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Discography of American Historical Recordings, s.v. "Victor matrix B-19500. Vanderbilt whip / Meyer Davis Hungarian Orchestra," accessed April 23, 2019, https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/700004578/B-19500-Vanderbilt_whip.
Victor matrix B-19500. Vanderbilt whip / Meyer Davis Hungarian Orchestra. (2019). In Discography of American Historical Recordings. Retrieved April 23, 2019, from https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/700004578/B-19500-Vanderbilt_whip.
"Victor matrix B-19500. Vanderbilt whip / Meyer Davis Hungarian Orchestra." Discography of American Historical Recordings. UC Santa Barbara Library, 2019. Web. 23 April 2019.


text:
// Generated by the protocol buffer compiler.  DO NOT EDIT!
// source: google/genomics/v1/variants.proto

package com.google.genomics.v1;

public interface VariantSetOrBuilder extends
    // @@protoc_insertion_point(interface_extends:google.genomics.v1.VariantSet)
    com.google.protobuf.MessageOrBuilder {

  /**
   * optional string dataset_id = 1;
   *
   *

   * The dataset to which this variant set belongs.
   *

   */
  java.lang.String getDatasetId();
  /**
   * optional string dataset_id = 1;
   *
   *

   * The dataset to which this variant set belongs.
   *

   */
  com.google.protobuf.ByteString
      getDatasetIdBytes();

  /**
   * optional string id = 2;
   *
   *

   * The Google-generated ID of the variant set.
   *

   */
  java.lang.String getId();
  /**
   * optional string id = 2;
   *
   *

   * The Google-generated ID of the variant set.
   *

   */
  com.google.protobuf.ByteString
      getIdBytes();

  /**
   * repeated .google.genomics.v1.ReferenceBound reference_bounds = 5;
   *
   *

   * A list of all references used by the variants in a variant set
   * with associated coordinate upper bounds for each one.
   *

   */
  java.util.List<com.google.genomics.v1.ReferenceBound>
      getReferenceBoundsList();
  /**
   * repeated .google.genomics.v1.ReferenceBound reference_bounds = 5;
   *
   *

   * A list of all references used by the variants in a variant set
   * with associated coordinate upper bounds for each one.
   *

   */
  com.google.genomics.v1.ReferenceBound getReferenceBounds(int index);
  /**
   * repeated .google.genomics.v1.ReferenceBound reference_bounds = 5;
   *
   *

   * A list of all references used by the variants in a variant set
   * with associated coordinate upper bounds for each one.
   *

   */
  int getReferenceBoundsCount();
  /**
   * repeated .google.genomics.v1.ReferenceBound reference_bounds = 5;
   *
   *

   * A list of all references used by the variants in a variant set
   * with associated coordinate upper bounds for each one.
   *

   */
  java.util.List<? extends com.google.genomics.v1.ReferenceBoundOrBuilder>
      getReferenceBoundsOrBuilderList();
  /**
   * repeated .google.genomics.v1.ReferenceBound reference_bounds = 5;
   *
   *

   * A list of all references used by the variants in a variant set
   * with associated coordinate upper bounds for each one.
   *

   */
  com.google.genomics.v1.ReferenceBoundOrBuilder getReferenceBoundsOrBuilder(
      int index);

  /**
   * repeated .google.genomics.v1.VariantSetMetadata metadata = 4;
   *
   *

   * The metadata associated with this variant set.
   *

   */
  java.util.List<com.google.genomics.v1.VariantSetMetadata>
      getMetadataList();
  /**
   * repeated .google.genomics.v1.VariantSetMetadata metadata = 4;
   *
   *

   * The metadata associated with this variant set.
   *

   */
  com.google.genomics.v1.VariantSetMetadata getMetadata(int index);
  /**
   * repeated .google.genomics.v1.VariantSetMetadata metadata = 4;
   *
   *

   * The metadata associated with this variant set.
   *

   */
  int getMetadataCount();
  /**
   * repeated .google.genomics.v1.VariantSetMetadata metadata = 4;
   *
   *

   * The metadata associated with this variant set.
   *

   */
  java.util.List<? extends com.google.genomics.v1.VariantSetMetadataOrBuilder>
      getMetadataOrBuilderList();
  /**
   * repeated .google.genomics.v1.VariantSetMetadata metadata = 4;
   *
   *

   * The metadata associated with this variant set.
   *

   */
  com.google.genomics.v1.VariantSetMetadataOrBuilder getMetadataOrBuilder(
      int index);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Dating Guler Duman
Guler Duman
Guler Duman is a 54-year-old Composer from Istanbul, Turkey. She was born on Friday, June 30, 1967. Is Guler Duman married or single, and who is she dating now? Let's find out!
As of 2022, Guler Duman is possibly single.
With a passion for music at an early age, she recorded her first album at the age of thirteen. She then attended Istanbul Technical University where she earned her degree in dentistry. She then excelled in music by winning the Istanbul Technical University Turkish Music State Conservatory competition.
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Guler Duman's Boyfriend
Guler Duman is single. She is not dating anyone currently. Guler had at least 1 relationship in the past. Guler Duman has not been previously engaged. She was born and raised in Istanbul, Turkey. According to our records, she has no children.
Like many celebrities and famous people, Guler keeps her personal and love life private. Check back often as we will continue to update this page with new relationship details. Let's take a look at Guler Duman past relationships, ex-boyfriends and previous hookups.
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She has not been previously engaged. We are currently in process of looking up more information on the previous dates and hookups.
Guler Duman Biography
Guler Duman was born on the 30th of June in 1967 (Generation X). Generation X, known as the "sandwich" generation, was born between 1965 and 1980. They are lodged in between the two big well-known generations, the Baby Boomers and the Millennials. Unlike the Baby Boomer generation, Generation X is focused more on work-life balance rather than following the straight-and-narrow path of Corporate America.
Guler's life path number is 5.
Guler Duman is famous for being a Composer. Turkish singer, songwriter, and composer who is known for her folk style of playing including on the hit singles "Ne Zamandan Beri" and "Bitti Omur". She is also known for her popular albums Türkü Dostlar?na which was released in 2002 and Yollar?na Karm? Ya?d? which came out in 2007. Other folk singers also from Istanbul include Zara and Sibel Can . The education details are not available at this time. Please check back soon for updates.
Guler Duman is turning 55 in
Guler was born in the 1960s. The 1960s was the decade dominated by the Vietnam War, Civil Rights Protests, Cuban Missile Crisis, antiwar protests and saw the assassinations of US President John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. It also marked the first man landed on the moon.
The 54-year-old American was born in the Year of the Goat and is part of Generation X
According to Chinese Zodiac, Guler was born in the Year of the Goat. People born in the Year of the Goat enjoy being alone with their thoughts. They are creative thinkers and appreciate the arts. Though they're economic and cautious, they can also be indecisive.
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Fact Check: We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us. This page is updated often with latest details about Guler Duman. Bookmark this page and come back for updates.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Florida A&M
Valdosta State
Tallahassee Community College
Quick links... Florida State Florida A&M Valdosta State Tallahassee Community College
SportsCollege SportsVSU
Blazers' Second-Half Comeback Comes up Short at AUM
VALDOSTA STATE ATHLETICS
MONTGOMERY, Ala. (VALDOSTA STATE ATHLETICS) — Behind 14 points from junior forward Maurice Gordon, the Valdosta State University men's basketball team fell 72-59 on the road against the Auburn Montgomery Warhawks despite a late second-half comeback Thursday night.
Gordon had four rebounds, two assists, a block and a steal, while junior guard Jacolbey Owens, who put up 11 points on the night, also had four rebounds in addition to four assists, and two steals.
The Blazers fell to 11-11 on the year, 7-8 in the Gulf South Conference, while the Warhawks improved to 9-14 on the year and 6-9 in conference play.
The Warhawks started off the scoring campaign with a mid-range jump shot from Deven Tucker. After another layup from Tucker, Valdosta State finally got on the board with 17:10 left in the half via a jumper by redshirt junior guard Cam Hamilton to put the Blazers back, 4-2.
Hamilton ended the night with four points, three thefts, and three rebounds in 18 minutes of action.
AUM built an eight-point lead with just 29 seconds left in the half from a layup by Jeremiah Bozeman. Hamilton looked to put back a trey for VSU, but narrowly missed, which brought VSU to the locker room down by eight, 31-23.
The Blazers saw a 30% field goal percentage, going 9 of 30 from the field and 2 of 7 from outside the arc in the first 20 minutes of action. VSU's defense forced AUM into seven turnovers, resulting in four points off turnovers. The Blazers struggled at the line in the first half, going 3 of 10 for a 30% free-throw percentage.
Out of the locker room, junior forward Mohamed Fofana put up a layup 44 seconds into the half to cut the Warhawk's lead to six, but the Warhawks quickly responded with a layup and a dunk from Jelal Williams after a VSU turnover to push AUM's lead to 35-25.
The Warhawks went on a 12-0 run, sparked by a mid-range jumper from Isaiah Hart, with 13:12 left in the game, stretching the lead to a 19 at 49-30. Owens ended the scoring drought for the blazers with a free throw, but AUM quickly responded with a dunk from James Graham.
Gordon sunk only the second three of the game with 12:03 in the game to spark a 7-0 run and push the Blazers to within 53-38.
After a pair of free throws from Hart, Blazer freshman guard Ricky Brown sparked another late-half 7-0 run with 5:36 left in the game to cut the lead to nine, 59-50. The Warhawks, once again responded with a layup from Bozeman to force AUM's lead back to 11. AUM continued to stay hot in the paint and at the free-throw line, pushing the lead to 72-57 late in the game.
Fofana ended the game for the Blazers with a driving layup, making the Blazers' comeback fall short, 72-59.
The Warhawks were led by Hart, who put up 21 points against the Blazers. Bozeman and James Graham each recorded a double-double on the night, picking up 18 points and 10 rebounds, 12 points and 13 rebounds, respectfully.
VSU had 32 points in the paint, put up 13 second-chance points, scored 12 points off AUM's 19 turnovers, and had 17 bench points. The Blazers had a 34.8% field goal percentage, going 23 of 66 from the floor, 6 of 19 beyond the arc and 7 of 18 at the foul line.
The Blazers continue their road trip on Saturday, taking on Montevallo at 5 p.m. ET before returning home to host Lee and Shorter on Feb. 17 and 19, respectfully, to round out the 2021-2022 regular-season home schedule.
For more information on Blazer Hoops, visit vstateblazers.com


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text:
MBEToolbox: a Matlab toolbox for sequence data analysis in molecular biology and evolution
James J Cai1,
David K Smith2,
Xuhua Xia3 &
Kwok-yung Yuen1
BMC Bioinformatics volume 6, Article number: 64 (2005) Cite this article
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing, integrating computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment. It has been widely used in many areas, such as mathematics and computation, algorithm development, data acquisition, modeling, simulation, and scientific and engineering graphics. However, few functions are freely available in MATLAB to perform the sequence data analyses specifically required for molecular biology and evolution.
We have developed a MATLAB toolbox, called MBEToolbox, aimed at filling this gap by offering efficient implementations of the most needed functions in molecular biology and evolution. It can be used to manipulate aligned sequences, calculate evolutionary distances, estimate synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates, and infer phylogenetic trees. Moreover, it provides an extensible, functional framework for users with more specialized requirements to explore and analyze aligned nucleotide or protein sequences from an evolutionary perspective. The full functions in the toolbox are accessible through the command-line for seasoned MATLAB users. A graphical user interface, that may be especially useful for non-specialist end users, is also provided.
MBEToolbox is a useful tool that can aid in the exploration, interpretation and visualization of data in molecular biology and evolution. The software is publicly available at http://web.hku.hk/~jamescai/mbetoolbox/ and http://bioinformatics.org/project/?group_id=454.
MATLAB integrates programming, visualization and computation in an easy-to-use environment and is widely used in scientific and engineering studies. One of the most attractive features of MATLAB is that the basic data element of the system is a matrix that does not require dimensioning. This allows users to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a very effective way. The MATLAB environment itself offers a comprehensive set of built-in functions and many toolboxes have been developed, and are often freely available, for more specialized needs.
However, to our knowledge, these advantages in the MATLAB environment have not been fully utilized in the area of molecular biology and evolution. Only a few MATLAB toolboxes or functions are freely available for data analysis, exploration, and visualization of nucleotide and protein sequences. MATHWORKS has recently provided a bioinformatics toolbox, however this toolbox has relatively limited functions for molecular evolutionary studies. MBEToolbox, is presented here to fulfil the most obvious needs in sequence manipulation, genetic distance estimation and phylogeny inference under the MATLAB environment. Moreover, this toolbox provides an extensible, functional framework to formulate and solve problems in evolutionary data analysis. It facilitates the rapid construction of both general applications, as well as special-purpose tools for evolutionary biologists, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar, noninteractive language such as C or FORTRAN.
MBEToolbox is written in the MATLAB language and has been tested on the WINDOWS platform with MATLAB version 6.1.0. The main functions implemented are: sequence manipulation, computation of evolutionary distances derived from nucleotide-, amino acid- or codon-based substitution models, phylogenetic tree construction, sequence statistics and graphics functions to visualize the results of analyses. Although it implements only a small fraction of the multiplicity of existing methods used in molecular evolutionary analyses, interested users can easily extend the toolbox.
Input data and formats
MBEToolbox requires a single ASCII file containing the nucleotide or amino acid sequence alignment in either PHYLIP [1], CLUSTALW [2] or fasta format. The toolbox does provide a built-in CLUSTALW [2] interface if an unaligned sequence file is provided. Protein-coding DNA sequences can be automatically aligned based on the corresponding protein alignment with the command alignseqfile.
After input, in common with the MATHWORKS bioinformatics toolbox, MBEToolbox represents the alignment as a numeric matrix with every element standing for a nucleic or amino acid character. Nucleotides A, C, G and T are converted to integers 1 to 4, and the 20 amino acids are converted to integers 1 to 20. A header, containing information about the names and type of the sequences as well as the relevant genetic code for protein-coding nucleotides, is attached to the alignment matrix to form a MATLAB structure. An example alignment structure, aln, in MATLAB code follows:
aln =
seqtype: 2
geneticcode: 1
seqnames: {1 × n cell}
seq: [n × m double]
where n is the number of sequences and m is the length of the aligned sequences. The type of sequence is denoted by 1, 2 or 3 for sequences of non-coding nucleotides, protein coding nucleotides and amino acids, respectively.
Sequence manipulation and statistics
The alignment structure, aln, can be manipulated using the MATLAB language. For example, aln.seq(x,:) will extract the x th sequence from the alignment, while aln.seq(:, [i: j]) will extract columns i to j from the alignment. Users may easily extract more specific positions by using functions developed in the toolbox, such as extractpos(aln, 3) or extractdegeneratesites to obtain the third codon positions or fourfold degenerate sites, respectively. For each sequence, some basic statistics such as the nucleotide composition (ntcomposition) and GC content, can be reported. Other functions include the calculation of the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) and the codon adaptation index (CAI), counts of segregating sites, taking the reverse complement or translating a sequence, and determining the sequence complexity.
Evolutionary distances
The evolutionary distance is one of the important measures in molecular evolutionary studies. It is required to measure the diversity among sequences and to infer distance-based phylogenies. MBEToolbox contains a number of functions to calculate evolutionary distances based on the observed number of differences. The formulae used in these functions are analytical solutions of a variety of Markov substitution models, such as JC69 [3], K2P [4], F84 [1], HKY [5] (see [6] for detail). Given the stationarity condition, the most general form of Markov substitution models is the General Time Reversible (GTR or REV) model [7–10]. There is no analytical formula to calculate the GTR distance directly. A general method, described by Rodriguez et al. [9], has been implemented here. In this method a matrix F, where F ij denotes the proportion of sites for which sequence 1 (s1) has an i and sequence 2 (s2) has a j, is formed. The GTR distance between s1 and s2 is then given by
where ∏ denotes the diagonal matrix with values of nucleotide equilibrium frequencies on the diagonal, and tr(A)denotes the trace of matrix A. The above formula can be expressed in MATLAB syntax directly as:
>> d = -trace(PI*logm(inv(PI)*F))
MBEToolbox also calculates the gamma distribution distance and the LogDet distance [11] (i.e., Lake's paralinear distance [12]).
For alignments of codons, the toolbox provides calculation or estimation of the synonymous (K s ) and non-synonymous (K a ) substitution rates by the counting method of Nei and Gojobori [13], the degenerate methods of Li, Wu and Luo [14] and the method of Li or Pamilo and Bianchi [15, 16], as well as the maximum likelihood method through PAML [17]. All these methods for calculating K s and K a require that the input sequences are aligned in the appropriate reading frame, which can be performed by the function alignseqfile. Unresolved codon sites will be removed automatically. In addition, several quantities, including the number of substitutions per site at only synonymous sites, at only non-synonymous sites, at only four-fold-degenerate sites, or at only zero-fold-degenerate sites can be calculated. The output from these calculations are distance matrices which can be exported into text or excel files, or used directly in further operations.
Phylogeny inference
Two distance-based tree creation algorithms, Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and neighbor-joining (NJ) [18] are provided and trees from these methods can be displayed or exported. Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood algorithms can be applied to nucleotide or amino acid alignments through an interface to the phylip package [1]. As properly implemented maximum likelihood methods are the best vehicles for statistical inference of evolutionary relationships among species from sequence data, several maximum likelihood functions have been explicitly implemented in MBEToolbox. These functions allow users to incorporate various evolutionary models, estimate parameters and compare different evolutionary trees.
The simplest case of estimation of the evolutionary distance between two sequences, s 1 and s 2, can be considered as the estimation of the branch length (the number of substitutions along a branch) separating ancestor and descendent nodes. Branch lengths, relative to a calibrated molecular clock, can reveal the time interval for this separation. A continuous time Markov process is generally used to model evolution along the branch from s 1 to s 2. A transition rate matrix, Q, is used to indicate the rate of changing from one state to another. For a specified time interval or distance, t, the transition probability matrix is calculated from P(t) = eQt. If there are N sites, the full likelihood is
In this equation,
and are the i th bases of sequences 1 and 2 respectively; is the expected frequency of base .
In MBEToolbox, to calculate the likelihood, L, at a given time interval (or distance) t, we have to specify a substitution model by using an appropriate model defining function, such as modeljc, modelk2p or modelgtr for non-coding nucleotides, modeljtt or modeldayhoff for amino acids, or modelgy94 for codons. These functions return a model structure composed of an instantaneous rate matrix, R, and an equilibrium frequency vector, pi which give Q, (Q = R*diag(pi)). Once the model is specified, the function likelidist(t, model, s1, s2) can calculate the log likelihood of the alignment of the two sequences, s 1 and s2, with respect to the time or distance, t, under the substitution model, model.
In most cases we wish to estimate t instead of calculating L as a function of t, so the function optimlikelidist (model, s1, s2) will search for the t that maximises the likelihood by using the Nelder-Mead simplex (direct search) method, while holding the other parameters in the model at fixed values. This constraint can be relaxed by allowing every parameter in the model to be estimated by functions, such as optimlikelidistk2p, that can estimate both t and the model's parameters. Figure (1a and 1b) illustrates the estimation of the evolutionary distance between two ribonuclease genes through the fixed- and free-parameter K2P models, respectively. When the K2P model's parameter, kappa, is fixed, the result and trace of the optimisation process is illustrated by the graph of L and t (Fig. 1a). When kappa is a free parameter, a surface shows the result and trace of the optimisation process (Fig. 1b).
Log-likelihood of evolutionary distance. (a) Likelihood as function of K2P distance. The distance is estimated by maximising the likelihood of the alignment with the bias of transitions to transversions, kappa, held fixed. (b) Likelihood as a function of distance and kappa. Both the distance and kappa are optimised simultaneously. The maximum likelihood peaks are marked with *. The two sequences used are the coding regions of Tamarin eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (Acc. No.: U24099) and human eosinophil cationic gene (Acc. No: NM_002935).
When calculating the likelihood of a phylogenetic tree, where s 1 and s 2 are two (descendant) nodes in a tree joined to an internal (ancestor) node, s a , we must sum over all possible assignments of nucleotides to s a to get the likelihood of the distance between s 1 and s 2. Consequently, the number of possible combinations of nucleotides becomes too large to be enumerated for even moderately sized trees. The pruning algorithm introduced by Felsenstein [19] takes advantage of the tree topology to evaluate the summation in a computationally efficient (but mathematically equivalent) manner. This and a simple and elegant mapping from a 'parentheses' encoding of a tree to the matrix equation for calculating the likelihood of a tree, developed in the MATLAB software, PHYLLAB [20], have been adopted in likelitree.
Combination of functions
Basic operations can be combined to give more complicated functions. A simple combination of the function to extract the fourfold degenerate sites with the function to calculate GC content produces a new function (countgc4) that determines the GC content at 4-fold degenerate sites (GC4). A subfunction for calculating synonymous and nonsynonymous differences between two codons, getsynnonsyndiff, can be converted into a program for calculating codon volatility [21] with trivial effort. Similarly, karlinsig which returns Karlin's genomic signature (the dinucleotide relative abundance or bias) for a given sequence can be easily re-formulated to estimate relative di-codon frequencies, which may be a new index of biological signals in a coding sequence. In addition, the menu-driven user interface, MBEGUI, is also a good example illustrating the power of combination of basic MBEToolbox functions.
Graphics and GUI
Good visualisation is essential for successful numerical model building. Leveraging the rich graphics functionality of MATLAB, MBEToolbox provides a number of functions that can be used to create graphic output, such as scatterplots of K s vs K a , plots of the number of transitions and transversions against genetic distance, sliding window analyses on a nucleotide sequence and the Z-curve (a 3-dimensional curve representation of a DNA sequence [22]). A simple menu-driven graphical user interface (GUI) has been developed by using GUIDE in MATLAB. The top menu includes File, Sequences, Distances, Phylogeny, Graph, Polymorphism and Help submenus (Fig. 2). It aids the usage of the most frequently required functions so that users do not have to run any scripts or functions from the MATLAB command line in most cases.
MBEToolbox GUI. (a) Distances submenu; (b) Phylogeny submenu; (c) Graph submenu; and (d) Polymorphism submenu.
Vectorization simplifies programming
MATLAB is a matrix language, which means it is designed for vector and matrix operations. Programming can be simplified and made more efficient by using algorithms that take advantage of vectorization (converting for and while loops to the equivalent vector or matrix operations). The MATLAB compiler in version 7.0 will automatically recognize and vectorize loops without recursion. An example of vectorization is the calculation of Z-scores [23] for Smith-Waterman alignments [24] to give a measure of the significance of an alignment score against a background of scores from randomly generated sequences with the same composition and length. Hence, Z-scores are designed to overcome the bias due to the composition of the alignment and are usually calculated by comparing an actual alignment score with the scores obtained on a set of random sequences generated by a Monte-Carlo process. The Z-score is defined as:
Z(A, B) = (S(A, B) - mean)/standard deviation
where S(A, B) is the Smith-Waterman (S-W) score between two sequences A and B. The mean and standard deviation are taken from realignments of the permuted sequences. The algorithm is implemented as follows in MATLAB with as few as 15 lines of code:
function [z,z_raw] = zscores(s1,s2,nboot)
ml = length(s1);
m2 = length(s2);
% Initialise two vectors holding Z-score of
% s1_rep and s2_rep, i.e., replicate samples
% of sequences s1 and s2.
v_z1 = zeros(1,nboot);
z_raw = smithwaterman(s1,s2);
for (k = 1:nboot),
s1_rep = s1(:,randperm(m1));
v_z1(1,k) = smithwaterman(s1_rep, s2) ;
v_z2(1,k) = smithwaterman(s1, s2_rep);
z1 = (z_raw-mean(v_z1))./std(v_z1);
z = min(z1,z2);
where randperm(n) is a vector function returning a random permutation of the integers from 1 to n and smithwaterman performs local alignment by the standard dynamic programming technique.
An important distinction between compiled languages with subroutine libraries and interactive environments like MATLAB is the ease with which problems can be specified and solved in the latter. Moreover, MATLAB toolboxes are traditionally organised in a less object-oriented mode and, consequently, functions are more independent of each other and easier to combine and extend. Several examples were given in the Implementation section.
Comparison with other toolboxes
Some other toolboxes have been developed in MATLAB for bioinformatics related analyses. These include PHYLLAB [20] and MATARRAY [25] as well as the bioinformatics toolbox developed by MATHWORKS. Other examples can be found at the link and file exchange maintained at MATLAB CENTRAL [26]. PHYLLAB is a molecular phylogeny toolbox which also provides some functions for sequence and tree input and manipulation. Its main focus is on creating a maximum likelihood tree based on Bayesian principles using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method to compute posterior parameter distributions. MATARRAY is focussed on the analysis of gene expression data from microarrays and provides normalization and clustering functions but does not address molecular evolution. The bioinformatics toolbox from MATHWORKS provides a range of bioinformatics functions, including some related to molecular evolution.
MBEToolbox provides a much broader range of molecular evolution related functions and phylogenetic methods than either the more specialized PHYLLAB project or the more general bioinformatics toolbox from MATHWORKS. These extra functions include IO in PHYLIP format, statistical and sequence manipulation functions relevant to molecular evolution (e.g. count segregating sites), evolutionary distance calculation for nucleic and amino acid sequences, phylogeny inference functions and graphic plots relevant to molecular evolution (e.g. K a vs K s ). As such it makes an important contribution to the bioinformatics analyses that can be performed in the MATLAB environment.
A novel enhanced window analysis
To test for the selective pressures in the different lineages of a phylogenetic tree, the nonsynonymous to synonymous rate ratio (K a /K s ) is normally estimated [27–29]. Values of K a /K s = 1, > 1, or < 1 indicate neutrality, positive selection, or purifying selection, respectively. However, K s and K a are measurements of average synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions per site along the whole length of the sequences. Average K s and K a values give neither the pattern of intragenic fluctuation of selective constraints, nor region- or site-specific information. A sliding window method is usually adopted to examine the intragenic pattern of the substitution rates and to test for the occurrence of significant clusters of variant regions [30–33]. Significant heterogeneity in K s would indicate that the neutral substitution rate varies across the gene, whereas heterogeneity in K a may indicate that selective constraints vary along the gene. The results and accuracy of sliding window methods, either overlapping or non-overlapping, depend on both the size of the window and the moving distance adopted. Large window lengths may obliterate the details of patterns in K s or K a , whereas small window lengths usually result in larger statistical fluctuations. Hence, the resolution of a sliding window is usually limited.
A mathematical formalism, similar to the Z'-curve [34], is introduced here to solve this problem. Consider a subsequence based analysis of K s or K a . In the n-th step, count the cumulative numbers of K s or K a occurring from the first to the n-th nucleotide position in the gene sequences being inspected. Let denote either K s or K a and denote the cumulative at the n-th sequence position. is usually an approximately mono-increasing linear function of n. The points ( , n), n = 1, 2, ..., N are fit by a least square method to a linear function, f( ) = βn, to give a straight line with β being its slope. We define
The two-dimensional curve of (
~ n) gives an alternative representation of the normal sliding window curve.
To compare these two curve representations, the example dataset of Suzuki and Gojobori [35], which contains the coding regions of two hepatitis C virus strains (HCV-JS – Genbank Acc.: D85516 and HCV-JT – Genbank Acc.: D11168), was used. The entire coding sequence is divided into eight regions (C, El, E2, NS2, NS3, NS4, NS5A, NS5B). Some of the coding regions have been combined as these short ORFs are unlikely to yield meaningful K s and K a values. The reduction of K s in the C, El and NS5B regions, as well as its elevation in NS3, which have been shown in previous studies [35], are not clear in a standard sliding window representation (Fig. 3a). In contrast a sharp increase in the ( ~ n) curve (Fig. 3b), indicates an increase in , while a drop in the curve indicates a decrease in . This new method has been implemented in the function plotSlidingKaKs. Since it is derived from the sliding window method, it is called the enhanced sliding window method.
A comparison between sliding window and enhanced sliding window methods. Sliding window analysis of K s and K a for the concatenated coding regions of two hepatitis C virus strains, HCV-JS and HCV-JT. The number of codons for the C, El, E2, NS2, NS3, NS4, NS5A, and NS5B genes are 191, 192, 426, 217, 631, 315, 447, and 591, respectively. The different coding regions are separated by vertical lines. (a) illustrates the result of a normal sliding window analysis; (b) illustrates the result of the enhanced sliding window analysis. Beginnings and ends of regions poor in synonymous substitutions (slope < 0) are indicated by the arrows a and b(genes C and El) and e and f(gene NS5B). A region rich in synonymous substitutions (slope > 0) in gene NS3 is indicated by arrows c and d.
The current version of this toolbox lacks novel algorithms yet it implements a variety of existing algorithms. There are some limitations in the practical use of MBEToolbox. First, though the toolbox provides many methods to infer and handle sequence and evolutionary analyses, the full range of these features can only be accessed through the MATLAB command line interface, as in the majority of MATLAB packages. Second, some of the functions cannot handle ambiguous nucleotide or amino acid codes in the sequences. The future development of MBEToolbox will overcome these present limitations.
The MBEToolbox project is an ongoing effort to provide an easy-to-use, yet powerful, analysis environment for molecular biology and evolution. Currently, it offers a substantial set of frequently used functions to manipulate sequences, to calculate genetic distances, to infer phylogenetic trees and related analyses. MBEToolbox is a useful tool which should inspire evolutionary biologists to take advantage of the MATLAB environment.
Project name: MBEToolbox
Project web page: http://web.hku.hk/~jamescai/mbetoolbox/
http://bioinformatics.org/project/?group_id=454
Operating system: WINDOWS 95/98/2000/XP
Programming language: MATLAB 6.0 or higher
Other requirements: Statistics Toolbox
Any restrictions on use by non-academics: License needed
Felsenstein J: PHYLIP – Phylogeny Inference Package (Version 3.2). Cladistics 1989, 5: 164–166.
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Jukes TH, Cantor C: Evolution of protein molecules. In Mammalian Protein Metabolism. Edited by: Munro HN. New York: Academic Press; 1969:21–132.
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Hasegawa M, Kishino H, Yano T: Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. J Mol Evol 1985, 22: 160–174.
Nei M, Kumar S: Molecular evolution and phylogenetics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2000.
Lanave C, Preparata G, Saccone C, Serio G: A new method for calculating evolutionary substitution rates. J Mol Evol 1984, 20: 86–93.
Tavare S: Some probabilistic and statistical problems in the analysis of DNA sequences. Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences 1986, 17: 57–86.
Rodriguez F, Oliver JL, Marin A, Medina JR: The general stochastic model of nucleotide substitution. J Theor Biol 1990, 142: 485–501.
Yang Z: Estimating the pattern of nucleotide substitution. J Mol Evol 1994, 39: 105–111.
Steel MA: Recovering a tree from the leaf colourations it generates under a Markov model. Appl Math Lett 1994, 7: 19–32. 10.1016/0893-9659(94)90024-8
Lake JA: Reconstructing evolutionary trees from DNA and protein sequences: paralinear distances. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91: 1455–1459.
Nei M, Gojobori T: Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions. Mol Biol Evol 1986, 3: 418–426.
Li WH, Wu CI, Luo CC: A new method for estimating synonymous and nonsynonymous rates of nucleotide substitution considering the relative likelihood of nucleotide and codon changes. Mol Biol Evol 1985, 2: 150–174.
Li WH: Unbiased estimation of the rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution. J Mol Evol 1993, 36: 96–99.
Pamilo P, Bianchi NO: Evolution of the Zfx and Zfy genes: rates and interdependence between the genes. Mol Biol Evol 1993, 10: 271–281.
Yang Z: Phylogenetic Analysis by Maximum Likelihood (PAML). Version 3.0. London: University College; 2000.
Saitou N, Nei M: The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 1987, 4: 406–425.
Felsenstein J: Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. J Mol Evol 1981, 17: 368–376.
Rzhetsky A, Morozov P: Markov chain Monte Carlo computation of confidence intervals for substitution-rate variation in proteins. Pac Symp Biocomput 2001, 6: 203–214.
Plotkin JB, Dushoff J, Fraser HB: Detecting selection using a single genome sequence of M. tuberculosis and P. falciparum. Nature 2004, 428: 942–945. 10.1038/nature02458
Zhang R, Zhang CT: Z curves, an intutive tool for visualizing and analyzing the DNA sequences. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1994, 11: 767–782.
Pearson WR, Lipman DJ: Improved tools for biological sequence comparison. Proc Natil Acad Sci U S A 1988, 85: 2444–2448.
Smith TF, Waterman MS: Identification of common molecular subsequences. J Mol Biol 1981, 147: 195–197. 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90087-5
Venet D: MatArray: a Matlab toolbox for microarray data. Bioinformatics 2003, 19: 659–660. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg046
MATLAB Central[http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/]
Sharp PM: In search of molecular darwinism. Nature 1997, 385: 111–112. 10.1038/385111a0
Akashi H: Within- and between-species DNA sequence variation and the 'footprint' of natural selection. Gene 1999, 238: 39–51. 10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00294-2
Crandall K, Kelsey C, Imamichi H, Lane H, Salzman N: Parallel evolution of drug resistance in HIV: failure of nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rate ratio to detect selection. Mol Biol Evol 1999, 16: 372–382.
Clark AG, Kao T: Nonsynonymous Substitution at Shared Polymorphic Sites Among Self-Incompatibility Alleles of Solanaceae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991, 88: 9823–9827.
Ina Y: ODEN: a program package for molecular evolutionary analysis and database search of DNA and amino acid sequences. Comput Appl Biosci 1994, 10: 11–12.
Endo T, Ikeo K, Gojobori T: Large-scale search for genes on which positive selection may operate. Mol Biol Evol 1996, 13: 685–690.
Choi SS, Lahn BT: Adaptive evolution of MRG, a neuron-specific gene family implicated in nociception. Genome Res 2003, 13: 2252–2259. 10.1101/gr.1431603
Zhang CT, Wang J, Zhang R: A novel method to calculate the G+C content of genomic DNA sequences. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2001, 19: 333–341.
Suzuki Y, Gojobori T: Analysis of coding sequences. In The phylogenetic handbook: a practical approach to DNA and protein phylogeny. Edited by: Salemi M, Vandamme A. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2003:283–311.
This work was supported by the AIDS Trust Fund (MSS 083), Research Grant Council Grant (HKU 7363/03M), and University Development Fund, University of Hong Kong. JJC would like to thank Dr. Nam-Kiu Tsing (Department of Mathematics, University of Hong Kong) for valuable discussions, and Dr. Richard E. Strauss (Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University) for allowing his NJ routine to be adapted for MBEToolbox and for releasing his MATLAB library to the public.
Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
James J Cai & Kwok-yung Yuen
Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
David K Smith
Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
Xuhua Xia
James J Cai
Kwok-yung Yuen
Correspondence to James J Cai.
JJC designed and implemented the software and wrote the draft of the manuscript. DKS participated in the design and revised the manuscript. XX participated in the design and provided suggestions for future development. KYY supervised and participated in the design of the study. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Cai, J.J., Smith, D.K., Xia, X. et al. MBEToolbox: a Matlab toolbox for sequence data analysis in molecular biology and evolution. BMC Bioinformatics 6, 64 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-6-64
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-6-64
Evolutionary Distance
Relative Synonymous Codon Usage
Slide Window Method
Sequence Manipulation
Fourfold Degenerate Site


Episode Synopsis: Taylor makes a plan to fix things between Ryan and his dad. Julie continues her relationship with Bullit but when she runs into Frank when Ryan and Taylor are around they realize that she has been having a secret affair with Frank. When Kaitlin learns that Taylor and Ryan are trying to break up Frank and Julie she tries to get her mother to like Bullit, which forces Julie to choose between Bullit and Frank.Summer begins to think about if Seth really is the one for her.


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Government of Canada Partners with Canadian Professional Sales Association To Address Sales Force Skills Gap
Sectoral Initiatives Program Funding to Accelerate Deployment of Professional Sales Designations
TORONTO, Canada (October 16, 2018) - Canadian Professional Sales Association (CPSA) and Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) have today announced Sectoral Initiatives Program (SIP) funding to address the sales talent shortage in Canada. Over the next three years, this investment will improve the skill level of the Canadian sales force and attract new people to the profession.
The Sectoral Initiatives Program (SIP) aims to address current and future skills shortages by supporting the development and distribution of sector-specific labour market intelligence, national occupational standards, and skills certification and accreditation systems. The program's mandate is to help industries identify, forecast, and address their human resources and skills issues. The SIP funds partnership-based projects for key sectors of the Canadian economy.
CPSA is partnering with educators, employers, sales professionals and people seeking new employment opportunities to close the sales talent gap and improve Canadian competitiveness. The project will help to align the sales force to meet employers' emerging needs for talent to get innovations to market in Canada's key economic sectors. An important part of entrepreneurship and business in Canada, sales professionals represent a highly skilled talent pool that directly impact adoption of innovations and corporate growth in sectors such as health technology, manufacturing, information technology, finance and insurance, and construction.
This SIP contribution will enable CPSA, and its industry partners, to accelerate the mission to raise the profile of sales as a professional career and the adoption of professional designations for sales. By expanding the network of Accredited Sales Educators, and accelerating the creation of a portal through which learners and employers can track skill development, and achievement of designations for career progression, the project will work toward balance between supply and demand for sales professionals in Canada.
CPSA's graduated designation framework includes three designations: Certified Sales Associate (CSA), Certified Sales Professional (CSP) and Certified Sales Leader (CSL) developed in consultation with industry to recognize sales skill building at the foundational, advanced, and leadership career stages. The creation and expansion of skill assessments tools will allow Canadians to assess their skills relative to sales skills for career planning. New training modules will soon be developed to help publicly-funded education programs fill strategic sales training gaps, all in both official languages.
"CPSA is the hub of the sales community, connecting employees, employers, educators, business and government in a common mission to establish standards, build skills, and make sales a profession in every sense of the word. The support of Minister Hajdu and the ESDC allows all of this to happen faster across the country and reinforces the importance of sales as a vital contributor to the Innovation Strategy and economic growth of our country" said Richard Louttet, Vice President, Education & Certification, CPSA.
Patty Hajdu, Minister of Employment, Workforce Development and Labour said
"The Government of Canada is focused on ensuring Canadians have the skills to fill good quality jobs in industries that are in need of workers. The Canadian Professional Sales Association and its industry partners are doing great work creating learning pathways that will benefit job seekers and those working in the industry. I applaud their commitment to helping Canadian workers, and to ensuring this industry remains competitive in a global economy while growing the middle class here at home."
The first projects are already in development for release before the end of 2018. New competency frameworks for sales leaders will complement the current framework available for download at https://www.cpsa.com/professional-certification/competency-framework. Sales people and those considering a sales career can access the first self-assessment online at: https://www.cpsa.com/campaign/public-sales-assessmentt.
About CPSA
For sales professionals, team leaders and organizations across the country, Canadian Professional Sales Association (CPSA) is your partner in building knowledge and skills to improve sales performance.
As the advocate for excellence in sales, we invest resources in programming, curriculum development and professional designations to help individuals and companies become more successful through more effective sales.
Our 20,000+ members benefit from learning resources, community building events and exclusive benefits. The CPSA standards-based designation program provide the development and recognition opportunities employees desire and employers demand at every career stage.
We connect employers with employees, business with academia and the private sector with government to advance the sales profession and improve Canadian competitiveness.
CPSA: Advancing Sales. Accelerating Performance.
www.cpsa.com
Ashley Tompkins, Brand & Communications Manager
atompkins@cpsa.com
About Employment and Social Development Canada
Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) works to improve the standard of living and quality of life for all Canadians. We do this by promoting a labour force that is highly skilled. We also promote an efficient and inclusive labour market.
For media enquiries or to set up an interview please contact the Media Relations Office.


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Gaza's fishermen risking Israeli bullets to bring home daily catch
Palestinian fishing crews are coming under fire from patrol boats on a regular basis, despite recent extension of permitted trawling zone
The number of fishermen working the waters off Gaza has fallen from 10,000 to 4,000 since the blockade was enforced a decade ago, according to Gaza's syndicate of fishermen (Mohammed Asad/MEE)
Mohammed Omer
Published date: 2 May 2016 10:10 UTC | Last update: 5 years 8 months ago
GAZA - Kamel Baker's father taught him how to fish when he was just 10 years old. Now 55, Baker has been trawling the waters off the coast of Gaza ever since.
"For 45 years I have been making my living this way," Baker told MEE, sitting on the deck of his fishing boat, happily telling stories as he waited for a pot of coffee to brew. "We are close neighbours of the sea."
Born in al-Shati, Gaza's poorest refugee camp, Baker talks wistfully about the "golden days" of Gaza's fishing industry when he could earn up to 6,000 shekels ($1,590) a day – more than a doctor or engineer – and would have to turn back to port early because his nets were full.
"We would eat fish for breakfast, lunch and dinner," he recalled, as his 25-year-old son Talaat, one of the 15 crew members including Baker's three sons and several related children, looked on and smiled.
"Where are those days now, Daddy?" Talaat asked as one of his brothers steered the boat westward out of the harbour towards the setting sun.
Most aboard the boat will go home with barely enough to feed their families. On a good night nowadays, Talaat might hope to take home a kilo of fish and about 50 shekels ($13) for his wife and one-year-old son.
Kamel Baker has been a fishermen for 45 years but times have never been harder (Mohammed Asad/MEE)
"We are off now, and either Allah will honour us, or we must try again," said Baker as the younger members of the crew hurry to cast out the fishing nets and the children clean the empty blue boxes lined up to be filled with fresh fish.
Out on the waves and under the Mediterranean sky, looking back at Gaza it is hard to believe that the strip is one of the most densely populated places on earth and starved of resources because of the decade-long blockade by Israel and Egypt.
But even out here, the lethal dangers of the blockade loom large.
Israel recently increased the distance from the shore that Palestinian fishing boats are allowed to trawl from six to nine nautical miles.
On 3 April, the Coordination of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT), the Israeli defence ministry unit that administers civilian affairs in the occupied Palestinian territories, said on Facebook that the first expansion of the fishing zone since 2005 would boost annual fishing revenues of six million shekels ($1.6m) by 400,000 shekels ($106,000).
But fishermen say they are still regularly coming under fire from Israeli patrol boats well within the permitted fishing zone.
As midnight approaches, the crew aboard Baker's boat are sitting down to eat their supper when flashes of light appear on the sea and loud gunfire rings out, audible even above the noise of the boat's generator.
"It is the Israeli warships," said Baker, everyone standing up as spotlights shine down on the boat and its crew.
Earlier this month, Baker said, the fishermen had been allowed to venture further from shore towards the edge of the nine-mile limit where stocks are less depleted by over-fishing.
Tonight he had spent an extra 500 shekels on fuel in the hope of a similarly successful trip, but as the Israeli naval vessel forces the boat back towards the coast he fears his investment will be lost.
"The area we are allowed to fish in stretches from Gaza harbour down the south coast but that forces us to fish in waters that are depleted of stocks. We can only catch fish like red mullet and sea bream which live near the rocks," he said, ordering the crew to tie the fishing nets to the boat.
"We are heading back in, shabab," he called to the young men as the gunshots ring out again, this time closer to the boat.
According to Nizar Ayyash, the head of Gaza's Syndicate of Fishermen, such incidents are commonplace.
"Fishermen are a target on a daily basis," he told Middle East Eye.
Ayyar said that one fisherman had been shot and injured in the face and three others arrested on 19 April while fishing within the nine-mile limit.
"The Israeli navy invaded another fishing boat and arrested three fishermen and confiscated their fishing gears. We strongly condemn such attacks on civilian fishermen," said Ayyash.
According to the syndicate, 35 small fishing boats worth an average of $15,000 have been confiscated since 2008, while the number of fishermen working the waters off Gaza has declined from 10,000 to 4,000.
In response to a request for comment about the 19 April incident and other alleged shooting incidents, COGAT referred MEE to the Israeli military. The Israeli military did not respond to repeated requests for comment.
A military spokesperson told the Palestinian Maan news agency that an investigation had been opened into the 19 April incident.
By dawn, the crew are closer to five miles from the shore as they haul in the fishing nets filled with sea bream and sardines.
"We did not see these fish for years," smiled Baker, referring to the few larger fish. "It is 110 shekels ($29) per kilo. Such fish is unaffordable to most of the population!"
The crew are ready to cast the nets out again, but Baker tells them: "Let's call it a night." Although the haul is not as much as he had hoped for, he believes it is enough to cover the cost of fuel and to pay everyone onboard.
Most of the catch these days is sardines, one of the the few fish ordinary Gazans can afford to buy (Mohammed Asad/MEE)
The morning sun is not yet fully over the horizon as the boat docks in the harbour and the sounds of other fishermen and merchants can be heard through the morning mist.
Baker negotiates with a middle man as the crew wait patiently, selling the sea bream for 500 shekels ($134) and the rest for 200 shekels ($54).
The crew will share the 200 shekels between them, with Taalat taking home just 13 shekels ($3.5) in return for the long night of fishing and risking being shot; enough only to buy a kilo of tomatoes, a few courgettes and an aubergine before he goes home to sleep.
"This is a carefully calculated Israeli plan, to neither make the Gaza fisherman starve, nor allow him to flourish," said Baker, distributing the cash and saving 500 shekels to pay for the fuel on the way home.
But Baker knows he will be back out on the sea tomorrow because the sea is his life.
"It is a life-long friendship," he smiled. "We are inseparable."
Gaza Aftermath
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Israel strikes Gaza after Israeli man shot on boundary
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'The smell of death hangs everywhere': Blockade drives Gazans to suicide
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Adam Wilson / Unsplash
The 9 smoothest small batch bourbons in the South
By Rachel Taylor
No Southern bar cart is complete without a bottle — or two — of bourbon. After all, you can't make a mint julep or an Old Fashioned without the smooth, dark liquor. A few brands of bourbon reign supreme, at least volume-wise, in the whiskey aisle (we're lookin' at you, Jim Beam), but Southern craft distilleries are causing a stir by turning out small batches of bourbon you shouldn't overlook.
To make sure you're not overwhelmed the next time you want to restock the bar, we've picked out our favorite small batch bourbons that will all make a great addition to your bar cart.
Devils River Bourbon Whiskey
Although it only made its debut a year ago, Devils River Bourbon Whiskey has raked in gold medals at the Los Angeles and Denver International Spirits Competitions for both its bottle design and the spirit inside. This bourbon is made from of the purest sources of water in Texas, which makes all of the difference, at least according to Devils River Whiskey President and CEO Mike Cameron. "To make good whiskey, you got to have good water," he said.
When the limestone-filtered water arrives at the distillery, it is combined with the whiskey "to assist in bringing out the complexities of the 90-proof spirit, made from a mash of corn, rye and a touch of barley," explained writer Danielle Harling. The end result is a caramel-hued bourbon, with notes of oak and honey, best enjoyed "neat or on the rocks," Cameron said.
Woodford Reserve Cherry Wood Smoked Barley Bourbon
Woodford Reserve bourbon is synonymous with Southern traditions like the Kentucky Derby, and this particuar release, a part of their "Master's Collection," incorporates a new, tradition-breaking flavor — malted barley. One of the first Kentucky bourbons to use malted barley that has also been exposed to cherry wood smoke, this whiskey has an impressive 30 percent malt content. The cherry wood smoked barley small batch bourbon has a rich amber coloring and the flavors of smoked almonds, sweetened with cherry pie filling and a touch of caramel to finish each sip.
Nelson's Green Briar Distillery Belle Meade Bourbon
Green Brier Distillery has deep family roots, beginning in the mid-1800s when Charlie Nelson bought the distillery as well as a patent for distillation. Although the company took a forced break when Prohibition was implemented in 1909, two of Nelson's triple great-grandsons re-opened shop 100 years later. Andy and Charlie Nelson today lead the distillery with a mission to restore the family legacy, including the production of its classic Belle Meade Bourbon. The Belle Meade Bourbon's high rye content gives the caramel-colored liquor a warm spice, made even warmer by its 90 proof status.
American Spirit Works Distillery Fiddler Bourbon
Looking for a good reliable and affordable bottle of bourbon? Reach for Fiddler. A favorite of Southern Kitchen's Editor-in-Chief Ashley Twist Cole, Fiddler Bourbon is a "foraged" bourbon, which means it was purchased elsewhere and then "fiddled" with by Atlanta's own ASW Distillery. This unique process of blending and aging produces a slightly different iteration with each batch. "We've found Fiddler to be subtly sweet, warm and, depending on the cask used in aging, able to carry those cask notes beautifully throughout the spirit without overpowering it," explained Southern Kitchen contributor Beth McKibben.
Four Roses Small Batch
This is the old reliable of the group — the bourbon you can always depend on to sip neat, on the rocks or mixed in a cocktail with little fuss. Don't get us wrong: Four Roses Small Batch is by no means boring. It's a well-balanced bourbon with light spice and mellow caramel sweetness, hints of orange and aged oak. For both its price point and versatility, Small Batch is a great introductory bourbon for those looking to dip their toe into brown spirits, and should easily become your next liquor cabinet staple." (Beth McKibben)
Colonel E.H. Taylor Jr. Small Batch Bourbon
Named after one of the founding fathers of the bourbon industry, Colonel Edmund Haynes Taylor, Jr., this bourbon honors Taylor's legacy, innovation and techniques that are still being used in the industry 150 years later. This small batch bourbon tastes of caramel corn mixed with hints of butterscotch and licorice, and it has a surprising aftertaste that turns a soft mouth-feel "into subtle spices of pepper and tobacco," noted Buffalo Trace Distillery.
Elijah Craig Small Batch Bourbon
For those longing for the rich beauty of Elijah 12-year (prior to their elimination of the age statement) Small Batch still retains some of the toasty charred oak complexity of its forefather but with a slightly lighter mouthfeel. This is likely due to the mixing of both 8- and 12-year bourbons in the bottle. The nose leans fresh with hints of orange and vanilla, while the palate brings out the spirit's soft nutmeg, oak and spice notes. Smooth, pleasant and subtly sweet, this bourbon can easily be sipped neat. (Beth McKibben)
Bookers "Kathleen's Batch" or "Tommy's Batch"
Created by a sixth-generation master distiller, Booker coined the term "small batch" back in the early 90s. Only releasing a few batches each year, the distillery focuses on telling a story with each bourbon. Named after a close friend of the distillery, Kathleen DiBenedetto, Kathleen's Batch has notes of leather and floral honey with hints of caramel and vanilla. "We taste rich butterscotch, brown sugar, dried cherries and a little allspice. The finish is a nice balance of toasted oak with caramel and brown sugar," described 7th generation Master Distiller Fred Noe. Named after longtime distillery friend and worker, Tommy Crume, Tommy's Batch is a nutty and darker bourbon with roasted vanilla and caramel notes.
Thirteenth Colony Bourbon
Distilled in the small Southern town of Americus, Georgia, Thirteenth Colony Bourbon will catch your eye before you even taste it. The unique flat bottle design looks like a piece of art, all the while while holding a delicious spirit. Meticulously aged for four years in custom charred American oak barrels, the resulting bourbon is rich, smooth and has a slightly sweet finish.
Photo Credit (Devils River Whiskey): Jessica Giesey
Photo Credit (Belle Meade Bourbon): Belle Meade Bourbon Facebook
Photo Credit (Fiddler): Max's Bottle Shop
Photo Credit (Colonel E.H. Taylor Jr. Small Batch Bourbon): 107 Liquor Facebook
Photo Credit (Booker's): Whisky for Everyone Facebook
Photo Credit (13th Colony): 13th Colony Distilleries, LLC Facebook
Rachel Taylor is a staff writer at Southern Kitchen. She moved to Atlanta earlier this year after graduating college in Maryland, and has been a digital audience specialist at the Atlanta Journal-Constitution and Politically Georgia, as well as a freelance writer for publications such as USA Today and the Delmarva Daily Times on Maryland's Eastern Shore. She has lived in France and Italy, and loves to travel.
8 budget-friendly Southern bourbons under $40
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Anti-dumping and countervailing duties on Canadian lumber imported to the U.S. went into effect on Jan. 3. The duties are the latest step in the ongoing trade dispute of over softwood lumber.
"They are harmful to Canada's lumber producers, workers and communities, and they add to the cost of home building, renovations and other projects for American middle-class families," the statement continues.
The Canadian government has already begun legal challenges of these duties under NAFTA and through the World Trade Organization, where Canadian litigation has proven successful in the past.


Cumulus clouds are one of the three basic cloud types. They are low clouds that develop in a vertical direction, beginning with the base. The base of the cloud is often no more than 3,000 feet above the ground, but the top often varies in height. Small, separate cumulus clouds usually mean fair weather, but with additional heating from the earth's surface, they can grow vertically throughout the day. The top of such a cloud can easily reach 20,000 or more into the troposphere. These clouds can develop into larger clouds, which are called towering cumulus. Towering cumulus may produce rain showers. Further development of towering cumulus may create a cumulonimbus and thunderstorms.


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Gwent Dragons
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The Joe Marler ban has put rugby in a tricky spot | Offload
James Haskell and the Offload crew disagree with the punishment handed to Joe Marler, saying while what he said was stupid, a ban sets a "difficult precedent" moving forward.
Super Rugby AustraliaWaratahs
Waratahs reveal fulltime replacement for ousted Rob Penney
By AAP
(Photo by Mark Kolbe/Getty Images)
https://www.rugbypass.com/news/waratahs-reveal-fulltime-replacement-for-ousted-rob-penney/
Incoming NSW coach Darren Coleman feels he needs to restore the players' love of rugby and rebuild their shattered confidence when he takes over the reins at the struggling franchise next month.
Coleman was unveiled as Waratahs coach on Thursday morning, though there had been strong suggestions over the past week that the club rugby stalwart was assured to take over.
The New South Wales Rugby Union said in a statement that Coleman had been appointed for three years following "an extensive search and consultation process, with applications received from coaches within Australia and from around the world."
The 48-year-old coach has led Penrith, Northern Suburbs and Eastern Suburbs before delivering Shute Shield premierships to Warringah in 2017 and Gordon in 2020.
He turned Gordon's fortunes around in just two years after the team had finished last in 2018.
Coleman also spent time in assistant roles at the Waratahs and Brumbies, as well as head coaching positions in Italy, Japan, at the NSW Country Eagles and his current role with the LA Giltini's in Major League Rugby in the US.
"I'm passionate about the opportunity to coach the Waratahs. I'm coming home to what I regard as my dream job, one I've been preparing for over many years," Coleman said in a statement.
"I also know that this role comes with an enormous responsibility to establish a winning team that will proudly represent the people of NSW as a collective of the professional and community game.
"We have a great deal of work to do to regain our place as the best provincial rugby team in the country. That means a team that Waratahs' members and fans are proud of and the team that every rugby-loving kid in NSW wants to play for growing up.
"I want our players to get back their love of the game, to rebuild their confidence in themselves and in the team. I want them to bring back that winning culture at the Waratahs."
There's going to be plenty of firepower on display at Mount Smart on Saturday night. #AllBlacks #NZLvTON pic.twitter.com/sOW03RuF1g
— RugbyPass (@RugbyPass) July 1, 2021
Coleman will have much to do – the Waratahs suffered an unprecedented 13 consecutive losses in a winless 2021 campaign.
Coach Rob Penney was sacked in March with assistants Jason Gilmore and Chris Whitaker taking over on an interim basis thereafter.
Coleman will take up his role at the Waratahs when his commitments in LA are completed in August and after two weeks of quarantine on returning to Sydney.
RUGBYPASS+ The players set to profit from Wales' new gameplan The players set to profit from Wales' new gameplan


text:
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Home » ATOM
Open source archive software: a report on National Archive's workshop on ATOM and Archivematica
By Geoffrey Browell, Head of Archive Services, King's College London
I co-organised a workshop in early December at The National Archives (TNA) on ATOM and Archivematica software, along with TNA's Higher Education Archive Programme and Artefactual Systems, the Canadian development company which supports both these applications.
The workshop was attended by around 40 archivists and records managers from around the UK, including existing or prospective users of the systems and those simply interested in learning more.
ATOM's development was supported by the ICA and it is used across the world to manage and publish descriptions of archives. Archivematica manages digital preservation workflows for digitised and born digital content.
Key questions/points that inspired the day included:
Examples of the real application of Archivematica – how difficult is it to customise and how easy is it to use?
Do regional consortia offer the best opportunity for the application of digital preservation?
How can data on other systems such as CALM be imported into ATOM?
How is training best delivered?
How will these open source systems be best supported given the limitations of institutional IT?
The day began with an introduction and overview of both systems from Artefactual's Justin Simpson and Dan Gillean. Their slides are available here.
There were then a series of five/ten minute presentations from invited speakers. Gary Tuson, County Archivist at Norfolk Record Office (NRO), spoke eloquently about the Eastern Region Archivematica trial that saw a number of archives in that Region, led by NRO, use Archivematica for digital preservation. He offered real encouragement that a regional model might help, although it was only a small-scale trial. Archivematica, unlike ATOM, is not available with multi-tenanted functionality. This places some limitations on the creation of a genuinely collaborative initiative and more work needs to be done to assess the viability of consortia – perhaps involving trials in other regions such as London.
Lindsay Ould, Borough Archivist at Croydon, described her experience of migrating elderly CALM data into a new instance of ATOM. Their existing CALM system was used by Archives, Museums and Local Studies, meaning that the style and structure of data was very diverse and often unclean and out of date. More than 1000 collection and accession records were migrated to a new hosted version of ATOM. Lindsay described working with an external developer to cleanse the data and she pointed out that this took up a disproportionate amount of time. Lastly, she spoke about developing a simple search interface and future plans to also make museum descriptions visible.
David Cordery, of Max Communications, was next up and spoke about the challenges of migrating data into ATOM, similar to those which Lindsay had experienced. He stressed the usability and intuitive controls provided by ATOM, but also the ability for users to customise the front end delivery of archive data and that the system is especially useful when managing images. Max provides a service to extract, clean and re-publish data in new ATOM instances and offers ongoing support.
Jenny Mitcham of York spoke next on the use of Archivematica to manage research data – a proof of concept joint venture between the Universities of Hull and York, The National Archives and JISC. Research data management is a big challenge for universities, as it is a requirement of the Research Councils that such data, for example generated by scientific research, be preserved and managed for a time. Jenny highlighted the concept of 'parsimonious preservation' coined by Tim Gollins of The National Archives – essentially doing 'just enough' to capture the right information in digital preservation, and avoiding unnecessary processes. Jenny listed a number of pros and cons of using Archivematica, including its versatility, flexibility and ability to integrate with other systems, versus its fiddly processes, unsophisticated user interface and the need to train staff to use it. This impressive project is now hoping to move to a production phase and bring on board the Borthwick Institute and integrate Archivematica more fully with ATOM. Much more information can be found on the project website and digital archiving blog.
Ed Pinsent of the Digital Preservation Training Programme at ULCC, is working with Artefactual to develop more mature training in the use of the two systems. He revealed the results of a survey of the digital preservation community in 2015, which highlighted the need for practical (and less theoretical) hands-on training, especially using real tools. ULCC will be working closely with Artefactual on UK Archivematica training in 2017. Learn more about the work of ULCC's DP training here.
The second half of the workshop focused on hands-on sessions using the two systems and work-sheets provided by Artefactual. This gave the opportunity for attendees, working in groups, to import, manage and manipulate test data and gain a better understanding of what the systems have to offer. Test instances were set up, enabling attendees and those not present to explore the systems from their workplaces.
More information about Archivematica can be found here; and on ATOM, a series of YouTube tutorials here.
Overall, this was a very useful workshop, not least in bringing together a diverse collection of archivists and records managers from higher education, local authorities and other sectors, and others such as representatives of Arkivum, the DP specialists. It is hoped that an ATOM user group will be founded as a consequence of the workshop, to complement a thriving Archivematica group.
I would like to thank The National Archives for hosting and helping to organise the day, and Artefactual for their assistance throughout the day and since.
The blog was originally posted on the King's Collection blog: https://blogs.kcl.ac.uk/kingscollections/2016/12/20/open-source-archive-software/
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text:
«У чорних пісках» — радянський художній фільм в жанрі істерну, знятий в 1972 році на кіностудії «Ленфільм» режисером Іскандером Хамраєвим. Екранізація однойменної повісті казахстанського письменника Моріса Сімашка. Прем'єра фільму відбулася 6 серпня 1973 року.

Сюжет
У Середній Азії йде громадянська війна. Бай-насильник вбиває всю сім'ю туркменського юнака пастуха Чари Есенова. Чари, що залишився в живих, бажаючи помститися за зганьблену честь малолітньої сестри, поодинці переслідує Шамурад-хана, голову місцевої банди басмачів. Знайомство з червоноармійцем проясняє героєві фільму сенс боротьби, що відбувається, він примикає до червоногвардійців, які протистоїть басмачам, і, відмовившись від особистої помсти, одного разу приводить Шамурада в загін для законного суду. У фільмі зображено трансформацію людини «для себе» в людину «для людей», перехід від родової побудови душі до нової соціалістичної свідомості.

У ролях

 Дагун Омаєв — Чари Есенов
 Бімболат Ватаєв — Шамурад-хан (озвучив Юхим Копелян)
 Геннадій Нілов — комісар (озвучив Іван Краско)
 Леонхард Мерзін — Пельтінь, командир
 Баба Аннанов — Рахімов
 Людмила Сингатуліна — Бібітач
 Лариса Зубкович — жінка
 Яйра Абдулаєва — дружина Ільяс-хана
 Іногам Адилов — басмач, кат
 Ульмас Алиходжаєв — Мухамед, брат Шамурада
 Лола Бадалова — Нургозель, мати Чари, Берди і Бібітач
 А. Берадзе — Берди
 Герман Бобровський — залізничник
 В'ячеслав Воронін — офіцер, гість в будинку батька Шамурада
 Микола Годовиков — Копилов, червоноармієць
 Бахтіяр Касимов — червоноармієць
 Н. Кубарєва — санітарка
 Олексій Кримов — червоноармієць
 Юрій Могилевцев — офіцер
 Хабіб Нариманов — Есен, батько Чари, Берди і Бібітач
 Талгат Нигматулін — Таган, друг Чари
 Пулат Саїдкасимов — басмач
 Володимир Скоропад — червоноармієць
 Тулкун Таджиєв — Овез, сусід
 К. Туйчиєв — епізод
 М. Туляганов — червоноармієць
 Джавлон Хамраєв — Курт у рудій папасі
 Фархад Хайдаров — басмач
 Кудрат Ходжаєв — Ільяс-хан, батько Шамурада
 Юрій Дубровін — Телешев
 Сергій Голубєв — червоноармієць
 Раззак Хамраєв — батько Тагана
 Машраб Юнусов — мула
 Анвара Алімова — епізод
 Уктам Лукманова — ''наречена

Знімальна група
 Режисер — Іскандер Хамраєв
 Сценарист — Сергій Потепалов
 Оператор — Олександр Чечулін
 Композитор — Марат Камілов
 Художник — Василь Зачиняєв

Посилання

Фільми СРСР 1972
Фільми Іскандера Хамраєва
Фільми кіностудії «Ленфільм»

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Gonzales County, Texas
U.S. county in Texas
The Gonzales County Courthouse. The Second Empire style building was added to National Register of Historic Places in 1972.
Location within the U.S. state of Texas
Texas's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 29°27′N 97°29′W / 29.45°N 97.49°W / 29.45; -97.49
City of Gonzales
1,070 sq mi (2,800 km2)
3.2 sq mi (8 km2) 0.3%%
19/sq mi (7/km2)
www.co.gonzales.tx.us
Gonzales County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 19,807.[1] The county is named for its county seat, the city of Gonzales.[2] The county was created in 1836 and organized the following year.[3][4]
4.3 Ghost towns
This section is in list format, but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (December 2013)
Paleo-Indians Hunter-gatherers were here thousands of years ago; the later Coahuiltecan, Tonkawa, and Karankawa migrated into the area in the 14th century, but lost much of their population by the 18th century due to new infectious diseases contracted by contact with European explorers. The historic Comanche and Waco tribes later migrated into the area and competed most with European American settlers of the nineteenth century.[5]
1519–1685 Hernando Cortez and Alonso Álvarez de Pineda claim Texas for Spain.
1685–1690 France plants its flag on Texas soil, but departs after only five years.[6]
1821 Mexico won its independence from Spain. Citizens of the United States began to settle in Texas and were granted Mexican citizenship.
Green DeWitt's petition for a land grant to establish a colony in Texas is approved by the Mexican government.
Gonzales is established and named for Rafael Gonzales, governor of Coahuila y Tejas.
1828 When Jean Louis Berlandier visits, he finds settler cabins, a fort-like barricade, agriculture and livestock, as well as nearby villages of Tonkawa and Karankawa.
1829, September 15 – Mexican President Vicente Ramon Guerrero, a former slave of Spanish, African and Native American descent, emancipates all slaves within the Republic of Mexico:[7][8]
1st – Slavery is abolished in Mexico.
2nd – Consequently, those who have been until now considered slaves are free.
3rd – When the circumstances of the treasury may permit, the owners of the slaves will be indemnified in the mode that the laws may provide. And in order that every part of this decree may be fully complied with, let it be printed, published, and circulated.
Given at the Federal Palace of Mexico, the 15th of September, 1829.
Vicente Guerrero To José María Bocanegra
1831 The Coahuila y Tejas government sends a six-pound cannon to Gonzales for settlers' protection against Indian raids.
The colony sends delegates to conventions (1832–1835) to discuss disagreements with Mexico.
September – The Mexican government views the conventions as treason. Troops are sent to Gonzales to retrieve the cannon.
October 2 – The Battle of Gonzales becomes the first shots fired in the Texas Revolution. The colonists put up armed resistance, with the cannon pointed at the Mexican troops, and above it a banner proclaiming, "Come and take it". Commemoration of the event becomes the annual "Come and Take It Festival".[9][10]
October 13 – December 9 – Siege of Bexar becomes the first major campaign of the Texas Revolution.
Gonzales County is established.
February 23 – Alamo messenger Launcelot Smithers carries to the people of Gonzales, the Colonel William Barret Travis letter stating the enemy is in sight and requesting men and provisions.
February 24 – Captain Albert Martin delivers to Smithers in Gonzales the infamous "Victory or Death" Travis letter addressed "To the People of Texas and All Americans in the World" stating the direness of the situation. Smithers then takes the letter to San Felipe,[11] site of the provisional Texas government.
February 27 – The Gonzales Alamo Relief Force of 32 men, led by Lieutenant George C. Kimble, depart to join the 130 fighters already at the Alamo.[12]
March 1 – The Gonzales "Immortal 32" make their way inside the Alamo.
March 2 – Texas Declaration of Independence from Mexico establishes the Republic of Texas.
March 6 – The Alamo falls.
March 13–14 – Susanna Dickinson, the widow of the Alamo defender Almaron Dickinson, arrives in Gonzales with her daughter Angelina and Colonel Travis' slave Joe. Upon hearing the news of the Alamo, Sam Houston orders the town of Gonzales torched to the ground, and establishes his headquarters under a county oak tree.[13][14]
April 21–22 – Battle of San Jacinto, Antonio López de Santa Anna captured.
May 14 – Santa Anna signs the Treaties of Velasco.
1838 Gonzales men found the town of Walnut Springs (later Seguin) in the northwest section of the county.
1840 Gonzales men join the Battle of Plum Creek against Buffalo Hump and his Comanches.
1845, December 29 – Texas Annexation by the United States
1846, May 13 – The United States Congress officially declares war on Mexico.
1848, February 2 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ends the Mexican–American War.
1850 Gonzales College is founded by slave-owning planters, and is the first institution in Texas to confer A.B. degrees on women.
1853 The Gonzales Inquirer begins publication.[15]
1860 County population is 8,059, including 3,168 slaves.
County votes 802–80 in favor of secession from the Union.
February 1 – Texas secedes from the Union
March 2 – Texas joins the Confederate States of America
January 1 – Abraham Loncoln announces the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring all slaves in Confederate held territory to be free.[16]
December – The Confederacy commissions Fort Waul, and constructs it with slave labor.[17][18]
The main Confederate armies east of the Mississippi surrender in April, virtually ending the American Civil War. The Confederate military forces in Texas follow suit in May, as the units either surrender or simply disband. The soldiers return to their homes.
June 19 – Major General Gordon Granger arrives in Galveston to enforce the emancipation of all slaves. It is the first time African Americans in Texas know of the Emancipation. The date becomes celebrated annually in Texas as Juneteenth, and later as an official state holiday known as Emancipation Day.[19]
December 6 – The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits slavery.
1866–1876 The Sutton–Taylor feud, which involves outlaw John Wesley Hardin, and is reportedly the bloodiest and longest in Texas history. Hardin's men are known to have stayed in the community of Pilgrim.[20][21]
1870, March 30 – The United States Congress readmits Texas into the Union.
1874 The Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway is built through the eastern and northern part of the county.
1877 The Texas and New Orleans Railway comes to the county.
1881 The Gonzales Branch Railroad is chartered.[22]
1885 The San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway runs through the county.
1894 John Wesley Hardin is released from prison and returns to Gonzales, where he passes the bar exam and practices law.
1898 Twenty-three county men serve, with two casualties, during the Spanish–American War. Three serve with the Rough Riders.
1905 The Southern Pacific line bypasses the community of Rancho.
World War I – 1,106 men from the county serve.
1935 – Governor James Allred dedicates a monument in the community of Cost, commemorating the first shot of the Texas Revolution. Sculptress is Waldine A. Tauch.[23][24]
1936 Palmetto State Park opens to the public.[25]
1939 The Gonzales Warm Springs Foundation opens for the treatment of polio.[26]
World War II – 3,000 men from Gonzales County serve, with 79 casualties.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,070 square miles (2,800 km2), of which 1,067 square miles (2,760 km2) is land and 3.2 square miles (8.3 km2) (0.3%) is water.[27]
Major highways[edit]
U.S. Highway 90 Alternate
U.S. Highway 183
Adjacent counties[edit]
Fayette County (northeast)
Lavaca County (east)
Dewitt County (southeast)
Karnes County (southwest)
Wilson County (southwest)
Guadalupe County (west)
Caldwell County (northwest)
Est. 2016 20,876 [28] 5.4%
As of the census[31] of 2000, there were 18,628 people, 6,782 households, and 4,876 families residing in the county. The population density was 17 people per square mile (7/km²). There were 8,194 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile (3/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 72.25% White, 8.39% Black or African American, 0.53% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 16.48% from other races, and 2.01% from two or more races. 39.62% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 6,782 households out of which 34.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.00% were married couples living together, 12.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.10% were non-families. 25.20% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.21.
In the county, the population was spread out with 28.00% under the age of 18, 8.70% from 18 to 24, 25.70% from 25 to 44, 20.90% from 45 to 64, and 16.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 98.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.00 males.
Communities[edit]
Cities[edit]
Gonzales (county seat)
Nixon (small part in Wilson County)
Waelder
Unincorporated communities[edit]
Monthalia
Ottine
Wrightsboro
Ghost towns[edit]
Cheapside
Presidential elections results[32]
1992 45.0% 2,502 36.1% 2,006 18.9% 1,049
1948 18.5% 666 72.6% 2,612 8.9% 321
1928 45.7% 1,112 54.3% 1,319
1924 14.1% 463 76.0% 2,499 10.0% 328
1916 27.3% 649 70.4% 1,675 2.4% 57
Texas portal
National Register of Historic Places listings in Gonzales County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Gonzales County
^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
^ Dorcas Huff Baumgartner; Genevieve B. Vollentine (June 15, 2010). "Gonzales County". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
^ "Gonzales County". Texas Almanac. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
^ B., BAUMGARTNER, DORCAS HUFF and VOLLENTINE, GENEVIEVE (2010-06-15). "GONZALES COUNTY". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ "A Texas Scrapbook: San Antonio's Military Plaza". www.lsjunction.com. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ "The Magnificent Life of Vicente Ramon Guerrero", CWO
^ "Chieftains of Mexican Independence" Archived 2007-08-16 at the Wayback Machine, Texas A&M University
^ Gonzales C of C Archived 2010-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
^ RICKS, LINDLEY, THOMAS (2010-06-15). "GONZALES "COME AND TAKE IT" CANNON". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ CHRISTOPHER, JACKSON, CHARLES (2010-06-15). "SAN FELIPE DE AUSTIN, TX". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ "Wayback Machine: The DeWitt Colony Alamo Defenders". Internet Archive. 1998-12-02. Archived from the original on 1998-12-02. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ "Sam Houston Oak, Texas historic tree near Gonzales". www.texasescapes.com. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ Texas Historical Markers, Sam Houston Oak Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The Gonzales Inquirer". www.gonzalesinquirer.com. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ "Featured Documents: The Emancipation Proclamation". National Archives. 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ B., MCCRAIN, JAMES (2010-06-12). "FORT WAUL". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ YouTube The Forgotten Fort: Fort Waul, Southern Legacy Films
^ Cinnamon Hearts Juneteenth Archived 2010-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
^ L., SONNICHSEN, C. (2010-06-15). "SUTTON-TAYLOR FEUD". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ "The Sutton-Taylor Feud of DeWitt County, Texas – Legends of America". www.legendsofamerica.com. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ BECK, YOUNG, NANCY (2010-06-15). "GONZALES BRANCH RAILROAD". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ "Cost, Texas; First Shot of the Texas Revolution Monument". www.texasescapes.com. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ KENDALL, CURLEE (2010-06-15). "TAUCH, WALDINE AMANDA". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ "Palmetto State Park — Texas Parks & Wildlife Department". www.tpwd.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ "Gonzales Warm Springs Foundation - Texas Highways". Retrieved 2018-07-24.
^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
^ "Texas Almanac: Population History of Counties from 1850–2010" (PDF). Texas Almanac. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 2018-07-24.
Gonzales County government's website
Gonzales County from the Handbook of Texas Online
Places adjacent to Gonzales County, Texas
Caldwell County Fayette County
Wilson County and Karnes County DeWitt County
Municipalities and communities of Gonzales County, Texas, United States
County seat: Gonzales
Nixon‡
Glaze City
Dewville
Nopkins
Texas portal United States portal
Counties of Texas
Aransas
Briscoe
Collingsworth
Culberson
Dimmit
Foard
Goliad
Irion
Karnes
Lipscomb
McMullen
Willacy
Austin (capital)
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
National Register of Historic Places Sites
Seal of Texas
Ark‑La‑Tex
Blackland Prairies
Brazos Valley
Coastal Bend
Concho Valley
Cross Timbers
Edwards Plateau
Llano Estacado
Osage Plains
Trans-Pecos
Austin–Round Rock
Beaumont–Port Arthur
Brownsville–Harlingen
College Station–Bryan
Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington
Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land
Killeen–Temple
McAllen–Edinburg–Mission
San Antonio–New Braunfels
Sherman–Denison
See: List of counties in Texas
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonzales_County,_Texas&oldid=934929898"
Texas counties
1837 establishments in the Republic of Texas
Articles needing cleanup from December 2013
Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from December 2013
Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers


The University of Toronto is joining Coursera – a platform for offering massive open online courses through partnerships with leading international universities – to launch a new suite of online courses that will be accessible to anyone.
The initiative will enable hundreds of thousands of people world-wide to learn the latest in such areas as neural networks, mental health and Aboriginal education from U of T faculty who are leaders in their fields.
These pilot courses build on Open.UToronto, where members and friends of U of T find, use, create and share openly licensed content, resources and courses. Open.UToronto enriches the global knowledge community with a growing catalogue of lectures and open access sites that includes thousands of pages of digital collections, journals, a research repository, learning objects and courses.
Massive open online courses are an emerging trend in post-secondary education because they provide tremendous potential to bring education to people who do not have access to quality courses. Coursera (www.coursera.org) was developed by professors at Stanford University and earlier this year Princeton, Stanford, the University of Michigan and the University of Pennsylvania joined the consortium. In only six months, the Coursera platform has enabled 680,000 students from 190 countries gain access to 43 different university courses.
The University of Toronto is the first Canadian university to join Coursera.
Initially, U of T will deliver five open access, not-for-credit courses through Coursera. The Faculty of Arts & Science will feature two computer science courses on programming as well as one on neural networks for machine learning. A course on the social context of mental health and illness will be offered by the Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work and U of T's Ontario Institute for Studies in Education will present a course on Aboriginal world views in education.
In addition to U of T, other universities joining Coursera today are the California Institute of Technology, Duke University, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, the University of Edinburgh, Georgia Institute of Technology, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Johns Hopkins University, Rice University, the University of California San Francisco, the University of Virginia and the University of Washington.