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In the Footsteps of Count Dracula – self drive
Worldwide famous for its mystical atmosphere and vampire stories, Transylvania is located in an idyllic region of Romania among the Carpathian Mountains. Visit its beautiful cities and towns filled with castles, fortified churches, medieval citadels in which the multicultural, Romanian, German and Hungarian heritage is held. Visit the famous Bran Castle, the outstanding citadels from Sighisoara and Alba Iulia, The Corvin Castle, the Peles Castle, the Poenari Castle, and more Transylvanian treasures. Experience the thrill of walking in Dracula's footsteps, with an itinerary that takes you through all the places that carry the memory of the bloodthirsty Count.
Day 1 Bucharest (cca. 30km)
Welcome to Romania! On the way to the hotel, have a preview of what you are about to discover here with a panoramic tour of the city that takes you by the House of the Free Press, The Romanian Arch of Triumph, through The Victory Square, The Roman Square and finally to The University Square. Enjoy leisure time and discover the Old Town on your own, visit the ruins of the Old Princely Court, known as Dracula's residence, where it is said that Vlad Dracula kept his prisoners. Dinner at the hotel.
Day 2 Bucuresti – Poenari - Sibiu (cca. 350km)
After breakfast, enjoy a tour of the city renowned for its wide, tree-lined boulevards and belle-époque architecture, including a visit to the Palace of the Parliament, the second largest administrative building in the World, following The Pentagon. After a tour of the magnificent, elegant interior of the palace, displaying the wealth of Romania in stone, marble and wood from the Romanian mountains and forests, journey towards the legendary Transylvania. Carry on to Poenari Fortress for a dive in the legend of the bloody Count. Perched on a remote peak on the cliffs of the Fagaras Mountains, the 13th century ruined Castle of Poenari bears an uncanny resemblance of the fictional castle depicted by Bram Stocker as Dracula's residence, and to this day remains pristine and almost inaccessible. Journey towards Sibiu and check-in at your centrally located hotel for 3 overnights. Dinner at the hotel. Provided that the weather allows it, the road to Sibiu will be through the panoramic Transfagarasan Highway, the most spectacular alpine road in Europe.
Day 3 Sibiu (cca 20km)
A lovely start of your day with the visit of the beautifully preserved medieval city of Sibiu, visit the Bridge of Lies, the second iron bridge from Europe, the Citadel Park, the Council Tower, the Large Square, the Huet Square, and the Small Square. Enjoy a walk among the Old Town of Sibiu, one of the famous old towns from Romania, due to the presence of historical monuments with specific architectures that keep the medieval atmosphere alive, from which the majority are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Admire The Evanghelic Church, located in the historical city center of Sibiu, its tower of almost 74m of height, is the tallest tower from Transylvania, has an outstanding architecture, being one of the most impressive buildings from Sibiu. Discover the outstanding architecture of the famous Brukenthal Museum of the largest and wealthiest walled citadel from Transylvania, and was chosen as Europe's Cultural Capital of 2007, together with Luxembourg. Travel to the picturesque village Sibiel and enjoy a traditional dinner including homemade wine and plum brandy at a local restaurant. Return to Sibiu.
Day 4 Sibiu - Hunedoara - Alba Iulia - Sibiu (cca 320km)
Journey towards Hunedoara, and visit The Hunyad Castle,one of the largest castles from Europe. It was built in the 14th century in a Gothic-Renaissance architecture Boasting an impressive drawbridge, a huge medieval ballroom, a beautiful interior courtyard and exceptional defensive structure, the castle is said to have been the place where Vlad the Impaler was imprisoned for a while, and legends about ghosts haunting it still go around. After leaving Hunedoara you will visit the city of Alba Iulia, the memorable place of the Great Union of Romania. Here you will visit the impressive Orthodox Cathedral and the Roman Catholic Cathedral, the oldest standing cathedral in Romania. Most importantly, you will take a tour of the Habsburgic citadel, also known as Alba Carolina Citadel, in the time of the Roman occupation. In the evening you will return to Sibiu and have dinner at the hotel.
Day 5 Sibiu – Biertan - Sighisoara (cca 120km)
Journey towards The Fortified church of Biertan, one of the largest and most impressive strongholds in Transylvania, that looks like taken out of a fairy tale. Set in a spectacular landscape, perched high on a hill and surrounded by vineyards, the fortified church bears an enchanting love story. Legend has it that couples seeking divorce were locked for 2 weeks in the Prison Tower, being forced to share everything, and that after that most of the couple decided to give up the idea of divorcing. After visiting the fortress, enjoy a picnic in the middle of nature and a relaxing wine tasting at Biertan. In the afternoon, you will go to Sighisoara, the birth place of count Dracula and one of the best-preserved medieval towns in Europe. Sighisoara was settled by the Germans in the 13th century and it is one of the few still inhabited medieval fortresses in the whole world, being also protected by UNESCO. During the walking tour you will visit the Clock Tower, the birth house of Dracula and the Church on the Hill. In the evening, enjoy dinner at Dracula's restaurant, set in the very house where the Count was born. Check-in at the hotel for one overnight.
Day 6 Sighisoara – Bran - Brasov (cca 190km)
Scenic drive to Bran and visit of the 14th century imposing Bran Castle, one of the main landmarks of Transylvania, being a popular destination for the people that are interested in its history, as well as for the enthusiast in legends. Famous for its association with the legend of Dracula, the Castle hosts nowadays the museum of furniture dedicated to the Romanian Royal Family, especially to Queen Marie, the one that collected the objects, and to whom the people of Brasov gifted the Castle. Journey towards Brasov and discover one of the most popular touristic attraction from Romania, considering its location in the peaks of the Southern Carpathians surrounded by nature, and historical monuments. Journey towards Brasov, and enjoy a tour of the city, visit the city symbol with a history of over 600 years-The Black Church, continue with The Black Tower, The White Tower, Ecaterina's Gate and Rope's Street. Check-in at your centrally located hotel. Dinner at the hotel.
Day 7 Brasov – Sinaia – Snagov – Bucharest (cca 220km)
Travel to Sinaia in order to explore one of the most stunning castles from Europe, The Peles Castle, also known for being the summer residence of the Romanian Royal family. Nowadays, the castle is an outstanding museum preserving its original furniture, decorations and paintings. Take a walk through the castle's garden and enjoy the new-Renaissance architecture before visiting the stunning and impressive interior. Journey towards Snagov and visit the Snagov Monastery, the place where it has been said that Vlad the Impaler was murdered by the Turks and secretly buried by the monks. Travel to Bucharest and check-in at the hotel. Enjoy a farewell dinner at an outstanding local restaurant from the Old Town of Bucharest.
Day 8 Departure (cca 25km)
Enjoy free time and discover the Old Town on your own before the transfer to the Airport. We hope you enjoyed your vacation and take with you long-lasting beautiful memories from this legendary adventure!
Medieval cities: Brasov- The Crown of Transylvania, Sibiu- The European Capital of Culture from 2007, and Sighisoara- city listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Castles: Bran Castle, Peles Castle, Poenari Castle, Hunyadi Castle
Monasteries: Snagov Monastery
In the footsteps of Dracula: Birth Place of Count Dracula, Dracula Castle, Old Princely Court, Poenari Castle, Hunyadi Castle
7 x overnights at 3*** or 4**** centrally located hotels
7 x 3 course set menu dinners including 3 x dinners at the hotel and following special dinners
1 x 3 course set menu traditional farewell dinner at a local restaurant in Bucharest;
1 x traditional dinner at the locals in Sibiel, including wine and local brandy
1 x thematic dinner at Dracula Restaurant in Sighisoara, including red wine
1 x farewell dinner at a historic restaurant in Bucharest's Old Town
1 x Countryside horse-drawn chariot ride in Sibiel
1 x wine tasting in Biertan
Professional local guides in Bucharest, Sibiu, Alba Iulia, Sighisoara, and Brasov
All tours » Fly and drive » In the Footsteps of Count Dracula – self drive


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Q: Data structure design with O(log n) amortized time? I'm working on this problem but I'm pretty confused on how to solve it:
Design a data structure that supports the following operations in amortized O(log n) time, where n is the total number of elements:

*

*Ins(k): Insert a new element with key k

*Extract-Max: Find and remove the element with largest key

*Extract-Min: Find and remove the element with smallest key

*Union: Merge two different sets of elements

How do I calculate the amortized time? Isn't this already something like a hash table? Or is it a variant of it?
I would really appreciate if someone can help me with this.
Thank you!!

A: What you're proposing isn't something that most hash tables are equipped to deal with because hash tables don't usually support finding the min and max elements quickly while supporting deletions.
However, this is something that you could do with a pair of priority queues that support melding. For example, suppose that you back your data structure with two binomial heaps - a min-heap and a max-heap. Every time you insert an element into your data structure, you add it to both the min-heap and the max-heap. However, you slightly modify the two heaps so that each element in the heap stores a pointer to its corresponding element in the other heap; that way, given a node in the min-heap, you can find the corresponding node in the max-heap and vice-versa.
Now, to do an extract-min or extract-max, you just apply a find-min operation to the min-heap or a find-max operation to the max-heap to get the result. Then, delete that element from both heaps using the normal binomial heap delete operation. (You can use the pointer you set up during the insert step to quickly locate the sibling element in the other heap).
Finally, for a union operation, just apply the normal binomial heap merge operation to the corresponding min-heaps and max-heaps.
Since all of the described operations requires O(1) operations on binomial heaps, each of them runs in time O(log n) worst-case, with no amortization needed.
Generally speaking, the data structure you're describing is called a double-ended priority queue. There are a couple of specialized data structures you can use to meet those requirements, though the one described above is probably the easiest to build with off-the-shelf components.

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Home / Emanuel Feuermann / TOSCANINI conducts Richard Strauss (1938-46) - PASC549
TOSCANINI conducts Richard Strauss (1938-46) - PASC549
Sold Out! - 2 CDs with case & artwork (+MP3)
€20.00 - 2 CDs only in plastic sleeve (+MP3)
STRAUSS Don Quixote
STRAUSS Tod und Verklärung
STRAUSS Salome - Dance of the Seven Veils
STRAUSS Ein Heldenleben
STRAUSS Don Juan
STRAUSS Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche
Live broadcast recordings, 1938-46
Emanuel Feuermann, cello
NBC Symphony Orchestra
conducted by Arturo Toscanini
Toscanini was an early champion of the music of Richard Strauss and he continued to conduct his works throughout his long career. The two men knew each other and met on more than one occasion. When Toscanini heard Strauss was working on an operatic version of Salome he corresponded with the composer about giving the Italian premiere. This eventually became a point of contention between the two men. Toscanini wished to give the Italian premiere at La Scala but Strauss had already signed a contract giving Turin the honour. This episode undoubtedly soured the relationship between them, and when Strauss accepted an offer to conduct at Bayreuth in 1933 after Toscanini had refused to return due to the festival's Nazi ties, Toscanini allegedly said 'To Strauss the composer I lift my hat, to Strauss the man I put it on again.'
In reality, Toscanini's interest in Strauss as a composer was limited. He never conducted anything Strauss composed after Salome and when he attended the premiere of Arabella in Vienna in 1933 he described it as 'wretched stuff.' His love of Strauss's earlier compositions remained, particularly his tone poems mostly composed in a prolific decade between 1888 and 1898, and demonstrates how Toscanini was able to separate music from composer. For his part, Strauss had a strong admiration for Toscanini as a conductor, once remarking to his assistant, George Szell, that after hearing Toscanini conduct he was inclined never to conduct himself again.
Strauss's tone poems are rightly regarded as masterpieces of late Romantic music. Lushly orchestrated, the pieces are as long as some symphonies but each tells a specific story, using the orchestra in highly imaginative ways. The fluttering brass imitating bleating sheep in Don Quixote is just one obvious example of the way that Strauss could conjure a musical image for the listening audience.
This release features recordings of all the Strauss works that Toscanini conducted. Tod und Verklarung (Death and Transfiguration) was by far the most frequently performed and recorded, with no less than ten extant recordings, including a commercial one with the Philadelphia Orchestra (1942). The one chosen for this release is the middle one of Toscanini's three NBCSO broadcasts to feature the work (1938, 1946 and 1952). Don Juan featured on four of Toscanini's NBCSO broadcasts, as well as in one La Scala concert in 1949. The one included here is the earliest NBCSO performance, from 1939. Toscanini conducted Don Quixote three times with the NBCSO and in once with the BBCSO. Again, the one included here is the earliest NBCSO one, from 1938. The cello soloist in Don Quixote is Emanuel Feuermann, a Jewish émigré from Europe who had performed the piece with Toscanini in London in May 1938. There are also four examples of Toscanini conducting Till Eulenspiegel, all with the NBCSO, and this one is the second, from 1946. There are two extant recordings of Toscanini conducting the Dance of the Seven Veils from Salome, one with the NY Philharmonic and the second, heard here, with the NBCSO in 1939. Despite Ein Heldenleben being one of Toscanini's regular concert pieces, there is only one extant recording of him conducting it, with the NBCSO in 1941.
TOSCANINI conducts Richard Strauss
Don Quixote, Op. 35
1. Introduction (5:24)
2. Theme (1:52)
3. Sancho Panza (2:20)
4. Variation 1 (1:33)
10. Variation 7 (0:50)
13. Variation 10 (3:53)
14. Finale (5:33)
Tod und Verklärung, Op. 24
15. I. Largo (5:07)
16. II. Allegro molto agitato (3:55)
17. III. Meno mosso, ma sempre alla breve (7:32)
18. IV. Moderato (7:25)
19. Salome, Op. 54 - Dance of the Seven Veils (10:15)
Ein Heldenleben, Op. 40
1. Der Held (3:59)
2. Des Helden Widersacher (3:25)
3. Des Helden Gefährtin (12:11)
4. Des Helden Walstatt (8:15)
5. Des Helden Friedenswerke (4:04)
6. Des Helden Weltflucht und Vollendung (10:39)
7. Don Juan, Op. 20 (17:08)
8. Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche, Op. 28 (13:56)
XR remastering by Andrew Rose
Cover artwork based on a photograph of Toscanini
Recording Dates
Don Quixote: 22 October, 1938
Tod und Verklärung: 17 November, 1946
Salome Dance: 14 January, 1939
Ein Heldenleben: 1 February, 1941
Don Juan: 14 October, 1939
Till Eulenspiegel: 17 March, 1946
Fanfare magazine review
A priceless addition to both the Toscanini and Strauss discography, and yet another triumph for Andrew Rose and his Pristine crew
There is some extraordinary music-making here, full of color and imagination. As is pointed out in the terse program notes, Toscanini's interest in the music of Strauss was limited, if intense. All of this material is early Strauss, and with the exception of the music from Salome, all tone poems. The men knew each other and admired one another—Strauss, who was himself an important conductor, revered Toscanini's artistry. They split personally over politics, as Strauss became involved with the Nazi regime (Toscanini famously declared "to Strauss the composer I lift my hat, to Strauss the man I put it back on").
Despite the historic nature of these mostly pre-World War II recordings, and despite my own life long enthusiasm for the work of Toscanini, this big, lush music is best served by the plethora of superb performances in bright, shiny modern sound. There are, nevertheless, a couple of stand-outs, and overall, this release is a treasure chest for admirers of both the composer and the conductor. Of chief interest for collectors here is the Don Quixote featuring the legendary and tragically short lived cellist Emanuel Feuermann (he died as a result of a botched surgery in 1942, at the age of 39). More so than almost any other recording of this wonderful work that I know, Toscanini makes the drama that inspires the music pop, with delightfully raucous sound emanating from the brass section in particular. Feuermann produces vibrant, focused tonality, but I find his patrician bearing somewhat out of place in this rather wild ride. I suppose one could argue that this reflects Cervantes's vision of his gallant hero adrift in a hostile world, but musically I still prefer the more cohesive sound of the classic recording by George Szell and the Cleveland Orchestra, with the under-rated Pierre Fournier as the glorious cello soloist.
Toscanini's way with Till Eulenspiegel has long been my benchmark for this delightful score. Whenever I hear a new performance, I anticipate whether or not the musicians will express the subtle wit and frantic, and, paradoxically, controlled energy with some level of the attention to detail and sheer dramatic insight that Toscanini brought to this music. Many come close, but none exceed his vision. As has been frequently observed by Toscanini mavens, his pre-World War II recordings and his live recordings, whether with the nascent NBC Symphony Orchestra or with his guest appearances with the BBC Symphony Orchestra, feature an ease of presentation and spontaneity that seemed to ebb away from his post-war studio recordings, wherein, one supposes, there was both external and internal pressures to produce "definitive" versions of the great classics. Such is the case here; the well-worn 1955 recording is spectacular, and yet this live 1946 version allows just enough more elasticity to give the music that much more vivacity.
The rest of the program is equally engaging. Tod und Verklärung seems to be the most recorded Strauss work from Toscanini. In the realm of historical recordings, I am partial to the eerily beautiful Toscanini reading with the Philadelphia Orchestra, but I prefer to hear this music in superior sound reproduction, as well as Don Juan and Ein Heldenleben. Nonetheless, this is a priceless addition to both the Toscanini and Strauss discography, and yet another triumph for Andrew Rose and his Pristine crew. For those so inclined, this is a must-have.
Peter Burwasser
This article originally appeared in Issue 42:6 (July/Aug 2019) of Fanfare Magazine.

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They led in different eras, but the parallels between Ulysses S. Grant and Dwight Eisenhower are striking—both successful army commanders and then president, with deep convictions about racial equity and determination to avoid war despite their military backgrounds. Ike greatly admired Grant, studying everything from his leadership style to his personality traits and scouring his memoirs for lessons to apply to the battlefield.
John McManus, a Curators' Distinguished Professor at the Missouri University of Science and Technology and one of the nation's top military historians, examines those close connections, delving in particular into Eisenhower's World War II military campaigns.
The presentation, in partnership with the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home, continues a series coinciding with the exhibit Eisenhower's Middle Road at the Central Library.


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1 dead, 3 injured in San Diego-area synagogue shooting
David Holzel
A shooting at a Chabad synagogue in Poway, near San Diego, California, has left one person dead and three injured, including a child.
Police in Poway detained a white 19-year old San Diego man in connection with the shooting on the last day of Passover, and hospitals said they were taking in the wounded people. The suspect left an "open letter" prior to the morning attack, law enforcement said.
"A man has been detained for questioning in connection with a shooting incident at the Chabad of Poway synagogue," the San Diego County Sheriff's office said Saturday afternoon on Twitter. "@SDSOPoway Deputies were called to Chabad Way just before 11:30 a.m. There are injuries. This is a developing situation."
Sheriff William Gore said in a news conference that the fatality was an adult woman, and the three injured were two adult males and one juvenile female. News 10 San Diego named one of the injured as the synagogue's rabbi, Yisroel Goldstein.
In March, Goldstein wrote a Facebook post lamenting the deadly shooting at a mosque in New Zealand.
"Attacking innocent people is abhorrent," he wrote. "It is abhorrent when it is a shul in Pittsburg and it is abhorrent when it is in a Mosque in New Zealand!"
A second rabbi affiliated with the synagogue, Rabbi Mendy Rubenfeld, in a Facebook post named the fatality as Lori Gilbert-Kaye, calling her "friendly and outgoing. "In her memory, please, please commit to doing something special for a neighbor or a friend!" he wrote. Rubenfeld and his family were in Florida for the Passover holiday at the time of the shooting. Gilbert-Kaye was 60.
A police spokesman said that a Customs and Border Patrol agent working off duty as a synagogue guard fired on the suspect as he fled the building, hitting his vehicle. The suspect called police and turned himself in, exiting his car with his hands up when police arrived where he had pulled over. There was an assault rifle in the car.
Poway Mayor Steve Vaus told CNN that the danger was over. He said congregants had engaged and helped to stop the shooter, who apparently had anti-Semitic intent.
"I have heard that this was someone with hate in their heart, hate toward the Jewish community," he said.
Vaus later added: "It was a hate crime," an assessment he said was based on "statements that were made when the shooter entered." He would not elaborate.
NBC 7, a local television station, identified the shooter as John T. Earnest. The sheriff confirmed that Saturday evening, saying the suspect had no prior contact with the police.
Gore said law enforcement was examining evidence that Earnest may have been involved in a mosque arson in Escondido, California, earlier this year, and whether the attack on the synagogue was a hate crime.
CNN quoted the Palomar Medical Center Poway as saying it was expecting four trauma patients from the shooting.
Poway, about 20 miles north of San Diego, is an upper-middle-class city with about 48,000 residents.
President Donald Trump, speaking in Washington, D.C., told reporters "it looks like a hate crime."
"My deepest sympathies go to the people that were affected, the families, their loved ones. By the — obviously it looks like right now based on my last conversations looks like a hate crime, hard to believe," he said before leaving for Wisconsin for an election rally. "We'll see what happens. It looks like a hate crime."
The shooting on the last day of Passover was six months to the day after the deadliest anti-Semitic attack in U.S. history, when an alleged white supremacist murdered 11 worshippers at a Pittsburgh synagogue complex.
CNN quoted witnesses as saying that there were six or seven shots, and that the rabbi had two fingers blown off.
The Anti-Defamation League said it is on the ground in San Diego "working with local authorities to set up a community support center for those directly affected by the shooting."
Trump spoke about the shooting at the rally Saturday night in Green Bay.
"Our entire nation mourns the loss of life, prays for the wounded and stands in solidarity with the Jewish community," he said. "We forcefully condemn the evil of anti-Semitism, which must be defeated."
—JTA News and Features
Previous articleJ's menu for her gals night in
Next articleLori Gilbert-Kaye, 60, killed in Poway attack, shielded rabbi from bullets
How to survive a hostage situation
Tifereth Israel honors congregant's artistic legacy
Jewish community leaders stake out priorities in Annapolis
Rabbi PA Weberman April 29, 2019 At 2:13 PM
The joy and gladness and festivities of Pesach were disturbed by the tragedy of the terrorism that took place at Chabad of Poway. In our society, there are a number of terrorists who plan to do something as despicable as this in other synagogues in other neighborhoods.
We must be extremely cautious in setting up a system of security in our synagogues and particularly in reporting to the proper authorities potential threats that we can observe although we might not recognize that not everyone loves us. We must not hesitate to report any potential threat.
Rabbi PA Weberman


The Outwell AC/DC Adaptor is an indispensible accessory when using a thermoelectric cooler when travelling, camping or for home. Just plug in and the thermoelectric cooler runs on 230 V mains supply and comes supplied with a UK plug.
10 metre mains lead, ideal to provide your Caravan, Folding Camper and Motorhome with mains electric. High visibility orange cable 1 x 3 Pin Mains Plug (male) 1 x 3 Pin Mains Coupler Socket (female) Coils easily for storage For use in the outdoors, garage use, marine, camping, caravans, generators, etc.


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Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna (1637–1689) was an Italian nobleman of the Colonna family. He was the 8th Duke and Prince of Paliano and hereditary Grand Constable of the Kingdom of Naples. He was also a Knight of the Golden Fleece.

Biography
Colonna was born in Rome,  the son of Marcantonio V Colonna, Prince of Paliano and Isabella Gioeni Cardona, Princess of Castiglione. He was the nephew of Anna Colonna who married Taddeo Barberini, Prince of Palestrina. He was inducted into the Order of the Golden Fleece in the same year as his cousin, Maffeo Barberini.

In 1661 he married Maria Mancini, a niece of Cardinal Mazarin. She was the first love of Louis XIV whose desire to marry her caused his mother, Anne of Austria, and Maria's uncle intense concern. The relationship between Maria and Louis was an idealistic one, and remained unconsummated. Colonna remarked after their wedding night that he was surprised to find her still a virgin, famously stating that had not expected to find "innocence among the loves of kings."

He and his wife became great patrons of the arts, and exercised influence in the cultural and political spheres of Rome and Italy. Many artists such as Nicolò Minato and Francesco Cavalli dedicated works to the Colonnas. Despite Colonna's prestigious French marriage, the Colonna family was generally aligned with Spanish interests in Italy. The family's rivals in Rome, the Orsini and Barberini were French partisans.

After the birth of their third son, relations between Colonna and his wife deteriorated for multiple reasons, including his infidelities and her fears of further childbirth.

On 29 May 1672, fearing that her husband would kill her, Mancini left Rome accompanied by her sister Hortense Mancini. She did not return to Italy until her husband's death in 1689.

Between 1678 and 1681, Colonna was appointed Viceroy of Aragon, in Spain.

Issue
Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna and Maria Mancini  had three children:

 Filippo II Colonna (1663-1714)
 Marcantonio Colonna (1664-1715)
 Cardinal Carlo Colonna (1665-1739)

Colonna also had two children by the Countess Ortensia Stella whom he acknowledged in his will.

References

1637 births
1689 deaths
Nobility from Rome
Lorenzo
17th-century Italian nobility
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Viceroys of Aragon

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Chinese Families Clash with Police: PICS
IndiatimesUpdated on Mar 25, 2014, 18:25 IST
Dozens of angry relatives of passengers on a lost Malaysian jetliner clashed with police in Beijing .
Kim Kyung-Hoon/Reuters
A family member of a passenger on board Malaysia Airlines MH370 cries as he shouts slogans during a protest in front of the Malaysian embassy in Beijing, March 25, 2014. REUTERS/Kim Kyung-Hoon
AP Photo/Ng Han Guan
Chinese relatives of passengers onboard the missing Malaysia Airlines plane, flight MH370, shout in ... Read More
Chinese relatives of passengers onboard the missing Malaysia Airlines plane, flight MH370, shout in protest as they march towards the Malaysia embassy in Beijing, China, Tuesday, March 25, 2014. Furious over Malaysia's handling of the lost jetliner a day after the country said the passengers must be dead, Chinese relatives of the missing marched Tuesday to the Malaysia Embassy, where they threw plastic water bottles, tried to rush the gate and chanted, "Liars!" The blue placard reads: "We won't leave or ditch you, we will wait right here."(AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)
Chinese relatives of passengers onboard the missing Malaysia Airlines plane, flight MH370, shout as ... Read More
Chinese relatives of passengers onboard the missing Malaysia Airlines plane, flight MH370, shout as they stage a protest march towards the Malaysia embassy in Beijing, China, Tuesday, March 25, 2014. Furious over Malaysia's handling of the lost jetliner a day after the country said the passengers must be dead, Chinese relatives of the missing marched Tuesday to the Malaysia Embassy, where they threw plastic water bottles, tried to rush the gate and chanted, "Liars!" The placard at left reads: "Husband, come home soon, what I and the child do" and "1.3 billion people wait to receive the plane," right. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)
A family member (C) of a passenger onboard Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 shouts as policemen (front) attempt to prevent them from marching down a street during a protest, near Lido Hotel in Beijing, March 25, 2014. REUTERS/Kim Kyung-Hoon
Family members of passengers aboard Malaysia Airlines MH370 shout slogans as they march toward the M... Read More
Family members of passengers aboard Malaysia Airlines MH370 shout slogans as they march toward the Malaysian embassy in Beijing, March 25, 2014. Angry relatives of Chinese passengers aboard the missing Malaysia Airlines plane denounced the Kuala Lumpur government and its national carrier as "executioners" on Tuesday and said they would march on the Malaysian Embassy. REUTERS/Kim Kyung-Hoon (CHINA - Tags: DISASTER TRANSPORT POLITICS CIVIL UNREST)
Relatives of Chinese passengers onboard the Malaysia Airlines plane, MH370 protest with placards one... Read More
Relatives of Chinese passengers onboard the Malaysia Airlines plane, MH370 protest with placards one of which reads " MH370, Don't let us wait too long" as they march towards the Malaysian embassy in Beijing, China, Tuesday, March 25, 2014. Furious that Malaysia has declared their loved ones lost in a plane crash without physical evidence, Chinese relatives of the missing marched Tuesday to the Malaysia Embassy, where they threw plastic water bottles, tried to rush the gate and chanted, "Liars!" (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)
Relatives of Chinese passengers onboard the Malaysia Airlines plane, MH370, protest with placards on... Read More
Relatives of Chinese passengers onboard the Malaysia Airlines plane, MH370, protest with placards one of which reads " We won't leave or ditch you, we will wait right here" as they march towards the Malaysian embassy in Beijing, China, Tuesday, March 25, 2014. Furious that Malaysia has declared their loved ones lost in a plane crash without physical evidence, Chinese relatives of the missing marched Tuesday to the Malaysia Embassy, where they threw plastic water bottles, tried to rush the gate and chanted, "Liars!" (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)
Relatives of Chinese passengers onboard the Malaysia Airlines plane MH370 scuffle with Chinese polic... Read More
Relatives of Chinese passengers onboard the Malaysia Airlines plane MH370 scuffle with Chinese police officers outside the Malaysian embassy in Beijing, China, Tuesday, March 25, 2014. Furious that Malaysia has declared their loved ones lost in a plane crash without physical evidence, Chinese relatives of the missing marched Tuesday to the Malaysia Embassy, where they threw plastic water bottles, tried to rush the gate and chanted, "Liars!" (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)
A relative of Chinese passengers onboard the Malaysia Airlines plane breaks down as she protests out... Read More
A relative of Chinese passengers onboard the Malaysia Airlines plane breaks down as she protests outside the Malaysian embassy in Beijing, China, Tuesday, March 25, 2014. Furious that Malaysia has declared their loved ones lost in a plane crash without physical evidence, Chinese relatives of the missing marched Tuesday to the Malaysia Embassy, where they threw plastic water bottles, tried to rush the gate and chanted, "Liars!" (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)
Malaysian embassy staff members look out from the embassy building as relatives of Chinese passenger... Read More
Malaysian embassy staff members look out from the embassy building as relatives of Chinese passengers on board the Malaysia Airlines plane, MH370 gather in protest outside in Beijing, China, Tuesday, March 25, 2014. Furious that Malaysia has declared their loved ones lost in a plane crash without physical evidence, Chinese relatives of the missing marched Tuesday to the Malaysia Embassy, where they threw plastic water bottles, tried to rush the gate and chanted, "Liars!"(AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)


""Ten minutes" was a story of experience trauma, which I failed to make initial group last year.
"I don't understand what you are telling me"
"Unless I join or enter to my favorite group within ten minutes, I have to belong to an unlike group for a week."
"There are many events, for example, orientation, physical, explaining courses for a week."
"If I want to move to another group, I have to wait for a week."
"Even if the girl I don't like is, I have to spend time with her for a week."
"It looks like an extreme hell"
"Right? So I have to make or join to my favorite group in ten minutes."
"You have to make a new party in ten minutes. It must be considerable task"
"You don't care that. Anyway I could understand why you wear such a dark black aura in this morning."
"This year, I could a friend in not my original group but in friendly group, so we could be joyful each other.
"Is it rough for you to take time in your youth?"
"I don't know. No other youth in my life."
"I assume you that your future time in adult must be easy. You can become coming-of-age."
I am a person who think that anywhere is good for me, as long as mail-order services is abailable even if no busy shopping streets and no department stores are.
On the other hand, my wife insists on saying "I cannot live my life without department stores".
Ebata:"No department store existed two hundred years ago"
For her, my hypothesis seemed to be meaningless.
The other day, I had lunch with the president and the manager of a maker company and the editor of my column.
"Does the Internet make us happy?"
All members except for me, said "Yes".
"So, what of the Internet make us happy?"
All members answered "it is convenience".
"Does the convenience make us happy?"
The convenience makes us happy. Dialogue is useless.
If it is not logical, the dispute is going to be finished with the question "which is better for you, everyday you burn firewood for cooking or the bath, or not".
In a school which children gather, who like studying, both children and teachers can make a positive feedback for the reason of "studying is fun".
However, not all tutors are going to be "agents of abuse".
If you meet a child who has high-minded to improve results but is sluggish growth now, it might come to a challenged part-time job for you.
So, one advice from me, as a predecessor.
"Please let my children "like studying" "
If you are asked from a guardian of a child, you should run away as soon as possible.
If you are blinded by your greed and take responsibility for the mission, you will trigger gruesome negative feedback involving your children, parents, and yourself.
However, if you have empowers of a religious guru who can mind control the believer's mind, this story becomes different.


text:
Review | Open | Published: 11 November 2014
A systematic review of the frequency, duration, type and effect of involuntary treatment for people with anorexia nervosa, and an analysis of patient characteristics
Loa Clausen1 &
Allan Jones2
Journal of Eating Disordersvolume 2, Article number: 29 (2014) | Download Citation
Involuntary treatment of anorexia nervosa is controversial and costly. A better understanding of the conditions that determine involuntary treatment, as well as the effect of such treatment is needed in order to adequately assess the legitimacy of this model of care. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency and duration of involuntary treatment, the characteristics of this group of patients, the kind of involuntary actions that are applied and the effect of such actions.
Relevant databases were systematically searched for studies investigating the involuntary treatment of individuals diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.
The studies included in the review contained people treated in an inpatient setting for severe or severe and enduring anorexia nervosa. People that were treated involuntarily were characterised by a more severe psychiatric load. The levels of eating disorder pathology between involuntary and voluntary groups were similar and the outcome of involuntary treatment was comparable in terms of symptom reduction to that of voluntary treatment.
Despite inconsistent findings, the comparable levels of eating disorder pathology observed between involuntary and voluntary patient-groups together with findings of higher co-morbidity, more preadmissions, longer duration of illness and more incidences of self-harm for involuntary patients suggest that involuntary treatment is not a reaction to the severity of eating disorder symptoms alone, but is most likely a response to the complexity of the patient's situation as a whole.
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious illness with the highest mortality of all psychiatric diseases [1]. Treatment usually consists of at least one year of therapy and even the most effective treatment-results still leave around 50% of patients unremitted after 5 years [2],[3]. People with severe or severe and enduring anorexia nervosa often need inpatient treatment and some are treated involuntary, either under formal coercion, persuasion by relatives or professionals, or through parental consent (for children and some adolescents - due to differences in parental consent laws). Involuntary treatment in relation to patients with anorexia nervosa is usually characterised by involuntary admission or detention following voluntary admission. Involuntary treatment may in some cases involve procedures such as forced feeding, restraint or referral to a locked ward.
Several articles have been published discussing the ethical, clinical or legal aspects of involuntary treatment including case reports exploring the consequences of either using or not using involuntary treatment; some advocate for the use of involuntary treatment [4],[5], while others take a more critical stance to the practice [6],[7].
A study by Guarda et al. [8] reported that patients admitted to inpatient and day-care programmes perceived a high level of coercion even though the treatment was not categorized as involuntary. One third of the patients sampled (N = 139) had a perception of not endorsing treatment upon admission, however, after two weeks of nutritional rehabilitation nearly half (43%) of the "coerced" patients perceived the treatment as necessary. Two other studies surveyed attitudes of patients and mothers of patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and found that the majority of those interviewed deemed the use of involuntary treatment as appropriate when risk of mortality is high [9],[10].
In order to better understand and adequately assess the utility and legitimacy of involuntary treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa, a systematic evaluation of the conditions that determine involuntary treatment and the effect of such treatment is needed. A systematic evaluation of the effect of involuntary treatment is however lacking. Previous reviews of involuntary treatment have not focused specifically on the frequency, type and effect of involuntary treatment [11]-[13]. The review by Russell [13] provides an overview of ethical and legal aspects of involuntary treatment along with a brief summary of three studies published at the time [14]-[16]. The review by Thiel and Paul [11] is written in German and includes three studies published in English and one study published in German [14]-[17], with a brief English version published by Thiels [12]. The three articles review part of the research in the area of involuntary treatment, however, a systematic and updated review of all studies evaluating the frequency, type, and effect of involuntary treatment as well as patient characteristics is needed.
Aim of study
The aim of the present study is to systematically review the eating disorder literature in order to evaluate the frequency, duration, type and effect of involuntary treatment of people with anorexia nervosa as well as the characteristics of this group of patients.
PubMed, Embase, and Cinahl databases were searched using the following search strategy: ((("Coercion" OR"Treatment Refusal") OR (Coercion[Mesh] OR Treatment Refusal [Mesh] OR"involuntary treatment" OR"force treatment" OR"compulsory treatment" OR"forced feeding"))) AND ("Anorexia Nervosa"[Mesh] OR"Anorexia Nervosa". No restrictions on date of publication were applied, with all studies published up until August 2013 included in the search. Articles published in the following languages were included: English, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian. In addition, reference lists of relevant articles were searched for any articles that may have been missed by the initial search. Studies were included if they reported the effect (change in eating disorder symptoms e.g. BMI) of involuntary treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa. Single case studies were excluded.
The initial search resulted in 191 articles. Figure 1 provides a flowchart of the process of study selection. Nine articles meeting the inclusion criteria were retrieved from the databases and an additional article was identified by searching the reference lists of relevant articles. Three out of the ten articles included for review contained the same sample, making a total of eight samples included in the review.
A flowchart of the process of study selection.
Table 1 provides a description of the eight studies including the following information: patient data (including type, age and number of patients), treatment type, treatment length, admission data, discharge data and follow-up data. Differences between involuntary and voluntary groups on all measures are shown in Table 2, and an assessment of the methodological quality of each study is presented in Table 3.
Table 1 Description and results of studies included in the review
Table 2 Measures at admission, discharge and follow-up
Table 3 Quality-assessment of study methodology*
The N of the eight samples ranged between 11 and 397 patients, with a combined total of 873 patients (231 treated involuntary and 642 voluntary). One study examined the outcome of involuntary patients only [23], while the remaining studies compared patients treated involuntary with patients treated voluntary.
Six studies reported the frequency of involuntary treatment in total inpatient samples, with frequencies ranging from 13-44%. When comparing treatment duration between involuntary and voluntary patients, five out of seven studies reported significantly longer treatment durations for involuntary patients [14]-[16],[18],[22]. The type of involuntary treatment applied was also examined, with forced tube feeding used in four of the studies [17]-[19],[23]. Two of the studies evaluated the frequency of tube feeding, finding a significantly higher frequency among involuntary treated patients [18],[19]. Only one study reported the non-use of forced tube feeding or of physical restraint [15]. Finally, the study by Carney et al. found use of locked wards and episodes of re-feeding syndrome to be significantly higher for involuntary patients [19].
Involuntary and voluntary patient characteristics at treatment admission
All of the studies reported BMI at admission (see Table 2). However, BMI was not found to characterise group affiliation. Only the studies by Ayton et al. [18] and Carney et al. [19] found significant differences between involuntary and voluntary treated patient groups, with the two studies reporting diverging results (see Table 2). Involuntary treated patients displayed a more severe psychiatric load compared to voluntary treated patients. For example, four out of six studies found significantly more preadmissions among patients treated involuntary [15],[16],[18],[19], two out of four studies reported significantly higher co-morbidity in involuntary patients at baseline [18],[19], and duration of illness was found to be significantly higher for involuntary patients in the study by Ayton et al. [18] Involuntary patients measured significantly higher on episodes of self-harm in two of the studies [15],[18], physical or sexual abuse in one study [15], and significantly lower on age at illness onset [18], CGAS [18], IQ [16], and socioeconomic status (SES) [14].
Involuntary and voluntary patient characteristics at treatment discharge
All of the included studies reported patient data on weight at discharge, with overall findings indicating more similarities than differences between groups. No significant differences between groups on discharge BMI were observed in any of the studies (see Table 2), although the study by Watson et al. [16] found involuntary patients reported significantly greater increases in weight at discharge, and number of days needed to restore weight was found to be significantly longer for patients treated involuntary in the Ramsey et al. study [15].
Involuntary and voluntary patient characteristics at follow-up
Only three out of the eight studies included follow-up data. The study by Serfaty & McCluskey reported that 45% of involuntary patients sustained their weight above BMI 17.5, however no data were available for voluntary patients in this study [23]. The study by Ayton et al. found that patients treated involuntary reported significantly better outcome at follow-up compared to voluntary patients, including better general functioning and normalisation of weight [18]. Finally, Ramsey et al. reported a significant difference in mortality between groups, with a 13% mortality rate for the involuntary group compared to 3% for the voluntary group [15].
Frequency, duration and type of involuntary treatment
The frequency of involuntary treatment was reported in six of the studies reviewed and ranged from 13-44% of patients treated for anorexia nervosa. The differences between studies in the percentage of patients treated involuntary may partly be explained by differences between patient populations in eating disorder symptom-severity and co-morbidity. For example, in the 44% group [17] adults had a mean admission BMI of 11.8, while in a 17% group adults had a mean admission BMI of 17.4 [16]. However, when comparing mean BMI at admission with the percentage of involuntary treatment across all studies the picture is less clear. Due to the controversial nature of forced intervention, cultural, organisational and procedural/legal differences between institutions and countries must also be considered, as decisions regarding treatment may be based more on tradition and local regulations and procedures and less on symptom severity or evidence of treatment efficacy [24],[25]. A study examining compulsory admission regulations and procedures across countries in the European Union reported that the differences in regulations and procedures across countries were the most significant source of variance [26]. Also, in addition to patient characteristics, hospital characteristics were shown to be an independent predictor of involuntary treatment in a Swiss population [27].
Information on the type and process of involuntary treatment was very limited in the studies included for review. Type of involuntary treatment can include, but is not limited to, use of physical restraint (including use of straps), locked wards, forced feeding and forced medication. Four of the studies reviewed reported the use of tube feeding [17]-[19],[23], and one study explicitly reported the non-use of tube feeding and physical restraint [15]. Overall, studies show that there is a higher frequency of tube feeding for involuntary patients, however the notable lack of information on type of involuntary treatment needs to be addressed in future studies.
Effect of involuntary treatment
Treatment under involuntary conditions seems to last longer and include more tube feeding, more re-feeding syndrome and use of locked wards. Interestingly, the overall effect of involuntary treatment appears to be comparable to voluntary treatment. When comparing group differences in BMI at discharge across studies the results are inconclusive with any variance in treatment outcome probably masked by treatment continuing until target-weight was reached [14]-[18]. Weight increase was shown to be significantly higher [16] and time taken to restore weight significantly longer for involuntary patients [15]. The follow-up data on treatment effect is sparse and results are mixed making any conclusions on the long-term effect of involuntary versus voluntary treatment difficult. The higher mortality rate observed in the Ramsey et al. [15] study compared to the Ayton et al. [18] study for involuntary patients is likely due to the difference in mean age across samples. Studies evaluating the long-term effect of voluntary versus involuntary treatment should control for age as outcome measures may differ between adolescent and older-adult populations.
The effect of different types of involuntary treatment is also unclear. To the best of our knowledge there is only one randomised controlled trial in which the efficacy of an "involuntary-type" treatment modality was examined (the study was not included in the review as the treatment was not reported as involuntary). Rigaud et al. [28] randomly assigned inpatients to either combined tube-feeding and normal meals or normal meals only. The combined tube feeding and normal meals group were found to gain more weight, display fewer bingeing episodes and have longer relapse-free periods compared to the normal meals only group [28].
Determinants of involuntary treatment/patient characteristics
When looking at severity in eating disorder symptoms at admission across studies the results are mixed with more similarities than differences observed between involuntary and voluntary groups. Duration of illness was a significant predictor of involuntary treatment for adolescent patients in the Ayton et al. [18] study, with four other studies finding duration of illness to be higher for involuntary patients – although not reaching significance [15]-[17],[19]. Longer duration of illness, together with findings of higher psychiatric co-morbidity, more preadmissions, and more incidences of self-harm for involuntary patient groups, suggest that involuntary treatment is not a reaction to the severity of eating disorder symptoms alone, but is most likely a response to the complexity of the patient's situation as a whole. BMI at admission was expected to partly determine treatment choice, however, this was not clearly shown in the present review. Involuntary treatment is initiated on the basis of either the dangerousness criterion or the need-for-treatment criterion indicating a more severe status. If, as the current review suggests, involuntary treated patients are not predominantly more somatically threatened by eating disorder pathology than voluntary patients, then what other factors are being taken into consideration when prescribing this forced intervention? Somatic problems such as cardiac arrhythmia or severe electrolyte imbalance, or threat due to suicidal thoughts/ideation could all be reasons for involuntary treatment, however, none of these problems are reported in any of the studies reviewed.
Study limitations and concluding remarks
Due to the relatively small number of studies evaluating involuntary treatment in anorexia nervosa it is difficult to know if the results reported in the present review are representative of involuntary treatment in general. The majority of studies included compulsory admission and involuntary treatment cohorts. Information on treatment admission was limited in two of the studies [14],[23] making it unclear as to whether treatment admission was involuntary for all patients or whether some patients were admitted on a voluntary basis and then treated involuntary. In two of the studies [14],[18] it was noted that is was possible for voluntary treatment to precede involuntary treatment, but further information was not made available. Also, the studies reviewed provide sparse information on the involuntary treatment applied. In general the methodological quality of the studies was low. This was due in part to the reliance on retrospective data collection (from medical journals) and naturalistic research designs. Table 3 shows an assessment of the methodological quality of each study (measured using the checklist for measuring study quality by Downs and Black [29]) with overall scores indicating issues with external validity, internal validity, and selection bias. Moreover, with the exception of the studies by Ramsey et al. [15] and Watson et al. [16], studies included in the review lacked sufficient statistical power to detect medium (clinically relevant) effect sizes due to limited sample sizes in the involuntary treatment groups. The overall low level of methodological quality in the studies included in the review is a limitation and must be taken into consideration when interpreting the present findings.
The present findings reflect the complexity of the situation that people with severe anorexia nervosa find themselves in. There is a clear need for large, well designed studies reporting the frequency, type and effect of involuntary treatment in relation to voluntary treatment, as well as the characteristics of patients admitted to involuntary treatment. A better understanding of the determining conditions and effect of involuntary treatment may aid in developing clearer guidelines in the use of this forced intervention.
While this article was under review a comparable article was published [30]. The comparable article includes a more recent search, and uses different inclusion criteria than the present study with less focus on predictors and the effect of involuntary treatment, and more focus on clinical analysis. Despite these differences, the overall results and conclusions are similar across studies.
Both authors have contributed mutually to the completion of the article. LC was responsible for the conception of the study, the acquisition of data, and the preparation of the first draft of the article. AJ gave intellectual and critical input to all aspects of the article and contributed to several draft revisions. Both authors read and approved the final draft of the article.
Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S: Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011, 68: 724-731. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74.
Berkman ND, Bulik CM, Brownley KA, Lohr KN, Sedway JA, Rooks A, Gartlehner G: Management of eating disorders. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2006, 135: 1-166.
Brown TA, Keel PK: Current and emerging directions in the treatment of eating disorders. Subst Abuse. 2012, 6: 33-61.
Holm JS, Brixen K, Andries A, Horder K, Stoving RK: Reflections on involuntary treatment in the prevention of fatal anorexia nervosa: a review of five cases. Int J Eat Disord. 2012, 45: 93-100. 10.1002/eat.20915.
Nielsen J, Jeppesen NE, Brixen KT, Horder K, Stoving RK: Severe anorexia nervosa: five fatal cases. Ugeskr Laeger. 2008, 170: 1158-
Campbell AT, Aulisio MP: The stigma of "mental" illness: end stage anorexia and treatment refusal. Int J Eat Disord. 2012, 45: 627-634. 10.1002/eat.22002.
Mishra R: The case: Starving for perfection. Camb Q Healthc Ethics. 2012, 21: 396-397. 10.1017/S0963180112000138.
Guarda AS, Pinto AM, Coughlin JW, Hussain S, Haug NA, Heinberg LJ: Perceived coercion and change in perceived need for admission in patients hospitalized for eating disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2007, 164: 108-114. 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.1.108.
Tan JO, Hope T, Stewart A, Fitzpatrick R: Control and compulsory treatment in anorexia nervosa: the views of patients and parents. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2003, 26: 627-645. 10.1016/j.ijlp.2003.09.009.
Tan JOA, Stewart A, Fitzpatrick R, Hope T: Attitudes of patients with anorexia nervosa to compulsory treatment and coercion. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2010, 33: 13-19. 10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.10.003.
Thiel A, Paul T: Compulsory treatment in anorexia nervosa. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2007, 57: 128-135. 10.1055/s-2006-951935.
Thiels C: Forced treatment of patients with anorexia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008, 21: 495-498. 10.1097/YCO.0b013e328305e45c.
Russell GFM: Involuntary treatment in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2001, 24: 337-349. 10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70229-X.
Griffiths RA, Beumont PJ, Russell J, Touyz SW, Moore G: The use of guardianship legislation for anorexia nervosa: a report of 15 cases. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1997, 31: 525-531. 10.3109/00048679709065074.
Ramsay R, Ward A, Treasure J, Russell GF: Compulsory treatment in anorexia nervosa. Short-term benefits and long-term mortality. Br J Psychiatry. 1999, 175: 147-153. 10.1192/bjp.175.2.147.
Watson TL, Bowers WA, Andersen AE: Involuntary treatment of eating disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2000, 157: 1806-1810. 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1806.
Laakmann G, Ortner M, Kamleiter M, Ufer S, Frodl T, Goldstein-Muller B, Jäger M, Padberg F, Sadowsky N, Tischinger M, Stec I: Treatment of vitally endangered anorexia nervosa patients based on guardianship laws. Nervenarzt. 2006, 77: 35-40. 10.1007/s00115-004-1870-9.
Ayton A, Keen C, Lask B: Pros and cons of using the mental health act for severe eating disorders in adolescents. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. 2009, 17: 14-23. 10.1002/erv.887.
Carney T, Wakefield A, Tait D, Touyz S: Reflections on coercion in the treatment of severe anorexia nervosa. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2006, 43: 159-165.
Carney T, Tait D, Touyz S: Coercion is coercion? Reflections on trends in the use of compulsion in treating anorexia nervosa. Aust Psychiatry. 2007, 15: 390-395. 10.1080/10398560701458202.
Carney T, Tait D, Richardson A, Touyz S: Why (and when) clinicians compel treatment of anorexia nervosa patients. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2008, 16: 199-206. 10.1002/erv.845.
Kondo T, Takaoka K, Ikawa N, Niwa N: Law relating to compulsory treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa. Int Med J. 2004, 11: 281-284.
Serfaty M, McCluskey S: Compulsory treatment of anorexia nervosa and the moribund patient. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. 1998, 6: 27-37. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0968(199803)6:1<27::AID-ERV192>3.0.CO;2-5.
Jacobsen TB: Involuntary treatment in Europe: different countries, different practices. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012, 25: 307-310. 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835462e3.
Touyz SW, Carney T: Compulsory (involuntary) treatment for anorexia nervosa. 2010, The Guilford Press, New York
Salize HJ, Dressing H, Peitz M: Compulsory admission and involuntary treatment of mental ill patients - Legislation and practice in EU-member states. 2002, Central Insitute of Mental Health, Mannheim Germany
Lay B, Nordt C, Rossler W: Variation in use of coercive measures in psychiatric hospitals. Eur Psychiatry. 2011, 26: 244-251. 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.11.007.
Rigaud D, Brondel L, Poupard AT, Talonneau I, Brun JM: A randomized trial on the efficacy of a 2-month tube feeding regimen in anorexia nervosa: A 1-year follow-up study. Clin Nutr. 2007, 26: 421-429. 10.1016/j.clnu.2007.03.012.
Downs SH, Black N: The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998, 52: 377-384. 10.1136/jech.52.6.377.
Elzakkers I, Danner U, Hoek H, Schmidt U, Elburg A: Compulsory treatment in anorexia norvosa: a review. Int J Eat Disord. 2014, 00: 000-000-doi:10.1002/eat.22330
Centre of Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Skovagervej 2, Risskov, DK-8240, Denmark
Loa Clausen
Institute of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
Search for Loa Clausen in:
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Correspondence to Loa Clausen.
Forced treatment
Compulsory treatment


A mini mini-pack for small scholars and junior adventurers. At 9L, it's the perfect size for packing lunch and layers or returning books to the library. Integrated loops for attaching a bike light or small stuffies.
Made of lightweight 100-denier nylon with a burly 600-denier polyester reinforced bottom panel.
Main compartment has an internal mesh pocket for organization.
Zippered front pocket holds small toys or snacks.
Faux leather lash point and bottom webbing loop are great for attaching extra gear.


Introducing Ben Hampton - Kidpreneur Influencer - Kidpreneurs - Young Entrepreneurs with Big Ideas!
Social media has been important to Kidpreneurs and adult entrepreneurs alike for several years now. And the hottest social media network currently is Instagram. Have you ever wondered if a Kidpreneur can become an influencer on Instagram? Well, we were lucky enough to sit down with awesome Kidpreneur, Ben Hampton, recently (@benhampton on Instagram) and learn how he has gained a following of nearly 600,000 fans!
Here's what Ben has to say about being an influencer, becoming a Kidpreneur, and what the future looks like for him.
Q: There aren't many kids your age that can be called social media influencers. With over half a million Instagram followers, you definitely are the exception. How did you build up such a large following?
A: Well, I just post good content every day. I am always creating new content to show to my fans, and it helps me get more followers.
Q: What do you hope to accomplish in business while you're still a kid and beyond?
A: I just hope to keep making my engagement go higher. I am putting out my own merchandise too. After that, I don't know yet.
Q: Tell us how you got involved with Team10 and what that means to you.
A: To me, I have extra help to do my social media work with. Everyone has a lot of followers and we all help each other. My dad is friends with Jake Paul from Team10, so that is how I met him.
Q: You're about to launch a YouTube channel… What kind of content will be on your channel?
A: The videos will be about Team10, Minecraft, my vlog, and I will also do some pranks and experiments.
Q: Who are some of your heroes?
A: I don't really know if I have a hero. I like to treat all people nicely and show them respect. So basically, I like doing things that other people can look up to.


Do any of you question yourself whenever you write the word receive?
I just wanted to pop in and say hi! Happy Thursday to you all! It is almost the weekend! Woo to the hoo.
It has been a very long day of Bar prep over here...and I am finally relaxing on the couch with a mayjah food ba-by ba-by, ba-baby ba-by (sung to Salt-n-Pepa, obvi!).
I'm not sure what it is about my make-up, but I can make an award-winning food baby, and I always have lots of fun jokes to go along with it that probably wouldn't be appropriate to mention on here since I know family reads this (sorry guys!!).
This occasion has its own theme song in our household, but the tune doesn't quite translate via blog (maybe I could vlog it sometime).
Yesterday, Justin tweeted me that he wanted to have taco night soon. Yes, that's right, my boyfriend tweeted me. We are so 2011.
Since we all know the quickest way to a man's heart is through his stomach, and Justin rarely makes specific meal requests, I happily obliged!
I put together some lean ground beef, hard & soft tortillas, cheese, shredded lettuce, Mexican rice, salsa, and grilled red/yellow peppers & onions.
Why is it that taco night always ends up being so much more work than I think it's going to be? By the end of this prep, our kitchen was a disaster, and I needed a draaaank.
Thankfully, taco night is so darn delicious and so darn worth it.
I would have taken a picture of my plate, but somehow my food managed to eat itself before I could get my camera. Oops.
I now have a very full belly, a happy boyfriend, and I am about to relax with some RHONY! :) Really, does it get much better?
Have a nice evening & I'll see you all on fuuuhhreaksie deaksie Friday!
Yey for taco night! It was my favorite as a kid and now Nick and I have started making it with some awesome TJ's soy chorizo. There really is nothing better!
UMMM..I totally second guess myself with that word! I write it all the time at work and I think about 50% I do it wrong!!


(FM) From SH 208 near Mitchell County Line, southward and eastward to SH 208, a distance of approximately 2.0 miles. (Coke County) New Designation.
(RM) No change in description. (Coke County) Designation changed from FM to RM.


Midlife was first painted in 1999 in northern Virginia. When I decided to tear Midlife down to repair structural issues, I tried very hard (and successfully!) not to damage the exterior paint. However, I found that the doors were in such sad shape, that they needed to be replaced. I found two good doors in Oregon, stripped them down, and painted the interior sides, and mounted them on the car. Of course, painting only the doors could have been done, but the existing paint was beginning to get tired, so I decided to repaint the car.
I found a local painter here in town, and he had a good reputation. Unfortunately, He painted everything that could be removed from the car, and got fed up with either the car or with me, and returned the car without actually painting the unibody itself. He asked for $1300 in advance for materials, and after most of the parts had been painted, asked for an advance of $2000, which I gave him. A big mistake. He essentially painted half the car, which isn't worth spit for a show-quality job...one has to done the whole car. I took him to small claims court without success.
I searched high and low for other painters in the local area without success. A painter located just west of Mobile, AL was recommended to me, and I went to visit him. He's not a professional painter, but a hobbyist, and I saw three of his works: two of his cars and one of someone elses. His price was reasonable, and the quality was very good, just what I was looking for. We made arrangements for him to pick the car up and haul it to Alabama, where he went to work on it.


Frostbite - This occurs when tissues freeze. It usually affects exposed skin, plus fingers, toes, nose and ears. See more on frostbite from the CDC.
Hypothermia - This is a dangerous cooling of the body core temperature that requires emergency medical assistance. See more on hypothermia from the CDC.
In extremely cold weather, the best approach is to minimize exposure to cold. Stay indoors when possible.
If you have to go outdoors during a cold snap, dress warmly and cover exposed skin. Be sure to keep your fingers, toes, nose and ears covered and warm to prevent frostbite. This is not the time to wear shorts or flip-flops outside! Loose layers of clothing can help trap warm air to keep you insulated from the cold. And by wearing layers, you can keep warm outdoors then remove outer layers when you get back inside.
Going out at night? It's best to stick with friends and use the buddy system. Walk together or get a ride. Check out the U-M After-Hours Transit Services.
If you plan to drink, Stay in the Blue so you can keep sharp and make the best decisions for yourself and friends.


text:
<?php
	$pid = pcntl_fork();
	if ($pid === -1){exit('error');}
	if ($pid != 0) {
		exit('parent exit');
	}

	$server = new swoole_websocket_server("0.0.0.0", 9501);

	$server->on('open', function (swoole_websocket_server $server, $request) {
		echo "server: handshake success with fd{$request->fd}\n";
	});

	$server->on('message', function (swoole_websocket_server $server, $frame) {
		echo "receive from {$frame->fd}:{$frame->data},opcode:{$frame->opcode},fin:{$frame->finish}\n";
		$server->push($frame->fd, "this is server");
	});

	$server->on('close', function ($ser, $fd) {
		echo "client {$fd} closed\n";
	});

	$server->start();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Mandragora Scream — итальянская готик-метал-группа, основанная в 1997 году.

История группы
Группа была создана в 1997 году вокалисткой и фронтвумен группы Морган Лакруа. В 1999 году в студии «New Sin» она записала сольное демо «PromoTrack99», которое включало в себя 4 песни.

Летом 2000 года сольный проект Морган стал группой — за общее дело взялись гитаристы Терри Хорн, который впоследствии стал незаменимым участником группы, сочиняя музыку и создавая великолепные аранжировки, и Джон Питер Моррис. Вскоре к группе присоединились барабанщик Джефф Палмиттери и басист Mr. Tonde, а чуть позже и клавишник Джек Хэллин.

Первый полноформатный альбом был записан Морган и Терри на границе 2000 и 2001 годов. Его название — Fairy Tales From Hell's Caves, сам альбом повествует о путешествии в ад Данте. Альбом был записан и выпущен на знаменитом на весь мир лейбле Nuclear Blast, что одновременно принесло интерес к этой необычной группе. Выпуск следующего альбома не заставил себя долго ждать, в 2003 году свет увидел второй полноформатник группы — A Whisper of Dew. Альбом снова стал концептуальным — на этот раз музыканты попытались изучить явление вампиризма, основные темы были основаны на историях испанского писателя Хулио Анхеля Альвареса Мерино. Группа наконец стала рассматриваться как что-то очень и очень интересное и серьёзное.

В 2003 году группу покинул Mr. Tonde, место басиста, или точнее басистки заняла Лена Дрейк. Был подписан контракт с итальянским лейблом Lunatic Asylum. Группа отправилась в свой первый крупномасштабный тур.

В 2006 году вышел третий по счету альбом группы Madhouse. Отмечается, что это самый тяжелый альбом группы. К альбому были сняты 2 клипа, позднее вышедшие на DVD/CD Dragonfly. Лирика этого концептуального готического альбома содержит элементы вампирима и блэка.

В 2008 году группа выпустила очень ограниченным тиражом DVD/CD Dragonfly содержащий 2 клипа и 3 концертных видео. На CD были записаны 3 новые песни и 2 ремейка на старые песни группы.

В 2008 году коллектив покинула Лена Дрэйк, её место занял Макс Риверс.

Участники группы

Действующие
 Морган Лакруа — вокал
 Терри Хорн — гитара, вокал
 Макс Риверс — бас-гитара
 Джек Хэллин — клавиши
 Furyo — ударные

Бывшие
 Джон Моррис — гитара
 Лена Дрейк — бас-гитара
 Джеф Палмиттери — барабаны
 Mr. Tonde — бас-гитара
 Mat Stancioiu — барабаны (на втором альбоме)

Дискография
 Fairy Tales From Hell's Caves (2001)
 A Whisper of Dew (2003)
 Madhouse (2006)
 Volturna (2009)
 Luciferland (2012)

Демо
 Mandragora Scream (1999)

Синглы
 Jeanne D'Arc (2007)

CD/DVD
 Dragonfly (2008)

Примечания

Ссылки
 Офсайт

Рок-группы Италии
Метал-группы Италии
Готик-метал-группы Италии
Рок-группы с женским вокалом
Музыкальные коллективы, появившиеся в 1997 году
Квартеты
Квинтеты


text:
Q: Color barplot in R based on a fixed scale I have a dataframe in R with three columns, label indicates the x-axis label, values would indicate the bar height for a barplot, and and a color value. For instance:
    label     value       color
1  Label1 0.9645477 0.434680035
2  Label2 1.0816859 0.070992644
3  Label3 1.0043559 0.923586653
4  Label4 1.0065987 0.884469520
5  Label5        NA          NA
6  Label6 0.9537397 0.307786218

I'd like to make a bar plot of the values where the bars are colored by the value in the color column. The color column always ranges from 0 to 1 and I'd like to make discrete colors, on a green to red spectrum, for bins 0-0.05, 0-0.1, etc. And then I'd like to have a legend associated with the barplot. For the cases of NA, I'd like there to just be an empty spot on the plot with no bar.
How would I do this?

A: I would suggest you use the ggplot2 library:
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(dataframe) + geom_bar(aes(x=label, y = value, fill = color), stat = "identity")

the aes parameter defines the mapping within geom_bar, using fill = color will fill the bars based on the color column in your dataframe (setting the color parameter will change the outline of the bars, not the fill). The stat parameter outside of aes defines whether geom_bar computes a histogram or a barchart.


Send these beautiful black and gold twinkly stars wedding invitations to your guests and let them know they are invited to your special day. Enchant them with the elegant design and set the stage for your big day!
* NOTE: The 'request the pleasure of your company...' paragraph can be changed if you wish. Just let us know the wording.


EFF has long contended that existing export controls—maintained by the Departments of Treasury and Commerce—hinder the ability of activists in countries like Syria to communicate. Restrictions on the use of hosting services, antivirus tools, and even circumvention technology make the already-unsafe Syrian Internet even less safe for users. Meanwhile, the Syrian government has repeatedly circumvented sanctions for the purpose of surveilling citizens. These controls are not only ineffective, they're counterproductive.
And just yesterday, a new petition—authored by Othman—went live on Change.org. The petition is addressed to, among others, Senator John Kerry—who, as recently as 2010, was pushing for engagement with Syrian President Assad—and asks for two concrete actions: A new general license to clarify exemptions for personal communications and security technologies, and a streamlined process for giving clear formal and informal guidance to companies.
These actions are a step in the right direction, and will do a great deal of good in the short term. A general license could clear up questions about the current exemptions. For example, despite the fact that the existing general license states that web hosting services for personal communications are exempt, numerous hosting providers still refuse service to Syrians out of fear of falling afoul of the Commerce Department. Likewise, a better process for guidance would be of great help to companies, several of whom have privately stated frustration with the current process.
In the long term, however, we hope that the Obama administration will affirmatively make clear throughout its various agencies that providing digital communications and information tools to citizens around the world, especially those under repressive governments, is not only legal, but encouraged.