text:
Q: FFmpeg concatenate video and add watermark I have command to overlay two video one on other.
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "movie= overlay.mov [a]; [1][a]scale2ref[2nd][ref];[2nd][ref]overlay=0:0 [c]"  output.mp4

Now I want to add water watermark and concatenate a new video append.mov in above command. I have found a command to add watermark.
ffmpeg -i output.mp4 -i watermark.png -filter_complex "overlay=10:10" outputwatermark.mp4

But I want to merge both the command and also need to concatenate append.mov to output.mp4.
Also above overlay two video command takes too long time to process if video size is large. Any suggestion on that(should not affect quality of video)?
I tried following command to concatenate video.
ffmpeg -i abc.mp4 -i ../input/overlay2.mov append.mp4

The video was not concatenate, below is the output.
ffmpeg version 4.2.2 Copyright (c) 2000-2019 the FFmpeg developers
  built with Apple clang version 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.17)
  configuration: --prefix=/usr/local/Cellar/ffmpeg/4.2.2_2 --enable-shared --enable-pthreads --enable-version3 --enable-avresample --cc=clang --host-cflags= --host-ldflags= --enable-ffplay --enable-gnutls --enable-gpl --enable-libaom --enable-libbluray --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-librubberband --enable-libsnappy --enable-libtesseract --enable-libtheora --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxvid --enable-lzma --enable-libfontconfig --enable-libfreetype --enable-frei0r --enable-libass --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-librtmp --enable-libspeex --enable-libsoxr --enable-videotoolbox --disable-libjack --disable-indev=jack
  libavutil      56. 31.100 / 56. 31.100
  libavcodec     58. 54.100 / 58. 54.100
  libavformat    58. 29.100 / 58. 29.100
  libavdevice    58.  8.100 / 58.  8.100
  libavfilter     7. 57.100 /  7. 57.100
  libavresample   4.  0.  0 /  4.  0.  0
  libswscale      5.  5.100 /  5.  5.100
  libswresample   3.  5.100 /  3.  5.100
  libpostproc    55.  5.100 / 55.  5.100
Input #0, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from 'abc.mp4':
  Metadata:
    major_brand     : isom
    minor_version   : 512
    compatible_brands: isomiso2avc1mp41
    encoder         : Lavf58.29.100
  Duration: 00:00:37.40, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 474 kb/s
    Stream #0:0(eng): Video: h264 (High) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p, 960x540 [SAR 3:4 DAR 4:3], 324 kb/s, 1k fps, 1k tbr, 16k tbn, 2k tbc (default)
    Metadata:
      handler_name    : VideoHandler
    Stream #0:1(eng): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, mono, fltp, 69 kb/s (default)
    Metadata:
      handler_name    : SoundHandler
Input #1, mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2, from '../input/overlay2.mov':
  Metadata:
    major_brand     : qt
    minor_version   : 537199360
    compatible_brands: qt
    creation_time   : 2020-03-27T16:32:23.000000Z
  Duration: 00:00:37.44, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 3519 kb/s
    Stream #1:0(eng): Video: qtrle (rle  / 0x20656C72), argb(progressive), 640x352, 3295 kb/s, SAR 1:1 DAR 20:11, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 25 tbn, 25 tbc (default)
    Metadata:
      creation_time   : 2020-03-27T16:32:23.000000Z
      handler_name    : Apple Video Media Handler
      encoder         : Animation
      timecode        : 00:00:00:00
    Stream #1:1(eng): Data: none (tmcd / 0x64636D74) (default)
    Metadata:
      creation_time   : 2020-03-27T16:32:23.000000Z
      handler_name    : Time Code Media Handler
      timecode        : 00:00:00:00
File 'append.mp4' already exists. Overwrite ? [y/N] y
Stream mapping:
  Stream #0:0 -> #0:0 (h264 (native) -> h264 (libx264))
  Stream #0:1 -> #0:1 (aac (native) -> aac (native))
Press [q] to stop, [?] for help
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] using SAR=3/4
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] using cpu capabilities: MMX2 SSE2Fast SSSE3 SSE4.2 AVX FMA3 BMI2 AVX2
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] profile High, level 5.2
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] 264 - core 155 r2917 0a84d98 - H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codec - Copyleft 2003-2018 - http://www.videolan.org/x264.html - options: cabac=1 ref=3 deblock=1:0:0 analyse=0x3:0x113 me=hex subme=7 psy=1 psy_rd=1.00:0.00 mixed_ref=1 me_range=16 chroma_me=1 trellis=1 8x8dct=1 cqm=0 deadzone=21,11 fast_pskip=1 chroma_qp_offset=-2 threads=6 lookahead_threads=1 sliced_threads=0 nr=0 decimate=1 interlaced=0 bluray_compat=0 constrained_intra=0 bframes=3 b_pyramid=2 b_adapt=1 b_bias=0 direct=1 weightb=1 open_gop=0 weightp=2 keyint=250 keyint_min=25 scenecut=40 intra_refresh=0 rc_lookahead=40 rc=crf mbtree=1 crf=23.0 qcomp=0.60 qpmin=0 qpmax=69 qpstep=4 ip_ratio=1.40 aq=1:1.00
Output #0, mp4, to 'append.mp4':
  Metadata:
    major_brand     : isom
    minor_version   : 512
    compatible_brands: isomiso2avc1mp41
    encoder         : Lavf58.29.100
    Stream #0:0(eng): Video: h264 (libx264) (avc1 / 0x31637661), yuv420p(progressive), 960x540 [SAR 3:4 DAR 4:3], q=-1--1, 1k fps, 16k tbn, 1k tbc (default)
    Metadata:
      handler_name    : VideoHandler
      encoder         : Lavc58.54.100 libx264
    Side data:
      cpb: bitrate max/min/avg: 0/0/0 buffer size: 0 vbv_delay: -1
    Stream #0:1(eng): Audio: aac (LC) (mp4a / 0x6134706D), 48000 Hz, mono, fltp, 69 kb/s (default)
    Metadata:
      handler_name    : SoundHandler
      encoder         : Lavc58.54.100 aac
frame=37399 fps=378 q=-1.0 Lsize=    2138kB time=00:00:37.39 bitrate= 468.4kbits/s speed=0.378x
video:1454kB audio:221kB subtitle:0kB other streams:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead: 27.624002%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] frame I:150   Avg QP:11.47  size:  1655
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] frame P:9423  Avg QP:14.43  size:    52
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] frame B:27826 Avg QP:17.67  size:    27
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] consecutive B-frames:  0.8%  0.0%  0.0% 99.2%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] mb I  I16..4: 94.0%  4.3%  1.7%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] mb P  I16..4:  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  P16..4:  0.1%  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%    skip:99.8%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] mb B  I16..4:  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  B16..8:  0.1%  0.0%  0.0%  direct: 0.0%  skip:99.9%  L0:54.5% L1:45.5% BI: 0.1%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] 8x8 transform intra:4.8% inter:84.4%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] coded y,uvDC,uvAC intra: 1.6% 2.3% 2.0% inter: 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] i16 v,h,dc,p: 96%  0%  3%  0%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] i8 v,h,dc,ddl,ddr,vr,hd,vl,hu: 58%  9% 28%  1%  1%  1%  1%  1%  1%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] i4 v,h,dc,ddl,ddr,vr,hd,vl,hu: 38% 22% 15%  4%  4%  5%  5%  4%  4%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] i8c dc,h,v,p: 97%  1%  1%  0%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] Weighted P-Frames: Y:1.9% UV:1.9%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] ref P L0: 86.3%  8.4%  4.5%  0.8%  0.0%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] ref B L0: 75.4% 24.0%  0.5%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] ref B L1: 98.1%  1.9%
[libx264 @ 0x7ff35a012200] kb/s:318.42
[aac @ 0x7ff35a013a00] Qavg: 152.336


5%78°58°Cloudy with a high of 75 °F (23.9 °C). Winds SSW at 13 to 14 mph (20.9 to 22.5 kph).Night - Cloudy. Winds variable at 4 to 14 mph (6.4 to 22.5 kph). The overnight low will be 53 °F (11.7 °C).
Today - Cloudy with a high of 75 °F (23.9 °C). Winds SSW at 13 to 14 mph (20.9 to 22.5 kph).
Tonight - Cloudy. Winds variable at 4 to 14 mph (6.4 to 22.5 kph). The overnight low will be 53 °F (11.7 °C).


text:
Maine Coon Cats For Sale In South Australia
Are you looking Maine Coon Cats For Sale In South Australia information? If so, we can help. We are the fastest and easiest way to find a new kitten or cat near you.
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Kitten Buy Dot Com offers you the most comprehensive link listings of Maine Coon Cats For Sale In South Australia that you will find. It is extremely easy to find. Go ahead and start browsing. New listings are added daily. We are confident that you will find YOUR future Cat kitten!
The Maine Coon is one of North America's oldest cat breeds. The first Maine Coon was discovered in the American North-East, in what is now known as New England. There are many lovely anecdotes about the origins of the Maine Coon.
We believe they were discovered near the state of Maine and were named after it. The "Coon" component of the name refers to the widely held belief that they are the result of a cross-breeding of housecats and raccoons! Although a tabby Maine Coon with a full tail may appear to be a raccoon, this union is genetically impossible.
Despite his wild appearance, the Maine Coon has a remarkably tolerant personality. He is unobtrusive while also being lively and intelligent. He is calm and meek, avoids fighting, and is hesitant to use his nails. Males are more gregarious than females, who are more reserved in the presence of strangers.
They grow larger than house cats, with the female weighing 4 to 6 kilos and the male weighing 6 to 8 kilograms.
This breed matures slowly and does not reach adulthood until it is three years old.
The fur is water-repellant, therefore brushing once a week is sufficient. They are simple to comb.
Brown tabby is the most prevalent and popular color of the breed.
The Maine Coon is available in practically any color (only non-natural colors are not recognized).
Classic tabby (also known as blotched tabby) and mackerel tabby are the two tabby patterns.
If you are looking for Maine Coon Cats For Sale In South Australia, simply check out the link below:
Registered Maine Coon Cat Breeders in South Australia, SA …
https://perfectpets.com.au/ss/st/Cat+Breeders+Australia/pt/Cats/b/Maine+Coon/l/South+Australia~+Australia/la/-30.00023149999999/lg/136.2091547
18/12/2020 · Registered Maine Coon Cat Breeders in South Australia, SA Australia Search Results – 1 – 15 of 550 Coonmagic Maine Coons – Maine Coon Cat Breeder – Adelaide, SA
Maine coon cats for sale Australia – December 2021
https://www.findads.com.au/pets-animals/maine-coon-cats-for-sale-australia.html
Explore 8 listings for Maine coon cats for sale Australia at best prices. The cheapest offer starts at $ 50. Check it out!
maine coon in South Australia | Cats & Kittens | Gumtree …
https://www.gumtree.com.au/s-cats-kittens/sa/maine+coon/k0c18435l3008842
maine coon in South Australia | Cats & Kittens | Gumtree Australia Free Local Classifieds. Find maine coon ads in our Cats & Kittens category from South Australia. Buy and sell almost anything on Gumtree classifieds.
Maine Coon Cat Breeders Australia – Maine Coon Kittens for …
https://www.catsofaustralia.com/mainecoon-cat-breeders.htm
Registered, Pedigreed Maine Coons from local and imported lines. Big boned babies. All kittens desexed, microchipped, vaccinated. Located South West of WA. Phone: 0400247168 . …
Maine Coon Breeders Australia | Maine Coon Info & kittens
https://perfectpets.com.au/pets/cats/cat-breeds/cat-breeders/maine-coon
Main Coon Cat FAQ's. How much does a Maine Coon cat cost? At least $1,000 and easily up to $3,000+ (AUD) for a pet in Australia. In the US, the average price from a registered breeder with all health checks is around $1500 (US). The price for a in the UK averages around 900 (GBP) and can go as high as 1500 (GBP). Are good pets?
Find maine coon ads in our Cats & Kittens category from South Australia. Buy and sell almost anything on Gumtree classifieds. Keeping our community safe COVID-19 Safety Precautions
Coon Magic – WELC
http://www.coonmagic.com/
We are registered Maine Coon breeders in South Australia with both FASA (Feline Association of South Australia) and GCCFSA (Governing Council of the Cat Fancy of South Australia Inc.).. All our have come from some of the most respectable and ethical breeders in and New Zealand who not only DNA screen for MyBPC3 but attend to Cardiac …
Maine Coon kittens for sale | South Australia | Cats …
https://www.adsct.com.au/ad/maine-coon-kittens-for-sale?id=1336047
We have and female Maine Coon kittens for sale and we are looking for a new home that will accept the cat and part of their family so Contact me if you are interested in getting a male or female kittens kindly contact me for more information. email us at (hmiles337{a}gmail.com)
supercoonsmainecoons
http://www.supercoonsmainecoons.com/
About Us. We are a small boutique breeder cattery in Australia. We are a Christian family who originally recite from South-Africa.We were first attracted to Maine Coons in 2007, because of their size and placid nature. I am a full time casual relief teacher, which gives me enough time to be with our .
Coonmagic Maine Coons – Home | Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/coonmagic
Coonmagic Maine Coons, Adelaide, South Australia. 7,297 likes · 264 talking about this · 1 was here. Our aim is to breed to standard large healthy, well …
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Sphynx Cat Kittens For Sale Tucson Az
Maine Coon Cats For Sale In Victoria

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Located within one of the most important historical buildings of Catania, this lovely apartment is perfect for a leisure trip or vacation or for work. The apartment is just renovated and includes a beautiful living room with flat tv, two comfortable bedrooms (with a king size bed and a queen size sofa bed), a fully furnished kitchen, an elegant bathroom and even a beautiful courtyard where you can relax with yours travel mates! Free optical fiber wi-fi connection and smart TV available.
Ciao, il mio nome è Antonio. Il mare, i viaggi e lo sport sono la mia passione!!


Though the idea of global warming is in dispute, it is tough to argue against what we are seeing around the world. For example, countries that usually have mild weather such as Britain, is seeing floods and hurricanes along with the introduction of Africanized bees and Mosquitoes. In a place such as Africa where conditions are varied, we are seeing shifts that can only be attributed to global climate change. No other microclimate changes could be to blame according to modern analysis and historic record/proof. My essay describes how global climate change (global warming as it is known by lay people) is affecting Africa.
One assumes that dry places in Africa will become dryer, but that is often not the case. There are places in Africa that are already as dry as they can get, but they do have a rainy season where life is able to re-grow and prepare for the coming seasons. Climate change affects the wind to the point where good soil is blown away and dust bowls are created. Areas that are refreshed every year are simply flooded with no positive gain because the good soil and plant life that is trying to re-establish itself during the rainy season has been blown away and destroyed.
There is plenty of dessert in Africa, but some places are becoming so warm that dessert land is expanding, which is creating death and destruction as it grows. This affects both the wildlife and the human populations too. There is very little that can live in dessert areas, which is why most of them bring only death and destruction as they grow and expand outwards.
Global climate change is affecting the delicate balance that exists in Africa. It may seem like a harsh and unforgiving place to the outside observer, but it does exist in a balance, and global climate change is affecting that balance. The most obvious example is when flooding happens. In some parts of the country, floods are a terrible thing and have a devastating effect on the local wildlife and human populace. But, in other places, the floods are needed on a regular basis, and climate change is affecting that, which is resulting in a lot of flora and fauna dying off.
Most of the wildlife in Africa is severely affected by the changing weather systems, and the effects that global warming is having on wildlife is devastating. Things such as plants germinating at the wrong time, or insects laying eggs at the wrong time is causing massive problems and has already lead to mass extinctions.
To say that global warming is having a negative effect in Africa is an understatement. It is having a devastating effect on the wildlife, people and the terrain. Most of the damage is now unfixable, but without a solution to global climate change, there is little chance that many parts of Africa will ever recover.


text:
Councils urged to collect disease-ridden bags of shit once a week
COUNCILS across England are to be offered incentives to collect rat-filled bags of putrefying meat and devastating viruses more often than once a fortnight.
Government ministers are to increase funding to cash-strapped local authorities in a bid to keep their manifesto promise of preventing a new outbreak of the Black Death.
Prime minister David Cameron said: "When I arrived in Downing Street I made it clear that one of the things I really wanted to do was prevent the population of this country being decimated by an unstoppable virus carried by the trillions of fleas who live on the backs of billions of rats.
"We're not building a Big Society of rats and as I've often said, 'take care of the rats and the fleas will take care of themselves'."
The issue has caused tension between Downing Street and the department for communities and local government where secretary of state Eric Pickles has resisted weekly bin collections because he just loves the stench of rotting pork.
But Professor Henry Brubaker, of the Institute for Studies, said: "In recent years we have noticed a correlation between low life expectancy and societies with massive piles of uncollected refuse.
"India, for example, still has the occasional outbreak of a disease that they – and we – call 'the plague'. I actually gave a presentation at a conference last night about why India still has the 'the plague'. Allow me to repeat in full.
"It's because they don't collect their bins. I thank you."
Council victim Bill McKay added: "Because I've been alive in England for more than 20 minutes I really don't expect very much from my local authority.
"But I do think if they are going to do something with my £1500 a year I would like it to somehow involve the weekly collection of tiny, but virulent organisms that, given the opportunity, would effectively cause me to melt from the inside out.
"As long as they just do that, then as far as I'm concerned then they can go around setting up lesbian basketball teams until they are blue in the face."
Your astrological week ahead, with Psychic Bob
Capricorn (22 DEC-19 JAN)
Really drunk, you say? At the New Year's Eve party you went to? Crikey. You must tell me everything.
Aquarius (20 JAN-19 FEB)
This week sees you hounding yourself into a nervous breakdown and making insinuating comments about your taste in poetry after you catch sight of yourself in the mirror with slightly messy hair.
Pisces (20 FEB-20 MAR)
The quality of mercy is not strained, it droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven. Unless you're brown, obviously.
Aries (21 MAR-19 APR)
With a fitness DVD, a six-pack of Cornish pasties and a box of tissues, your shopping basket is a fascinating tableau of baseless hope and unfulfilled good intentions. Do you have a club card?
Taurus (20 APRIL – 20 MAY)
This year will be filled with great opportunities for self-advancement, fresh enthusiasm for healthy living and only three months for doing it in a school playground with the business end of a Dyson.
Gemini (21 MAY-20 JUN)
As you are once again overlooked in the Queen's New Year honours list you begin to wonder whether Play Your Cards Right was actually some kind of communist front organisation in which you were an unwitting imperialist stooge.
Cancer (21 JUN-22 JUL)
No time to lose, there's only 11 months to get a stupid bastard haircut, a smug expression on your oily fucking dial and a series of blindingly obvious quips for one of those end-of-year review shows.
Leo (23 JUL-22 AUG)
A grumpy old man with a lonely life of lost love and missed opportunities, you surprise everyone when you unveil an attic full of balloons. Shame they're all filled with piss.
Virgo (23 AUG-22 SEP)
With just a few clicks save your spondooliks and you'll thank your stars that you went to go compare. Enjoy that for the rest of the day, fuckers.
Libra (23 SEP-23 OCT)
If you've still got your Christmas tree up by now, it either means you're common as muck or your emaciated corpse is going to be found in the summer after the neighbours notice that your cat is no longer scratching at the inside of the door.
Scorpio (24 OCT-21 NOV)
First impressions are absolutely crucial, which would certainly explain why people hate Jon Culshaw after about four seconds.
Sagittarius (22 NOV-21 DEC)
This week the moon in Jupiter will remind you that just because someone has weird hair, it does not mean they don't have a libel lawyer who's an absolute fucking shark.
Public school dickhead calls everyone by their surname


Oh, winter let go, won't you now?
The same idea in both our minds?
How else could we know if it's wrong or right?
Who can believe it would happen this way?
Who can believe that this is our fate?
Would I or wouldn't I hear a voice?
Do I go on or stop and rejoice?


text:
Khashoggi murder trial told oven was lit after killing
Hatice Cengiz, a fiancee of the murdered Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi, leaves the Justice Palace after attending a trial on the killing of Khashoggi at the Saudi Arabian Consulate, in Istanbul, Turkey, July 3, 2020. REUTERS/Murad Sezer
A Saudi consulate worker in Istanbul told a Turkish court on Friday he had been asked to light a tandoor oven less than an hour after Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi entered the building where he was killed.
Zeki Demir, a local technician who worked for the consulate, was giving evidence on the first day of the trial in absentia of 20 Saudi officials over Khashoggi's killing, which sparked global outrage and tarnished the image of Saudi Arabia's de facto ruler.
Demir said he had been called to the consul's residence after Khashoggi entered the nearby consulate to seek his papers.
"There were five to six people there… They asked me to light up the tandoor (oven). There was an air of panic," he said.
Khashoggi disappeared after going to the consulate to get papers for his marriage in October 2018. Some Western governments, as well as the CIA, said they believed Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman had ordered the hit – an accusation Saudi officials denied.
Turkish court tries Saudis in absentia for Khashoggi killing
Turkish officials have said one theory police pursued was that Khashoggi's killers may have tried to dispose of his body by burning it after suffocating him and cutting up his corpse.
The indictment accuses two top Saudi officials, former deputy head of Saudi Arabia's general intelligence Ahmed al-Asiri and former royal court adviser Saud al-Qahtani, of instigating "premeditated murder with monstrous intent".
It says 18 other defendants were flown to Turkey to kill Khashoggi, a prominent and well-connected journalist who had grown increasingly critical of the crown prince.
The defendants are being tried in absentia and are unlikely ever to be handed over by Saudi Arabia, which has accused Turkey of failing to cooperate with a separate, largely secretive, trial in Riyadh last year.
In December a Saudi court sentenced five people to death and three to jail for the killing, but Khashoggi's family later said they forgave his murderers, effectively granting them a formal reprieve under Saudi law.
A Saudi prosecutor said at the time there was no evidence connecting Qahtani to the killing and dismissed charges against Asiri.
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Watch: "I am not under investigation" – Muscat
Amy Borg January 18, 2021
As journalists were waiting outside the Law Courts, Joseph Muscat said that he already explained himself and that he said enough for today.
13 Christians killed every day in the world because of their...
All 50 US states on alert for armed protests
Kremlin critic detained on arrival


A 1929 Ford Tri-Motor fly's around Muncie Thursday afternoon. The airplane is one of only 199 that were built and one of several still flying today. This specific airplane was featured in the recent movie Public Enemies.


Highlights of this 2019 Ford F-150 Police Responder XL include: Onboard Communications System, iPod/MP3 Input, Trailer Hitch, Alloy Wheels, Turbo Charged, Back-Up Camera, 4x4.
Manufacturer's website explains For moving officers and equipment to remote locations, or while on daily patrol…the Ford F-150 Police Responder® is a uniquely capable machine. It offers pursuit-rated performance on the road, along with impressive off-road capability..


text:
» 1980 - 20 to 23
» International Review no.21 - 2nd quarter 1980
Crisis theories in the Dutch Left
Submitted by International Review on 1 April, 1980 - 06:00
In this third part of the series, we are going to deal with one of the most important theoretical foundations of the Dutch Left. From its origin at the beginning of this century, the Dutch Left gave an interpretation of historical materialism which became a characteristic mark of the 'Dutch Marxist school' (Anton Pannekoek, Hermann Gorter, H. Roland-Holst). This interpretation of Marxist method is often called 'spontaneism'. We will show in this article why the term is inappropriate. Gorter and Pannekoeks' position on the role of spontaneity allowed the Dutch Left to understand the changes imposed on the class struggle with the onset of capitalist decadence. At the same time, we can see certain weaknesses in Pannekoek which today's 'councilists' have pushed to their most absurd conclusions.
Marxism made a decisive contribution to socialist theory in that unlike the utopian socialists, it did not depart from arbitrary or dogmatic presuppositions. Marxist theory in fact departs from "real individuals, their acts and the material conditions in which they live, those they find and at the same time those they bring about by their own acts" (Marx and Engels, The German Ideology). Let us recall the formulation on historical materialism in the 'Preface to a Contribution of Political Economy' by Marx:
"In the social production of their existence, men enter into definite, necessary relations, which are independent of their will, namely, relations of production corresponding to a determinate stage of development of their material forces of production. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation on which there arises a legal and political superstructure and to which there correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the social, political and intellectual life process in general. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but on the contrary it is their social being that determines their consciousness. At a certain stage of their development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or -- what is merely a legal expression for the same thing -- with the property relations within the framework of which they have hitherto operated. From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into fetters. At that point an era of social revolution begins. With the change in the economic foundation the whole immense superstructure is more slowly or more rapidly transformed. In considering such transformations it is always necessary to distinguish between the material transformation of the economic conditions of production, which can be determined with the precision of natural science, and the legal, political, religious, artistic or philosophic, in short, ideological, forms in which men become conscious of this conflict and fight it out. Just as one does not judge an individual by what he thinks about himself, so one cannot judge such an epoch of transformation by its consciousness, but, on the contrary, this consciousness must be explained from the contradictions of material life, from the existing conflict between the social forces cf production and the relations of production. A social order never perishes before all the productive forces for which it is broadly sufficient have been developed, and new superior relations of production never replace older ones before the material conditions for their existence have matured within the womb of the old society. Mankind thus inevitably sets itself only such tasks as it can solve, since closer examination will also show that the task itself arises only when the material conditions for its solution are already present or at least in the process of formation. In broad outline, the Asian, ancient, feudal and modern bourgeois modes of production may be designated as progressive epochs of the socio-economic order. The bourgeois relations of production are the last antagonistic form of the social process of production -- antagonistic not in the sense of an individual antagonism but of an antagonism growing out of the social conditions of existence of the individuals; but the productive forces developing in the womb of bourgeois society simultaneously create the material conditions for the solution of this antagonism. The prehistory of human society therefore closes with this social formation."
The contribution of the Dutch Left to historical materialism
One can distinguish two fundamental aspects of historical materialism that are indissolubly linked:
That there is a relationship between being and consciousness, or in other words, between the infrastructure and the superstructure.
That there is necessarily a relationship between the development of the productive forces and the relations of production.
It is from the antagonism between the productive forces and the relations of production that we can deduce the objective necessity for a communist society. Marxist theory, for which being determines consciousness, also allows one to understand how the workers subjectively act in the process of revolution. The 'Dutch Marxist school' always put the emphasis on this subjective factor, on the relationship between being and consciousness, on the relation between infrastructure and superstructure. Rosa Luxemburg was just as keen to clarify the question of class consciousness. In 1904 she opposed Lenin, who defended Kautsky's position that consciousness was brought from outside in the class struggle and was not a product of the struggle itself. For Rosa Luxemburg, faced with the bureaucratization of German Social Democracy, this question was of central importance. By basing herself on the history of the workers' movement in Russia, she showed that only the creative initiative of the large proletarian masses could lead to victory.
"In general, the tactical policy of the social democracy is not something that may be 'invented'. It is the product of a series of great creative acts of the often spontaneous class struggle seeking its way forward. The unconscious comes before the conscious. The logic of the historic process comes before the subjective logic of the human beings who participate in the historic process." (Rosa Luxemburg, Organizational Question of Social Democracy)
Rosa Luxemburg and the Dutch Left defended this position on the role of spontaneity for the masses which has nothing to do with the spontaneist position of today's 'councilists'. 'Spontaneism' completely neglects the task of the most conscious elements in the class: that consciousness once arisen from the experience of struggle becomes the point of departure for future struggles. The spontaneists and the councilists embrace proletarian experience only to reject it later.
The 'Dutch Marxist school', on the contrary, deepened the positions defended by Rosa Luxemburg on the role of spontaneity in the development of class consciousness. Gorter, Pannekoek and Roland-Holst found in the work of Joseph Dietzgen, a first generation social democrat, a development of Marx's basic conception that being determines consciousness. They wrote many articles on Dietzgen's positions and Gorter translated his most important work The Essence of Human Intellectual Work[1] into Dutch.
The Dutch Left thought it was necessary to stress the subjective aspects of historical materialism because:
"The great revolutions in modes of production (from feudalism to capitalism, from capitalism to socialism) happen because new necessities transform the mind of man and produce a will; when this will is translated into acts, man changes society in order to respond to new needs." (Pannekoek, 'Marxism as Action', in Lichstrahlen, no.6, 1915)
These lines were written at the time when the productive forces had clearly entered into contradiction with capitalist relations of production; World War I had demonstrated the decadence of capitalism in the most horrible manner. Social Democracy had been shown incapable of adapting itself to the needs of the proletariat in the period of decadence, in the epoch of wars and social revolutions.
"Today, the hour has come to underline the other aspect, neglected by Marxism up to now, because the workers' movement must reorient itself, it must liberate itself from the narrowness and passivity of the past period in order to overcome its crisis." (Ibid)
However, while stressing the subjective aspect of Marxism, Pannekoek neglected the objective aspect of historical materialism. The contradictions, which were clearly present in the economic base of society in the period of capitalist decadence, were neglected, denied, put aside for the future (later on we will look at Pannekoek's critique of different crisis theories and the effects of his critique on today's councilist epigones). Pannekoek feared that certain of the crisis theories could lead the working class to passively wait for an 'automatic' collapse of the capitalist system. In the article of 1915 quoted above, Pannekoek pointed out that Marxism has two aspects: "man is the product of circumstances, but he also transforms the circumstances". According to Pannekoek, these two aspects are: "... equally correct and important; it is only by their close relationship that they form a coherent theory. But of course in different circumstances one or other of these two aspects prevail" (Ibid). Thus in the difficult period of the anti-socialist laws of 1878, 1890, when Bismarck put Social Democracy outside the law, the idea was to let the circumstances mature. The strongly fatalistic turn taken by historical materialism during those years was, according to Pannekoek, deliberately maintained in the years preceding World War I. Kautsky said that a true Marxist was one who let circumstances mature. The need for new methods of struggle threatened the routine habits of the leaders of the party. Pannekoek was right when he stressed the need to put the emphasis on the subjective element in historical materialism, but in doing this he underestimated the objective evolution of capitalism. The proletariat must act consciously, pose new problems, raise them and resolve them in the experience of struggle. Of course, but why? What are these new problems? Why are they raised? Why the need for a new society, for communism? Can capitalism still develop? What can it offer humanity?
Pannekoek doesn't provide the answers, not even insufficient or false ones. He didn't see clearly that the objective change in capitalism, its decadence, posed the necessity for the mass activity of the proletariat. In the progressive development of capitalism the objective of class struggle was in general limited; thus the struggles for reforms led by the unions and parliamentary socialists were adequate in the preceding period, but were no longer appropriate in the period of decadence.
Crisis theories
The answers to the questions posed above are found in Marxist theories of crisis. By seeking to determine the objective laws of capitalism's development, these theories have tried to evaluate if the crises which have taken place are the crises of growth of an ascendant mode of production in its prosperous period, or if, on the contrary, these crises are expressions of a system in decline which must be consciously replaced by a new revolutionary class.
On the basis of crisis theories we can draw certain important programmatic consequences, even if it remains true that consciousness of the necessity to accelerate the evolution of capitalism through struggle is never the product of 'purely economic' arguments. Crisis theories clarify the process of class struggle. But at the same time, this clarification is an important need of the struggle. A theory of crisis provides revolutionaries with precious arguments against bourgeois ideology in their task of stimulating class consciousness which develops through and in the struggle. With theories of crisis, the working class could understand, for example, that Proudhonist ideas of self-management do not in fact abolish wage slavery. The Marxist theory of crisis combatted reformist illusions by showing that reforms meant nothing more than a relative amelioration in the situation of the working class which at the same time pushed capitalist development towards its final decadence. Today a Marxist theory of crisis shows the working class that the struggle to defend its living standards can no longer be a struggle for reforms when capitalism can no longer offer lasting improvements.
The fundamental unity of these two aspects of historical materialism, the objective and the subjective, appears very clearly in the work of Rosa Luxemburg. She doesn't simply put the accent on the role of the spontaneity of the masses in the development of new methods of struggle, she also shows why these new tactics are necessary. In a course given at the central school of the party in 1907, she pointed out that "the strongest unions are completely impotent" against the consequences that technical progress has on wages:
"The struggle against a relative fall in wages is no longer a struggle within the context of a commodity economy but is becoming a revolutionary attack against the very existence of this economy; it is the socialist movement of the proletariat. Hence the sympathies of the capitalist class for the unions (even though previously it had struggled furiously against them) because as the socialist struggle begins, so the unions will turn against socialism." (Rosa Luxemburg, 'Introduction to Political Economy', ed. Antropos, 1970, p.248)
In the Accumulation of Capital, Rosa Luxemburg traces the historic limits of capitalist production in the development of the world market. In the Communist Manifesto, we already find the idea that cyclical crises, which for Marx and Engels were an expression of the contradiction between the productive forces and the relations of production, could only be surmounted by the conquest of new markets, by the creation of the world market. In the German Ideology they call this creation of the world market "a universal interdependence, this first natural form of the historical world co-operation of individuals", a precondition for the world revolution which will lead to the "control and conscious management of those forces which, though born of the interaction of men have until now dazzled and dominated them". In Capital, Marx explicitly says:
"In our description of how production relations are converted into entities and rendered independent in relation to the agents of production, we leave aside the manner in which the interrelations, due to the world-market, its conjunctures, movements of market-prices, periods of credit, industrial and commercial cycles, alternations of prosperity and crisis, appear to them as overwhelming natural laws that irresistibly enforce their will over them, and confront them as blind necessity. We leave this aside because the actual movement of competition belongs beyond our scope, and we need present only the inner organization of the capitalist mode of production, in its ideal average, as it were." (Marx, Capital, vol.3, part vii, chap.48)
This plan to simply describe the internal organization of capitalism was justified because capitalism, after the troubled revolutionary years of 1848-49, had entered into a long period of prosperity. Marx and Engels concluded "a new revolution is only possible as a result of a new crisis. But it is as certain as the crisis itself". Marx seemed to take account of the fact that the period of social revolution hadn't yet started and that capitalism was still in its period of progressive development. Capital demystifies the contemporary bourgeois ideology which tried to mask the division of society into classes and to present capitalism as an eternally progressive system.
Clearly Rosa Luxemburg could not be satisfied with Marx's plan. She saw in the mass movements and in imperialism the beginning of the end of the progressive era of capitalism. Her study of the Accumulation of Capital enabled her to write in the Program of the Communist Party of Germany after World War I and in the midst of the German revolution:
"The World War confronted society with a choice of two alternatives; either the continued existence of capitalism, with its consequent new wars and inevitable and speedy destruction due to chaos and anarchy, or the abolition of capitalist exploitation.
With the end of the World War the class rule of the capitalists lost its right to existence. It is no longer capable of leading society out of the terrible economic chaos which the imperialist orgy has left in its wake. (...) Only the worldwide proletarian revolution can establish order in place of this anarchy." (Rosa Luxemburg, What Does Spartacus Want?)
With the onset of the period of decadence, all revolutionaries felt the need to develop a theory of crisis in order to show the consequences of decadence on the class struggle: Lenin, Bukharin, Luxemburg and Gorter (cf his pamphlet entitled Imperialism, World War and Social Democracy, 1915, and quoted in the first part of this series of articles). Pannekoek, who more than others, had grasped the political implications of the change in capitalism, remained firmly opposed to economic theories which sought to deduce changes in the methods of proletarian struggle from objective causes. As we will see, his criticism of theories of crisis unhappily contributed very little to the development of class consciousness.
Pannekoek's critique of the theory of the mortal crisis of capitalism
After the reflux in the revolutionary struggle, the KAPD turned its attention towards developing a theory of the 'mortal crisis of capitalism'.
After years of almost total silence, Pannekoek once more entered into the discussions going on within the Dutch Left. In 1927, under the pseudonym of Karl Horner, he published an article in Proletarier (organ of the Berlin tendency of the KAPD) called 'Principle and Tactic' (July/ August 1927). Refuting the theory of the 'mortal crisis of capitalism', Pannekoek defined the question of the crisis in a new way:
"What are the consequences for the development of revolution? Once more the question of the 'mortal crisis' comes to the fore, now clearly posed: are we faced with an economic depression of such length that the reaction to it by the proletariat will become permanent and lead to revolution? It is true that the KAPD shares the position that capitalism can no longer return to a phase of prosperity and has reached a final crisis that can no longer be resolved. Because this question is very important for the tactics of the KAPD, it requires a very profound examination."
Pannekoek quite rightly remarked that the 'mortal crisis of capitalism' goes back to the Accumulation of Capital by Rosa Luxemburg, but he also said that this theory leads to conclusions which are not drawn in the Accumulation of Capital because "the book was published some years before the war" (sic!). Then Pannekoek returned to his critique of the Accumulation of Capital published in 1913 and in one of the first issues of Proletarier. In these criticisms, Pannekoek went into details about the schemas of capitalist reproduction that are found in Capital, vol. 2. We will not enter here into the debate on how Rosa Luxemburg and others have interpreted Marx's schema. The essential question is that the schema must be corrected, as we said above, a question never taken up by Pannekoek. Pannekoek warned against the position which said that capitalism had reached a final crisis because he thought that would lead to the adoption of short term tactics. He thought that a new period of prosperity could not be excluded.
To argue this position, he showed that new discoveries of gold could possibly stimulate demand again and insisted that the emergence of East Asia was an independent factor in capitalist production. To the extent that Pannekoek illustrated the question of gold and East Asia by referring to capitalism in the nineteenth century, he not only defended the possibility of an economic recovery (as the theory of the mortal crisis had posed the problem), but he even denied that capitalism had entered a new phase different from the phase of ascendancy and prosperity which the nineteenth century had been a part of. The recovery of capitalist production which effectively took place in the mid-thirties wasn't the result of discoveries of gold[2] but of a discovery which had the same outcome!
It wasn't the discovery of new resources of gold which got the economy moving, but the discovery of the stimulating role of the state in the economy through inflation. But from 1933 to the war this hardly stimulated any demand in the means of production and consumption as the Keynesian ideology of state intervention claims, but mostly in the means of destruction: war material, what a wonderful prosperity! In the same way, the appearance of East Asia as an independent factor in capitalist production, took the form of Japanese imperialism and the Berlin/Rome/Tokyo axis.
The 'new period of capitalist economic prosperity' predicted by Pannekoek, cannot be compared with the conjunctural movements of prosperity and commercial crises of the nineteenth century. The so-called 'prosperity' of the war economy of the mid-thirties was only an essential moment in the cycle of crisis, war, reconstruction, crisis etc, characteristic of the historic period of the decadence of capitalism. But, nevertheless, Pannekoek put his finger on the question when he said that any eventual prosperity must lead to a more violent crisis, which would provoke revolution again.
Decadence? Final crisis? The political consequences of the crisis according to the KAPD and the GIC
In the second part of this article we saw how Pannekoek showed that from the beginning the 'Unions' were not unitary organizations and that it was preferable to abandon the 'Unions' for the party. Also, the question of knowing whether the 'Unions' must organize or support wage struggles wasn't the right question in his eyes. More interesting for him was the question of knowing whether or not revolutionaries must intervene in the wage struggles, and if so, how? In spite of all the confusions on the tasks of the 'Unions', we find in a text of the Essen Tendency of the KAPD/AAUD on the 'mortal crisis of capitalism' some very valuable arguments on the imperious need to transform wage struggles into struggles for the destruction of capitalism:
"Where the bourgeoisie's offensive of reducing workers' wages and living conditions leads to a purely economic struggle by the affected group of workers, this struggle almost without exception ends up in a victory for the bosses and a defeat for the workers. The reason for the defeat of workers in such struggles, despite tenacious and powerful strikes, lies once more in the reality of the mortal crisis of capitalism (...). The outcome of these defensive struggles for wages in the period of capitalism's mortal crisis is a bitter but irreversible proof that the struggle for better wages and conditions for workers in the present phase of mortal crisis is a pure utopia; and consequently the unions, as well,(whose only historic task was to take care of the selling of labor power to the bourgeoisie) with all their aims, their means of struggle and their forms of organization, have, because of the historic process, become completely anachronistic and are therefore counter-revolutionary structures. The trade unions know that with the collapse of the capitalist economic system their vital role as sellers of proletarian labor power will be over as will be the basis for that exchange. As a result, they try to conserve capitalism's conditions of existence, which are at the same time their own conditions of existence, by trading proletarian labor power for the lowest price." (Proletarier, 1922)
Pannekoek paid close attention to this economic argument. Pannekoek's article 'Principle and Tactic' had such a success in the organizations of the Dutch and German communist lefts in the late 1920s that some tendencies started to see a contradiction between discussing crisis theories and discussing class consciousness. Some tendencies completely denied any need for a theoretical elaboration of the crisis. But they all stuck to the position on 'the crisis of capitalism' and the 'decadence of capitalism' formulated in the KAPD's program of 1920, from which they had all originated. This was also the case with the Group of Communist Internationalists (GIC) to which, from 1926, Pannekoek regularly contributed. The GIC wrote this on the positions:
"The development of capitalism leads to increasingly violent crises which express themselves in an ever growing unemployment and greater and greater dislocation of the productive apparatus, so that millions of workers find themselves outside production and at the mercy of starvation. The increasing impoverishment and uncertitude of existence force the working class to start to struggle for the communist mode of production ..."
When Paul Mattick, after the 1929 crash, made the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) adopt Grossman's theory of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall in their program (see the Mortal Crisis of Capitalism, Chicago, 1933) Pannekoek extended his critique of Rosa Luxemburg to Mattick's theory of the crisis in a presentation which he made to the GIC and which was published. Again he warned that the final collapse of capitalism that Mattick talked about could take place later than foreseen and that, fundamentally, only the working class could put an end to capitalism. The GIC was in agreement with the political consequences of Pannekoek's critique, and today we think that revolutionary groups and elements can also be in broad agreement with these consequences. In 1933 the GIC, in a pamphlet on 'the movements of the capitalist economy' engaged in a chicken and egg type discussion which continues today between those who defend a theory of the crisis based on the saturation of markets (Rosa Luxemburg) and those who defend a theory of the crisis based on the tendency of the falling rate of profit (Bukharin/Lenin, Grossman/ Mattick). In this pamphlet the GIC presents itself as a supporter of the falling rate of profit analysis but insists at the same time on a fact stressed by the theory of the saturation of markets:
"The whole world has been made into a gigantic workshop. This means that crises on the present level of specialization have an international character."
We can say that the GIC, in its main lines, followed Mattick's economic theory. But, at the same time, the GIC put forward the same warning as Pannekoek:
"Particularly at the present time when there is so much talk about the 'mortal crisis' of capitalism, of the 'final crisis' in which we find ourselves, it is important to be aware of the essential characteristics of the present crisis. Not to do so would mean submitting to all sorts of illusions and surprises regarding the measures which the ruling class tries in order to maintain the future development of the capitalist system. An 'absolute' collapse is expected, without taking into account what that means. One must say that capitalism is stronger than was foreseen because the 'absolute' collapse hasn't happened, because a large part of economic life continues to function. Thus the transition from capitalism to communism isn't automatic but will always be linked to the level of consciousness developed in the working class. It is precisely because of this that the propaganda of principles is necessary." (De bewegingen van het kaitalistische bedrijfsleven, Permateriaal GIC, 6 Jg, no.5)
And so, in the following years, the GIC analyzed the measures of the bourgeoisie which led to the development of the war economy. It showed that economic 'planning' lowered the standard of living of the working class without really overcoming the crisis. Here is the conclusion of an article on economic 'planning' in Holland:
"It is clear that the relations of property have entered into conflict with the productive forces. And, at the same time, this clearly shows that the problem cannot be resolved on the basis of capitalist production. The problem can only be solved through a world 'economy' based on an international division of labor, on communist foundations." (Radencommunisme, May 1936)
A second article on this question demystified the social democratic 'labor plans' which were part of the tendency towards statification, and which followed the example of the fascist organization of capital. The GIC showed that with the social democrats in power national defense would be stimulated while at the same time the war economy created new conditions of struggle for the workers: the purely economic struggles became useless against the organized policy of prices and so were struggles for the preservation of the dying, democratic bourgeois legal system. The GIC's articles on Germany showed how, during the period of the Weimar Republic, social democracy and Russia's foreign policy brought about economic 'planning', the defeat of workers' struggles and preserved Germany's military might which could be perfected by the Nazis into a fully functioning war machine.
From Pannekoek to the Councilist Epigones
Let us return to Pannekoek's 'disgust' for economic theories of the crisis. In Workers' Councils, written during World War II, he treated the question of the limits of capitalist development in a coherent and global manner. Departing from the idea developed in the Communist Manifesto about the expansion of capitalism on a world scale, Pannekoek arrived at the conclusion that the end of capitalism would be approached:
"When tens of millions of people who live in the fertile plains of East Asia and the South are pushed into the orbit of capitalism, the principal task of capitalism would have been fulfilled." (P. Aartsz, Workers' Councils, chap.II)
It is interesting to see that Marx posed the same question in a letter to Engels (8.10.1858):
"The specific task of bourgeois society is the establishment of a world market, at least in outline, and of production based upon this world market. As the world is round, this seems to have been completed by the colonization of California and Australia and the opening up of China and Japan. The difficult question for us is this: on the Continent the revolution is imminent and will immediately assume a socialist character. Is it not bound to be crushed in this little corner, considering that in a far greater territory the movement of bourgeois society is still in the ascendant?"
But in his article on China in the same years, (published in the New York Daily Tribune), Marx responded to this question in the negative.
Today, 120 years later, Pannekoek's epigones continue to defend the idea that capitalism still has a great task to fulfill in Asia[3]. While Marx in the 1850s showed that American and British expectations concerning the development of trade with the opening up of China were greatly exaggerated, today, the bourgeoisie of the US bloc has already reached this conclusion concerning the recent re-opening up of China to the western bloc: the western bourgeoisie merely provides military equipment in preparation for a third world war and even sees its trade diminish given the restricted nature of the Chinese market. Today, the crisis is there. Nobody with sense would dare to claim that it doesn't exist.
Today's councilists, like Daad en Gedacht would leave one to understand that capitalism is free of crises, if not in words, then at least by their silence on the present crisis. Is that an exaggeration on our part? This is what Cajo Brendel claims in reply to our criticisms (in Wereld Revolutie):
"I thought I knew the positions of Daad en Gedacht to some degree. I want to know where Daad en Gedacht has ever written something which could justify this position. As far as I know Daad en Gedacht takes exactly the opposite position by saying that capitalism cannot be crisis-free (...) It is one thing to say that there cannot be a crisis-free capitalism and quite another to speak of a 'permanent crisis' or a 'mortal crisis' of capitalism or something like that. Already the GIC, in the thirties, not only presumed but also proved with arguments that the permanent crisis didn't exist. I agree with this, but whoever interprets this as a belief in a crisis-free capitalism show, in my opinion, that he has understood nothing of this position ..."
We also think we know a bit about the positions of Daad en Gedacht insofar as they are found in their publications! Perhaps we don't read very well, but nowhere do we find that there can't be a crisis-free capitalism. Apart from the pamphlet Beschouwingen over geld en goud (a repetition of the Marxist labor theory of value and functions of money and gold), we haven't found a single article on economic subjects for the last ten years. This silence on the crisis seems to be one of the principles of this group!
So, what do we understand by the 'permanent crisis' and 'mortal crisis', terms which were developed by the German Left? Do we defend the idea that the collapse, the death of capitalism is as certain as a physical phenomenon in a laboratory? That's not what we think.
If the term 'permanent crisis' means something, it is because it refers to a whole period of capitalism, the period of decadence, in which the cycle crisis-war-reconstruction-crisis ... has replaced the periodic and conjunctural cycle of commercial crises and crises of prosperity in the ascendant period of capitalism. Of course, there isn't a mortal crisis in the sense of an automatic collapse of capitalism; capitalism's solution is world war if the proletariat doesn't act in a revolutionary way. Capitalism could come out of crisis while it was in a period of development because it could still penetrate new geographic areas, a possibility suggested by Cajo Brendel in his book on Spain and China. But Cajo Brendel and Daad en Gedacht aren't interested in this question. Their study of many so-called 'bourgeois revolutions' (Spain '36, China) depart from a national framework and not from the internationalist framework which was the determining factor for Marx and Pannekoek (cf Workers' Councils by Pannekoek), even if Pannekoek made a different response to this question.
It is this internationalism of Pannekoek and of the international communist left of which the Dutch Left was a part before slowly degenerating, that we lay claim to.
Today when the open crisis of world capitalism is a flagrant reality, it is important to deepen the contributions of the Dutch Left. If it was tentative, multi-faceted and diverse in its elaboration of the theory of capitalist crisis, it at least exposed the problems and contributed to the enriching of Marxist theory even if it didn't resolve them. Above all it maintained the essentials: its class loyalty to the communist revolution, to internationalism, to proletarian principles.
[1] Translation Champ Libre, 1973 with preface by Pannekoek.
[2] "Because gold, alone of the products of labor, has the specific power to buy without having been sold in the first place, it can be the point of departure of the cycle and put it into movement." (Karl Horner, 'Principle and Tactic', Proletarier, 1927)
[3] See the ICC's critique on 'Theses of the Chinese Revolution' by Cajo Brendel in the 'Epigones of Councilism', Part II, International Review, no. 2.
Development of proletarian consciousness and organisation:
German and Dutch Left
General and theoretical questions:
Pannekoek
Roland-Holst
‹ Revolution or War up Internationalisme 1952: The evolution of capitalism and the new perspective ›
1980 - 20 to 23
International Review no.20 1st quarter 1980
International Review no.21 - 2nd quarter 1980
Revolution or War
Internationalisme 1952: The evolution of capitalism and the new perspective
Leftism in France: 10 years on
The organisation of the proletariat outside periods of open struggle (workers' groups, nuclei, circles, committees)
International Review no.22 - 3rd quarter 1980
International Review no.23 - 4th quarter 1980


text:
Editing a Subscription Product Description
By PGH, April 28, 2020 in Commerce
subscription-product
I know that editing a subscription products terms such as price and shipping options cannot be changed for current subscribers, but what about the product description? Can that be continuously updated and apply to all subscribers, past and current?
PGH 2 posts
SnazzyView 1 post
SnazzyView
I don't believe so unfortunately, just from Squarespace's support document it says. https://support.squarespace.com/hc/en-us/articles/360002012247-Subscription-products#toc-edit-a-subscription-
I don't believe so unfortunately, just from Squarespace's support document it says.
Editing a subscription product changes the product for future subscribers. Current subscriptions will continue to place orders for the original product and price, including shipping costs, tax rates, and currency.
https://support.squarespace.com/hc/en-us/articles/360002012247-Subscription-products#toc-edit-a-subscription-product
To me the original product part would imply that the description doesn't change either. It would be nice if subscription descriptions did update as the product/service develops but I think it's like the price where it stays static.
I updated the description of a subscription product the other week so I can let you know in a couple of weeks if it did change for past subscribers.
thompsonweb.design
Hi, thanks for your response. I'm wondering if you ever figured out if it changed the description for past subscribers as well?


Maybe you have decided to go ahead with developing a puppet ministry and you have a team of excited, novice puppeteers.... but no puppets. Where do you start looking? Well, before you purchase anything, consider where you will be using your puppets. Will they be used in small group settings, one-on-one with kids, as a segment in your children's ministry program or sometimes in church? Will you work behind a stage or out front- in other words, will you need full-bodied puppets ? Have you considered other types of puppetry such as black-light puppetry or even silhouette puppets. Will you need people puppets or animals/characters? These considerations will influence the size and type of puppet you will be looking to buy.
Consider, too, the Axtell ones.. http://www.axtell.com They use a certain amount of latex with most of their puppets' faces which looks good, but are a little stiffer to work with. But their bird puppets are tremendous! If you buy the pre-recorded skits to go with the birds (you just have to practice when to come in and say your part so that it looks as if you're interacting with the bird) it is very effective!
Group publishers have developed Family Faith Celebrations-materials to mark and celebrate family milestones: Baby Blessing, First Bible, Faith Commitment, Preteen Passage, Commitment to Purity and Highschool Gradualtion. What Are Family Faith Celebrations?
Building Church Leaders (www.buildingchurchleaders.com) is an excellent source of ministry training materials, team discussion sheets, handouts and others materials for children's ministry and church leadership. Some of their materials are free.
Check out their article 'Connecting Parents to the Ministry' and use this as a discussion vehicle with your children's ministry team as you consider your church and your ministry's focus on family ministry.
The Bible is full of pictures of families; parents and children, brothers and sisters, and as we read these stories we see ourselves in the characters- warts and all. But we also see God's grace at work in families and relationships. Susan Martins Miller, in her book 'Family Ministry Events- Building faith and community in the families of your church' says, "Caring for families is crucial. The church has a unique opportunity to walk alongside families through every stage and phase of life. The same kinds of skills that healthy families use for living together at home, for creating positive, secure relationships are the skills the church needs to use to make the congregation a vibrant faith family. A church that is committed to family ministry understands this and looks at its entire ministry through the family lens."
So.. how do you make family a priority in your ministry? Start in small ways..meeting them where they are rather than where we think they should be... highlighting the phases of life for children and families.


text:
Youth empowerment is key to unleashing their potential
Unisa Bangura, smiles broadly minutes after he was awarded a certificate in social works from the Obasanjo College in Newton just outside Freetown ©UNDP Sierra Leone/Alpha Sesay
Seven years ago, when twenty-eight-years-old Unisa Bangura completed his Senior Secondary School, he didn't have the financial support to enable him to go to college. Desperately in need to raise the money, he ventured into volunteerism as a teacher in a community school in Goderich, an affluent neighborhood in the west end of Sierra Leone's capital, Freetown.
Two years into volunteerism, the little monthly allowance of three hundred thousand Leones (roughly USD 50) couldn't allow him to save enough to fulfill his lifelong dream. Along the way, he got married and had a child, turning hopes of actualizing his dream into an uphill battle.
When the Ebola struck in 2014, schools were put on hold and he had to join the fight against defeating the deadly virus as an hygiene and sanitation officer at the Emergency Treatment center near his Goderich community. When the Ebola ended, he was amongst the first to be relieved of his duties because he was among the least qualified.
"I've missed out on too many job opportunities I thought I had the skills for," said Bangura. "I've faced one rejection after another even though I'm experienced in those areas." He said with a beam of smiles.
The challenges faced by Unisa and the 70 percent of Sierra Leone's youth who, according to the 2012 status of the youth report, are either unemployed or underemployed. This moved the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2011 to introduce the Youth Empowerment and Employment Programme (YEEP).
The programme works in close partnership with the Youth Affairs Ministry (MoYA) and the National Youth Commission (NAYCOM) with the aim to build technical capacity of MoYA and NAYCOM to facilitate policy development, ensuring that relevant policies are coherent and harmonized and have a positive impact on employment creation; promoting youth empowerment and leadership, primarily through the strengthening of Chiefdom and District Youth Councils, and assisting youth in their transition from school to work through the provision of employment promotion services such as internship opportunities and support to micro, small and medium-sized business development.
In April, this year Bangura's friend Lamin heard an announcement on the radio calling for qualified students who want to study at the Obasanjo Skills Acquisition College to grab their free application forms at the college's campus in Newton just outside Freetown.
Bangura was among 1,500 applicants who went through the college's rigorous process and was amongst the six hundred who finally got admitted to the college for a place to study social work for a period of seven months. UNDP provided 150 scholarships out of the 551 graduates.
When he started the course, the distance from his community to college campus was a huge constraint. So he had to rent a single room jointly with a colleague to save his meagre resources and alleviate the burden of travelling from west to the east of Freetown every day.
At the Obasanjo Skills Acquisition college in a hot Saturday afternoon last week, well dressed in black suits, black gown, black mortarboard and blue tie matching majestically, all the 551 graduates received their certificate in different courses ranging from Media Studies, Business Entrepreneurship, Public Health, and Social Work making them the fifth batch to have graduated from the college.
In a similar component of the YEEP, less than 15 hours to the graduation, a joint team from UNDP, MoYA, and NAYCOM had just commissioned the Eastern Polytechnic Career Placement and Advisory Services (CAPS) center. This center, a one-stop shop for everything pertaining to career guidance and counseling, mentorship, coaching, networking, training, electronic library, internet facilities, photocopying and printing facilities for students, was commissioned on Friday, 16th November 2018 by the Deputy Ministry of Youth Affairs, Hon. Luseni Kallon in the college's campus in Kenema district, 307 kilometers from the capital, Freetown.
"Today, my worries are gone. I have a certificate in social work. I just want to say thanks to UNDP for helping me pursue my dream at no cost." Says Bangura, as he brandishes his certificate.
Joint UN Project Provides Employment Opportunities for Women and Youth in Kono District: Strengthening Local Economic Development
Photo showing Mariama Brima, who is excited to be part of the cooperative union in Gbense Chiefdom, Kono District. Photo Credit: UNDP/Mohamed Kanu35-year Mariama ...
UNDP Spotlights Young Entrepreneur Who Locally Deshells & Brands Cashew Nuts to Create Jobs & Achieve SDGs
Photo showing Ibrahim Conteh displaying branded sachet of 300g cashew nuts (salted) grown and packaged in Sierra Leone32-year-old Ibrahim Conteh graduated from Nj...
Young People & Covid-19: Youth-owned Businesses 'Coping Out' of Shutdown
Photo showing Hassanatu Bah in her makeshift house and tailoring shop. Photo Credit @UNDP/Mohamed KanuSince 2017, 26-year-old Hassanatu Bah never had cause to sto...
Boosting Entrepreneurs Skills with Financial and Digital Literacy Trainings
Photo showing business woman (left) receiving financial literacy training at her business place from an Institute of Development and Humanitarian Assistance (IDHA...
From the Shocks of Covid-19 Pandemic: UNDP Revives Women-owned Businesses in Borderland Communities
Photo showing Mabinty Yilla and her two boys at their residence, displaying her used-clothing business after she had returned to the township of Kambia District. ...


Format: Vinyl Record LP, Epic Records. UK release from 1979. Soul music LP release from Theo Vaness. Classic Soul Funk music LP. First or early UK pressing with A-1 and B-1 in run out grooves. Record labels are the Epic orange coloured versions. Lovely fresh and clean copy.
Format: Vinyl Record LP, Prelude Records. USA release from 1979. Soul music LP release from Theo Vaness. Classic Soul Funk music LP. Lovely fresh and clean copy.


text:
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Posted in Hawaii October 20, 2018 by Megan Shute
The Mystical Place In Hawaii Where Dinosaurs Once Roamed
From jungles and rainforests to mountains and valleys, there are parts of the Hawaiian Islands that will transport you to another time and place – perhaps when dinosaurs roamed free? While the Hawaiian Islands were formed long after dinosaurs roamed this earth, there is one mystical place in Hawaii that will easily make you feel as though you've walked onto the set of Jurassic Park. In fact, this lush Hawaiian valley was one of the primary filming locations for both the original Jurassic Park films and the new Jurassic World movies.
While much of Jurassic Park was filmed on the island of Kauai, the most accessible filming location for the popular movie franchise is found on Oahu.
Anthony_goto/Flickr
This is Kualoa Ranch, a lush, verdant slice of Hawaiian paradise that has played host to a variety of film and television productions throughout the years — including Jurassic Park.
Prayitno/Flickr
A lush, verdant valley surrounded by towering mountains on three sides, it's easy to see why Ka'a'awa Valley was used as a filming location for Jurassic Park. It really doesn't get more prehistoric than this.
When Alan Grant and the children find themselves in the path of a herd of Gallimimus fleeing from a T-Rex, they take shelter under a fallen tree. More than twenty years after filming, that same tree remains on the grounds of Kulaoa today, accompanied by a bright sign to make it more obvious.
Sam Carlquist/Flickr
Many other iconic scenes were filmed here, and you might even catch a glimpse of some remaining set pieces, including the Indominus Rex dinosaur pen, the Jurassic Park gate, and the Gyrosphere loading dock.
Vipnyc/Flickr
Who knows, you might even spot a real-life dinosaur or two!
Jim Mullhaupt/Flickr
(Obviously, this image was photoshopped, but this flying dino doesn't seem out of place among the scenery at all.)
The best way to see the filming locations and sets that remain on the property is to book a movie sites tour with Kualoa Ranch.
Ken Lund/Flickr
Not only will you be transported to the Jurassic era, but you'll get to check out filming locations for 50 First Dates, The Hunger games, Godzilla, George of the Jungle, Along Came Polly, and more.
Even though real dinosaurs never roamed this valley, fans of Jurassic Park will love visiting this prehistoric-looking Hawaiian valley.
Will Fisher/Flickr
Have you ever visited Kualoa Ranch? If not, what are you waiting for? In addition to movie sites tours, you'll discover ziplines, horseback riding, ATVs, boat tours, and more.
To discover another incredible place used in the filming of the 1993 classic Jurassic Park, click here.
The Casual Hawaii Restaurant That Serves Up Mouthwatering Food With A Million Dollar View
Hawaii In Your Inbox
Megan Shute
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Megan is a freelance journalist residing near Honolulu, Hawaii. She is obsessed with hiking, beach trips, locally-grown coffee, and finding the best acai bowl on Oahu.
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Thinking Of Converting Your Attic? Do You Know The Regulations?
Converting your attic is a great way of creating more space – and its reasonably low cost too.
Your loft can make a great teenagers bedroom, games room, a quiet study / sitting room for you.
But be aware that a habitable room on a third floor is considered a bigger risk than the first or ground floor – and rightly so.
In the event of a fire you need to be sure that the stairs down are fire resistant, that there is an alarm that's linked to the ones downstairs, that there is a window you can get out of and that emergency services can get help to you.
So by all means do it – but do it safely.
The Department of the Environment, Heritage & Local Government has produced an excellent booklet outlining the regulations, you can see it on their website, or Send Me Loft Regulations and we'll mail you a copy.


Overview: CURRENTLY UNDER CONTRACT, SELLER ACCEPTING BACKUP OFFERS. Highly coveted GULF FRONT MASTER floor plan at Calypso! This 2 bedroom plus bunk room unit boasts the most desirable layout at Calypso, offering plenty of space to maximize rental potential and the sought after Gulf front master. Ideally located walking distance to Pier Park - the area's shopping, dining, and entertainment epicenter - and directly beachfront. Sells fully furnished and turn-key rental ready, so you can begin generating rental income right away!


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wheels information
Hummer H3T Wheels
Prices Updated Jan 30, 2023 Hummer H3T Wheels can be found at a low price. In this economy it's critical to get the most you possibly can for your buying dollar when looking for what you need. The easiest way to get the most for your money these days in by shopping on the internet. […]
Infiniti FX 35 Wheels
Prices Updated Jan 30, 2023 Infiniti FX 35 Wheels can be found at a low price. In the current economy it's critical to get the most you'll be able to for your purchasing dollar when searching for what you need. The easiest way to make the most for your money nowadays in by shopping online. […]
Infiniti M35 Wheels
Prices Updated Jan 30, 2023 Infiniti M35 Wheels can be found at a low price. In the current economy it's vital to get the most you possibly can for your purchasing dollar when searching for what you need. The ultimate way to make the most for your money nowadays in by shopping online. eBay is […]
Infiniti QX70 Wheels
Prices Updated Jan 30, 2023 Infiniti QX70 Wheels can be found at a low price. In this economy it's vital to get the most you possibly can for your purchasing dollar when searching for what you need. The easiest way to make the most for the money nowadays in by online shopping. eBay is recognized […]
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text:
#ifndef __CC_FILEUTILS_LINUX_H__
#define __CC_FILEUTILS_LINUX_H__

#include "platform/CCFileUtils.h"
#include "platform/CCPlatformMacros.h"
#include "ccTypes.h"
#include <string>
#include <vector>

NS_CC_BEGIN

/**
 * @addtogroup platform
 * @{
 */

//! @brief  Helper class to handle file operations
class CC_DLL FileUtilsLinux : public FileUtils
{
    friend class FileUtils;
    FileUtilsLinux();
    std::string _writablePath;
public:
    /* override funtions */
    bool init();
    virtual std::string getWritablePath() const;
    virtual bool isFileExist(const std::string& strFilePath) const;
};

// end of platform group
/// @}

NS_CC_END

#endif    // __CC_FILEUTILS_LINUX_H__

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Preview the current issue in your web browser by clicking the white arrow on the right edge of the magazine. Tap/Click on the full screen icon to view the magazine in full screen mode.
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STFC v Lincoln City Pic Dave Evans 12.01.2019.Michael Doughty celebrates his equaliser with Jermaine McGlashan and Canise Carroll..
SWINDON Town manager Richie Wellens paid tribute to the club's "knowledgeable" fans after his side came from two goals down to secure a 2-2 draw against League Two leaders Lincoln City on Saturday.
With Lincoln leading 2-0 but down to 10 men at half-time, Wellens was proud to hear a lack of boos from the stands as his players left the field – something that he said allowed the Town management team to keep belief high during the interval and aid a second-half recovery.
A brace from substitute Michael Doughty rescued a deserved point for Town as they stayed 12th in the table as a result of their 10th draw of the campaign.
Despite fear from some of the Town faithful that Saturday's game may have ended in another heavy defeat, Swindon battled hard in the first half-an-hour and Wellens was delighted with his side's attitude and pressing game.
The Town chief called his side's opening third of the game "unbelievable" and thanked the fans for allowing him to lift the players at the interval and send them back out with genuine belief.
He said: "Usually, if the whistle goes at half-time and you're 2-0 down, what happens? The home fans boo. But the fans here are knowledgeable. They knew we were the better team.
"So, the biggest thing for me is that the fans didn't get on the players backs.
"We've come in, we give them a positive message, we tell them; 'listen, in the first 35 minutes, we've been unbelievable'.
"We stressed to them that if we score the next goal and if it's 2-1 with 20 or 25 minutes to go, then we can win the game.
"With 10 minutes to go, I still want to win the game, but you've got to equalise first.
"I think we've equalised a bit too late, but there's a melee in the box right at the end and you're waiting for the net to ripple.
"You take a 3-2 and everyone leaves the ground with unbelievable belief.
Wellens went on to reference the gamesmanship that Lincoln have often used to frustrate teams and grind games out, insisting it left a bad taste in his mouth.
The Town manager felt the visitors' time-wasting tactics went too far and was left asking for more time for his players to complete the potential comeback from referee Ben Toner.
Wellens said: "On Monday, the headline will be 'Lincoln hold on for 35 minutes with nine men.' It's not 35 minutes because the ball is going to be in play for 12 of those 35 minutes.
"I've never seen a goalkeeper dive from 15 yards to collect a slow rolling ball. It's a bit ridiculous, isn't it?


« Big changes around here!
Meal planning can be such a life saver!
I love to meal plan! Saves time and money, and also sticking to your meal plan (& grocery list) ensures that you don't impulse purchase junk food. Win win!


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Q: How do I merge a list and a csr matrix I have a list of numbers and its len(lex) = 6064 that looks like this
[0,
 0,
 1,
 0,
 0,
 -1,
 1,
 1,
 0,
 0,
 0,
 0,
 1,
 0,]

and a csr matrix
tweets.shape = (6064, 2500)

How do I merge them I tried converting them to two lists both, but when I try to work on it I get an error
tweets = list(tweets)
lex = list(lex)
tweets_final = np.column_stack([tweets, lex])

after I split the data for training I get the following error for
nb.fit(X_train, y_train)

ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence.

how can I add that list as a column of that matrix

A: You could use scipy.sparse.hstack to stack those two horizontally (column wise). We just need to convert the list to a column vector (speaking in terms of sparse matrices) or a 2D array with a single column -
scipy.sparse.hstack(( tweets, csr_matrix(lex).T ))

scipy.sparse.hstack(( tweets, np.asarray(lex)[:,None] ))

Sample run -
In [189]: from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix

In [194]: import scipy as sp

In [190]: a = np.random.randint(0,4,(5,10))

In [192]: a
Out[192]:
array([[2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 3, 1, 3, 2, 1],
       [0, 2, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3],
       [0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 0, 1],
       [0, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 1],
       [1, 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 0, 1]])

In [193]: b = [9,8,7,6,5]  # equivalent to lex

In [191]: A = csr_matrix(a)  # equivalent to tweets

In [195]: sp.sparse.hstack(( A, csr_matrix(b).T ))
Out[195]:
<5x11 sparse matrix of type '<type 'numpy.int64'>'
    with 42 stored elements in COOrdinate format>

In [197]: _.toarray() # verify values by converting to dense array
Out[197]:
array([[2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 3, 1, 3, 2, 1, 9],
       [0, 2, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 8],
       [0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 0, 1, 7],
       [0, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 1, 6],
       [1, 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 0, 1, 5]])

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Commodore Guy R. Gaunt, British Naval Attaché in Washington, D.C., to First Sea Lord Admiral Sir John R. Jellicoe, 6/28/1917
Commodore Guy R. Gaunt, British Naval Attaché at Washington, to First Sea Lord Admiral Sir John R. Jellicoe
TELEGRAM. No.
From Washington DATE28.6.17
To Admy. Recd.11.30 pm
160. Admy.from Commodore Gaunt.
Personal for 1st.S.L. Your 141. I am sure that U.S will fall in ?with any scheme. Admiral Benson is very anxious to help in every possible way.2 The point he made in conversation was if convoysare to be used what is use of fixing patrol?. Are we convoying for South America or from North America only?. I said I thought the cruiser was more to maintain discipline among convoy than for actual defense. Would you wire me for my private information very fully as to your wishes and proposals.3
Source Note: Cy, UK-KeNA, Adm. 137/656. Below close: "1st. S.L."
Footnote 1: "P" designates the cipher code used for this message.
Footnote 2: Adm. William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations.
Footnote 3: For Jellicoe's response, see, Jellicoe to Gaunt, 30 June 1917, UK-KeNA, Adm. 137/656.
Vice Admiral William S. Sims to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 6/1/1917
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels to Captain William B. Fletcher, Force Commander, Special Patrol Squadron, 6/1/1917
British Admiralty to Commodore Guy R. Gaunt, British Naval Attaché in Washington, 6/1/1917
Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 6/2/1917
Captain John R. Edie to Lieutenant Commander William R. Sayles, United States Naval Attaché in Paris, 6/2/1917
Captain Edwin A. Anderson to Captain Henry B. Wilson, President, Board of Inspection and Survey, 6/2/1917
Foreign Secretary Arthur J. Balfour to Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Lord Robert Cecil, 6/3/1917
Diary of Commander Joseph K. Taussig, Commander, Destroyer Division Eight, 6/4/1917
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Based in European Waters, 6/4/1917
Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Lord Robert Cecil to British Ambassador to the United States Sir Cecil A. Spring Rice, 6/4/1917
Commander William R. Sayles, United States Naval Attaché at Paris, to Rear Admiral Roger T. Welles, Office of Naval Intelligence, 6/4/1917
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 6/5/1917
Vice Admiral Sir Montague E. Browning, Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies to First Sea Lord Admiral Sir John R. Jellicoe, 6/5/1917
Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves, Commander, Convoy Operations in the Atlantic, to Destroyer Force, Atlantic Fleet, 6/5/1917
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, 6/5/1917
Captain Richard H. Jackson, American Naval Representative to Paris to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 6/5/1917
Captain William B. Fletcher, Force Commander, Special Patrol Squadron to Commanding Officers, 6/6/1917
Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, COmmander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters 6/6/1917
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Captain William V. Pratt, Chief of Staff to Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations 6/6/1917
Commodore Guy R. Gaunt, British Naval Attaché in Washington to British Admiralty, 6/6/1917
Lieutenant Ronan C. Grady, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, to Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, 6/6/1917
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Captain William V. Pratt, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations 6/7/1917
Rear Admiral Sir Dudley R.S. de Chair to Vice Admiral Henry F. Oliver, Secretary of the Admiralty, 6/7/1917
Captain William V. Pratt, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations to Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, 6/7/1917
Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves, Commander, United States Convoy Operations in the Atlantic, Operations Order Number One, 6/7/1917
Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves, Commander, Convoy Operations in the Atlantic, to Destroyer Force, 6/9/1917
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 6/9/1917
Diary of Commander Joseph K. Taussig, Commander, Destroyer Division Eight, 6/10/1917
Diary of Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 6/10/1917
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 6/10/1917
Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters,, 6/11/1917
Captain William V. Pratt, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 6/11/1917
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Rear Admiral Leigh C. Palmer, Chief, Bureau of Navigation, 6/11/1917
Rear Admiral Ralph Earle, Chief of Bureau of Ordnance to Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, 6/12/1917
Executive Order of President Woodrow Wilson, 6/12/1917
Rear Admiral William F. Fullam, Commander, Patrol Force, Pacific Fleet, to Captain Robert E. Coontz, Commandant, Navy Yard, Puget Sound, 6/13/1917
United States Ambassador to Great Britain Walter Hines Page to Secretary of State Robert M. Lansing, 6/13/1917
Captain William D. MacDougall, United States Naval Attaché at London, to Vice Admiral Henry F. Oliver, Secretary of the Admiralty, 6/13/1917
Admiral Ferdinand Jean Jacques de Bon, Chief of the French Naval Staff, to Commander Bernard A. de Blanpré, French Naval Attaché in Washington, D.C., 6/13/1917
Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, to Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves Commander, Destroyer Force, Atlantic Fleet, 6/13/1917
Vice Admiral Sir Lewis Bayly, Commander, Southern Ireland, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 6/13/1917
Vice Admiral Henry F. Oliver, Secretary of the Admiralty, to Vice Admiral Sir Montague E. Browning, Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station, 6/16/1917
Commodore Guy R. Gaunt, British Naval Attaché at Washington, to First Sea Lord Admiral Sir John R. Jellicoe, 6/16/1917
Admiral Henry T. Mayo, Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet, to Atlantic Fleet, 6/16/1917
Captain Arthur de K. L. May, Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff, to Commodore Lionel de Vere Wells, 6/16/1917
Diary of Commander Joseph K. Taussig, Commander, Destroyer Division Eight 6/17/1917
Chief Gunner Bernard P. Donnelly to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 6/17/1917
Captain Arthur de K. L. May, Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff, to Commodore Lionel de Vere Wells, Director, Routing and Convoying Operations from the United States, 6/17/1917
Secretary of State Robert Lansing to Robert E. Jeffery, United States Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Uruguay, 6/18/1917
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters to Queenstown Destroyer Force, 6/18/1917
Admiral Ferdinand Jean Jacques de Bon, Chief of the French Naval Staff to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 6/19/1917
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 6/19/1917
Commander Joseph K. Taussig, Commander, Destroyer Division Eight, to Commanding Officers, Queenstown Destroyer Force, 6/20/1917
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 6/20/1917
Commander Joseph K. Taussig, Commander, Destroyer Division Eight, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 6/20/1917
Commander John V. Babcock to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 6/21/1917
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters to British Admiralty, 6/22/1917
Lieutenant Robert R. M. Emmet, United States Navy, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 6/22/1917
Harrington Emerson, President, Emerson Institute, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 6/23/1917
Captain William B. Fletcher, Force Commander, Special Patrol Squadron, to Commanding Officers, 6/23/1917
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels to Secretary of State Robert Lansing, 6/23/1917
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 6/23/1917
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces in European Waters, 6/23/1917
Lieutenant Commander R. Drace White, Commander, Seattle, to Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves, Commander, Convoy Operations in the Atlantic, 6/24/1917
Captain Richard H. Jackson, American Naval Representative to the Ministry of Marine, to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, 6/25/1917
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters to United States Ambassador to Great Britain Walter Hines Page, 6/25/1917
United States Ambassador to Great Britain Walter Hines Page to Secretary of State Robert Lansing, 6/26/1917
Lieutenant Commander Marcel Bertaux, Commisariat de la Marine-Lorient, to Commander Bernard A. de Blanpré, French Naval Attaché at Washington, 6/26/1917
Lieutenant Commander George F. Neal to Vice Admiral Sir Lewis Bayly, R.N., Commander, Southern Ireland., 6/26/1917
Commodore Guy R. Gaunt, British Naval Attaché in Washington, D.C., to British Admiralty, 6/26/1917
United States Ambassador to Great Britain Walter Hines Page to First Secretary of the American Embassy in London Franklin M. Gunther, 6/27/1917
Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves, Commander, Convoy Operations in the Atlantic, Notes on Conversations with Officers, 6/27/1917
Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 6/26/1917
Report of Commander Richard T. Down, 6/27/1917
War Diary, U.S.S. HANCOCK, 6/28/1917
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, U.S. Forces Operating in European Waters, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 6/28/1917
Admiral William S. Benson, Chief of Naval Operations, to Commandants on the Atlantic Coats and Chiefs of Navy Bureaus, 6/27/1918
Vice Admiral Henry F. Oliver, Secretary of the Admiralty, to Vice Admiral Sir Montague E. Browning, Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies., 6/28/1917
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Department of the Navy, 6/28/1917
Instructions Concerning Troopship Convoys, 6/29/1917
Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves, Commander, Convoy Operations in the Atlantic, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, 6/29/1917
First Sea Lord Admiral Sir John R. Jellicoe to Commodore Guy R. Gaunt, British Naval Attaché at Washington, 6/29/1917
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves, Commander, Convoy Operations in the Atlantic, 6/29/1917
Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels 6/29/1917
United States Ambassador to the Great Britain Walter Hines Page to Secretary of State Robert Lansing, 6/29/1917
Captain William D. MacDougall, United States Naval Attaché at London, to the Office of Naval Intelligence 6/29/1917
Sir Richard F. Crawford, British Commercial Attaché at Washington, to President Woodrow Wilson, 6/29/1917
Procedures for Patrolling the East Coast of South America agreed to by the British and American Naval Commanders in the Theater, 6/29/1917
Foreign Secretary Sir Arthur J. Balfour to British Ambassador to the United States Sir Cecil Spring Rice, 6/30/1917
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels to Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters 6/30/1917
William S Benson
Atlantic Convoy
Additional Resources for June 1917