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Earthrise: 50th anniversary of the pioneering Apollo 8 moon mission
By David Szondy
Earthrise: 50th anniversary of...
The famous Earthrise photo
Commander Frank Borman
Command Module Pilot James Lovell
Command Module Pilot William Anders
Anders during Apollo 8
Apollo 8 crew arriving aboard UUS Yorktown by helicopter
Apollo 8 crew walk the red carpet aboard USS Yorktown
S-IVB stage being left behind
Earth as seen from the window of Apollo 8
The S-IVB stage that delivered Apollo 8 into translunar orbit
Artist's concept of Apollo 8 reentering the Earth's atmosphere
Apollo 8's Saturn V first stage going to assembly
Lunar craters as seen from Apollo 8
Frank Borman receives Presidential phone call aboard USS Yorktown
Apollo 8 mission control
Apollo 8 Command Module being recovered
Far side of the Moon seen from Apollo 8
Far side features seen from a low angle
Tsiolkovsky Crater
Curve of the Moon as seen from Apollo 8
Lunar Mare as seen from Apollo 8
Apollo 8 crew in their Snoopy hats after their headsets refused to stay in place
Brightly lit lunar craters
Apollo 8 was the second manned Apollo mission
Mission control during the launch of Apollo 8
The Apollo 8 capsule being prepared for hoisting aboard USS Yorktown
Earth as seen from Apollo 8
The crew of Apollo 8
The Apollo 8 crew during mission training
Apollo 8 crew training for launch escape
Apollo 8 pre-launch
Apollo 8 capsule being lifted out of the sea
Television image of Earth seen from Apollo 8
Lift off of Apollo 8
S-IVB stage in partial shadow and "stars" of vented fuel
Artist's concept of Apollo 8 arriving at the Moon
Apollo 8 reentry
Apollo 8 crew headed for the pad
Artist's concept of Apollo 8 and its S-IVB stage in parking orbit
Artist's concept of Apollo 8 separating from the S-IVB
Commander Frank Borman suited up
The orbit of Apollo 8
Diagram of the Command Service Module
Specifications of the Command Module
Interior of the Command Module
Specifications of the Service Module
Inside the Service Module
View gallery - 47 images
Fifty years ago, a space mission lifted off that would change our world forever. Born in the depths of the Cold War and launched at a time of national turmoil, Apollo 8 was more than a great scientific and engineering feat. Sending three men to circle the Moon in a fragile capsule involved a string of achievements – they became the first human beings to see the Earth from space as an entire planet, traveled farther from home than anyone in history, and in the process all but ended the Space Race. As you might expect, the story of Apollo 8 is a fascinating one.
When Apollo 8 lifted off from what was then called Cape Kennedy on December 21, 1968, the world was in turmoil. The Cold War was still very much a reality as the West and East fought to determine if the world would be dominated by free-market democracy or totalitarian socialism. Political reforms in Czechoslovakia were met with brutal suppression by Soviet forces. In the West, Paris was plagued by riots and the United States was shocked and polarized by protests against the impasse of the Vietnam War and racial inequality, as well as a series of horrific assassinations.
Even NASA seemed to be trapped in a crisis of confidence. On January 27, 1967, the space program suffered a devastating setback when the crew of Apollo 1 died in a tragic launchpad fire. The subsequent investigation revealed a frightening litany of design flaws, assembly errors, and general mismanagement, but the impact that it had on the space agency's morale and the spirit of the nation when it came to the Space Race would be hard to exaggerate.
This changed on October 11, 1968 when Apollo 7 lifted off from Cape Canaveral. The first flight of the Apollo Command Service Module (CSM), it was just a 10-day flight in low Earth orbit, but the success of the mission and the safe return of the three-man crew was a tremendous boost to both NASA and the public.
But what wasn't known, even to most people on the Apollo project, was that Apollo 7 had a hidden agenda – one that had a profound impact on the Space Race, the Cold War, and history itself.
By 1968, the Apollo program had settled on a plan for reaching the Moon before the end of the decade. After years of back and forth planning, NASA settled on using a giant Saturn V booster bigger than the Statue of Liberty that would launch into orbit carrying two spacecraft.
The first was the Command Service Module, (CSM), which was the main vehicle. The Command Module was the home for the astronauts, the command and control center for the mission, and the reentry vehicle to return the Earth. Meanwhile, the Service Module, which was mated to the Command Module, provided water, electricity, long-range communications and, most important, carried the main engine to place the spacecraft into lunar orbit and returning it to Earth.
For actually landing on the Moon, a second vehicle was required, the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM). This spider-like machine could only operate in the vacuum of space and would be carried to the Moon by the CSM. Two astronauts would then transfer to the LEM, which would undock and descend to the lunar surface while the Command Module Pilot remained with the mothership.
This meant that the early Apollo missions would be a series of baby steps as the astronauts rehearsed the skills needed for operating the CSM/LEM combination. The original plan was that Apollo 7 would test the CSM in low Earth orbit. Apollo 8 would follow with the CSM and the LEM, then Apollo 9 would fly the CSM and LEM to an altitude of 4,600 mi (7,400 km). It would not be until well into 1969 that Apollo 10 made the first flight to orbit the Moon, where it would test the LEM under lunar gravitational conditions in rehearsal for the Apollo 11 landing.
There was only one problem with this neat timetable. By the time Apollo 8 was on the launch pad, the LEM wouldn't be ready to fly.
Built by Grumman Aircraft, the LEM was an engineer's problem child. No one had ever built a craft that was meant to land from space using nothing but rocket power – much less one to do so on the Moon. Any such undertaking was bound to have setbacks and the LEM had them in spades.
In July 1968, the first LEM was delivered to Cape Kennedy. On inspection, it turned out to be full of defects and weighed so much that the landing legs couldn't support it. A final assessment showed that, at best, the lunar lander wouldn't be fit to fly until February 1969.
The question was, what to do? The Soviets weren't standing still and there was every reason to believe that they were gearing up to put a man on the Moon as soon as possible. Without the LEM, Apollo 8 couldn't fly, which would set back the program by months.
Forget the LEM
No one knows who had the idea first, but it was NASA administrator George Low who championed it. He said to forget the low orbit test, forget the LEM, forget the slow, but sure approach. In 16 weeks, send Apollo 8 directly to orbit the Moon.
It was an audacious idea – even more so when you understand how NASA really worked in the 1960s. From the political side, only a handful of officials at the agency knew about Low's idea. Even the top brass of NASA were in the dark at first, and Congress definitely were, until those behind the idea were absolutely sure it was feasible and that they could get support for it.
On the technical side, the shift seemed insane. We like to think of NASA as a cool, calculating organization where everyone checks everything to 10 decimal places before doing anything. There's a lot of truth to that, but during the Space Race, the scientists and engineers weren't just racing to beat the clock, they were also dealing with huge unknowns. In fact, half the time they were making things up as they went along and every mission was an exercise in problem solving and improvisation on the spot.
What these two factors meant was that changing Apollo 8 wasn't a matter of rewriting a couple of diary entries. It was like a general shifting a planned invasion to a completely different continent. Even if everyone was onboard with the idea, the logistics were staggering.
For example, if Apollo 8 was going directly to the Moon, that would require swapping the crews of Apollo 8 and 9. The original Apollo 8 crew were much more advanced in their LEM training and this would have been wasted by leaving the lander behind. On the other hand, the original Apollo 9 crew were further ahead on the CSM training and, equally important, the mission Commander, Frank Borman, had been part of the Apollo 1 investigation and was intimately familiar with safety issues.
Soon, Apollo 8 had its new crew, the Commander was Frank F. Borman II, a US Air Force Colonel who had already commanded the Gemini VII mission. This made him particularly desirable as Gemini VII had lasted as long as a lunar mission would.
Also a veteran of Gemini VII was Command Module Pilot and Navigator James A. Lovell Jr. He'd also flown on the Gemini XII mission and was a replacement for Michael Collins, who was temporarily grounded due to surgery for bone spurs. Rounding out the crew was Lunar Module Pilot William A. Anders. Since there was no LEM for him to pilot, he would act as flight engineer and official photographer.
We need a rocket
But the crew wouldn't be much use if Apollo 8 didn't have the rocket it needed to get to the Moon. The original booster was supposed to be a Saturn Saturn 1B, but now the giant Saturn V was required. That meant getting the legendary rocket pioneer and father of the Saturn, Wernher Von Braun on side.
In the end, Von Braun was delighted by the idea, but there was still a lot of work to be done. The first two Saturn V flights had been uneven. The first had come off without a hitch, and the second had some serious problems, but Von Braun was the determined to make the third perfect. But this meant solving problems like the tendency of the second stage to "pogo" or start to vibrate dangerously in flight. That meant that even as the Saturn V earmarked for Apollo 8 was being assembled in Florida, an intensive program of ground testing was started in Huntsville, Alabama.
And then there were the computer calculations that needed to be done. First there were the calculations to show that the mission was possible, then there were the calculations to find the best launch date and time, and then there were the mind-bogglingly complex calculations of the orbits for the spacecraft getting to the Moon and back safely.
Finally, there was Apollo 7. Even after the engineers, the astronauts, the top brass at NASA, and the government up to the President were in agreement, if Apollo 7 failed, then it was all off. But Apollo 7 did launch, it did come back, and it was declared a success. On November 12, just three weeks after Apollo 7, the public announcement was made that Apollo 8 was going to the Moon.
The launch date was December 21, 1968 at 7:51 am EST from pad LC-39A at the Kennedy Space Center. That was less than 40 days away.
Aside from getting to the Moon in and of itself, the primary goal of Apollo 8 was to get there before the Soviets. To some, that may seem childish, but it's important to remember that Apollo was not first and foremost about exploration or adventure or science. It was a battle in the Cold War and Apollo 8 Commander Borman saw it in that light. To him, this was a real war and he was fighting it just as much as if he was in a bomber.
This was very much on NASA's mind as the Soviets launched their Zond 5 mission on September 15, 1968, followed by Zond 6 On November 10. Instead of cosmonauts, these unmanned circumlunar probes carried a payload of tortoises and other living things. The Soviets saw these missions as the precursors to a manned mission, and if they had been successful, Apollo 8 might have lost the race.
However, while Zond 5 returned safely to Earth, Zond 6 suffered a malfunction and crashed, delaying the Soviets. Still, the Americans could see that the clock was ticking.
The second objective, and one that helped get approval for Apollo 8, was to conduct a detailed photographic survey of the equatorial regions of the Moon. Even though the near side of the lunar surface had been photographed from Earth for decades, and both the Americans and the Russians had sent probes and orbiters to the Moon in recent years, the results left much to be desired.
Earthbound telescopes could only achieve so much and the electronic imagers used by the spacecraft were painfully primitive even by the standards of the day. A human being with a standard camera loaded with emulsive film was streets ahead and could return the photos needed to find the landing sites for later Apollo missions.
The photos would also help with the third major objective. One disturbing phenomenon that the orbiter missions had discovered was that the gravitational field of the Moon was uneven. This was due to mascons, or concentrations of dense matter resulting from asteroid impacts.
These gravitational anomalies messed with NASA calculations, throwing trajectories off by as much as two miles. Apollo 8's photos and telemetry would help scientists to accurately plot the spacecraft's orbit, allowing them to map the mascons and develop a new set of empirical formulae for future mission navigation.
The dangers of going boldly
But there were dangers for Apollo 8 that the original plan didn't include. The single most important piece of equipment on the CSM was the Service Propulsion System (SPS). That's the main engine and can be seen as the huge bell that sticks out of the stern of the Service Module. This chemical rocket engine would provide the necessary thrust to place Apollo 8 into lunar orbit and send it home again.
The SPS was made as simple as possible. Instead of a complicated line of breakdown-prone pumps, the propellants were pushed through the system by helium and the engine burned hydrazine and tetroxide, which are hypergolic. That is, they don't need an ignitor – the moment they come into contact with each other, they burst into flame. That makes them nasty to handle on the ground, but ideal in space.
The problem was that even with all this fool-proofing, there was only a 50/50 chance that it would work as advertised. If the SPS failed while in lunar orbit, the CSM would be trapped in orbit. In the original mission plan, this wasn't as big a problem because the engines on the LEM could do the job in an emergency. But there wasn't a LEM.
The lead up to the launch date was almost surreal for the astronauts and their families. On top of the constant training, testing, and anxieties of any spaceflight were piled the attention of the world's press that made the crew's children and wives veritable prisoners in their homes, combined with a White House reception in the middle of an outbreak of the Hong Kong flu that didn't make NASA's flight surgeons very happy.
The night before launch, the three astronauts even had a visit from Charles Lindbergh, the controversial first man to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. While talking to them, the air pioneer made some back of the envelope calculations and said that Apollo 8 would burn 10 times more fuel in the first second of lift off than Lindbergh's Spirit of St Louis did on its entire flight.
On December 21, 1968, the Saturn V SA-503 rocket lifted off on time and without any major malfunctions. After the S-IVB third stage separated, it carried the CSM into an 90-minute orbit 100 miles (160 km) above the Earth. For two hours and 38 minutes, mission control intensely studied telemetry from the booster and the spacecraft before giving the green light for Trans Lunar Insertion (TLI).
Moonward bound
Two hours, 44 minutes, and 30 seconds into the flight, the single engine on the S-IVB fired again for 318 seconds guided by ground computer control, sending it and Apollo 8 on their way to the Moon. Apollo 8 was now moving faster than any human being had ever experienced before at 24,208 mph (38,959 km/h). At the three hour and 35 minute mark, they passed the previous high altitude record of 850.5 miles (1,368.9 km) set by Pete Conrad and Richard Gordon in Apollo XI in 1966.
The three men were farther from home than anyone had ever been.
But Borman and his crew had little time to reflect on this. There was the business of firing the explosive bolts for separating from the S-IVB, the maneuvering to avoid any chance of collision with the rocket, then turning around to monitor the venting of the remaining fuel from the S-IVB's tanks.
Unfortunately, the violent separation didn't do the third stage any good and Borman watched with growing concern as the S-IVB started squirting gases every which way. He wanted to cut the inspection short and keep as far away as he could from the rocket, which might have ended up traveling in any direction.
In the end, the venting was safely achieved, sending the S-IVB on a slingshot orbit around the Moon and into solar orbit. Today, it's one of only five surviving S-IVBs and the only flown one. All the others were burned up in the Earth's atmosphere, crashed into the Moon, or are in museums.
But more significantly, as the Apollo 8 crew turned to watch their booster, they became the first human beings to see the Earth as an entire planet. Even previous space missions could only see the Earth as a giant arc. For the first time, it could now be seen as a globe hanging all alone in the darkness of space.
En route to the Moon
In many ways, Apollo 8 was very different from any previous space mission. There was much less tension than previous flights. NASA tended to micromanage orbital missions with each additional orbit requiring explicit permission and every technical issue discussed in detail. Apollo 8, on the other hand, could not abort once it entered translunar orbit. Even in the most urgent emergency, it wasn't coming home for a week, so there was no point in mission control playing mother hen all the time.
In addition, the Command Module had much more room than other space capsules. It was still like spending two weeks inside an SUV, but it beat being crammed into a can-like cockpit where you couldn't even stretch out straight. There was also a better choice of food and hot water for reconstituting meals and making hot drinks.
And then there was the incredible view. In order to maintain an even temperature and keep the high-gain antenna properly aimed, Apollo 8 was flying backwards and, ironically, the crew never saw the Moon once on the leg out. But they could see the Earth and, as work permitted, the astronauts enjoyed looking back at home.
Another thing that was different was that when they'd achieved TLI, there was no need for the astronauts to wear their bulky space suits, which were stowed away and not even worn for reentry. Instead, the three men wore much more comfortable lightweight flight suits. However, they had to keep on their black and white Snoopy hats because their communications headsets wouldn't stay put.
But not everything was pleasant. Shortly after TLI, Borman took a sleeping pill to help him rest, only to find himself vomiting and suffering a diarrhea attack. As one can imagine, this is even more unpleasant in the confines of a space capsule in zero gravity. Flight surgeons were alarmed, but Borman's condition soon cleared up. Either it was a 24-hour flu, a reaction to the sleeping pill, or an early case of space sickness.
Another health concern were the Van Allen radiation belts that extend up to 15,000 miles (24,000 km) from Earth. These magnetic bands have a high radiation level, but Apollo 8 flew through them so quickly that the crew received only about the equivalent of one chest X-ray – well within safe limits. In all, the astronauts only took a radiation dose of 1.6 mGy for the entire voyage. The average person back on Earth receives up to 3 mGy per year.
A more immediate concern was that Apollo 8 was the first space mission where the crew had to handle navigation. On previous flights, ground tracking stations handled the problems of where the spacecraft was and where it was going, and even in the worst case scenarios, the astronauts could return to Earth inside an hour. But on the lunar mission, the capsule would be out of communication with mission control as it passed behind the Moon and if communications failed entirely, the crew would have to take over all navigation.
Because of this, Lovell spent a large part of the mission down at the navigation station in the stern of the craft taking star sights through the sextant and comparing his results with those from Earth. These fixes were more than just routine. A spaceflight trajectory isn't a precise calculation, but a series of increasingly better estimates, and the data that Lovell collected, helped the computers to zero in on exactly what Apollo 8's orbit was.
Another duty the astronauts had to perform was that of television hosts. Up to seven live transmissions were scheduled during the course of the mission and the increasing distance, time lag, and low bandwidth didn't help any. The first such transmission was a bit shaky with the crew having difficulty setting up the camera, with an attempt to show the Earth from space revealing only a blurry ball of light. But they did provide a tour of their space home and the 17-minute show was well received by the public.
One of the key tasks that the crew had to handle was testing the Service Propulsion System (SPS). It was the single most important system on the craft, so NASA insisted on testing it before reaching the Moon. It was lucky they did because the crew found that the helium used to push the fuel along the pipes had filled the feeds with bubbles, resulting in the engine firing like a sputtering car. Fortunately, the first test cleared the bubbles out, but it didn't bear thinking what would have happened if those bubbles had still been there when Apollo 8 reached the Moon.
Lunar Orbit Insertion
About 64 hours into the mission, Apollo 8, still flying stern-first, was approaching the most dramatic part of the voyage – Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI). This would involve firing the SPS for four minutes and 13 seconds and the computer-controlled timing had to be exact. Too short a burn, and the spacecraft could be hurled into orbit around the Sun. Too long, and the mission would end with a crash into the lunar surface.
What was so unnerving was that the maneuver had to be done while Apollo 8 was behind the Moon and out of contact with Earth. This meant that mission control and the entire world would have no choice but wait for transmission from the spacecraft to resume. If they didn't, the worst had occurred.
Meanwhile, Jim Lovell became the first human being in history to see the far side of the Moon with his own eyes. Ten minutes before the engine burn, Lovell could see the first shafts of light as they sped toward the sunlight side of the Moon, then he could see what had only been photographed by unmanned probes. By this time, there were only two minutes until ignition.
On December 24, at the 69 hour, 8 minute mark of the flight, the engines fired for what the astronauts later called the longest four minutes in history. But under the guidance of the watchful onboard computer, the burn was successful and Apollo 8 went into an orbit that would last for the next 20 hours and 10 revolutions.
At the predicted second, mission control received the signal from the CSM that the first persons sent to another world had arrived.
The crew of Apollo 8 also set a new record as the farthest anyone had ever traveled from Earth – 234,474 mi (377,349 km). But what the people back home wanted to know was, what was the Moon like? Jim Lovell had the honor of telling them.
"Okay, Houston," said Lovell. "The Moon is essentially gray, no color; looks like plaster of Paris or sort of a grayish beach sand. We can see quite a bit of detail. The Sea of Fertility doesn't stand out as well here as it does back on Earth. There's not as much contrast between that and the surrounding craters. The craters are all rounded off. There's quite a few of them, some of them are newer. Many of them look like – especially the round ones – look like hit by meteorites or projectiles of some sort. Langrenus is quite a huge crater; it's got a central cone to it. The walls of the crater are terraced, about six or seven different terraces on the way down."
Now the main task of the mission began: to photograph the lunar surface and help scout out the best spots to set down the later Apollo mission. As official photographer, Bill Anders busily swapped out cameras as he took pictures out the window While Lovell used the the sextant as a telescope. By the time they finished, they had 700 pictures of the Moon and five reels of 16 mm film.
Incredibly, the most famous photo from Apollo 8 happened almost by accident. NASA was so intent on reconnoitering the Moon that they gave no thought about the Earth, but on the fourth orbit, the spacecraft was oriented so that the crew had their first clear view of the horizon and the Earth rising from it.
Borman exclaimed, "Oh, my God! Look at that picture over there! Here's the Earth coming up. Wow, is that pretty!" At first all three men were stunned by the sight, but then Anders and Lovell scrambled to get color film into a camera and take the shot that for generations has reminded us how small and lonely our planet is.
Very soon, all the excitement was taking its toll on the highly motivated astronauts and Borman ordered Lovell and Anders to sleep through the next two orbits while the cameras were set on automatic.
Christmas at the Moon
The ninth orbit marked another historical event as Apollo 8 made what was one of the most watched television broadcasts in history. It's estimated that one quarter of the Earth's population – a billion people – saw the Christmas broadcast either live, delayed, or heard it on the radio. During this, the three astronauts sent greetings to those back home and read from the first chapter of Genesis before signing off with: "And from the crew of Apollo 8, we close with good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas and God bless all of you — all of you on the good Earth."
Trans-Earth Injection
But the astronauts didn't get Christmas day off. Two and a half hours after the broadcast, it was time to return home. As with the arrival, the Trans-Earth Injection (TEI) burn took place while the spacecraft was behind the Moon. For most people on Earth, this seemed like an anti-climax, but for NASA and the astronauts' families, this was the most frightening part.
If the SPS had failed to fire entirely during the first burn, Apollo 8 would have simply arced around the Moon and coasted back to Earth. But once in lunar orbit, if the SPS failed, the crew would be trapped in lunar orbit, and the Command Module would become their tomb.
Small wonder that everyone involved breathed a sigh of relief when at 89 hours, 28 minutes and 39 sec into the mission, mission control heard Lovell say, "Please be informed, there is a Santa Claus."
Coasting home
For the next two and half days, Apollo 8 was on its way back to Earth. The crew made another television broadcast and enjoyed a Christmas dinner that had been packed for them. This included three airline-size bottles of Brandy, which Borman ordered be left unopened until after landing.
Perhaps this was for the best because, though it seemed like the safest part of the mission, space is still a dangerous place. As if to remind everyone, Lovell accidentally entered the wrong commands into the computer, making it think it was still on the launch pad and it fired the thrusters to set the craft "upright." The problem was soon corrected after considerable debugging, but it showed that even going home, things could go seriously wrong.
On December 27, the Command Module fired its explosive bolts and separated from the Service Module. It was another white-knuckle moment, because a manned spacecraft had never hit the Earth's atmosphere at interplanetary speeds before. Under computer control and with Borman ready to take over, the craft did a maneuver where it skipped like a stone on the atmosphere to slow it down. The aerodynamic characteristics of the capsule gave it some lift and it could, within limits, be flown, but the astronauts were still hit with six times the force of gravity.
At 30,000 feet (9,1000 m) the drogue parachute deployed followed by the three main parachutes at 10,000 feet. On December 27 at 10:51 am EST, Apollo 8 splashed down in the North Pacific Ocean just south of the Hawaiian Islands. The capsule was floating upside down, but Borman deployed the floats that quickly righted it.
Forty-three minutes later, the first US Navy frogman arrived. Forty-five minutes after that, the crew of Apollo 8 were standing on the deck of the carrier USS Yorktown.
Apollo 8 was so successful that even the Soviets sent sincere, if grudging congratulations as they realized that they'd lost the Space Race. Unless there was a major mishap, the Americans would be on the Moon within months. Time magazine named the crew "Men of the Year" and the space television broadcasts won an Emmy Award.
At the time, there was a rumor that Borman would be given command of Apollo 11, but he felt that he'd won his Cold War battle and he eventually opted for a career in private industry, as did Anders after serving as executive secretary of the National Aeronautics and Space Council. Only Lovell remained on the mission roster and ended up as the commander of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission.
Like the voyages of Columbus or Captain Cook, Apollo 8 was undoubtedly a milestone in the annals of human history. However, it did have a more immediate impact. It was a major American victory in the Cold War, it rapidly increased our understanding of the Moon, and it paved the way for the landing of the first men on the Moon in 1969.
But beyond all this, perhaps its greatest achievement is summed up in one little photograph of the Earth rising above the horizon of a dead world, showing our blue, cloud-covered planet hovering in the vast blackness of space and reminding us that this is our home. Perhaps it says something that one of humanity's greatest scientific and engineering achievements left its most profound impact in that single poetic image.
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David Szondy
David Szondy is a freelance journalist, playwright, and general scribbler based in Seattle, Washington. A retired field archaeologist and university lecturer, he has a background in the history of science, technology, and medicine with a particular emphasis on aerospace, military, and cybernetic subjects. In addition, he is the author of a number of websites, four award-winning plays, a novel that has thankfully vanished from history, reviews, scholarly works ranging from industrial archaeology to law, and has worked as a feature writer for several international magazines. He has been a New Atlas contributor since 2011.
HighlanderJuan December 21, 2018 11:06 AM
Excellent article. Having worked on Apollo, it is hard for me to believe that Apollo 8 happened fifty years ago, but that also tells us that Apollo 11 is just around the corner - six months away. ;-)
guzmanchinky December 21, 2018 12:11 PM
What an amazing article. What an amazing time in science history. Hard to believe this all happened before I was born, and with the tech available at the time. I'm science literate and if you told me to make a moon mission with TODAY'S technology I'd have a hard time. The respect I have for those scientists back then is tremendous. It's hard not to slap anyone who called it a hoax. Don't get me started! Great article. I'm going to print it for my daughter who also grew up with me dragging her to every science museum I could find.
noteugene December 21, 2018 02:49 PM
Agreed Juan. Dad worked at Spaco in Huntsville which was a subsidary of NASA or worked in tandem with them or something. I agree with most historians that this was the most exciting time in American history. I know it was for a 9, 10, 11 yr old little boy. Funny thing. They had a rock quarry about 2 miles or so from the house and you couldnt tell if the rock quarry was blasting or NASA on the arsenal about 12 miles or so away was testing firing the Saturn V engines again. Felt quite similar. Whole ground would rumble. Hairs on the back of your arms and neck would rise. Whole body tingle with fear or excitment. Didn't know if we were going to get blown up or cause an earthquake or what. Most people build sheds, storage buildings in back yards rtc. Not dad. He got one of Spaco's test modules, brought it home, set it up on blocks. I added on to it 30 or so years later. The module can still be seen today. 3509 Fay St. Dad passed away about a year ago. I sure miss him and those times. Yoy should have been there. The excitement factor was palatable.
Westtrekker December 23, 2018 08:59 PM
Thank you for a wonderful Christmas present to All.
Thalek December 23, 2018 10:52 PM
Beautiful article, beautiful picture. However, the picture and its name has given rise to a misconception: the Earth doesn't rise or set in the Lunar skies. The Moon doesn't appear to rotate, so Earth is always in the same position in its skies. You can only get an Earthrise or Earthset in Lunar orbit.
Your bit of party-pooper trivia for the day. [wry smile]
Rusty Harris December 24, 2018 02:49 AM
I was a 9 year old boy at the time. Followed the space race since John Glenn. I remember the year 1968. The assassinations of RFK, Martin Luther King, the quagmire of Viet Nam, the riots at the Democratic convention. How fitting was Apollo 8? It brought the nation, and perhaps the world together for a brief moment. In watching a documentary a few years ago, I think it was summed up best by someone that said "thank you Apollo 8, you save us" (meaning 1968).
Paul Muad'Dib December 24, 2018 06:46 PM
America seemed much smarter back then.
Hendrik Ehlers December 26, 2018 09:18 AM
This article on this topic was out of the ordinary well written. It made my Christmas. I was 10 then and I got my first real bicycle. And at the same time my all-time heroes Borman, Lovell and Anders were on their way to the Moon. Just incredible. Although being a German, my vintage leather jacket still bears the Apollo 8 badge. And fitting to the fiftieth anniversary, my little boy (10) got his first real bicycle. His words: "Life is great!"
Btw. It would have been nice to have added a save-to-pdf option to this very special piece for collector's archives.


Bowerbird is excited to present a rare evening of all contemporary music for brass ensemble featuring musicians from the Arcana New Music Ensemble. The program encompasses a wide variety of compositional voices from the last sixty years, including Lois V. Vierk's thorny Jagged Mesa, Michael Nyman's very un-Cagein For John Cage, and more recent works by Philadelphia based composers Rene Orth and Dustin Hurt.
Bowerbird is pleased to present the extraordinary vocal ensemble Ekmeles performing Madrigals and Animals, a program celebrating the ongoing history of madrigals – the complex multi-part songs born during the Renaissance period known for their creative text setting (including imitating animals calls). Karola Obermüller's mass:distance:time relates directly to this history, with flickers of Machaut's mass, and text by renaissance writer Ungaretti. Salvatore Sciarrino's 12 Madrigali is an epic exploration of the composer's signature sound world of filigree and glissando, and will be heard here in its U.S. premiere. Karola Bauckholt's Instinkt, also heard for the first time in the U.S., blurs the line between animal vocalization and contemporary music. Finally, Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf's void – un delitto italiano dramatizes in madrigal form the murder of Italian artist Pier Paolo Pasolini.
The music of the Canadian composer Claude Vivier (1948-1983) combines diverse influences–from the cerebral constructions of the European avant-garde to exoticist borrowings from East Asia– into a haunting and inimitable artistic voice. Vivier's intense and colorful music mirrors his life as an eccentric and bon vivant who met a tragic death at the age of 34. The Arcana New Music Ensemble will present a selection of this rarely performed music, ranging from the shatteringly virtuosic piano work Shiraz to the ritualistic intonations of Et je reverrai cette ville étrange ("And I will see this strange city again"), which is based, like much of his music, on the unfolding elaboration of a single melodic line.
Bowerbird is pleased to present the world premiere of Greg Brown's Fall and Decline performed by Variant 6. The new work composed for voices and electronics is based on texts of Sadakichi Hartmann, Eprenius, Todd Hearon, Edward Gibbon, and Omar Khayyam. The composition contemplates the inevitable decline of all things natural and manmade. Variant 6 pairs this new work with other pieces for voices and electronics, as well as selections of Medieval and Renaissance music.


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No hay recursos disponibles en su carrito
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Issue No:78
Mes :January
Año :2018
On Land, at Sea, Lives Matter
Cyclone Ockhi, which caused large-scale destruction in southern India, should open the eyes of officialdom to both the landward and seaward dimensions of cyclones
As natural disasters go, Cyclone Ockhi which, between 30 November and 2 December 2017, took the lives of hundreds of fishers, injured many others and destroyed numerous fishing vessels at sea, stands out for the disproportionate damage it caused at sea than on land. The dead included not only fishers from the south Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala who were on short- and long-haul fishing trips, but also undocumented migrant fishers from faraway places. This, arguably, is the first-ever cyclone that took away lives at sea on the southwest coast of India, but spared those on land. There are heart-rending stories of survivors who battled the sea for several days before they were rescued (see reports elsewhere in this issue of SAMUDRA Report).
Several explanations have been presented for this tragedy on the waves—from the rapid genesis and intensification of the cyclone, which cut short the time available for response, to the rarity of such storms on the southern Arabian Sea coast. But even under these circumstances, many lives, especially of those who ventured out on 29 November, could have been saved if there had been a timely response from the authorities. Search-and-rescue operations, particularly in relation to long-haul vessels, were hampered by poor knowledge about the location of these fishing vessels at sea, especially of those engaged in tuna and shark fishing, employing longlines and encircling gillnets from Thoothoor, far away from their base fishing port. There was insufficient coordination between different agencies.
As storm surges or large waves pushed inshore by cyclonic winds have generally led to the most number of casualties of fishers, the meteorological department and disaster managers have tended to focus on landfall. In the case of Ockhi, which only skirted the coasts of southern Kerala and Tamil Nadu and did not make landfall, its terrible impact on those at sea was almost missed out in the absence of a reporting mechanism for long-haul fishing vessels before they go out on fishing trips.
Clearly, the solutions for effectively disseminating warnings to fishers on nearshore vessels, or on the coast, will have to be different from disseminating warnings to fishers on multi-day fishing trips (such as Thoothoor's tuna and shark fishermen) in faraway fishing grounds. What they need is a culture of safety and disaster-risk reduction integrated into their work in fishing, which needs training. The fisheries and maritime safety authorities have a key role to play in this endeavour. The key learnings from Ockhi for the fisheries sector range from the urgent need to comprehensively address fishers' safety at sea in all areas of fishing operations, and the importance of disaster-management plans to pay attention to practical and efficient early-warning systems, which reach the last mile, to well-equipped boats and trained fishers to meet emergencies. Whatever be the shortcomings of regulatory compliance, the authorities at all levels, however, have to act with alacrity to save lives at sea in an emergency, paying heed to complaints from families and friends of missing fishers.
The path of destruction in the aftermath of Ockhi underscores the magnitude of fleet migration along the western seaboard from the southern states to the northern ones. Considering the long coastline, constant back-and-forth fleet migration both in territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone, burgeoning employment of migrant fishers with no prior knowledge of fishing, whatsoever, and an ever-expanding fishing ground from the seaboard to the high seas, the safety-at-sea regime has to be fully integrated into fisheries management. In regard to multi-day fishing vessels, in particular, there has to be a fool-proof reporting mechanism of vessel position while on a fishing trip.
The central and state authorities in a federal system also need a coherent national perspective and co-ordinated approach to marine fishing. Different coastal states of India have to act as proxy flag, coastal and port-state authority, respectively, to improve safety and ensure effective fisheries management, considering that fishing vessels registered in one state often undertake fishing operations in the waters off a second state and land their catches in ports under the jurisdiction of a third state
In May 1999, after a severe cyclone on the Arabian Sea struck the Pakistan and India coasts, a comment in this journal urged everyone to act and not wait to be swept away. We hope available international guidelines on sea safety, emergency response, and frameworks for disaster reduction in the context of fisheries, under the auspices of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), especially the SSF Guidelines, can assist in preparing emergency response and disaster-preparedness mechanisms to save lives and protect fishing assets at sea.
India has adopted the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 and is to implement the SSF Guidelines. Both the Guidelines and the Sendai Framework promote and protect all human rights and provide an excellent opportunity to improve emergency response and to reduce disaster risk. Cyclone Ockhi should be an eye-opener to recognize not only the landward but also seaward dimensions of cyclones. We need to save lives both on land and at sea.
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Review / BOOK
A critical look at Towards Gender-equitable Small-scale fisheries Governance and Development: A Handbook by Nilanjana Biswas, published by the FAO, in 2017
This article is by Barbara Neis (bneis@mun.ca), University Research Professor, Department of Sociology and Senior Research Associate in the SafetyNet Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
It was a pleasure to read through Nilanjana Biswas' Towards Gender-equitable Small-scale Fisheries Governance and Development: A Handbook, part of a larger series of initiatives designed to support the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (SSF Guidelines). The SSF Guidelines were several years in the making and involved extensive consultations with diverse groups from more than 120 countries. They were endorsed by the Thirty-first Session of the FAO Committee on Fisheries (COFI) in 2014.
TAs indicated in the Foreword, they are "the first internationally agreed instrument dedicated entirely to the immensely important—but until now, often neglected—small-scale fisheries sector." They are global in scope but there is a specific...
TAs indicated in the Foreword, they are "the first internationally agreed instrument dedicated entirely to the immensely important—but until now, often neglected—small-scale fisheries sector." They are global in scope but there is a specific focus on developing countries which are home to most of the world's small-scale fisheries (SSF). While constituting a very significant accomplishment, the Guidelines are technically voluntary, although, as argued by Svein Jentoft (see For more box below), their linkage to international human-rights laws, including the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, makes them less voluntary than they appear. That said, using them to help achieve meaningful change on the ground requires ongoing effort.
Since 2014, the FAO has been spearheading extensive consultations with diverse stakeholders as a way to support the implementation of the SSF Guidelines. These consultations resulted in a request for more information on how to address gender issues. One reason for this is that the SSF Guidelines include, among their core objectives and guiding principles, the principles of gender equity and equality. Biswas' handbook is designed to help address this request.
As noted by Kleiber et al. (see For more on page 63), "[t]he presence of gender equity and equality in the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries…is unprecedented in global fisheries policy." The last time I worked intensively on gender and fisheries issues was a decade ago when I was one of the leads on a gender, globalization and fisheries initiative that brought together researchers and representatives from civil society organizations (CSOs)from multiple developed and developing countries, including the Women in Fisheries programme of the International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF).
Changing tides
We hosted a workshop in Newfoundland and produced a video called Changing Tides: Gender, Fisheries and Globalization and an edited collection of articles and stories with the same title (http://toobigtoignore.net/curra/). At that time, despite more than a decade of research and activism on gender/women in fisheries (particularly through ICSF), women and gender issues were largely invisible in fisheries research and particularly in policy throughout the world. Something like the SSF Guidelines, with its attention to women and to gender, was, for me at least, unimaginable.
The handbook under review extends the long tradition of community-engaged consultations and regional and international initiatives that informed the ICSF Women in Fisheries programme and the development of the SSF Guidelines to the implementation phase. It does this both in terms of the process that informed its development, and its contents. Contributions to an online survey, two regional workshops and an Expert Workshop on Gender-equitable Small-scale Fisheries, linked to the SSF Guidelines, helped inform the development of the handbook. Its target audiences include governments, as well as fisher/fishworker and CSOs and other actors, including researchers.
The handbook is organized into three parts: Part 1, on understanding gender and the role of women in SSF; Part 2, on responsible fisheries and sustainable development through a gender lens; and Part 3, on ensuring an enabling environment for gender equality and supporting implementation. It follows the structure of the SSF Guidelines, with each section linking explicitly to relevant chapters in those guidelines. The focus is on developing countries and discussions of broad concepts like gender equality ("when women and men enjoy equal rights, opportunities and entitlements in civil and political life") and equity—the achievement of "fairness and impartiality in the treatment of women and men in terms of rights, benefits, obligations and opportunities", are thought through in relation to the relevant Guidelines chapter.
Each chapter includes one or more case studies, as well as useful analyses of the case studies and suggested action points for policymakers and CSOs related to the kinds of scenarios outlined in the case studies. It emphasizes the need to take a value-chain approach to fisheries, encompassing the full supply chain as essential to capture the full range and extent of women's involvement in fisheries, and to identify both points of vulnerability and options for improving their lives and livelihoods. It also reminds us again of the ongoing and longstanding invisibility of much of women's work in many statistical and other resources on fisheries.
Consistent with the approach in the SSF Guidelines, Part 2 of the handbook uses a gender lens to examine responsible governance of tenure and the impact of loss of use rights, ownership rights and the transferability of tenure on women in different contexts. The section on sustainable resource management explores issues related to the need to strive for the equitable participation of women and marginalized groups in fisheries management and the design of protected areas. Chapter 4 of Part 2 brings a gender lens to social development, employment and decent work within SSF, calling for recognition of women's paid, unpaid and subsistence work, and the need to promote decent work opportunities for women in SSF. A case study of migrant Chinese women workers in oyster shucking in Japan draws attention to the part of the SSF Guidelines that require States and employers to offer similar protections to international migrant workers as to local workers.
This section also draws attention to occupational health and safety issues experienced by women in different contexts, including the threat of violence. Chapter 5 focuses on value chains, post-harvest and trade, including women's roles in markets, processing and other forms of trade. It offers examples of policy and other initiatives that threaten women's livelihoods in these areas, and examples of initiatives—often led by women—that have benefitted them. The case study of the organization of women vendors and their success in reclaiming the Marol fish market in Mumbai, India, inspires and the linked analysis of the case points to many parts of the SSF Guidelines that enjoin States to fulfill multiple duties essential to supporting women's post-harvest work.
The discussion of the role of trade liberalization and globalization and related increase in non-tariff barriers to trade related to food, sanitary and other standards that constrain women's ability to produce for export, and often undermine their access to local fish, is reminiscent of the earlier work we did on the gendered impact of these changes. The handbook also has a chapter on gender equality and gender-equitable policy implementation, with case studies showing what can happen when women are neglected in policy implementation, as well as one on disaster risks and climate change, including indicators for developing gender-sensitive disaster-reduction strategies.
Part 3 explores initiatives that can help to ensure an enabling environment for gender equality and to support the implementation of the SSFs Guidelines in ways that will help to achieve the promise they hold for women fishworkers and their families. Attention to women's relationship to natural and man-made disasters is essential in the context of climate-change hazards and ongoing problems with overfishing, pollution and other challenges. It was the silence around impacts on women of the collapse of Newfoundland and Labrador's cod stocks that motivated my last intensive foray into the field of gender equality and fisheries, and that led to my opportunity to join, for a time, the international network of women activists and researchers working on gender and fisheries.
In 2010, the ICSF Women in Fisheries programme celebrated its 20th anniversary with the publication of a retrospective report entitled ICSF's Journey with Women in Fisheries, co-authored by Nalini Nayak, Cornelie Quist and others (see the Women in Fisheries webpage for a list of the many publications from this programme). In that report, they noted, "[i]t has taken FAO a quarter of a century to seriously focus on a standard for small-scale fisheries…It has taken as long for us in ICSF to collectively agree on the importance of a gendered perspective in fisheries—despite the fact that the crucial role of women in fisheries has been recognized from the very beginning."
In recent years, new researchers, including particularly those involved with the Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries Group within the Asian Fisheries Society, have supported ongoing research in the area, and are now in the process of organizing their first standalone Global Symposium on Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries to take place this coming October. While I have not seen an analysis of the processes that led to the inclusion of gender equality and equity in the SSF Guidelines, I am convinced that all of this intensive and sustained background legwork played a crucial role. One indication of this is the dedication of the Guidelines to the memory of ICSF's Chandrika Sharma who worked tirelessly on both the SSF and women in fisheries fronts. Ongoing support like that which made this handbook possible is essential if the Guidelines are to achieve their objectives for women and men in SSF globally.
https://maritimestudiesjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40152-014-0016-3
Walking the Talk: Implementing the International Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries by Svein Jentoft
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317644549_Promoting_Gender_Equity_and_Equality_Through_the_Small-Scale_Fisheries_Guidelines_Experiences_from_Multiple_Case_Studies
Promoting Gender Equity and Equality Through the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines: Experiences from Multiple Case Studies by Kleiber, D., K. Frangoudes, H. T. Snyder, A. Choudhury, S. M. Cole, K. Soejima, C. Pita, A. Santos, C. McGougall, H. Petrics and M. Porter. 2017.
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In 2020 Ayscoughfee Hall School will be 100 years old.
In 2020 Ayscoughfee Hall School will be 100 years old. To mark the occasion we are planning a whole year of activities and events which will involve current staff and pupils plus anyone who has been a part of our Ayscoughfee family over the years.
The school was established in 1920, initially as part of Spalding High School in Welland Hall, our current home. For reasons of space the kindergarten class moved over to the historic Ayscoughfee Hall later that year and the preparatory class swiftly followed suit. It wasn't long before the school became independent from the High School and so the name Ayscoughfee Hall School was born. It then relocated to Church Street in 1982 and finally it came full circle, returning to Welland Hall in 1993.
I know it's still 2018 but time will soon fly by so we have a committee making initial plans for our centenary celebrations.
Deputy Head, Sally Chester, plus Helen O'Rourke and governors Debbie Whatford and me, Trish Burgess, have already met to brainstorm ideas for our special year. We have been joined by Year Six pupil, Jack Bowser, who is our liaison with School Council. Jack will help us with the planning and be able to attend events in 2020 as an Old Ayscoughfian.
We have established links with Julia Knight at Ayscoughfee Hall and we're delighted that she and her team are very happy to be involved in the celebrations because of our shared history.
If you can get hold of a 2020 diary, there's a special date you may want to jot down.
Sunday 21 June 2020 - a huge family picnic for everyone in the grounds of Spalding Grammar School. We have lots planned for this day so watch this space!
There will be a celebration service for current pupils and their families in the gardens of Ayscoughfee Hall, the school's home for many decades. Date to be confirmed.
We don't want to reveal all our secrets just yet but there will a number of different activities, many of them with the '100' theme.


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Contacts For Potentash
Mad about movies
Mics & Beats
Short Stories & Poetry
Grapes in a glass
Man Around Nairobi
Pearls And Heels
Single Lady in Nairobi
The Curious Wanderer
Potentash
Interview With Rising Star And OPPO Influencer Laura Karwirwa
Brian Muchiri
We were first introduced to Laura Karwirwa four years ago when she made her debut into the gospel music industry with her first song, Natamani Nikuone. The song would go on to become a success, giving Laura a big break early into her career. Since then, she has cemented her place in the industry and ministry with powerful songs of praise and worship like Ujulikane in which she featured gospel artist Alice Kimanzi.
Laura Karwirwa is a student at Kenyatta University where she is about to graduate with a degree in Food, Nutrition and Dietetics. A position opening at Citizen TV would see her edge out tough competition to become the host of the powerful Bambika show which airs every Sunday. As a born again Christian and songstress, she has used this platform to pass the word of God to her audience. For all she has achieved, Laura has managed to stay grounded and focused on her cause.
"I am a simple lady, a lover of God, people, life and music. I value these aspects of my life because that is where I get my inspiration from. I am always observing people, eager to learn from them and their experiences. Keeping my connection with God strong is also important to me."
A Content Creator
Besides singing and hosting the Bambika show, Laura is also actively involved in social media where she initiates important conversations about God and faith. She creates additional content about the same issues on her YouTube channel; Karwira Laura. As a creator, she is working on putting out positive content to nourish and empower her followers during these uncertain times of the Covid-19 pandemic.
"I am appreciating the great realization of the impact that the internet has in our lives. Everyone is online watching or reading something and I find that to be very powerful. As a creator, I want to be better at putting out content. We already have the space and platforms; I just have to be more consistent."
Laura attributes the success she has gotten so far to prayer, resilience, hard work, teachability and open-mindedness. These values have also helped her during her creative process.
"I can create content from almost anything and anywhere, which I find fascinating. Whenever I come up with an idea, I am quick to pen it down and later build on it when I am free to concentrate. I try to make my content as real and relatable as possible because I believe that this is the only way that it can be impactful."
As an artist of the new generation, Laura is aware of the impact that social media has on her music and her career. She appreciates the fact that she can interact with her fans on a personal level and also show parts of her life that might not always appear when she is on television.
"Social media has given me a wonderful space to interact with those who consume my music. It is a wonderful space to also share the more there is to me."
As a smart business-minded woman, Laura has diversified her brand and tapped into the world of promoting products as an influencer. This has seen her work with brands such as OPPO, an opportunity she describes as a blessing.
"We have an amazing campaign currently running for the Oppo A92. I am getting to understand what goes behind the introduction of new products in the market, especially in the technology field. It has been interesting to see how consumer trends in Africa are informing how multinational firms such as Oppo will design their products." The OPPO A92 Phone Review
She is excited to work with more companies in the future. So far she is appreciative of the fact that she has worked with brands that have been in line with her personality and beliefs. She admits that with endorsements comes more growth to her brand which in itself has a powerful effect.
A Message To Upcoming Talent
"I would advise them to always give the best at what they do and even while there is aggressiveness to reach a success level, there's also space for patience. Any kind of growth takes time. It is a principle of life."
Whereas she is best known for having a beautiful voice, Laura also plays the guitar, though she says that she has gotten a bit rusty over the years. As she plans to resume playing the guitar, she is staying focused on her path to achieve her dreams.
"In the next five years, I hope to have spread out Africa-wide. This is a big dream but I intend to give it my all."
If I Didn't Become An Actress I Would Have Wanted To Become A Vet: Brenda Wairimu
Bambika Citizen TV
gospel musician
Laura Karwirwa
OPPO influencer
Previous articleProduct Review: The Face Shop Rice Water Bright Rice Bran Foaming Cleanser
Next articleThe Singlehood Series: He Left Me Heartbroken After One Month Of Dating And Then I Found Out I Was Pregnant
Brian Muchiri is a passionate writer who draws his inspiration from the experiences in his own life and of those around him. He is candid and he seeks to inspire society to be more pro active and vocal about the social issues that affect us. Brian is also actively involved in pushing for awareness and inclusion of people with disabilities through his foundation; Strong Spine.
Cars And More: The Proton Saga Is A New Entrant In The Kenyan Market
The Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic On Travel And Tourism In Kenya
Sweet Cakes Will Not Get You Love Or Keep You Warm At Night (Part 2)
Technology: Making The Most Out Of WhatsApp For Business
Books: 5 Tips For Getting The Most Out Of Audiobooks
The Kenya Railways Night SGR Train From Nairobi To Mombasa – Here Is What You Need To Know
Regrets Are For The Weak, Only The Strong Survive And Thrive – Part 1 January 19, 2021
Lifestyle: The Social Behaviour Of Kenyans During The COVID-19 Period January 18, 2021
Cars And More: The Proton Saga Is A New Entrant In The Kenyan Market January 15, 2021
The Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic On Travel And Tourism In Kenya January 14, 2021
Lifestyle: 7 Things To Consider Before Buying A Cooker January 13, 2021
7 Reasons Why It Is Important To Reconnect With Your Past January 13, 2021
© Potentash 2021


text:
Breaking Chemistry's Rules Unlocks a New Reaction
News Dec 02, 2020 | Original story from the University of Nottingham
Credit: Pixabay.
Scientists have broken the rules of enzyme engineering to unlock a new method for creating chemical reactions that could unlock a wide range of new applications – from creating new drugs to food production.
In their paper published today in Nature Catalysis, Professor Francesca Paradisi and Dr. Martina Contente of the University of Nottingham and the University of Bern show a new method to produce chemical molecules more efficiently through a new one step reaction in the enzyme.
"We have demonstrated how a very simple mutation in one of the key residues of a useful enzyme has dramatically expanded its synthetic scope, enabling the use of the mutant variant in the preparation of challenging chemical molecules, as well as natural metabolites that are vital in many biological processes in the body" commented Professor Paradis, Professor of Biocatalysis in the School of Chemistry in Nottingham.
Any textbook on enzymes will report on how the catalytic amino acids in any given enzyme family are highly conserved, they are in fact a signature of the type of chemistry an enzyme can do. Variations do occur and in some cases, if the replacing amino acid is similar, both can be found in significant proportion in Nature, but others can be much less common and are found only in a limited number of species.
"In this study we have explored an untouched area of enzyme engineering and modified the a key catalytic residue in the active site of an enzyme" adds Professor Paradisi, "Previously it was thought that doing this would cause a loss of activity of the enzyme but we have found this is not the case when this biocatalyst is used in a synthetic direction and in fact challenging but very useful molecules can now be made under mild conditions which could be easily scaled up and replicated commercially for use in a wide range of products."
To change the substrate scope of an enzyme the approach has generally been to mutate the residues involved in substrate recognition, whether through rational design or directed evolution, leaving always untouched the catalytic ones.
The mutant variant of an acyl transferase enzyme was rapidly created and while the native biocatalyst would work with alcohols and linear amines, the mutant work with thiols and much more complex amines too. The research demonstrated that indeed the new variant has lost the ability to hydrolyse esters, but for synthetic applications, where an ester or other functional groups need to be made (thioesters and amides) and not cleaved, this is in fact a major advantage.
"We have had fantastic feedback on this study from the scientific community as it is providing a new tool for chemistry that can be applied to a wide range of molecular reactions. The fact that it is a very stable reaction created without the need for specific conditions mean it has the potential for a low cost commercial application in the production of new pharmaceuticals. We believe we have unlocked a new combination in the catalytic triads which nature seem to have disfavoured, possibly to tighten the control on reactivity, but that for a chemist could be a real goldmine" commented Dr Martina Contente.
Contente ML, Roura Padrosa D, Molinari F, Paradisi F. A strategic Ser/Cys exchange in the catalytic triad unlocks an acyltransferase-mediated synthesis of thioesters and tertiary amides. Nature Catalysis. Published online November 30, 2020:1-7. doi:10.1038/s41929-020-00539-0
European Cities With Highest Mortality Due to Air Pollution Identified
A health impact study has for the first time estimated the mortality burden attributable to air pollution in more than 1,000 European cities. The study includes ranking of mortality attributable to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
Analysis & Separations Applied Sciences Biopharma Genomics Research Proteomics & Metabolomics
Sustainable Food Science: Converting Food Waste Into Useful Products


text:
Humor: Soldier Mocks Marine Corps
05 Jan 2012 | Posted by Member 26835147
From original submitter: "This young Soldier had just returned from Iraq and was having some good clean fun. I am a former Marine and take no offense to this. Enjoy it and do not leave any malicious comments. This young Soldier died in a motorcyle accident a few months later."
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You don't steal pop culture, pop culture steals you.
The Night Wash Jones Won
By Christian Douglass
Eighty years ago, Wash Jones appeared as a minor character in William Faulkner's masterpiece on American identity and self-invention, Absalom, Absalom! From a craft perspective Jones was put in for a purpose: to demonstrate the role that white working-class men played in maintaining white supremacy among the wealthiest people in America before the Civil War, the Southern plantation class.
In the now canonical work, the protagonist Thomas Sutpen is born poor, white, and whose tragic quality is his supposed "innocence," his discovery that "the ingredients of morality" were not "like the ingredients of pie or cake and once you had measured them and balanced them and mixed them and put them into the oven it was all finished." Instead, he discovers that morality was built on "the shifting sands of opportunism and moral brigandage." He is born in 1808 in what will become West Virginia, "where the only colored people were Indians…where he lived the land belonged to anybody and everybody." Sutpen inhabits a landscape and a perspective that wouldn't be unfamiliar to Cliven Bundy.
Young Sutpen learns a life lesson when he must deliver a message to a plantation and is sent around back by a black servant – a "monkey nigger," in Sutpen's casually racist internal language of the time. The moment is not one of affront or grief, but of a wake-up call. From this awareness, he creates his now infamous "Sutpen's design" to acquire wealth and join the elite by building a plantation on the Mississippi frontier. But he cannot do it alone, and he enlists a local white, Wash Jones, a "gaunt gangling man malaria-ridden" to run his plantation and whose fate will become inextricably bound with Sutpen's vision.
Something similar happened last Tuesday when America elected Donald Trump, another megalomaniac who over the last decade has shown a knack for understanding what young Sutpen learned, that "the shifting sands of opportunism" can lead to reinventing one's self. A former New York Democrat, he transformed into a Republican candidate espousing racism in order to achieve his own design, the presidency.
Leading up to the election, The Choice 2016 on PBS's Frontline, profiled the candidates. It opened with a Sutpen-like moment in 2011 when President Obama ridiculed Trump at the White House Correspondence dinner. The president attacked Trump's baseless claims that he wasn't born in this country. The claim, an unstated dog-whistle assumption that there was something about the president (his color) that was not "American" (read: white) had been largely propagated by Trump. The documentary claims that this was the inciting incident for what would become Trump's design to become president. Like Sutpen, Trump had been an outsider from Queens when he tried to break into the Manhattan real estate market. Like Sutpen, he out-built his neighbors not with a larger plantation, but with Trump Towers. Like Sutpen, he could not achieve his ultimate goal without the support of the white working class.
Wash Jones is presented in the novel as a white man in Mississippi who "who before [18]'61 had not even been allowed to approach the front door of the house and who, while the plantation owners are away fighting the Civil War, got no nearer than the kitchen door." Unlike Sutpen, when Jones is stopped from entering by Sutpen's black maid, Jones doesn't fight back. This is Sutpen's mansion, and he works for Sutpen, so by extension, they are connected. In Jones' mind, he and Sutpen, by dint of their shared skin color, can take pride in a delusional sense of shared status. A later character speculates why Jones never objected. "He might have said to himself The reason I wont try it aint that I refuse to give any black nigger the chance to tell me I cant but because I aint going to force Mister Tom to have to cuss a nigger or take a cussing from his wife on my account."
Jones never benefits economically from his relationship with Sutpen. He lives in an "abandoned and rotting fish camp in the river bottom" on Sutpen's property. He continues to be a man who is laughed at to his face by black men and women. ("Who him, calling us niggers?" they say in town.) When he sees his boss riding across the plantation, he projects his feelings onto Sutpen who rarely gives him a second thought. "Wash's heart would be quiet and proud… maybe it would seem to him that this world… where he walked always in mocking and jeering echoes of nigger laughter, was just a dream and an illusion and that the actual world was the one where his own lonely apotheosis… galloped on the black thoroughbred, thinking… how the Book said that all men were created in the image of God and so all men were the same in God's eyes anyway, looked the same to God at least, and so he would look at Sutpen and think… If God himself was to come down and ride the natural earth, that's what He would aim to look like."
Perhaps the 59,392,837 Americans who voted for Donald Trump felt the same way about their candidate. The television punditry on Tuesday night, while giving lip service to racial motives, largely attributed his win to economic anxieties, like globalization and right-leaning resurgent movements around the world like in England with Brexit. This is not surprising. Americans have seen more than a decade of flat wages and are making little more than their parents did in 1979.
CNN's Van Jones, one of the handful of people of color covering the election on TV, took another angle. Yes, economic anxieties played a role, but the defining motive was race. Like Sutpen and Jones, in this country, the two factors cannot be unraveled from each other. Van Jones expressed it best when he claimed that the election was a whitelash. "This was a rebellion against the elites, true, it was a complete reinvention of politics… that's true, but it was also something else," Van Jones said of Trump's unexpected victory. "We haven't talked about race: this was a whitelash— against a changing country, it was a whitelash against a black president, in part, and that's the part where the pain comes." One wonders if like Wash Jones the electorate that voted for Trump will ever see economic benefits. Or, like Wash, do they live under the delusion that they are a part of a superior group, the "white race" – a social construct, not a biological fact. This sense of superiority is the definition of racism, not political correctness. Sutpen achieves his goal of joining the wealthy elite while Wash Jones is left with the comforting notion that he may not have gotten rich, but at least he's not black.
No one should hold William Faulkner up as a model for analysis of civil rights. Fans may laud him as a 1930s progressive, but by the time of the Civil Rights Movement thirty years later he was a drunkard who could barely stand at public events and joined a bevy of other so-called Southern liberals like Robert Penn Warren in a "go slow" approach. He wasn't alive to write about the large number of white women who voted for Trump, but he knew his backyard, and he knew how to write white working-class men like Wash Jones.
At the end of Absalom, Absalom!, Sutpen has lost everything due to the Civil War, including his sons. He attempts to rebuild both plantation and family by impregnating Jones' fifteen-year-old granddaughter, in an act reminiscent of Trump's sexual escapades he's bragged about and his habit of walking into the dressing room of fifteen-year-olds.
When he finds out it's not a boy, Sutpen, in a remark that would make Trump proud, says, "Well Milly, too bad you're not a mare. Then I could give you a decent stall in the stable." Wash Jones realizes that his life-long dream of kinship with Sutpen is an illusion and that his chance for a union between their families will never happen. Finally realizing his place in the world, he does what many in this election threatened to do if Trump lost, he arms himself with a scythe and cuts down Sutpen. It's unclear if Trump supporters will ever metaphorically do the same (history suggests not), but the parallels between Trump and Sutpen are eerily similar, and one cannot help wondering how much has changed in the eighty years since Faulkner wrote the novel.
Christian is a former Park Ranger and speaker for the Black Heritage Trail in Boston. The first chapter of his historical novel, I Don't Know How to Pray for You, about the historical roots of police brutality after the Civil War, will be published by the online journal Kweli in the spring. More from this author →
Tags: Absalom Absalom, american south, Brexit, Christian Douglass, civil rights, Civil Rights Movement, Civil War, Cliven Bundy, CNN, Donald Trump, economy, election 2016, gender, Mississippi, Politics, Racism, robert penn warren, sexism, Southern, Thomas Sutpen, Trump, van jones, Wash Jones, West Virginia, White Supremacy, William Faulkner
Filed Under: Books, Politics
Rumpus Original Poetry: Three Poems by Kelli Russell Agodon


It's here! In conjunction with our flagship community fundraising event, the Hackney Half, ReachOut are proud to launch the Big ReachOut Raise, a mega weekend of weird and wonderful fundraising! Mentors, mentees, partner schools, corporate partners and every other ReachOut supporter is invited to get involved by doing your own fundraising. Together we'll aim to reach a target of £75,000!
Make your fundraising easier by downloading our ReachOut Raise resources below. You can also set up your fundraising page, or simply donate straight to the Big ReachOut Raise (click either the "fundraise" or "donate" button to the right of this page).
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Total amount raised for Hackney Half sign ups.


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text:
Q: Hibernate Projection query gone bad I'm trying to run the following projection query in hibernate:
 select new
    com.allegiant.dmx.materials.dto.ToolMasterDto(t.recId,t.chgtype,
  t.chgpage,t.chgdate,t.chguser,t.chgprog,t.partNumber,t.manufacturerName,
t.modelNumber,t.description,t.comments,t.cageCodeId,t.toolMasterStatusId)
 from com.allegiant.dmx.materials.domain.ToolMaster t  Where recId=1

I'm getting the following error:
Caused by: org.hibernate.QueryException: could not instantiate class [com.allegiant.dmx.materials.dto.ToolMasterDto] from tuple
    at org.hibernate.transform.AliasToBeanConstructorResultTransformer.transformTuple(AliasToBeanConstructorResultTransformer.java:41) ~[hibernate-core-5.2.17.Final.jar!/:5.2.17.Final]
    at org.hibernate.hql.internal.HolderInstantiator.instantiate(HolderInstantiator.java:85) ~[hibernate-core-5.2.17.Final.jar!/:5.2.17.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.hql.QueryLoader.getResultList(QueryLoader.java:470) ~[hibernate-core-5.2.17.Final.jar!/:5.2.17.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.listIgnoreQueryCache(Loader.java:2507) ~[hibernate-core-5.2.17.Final.jar!/:5.2.17.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.list(Loader.java:2502) ~[hibernate-core-5.2.17.Final.jar!/:5.2.17.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.hql.QueryLoader.list(QueryLoader.java:502) ~[hibernate-core-5.2.17.Final.jar!/:5.2.17.Final]
    at org.hibernate.hql.internal.ast.QueryTranslatorImpl.list(QueryTranslatorImpl.java:392) ~[hibernate-core-5.2.17.Final.jar!/:5.2.17.Final]
    at org.hibernate.engine.query.spi.HQLQueryPlan.performList(HQLQueryPlan.java:216) ~[hibernate-core-5.2.17.Final.jar!/:5.2.17.Final]
    at org.hibernate.internal.SessionImpl.list(SessionImpl.java:1490) ~[hibernate-core-5.2.17.Final.jar!/:5.2.17.Final]
    at org.hibernate.query.internal.AbstractProducedQuery.doList(AbstractProducedQuery.java:1445) ~[hibernate-core-5.2.17.Final.jar!/:5.2.17.Final]
    at org.hibernate.query.internal.AbstractProducedQuery.list(AbstractProducedQuery.java:1414) ~[hibernate-core-5.2.17.Final.jar!/:5.2.17.Final]
    ... 133 common frames omitted
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: null
    at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method) ~[na:1.8.0_181]
    at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:62) ~[na:1.8.0_181]
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:45) ~[na:1.8.0_181]
    at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:423) ~[na:1.8.0_181]
    at org.hibernate.transform.AliasToBeanConstructorResultTransformer.transformTuple(AliasToBeanConstructorResultTransformer.java:37) ~[hibernate-core-5.2.17.Final.jar!/:5.2.17.Final]
    ... 143 common frames omitted

Here's my ToolMasterDtoConstructor signature:
public ToolMasterDto(int rec_id,  String chgType, int chgPage, Date chgDate, String chgUser, String chgProg,
                     String partNumber, String manufacturerName, String modelNumber, String description, String comments,
                    Integer cageCodeId, Integer toolMasterStatus) {

Can anyone tell me where this error is coming from?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
This package contains components that can be used to create a listing of items within a directory. To see this package in action, you can view the source code for the [nteract commuter application](https://github.com/nteract/nteract/tree/master/applications/commuter).

## Installation

```
$ yarn add @nteract/directory-listing
```

```
$ npm install --save @nteract/directory-listing
```

## Usage

The example below shows how we can use the components within this package to create a listing of the items in a directory.

```javascript
import { Listing, Entry, Icon, Name, LastSaved } from "@nteract/directory-listing";

export function () => <Listing>
  <Entry>
    <Icon fileType="notebook" />
    <Name>
      <a href="#listing">GANS-for-days.ipynb</a>
    </Name>
    <LastSaved lastModified="2018-06-27T16:21:25.354Z" />
  </Entry>

  <Entry>
    <Icon fileType="directory" />
    <Name>
      <a href="#listing">home</a>
    </Name>
    <LastSaved lastModified="2018-03-27T16:21:25.354Z" />
  </Entry>

  <Entry>
    <Icon fileType="file" />
    <Name>
      <a href="#listing">component.js</a>
    </Name>
    <LastSaved lastModified={new Date("2018-05-27T16:21:25.354Z")} />
  </Entry>
  <Entry>
    <Icon fileType="file" color="gray" />
    <Name>
      <i style={{ color: "gray" }}>no-permission-file.md</i>
    </Name>
    <LastSaved lastModified={new Date("2018-05-27T16:21:25.354Z")} />
  </Entry>
</Listing>
```

![An example of a directory listing created using nteract components.](https://cldup.com/GEhOFUTvAN.png)

## Documentation

You can view the reference documentation for `@nteract/directory-listing` in the [component docs](https://components.nteract.io/#nteractdirectory-listing).

## Support

If you experience an issue while using this package or have a feature request, please file an issue on the [issue board](https://github.com/nteract/nteract/issues/new/choose) and add the `pkg:directory-listing` label.

## License

[BSD-3-Clause](https://choosealicense.com/licenses/bsd-3-clause/)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We both decided to test this product as we wanted to see if it would meet our individual needs. Nicky wanted a moisturiser that had great protection for her sensitive pale skin, especially as she plays a lot of netball outdoors and is exposed to the elements on a freaky frequent basis. So the SPF 50 sunscreen inside this little lovely ticked that box! Leigh was more interested in the tinted moisturiser element of the product as she was after something that would be uber quick to use for days when she would like a lie-in, plus would look light and provide a "make-up free" appearance to wear to Zumba!
Exuviance was developed by doctors with a wealth of experience in the world of cosmetic dermatology. In fact Drs. Van Scott and Yu developed the very first Glycolic peel! The range uses cutting edge technologies in order to develop products that deliver on many fronts. Their tagline is "the science of skin transformation" and this ethos is apparent in the product. We both agree that it transforms your skin to airbrushed perfection and feels as good as it looks!
Someone very wise once said "you shouldn't judge a book but its cover" but after taking a look at Evuviance's packaging, one would be quite forgiven for calling said wise person a bit of a fool! The look and feel of the product is one of "salon luxury" – clean, crisp and user-friendly. The bottle is nice to use too. But a WARNING ladies! You need to get your upper arms prepared as you are going to HAVE to shake it like a Polaroid picture for at least 15 seconds in order to blend all the loveliness inside and to ensure an even colour to the tint.
And what loveliness IS inside, I hear you ask? Well bid a fond hello to a sheer mineral SPF 50 UVA/UVB protection, the multi-antioxidant powers of Vitamin E and Lacto-bionic Acid to ward off environmental damage and free radicals AND Green Tea in a highly concentrated form to protect cell DNA. WOWZERS! This potent combo is a triple threat against the various kinds of anti-aging. Amazing! As we all should know by now, sun damage is one of the highest contributors to premature ageing and, as much as we love a good leather handbag, no one in their right mind wants to look like one. So popping this fabulous wonder into your beauty routine should be a priority.
That's all well and good, but it's got to feel AND look great on right? RIGHT! And my does it feel good on. The fluid glides on weightlessly, leaving in its wake skin that becomes instantly poreless and almost HD-worthy. "Hyper skin" you could call it. The colour suited both of us and blended seamlessly with our skin tones, despite each of ours being slightly different. Once applied, the product leaves the skin matte but not flat with a silky-feeling sheer veil of protection. It is perfect to wear alone for that extra bit of skin confidence at the gym or poolside and definitely survived a sweaty Zumba session. In fact, Leigh found that the mattifying finish meant there was no need for powder to top it off. Nicky loved layering it under her make up as it acted as one of the best primers she had ever tried. She could apply her foundation straight away and it made it look even better and last longer. MEGA RESULT!
In summary? This beauts of a bottle is firmly staying on our beauty shelf! It's a brilliant multi-tasker both cosmetically and scientifically and that's something that is quite hard to come by. It really does deliver on all fronts.
Stay tuned for the next instalment of Skincare Week – we can't wait to show you more of our reviews. Your skin will thank us for it.
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You're doing a really good job with your blog.
I just started mine. Could you be kind enough to maybe check it out when you have time and tell me what you think?


text:
Q: np.where multiple logical statements pandas I am aware there are many questions on the topic of chained logical operators using np.where.
I have 2 dataframes:
df1
   A  B  C  D  E  F Postset
0  1  2  3  4  5  6     yes
1  1  2  3  4  5  6      no
2  1  2  3  4  5  6     yes

df2
   A  B  C  D  E  F Preset
0  1  2  3  4  5  6    yes
1  1  2  3  4  5  6    yes
2  1  2  3  4  5  6    yes

I want to compare the uniqueness of the rows in each dataframe. To do this, I need to check that all values are equal for a number of selected columns.
From this question: if I am checking columns a b c d e f I can do:
np.where((df1.A != df2.A) | (df1.B != df2.B) | (df1.C != df2.C) | (df1.D != df2.D) | (df1.E != df2.E) | (df1.F != df2.F))

Which correctly gives:
(array([], dtype=int64),)

i.e. the values in all columns are independently equal for both dataframes.
This is fine for a small dataframe, but my real dataframe has a high number of columns that I must check. The np.where condition is too long to write out with accuracy.
Instead, I would like to put my columns into a list:
columns_check_list = ['A','B','C','D','E','F']

And use my np.where statement to perform my check over all columns automatically.
This obviously doesn't work, but its the type of form I am looking for. Something like:
check = np.where([df[column) != df[column] | for column in columns_check_list])

How can I achieve this?
Considerations:

*

*I have many columns

*The format of my data is fixed.

*The values within columns may contain either strings or floats.

A: You can use np.logical_ors reduce method on the values of the comparison:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> np.logical_or.reduce((df1 != df2).values, axis=1)  # along rows
array([False, False, False], dtype=bool)               # each value represents a row

You might need to exclude columns either before doing the comparison:
(df1[include_columns_list] != df2[include_columns_list]).values

or after:
(df1 != df2)[include_columns_list].values

Besides np.logical_or there's also a np.bitwise_or but if your dealing with booleans (and the comparison returns an array of booleans) these are equivalent.

A: It seems you need all for check if all values are True per row or any if at lest one value is True per row:
mask= ~(df1[columns_check_list] == df2[columns_check_list]).all(axis=1).values
print (mask)
[False False False]

Or more readable, thanks IanS:
mask= (df1[columns_check_list] != df2[columns_check_list]).any(axis=1).values
print (mask)
[False False False]

Is also possible compare numpy arrays:
mask= (df1[columns_check_list].values != df2[columns_check_list].values).any(axis=1)
print (mask)
[False False False]


The Hunger Games Tributes. We've been working on this picture since before the movie came out, and we just got it done! EmberLee put all the tributes in their clothes, and I put the picture together. :). HD Wallpaper and background images in the Disney crossover club tagged: disney crossover hunger games.
This Disney crossover photo might contain ufagio, bustani tafuta, garden rake, and reki ya bustani.