these nuances are often overlooked in public debates which have tended to see the drugs-crime link as a historically 'natural' phenomenon and that the poorer members of society are somehow more predisposed to drug taking and criminality either out of fecklessness or greed.
As this brief overview demonstrates, the exact nature of the relationship between drugs and crime is, therefore, difficult to ascertain. Indeed, most people who currently use drugs or have used drugs in the past experience very few problems, either in terms of adverse health effects or brushes with authority. Although such statements generally relate to more 'recreational' drug use (Parker et al., 1998), a growing body of evidence shows that so-called 'harder' drugs can often be used in relatively un-problematic and controlled ways (Shewan and Dalgarno, 2005). In addition, research from a 'hidden' sample of drug users – that is those who have not been accessed via criminal-justice or treatment agencies – has demonstrated that heroin use is not always followed by criminal activity (Warburton et al., 2005). In short, there is little by the way of conclusive evidence of a causal link between drug use and criminality. Politicians and policy makers have, however, generally chosen to ignore this. As a consequence, it remains firmly part of the policy making firmament and has been the buttress on which the overarching drug strategies of successive governments since the 1990s have been built. That said, there has, over recent years, been incremental change in the way governments have attempted to regulate the behaviours of PDUs as we shall see.
New Labour's Early Drug Strategy and Policy
The passing of the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act which introduced the flagship New Labour Policy, the Drug Treatment and Testing Order (DTTO), was a pivotal moment in UK drug control in theory if not practice3. The DTTO featured heavily in their initial drug strategy, Tackling Drugs to Build a Better Britain (Cabinet Office, 1998 (updated in 2002)). It was implemented, in part, to counteract the perceived problem of high levels of acquisitive crime associated with problematic and chaotic drug use. invested the courts with powers to sentence mainly persistent offenders to a period of drug treatment if they so desired. The alternative was a custodial sentence. This is known as 'coercive' – or 'quasi-compulsory treatment (QCT). The 1998 drug strategy placed significant emphasis on increasing the total number of people in drug treatment, significantly expanding treatment services and making sure this was properly funded. For example, in the chapter specifically relating to drug treatment, the objective and targets are clearly spelt out. It states:
Objective: to enable people with drug problems to overcome them and live healthy and crime-free lives
Key performance target: to increase participation of problem drug misusers, including prisoners, in drug treatment programmes which have a positive impact on health and crime by 66 per cent by 2005 and by 100 per cent by 2008 (Cabinet Office, 1998: 21).
Hunt and Stevens (2004) chart the development of drugs policy at this time as a movement from voluntarism to coercion. Voluntarism describes a situation where a range of services are available to drug users, if required. These are underpinned by a harm reduction philosophy. Here the end goal is not necessarily for the user to become 'drug-free' – although if this is the desired outcome then steps would be put in place to assist – but to intervene to improve the social capital and health of the individual and the public in general. Coercive treatment, as outlined by the DTTO, is different. Here the state is empowered to employ various means to 'track down drug users and lock them up if they do not comply' to undergo a period of drug treatment (Hunt and Stevens, 2004: 355). Seddon (2007) has commented on the ethical implications of coercing people into treatment, particularly if these services are delivered in part by the National Health Service (NHS). This process, he suggests, calls into question principles of patient consent and confidentiality which are the foundation stones on which treatment services have traditionally operated.
The rollout of the DTTO resonated with other aspects of New Labour governance; managerialism, performance audit, and joined-up service delivery under the guise of 'modernising' agenda (Senior et al., 2007). In drug treatment, various evaluations of QCT were carried out, but these have often been guilty of poor research design based on difficulties in assigning people into experimental and control groups, dealing with internal validity and coping with political interference in service delivery (see Stevens et al., 2005 for a comprehensive overview). Additionally, and as alluded to in the key performance target for drug treatment, it became difficult for evaluators to know 'what worked' in drug treatment and whether the goal of treatment was to reduce crime or improve the health and social capital of the drug user or both (Webster, 2007). This meant that the success of the policy was measured in terms of outputs – the amount of drug users entering treatment – rather than outcomes – what actually happened to the drug users once the treatment episode had been completed. A central tenet of drug treatment at this time involved supplying methadone to PDUs. Methadone is a kind of opioid replacement treatment. Its use has been advocated by those in the classic harm reduction tradition as well as those favouring the roll-out of QCT. There is much debate as to the efficacy of methadone treatment, particularly as part of coercive measures, but this is a complex policy debate. This is because methadone treatment may or may not be a key aspect of QCT interventions. Much evidence suggests that methadone maintenance treatment can help to reduce the criminality associated with heroin use and can lead to positive health gains. It can, furthermore, help to reduce heroin use in the short-term and can lead to abstinence in the long-term, but much depends on the treatment delivery and whether this is inpatient or in the community; with the former being seen as more efficient (Webster, 2007).
Critics have suggested, however, that one outcome of using methadone programmes as part of QCT in a bid to reduce offending is that it has had the obverse effect of its intended outcome. A report by the social care provider Turning Point (2004) stated that under the conditions of the DTTO, places on drug treatment programmes were increasingly allocated to those who had been coerced onto them to the detriment of those who wished to enter voluntarily. This created the perverse incentive that committing certain crimes was the most effective means of accessing treatment services. There is, however, little concrete evidence for this and other research has shown that the success of drug treatment or otherwise depends on the motivations of the offender, which, in turn, is contingent on factors such as whether legal pressure is applied to treatment, the length of the treatment episode, medical status, employment/support status, levels of drug/alcohol use, family and social relationships and psychiatric status (Stevens et al., 2006).
There is some evidence that quasi-compulsory methadone maintenance treatment has produced some positive results. A recent report by the National Treatment Agency (2009) suggests that heroin users who are prescribed methadone reduce their offending by up to a half whilst engaged in treatment. Such findings must, however, be offset against those that feel it does so by prolonging drug dependency (Gyngell, 2007) or that focusing on crime reduction does not deal with underlying problems of poverty and inequality that may be the cause of drug dependency in the first instance (Stevens, 2011a).
As New Labour moved into their third term, it became clear that scepticism surrounding the efficacy of methadone treatment was gaining momentum. Thus, criticisms of methadone maintenance from Gyngell and the Centre for Policy Studies of which she is a part, resonated clearly with the Brown government who were increasingly disillusioned with the perceived inability of drug treatment services to help drug users overcome their addictions (Stevens, 2011a). This, in combination with a range of other issues, brought about an evolution in later New Labour's thinking about drugs.
From New Labour to the Coalition: 2008 and Beyond
It is a key assertion of this paper that there is a broad political consensus that a vast proportion of criminality is drug related and that communities need to be protected from the scourge of drug-related crime. Recently there have been subtle changes in the policies proposed to deal with this situation. Whereas the 1998 strategy placed great store in 'containing' drug users on maintenance programmes, simultaneously attempting to reduce their criminality, the later New Labour strategyDrugs: Protecting Families and Communities(Home Office, 2008) advocated a more explicit attempt to foster behavioural change amongst PDUs. Underpinning this has been an increasing use of conditionality in the benefits system (Dwyer, 2004) and the concomitant notion that with rights come responsibilities.
The subtle contrast between the early and later New Labour drug strategies can be brought into focus with the following passages from the 2008 strategy:
"The Home Office, Ministry of Justice, prosecutors, police and partners will continue to present drug-misusing offenders with tough choices to change their behaviour or face the consequences" (Home Office, 2008: 16)
Later in the same document under a sub-heading entitled 'Our New Approach', it states:
"The goal of all treatment is for drug users to achieve abstinence from their drug – or drugs – of dependency. For some, this can be achieved immediately, but many others will need a period of drug-assisted treatment with prescribed medication first" (Home Office, 2008: 28).
These key passages reveal an ongoing commitment to maintenance in the short-term, but breaking with recent tradition, highlight a commitment to abstinence in the long-term as a form of behavioural change. For Wincup (2011: 22), this was a product of concern that large numbers of drug users – estimated to be in the region of 100,000 – were claiming benefits, but not addressing their drug dependency. It was, furthermore, part of broader developments in New Labour's social policies, where support and discipline were increasingly intertwined to the end that work, where applicable, would be the desired goal for everyone. Under proposals outlined by a Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) (2008) Green Paper published shortly after the 2008 drug strategy, a series of incentives (carrots) and requirements (sticks) were promoted to enable dependent drug users to avoid the 'sin' of 'worklessness'. Taken together, the carrots included providing additional support for those committed to drug treatment programmes. The main stick, meanwhile, included the potential to remove benefits for those who took no action in addressing their drug problem (DWP, 2008: 48-50).
The promotion of abstinence was very much a line of continuity between later New Labour strategies and the current Coalition approach. It featured prominently in early Coalition publications for dealing with the drug problem. Thus theProgramme for Government contains the following paragraph:
"We will conduct a full review of sentencing policy to ensure that it is effective in deterring crime, protecting the public, punishing offenders and cutting reoffending. In particular, we will ensure that sentencing for drug use helps offenders come off drugs…" (Cabinet Office, 2010: 21)
Other documents published around this time developed these themes, but chose to focus on 'recovery' from drug dependency rather than abstinence, although the two terms were often conflated. In the Ministry of Justice Green Paper (2010) Breaking the Cycle, the aim to get drug dependent offenders off substance misuse and into recovery featured prominently in its 'rehabilitation revolution'.Seemingly, the Coalition initially had a clear view about how recovery could best be achieved. Drawing on some of the ideas previously espoused by the Centre for Social Justice Think Tank and their belief that methadone maintenance is 'madness' that doesn't work, this document proposed a heightened role for residential rehabilitation services (Gyngell, 2007). Although residential rehabilitation services have had some success in the treatment of drug addiction, there is a significant basic economic limitation to this solution. According to Stevens (2011b), it costs around £26,000 per person per year to undergo residential rehabilitation treatment in comparison to the £2,020 it costs to run a methadone maintenance programme over the same duration. In times of austerity, how the roll-out of residential rehabilitation places will be funded remains unclear.
Initially, then, recovery equated to abstinence in coalition documents, but the abstinence rhetoric has since been toned down (Travis, 2010). The commitment to recovery still serves as a condition for drug users requiring financial support from the state. The Coalition drug strategy Reducing Demand, Restricting Supply and Building Recovery Supporting People to Live a Drug Free Life (Home Office, 2010) thus states:
"We will create a recovery system that focuses not only on getting people into treatment and meeting process-driven targets, but getting them into full recovery and off drugs and alcohol for good. It is only through this permanent change that individuals will cease offending, stop harming themselves and their communities and successfully contribute to society" (Home Office, 2010: 18)
It is unclear what the 'process-driven targets' will entail, other than them involving some kind of 'payment-by-results'. Recovery is, however, defined in the strategy as involving 'three overarching principles – wellbeing, citizenship, and freedom from dependence. It is an individual, person-centred journey, as opposed to an end-state, and one that will mean different things to different people' (Home Office, 2010: 18). This strategy also suggests that recovery will help to develop social, physical, human and cultural capital; a list that together constitutes the 'recovery capital' of the individual. Enhancing recovery capital is to be achieved through supporting services to 'work with individuals to draw on this capital in their recovery journey' (Home Office, 2010: 19). Although in need of elaboration, none is forthcoming, but like the 2008 strategy it does continue to place significant emphasis on trying to change the behaviours of problematic populations through the benefits system and like all previous strategies it is wedded to the idea that most crime is drug-related.
Wincup (2011) notes that under proposals outlined in the Coalition drug strategycarrots and sticks will continue to be employed to ensure drug users are 'nudged' (read cajoled) towards drug treatment. Stevens (2011b), meanwhile, shows that for drug users to obtain this recovery capital then investment in specific services is the order of the day, not least those which provide access to quality, affordable housing. This used to be overseen by investing in early intervention schemes for housing vulnerable groups and families. As it stands, proposed changes to housing benefit, proposed in the Welfare Reform Bill are likely to impact precisely on the poorest who are forced to uproot and relocate to cheaper areas with smaller dwellings where, in all likelihood, there are pre-existing social problems such as high unemployment, high crime and little access to effective health or social care services; a situation noted as being a good indicator for the onset of, or return to, drug use (Pearson, 1987; Seddon, 2006).
In essence, valorising work through active labour market strategies and increasing conditions on welfare benefit payments has underpinned UK drug policy since 2008. It was intended to bring about change in the behaviour of problematic populations through a combination of incentives and increased surveillance; a process Harrison (2010) has suggested contributes towards a 'new behaviourism' in social policy. The shift towards making individuals become drug-free is more prominent in recent drug strategies as the philosophy of containment has waned. For some thinkers, these developments are a step in the right direction and are morally correct. Indeed, McKeganey (2011) suggests that there has hitherto been a noticeable absence of any mention of the morality of drug taking from drug strategies, which has begun to change. He suggests that taking a moral stance such as stigmatising certain behaviours can have positive benefits for society in that questioning the morality of certain dangerous activities has been a useful tool in curbing their prevalence. He cites the example of drink-driving campaigns here where 'stigma has been used as a marketing strategy to encourage the view that those who drink and drive are socially irresponsible' (McKeganey, 2011: 168).
Various authors are sceptical of the increasing moral dimension to UK drug policy and the heightened emphasis on behavioural change (e.g. Nutt and Macken, 2011; Stevens 2011b). This is primarily on the grounds that the focus on abstinence/recovery in terms of treatment creates fundamental problems, not least that withdrawing benefits from those most in need can cause more problems than it solves and that abstinence should be a choice rather than an imposition. In addition, it is not clear whether UK drug policy has lacked a moral dimension. In light of the contested evidence-base for such assertions, assuming that a high proportion of PDUs are responsible for a non-trivial amount of criminality is precisely a moral standpoint, as is the desire to move away from methadone maintenance as part of the treatment package on the grounds of its lack of success.
There are clear lines of continuity spanning the UK Government drug strategies since the 1990s. All have a primary concern with reducing drug-related crime, despite the fact that the evidence-base for such a policy remains contested. It is the central contention of this paper that clear points of departure can also be witnessed between New Labour's initial approaches and those that followed. These changes are underpinned by a belief in behaviourism. For PDUs this means that benefits are increasingly contingent on engaging with drug treatment programmes and demonstrating a commitment to move beyond maintenance towards recovery. Yet the potential for recovery is hindered by a lack of clarity over what it entails and cuts to services that would appreciably positively impact on the life chances of PDUs. Early signs from the coalition were that cuts to these services may be offset by the rollout of more residential rehabilitation centres, but as has been demonstrated they have yet to square the circle of how these are to be funded. All of which leaves something of a question mark over where UK drug policy is heading and ultimately reinforces the point that where drug strategies and policy is concerned the rhetoric is always clearer than the reality.
1 Although purporting to cover the whole of the UK and/or Britain, in reality, the devolved administrations have developed their own policies in relation to their own strategies. With this proviso in mind, this article looks at how UK drug strategies have evolved since 1995 referring mainly to the situation in England.
2 In short, it is necessary to comment that policy on paper is not always the same as policy in practice and that the 'implementation gap' (e.g. Dickinson, 2011) must be acknowledged.
3 As Stevens (2011:71) demonstrates, the DTTO was rarely used. It was, however, the first time drug dependent individuals could be sentenced to treatment by the courts. It was replaced in 2005 by the Drug Rehabilitation Requirement (DRR), although the two policies are very much of the same lineage acting as alternatives to imprisonment in the first instance (see McSweeneyet al, 2007).
Thanks to Emma Wincup and Simon Prideaux for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper. The usual disclaimers apply.
* Correspondence address: Dr Mark Monaghan, School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT. Email: m.p.monaghan@leeds.ac.uk.
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Shewan, D. and Dalgarno, P. (2005) Evidence for controlled heroin use? Low levels of negative health and social outcomes among non-treatment heroin users in Glasgow (Scotland). British Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 1, 33-48. CrossRef link
Stevens, A. (2007) When two dark figures collide: evidence and discourse on drug related crime. Critical Social Policy, 27, 1, 77-99. CrossRef link
Stevens, A. (2011a) Drugs, Crime and Public Health: The Political Economy of Drug Policy. London: Routledge.
Stevens, A. (2011b) Recovery through contradiction? Criminal Justice Matters, 84, 1, 20-21. CrossRef link
Stevens, A., Berto, D., Heckman, W., Kerschl, V., OeuvrayK., Van Ooyen, M., Steffan, E. and Uchtenhagen, A. (2005) Quasi-Compulsory Treatment of Drug Dependent Offenders: An International Literature Review. Substance Use and Misuse, 40, 3, 269-83. CrossRef link
Stevens, A., Berto, D., Frick, U., Hunt, N., Kerschl, V., McSweeney, T.Oeuvray, K., Puppo, I., Santa Maria, A., Schaaf, S. Trinkl, B., Uchtenhagen, A. and Werdenich, W. (2006) The relationship between legal status, perceived pressure and motivation in treatment for drug dependence: Results from a European Study of Quasi-Compulsory Treatment. European Journal of Addiction Research, 12, 4, 197-209. CrossRef link
Stimson, G. (2000) Blair declares war: The unhealthy state of British drug policy. International Journal of Drug Policy, 11, 4, 259-64. CrossRef link
Travis, A. (2010) Coalition shelves plans for 'abstinence-based' drug strategy. The Guardian, Wednesday December, 8 available online at http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/dec/08/coalition-drugs-strategy-abstinence-recovery accessed November 8, 2011
Turning Point (2004) Routes into Treatment. London: Turning Point.
Warburton, H., Turnbull, P.J. and Hough, M. (2005) Occasional and Controlled Heroin use: Not a Problem? York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Webster, C. (2007) Drug treatment, in: M. Simpson, T. Shildrick and R. MacDonald (eds) Drugs in Britain: Supply, Consumption and Control. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Wincup, E. (2011) Carrots and sticks: problem drug users and welfare reform. Criminal Justice Matters, 84, 1, 22-23. CrossRef link
Related tags: abstinence, Crime, Crime and policing and surveillance, drugs, maintenance, recovery, treatment
Re-moralising or De-moralising?
Kate Brown, Ruth Patrick
Work as the primary 'duty' of the responsible citizen: a critique of this work-centric approach
Lone parents: unemployed or otherwise engaged?
Laura Davies
Re-moralising 'vulnerability'
Kate Brown
Book Review - Disabled people and housing: choices, opportunities and barriers
Mariela Gaete Reyes


text:
---
uid: SolidEdgeFrameworkSupport.ComplexString2d.Key(System.Object)
summary:
remarks:
example: [*content]
---
[!code-vb[Main](..\snippets\SolidEdgeFrameworkSupport.ComplexString2d.Key.vb]
[!code-csharp[Main](..\snippets\SolidEdgeFrameworkSupport.ComplexString2d.Key.cs]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Delegation of the European Union to Georgia
https://twitter.com/EUinGeorgia
https://www.facebook.com/EuropeanUnioninGeorgia
EEAS homepage > Georgia > Search
Documents, Tenders
Regions Central Asia (1) Middle East & North Africa (MENA) (1)
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Editorial team... (1) Administration Team of the EU Delegation to Georgia (1) Administration Team of the EU Delegation to the United States (10) Administration team of the Delegation to Bangladesh (4) European Union Delegation to South Africa (5) Press and information team of the Delegation to Armenia (4) Press and information team of the Delegation to BRAZIL (4) Press and information team of the Delegation to Barbados (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to Belarus (4) Press and information team of the Delegation to CAMEROON (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to CANADA (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to CHILE (2) Press and information team of the Delegation to CHINA (10) Press and information team of the Delegation to CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE) (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to COSTA RICA (3) Press and information team of the Delegation to COTE D' IVOIRE (2) Press and information team of the Delegation to ERITREA (4) Press and information team of the Delegation to GEORGIA (2) Press and information team of the Delegation to GUINEA-BISSAU (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to HONG KONG and MACAO (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to INDIA and BHUTAN (2) Press and information team of the Delegation to INDONESIA and BRUNEI DARUSSALAM (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to JAMAICA (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to JAPAN (6) Press and information team of the Delegation to KAZAKHSTAN (2) Press and information team of the Delegation to LEBANON (3) Press and information team of the Delegation to LIBERIA (2) Press and information team of the Delegation to MALAWI (7) Press and information team of the Delegation to MOLDOVA (2) Press and information team of the Delegation to MONTENEGRO (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to NAMIBIA (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to NEPAL (3) Press and information team of the Delegation to NICARAGUA (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to PANAMA (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to PHILIPPINES (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to RUSSIA (5) Press and information team of the Delegation to RWANDA (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to SAUDI ARABIA (5) Press and information team of the Delegation to TAJIKISTAN (3) Press and information team of the Delegation to UGANDA (5) Press and information team of the Delegation to UKRAINE (6) Press and information team of the Delegation to UN and OSCE in Vienna (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to ZAMBIA (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to the African Union (3) Press and information team of the Delegation to the Azerbaijan (2) Press and information team of the Delegation to the COUNCIL OF EUROPE in Strasbourg (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to the PACIFIC ISLANDS (4) Press and information team of the Delegation to the UN in Geneva (1) Press and information team of the Delegation to the USA (8) Press and information team of the EU Delegation to the Republic of North Macedonia (2) Press and information team of the EU Office/EUSR to KOSOVO (1) Public Affairs Team, EU Delegation to Zimbabwe (3) Strategic Communications (6)
Post date... 2017 (29) 2018 (58) 2019 (66) 2020 (5)
Avis de marché- Contrat-cadre de services pour la réhabilitation de la Résidence de l'Union européenne en Côte d'Ivoire
La Délégation de l'Union européenne en Côte d'Ivoire envisage la passation du marché suivant: Intitulé: Contrat-cadre de services pour la réhabilitation de la Résidence de l'Union européenne en Côte d'Ivoire Référence du marché: EEAS-DELCIVA-SER-FWC-2020-01 (procédure négociée
Author: Press and information team of the Delegation to COTE D' IVOIRE - Publication date: 14/01/2020
Ex-Ante publication of Call for Tenders: Cleaning / Beverage Services
The Office of the European Union to Hong Kong and Macao is launching a call for tenders using a negotiated procedure for the provision of cleaning / beverage services for the office premises. If you are interested to participate, you may express your interest by sending an email to the contact e
Author: Press and information team of the Delegation to HONG KONG and MACAO - Publication date: 14/01/2020
CONVOCATORIA 2020 DE DEMOSTRACION DE INTERESES
La Delegación de la Unión Europea en la República de Panamá desea establecer una lista, no exhaustiva, de proveedores a los que podrá recurrir, cuando sea necesario y durante el año 2020, en los diversos campos de aplicaciones mencionados a continuación: annuncio_2020.pdf
Author: Press and information team of the Delegation to PANAMA - Publication date: 14/01/2020
FWC for Generator and A/C Maintenance
The Delegation of the European Union to Bangladesh is launching a call for tenders using a negotiated procedure for FWC for generator and A/C maintenance. If you are interested to participate, you may express your interest by sending an email to the contact e-mail mentioned below, following the
Author: Administration team of the Delegation to Bangladesh - Publication date: 07/01/2020
Ex-Ante publication of Call for Tenders: Japanese language training service
The Delegation of the European Union to Japan is launching a call for tenders using a negotiated procedure for the Japanese language training service. If you are interested to participate, you may express your interest by sending an email to the contact e-mail mentioned below, following the
Author: Press and information team of the Delegation to JAPAN - Publication date: 07/01/2020
Mobile communication services
Mobile communication services for the EU Delegation to Ukraine
Author: Press and information team of the Delegation to UKRAINE - Publication date: 23/12/2019
Low- and middle-value tenders- indicative list for 2020
The Delegation of the European Union to the Russian Federation has the intention to collect a list of potential candidates to be invited to submit tenders under the following conditions: Tenders relate to supplies, services or works indicated in this list below. Natural and legal persons interested
Author: Press and information team of the Delegation to RUSSIA - Publication date: 21/12/2019
Invitation to tender: EEAS-DELZAFP-ADMIN-SER-FWC 2019-029 TEMPORARY WORKERS
The Delegation of the European Union to South Africa is launching a call for tenders using an medium value negotiated framework contract services tender for temporary workers. If you are interested to participate, you may express your interest by sending an email to the contact e-mail mentioned
Author: European Union Delegation to South Africa - Publication date: 04/12/2019
Tender 2019-031 Quantity Surveyor Services
The Delegation of the European Union to South Africa is launching a call for tenders using a middle value negotiated procedure for Quantity Surveyor Services If you are interested to participate, you may express your interest by sending an email to the contact e-mail mentioned below, following the
Framework contract for interim services
The Delegation of the European Union to to the OECD and UNESCO in Paris and to the Principalities of Andorra and Monaco is launching a call for tenders using a negotiated procedure for services. If you are interested to participate, you may express your interest by sending an email to the contact
Development Cooperation Calls for Tenders
What are contracts
How to apply for contracts
Database of Cooperation and Development Calls for Proposals and Tenders
EuropeAid tenders - Georgia
EuropeAid tenders
64b Chavchavadze Avenue
Tel.: +995-32-236 43 64
delegation-georgia@eeas.europa.eu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
NT MLAs question Larisa Lee's entitlements
10:07am Aug 16, 2016
The Northern Territory's Speaker has questioned what entitlements the chief minister has approved for controversial independent Larisa Lee, who allegedly used a government car in a bizarre cow-killing incident.
Ms Lee had been given the car by Chief Minister Adam Giles to get around her electorate in the lead-up to the August 27 election.
Her parliamentary car was confiscated in June after she allowed an unlicensed underaged relative to drive it because she was allegedly intoxicated, a matter that is still before the courts.
News Corp Australia reported on Tuesday that a cattle station owner near Tennant Creek found two men on the property chopping up a dead cow last week, with Ms Lee in the car nearby.
The trio ultimately agreed to pay the man $600 for the cow.
Chief Minister Adam Giles said in a statement that he believed it "fair and reasonable" for Ms Lee to have a car to travel around her top end electorate of Arnhem.
But "once it became known that she had been using the vehicle outside her electorate, she was immediately asked to return it".
NT opposition leader quits just months before election
On Facebook, independent MLA Delia Lawrie questioned under which entitlement the chief minister had given Ms Lee the car.
"The member's electorate car was confiscated due to breaches of the entitlement. The chief minister has then thought it is ok to give the member a fully equipped four wheel and a fuel card which can be viewed as reward for bad behaviour," responded independent Speaker Kezia Purick.
"The member was not entitled to the vehicle and again, the government has undertaken an action under cover without transparency and honesty... what else has the chief minister approved for CLP member that are not an entitlement?"
Ms Lee was elected in 2012 as a member of the Country Liberals government but walked out in 2014 and is now an independent, although this year she has been voting to prop up the minority government.
Both Ms Lee and the CLP have repeatedly denied that any deal was made to secure her vote.
The MLA has had a colourful first term in government: she has been implicated in misuse of her parliamentary fuel card, in causing a Darwin hotel room fire while heating up a loaf of garlic bread, and in 2014 was convicted of assaulting her teenaged niece in the street in Katherine after discovering she had been having an affair with her partner.
Property News: Take a look inside the world's best van renovations - domain.com.au
Newsagent uses karate against wannabe thieves


text:
FAO study profiles benefits of school feeding programmes linked to family farms
Study in 8 Latin American countries explores challenges, achievements, and lessons learned
23 August 2013, Brasilia/Rome - A study undertaken by FAO in Bolivia, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Peru showcases the contributions that school feeding programmes are making to strengthening children's social protection, food security and nutritional status.
The study, A Panorama of School Feeding and the Possibilities for Direct Purchases from Family Farming - Case Studies in Eight Countries (Spanish only), indicates that these programmes both promote school attendance and bolster the learning process.
Additionally, all countries studied showed interest in sourcing food for school programs from family farmers as a way to foster local development.
"This is a triple-win approach: it secures quality food for students of public schools, promotes consumption of fresh and healthy food, and opens new markets and the possibility of higher incomes for family farmers while boosting local development," said FAO Director-General, José Graziano da Silva.
All told, the various programs profiled by the regional study include 18 million students of different ages and educational levels, with a combined budget of approximately $940 million, representing an annual net investment of $25 per student. Funding is primarily destined for the purchase and distribution of food.
Growing political commitment
The commitment of governments in the region to school feeding programmes has grown, the study finds. Almost all countries examined have expressed interest in implementing a policy of direct purchases from small producers to supply their school feeding programs.
However, FAO also notes that legal and regulatory frameworks are required to facilitate the integration of small producers into government supply networks..
"The study shows that tackling the challenges of school feeding programs requires the involvement of various actors, including governments, parliamentarians, international organizations, private sector, the educational community and civil society," said Najla Veloso, coordinator of FAO's regional work in this area.
Brazil-FAO Programme
The study on school feeding programmes was supported by the Brazil-FAO International Cooperation Programme, which is engaged in a series of activities aimed at helping countries achieve various Millennium Development Goals.
Brazil's experience with school feeding programmes has a 50 year history. By 2012, its national feeding program reached nearly 45 million students.
"The Brazilian government is ready to contribute to the development and improvement of school feeding programmes not only in Latin America, but also in Africa," said Albaneide Peixinho, general coordinator of Brazil's School Feeding National Programme.
Given the advances shown by school feeding programmes highlighted in the regional study, FAO and the government of Brazil are stressing the need to translate the political commitment shown by countries into concrete school feeding policies and institutions, to guarantee the quality and nutritional value of food in schools.
This news release was originally issued on 22 August from FAO's regional office in Santiago, Chile.
School children in Honduras queuing up for lunch.
A Panorama of School Feeding and the Possibilities for Direct Purchases from Family Farming – Case Studies in Eight Countries
FAO's regional office for Latin America and the Caribbean
Brazil-FAO International Cooperation Programme
Highlights from the study
The great majority of programmes examined do not cover teen or adult students.
Students receive food 150 days per year, on average.
The combined budget devoted for these programs in the countries studied reached $940 million (2011-2012).
Costs primarily involve food purchase, storage, and distribution
FAO's study found a general need to improve infrastructure, build capacity in the involved institutions, and improve monitoring and evaluation.
Media Relations, FAO (Santiago, Chile)
(+56) (2) 2 923 2174


text:
Q: npm breaks after updating nodejs to 0.10 I am on 12.04LTS. I updated my system today and in that process nodejs got updated. Now my npm has stopped working. For e.g:
$ npm install express
npm http GET https://registry.npmjs.org/express
npm http 200 https://registry.npmjs.org/express
npm http GET https://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-3.1.0.tgz
npm http 200 https://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-3.1.0.tgz
npm ERR! cb() never called!
npm ERR! not ok code 0

Is anyone facing the same issue and knows a fix for this ?

A: Are you using Chris Lea's PPA? This might be helpful: https://chrislea.com/2013/03/15/upgrading-from-node-js-0-8-x-to-0-10-0-from-my-ppa/

Also to note is that the nodejs-dev and npm packages don't exist anymore. The new nodejs package contains everything that these separate packages used to, because npm needs all the development files, and you're not really using node these days if you're not using npm. So we figured we'd just simplify things with the single package.
The upgrade will uninstall the previous versions, but apt can be a bit obstinate about doing this. Instead of the usual

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

you will probably instead want to do something like

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get -y dist-upgrade

A: What you're seeing is an bug occuring in certain combinations of node 0.10 and npm versions before 1.2.15.
As Todd points out, the nodejs Ubuntu package as of 0.10 includes npm. However, since you previously installed npm the "old" way i.e. like any other globally installed npm package, the old version (that exhibits the bug) is still picked up from your $PATH after the upgrade.
Use which npm to find out whether you get the package installed one from /usr/bin/npm. If you're still getting the "old" one, remove it (it's only a symlink) and you'll get the "new" version from the Ubuntu package.

A: Okay. the issue can be resolved by deleting the .npm and .node-gyp directories from the home folder and then reinstalling nodejs again. I am not sure if this is fullproof but it worked for me :)

A: This worked for me. Uninstall npm. Upgrade your install of nodejs.
apt-get remove npm
apt-get install nodejs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{Introduction}

A number of recent papers \cite{CER,ELR,LaRo,LaRo2} have concerned
zeros of functions
\begin{equation}
f(z) = \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{a_k}{z - z_k} ,
\label{1}
\end{equation}
and in particular the following conjecture \cite{CER}.

\begin{conj}[\cite{CER}]\label{conj1}
Let $f$ be given by $(\ref{1})$, where $a_k > 0$ and
\begin{equation}
z_k  \in \mathbb C ,
\quad \lim_{k \to \infty } z_k = \infty , \quad \sum_{z_k \neq 0}
\left| \frac{a_k}{z_k} \right| < \infty .
\label{2}
\end{equation}
Then $f$ has infinitely many zeros in $\mathbb C$.
\end{conj}

The assumptions of Conjecture \ref{conj1}
imply that $f$ is meromorphic in the plane
and, assuming that all $z_k$ are non-zero, $f(z)$ is the complex conjugate
of the gradient of the associated subharmonic potential
$u(z) = \sum_{k=1}^\infty a_k \log | 1 - z/z_k | $.
Moreover,
Conjecture \ref{conj1} has a physical interpretation in terms of the
existence of equilibrium points of the electrostatic field arising
from a system of infinite wires,
each carrying a charge density $a_k$ and perpendicular
to the complex plane at $z_k$ \cite[p.10]{Kellogg}.
Conjecture \ref{conj1} is known to be true
when $\sum_{|z_k| \leq r} a_k = o( \sqrt{r} )$
as $r \to \infty $ \cite[Theorem 2.10]{CER}
(see also \cite[p.327]{GO}), and when
$\inf \{ a_k \} > 0$ \cite{ELR} (see also \cite{LaRo}).

An analogue of Conjecture \ref{conj1} for a disc
was advanced
in \cite[Conjecture 2]{borcea}.

\begin{conj}[\cite{borcea}]\label{conj2}
Let $0 < \rho < \infty $ and $\theta \in \mathbb R$.
Let $f$ be given by $(\ref{1})$, where
\begin{equation}
z_k  \in \mathbb C ,  \quad |z_k| < \rho, \quad
\quad \lim_{k \to \infty } z_k = \rho e^{i \theta},
\quad a_k > 0, \quad \sum_{k=1}^\infty
a_k  < \infty .
\label{4}
\end{equation}
Then $f$ has infinitely many zeros in $|z| < \rho $.
\end{conj}
If $f$ satisfies the assumptions of Conjecture \ref{conj2}
then $\overline{f} = \nabla u$ in $|z| < \rho$, where
$u(z) = \sum_{k=1}^\infty a_k \log | z - z_k |$.
Obviously there is no loss of generality in assuming that $\rho = 1$
and $\theta = 0$
in Conjecture \ref{conj2}. Writing
\begin{equation}
w = \frac1{1-z} , \quad  w_k = \frac1{1 - z_k} , \quad f(z) = w F(w) ,
\label{5}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\quad F(w) = \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{a_k w_k}{ w - w_k} ,
\label{6}
\end{equation}
it is easy to verify that Conjecture \ref{conj2} is equivalent to
the following.
\begin{conj}\label{conj3}
Let $F$ be given by $(\ref{6})$, where
\begin{equation}
w_k  \in \mathbb C ,  \quad {\rm Re \,} w_k > \frac12 ,  \quad
\quad \lim_{k \to \infty } w_k = \infty , \quad a_k > 0,
\quad \sum_{k=1}^\infty
a_k  < \infty .
\label{7}
\end{equation}
Then $F$ has infinitely many zeros in ${\rm Re \,} w > 1/2$.
\end{conj}
With the assumptions (\ref{7}), the function $F(w)$ in (\ref{6})
is evidently meromorphic in the plane. In \S\ref{example} an
example satisfying (\ref{6}) and (\ref{7}) will be constructed,
such that $F(w)$ has no zeros in $\mathbb C$. Thus Conjectures \ref{conj2}
and \ref{conj3} are
false, and there is no direct analogue of Conjecture \ref{conj1}
for the unit disc.

On the other hand the following theorem shows
in particular that
if the $z_k$ converge to $\rho e^{i \theta} $ sufficiently rapidly,
and if all but finitely many $z_k$ lie in a sufficiently small Stolz angle,
then the conclusion of Conjecture \ref{conj2} does hold.
It is convenient to state and prove the result when the $z_k$ lie in a
convex domain $D$ and the boundary point
$\rho e^{i \theta} $ is $1$. There then exists
(see \S\ref{pfthm1}) an open half-plane $H$ such that $D \subseteq H$ and
$1$ lies on the boundary
$\partial H$, and there is no loss of generality in assuming
that $H$ is the half-plane ${\rm Re \, } z < 1$.

\begin{thm}\label{thm1}
Let $D \subseteq \{ z \in \mathbb C : {\rm Re \, } z < 1 \}$ be a convex
domain such that $1 \in \partial D$. Let $f$ be given by $(\ref{1})$, where
\begin{equation}
z_k  \in D , \quad a_k > 0, \quad \sum_{k=1}^\infty
a_k  < \infty .
\label{4'}
\end{equation}
Assume that $1 $ is a
limit point of the set $\{ z_k : k \in \mathbb N \}$, and
that there exist real numbers
$\varepsilon > 0$ and $ \lambda  \geq 0$ such that
\begin{equation}
\sum_{| 1 - z_k| \leq \varepsilon} | 1 - z_k|^\tau < \infty
\quad \hbox{for all} \quad \tau >  \lambda ,
\label{4''}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\sup \{ | \arg ( 1 - z_k ) | : k \in \mathbb N , \, | 1 - z_k| \leq \varepsilon \}
< C ( \lambda   ) =
\frac{\pi }{2 \lambda }  .
\label{4'''}
\end{equation}
Then there exists a sequence $(\eta_j)$ of zeros of
$f$ satisfying $\eta_j \in D, \lim_{j \to \infty} \eta_j = 1$.
\end{thm}
Note that (\ref{4''})
implies that $\{ z_k : k \in \mathbb N \}$ has no limit points $z$ in the
punctured disc $A$ given by
$0 < | 1 - z | < \varepsilon $, and that $f$ is meromorphic on $A$.
Moreover, (\ref{4'''}) is obviously satisfied if $\lambda < 1$.

\section{A counterexample to Conjecture \ref{conj3}}\label{example}

Let
\begin{equation}
g(w) = \frac1{w(w-2) ( e^{w-1} + 1 ) } .
\label{8}
\end{equation}
Then $g$ has no zeros, but has simple poles at $0$, $2$ and
\begin{equation}
u_k = 1 + (2k+1) \pi i , \quad k \in \mathbb Z .
\label{9}
\end{equation}
Straightforward computations give
\begin{equation}
{\rm Res \, } (g, 0) = \frac{-1}{2(e^{-1} + 1)} = -a , \quad
{\rm Res \, } (g, 2) = \frac{1}{2(e + 1)} = b ,
\label{10}
\end{equation}
and, using (\ref{9}),
\begin{equation}
{\rm Res \, } (g, u_k) = \frac{-1}{u_k(u_k-2)} =
\frac{-1}{(u_k - 1)^2 - 1}
= \frac1{ (2k+1)^2 \pi^2 + 1} = c_k .
\label{12}
\end{equation}
Then $b$ and the $c_k$ evidently satisfy
\begin{equation}
b > 0, \quad c_k > 0, \quad \sum_{k \in \mathbb Z} c_k < \infty .
\label{13}
\end{equation}
Next, let
\begin{equation}
h(w) = - \frac{a}{w} + \frac{b}{w - 2}  +
\sum_{k \in \mathbb Z} \frac{c_k}{w - u_k} , \quad
L(w) = h(w) - g(w) .
\label{14}
\end{equation}
By (\ref{8}), (\ref{9}), (\ref{10}), (\ref{12}) and
(\ref{13}) the function $h(w)$ is meromorphic in the plane,
and $L(w)$ is an entire function.

Let $m$ be a large positive integer, let $R = 4 m \pi $, and use $c$
to denote positive constants independent of $m$. Then
simple estimates give
\begin{equation}
|g(w)| \leq \frac{c}{R^2}
\quad \hbox{for} \quad |w - 1| = R
\label{15}
\end{equation}
and, as $m \to \infty$,
\begin{equation}
|h(w)| \leq  \frac{c}{R}
+ c \sum_{k \in \mathbb Z , |k| \geq m } c_k
+ c \sum_{k \in \mathbb Z , |k| <  m } \frac{c_k}{R} = o(1)
\quad \hbox{for} \quad |w - 1 | = R .
\label{16}
\end{equation}
Combining (\ref{15}) and (\ref{16}) shows that $L(w) \equiv 0$ in
(\ref{14}), so that $h = g$ has no zeros, and applying
the residue theorem in conjunction with (\ref{15}) now gives
\begin{equation}
a =  b + \sum_{k \in \mathbb Z} c_k .
\label{17}
\end{equation}
Hence $h(w)$ may be expressed using (\ref{17}) in the form
\begin{eqnarray}
h(w) &=&
b \left( \frac1{w-2} - \frac1w \right) +
\sum_{k \in \mathbb Z} c_k \left( \frac1{w - u_k} - \frac1w \right)
\nonumber \\
&=& \frac1w \left( \frac{2b}{w - 2} +
\sum_{k \in \mathbb Z} \frac{c_k u_k }{w - u_k} \right) .
\label{18}
\end{eqnarray}
By (\ref{9}), (\ref{13}) and (\ref{18}) the function $F(w) =
wh(w)$ may be written in the
form
\begin{equation}
F(w)  = \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{d_k v_k}{w - v_k},
\quad {\rm Re \, } v_k \geq 1, \quad
v_k \to \infty, \quad d_k > 0, \quad \sum_{k=1}^\infty d_k < \infty .
\label{18'}
\end{equation}
Here $F$ evidently satisfies the requirements of
(\ref{6}) and (\ref{7}), but $F$ has no zeros in $\mathbb C$,
since $h$ has no zeros and $h(0) = \infty$.
\\\\
{\em Remark.} It is conjectured further in \cite[Conjecture 6]
{borcea} that if $f$ satisfies
(\ref{1}) and (\ref{2}) with $a_k \overline{z}_k > 0$ for each $k$
then $f$ has infinitely many zeros in $\mathbb C$. The example (\ref{18'}),
with $a_k = d_k v_k$ and $a_k \overline{v}_k = d_k |v_k|^2 > 0$,
shows that this conjecture is also false.

\section{An auxiliary result needed for Theorem \ref{thm1}}

The proof of Theorem \ref{thm1} rests upon the following proposition,
which
concerns
functions in the plane of the form (\ref{6}), and uses standard notation
from \cite[p.42]{Hay2}.

\begin{prop}\label{prop1}
Let $0 < \sigma \leq 1$.
Let $F$ be given by
$(\ref{6})$, where
\begin{equation}
w_k  \in \mathbb C ,  \quad {\rm Re \,} w_k > 0 ,  \quad
\quad a_k > 0,
\quad \sum_{k=1}^\infty
a_k  < \infty .
\label{7'}
\end{equation}
Assume that the set $\{ w_k : k \in \mathbb N \} $ is unbounded and that
there exist real numbers $R > 0$ and
$\lambda \geq 0$ such that
\begin{equation}
\sum_{|w_k| \geq R} |w_k|^{- \tau } < \infty
\quad \hbox{for all} \quad \tau > \lambda ,
\label{7''}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
s = \sup \{ | \arg w_k | : k \in \mathbb N , \, |w_k| \geq R \} <
C ( \lambda , \sigma ) =
\frac{2}{\lambda } \arcsin \sqrt{ \frac{\sigma}{2} } .
\label{t1}
\end{equation}
Then there exists a transcendental
meromorphic function $G$ with
\begin{equation}
F(w) = G(w)(1 + o(1)) \quad \hbox{as} \quad w \to \infty ,
\label{t0}
\end{equation}
and the Nevanlinna deficiency
$\delta (0, G)$ of the zeros of $G$ satisfies
$\delta (0, G) < \sigma $. In particular, $F(w)$ has a sequence of
zeros tending to infinity.
\end{prop}

The zero-free example of (\ref{18'}) has $\lambda = 1$ and
$\delta (0, F) = \sigma = 1$, and all
its poles lie in ${\rm Re \, } w \geq 1$, so that
Proposition \ref{prop1} is essentially sharp.

To prove Proposition \ref{prop1},
assume that $F$ is as in the statement of Proposition \ref{prop1}.
It follows from (\ref{7''}) that the set $\{ w_k : k \in \mathbb N \}$
has no limit points $w$ with $R < |w| < \infty $. In particular,
$F$ is meromorphic in the region $2R \leq |w| <
\infty$ with an essential singularity at infinity. The existence
of a transcendental meromorphic function $G$ satisfying (\ref{t0})
then follows from a result of Valiron \cite[p.15]{Valiron}
(see also \cite[p.89]{Bie}). In particular, $G$ is constructed
\cite{Valiron} so that
$F$ and $G$ have the same
poles and zeros in $|w| \geq 2R$. If $|w| \geq 4R$ then (\ref{7'}) gives
$$
|F(w)| \leq |F_1(w)| + O(1), \quad
F_1(w) =  \sum_{|w_k| \geq 2R} \frac{a_k w_k}{ w - w_k} ,
$$
so that
$$
m(r, G) \leq m(r, F_1) + O(1) = O(1)
$$
as $r \to \infty$, by \cite[p.327]{GO}.
Since the poles $w_k$ of $G$ have exponent of
convergence at most $\lambda$ by (\ref{7''}), it follows that $G$ has
lower order $\mu \leq \lambda$.

Choose $s_0, s_1, s_2$ with
\begin{equation}
s < s_0  < s_1 < s_2 <  \min \{ \pi ,  C( \lambda , \sigma ) \} ,
\label{sj}
\end{equation}
where $s$ is as in (\ref{t1}) and satisfies $s \leq \pi /2 $ by
(\ref{7'}).
The proof of Proposition \ref{prop1}
requires the following two lemmas.

\begin{lem}\label{lem0}
The function $F$ satisfies
$\liminf_{r \in \mathbb R, r \to + \infty } r |F(-r)| > 0 $.
\end{lem}

\begin{proof}
Let $r > 0$ and write $w_k = u_k + i v_k$ with $u_k$ and
$v_k$ real.
Let
$$
p_k (r) = {\rm Re \, } \left( \frac{w_k}{r + w_k} \right) =
\frac{ u_k (r + u_k ) + v_k^2 }{ (r + u_k)^2 + v_k^2 } .
$$
Then (\ref{7'}) gives $p_k (r) > 0$ and there exists $d > 0$ such that
$p_1(r) > d/r$ as $r \to \infty$. Hence, again as $r \to \infty$,
$$
r |F(-r)|  \geq - r {\rm Re \,}  F(-r)
= r \sum_{k=1}^\infty a_k p_k (r) \geq r a_1 p_1 (r) > a_1 d .
$$
\end{proof}
\begin{lem}\label{lem1}
There exists $M_1 > 0$ such that $|F(w)| \leq M_1$
for all large $w$ lying outside the region
$| \arg w | < s_0 $.
\end{lem}

\begin{proof}
This follows from (\ref{7'}), (\ref{t1}) and (\ref{sj}), since there exists
a positive constant $M_2 $ such that
$|w - w_k| \geq M_2 |w_k| $ for all such $w$ and all $k \in \mathbb N$.
\end{proof}

The proof of Proposition \ref{prop1} may now be completed using
Lemmas \ref{lem0} and \ref{lem1}.
Assume that
$\delta (0, G) \geq \sigma$. Then
Baernstein's
spread theorem \cite{baernstein} gives
a sequence $r_m \to \infty$
and, for each $m$, a subset $I_m$ of the circle $|w| = r_m $, of
angular measure at least
$$
\min \left\{ 2 \pi ,
\frac{4}{\mu} \arcsin \sqrt{ \frac{\sigma}{2} }  \right\} - o(1) \geq
\min \{ 2 \pi , 2 C( \lambda , \sigma  ) \}   - o(1) \geq 2 s_2 ,
$$
using (\ref{t1}) and (\ref{sj}), and such that
\begin{equation}
\lim_{m \to \infty }
\frac{ \max \{ \log | G(w) | : \quad w  \in I_m \} }{ \log r_m } = - \infty.
\label{t2}
\end{equation}
Let $m$ be large, and consider the
function $v(w) = \log |F(w)|$, which is subharmonic on the domain
$$
\Omega = \{ w \in \mathbb C : r_m /4 < |w| < r_m,
s_0 < \arg w < 2 \pi - s_0 \} .
$$
Then $v$ is bounded above on $\Omega$, by Lemma
\ref{lem1}. But the intersection $J_m$ of $I_m$ with
the arc $\{ w \in \mathbb C : |w| = r_m, s_1 < \arg z < 2 \pi - s_1 \}$ has
angular measure at least $2( s_2 - s_1 )$, so that
standard estimates for the harmonic measure
of $J_m$ at $- r_m /2$ now give
\begin{equation}
\omega (-r_m /2, J_m, \Omega ) \geq M_3 > 0,
\label{t3}
\end{equation}
where $M_3$ is independent of $m$. Since (\ref{t0}) implies that
(\ref{t2}) holds with $G$ replaced by $F$,
combining Lemma \ref{lem1}
with (\ref{t3})
and the two-constants theorem \cite[p.42]{Nev} leads to
\begin{equation}
r_m F( - r_m /2 )  \to 0 \quad \hbox{as}  \quad m \to \infty .
\label{t4}
\end{equation}
But (\ref{t4}) contradicts Lemma \ref{lem0}, and this completes the
proof of Proposition \ref{prop1}.

\section{Proof of Theorem \ref{thm1}}\label{pfthm1}
Assume that $f$ and $D$
satisfy the hypotheses of Theorem \ref{thm1}.
Define $F$ using the transformations (\ref{5}) and (\ref{6}).
Then $F$ satisfies
the hypotheses of Proposition \ref{prop1} with $R = 1/\varepsilon$
and $\sigma = 1$.
Thus $F$ has a sequence of zeros tending to infinity, and so $f$
has a sequence $(\eta_j)$ of zeros with
$\lim_{j \to \infty} \eta_j = 1$.

It remains only to show that such a sequence $(\eta_j)$ exists with, in
addition, $\eta_j \in D$, and this is done by a
standard argument of Gauss-Lucas type.
Let $\eta = \eta_j$ with $j$ large, and assume that $\eta \not \in D$.
Since $D$ is convex
the supremum and infimum of $\arg (z - \eta)$ on $D$ differ by at most $\pi$.
Hence there exist an open half-plane $H$, with $D \subseteq H$ and
$\eta \in \partial H$, and a linear transformation $u = T(z) =  ( z - \eta )/a$
mapping $H$ onto ${\rm Re \, u} > 0$. Writing $u_k = T(z_k)$ then gives
$$
0 = {\rm Re \, } (a f(\eta )) = - {\rm Re \, }
\left( \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{a_k}{ u_k} \right) < 0 .
$$
This contradiction completes the proof of Theorem \ref{thm1}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Pressure is applied to the rim barrel and specially designated hydraulic rollers are used to stretch the wheel by applying pressure to the rim barrel.
The wheels properties are compressed and stretched to achieve the desired width.


text:
**Table of Contents**  *generated with [DocToc](http://doctoc.herokuapp.com/)*

- [cocos2d-x v3.2 Release Notes](#user-content-cocos2d-x-v32-release-notes)
- [Misc Information](#user-content-misc-information)
- [Requirements](#user-content-requirements)
	- [Runtime Requirements](#user-content-runtime-requirements)
	- [Compiler Requirements](#user-content-compiler-requirements)
	- [How to run tests](#user-content-how-to-run-tests)
		- [Mac OSX & iOS](#user-content-mac-osx--ios)
		- [Android](#user-content-android)
		- [Windows](#user-content-windows)
		- [Linux](#user-content-linux)
	- [How to start a new game](#user-content-how-to-start-a-new-game)
- [Highlights of v3.2](#user-content-highlights-of-v32)
- [Documents](#user-content-documents)
- [Toolchain requirement changed](#user-content-toolchain-requirement-changed)
- [atof issue on Android](#user-content-atof-issue-on-android)
- [Features in detail](#user-content-features-in-detail)
	- [Sprite3D & Animation3D](#user-content-sprite3d--animation3d)
		- [fbx-conv usage](#user-content-fbx-conv-usage)
	- [Game controller](#user-content-game-controller)
	- [Fast tilemap](#user-content-fast-tilemap)
	- [Node::enumerateChildren](#user-content-nodeenumeratechildren)
	- [utils::findChildren](#user-content-utilsfindchildren)
	- [Node::setNormalizedPosition](#user-content-nodesetnormalizedposition)

# Misc Information

* Download: http://cdn.cocos2d-x.org/cocos2d-x-3.2.zip
* Full Changelog: https://github.com/cocos2d/cocos2d-x/blob/cocos2d-x-3.2/CHANGELOG
* API Reference: http://www.cocos2d-x.org/reference/native-cpp/V3.2/index.html
* v3.0 Release Notes can be found here: [v3.0 Release Notes](https://github.com/cocos2d/cocos2d-x/blob/cocos2d-x-3.0/docs/RELEASE_NOTES.md)

# Requirements

## Runtime Requirements

* Android 2.3 or newer
* iOS 5.0 or newer
* OS X 10.7 or newer
* Windows 7 or newer
* Windows Phone 8 or newer
* Linux Ubuntu 14.04 or newer
* ~~Browsers via Emscripten~~ N/A for the moment

## Compiler Requirements

* Xcode 5.1 or newer for iOS or Mac
* gcc 4.9 or newer for Linux
* ndk-r9d or newer for Android
* Visual Studio 2012  or newer for Windows (win32)
* Visual Studio 2012  or newer for Windows Phone 8

## How to run tests

### Mac OSX & iOS

* Enter `cocos2d-x/build` folder, open `cocos2d_test.xcodeproj`
* Select `iOS` or `OS X` target in scheme toolbar
* Click `run` button

### Android

You can run the samples...

**Using command line:**

    $ cd cocos2d-x
    $ ./setup.py
    $ cd build
    $ ./android-build.py cpp-empty-test -p 10
    $ adb install cocos2d-x/tests/cpp-empty-test/proj.android/bin/CppEmptyTest-debug.apk

Then click item on Android device to run tests. Available value of `-p` is the API level, cocos2d-x supports from level 10.

**Using Eclipse:**

    $ cd cocos2d-x
    $ ./setup.py
    $ cd build
    $ ./android-build.py cpp-empty-test -p 10

Then

* Import cocos2d-x Android project into Eclipse, the path used to import is `cocos/2d/platform/android`
* Import `cpp-empty-test` Android project into Eclipse, the path used to import is `tests/cpp-empty-test/proj.android`
* Build `cpp-empty-test` Android project and run

### Windows

* Enter `cocos2d-x/build`, and open `cocos2d-win32.vs2012.sln`
* Select `cpp-empty-test` as running target
* Click run button

### Linux

    $ cd cocos2d-x/build
    $ ./install-deps-linux.sh
    $ cd ../..

Then

    $ mkdir build
    $ cd build
    $ cmake ../cocos2d-x
    $ make -j4

Run

    $ cd bin/cpp-empty-test
    $ ./cpp-empty-test

## How to start a new game

Please refer to this document: [ReadMe](../README.md)

# Highlights of v3.2

* `Animation3D`/`Animate3D`, new nodes for 3d animation
* `fbx-conv` supports generating binary format which is supported by `Sprite3D`
* Game controller support
* Fast tilemap support
* Added `utils::cpatureScreen` to take screenshot
* Physics body supports scale and rotation
* Added `Node::enumerateChildren` and `utils::findChildren`, and support c++ 11 regular expression
* Added `Node::setNormalizedPosition`, `Node`'s position in pixel will be calculated according its parent's content size

# Documents

* [Sprite3D & Animation3D](http://cocos2d-x.org/wiki/Sprite3D)
* [Game controller](http://www.cocos2d-x.org/wiki/Game_Controller)
* [How to compile shader on WP8](http://cocos2d-x.org/wiki/How_to_update_wp8_shader)

# Toolchain requirement changed

`Node::enumerateChildren()` uses `std::regex` which will cause crash using gcc v4.8 or lower version.
Because `OTHER_LDFLAGS` can not work in Xcode6 beta3. So we used fat library(including 64-bit libaries) on iOS. But Xcode 5.0 or lower version has building problem by this way.

So

* NDK r9d or newer version is required for Android building
* gcc 4.9 is required for linux building
* Xcode 5.1 or newer is required on iOS

# atof issue on Android

We found a bug of `atof` on Android when using libc++. The bug is that, the return value of `atof` may be `-inf` when passing some valid digit string.

For example

```c++
atof("90.099998474121094"); // -> return value is -inf
```

We have reported it to google guys, and they confirmed that it is a bug. In order to work around this issue, we added `utils::atof()`.

The corresponding pull request for this issue is [here](https://github.com/cocos2d/cocos2d-x/pull/7440). You can refer to this pull request for demail information.

# Features in detail

## Sprite3D & Animation3D

Sample code to use binary version
```c++
auto sprite3d = Sprite3D::create("filename.c3b");
addChild(sprite3d);

auto animation3d = Animation3D("filename.c3b");
auto animate3d = Animate3D::create(animation3d);
sprite3d->runAction(RepeatForEver::create(animate));
```

Detail information please refer to [Sprite3D & Animation3D](http://cocos2d-x.org/wiki/Sprite3D).

### `fbx-conv` usage

* Mac OS X

```
$ cd COCOS2DX_ROOT/tools/fbx-conv/mac
$ ./fbx-conv [-a|-b|-t] FBXFile
```

* Windows

```
cd COCOS2DX_ROOT/tools/fbx-conv/windows
fbx-conv [-a|-b|-t] FBXFile
```

Options:

* -a: export both text and binary format
* -b: export binary format
* -t: export text format

## Game controller

Supported controller type:

* Android standard controllers
* Amazon tv
* OUYA
* Moga
* Nibiru
* iOS standard controllers

Sample codes
```c++
// register event listener
auto listener = EventListenerController::create();
listner->onKeyDown = ...
...
eventDispatcher->addEventListenerWithSceneGraphPriority(listener, this);

// start connecting controller
Controller::startDiscoveryController();

// handler key down/ key up event
void GameControllerTest::onKeyDown(Controller *controller, int keyCode, Event *event)
{
    switch (keyCode)
    {
        case Controller::Key::BUTTON_A:
        ...
        break;

        ...
    }
}
```

Detail information please refer to [Game controller](http://www.cocos2d-x.org/wiki/Game_Controller).

## Fast tilemap

Fast tilemap has the same API as `TMXTiledMap` without deprecated functions.

Sample code
```c++
auto tilemap = cocos2d::experimental::TMXTiledMap::create("MyFile.tmx");
addChild(tilemap);
```

Full demo please refer to `COCOS2DX_ROOT/tests/cpp-tests/Classes/TileMapTest/TileMapTest2.cpp`.

## Node::enumerateChildren

This functions is used to enumerate children of a `Node`. It supports c++ 11 regular expression.

```c++
// Find nodes whose name is 'nameToFind' and end with digits.
node->enumerateChildren("nameToFind[[:digit:]]+", [](Node* node) -> bool {
    ...
    return false; // return true to stop at first match
});

// Find nodes whose name is 'nameToFind' and end with digits recursively.
node->enumerateChildren("nameToFind[[:digit:]]+", [](Node* node) -> bool {
    ...
    return false; // return true to stop at first match
});
```

Full test please refer to `NodeNameTest` in `COCOS2DX_ROOT/tests/cpp-tests/NodeTest/NodeTest.cpp`.

Because this function uses `std::regex` which is not supported well in gcc 4.8 or lower version. So we use `clang` and `stdc++` instead for Android building. This lead to the result that `NDK r9d` or newer is required. And `gcc 4.9` is required on linux.

## utils::findChildren

This is a helper function to find children of a `Node` share a name. The implementation of this function bases on `Node::enumerateChildren`.

```c++
auto children = utils::findChildren(node, "nameToFind");

...
```

## Node::setNormalizedPosition

Can use this function to set Node's position(x,y) using value between 0 and 1. `Can use this function when it has a parent node.` The positions in pixels is calculated like the following:

```c++
// pseudo code
void setNormalizedPosition(Vec2 pos)
{
    Size s = getParent()->getContentSize();
    _position = pos * s;
}
```

Full test please refer to `NodeNormalizedPositionTest1/2` in `tests/cpp-tests/Classes/NodeTest/NodeTest.cpp`.


During the first stage of the IVF process, Dr. Douglas will cause the ovary to produce many quality eggs (see understanding ovulation). Generating multiple eggs gives the lab more material to work with and creates a greater chance for a successful cycle. If the couple has multiple eggs during a cycle, this can also allow for the freezing, or cryopreservation, of embryos for use in later frozen embryo cycles.
At IVF Plano, we use different fertility medication combinations to achieve oocyte growth.
Dr. Douglas determines these medication combinations, or protocols, based on your individual medical history and your response to the various fertility medications used in a typical cycle. Because the chances of a successful embryo implantation in the uterus are greater when several eggs are collected, fertility medications promote the simultaneous maturation of multiple eggs for collection. Patients usually take fertility medications for seven to twelve days, with state-of-the-art ultrasounds and hormone testing used to monitor the woman's progress.
During the first step, Dr Douglas will prescribe a pack of birth control pills (OCP), which may seem strange to couples who want to get pregnant. The birth control pills contain estrogen and progesterone, which shut off the ovary. This will help to synchronize the eggs so that more will mature at the same rate. When patients finish the BCP pack, they usually have a period. This period signals to Dr. Douglas that your body is ready for stimulation of the ovaries.
To stimulate the ovaries to produce many eggs, Dr Douglas will need to "turn off" the body's normal hormone production. At this point, most patients will receive an injectable medication, Lupron (leuprolide acetate). Lupron functions by preventing the pituitary gland from releasing Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
A release or surge of the LH hormone would cause ovulation to occur prior to the egg collection and result in cancellation of the cycle. Once the body is synchronized, Dr Douglas can begin the stimulation process.
We utilize several different medication protocols to cause egg development in women, including the use of injectable gonadotropins, to stimulate the ovaries and produce multiple oocytes.
Medications such as Gonal-F, Follistim, Bravelle, and Menopur contain follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH, which naturally occurs in a woman's body, causes the follicles in the ovary to begin to make oocytes every month. Follicles are fluid-filled sacs located on the ovaries; the immature egg (oocyte) is attached to the inner wall of the follicle. As the egg becomes more mature, the follicle becomes larger. In a normal month, when the woman's body regulates the cycle, secreted hormones will cause several follicles to grow, but only one follicle will mature to ovulation. In IVF cycles, Dr Douglas controls the growth of the follicles, causing multiple follicles to grow and produce many mature eggs.


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More people are looking at getting into better shape at this time. Because of this more people are starting to exercise and eat better. One of the top programs that people of all ages can do at this time is the Zumba video workout.
Dance studios, gyms, and homes are all places that this type of aerobic routine inspired by dance can be completed. Users of this program will have fun while burning many calories. They do that by working out dancing to music that is Latin based. Because someone can have so much fun with this routine they may not even think about it as exercise, instead they will look at it as something fun to do.
In the 1990s Alberto "Beto" Perez was a fitness instructor in Cali, Colombia. He created this type of a routine because one day he forgot the music for the aerobics class he was going to instruct. So instead of continuing on without music, he played a salsa and merengue mix tape that he had in his backpack at that time. His students enjoyed the class a great deal and he continued to toy with the idea of creating something different.
Perez got together with two other entrepreneurs in 2001. The three of them came up with the Zumba name and decided to market it to the mainstream at that time. The cardio dance routine was first made into a DVD then filmed as an infomercial to market.
Someone doing Zumba will have six different routines to choose from. The routines are the base program, Toning, Gold, Zumbatomic, Aqua, and a circuit. Someone could choose any of these different routines to do based upon what their goals are, all of them still utilize the same upbeat music and calorie burning dance moves.
Someone can do these programs in a studio, at a gym, or at home. At the gym or in the studio the fitness instructors have been taught the proper techniques by attending the Zumba Academy and receiving a license to lead the class. The participants of this program number in the millions around the world.
The Zumba video workout is something that anyone looking for a fun-filled aerobic class inspired by dance should do. They can do it at a gym, studio, or home depending on what their schedule has available to them and what their preference is. As always, anyone starting a new exercise routine should consult with their physician to ensure there is no health risks involved. If you're looking to lose weight and get toned at home then, you'll want to try their latest product the Zumba fitness exhilarate DVD collection. It's their finest product.


Lydia Valderrama, MD, FACOG, obstetrician and gynecologist with Long Island Women's Health Care Group holds a newborn infant in her arms. Thirty years ago, she held this little girl's mother in the same way.
At Long Island Women's Health Care Group, that's not such an unusual picture. A long-standing member of the community, the practice is home to many such mother-child dyads.
In the modern United States, health care is often fragmented. The OB/GYN physicians at Long Island Women's are bucking that trend.
Lydia Valderrama, MD, FACOG, consults with a patient.
With offices in Mineola, Syosset and New Hyde Park, Long Island Women's offers convenient access to obstetric and gynecologic care throughout the community. An affiliation with Winthrop-University Hospital and long-standing referral relationships with other specialists in the community provide patients access to care for the most complex problems.
Dr. Valderrama's consults often embrace general health guidance and incorporate counseling regarding nutrition, smoking and seatbelt use when appropriate. Physicians at Long Island Women's also provide relevant vaccinations, including those against human papillomavirus (HPV) and meningitis.
For pregnancy prevention, Long Island Women's offers oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices and the NuvaRing. In addition, patients also receive the best in screenings and treatment for gynecological problems. Regular Pap smears and HPV testing can help identify pre-cancerous cells, as well as cervical cancer.
Gary M. Levine, MD, FACOG, FACS, reviews a patient's record.
If women require more extensive procedures, including laparoscopic and robotic surgery, Long Island Women's physicians perform surgery at Winthrop-University Hospital. The practice's physicians also treat menorrhagia — heavy menstrual bleeding — for which cryoablation may be performed in-office. This procedure takes only about 30 minutes.
For women experiencing menopause, Long Island Women's physicians offer a variety of medical and non-medical solutions, such as hormone therapy and dietary suggestions, respectively. These patients may also benefit from bone density scans, which indicate whether a woman might be suffering from osteopenia or osteoporosis.
Melanie Jackson, MPA, reviews a patient's test results.
Urodynamic evaluation, another service offered at Long Island Women's, helps physicians diagnose incontinence issues in women older than 50, Dr. Valderrama says.
What Makes Today's Women's Health Needs Unique?
When women are ready to start a family, some conceive easily, while others require medical assistance. Long Island Women's offers infertility evaluations, including a sperm count analysis of a woman's male partner. Physicians at Long Island Women's have trusted referral partners for patients seeking services related to male infertility treatment or in-vitro fertilization.
When a woman does become pregnant, physicians with Long Island Women's help her through all aspects of her pregnancy. To ensure the baby is as healthy as possible, non-stress testing and sonograms are available on the premises, Dr. Levine says. In the case of high-risk pregnancies, Long Island Women's physicians consult with specialists at Winthrop-University Hospital while remaining the mother's primary contact and point of care. Childbirth classes for expectant mothers, held in the Mineola office and led by nurses from the labor and delivery department at Winthrop-University Hospital, offer new parents insights about natural childbirth techniques, pain management options and monitoring during labor.
According to Scott Nodelman, MD, FACOG, obstetrician and gynecologist with Long Island Women's, many women and some providers may overlook infections. Ranging from yeast infections and bacterial vaginitis to sexually transmitted infections, these medical issues can be detrimental to women's health and quality of life, he says.
Scott Nodelman, MD, FACOG, joined by his medical assistant, delivers good news to a patient.
At Long Island Women's, providers use holistic as well as medical treatments for infections.
Although Dr. Nodelman actively tries to raise awareness about natural remedies for many common infections, he emphasizes that these conditions still need to be diagnosed and treated by a gynecologist.
Jessica Ventimiglia, MD, FACOG, examines a newly pregnant patient.
While gynecologic health is at the center of Long Island Women's physicians' practice, they also offer their patients lifestyle services. The Medifast 5 in 1 Plan features meal replacements for weight loss, while BOTOX Cosmetic and Zerona laser body-contouring treatments help women look, as well as feel, their best. Many patients find it comforting to embark upon the personal challenge of weight loss and attain lifestyle goals all in one familiar setting.
We are excited to announce that we are now offering a new weight loss program called Take Shape For Life in our office. Take Shape For Life is more than a weight-loss plan. It is a program for healthy living that will change you for good. When you begin your weight loss journey the doctors at Long Island Women's Health Care Group will set you up with our own personal professional weight loss health coach. Your health coach is a simple phone call away. You decide how much support you need from her. Whether it's for motivation or to discuss a challenge our professional health coach can show you the path to Optimal Health. Research confirms that having a Health Coach can make all the difference in turning healthy behaviors into habits that last a lifetime. With the support of a weight-loss Coach, your chances for success are vastly improved.
Lose weight safely and quickly with the Medifast 5 & 1 Plan, featuring medically formulated, nutritious, and delicious meal replacements by Medifast.You'll choose five Medifast Meals each day, one every 2-3 hours. Because you eat frequently, you're never hungry, and your metabolism stays revived. Many Medifast Meals are portable, so you can fit this diet into even the busiest lifestyle. You also get one Lean & Green meal to eat at the time that works best for you. For the Lean, you'll have 5-7 ounces of lean protein; the Green is three servings of low-glycemic vegetables. Depending on your source of protein, you'll get some healthy fat, too, and that will help keep you full and satisfied.While Medifast Meals are delicious and nutritionally sound, don't think that you'll be committed to meal replacements forever. The 5 & 1 Plan is just the first phase of our program. In the Transition phase, you'll begin to add more fruits, vegetables, and protein. And on Maintenance, you'll learn how to eat the healthy food you love without gaining weight.
Medifast has been clinically proven through a number of controlled studies. Since 1980, more than 20,000 doctors nationwide have recommended Medifast Programs to their patients and more than one million customers have safely used Medifast.
Click here to see success stories.
Ready to try a new weight loss plan that can change your life style and change your overall health? Join the one million customers who have successfully and safely used medifast. Contact us today to learn more and our health coach will be in touch with you soon.
To Learn more about this program online click here.
Dr.Levine discusses the rise of Cesarean births in Milieu magazine.