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architectures by Dan Lockton
by Dan Lockton
@imaginari_es
Imaginaries Lab
All posts filed under "Deleuze"
Review: Architecture as Crime Control by Neal Katyal
Review: Katyal, N. K. "Architecture as Crime Control", Yale Law Journal, March 2002, Vol 111, Issue 5.
Professor Neal Kumar Katyal of Georgetown University Law School, best-known for being (successful) lead counsel in the Hamdan v. Rumsfeld case dealing with Guantanamo Bay detainees, has also done some important work on the use of design as a method of law enforcement in both the digital and built environments.
This article, 'Architecture as Crime Control', specifically addresses itself to a legal and social policy-maker audience in terms of the areas of focus and the arguments used, but is also very relevant to architects and designers open to being enlightened about the strategic value of their work. Specifically with regard to 'architectures of control' and 'design for behaviour change', as one might expect, there are many useful examples and a great deal of interesting analysis. In this review, I will try to concentrate on examples and design techniques given in the article, along with some of the thinking behind them – the most useful aspects from the point of view of my own research – rather than attempting to analyse the legal and sociological framework into which all of this fits.
Katyal starts by acknowledging how the "emerging field of cyberlaw, associated most directly with Lawrence Lessig" has brought the idea of 'code' constraining behaviour to a level of greater awareness, but suggests that the greater permanence and endurance of architectural changes in the real world – the built environment – may actually give greater potential for behaviour control, as opposed to the "infinitely malleable" architecture of cyberspace:
It is time to reverse-engineer cyberlaw's insights, and to assess methodically whether changes to the architecture of our streets and buildings can reduce criminal activity.
A theme to which Katyal returns throughout the article is that the policy response to James Wilson and George Kelling's influential 'Broken Windows' – "an architectural problem in crime control" – has largely been a law enforcement one ("prosecution of minor offenses like vandalism in an attempt to deter these 'gateway crimes'") instead of actual architectural responses, which, Katyal argues, could have a significant and useful role in this field.
Before tackling specific architectural strategies, Katyal discusses the general area of using "design principles" to "influence, in subtle ways, the paths by which we live and think" – a great summary of many of the techniques we've considered on this blog over the last couple of years, though not all have been subtle – and gives some good examples:
Fast food restaurants use hard chairs that quickly grow uncomfortable so that customers rapidly turn over
Image from Headphonaught's Flickr stream
Elevator designers place the numerals and floor indicator lights over people's heads so that they avoid eye contact and feel less crowded
Supermarkets have narrow aisles so that customers cannot easily talk to each other and must focus on the products instead
(We've also seen the opposite effect cited, i.e. using wider aisles to cause customers to spend longer in a particular aisle – clearly, both effects could be employed in different product areas within the same supermarket, to suit whatever strategy the retailer has. There are plenty of other tricks too.)
And, in a footnote, Katyal cites Personal Space by Robert Sommer, which provides:
other examples, such as a café that hired an architect to design a chair that placed "disagreeable pressure on the spine if occupied for over a few minutes" and Conrad Hilton's decision to move couches out of hotel lobbies to minimise the number of lingering visitors.
(Sommer's work sounds interesting and relevant, and I look forward to investigating it*)
As Katyal puts it, "with strategies like these, private architects are currently engaging in social control."
Moving on to architectural strategies for crime control, Katyal expounds four 'mechanisms' identified in the field of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED):
Design should:
(1) Create opportunities for natrual surveillance by residents, neighbors and bystanders;
(2) Instill a sense of territoriality so that residents develop proprietary attitudes and outsiders feel deterred from entering a private space;
(3) Build communities and avoid social isolation;
(4) Protect targets of crime.
Before expanding on the practical and legal application of each of these mechanisms, Katyal makes the point that while they can often "work in synergy… natural surveillance is most effective when social isolation is minimized and when design delays the perpetration of crime," there can be conflicts and any strategy needs to be developed within the context of the community in which it is going to be applied:
Effective design requires input by the community. Without such input, security features are likely to be resented, taken down or evaded (consider the 'security' doors propped open on campuses today.
(This issue of 'resentment' or even 'inconvenience' is, I feel, going to be a significant factor in my own studies of environmentally beneficial behaviour-changing products; we shall see.)
Natural surveillance
The idea of natural surveillance is to create situations where areas are overlooked by neighbours, other residents and so on, with the effect being both a crime deterrent (if the criminal knows he is being watched, or might be watched, he may decide against the crime) and to improve the effectiveness of solving the crime afterwards (someone will have seen what happened). Katyal cites Jane Jacobs' argument that diversity of use can be an important way of bringing about natural surveillance – preferably with different activities occurring throughout the day, to ensure that there is always a population there to keep any eye on things. However, short of this kind of deliberate diversity planning, there are specific techniques that can be used on individual buildings and their surroundings to increase natrual surveillance; Katyal suggests the addition of windows facing onto public spaces, ensuring sight lines down corridors and alleyways, positioning windows so that neighbours can watch each other's houses, bringing parking areas in front of stores rather than out of sight behind them, and making sure hallways and lobbies are clearly visible to passers-by. He gives the example of redesigning the layout of a school's grounds to increase the opportunity for natural surveillance:
Images from Katyal, N. K. "Architecture as Crime Control", Yale Law Journal, March 2002, Vol 111, Issue 5.
[In the first image] the informal areas are blocked form sight and far from school grounds. Because no central place for congregation exists, students are spread over the grounds, and there is insufficient density for monitoring. The four open entrances and exits facilitate access to the school and escape.
[In the second image,] through the designation of formal gathering areas, other places become subtly off-limits to students. Indeed, those who are present in such areas are likely to attract suspicion…. the formal gathering areas are naturally surveilled by building users… [and] are long and thin, running alongside the school windows, and two hedges prevent students from going fuarther away. Moreover, the west entrance, which had the least potential for surveillance, has been closed…
Lighting can also be a major method of increasing natural surveillance:
First, it helps anyone viewing a situation to see it more clearly and thereby deters some crimes by increasing the powers of perception of those watching. Second, it encourages people to be in the area in the first place because the greater visibility creates a sense of security. The more eyes on the street, the more visibility constrains crime.
(Incidentally, Katyal comments – having interviewed an architect – that the use of yellow street lighting "can increase the crime rate by making streets (and individuals on them) look menacing", hence a tendency for some urban developers to move to white lighting instead.)
Territoriality – also much of the focus of defensible space (which I'll discuss in a later post) – "both provides an incentive for residents to take care of and monitor an area and subtly deters offenders by warning them that they are about to enter a private space." Some of Katyal's examples are wonderfully simple:
"An entrance raised by a few inches" is "a successful symbolic barrier… people are aware of minor graduations of elevation and may refrain from entry if they sense a gradual incline". (Elevation can also lead to reverence/respect, either directly – e.g. steps leading up to a courthouse – or indirectly, causing a visitor to bow his/her head on approach)
Monuments and markers can also demarcate the transition from public space into private space… A study of burglaries in Salt Lake City… revealed that houses with nameplates had lower rates of intrusion than those without them.
One rather simple way is to place two buildings in an 'L' formation with a fence that completes the triangle. Children can play in the open space, and adults can look out of their windows at their children.
Katyal also includes these diagrams from "a group of British architects":
In the first, a series of buildings lacks a common entrance, and pedestrians cut through the property. The addition of a simple overhead arch, however, creates a sense of private space:
Images originally from Stollard, P. Crime Prevention Through Housing Design and included in Katyal's article.
The third main mechanism, building community, is also heavily interlinked with the idea of defensible space. The aim here is to encourage a sense of community, by creating spaces which cause people to interact, or even reducing the number of dwellings in each individual set so that people are more likely to recognise and come to know their neighbours – something many architects have instinctively tried to do anyway over the past 20 years or so, though not always explicitly with crime reduction in mind:
…even the placement of seats and benches can bring people together or divide them, creating what architects call, respectively, sociopetal and sociofugal spaces. Some architects self-consciously create sociofugal spaces by, for example, designing chairs in airports that make it difficult for people to talk to each other.
Practically, 'building community' would necessarily appear to be slightly more nebulous than some of the other mechanisms, but even techniques such as encouraging people to spend more time in communal areas such as a laundry (and hence potentially interact more) can be important here.
Strengthening targets
There are a number of simple examples of target hardening or strengthening given:
Placing deadbolts lower on door frames
(presumably to make kicking them open more difficult)
Having doors in vulnerable locations swing outward
Raising fire escapes to put them out of easy reach
Reducing the size of letter-box openings
If a robber can stand on top of a trash bin and reach a second-floor window, the bin should be placed far from the window
Prickly shrubs placed outside of windows can also deter crime
A duct that spews hot air can be placed near a ground-floor window to deter entry
Smells can also be strategically harnessed either to induce people to come outside or keep them away
The FBI building is built on stilts to minimize damage in the event of a bomb detonation at street level
To decrease the likelihood of presidential assassination, a stretch of Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House was barricaded and closed to car traffic
Interestingly, Katyal makes the point that where potential crime targets can be strengthened without making it overly obvious that this has been done, the benefits may be greater:
Modern technology permits targets to be hardened in ways that are not obvious to the public. Strong plastics, graffiti-resistant paint, and doors with steel cores are a few examples. These allow architects to disguise their efforts at strengthening targets and thus avoid sending a message that crime is rampant.
Some forms of target hardening are suboptimal in that visibility evinces a fear of crime that can cause damage to the fabric of a community and even increase crime rates.
He again later returns to this point:
Subtle architecture that gently reinfoces law-abiding norms and prevents a degree of intrusion is to be preferred to explicit and awkward physical barricades that reflect the feeling that a community is under siege. Cheap wire fences do not express a belief in the power of law or norms; rather, they reflect the opposite. The same can be said for ugly iron bars on windows, which express the terror of crime as powerfully as does any sign or published crime statistic.
A whole host of architectural strategies – such as the placement of doors and windows, creation of semipublic congregation spaces, street layout alterations, park redesign, and many more – sidestep creating an architecture dominated by the expression of fear. Indeed, cheap barricades often substitute for these subtler measures. Viewed this way, gated communities are a byproduct of public disregard of architecture, not a sustainable solution to crime.[my emphasis]
(This last point is especially interesting to me – I must admit I am fascinated by the phenomenon of gated communities and what effect they have on their inhabitants as well as on the surrounding area, both in a Ballardian sense (Running Wild, Cocaine Nights, Super-Cannes) and, more prosaically, in terms of what this voluntary separation does to the community outside the gates. See also the quote from architect John Thompson in my forthcoming post reporting what's happening at the former Brunel Runnymede Campus)
One point to which Katyal repeatedly returns is – a corollary of the above – the concept of architectural solutions as entities which subtly reinforce or embody norms (desirable ones, from the point of view of law enforcement) rather than necessarily enforce them in totality:
Even the best social codes are quite useless if it is impossible to observe whether people comply with them. Architecture, by facilitating interaction and monitoring by members of a community, permits social norms to have greater impact. In this way, the power of architecture to influence social norms can even eclipse that of law, for law faces obvious difficulties when it attempts to regulate social interaction directly.
Architecture can prevent crimes even when criminals believe the probability of enforcement is low… one feature of social norms strategies is that they are often self-enforcing.
I think this is a crucial point, and is applicable in other 'architectures of control' techniques outside of the built environment and the specific issues of crime. Norms can be extremely powerful influencers of behaviour, and – to take my current research on changing user behaviour to reduce environmental impact – the ability to design a desirable norm into a product or system, without taking away the user's sense of ownership of, and confidence in, the product, may well turn out to be the crux of the matter.
As (I hope) will be clear, much of Katyal's analysis seems applicable to other areas of 'Design for/against X' where human factors are involved – not just design against crime. So, for example, here Katyal is touching on something close to the concepts of perceived affordances (and disaffordances) in interaction design:
Psychological evidence shows that criminals decode environmental 'cues' to assess the likelihood of success of a given criminal act… the design of a meeting table influences who will speak and when, and who is perceived to have a positionof authority. It is therefore no great shock that the eight months of negotiation that preceded the 1969 Paris Peace Talks largely centred on what the physical space of the negotiating table would be. It is said that Machiavelli designed a political meeting chamber with a ceiling that looked asif it were about to collapse, reasoning that it would induce politicians to vote quickly and leave.
Winston Churchill… went so far as to claim that the shape of the House [of Commons] was essential to the two-party system and that its small size was critical for 'free debate':
"The party system is much favoured by the oblong form of chamber… the act of crossing the floor is one which requires serious consideration. I am well informed on this matter, for I have accomplished that difficult process, not only once but twice."
Significant points are also made is about displacement (or "geographic substitution") of crime: do architectual measures (especially target hardening and obvious surveillance, we might assume) not simply move crime elsewhere? (We've discussed this before when looking at blue lighting in public toilets.) Katyal argues that, while some displacement will, of course, occur, this is not always direct substitution. Locally-based criminals may not have knowledge of other areas (i.e. the certainty that these will not be hardened or surveilled targets), or indeed, where crime is opportunistic, the "costs" imposed by travelling elsewhere to commit it are too high. Equally:
Many devices, such as steel-reinforced doors, strong plastics, and the like are not discernible until a criminal has invested some energy and time. These forms of precaution will thus increase expected perpetration cost and deter offenders without risking substantial displacement.
Also, the fact that increased police presence (for example) in a crime 'hot-spot' may also lead to crime displacement, is generally not seen as a reason for not increasing that presence: some targets simply are more desirable to protect than others, and where architectural measures allow police to concentrate elsewhere, this may even be an advantage.
More specific examples
Aside from the analysis, there are a great many architectures of control and persuasion examples dotted throughout Katyal's article, and while they are somewhat disparate in how I present them here, they are all worth noting from my point of view, and I hope interesting. Apart from those I've already quoted above, some of the other notable examples and observations are:
…the feeling of being crowded correlates with aggression. Architects can alleviate the sensation of crowding by adding windows that allow for natural light, by using rectangular rooms (which are perceived to be larger than square ones), and by employing light-colored paints. When people perceive more space, they tend to become less hostile.
While the results should not be overemphasized, psychologists have found results showing that various colors affect behavior and emotions. The most consistent such finding is that red induces a higher level of arousal than do cool colors like green and blue. Another study indicated that people walked faster down a hallway painted red or orange than down one painted in cooler colors. After experimenting with hundreds of shade, Professor Schauss identified a certain shade of pink, Baker-Miller, as the most successful color to mediate aggression… prisoners in Baker-Miller pink cells were found to be les abusive than those in magnolia-colored cells.
(See also discussion here)
Studies show that people who sit at right angles from each other at a table are six times more likely to engage in conversation than those who sit across from each other.
(referencing Edward T Hall, The Hidden Dimension, 1966).
For some existing housing projects, the government could pass regulations requiring retrofitting to prevent crime. Small private or semiprivate lawns near entrances can encourage feelings of territoriality; strong lighting can enhnace visibility; staining and glazing can increase contrast; and buildings refaced with a diversity of pleasing finishes can reflect individuality and territoriality. Large open spaces can be subdivided to encourage natural surveillance.
Edward I enacted the Statute of Winchester, a code designed to prevent the concealment of robbers… [which included a] provision [which] directly regulated environmental design to reduce crime… highways had to be enlarged and bushes had to be cleared for 200 feet on either side of the highway.
…certain buildings [being strategically placed in an area] such as churches, may reduce the crime rate because they create feelings of guilt or shame in potential perpetrators and because the absence of crime against such structures furthers visible social order.
Crimes that directly interfere with natural surveillance should… be singled out for special penalties. Destroying the lighting around a building is one obvious example. Another would be attempts by criminals to bring smoke-belching trucks onto a street before robbing an establishment.
Ultimately, Katyal's aim seems to be to encourage policy-makers to see architectural measures as a potentially important aspect of crime reduction, given sensible analysis of each situation, and he suggests the use of Crime Impact Statements – possibly as a requirement for all new development – in a similar vein to Environmental Impact Statements, and leading to similar increases in awareness among architects and developers. Building codes and zoning policies could also be directed towards crime reduction through architectural strategies. Insurance companies, by understanding what measures 'work' and which don't, could use premiums to favour, promote and educate property owners, similarly to the way that widespread adoption of better design for fire protection and prevention was significantly driven by insurance companies.
In this sense, a public (i.e. governmental) commitment to use of architectural strategies in this way would make the process much more transparent than individual private developers adopting ad hoc measures, and, with sensible analysis of each case, could assist local law enforcement and engage communities in reinforcing 'desirable' norms and 'designing away' some aspects of their problems – though Katyal makes it very clear that architecture alone cannot do this [my emphasis]:
None of this should be mistaken for architectural determinism or its derivative belief that good buildings alone will end crime. These hopes of 'salvation by bricks' are illusory. But our rejection of this extreme should not lead us to the opposite extreme view, which holds that physical settings are irrelevant to human beliefs and action. Architecture influences behavior; it does not determine it.
*Katyal also later cites Sommer's Social Design for the example of airports that "prevent crime by replacing bathroom entrance doors with right-angle entrances that permit the warning sounds of crime to travel more freely and that reduce the sense of isolation". I'd always assumed that (as with the toilet facilities in many motorway services here in the UK), this was to reduce the number of surfaces that a toilet user would have to touch – a similar strategy to having the entrance doors to public toilet areas pushable/elbowable/nudgable by users leaving the area, rather than forcing recently-washed hands to come into contact with a pull-handle which may not be especially clean. See also Sara Cantor's thoughts on encouraging handwashing.
Filed under: Architecture, Architecture & urbanism, Articles, Ballardian, Civil rights, Control, Convention, Creeping erosion of norms, Crime, Deleuze, Design, Design philosophy, Design with Intent, Designers, Do artifacts have politics?, Embedding code, Environmental, Foucault, Health and safety, Hidden persuaders, Indoctrination, Insurance, Interaction design, Law, Legislation, Lighting, Norms, Panopticon, PhD, Philosophy of control, Political design, Privacy, Public money, Regulation, Restriction, Social engineering, Spatial, Surveillance, Techniques of persuasion, Urban, User Psychology
By Dan Lockton 2004–22.
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text:
It's Karl
A collection of Karl Lembke's "Karl-Offs"
Tag: Immigration
Immigration I.D.E.A.L. Program
October 28, 2018 ~ karllembke
The Immigration Designed to Enhance American Lives (IDEAL) policy is a two-pronged approach to making America stronger while improving immigrant lives.
1) LONG-TERM VISA PROGRAM
The IDEAL policy creates a long-term visa program in which 3mm immigrants are selected to live in the U.S. per year.
The IDEAL policy is simple and includes the following details:
Immigrants pay $30,000 for a five-year live/work visa renewable for an additional five years at no additional cost contingent upon each IDEAL immigrant proving to be a net asset to the U.S. economy.
At the end of ten years, immigrants whose impact to the U.S. is net positive are eligible for citizenship. Immigrants with a net negative impact will be asked to leave the U.S. Acceptance and impact will be determined by a pre-determined scoring system.
IDEAL visa-holders are ineligible for any government benefits until attaining full citizenship and IDEAL visa-holders will be required to secure health insurance through an employer or through other means during those ten years.
Each applicant is given an acceptance score and ranking based on the following criteria:
Age;
Education level;
English language proficiency;
Existing job offers from one or more U.S. companies;
Previous successful U.S. work history; and
Willingness to live in a IWC (Immigrant Welcoming Community).
An Immigrant Welcoming Community meets all of the following criteria:
An urban or rural community in the bottom 25% of U.S. income;
A community that has suffered population losses over the preceding decade; and
A community that opts-in to the IDEAL program via local government consent.
Applicants must pass the following baseline criteria to be eligible for the program:
Basic health screening;
Extensive background check.
2) GUEST WORKER VISA PROGRAM
The IDEAL policy also creates a guest worker visa program.
Guest worker visas extend for one year and cost $2,500;
Applicants are required to have a bona fide job offer in hand to apply;
Guest worker visas can be renewed twice, each time for an additional year.
After three years of successful participation under the program, guest workers could:
Apply for the Long-Term IDEAL Visa program; or
Return to their country of origin for a one-year period before applying again.
Guest workers are ineligible for any government benefits and are required to secure health insurance. In addition, guest workers are required to obey all relevant employment laws in the state and locality in which they work, and must avoid any criminal convictions.
It might need some tuning. For example, it's tempting to make the cost of the guest worker visa comparable to what migrants typically pay a coyote to smuggle them in (still a bargain since there's much less of dying in the middle of the desert, being assaulted by a coyote, or being caught and deported).
Regulate immigrants like guns?
August 27, 2018 ~ karllembke
I've seen articles describing what it would be like if we regulated cars the way we regulate guns. (Hint: car drivers would riot.)
I've seen articles describing what it would be like if we regulated guns the way we regulate cars. (Hint: gun control activists would have strokes.)
Now, a piece on LifeZette describing what it would look like if the Left treated immigrants the way they do guns.
Any horrific shooting that makes national news brings a predictable cacophony of calls from progressives for gun control. But what if the Left applied that logic to immigration?
We'd be hearing a lot more demands for "immigrant control" and "common-sense immigration restrictions."
There would be calls for banning immigration. Banning all immigration into the United States in response to crimes committed by some illegal immigrants would, indeed, be radical. And irrational. No serious person has suggested that sealing the border and allowing no more immigrants ever again would be a reasonable approach to immigrant crime.
Yet, the most radical of gun control advocates demand that approach for guns. Rep. Eric Swalwell (D-Calif.) called for reinstatement of a ban on so-called assault weapons, along with aggressive measures to remove existing weapons.
Liberals would highlight sensational crimes by immigrants. The culprit is clear anytime someone shoots up a school or a workplace, according to liberals — guns. Progressives are far more circumspect whenever an illegal immigrant commits a high-profile crime, such as the recent murder of Iowa college student Mollie Tibbetts.
The blame in those cases, liberals preach, rests with the individual murderers; don't dare suggest that all immigrants or immigration policy bear responsibility.
There would be calls to close the immigration background check loophole. Liberals for years have demanded that Congress close the "gun show loophole." This is shorthand for people being able to buy firearms at a gun show without having to undergo a criminal background check.
But it is not really a gun show loophole at all. The "loophole" has to do with people who sell their personal guns. Federally licensed firearms dealers must run the background check whether the sales takes place in a store or at a show.
The federal background check requirement does not apply to people who do not have firearms businesses but want to sell from a personal collection. (Some states do require background checks even for those people).
Liberals issue no similar calls to close the immigration background check loophole, however. The United States admits roughly 1 million people legally each year, both through permanent immigration and on nonimmigration visas, such as those allowing foreigners to work or study in America. All of those foreigners undergo some type of background check.
But foreigners who come across the border illegally, by definition, evade all background checks. In fiscal year 2017, border and customs agents apprehended 415,191 illegal immigrants. Experts estimate that for every foreigner apprehended, one makes it through to the interior of the country.
Illegal Immigrants and Crime
July 2, 2018 ~ karllembke
From Just Facts Daily, we get:
Illegal Immigrants Are Far More Likely to Commit Serious Crimes Than the U.S. Public
… the Associated Press published a "fact check" claiming that illegal immigrants are more law-abiding than the general public. Various media outlets, such as the New York Times, Yahoo!, and a number of NBC affiliates published this article. The Washington Post ran a similar story, and other media outlets and so-called fact checkers have made similar claims in the past.
The truth, however, is that comprehensive, straightforward facts from primary sources—namely the Obama administration Census Bureau and Department of Justice—prove that illegal immigrants are far more likely to commit serious crimes than the U.S. population. Studies that claim otherwise typically suffer from fallacies condemned by academic publications about how to accurately analyze data.
The Most Concrete Facts
Data on illegal immigration and crime is often clouded, precisely because these are unlawful activities where perpetrators seek to hide their actions. Also, governments sometimes fail to record or release information that could be or has been obtained. The Obama administration, in particular, refused to release the names of convicted immigrant sex offenders and hid other details about crimes committed by immigrants.
Nonetheless, a combination of three material facts sheds enough light on this issue to draw some firm conclusions.
First, U.S. Census data from 2011 to 2015 shows that noncitizens are 7% more likely than the U.S. population to be incarcerated in adult correctional facilities. This alone debunks the common media narrative, but it only scratches the surface of serious criminality by illegal immigrants.
Second, Department of Justice data reveals that in the decade ending in 2015, the U.S. deported at least 1.5 million noncitizens who were convicted of committing crimes in the U.S. (Table 41). This amounts to 10 times the number of noncitizens in U.S. adult correctional facilities during 2015.
Third, Department of Justice data shows that convicts released from prison have an average of 3.9 prior convictions, not including convictions that led to their imprisonment (Table 5). This means that people in prison are often repeat offenders—but as shown by the previous fact, masses of convicted criminals have been deported, making it hard for them to reoffend and end up in a U.S. prison.
In other words, even after deporting 10 times more noncitizens convicted of crimes than are in U.S. prisons and jails, they are still 7% more likely to be incarcerated than the general public. This indicates a level of criminality that is multiplicatively higher than the U.S. population.
Furthermore, roughly half of noncitizens are in the U.S. legally, and legal immigrants rarely commit crimes. This is because U.S. immigration laws are designed to keep criminals out. Thus, the vast majority of incarcerated noncitizens are doubtlessly illegal immigrants. If legal immigrants were removed from the equation, the incarceration rate of illegal immigrants would probably be about twice as high as for all noncitizens.
On the other hand, there is uncertainty about the exact number of noncitizens in the U.S., and Census figures are almost surely low. Hence, the incarceration rate of illegal immigrants is likely not twice as high as the U.S. population. Nevertheless, this is only the tip of the iceberg, because the U.S. continually deports massive numbers of illegal immigrant convicts.
"Separating families"
June 19, 2018 ~ karllembke
Investor's Business Daily has two pieces of interest:
Lost Children? Detention Cages? Baby Prison Bus? Trump's Critics Will Believe Anything
CNN's Hadas Gold described the pictures as "First Photos of separated migrant children at holding facility."
Outrage quickly followed.
"This is happening right now," said former Obama speechwriter Jon Favreau. "Speechless. This is not who we are as a nation," said Antonio Villaraigosa, who is running for California governor. Actress Rosanna Arquette called it a "sick crime against Humanity"
Turns out the photos were taken in 2014 — when, ahem, President Obama was in the White House, a fact that nobody bothered to check before blowing a gasket. Once word of that fact got out, many of these same people deleted their tweets, rather than admit that the "sick crime" happened under their beloved Obama.
Separating Families At The Border: The Hysteria Overlooks Some Key Facts
First, it's important to note that many of the "separations" don't last long at all.
Lowry notes that "The criminal proceedings are exceptionally short, assuming there is no aggravating factor such as a prior illegal entry or another crime. Migrants generally plead guilty, and then are sentenced to time served, typically all in the same day."
The administration is right to point out, however, that there is a legal process for seeking asylum that won't involve facing such a choice — just show up at a port of entry to make the asylum claim.
"As I have said many times before, if you are seeking asylum for your family, there is no reason to break the law and illegally cross between ports of entry," Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen tweeted over the weekend.
Critics complain that the legal process just takes too long, as a way to justify illegal border crossings. But illegal border crossers are not only jumping the line. Under the old system they could vastly increase their chances of staying in the country — with or without gaining asylum status.
Is it wrong for Trump to try to close this unfair and potentially dangerous loophole?
Another fact conveniently overlooked amid all the hysteria is that just because a group claims to be a family, doesn't mean it's true. The Department of Homeland Security says that from October 2017 to February 2018 it saw "a 315% increase in the number of cases with minors fraudulently posing as 'family units' to gain entry."
Seven principles about immigration
February 8, 2018 ~ karllembke
I imagine people will hate these principles taken from a Donald Trump speech.
…seven principles is taken verbatim from his speech:
Illegal immigration is wrong. A primary goal of comprehensive immigration reform must be to dramatically curtail future illegal immigration.
Operational control of our borders, through significant additional increases in infrastructure, technology and border personnel must be achieved within a year of enactment.
A biometric-based employment verification system with tough enforcement and auditing is necessary to significantly diminish the job magnet that attracts illegal aliens to the United States and to provide certainty and simplicity for employers.
All illegal aliens present in the United States on the date of enactment of our bill must quickly register their presence with the United States government and submit to a rigorous process of converting to legal status and earning the path to citizenship, or face imminent deportation.
Family immigration is a cornerstone value of our immigration system. By dramatically reducing illegal immigration, we we can create more room for family immigration and employer-based immigration.
We must encourage the world's best and brightest individuals to come to the United States and create the new technologies and businesses that will employ countless American workers. But we must discourage businesses from using our immigration laws as a means to obtain temporary and less expensive foreign labor to replace capable American workers.
We must create a system that converts the current flow of primarily low skill illegal immigrants into the United States into a more manageable and controlled flow of legal immigrants who can be absorbed by our economy.
Did I say Trump?
Well, it was actually someone else.
December 27, 2017 December 27, 2017 ~ karllembke
There is some debate over whether immigration enforcement has an effect on crime. Sites like Reason.com argue that immigrants are not any more likely to be criminals than citizens are. Others point out that advocates like the writers at Reason pull a fast one by conflating legal and illegal immigrants.
The US Department of Justice and the Department of Homeland Security have released a report with some hard numbers.
A total of 58,766 known or suspected aliens were in in DOJ custody at the end of FY 2017, including 39,455 persons in BOP custody and 19,311 in USMS custody.
Of this total, 37,557 people had been confirmed by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) to be aliens (i.e., non-citizens and non-nationals), while 21,209 foreign-born people were still under investigation by ICE to determine alienage.
Among the 37,557 confirmed aliens, 35,334 people (94 percent) were unlawfully present. These numbers include a 92 percent unlawful rate among 24,476 confirmed aliens in BOP custody and a 97 percent unlawful rate among 13,081 confirmed aliens in USMS custody.
This report does not include data on the foreign-born or alien populations in state prisons and local jails because state and local facilities do not routinely provide DHS or DOJ with comprehensive information about their inmates and detainees. This limitation is noteworthy because state and local facilities account for approximately 90 percent of the total U.S. incarcerated population. DHS and DOJ are working to develop a reliable methodology for estimating the status of state and local incarcerated populations in future reports.
Let's run some back-of-the-envelope calculations, why don't we?
So, 58,766 in custody are known or suspected to be aliens. Some 64% of these have been confirmed to be aliens. Of this number, 94% are here illegally. This is thought to represent 10% of the foreign-born population. If the percentages of foreign-born, aliens, and illegal aliens are similar in state and local prisons (not sure why they wouldn't be), then it would seem to follow that around 13% of prisoners in the country are illegal aliens.
One of the memes floating around claims that 1% of the population of the US is in prison, which would work out to roughly 3.3 million people. That would mean some 430,000 prisoners in the US are illegal aliens. If we divide that into the 20 million estimated illegal aliens, that's a bit over 2%. This would mean an illegal immigrant is twice as likely to be in prison as a lawful resident.
People are welcome to bring in bigger envelopes if they like.
Edit them in the Widget section of the Customizer.
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At least some folks waited until he was sworn in… January 20, 2020
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Java: How to return single char after string I have a file directory which could look like either
C:\projects\lab3\test\test.java

or
C:\projects\assignment3\test\test.java

But the "lab3" or "assignment3" can appear anywhere in the directory, it is not a set directory
What i want is to check to see if the directory either contains "lab" or "assignment" and get the number that follows. In this case "3"
This is what i have so far
 if(directory.toLowerCase().contains("lab")){

 } else if (directory.toLowerCase().contains("assignment")){

 }

but i do not know how to check for the char straight after the word?

A: You could use regex:
Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(".*(?:lab|assignment)([0-9]).*", Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE);
String substr = pattern.matcher(directory).replaceAll("$1");

This gets any single-digit number after the last occurrence of either "lab" or "assignment" in the string.
For this to work, you need to import the following classes:
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

A: You can use String#substring to extract the part after the "lab" and then use Integer#parseInt to check it's an integer and convert it.
String partAfterLab = filename.substring(4);

A: This does what you are asking for:
String directory = "C:\\projects\\lab3\\test\\test.java";
if(directory.toLowerCase().contains("lab")){
 System.out.println(directory.substring(directory.indexOf("lab")+3,   directory.indexOf("lab")+4));

         }

The +3 parameter is because of the size of "lab" String. You can do better this way:
String directory = "C:\\projects\\lab3\\test\\test.java";
String myWord = "lab";
if(directory.toLowerCase().contains(myWord)){
  System.out.println(directory.substring(directory.indexOf(myWord)+ myWord.length(), directory.indexOf(myWord)+ myWord.length()+1));

         }

A: You can use a regular expression like C:\\\\projects\\\\(lab|assignment)([0-9]+)\\\\.* to extract the digit(s) after "lab" or "assignment".

A: use regex
public static void main(final String[] args) {
    final String dir = "C:\\projects\\lab3\\test\\test.java";

    final Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(".*?(lab)(\\d+).*");
    final Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(dir);
    if (matcher.find()) {
        System.out.println(matcher.group(1)); //contains lab
        System.out.println(matcher.group(2)); //contains number
    }
}

A: Here is another approach:
Integer.valueOf(s.replaceFirst(".*(assignment|lab)([0-9]+).*", "$2"));

For example:
String assignment = "C:\\projects\\assignment3\\test\\test.java";
String lab = "C:\\projects\\lab3\\test\\test.java";
String none = "C:\\projects\\test\\test.java";

try {
    int assignmentNumber = Integer.valueOf(assignment.replaceFirst(".*(assignment|lab)([0-9]+).*", "$2"));
    System.out.println(assignmentNumber);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
    System.out.println("Can't find neither assignment nor lab");
}

try {
    int labNumber = Integer.valueOf(lab.replaceFirst(".*(assignment|lab)([0-9]+).*", "$2"));
    System.out.println(labNumber);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
    System.out.println("Can't find neither assignment nor lab");
}

try {
    int noneNumber = Integer.valueOf(none.replaceFirst(".*(assignment|lab)([0-9]+).*", "$2"));
    System.out.println(noneNumber);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
    System.out.println("Can't find neither assignment nor lab");
}

Prints:
3
3
Can't find neither assignment nor lab

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We are going to take you to the historical moments of Dubai back to 1833 when the royal family Al Maktum came from Lewa desert to live near this stream of live which is Creek Dubai. They lived in both banles of this canal : Bur Dubai , and Deira.
the tour starts with Shandga area in Bur Dubai , visit sheikh Saeed house , Dubai museum then cross to Deira with abra (water taxi) . Visit Ahmedia school and heritage house , passed by fish market.Guide Available In All Languages.All Private Prices Based For Min 2 Persons.


One-sixth of the woman group Apink whose fifth EP, Pink Luv, debuted at #1 on the Gaon's weekly chart album. She has additionally achieved tv work by Dice Leisure.
She was the star of a business for a wholesome meals model when she was 13 years outdated. She joined Dice Leisure in 2010 and was one of many final to be launched as a member of Apink.
She enrolled at Sungkyunkwan College's Division of Efficiency Arts in 2015. She was solid within the Naver TV net drama Investigator Alice.


This webcam is currently assigned to nzta.govt.nz. It was originally added on 7 október 2016 and has been viewed 829 times since then. The current picture above was taken 1 perccel ezelőtt, thereby the webcam seems to be currently active. So far, it was added to their personal favorites on webcams.travel by 0 people.
South along SH1 from Newlands Rd. Image courtesy of NZ Transport Agency.


EnvironmentFirst keeps Environmental Aspects first in it's every dream and steps forward. Providing Critical Knowledge in the field of Environment, Energy, Carbon and Climate Change; EnvironmentFirst is a unique concept organization with a vision of quality and value to its client.
EnvironmentFirst has developed informative & value-addition analysis products to meet needs of all the stakeholders in the Energy, Carbon and Environment Markets. The focus areas are Solar EPC and O&M, Electric Line Installation and commissioning, Liasioning Services, Renewable Energy Consulting and Auditing Services, Carbon Market, RE-Market, and Initiatives for Sustainability, Renewable Energy Certificates (REC) and Advisory.
We have a dedicated research and development wing catering the requirement of clients and providing customized solutions to their problems. We excel in developing Detailed Project Reports (DPR) for any Renewable Energy (RE) Technology. We do instrumental in cost effective strategies in order to prioritize RE-investments.
Our belief in sharing knowledge and trust assures ONE STOP SOLUTION.
From Carbon Advisory to Renewable Energy Certificates to Sustainability, we are present across the sustainability & renewable energy value chain to structure and provide end to end climate change and clean energy solutions towards sustainable development.


text:
module Decks
  Image = Struct.new :path, :name
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


With a stay at Hotel Relax Inn in Prague (Prague 9), you'll be within a 15-minute drive of O2 Arena and Prague Castle. This hotel is 3.7 mi (6 km) from Wenceslas Square and 4.3 mi (7 km) from Dancing House.
Make yourself at home in one of the 40 guestrooms featuring refrigerators and LCD televisions. Your room comes with a memory foam bed. Complimentary wired and wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming provides entertainment. Private bathrooms with showers feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers.
Enjoy recreational amenities such as an indoor pool and a sauna. This hotel also features complimentary wireless Internet access and tour/ticket assistance.
At Hotel Relax Inn, enjoy a satisfying meal at the restaurant. A complimentary buffet breakfast is served daily from 7 AM to 10 AM.
Featured amenities include express check-in, express check-out, and dry cleaning/laundry services. Planning an event in Prague? This hotel has facilities measuring 538 square feet (50 square meters), including a meeting room. Self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.


text:
Hosts, neighbors share tales about the impact of Airbnbs
Adrianna Pitrelli TheStatehouseFile.com
INDIANAPOLIS — After raising four kids in Oregon, Jenine Saxton and her husband moved to Richmond and were lonely without having friends in the area.
"I began to dread being alone in an empty house," Saxton said. "But as Indiana is the crossroads of America, we hoped if we opened an Airbnb, we would have people wanting to stay with us."
Saxton is one of more than 3,100 Airbnb hosts in Indiana. Her home is a half mile away from Earlham College and within walking distance of two seminaries, so she regularly has students' parents staying with her.
"These are special guests who I make relationships with and that's great because we can provide a deeper and more personal connection than a hotel can," she said. "I can give them recommendations and they can provide friendship."
Airbnb hosts including Saxton, government officials and people who live near the short-term residences testified about the pros and cons of Airbnbs Wednesday before the Interim Study Committee on Commerce and Economic Development.
It comes after House Bill 1133 failed in the spring. The proposed legislation would have eliminated local bans on short-term rentals and the owners of rental property would have been required to hold liability insurance for third-party claims.
However, at Wednesday's meeting, State Sen. Mark Messmer, R-Jasper, said the goal of the committee wasn't to talk about the previous bill but to look at standards for Airbnbs as it is becoming a more popular industry and business.
At first, Saxton's Airbnb was a hobby, but as time went on, it became a business when she started making enough money for it to be a part-time job.
Other hosts, including Kathryn Cross, have made it their full-time job.
"It provided me a way to be a mom but make enough money where I can do things like send my kid to a $4,000 trip to China," she said.
Lafayette Mayor Tony Roswarski said Airbnbs help people afford homes they normally couldn't, and provides more variety for travelers.
"Airbnbs are a part of the economy of the future — a good part because people use it and people enjoy it," he said.
When six guys stayed Cross' bungalow near Broad Ripple, they told her they spent more than $2,100 in the area because the stay was so affordable compared with staying in a hotel.
"They chose not to stay downtown, because there was no reason to do that when they can stay at a nice home together," said Cross, who lives at another location."So it not only helps me make money, but it helps the city and the area make money."
Despite the positive economic impact, and hosts saying all their guests have been pleasurable to have in their homes, lawmakers expressed concerns about the Airbnb guests hosting parties that can disrupt the neighborhood with noise and trash.
"From my personal experience, Airbnb houses have been turned into party houses, and there is no comfort for the neighborhoods and the neighbors don't have a voice," said Douglas Haney, who is part of Carmel's corporation council. "We have police power for noise ordinances, but when the police cars show up, of course people are going to be quiet."
Haney said he believes homeowners' associations should be allowed to decide if they want Airbnbs in their neighborhoods.
Parking in the neighborhoods is also an issue.
"Because these homes are being rented on a short-term basis, there is a lot of turnover, and there are a lot of people parking in one area if there is, for instance, a party being hosted," said Lindsay Moss, assistant of government affairs for Accelerate Indiana.
Moss said there should be some sort of parking ordinance for Airbnbs.
Sherry Yager told the committee that she has lived in Princes Lakes for 32 years and has never felt unsafe in the community of about 2,500 until her neighbor began renting her property through Airbnb.
"This house is a big party house and people are staying up late and I can't sleep," she said. "When I come home from work, I can't park because people are parking in my spot."
While Yager said she supports Airbnbs because of the economic impact and the accessibility for travelers, she would like to have a say if they are permitted in the area.
"I want my neighborhood to be able to address if we want this, and in a small community, we don't want party houses," Yager said. "We really hope we can get some backing on the state level."


text:
Verizon offering free rewards in exchange for your privacy
Submitted by Sarah Pullin on Mon, 08/07/2017 - 12:55
Verizon has launched a new rewards program offering free memberships to Apple Music, HBO NOW and other perks when you sign up for a Verizon Up account using the free My Verizon app.
Verizon Up members earn a credit for every $300 they spend on their Verizon bill or other purchases made through the carrier. Credits can then be spent on perks, such as four free months of Apple Music, JetBlue discounts or a free subscription to HBO NOW. Verizon also promises there will be six new reward options each month, and entertainment rewards for special events such as the 2018 Pro Bowl.
Read more about Verizon offering free rewards in exchange for your privacy
If You Plan to Buy a Retina iPad mini Before the Holidays, Do It Right Now!
Submitted by Jennifer Nguyen on Thu, 11/21/2013 - 19:32
If Apple's iPad mini with Retina display is on your holiday shopping list you better buy it right now. The 7.9-inch tablet is heavily back-ordered and shipping times could grow longer as the holidays get closer. As of right now most Apple stores are not offering the cellular model for in-store pickup, and individual carriers like AT&T and T-Mobile are quoting up to 6-8 week delivery times.
Verizon has also pushed its iPad mini shipping date back from November 25 to December 2, and Apple's online store is estimating cellular versions will ship in 5-10 business days from all five major US cellular providers. Meanwhile the Wi-Fi only models are more readily available.
Read more about If You Plan to Buy a Retina iPad mini Before the Holidays, Do It Right Now!
iPad Tops Holiday Wish Lists Again, Wii U a Close Second
Submitted by Jennifer Nguyen on Wed, 11/21/2012 - 12:58
Kids aged 6 to 12 want an iPad for the holidays more than anything else this year. According to a survey conducted by Nielsen Wire, 48% of kids surveyed said they want an iPad, and 39% want a Nintendo Wii U. Apple's iPod touch and iPad mini tied for third with 36% of the vote, and the iPhone beat out other smartphones, gaming consoles and tablets with 33% of children's interest.
While the 4th generation iPad and iPad mini are readily available from Apple and other retailers, the Wii U is largely sold out across the U.S.. Holiday shoppers have been turning to third party sellers, and online tracking services such as whohas.it to find a Wii U console. Scott Moffitt, executive vice president of marketing at Nintendo of America, said Nintendo is doing everything they can do to ensure the Wii U will be on store shelves this shopping season. However, some are accusing retail stores of hoarding Wii U consoles for Black Friday sales. Either way, it looks like Apple products will be the much easier gifts to find and buy this year.
Sprint iPad
Read more about iPad Tops Holiday Wish Lists Again, Wii U a Close Second
iPhone 5 Rumor Roundup: Will Apple Also Announce an iPad mini and New iPod touch?
Submitted by Marshall Walker on Tue, 09/11/2012 - 18:18
We know one thing for sure, Apple is going to announce the sixth-generation iPhone tomorrow, September 12, at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts at 10:00 am. What we don't know is what the new iPhone will be called, and if Apple will also announce the rumored iPad mini or new iPod touch. Here's what we think we know: Judging from the press invite (below) Apple will call the new device the "iPhone 5", not the "new iPhone" like it did with the third-generation iPad. Several reliable sources claim Apple will hold a special iPad mini event a few weeks after tomorrow's announcement, but they will announce a new iPod alongside the iPhone 5.
The new iPod is expected to feature a 4-inch display with a resolution of 1136 x 640, and a more powerful A5 processor. The iPhone is rumored to be 2mm thinner than the iPhone 4S, and to also feature a 4-inch screen. It's unclear if the phone will be powered by a new A6 chip, or the same A5X processor found in the iPad 3. All three devices, and all future Apple products, will feature new smaller dock connectors. Apple will reportedly sell their own branded adapters individually for $10, or three for $29. The iPhone 5 should also be 4G LTE compatible in the US, Canada and in parts of Asia and Europe as well.
Read more about iPhone 5 Rumor Roundup: Will Apple Also Announce an iPad mini and New iPod touch?
AT&T SIM card Works With Verizon iPad
Submitted by Marshall Walker on Sat, 03/17/2012 - 16:03
A MacRumors reader discovered that his AT&T micro-SIM works in his Verizon iPad 3. The Verizon iPad LTE bands do not support AT&T's 4G. This means that the Verizon iPad will be limited to AT&T's slower non-LTE EDGE and 3G bands when using an AT&T card.
"I was one of the first to obtain a Verizon iPad and can happily confirm that this is allowed! I used my ATT iPhone 4S sim card and took out the Verizon sim, and data worked! You must apply the AT&T APN carrier settings before this works though." - via MacRumors
Third Generation iPad
Read more about AT&T SIM card Works With Verizon iPad
Where Can I Buy the New iPad?
Submitted by Marshall Walker on Wed, 03/14/2012 - 18:12
Apple's new iPad will be available on March 16 at 8:00 a.m at all Apple store locations. If you're looking for alternatives to standing in line there are a few options. AT&T and Verizon will also be offering the next generation iPad through all sales channels on March 16. However, carrier retail locations are known for not having enough product to meet demand, and only want to sell you their data plans. Since the iPad does not require a carrier contract there is no reason to buy a data plan right away. You must also choose either AT&T or Verizon since the iPad is only configured to work with one. If you're buying a 4G model, Verizon is the better choice due to its superior LTE network and free personal hotspot service.
Apple also announced that the new iPad will be available at Best Buy, Radio Shack, Sam's Club, Target and Walmart. It's unknown if these retail outlets will have enough supply to meet demand, but they do offer you an alternative to standing in line at an Apple store.
Read more about Where Can I Buy the New iPad?
Apple Announces Stores Will Open Early for New iPad
It looks like the leaked Apple advertisement was correct, and Apple stores will be opening early to the sell the new iPad. According to an official Apple press release, the third generation iPad will be available at Apple retail stores on March 16 at 8:00 a.m. local time in the US, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, Switzerland and the UK; along with Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands.
Apple employees will be on-hand to offer free Personal Setup service for any customizing needs. The iPad 3 will also be available at AT&T stores, Best Buy, Radio Shack, Sam's Club, Target and Walmart in the U.S..
Data Plan
Read more about Apple Announces Stores Will Open Early for New iPad
AT&T Wants You to Know They Will be Selling the New iPad This Friday
AT&T has officially announced they will be selling the new iPad through all sales channels on March 16. People who did not pre-order the iPad 3 in time, or do not wish to camp outside their local Apple store can try AT&T retail shops on Friday. Remember, if you're planning on buying a 4G model, AT&T is not offering free hotspot support like Verizon.
The new iPad 4G models have the ability to utilize high-speed LTE networks and share the connection with up to 5 other devices. This makes Verizon's superior LTE network and free personal hotspot support the better deal.
iPad Pre-Order
Read more about AT&T Wants You to Know They Will be Selling the New iPad This Friday
iPad 3 LTE Data Plans: Verizon to Offer Free Hotspot Support
Submitted by Marshall Walker on Thu, 03/08/2012 - 19:08
One of the new features of the iPad 3 is the ability to utilize high-speed LTE networks and share the connection with up to 5 other devices. As of today it doesn't look like AT&T will be ready to support the iPad's hotspot feature before its March 16 launch. However, Verizon will offer free hotspot support for the 4G models.
When pre-ordering the new iPad you must choose what carrier you would like to use. The model you select is configured to work with either Verizon or AT&T, not both! So you'll have to decide which carrier's 4G LTE network you prefer. You do not need to activate your service right away, and you can choose a monthly data plan at a later date when you need it.
iPad 4G LTE
Read more about iPad 3 LTE Data Plans: Verizon to Offer Free Hotspot Support
Apple Launches iOS 4.3.4 to Patch PDF Exploit
Submitted by Marshall Walker on Fri, 07/15/2011 - 18:25
Apple released iOS 4.3.4 (4.2.9 for the Verizon iPhone) to patch the vulnerability that was used for JailbreakMe 3.0, but could also be used for malicious reasons. The PDF exploit allowed hackers to access your passwords, built-in-cameras, contact databases and so on. The description of the update says it "fixes [a] security vulnerability associated with viewing malicious PDF files."
Apple acknowledged the hole last week after the German Federal Office for Information Security issued a warning about the possibility of infected PDFs remotely taking over devices.
iPad 2 Jailbreak
JailbreakMe 3.0
Read more about Apple Launches iOS 4.3.4 to Patch PDF Exploit
How much does the 9.7-inch iPad (2018) weigh?
What type of speakers does the 9.7-inch (2018) iPad have?
How much RAM does the 9.7-inch iPad (2018) have?
Does the 9.7-inch iPad (2018) ship with Airpods / Earpods?
How much is the 9.7-inch iPad (2018)?


text:
New Water Supply System in Turkistan Fully Provides Whole City With Drinking Water
in Kazakhstan Region Profiles: A Deep Dive Into the Heart of Central Asia, Nation on 13 July 2021
NUR-SULTAN – The construction of a water supply system that will fully provide the city with centralized drinking water has been completed in Turkistan on July 12, reported the press service of the Turkistan Region akimat (regional administration).
Click on the picture to see the map. Photo credit: Gov.kz.
As of today, only 20 percent of Turkistan's population has access to drinking water. With the new system, drinking water will be available for every resident with a capacity to cover the water needs of 200,000 people.
A large automated water supply complex is now fully equipped with modern technology and energy-saving high-tech installations.
During the construction of the new facility, more than 25,000 kilometers of pipes were laid and 5,000 cubic meters of tanks were additionally built at the central reservoir of Turkistan. Sewerage was connected to all old and new buildings in the city.
The water supply system utilizes powerful pumps that receive water from a depth of several meters through wells and transfer it to the main mechanism which sterilizes the water and sends it to the residents.
The new infrastructure comes at the next stage of Turkistan's urban development, as the city is quickly becoming a new center of international tourism in the country.


text:
Looking Back: Village Inn Pizza Parlors came to town in '70s
Eric Renshaw
Special to the Argus Leader
Sioux Falls' first Village Inn Pizza Parlor opened May 1, 1973, at 2516 W. 41st St., across from the recently built Western Mall. The new family pizzeria was a locally owned franchise, owned and operated by Ron Huntley and John Carlson. Huntley had worked in a Village Inn in Minot, N.D. Before that, he was a Minuteman Missile crew commander near Minot.
Village Inn featured a peculiar mishmash of themes. The distinctive building resembled a Swiss chalet, while the interior was decorated with stained glass and dark wood accents in a rustic Old English concept. Movies were shown nightly, and there were cartoons for the kids, in color! It was a fun family environment that many enjoyed.
The franchise was developed almost accidentally by Chuck Misfeldt. After serving in the Marines, he attended Arizona State University in Tempe, working toward his engineering degree. While there, he and his wife, Janice, managed an apartment complex. This is where Chuck heard about the franchise opportunity for a new pizza business that was booming. It was a little operation called Pizza Hut. Chuck and Janice took the risk, found some investors and designed a building for their Pizza Hut. At the time, Pizza Hut didn't have a specific architectural style, so the building design was left to the whim of the owner.
Misfeldt went with an A-frame design and kept the distinctive style when he broke with Pizza Hut and began his own chain with his own recipes. Village Inn began to spread, first in Mesa, Ariz., then two more locations in Tempe. Misfeldt's business model was to hire mostly college students and customize the work schedule to fit their needs. He never did go on to use his engineering degree but managed to do pretty well franchising Village Inn.
By the early 1970s, Village Inn was spreading as far north as North Dakota and as far east as Ohio. In Sioux Falls, the second location, at 4009 E. 10th St., was completed by May 1975. In November 1975, owner Ron Huntley sold his interest in the business and went on to sell real estate in the area for years.
In June 1982, both locations were rebranded as Mama Teresa's Pizza, which touted "A new name, but the same great taste!" Both locations were closed by 1984. Dominoes moved into the East 10th Street location, where it still resides. Through the years, the 41st Street location became home to a number of businesses, including Hunan Garden, Happy Jake's Diner, Miss Kitty's Casino and Diner, the New Lodge Restaurant, Hooters and, finally, Crown Casino.
While Sioux Falls no longer has a Village Inn, there are several more locations around the U.S. that still have that distinctive A-frame building; the nearest is in Billings, Mont. They are no longer all part of a unified chain, though there is a chain of them in North Carolina that claims to use the same recipe the restaurants started with more than 50 years ago. Who's up for a road trip?
Eric Renshaw of Sioux Falls has written the book "Forgotten Sioux Falls" and gives a historical perspective on his website GreetingsFromSiouxFalls.com.


Randy + Johnathan :: engaged!
Randy and Johnathan are only two months away from saying "I do!" We spent an afternoon exploring Arrow Rock, taking engagement pictures, and talking about vintage cars, good food, favorite vacations, and of course, wedding plans! I'm over-the-moon excited for these two. Check back in late May for pictures from their wedding at Columbia's Sorenson Estate.


Welcome to the Online Dealer section of the Lease Experts website.
Lease Experts gives you access to tens of thousands of lease buyers across Canada.
When you publish your vehicles with Lease Experts, your vehicle inventory will receive maximum exposure and allow you to reach more clients cost effectively. Thousands of lease buyers looking to lease new and used vehicles use our site every day. Our services will allow you to reduce your inventory, expand your market presence and sell lots of leased vehicles.
Do you have customers that want to get out of their lease?
We can help them transfer it. Once the lease is taken over, not only do you look after your initial customer but you gain a new one. The new customer becomes part of your lease portfolio. And the initial customer presents an opportunity to sell another vehicle, resulting in future business for your dealership.
Lease Experts offers 2 major packages that are specifically tailored to fit your dealership needs. To start publishing your vehicles, click the button below.


[S7] 1850 (June 1) U.S. Census, Waterbury, New Haven Co., CT, p. 13 (stamped 7).
[S8] 1860 (June 1) U.S. Census, Waterbury, New Haven Co., CT, p. 45 (stamped 127).
[S903] Find A Grave - A User-Contributed Listing of Cemeteries and Memorials; Find A Grave Founder Jim Tipton, 2009; online at http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gs&, Riverside Cemetery, Waterbury, New Haven Co., CT.
[S2539] Katheryn Hag, "Found Photos in a CA Storage Unit," database made available on-line courtesy of Katheryn Hag, http://trees.ancestry.ca/tree/41512094/person/19638138534, database viewed 21 April 2015.
[S9] 1870 (June 1) U.S. Census, Waterbury, New Haven Co., CT, p. 22 (back of stamped 757).
[S10] 1880 (June 1) U.S. Census, Waterbury, New Haven Co., CT, ED 35, p. 10 (back of stamped 32).
[S12] 1900 (June 1) U.S. Census, Derby, New Haven Co., CT, ED 306, Sheet 10A (stamped 333).
[S2544] "anavas181", "Navas Family Tree," database made available on-line courtesy of "anavas181", http://trees.ancestry.ca/tree/11410760/person/-330606792, database viewed 26 April 2015.
[S7] 1850 (June 1) U.S. Census, Northern Liberties, Philadelphia Co., PA, p. 158 (back of stamped 79).
[S2542] Art Bergen, "Bruce Richard Bergen's Family Tree," database made available on-line courtesy of Art Bergen, http://trees.ancestry.ca/tree/118429/person/1672123710?ssrc=, database viewed 24 April 2015.
[S8] 1860 (June 1) U.S. Census, Philadelphia, Philadelphia Co., PA, p. 70 (stamped 70).
[S9] 1870 (June 1) U.S. Census, Watertown, Litchfield Co., CT, p. 18 (back of stamped 534).
[S10] 1880 (June 1) U.S. Census, Philadelphia, Philadelphia Co., PA, ED 582, p. 11 (stamped 206).
[S903] Find A Grave - A User-Contributed Listing of Cemeteries and Memorials; Find A Grave Founder Jim Tipton, 2009; online at http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gs&, Woodlands Cemetery, Philadelphia, Philadelphia Co., PA.
[S2541] Joseph Ripley Chandler Ward, compilers, History of the One Hundred and Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 2d Brigade, 2d Division, 2d Corps, 1861-1865 (PA: Grant, Faires & Rogers, 1883), p. 339.
[S9] 1870 (June 1) U.S. Census, Philadelphia, Philadelphia Co., PA, p. 8 (back of stamped 183).
[S12] 1900 (June 1) U.S. Census, Philadelphia, Philadelphia Co., PA, ED 143, Sheet 3B (back of stamped 13).
[S9] 1870 (June 1) U.S. Census, Philadelphia, Philadelphia Co., PA, p. 35 (stamped 221).
[S903] Find A Grave - A User-Contributed Listing of Cemeteries and Memorials; Find A Grave Founder Jim Tipton, 2009; online at http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gs&, Lawnview Cemetery, Rockledge, Montgomery Co., PA.
[S10] 1880 (June 1) U.S. Census, Philadelphia, Philadelphia Co., PA, ED 277, p. 20 (back of stamped 379).
[S13] 1910 (April 15) U.S. Census, Baltimore, MD, ED 262, Sheet 2A (stamped 175).
[S903] Find A Grave - A User-Contributed Listing of Cemeteries and Memorials; Find A Grave Founder Jim Tipton, 2009; online at http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gs&, Green Mount Cemetery, Baltimore, MD.
[S12] 1900 (June 1) U.S. Census, Baltimore, MD, ED 235, Sheet 7A (stamped 158).
[S14] 1920 (January 1) U.S. Census, Baltimore, MD, ED 266, Sheet 2A (stamped 220).
[S13] 1910 (April 15) U.S. Census, Berkeley, Alameda Co., CA, ED 57, Sheet 18A (stamped 254).
[S15] 1930 (April 1) U.S. Census, Merchantville, Camden Co., NJ, ED 4-149, Sheet 21A (stamped 49).
[S2541] Joseph Ripley Chandler Ward, compilers, History of the One Hundred and Sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 2d Brigade, 2d Division, 2d Corps, 1861-1865 (PA: Grant, Faires & Rogers, 1883), p. 341.
[S903] Find A Grave - A User-Contributed Listing of Cemeteries and Memorials; Find A Grave Founder Jim Tipton, 2009; online at http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gs&, Bucks Hill Cemetery, Waterbury, New Haven Co., CT.
[S903] Find A Grave, online, Woodtick Cemetery, Wolcott, New Haven Co., CT.
[S903] Find A Grave, online, Hillside Cemetery, Thomaston, Litchfield Co., CT.
[S903] Find A Grave, online, Calvary Cemetery, Waterbury, New Haven Co., CT.


text:
Aleš Šnofl, slovenski pozavnist, * 24. julij 1966, Slovenj Gradec.

Šnofl je diplomiral na Akademiji za glasbo v Ljubljani pri profesorju Borisu Šinigoju.

Dobil je najvišje nagrade in priznanja na republiških in državnih tekmovanjih v nekdanji Jugoslaviji. Je solist - pozavnist orkestra SNG opera in balet Ljubljana, član Trobilnega kvinteta simfonikov RTV Slovenija in profesor na Srednji glasbeni in baletni šoli v Ljubljani.

Glej tudi
seznam slovenskih pozavnistov

Živeči ljudje
Slovenski pozavnisti
Diplomiranci Akademije za glasbo v Ljubljani

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


There are many types of bicycle touring. I have found my personal style over the past three years. For me, it is more about the people and places rather than the miles. This means that my pace is more relaxed with less miles passing under my wheels. I savor the views, interactions with people, and small town experiences along the ride.
I have a tradition of recognizing the people and places that made my tour enjoyable and memorable. Here are the 5-star worthy winners from this past week.
This small hotel perched above Harper's Ferry proves that you don't have to be a Hyatt or Crown Plaza to deliver excellent service. It is about a mile uphill climb for cyclists coming off the C&O Canal Trail but is worth the effort. It is very bike friendly. The hotel has a high pressure hose, plenty of towels and an area to clean C&O muddied bikes. On our visit, the front desk clerk was very attentive to our needs. She recommended a local pizzeria and allowed us to use the breakfast room for our dinner. Clean rooms, attentive staff, and a convenient location made it a winner.
This combination restaurant and bakery is nestled on Hancock's main drag, just a block from the C&O. It consistently gets mentioned in cyclist blogs, C&O discussion boards and guidebooks. It is a very conventional small town restaurant. The menu offers a nice assortment of home style cooking; nothing too fancy. Hearty and comforting is the theme. The staff was friendly and accommodating to our needs. Pie is their specialty. They offer a nice assortment of cream and fruit pies. I can attest to the fact that their coconut cream pie gets an A++. It is well worth a stop on the trail.
This small town diner was my favorite breakfast spot on my 2011 tour. You can't beat their fluffy smiley face pancakes with pure local maple syrup. On this visit, we stopped in for lunch. The prices are low and the portions are generous. Floyd, the owner and short order cook, and his family offer service with a smile. My cheeseburger was delicious and the fresh cut fries rounded off my All American lunch.
There is something about starting your day on a porch with your coffee and muffin watching the river go by as the morning mist rises. This is after falling to sleep to the sounds of water and wildlife from the river. This was my second visit to this lovely bed and breakfast. Anne Marie, the owner, has comfortably furnished a small Victorian cottage adjoining her restaurant on the Youghiogheny River. There is a generous continental breakfast waiting in the kitchen in he morning. A stay in this bed and breakfast is so relaxing.
Rob and Mary Lou, the inn keepers, know the meaning of hospitality. Their inn is housed in two side-by-side Victorian homes that have been lovingly restored. You can't ask for a more convenient location, right next to the GAP at the West Newton train station. Very clean rooms, large porches, a comfy living room, and shared kitchen made for a welcoming place to gather and meet other bicycle tourists. Rob, a retired executive chef, prepared a delicious breakfast in the morning. They made it a point to give us great send-off. I look forward to a future return to this inn and highly recommend it to any GAP tourist.
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The third game in the Turtles game series is a whole lot like the second one. You take the turtle of your choice up against the seemingly endless waves of enemy soldiers. Why? Because, they've stolen Manhattan island… and kidnapped April for good measure. All of this is conveniently relayed to the turtles, who happen to be on vacation, via a television mysteriously placed on Florida's beach. Why April was reporting something in New York that was being shown on television in Florida, I can't say. But it was, they see it, and immediately head back to New York… on foot.
I don't usually bother trying to make sense of events that happen in the Turtles universe. It's kind of like professional wrestling, if you think about it too much, it becomes less fun to watch.
I never did get real far in this game, though I did make some semblance of progress. I only had it for a rental, so I only had one evening to master the thing, which wasn't quite enough time for this one. It was a whole lot similar to the previous game in the series, so I didn't try real hard to get it again, which might have been a mistake, in hindsight.
This was one of the few games where I actually discovered a bona fide code for. In goofing around with it, I managed to figure out how to enable 'random select', so that when you lost a life the next turtle out would be chosen at random. I thought that was kind of neat, so I sent it in to Nintendo Power… who did nothing with it. I wasn't too surprised, though. They only had a limited amount of space for that kind of stuff, and it was filled with tips on how to rig the 'Money Making Game' in The Legend of Zelda, which I guess took precedence.
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