text:
A genome-wide association study of non-pathological cognitive ageing
Lead Research Organisation: University of Edinburgh
Department Name: Sch of Philosophy Psychology & Language
There are growing proportions of older people in Western societies, and people are living longer. Therefore, the changes to the body that occur as people grow older have become a research priority. The changes that worry older people most are the changes to the brain. Cognitive decline--changes to thinking skills like memory, reasoning, and speed of thinking--is the most feared aspect of ageing. Cognitive decline is a major contribution to lower quality of life and lost independence in old age. In the United Kingdom, cognitive failure as the critical reason is the cause for 40% of admissions to institutional care. Cognitive impairment is a major personal and social burden both currently and in the future. Retaining cognitive functions must be a priority for older people and good research is needed to inform how this can be done. Cognitive ageing is far more than the medical conditions of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. The greater part of cognitive ageing occurs among otherwise healthy old people. This is known as 'normal, 'usual' and 'non-pathological' cognitive ageing. One of the more remarkable features of normal cognitive ageing is the range of effects. Some people decline quite markedly in thinking skills. whereas others retain these powers very well as they grow older. The aim of this project will be to try to find some of the clues to successful cognitive ageing, to why some people appear to have more cognitive reserve than others. There are a number of hints as to why some people's cognitive abilities show differences in ageing. There are physiological, lifestyle, and social contributions to the ageing of cognitive functions. The emphasis of the present project is on possible genetic contributions to the ageing of cognitive functions. It is important to appreciate that, to conduct such an investigation, it is important to have cognitive functions assessed on at least two occasions, many years apart. It is this aspect of the design that properly allows actual cognitive change to be studied. Few human studies have such data. For this project there will be two of the largest cohorts in the world with the correct cognitive information for such a study. There are about 2000 DNA samples from the University of Edinburgh. Among the subjects who provided these are those that have valid mental test data from the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947, at age 11, and have been tested on cognitive functions in old age. There are about 2000 DNA samples from the University of Manchester's Dyne Steele DNA bank. Again, these subjects are rare in having cognitive function data decades apart. In addition to these rare cognitive data, the cohorts have additional information on health, lifestyle, personality and brain imaging. There are 6000 replication samples available. Since 1998 over twenty genetic variants have been associated with cognitive ability. Unfortunately, a combination of small genetic effects and study populations have resulted in inconsistencies within the literature and confusion as to the whether or not a particular gentic variation is genuinely associated with cognitive ability. Far fewer studies, still, have information on genetic contributions to cognitive change within old age. The project will combine two of the largest and most informative elderly cognitive ageing cohorts in the world. A whole genome screen of their DNA will be conducted using the most up to date genetic testing platform to allow the most detailed screening of an elderly cohort for genes that influence cognitive ability and decline ever attempted. This data may provide invaluable information that could be used in the screening and treatment of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Genetic contributions to cognitive ageing do not imply something untreateable: genetic discoveries lead to understanding of mechanisms, which can lead to intervention. The study will provide definitive and therefore cost effective research.
Cognitive ageing is the most feared aspect of growing old. It leads to lowered quality of life and loss of indendence. It is a huge financial burden to the nation. This involves not just the medical conditions of dementia and mild cognitive impairment but also the range of cognitive change that is referred to as normal, usual or nonpathological cognitive ageing. Understanding the contributions to variance in cognitive ageing is a research priority. The putative influences include medical conditions, fitness, lifestyle and psychosocial and demographic factors. There are also genetic contributions to individual differences in normal cognitive ageing, with variation in APOE among the best replicated. Although there is much interest in discovering the genetic contributions to cognitive ageing there are few appropriate data sets. That is, such a study requires large-enough samples with a rare phenotype: information on how cognition has changed across a sufficiently long period of time. In the present study we shall combine two of the largest cognitive ageing cohorts in the world with such data. There will be DNA and cognitive phenotypes from 2000 samples each at the University of Edinburgh and the University of Manchester. The University of Edinburgh has DNA and cognitive function data from people who took part in the Scottish Mental Survey of 1932 and 1947, at age 11, and were tested again 55-70 years later. The University of Manchester has DNA and cognitive function data in the Dyne Steele bank, with cognitive testing occurring over about 20 years. 4000 subjects' DNA will be subjected to whole genome screening using the Illumina Human370CNV chip. The top 30 SNPs (based on the association with cognitive ageing) will be tested on a further 6000 subjects in replication samples that are available in Scotland. The information from the replicated associations will provide unique information on the causes of cognitive ageing and may indicate paths to intervention.
Aug 08 - Jan 11
BB/F019394/1
Ian J. Deary
University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Collaboration, Lead Research Organisation)
University College London, United Kingdom (Collaboration)
HALCyon (Collaboration)
MaGIC (Collaboration)
Karolinska Institute, Sweden (Collaboration)
NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Watford, United Kingdom (Collaboration)
University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Collaboration)
Imperial College London, United Kingdom (Collaboration)
University of Queensland, Australia (Collaboration)
The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge (Collaboration)
Genetic and Environmental Risk in Alzheimer's Disease (GERAD) (Collaboration)
Ian J. Deary (Principal Investigator)
David Porteous (Co-Investigator)
Albert Tenesa (Co-Investigator)
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Artistic and Creative Products
Impact Summary
Policy Influence
Further Funding
Research Tools and Methods
Title LBC1936 Fast Facts Card
Description Dr Simon Cox and Professor Ian Deary designed a 'Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 Fast Facts Card' - a 12 facet credit-card sized concertina leaflet containing information about the LBC1936 study for distribution to the general public at future KE events, interested academics / potential collaborators, LBC members etc.
Type Of Art Artefact (including digital)
Year Produced 2014
Impact This has been distributed to interested academics and potential collaborators and will be distributed to participants in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Age Scotland have requested 150 and an initial print run consisted of 2000 copies.
Title Lifetimes book - Ann Lingard
Description CCACE collaborated with a local author, Ann Lingard, to create a short book entitled 'Lifetimes - personal stories from the Lothian Birth Cohorts'. Ann interviewed several participants in both Lothian Birth Cohorts 1921 and 1936 and several members of staff, including the Centre director, creating this short collection of life stories. It has been professionally typeset with an attractive cover and introduction by CCACE/LBC director Ian Deary. It is heavily illustrated with photographs reflecting the life courses of the participants and scientists in the Lothian Birth Cohort studies.
Type Of Art Creative Writing
Impact The book has been sent to all CCACE collaborators and contacts, as well as being given out to participants at the Lothian Birth Cohort reunion in April 2014. It has been available to download as an e-book on various websites for many months. About 2000 physical copies of the book have been printed. It is free on iTunes, and there is a nominal cost (77p) on Amazon for a Kindle edition.
URL https://itunes.apple.com/gb/book/lifetimes/id893954634?mt=11
Title Portraits - Fionna Carlisle
Description CCACE has been collaborating with a local artist, Fionna Carlisle, who has painted portraits of the Centre director, Ian Deary, several of the Centre's staff, and a number of participants from the Lothian Birth Cohort studies. She is aiming to complete a collection of over 20 portraits of participants and scientists.
Type Of Art Artwork
Impact The artwork has been displayed at a number of prestigious local and national events, including as part of an exhibition at the British Library in London entitled Portraying Ageing on 28th April 2014, and at local events associated with the MRC Centenary. The CCACE knowledge exchange officer and Fionna Carlisle, along with Centre director Ian Deary, are in discussion with local art galleries and museums with regard to a full-scale exhibition of these portraits and the scientific programme of work which lies behind them.
URL http://www.fionnacarlisle.com/
Description This project combines two of the largest and most informative elderly cognitive ageing cohorts in the world. A whole genome screen of their DNA was performed using the most up to date genetic testing platform to allow the most detailed screening of an elderly cohort for genes that influence cognitive ability and decline. This project has created a resource which combines detailed genetic information with an individual's cognitive ability and its age-related change, for approximately 3,500 individuals. This is an unusual resource as very few studies have detailed cognitive decline data over extended periods of time.One aspect of this project found that intelligence in old age is influenced by many genes each of which has a very small effect. We found that it is possible to predict intelligence, although with limited accuracy, from purely genetic information. We were also able to estimate the proportion of intelligence which is attributable to common variation observed in the genome. Using a similar method we were able to investigate genetic contributions to stability and change in intelligence from childhood to old age.We identified an association of the TOMM40/APOE region of chromosome 19 with cognitive decline. This region is known to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). As part of this study we performed a detailed genetic analysis of this region of the genome which has long been associated with AD. The results of this analysis suggest that APOE has an effect on cognitive decline in healthy older individuals.We were the first group in the world to discover and publish that three genetic differences explain a lot of what makes people's blood clot in different times. Three genetic variants were found to explain ~18% of the variation in activated partial thromboplastin (aPTT) time, a measure of blood clotting time, in the Lothian Birth Cohorts. aPTT is associated with risk of thrombosis and coagulation disorders. This study has also made huge contributions to our knowledge of the genetic bases of bodily physiology and biochemistry through participation in more than 50 large genetic consortia. This has already led to many publications, summarized below, with many more in preparation.Summaries of consortia publications:Measures of lung function indicate respiratory health and are used in the diagnosis of respiratory disease. The effects of 2.5 million genetic variants on lung function measures were analysed in 48,000 individuals. Regions of the genome in or close to 16 genes were found to have an effect on lung function. These genes could be used to develop new drug targets for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Platelets are an essential part of the blood's clotting mechanism. The effects of 2.5 million genetic variants on platelet measures were analysed in 66,000 individuals. Sixty eight regions of the genome were found to be linked to these platelet measures. Animal models, zebra fish and fruit flies, were used for further investigation of these regions and 11 genes were found to play a role in blood cell formation.Previous studies have identified genetic variants which have an effect on blood pressure. In this study the effect of genetic variants on two further blood pressure measures, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP). MAP is used to describe an average blood pressure in an individual and PP is defined as the amount of pressure required to create the feeling of a pulse. Seven new regions, in or close to genes, were found to have an effect on MAP (4), PP (2) or both of the measures (1). These results identified new biological pathways which influence variation in blood pressure. Variation in personality is predictive of many outcomes in life, including mental health. 2.5 million genetic variants were analysed for association with personality measures in approximately 17000 individuals. Personality measures used were Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. One gene, KATNAL2, was found to found to have an effect on conscientiousness, however a follow up analysis in a further 3000 individuals did not confirm this finding. Four genes previously reported to have an effect on early onset Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases were analysed for associations with risk of late onset Alzheimer's disease. Three of the genes studied were not found to contribute to the risk of developing late onset Alzheimer's disease. One gene, MAPT, was found to confer a possible risk, this finding requires further study.Genetic factors that influence success in bodily ageing are thought to also contribute to the successful ageing of mental abilities. Genes found to be linked to longevity in model organisms, yeast and nematodes, were investigated for association with mental ability in around 3500 older individuals and decline in this ability. One gene, SYNJ2, was found to be associated with mental ability in older individuals. Genetic influences on age at natural menopause were investigated in around 44,000 women. Four previously reported genomic regions and 13 new regions were found to be associated with age at menopause. Functions of the genes found in these regions include DNA repair and immune function. A pathway analysis method, used to identify groups of genes linked by function, identified new biological processes linked to timing of menopause.The white matter of the brain forms connections between the nerve cells. White matter integrity is a measure of the health of those connections. Variation at approximately 550,000 genetic markers was investigated for association with white matter integrity in around 500 older individuals. Suggestive links were reported with two genes (ADAMTS18 and LOC388630) however further work is required to confirm these findings. A pathway analysis method, used to identify groups of genes linked by function, identified biological processes - involving transmission of information and cell signaling - linked to white matter integrity measures.
The above was the text entered as of November 2013, this grant ended in 2011. The genetic data collected continue to be highly productive in high-impact scientific reports across many ageing-related and cognitive phenotypes. A full list of publications has been entered and credited to the grant. We foresee this resource continuing to be productive for several years. Some of the key recent papers involve cognition in older age. We are currently still contributing to several dozen genome-wide association consortia and leading several of them. We have enhanced the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data by adding genome-wide methylation data on the Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936. A series of cohort specific and consortium-based papers on epigenetic associations with important cognitive, ageing, and other phenotypes will appear and these will be credited to this BBSRC grant because the epigenetic papers will use the genetic information collected under its funding.
Exploitation Route Knowing the genetic contributions to people's differences in ageing, health, cognition, personality, mood, and other important well-being-related traits is of fundamental importance to medicine and the social sciences. This information, by contrast, informs how much of people's differences in these traits is affected by the environment. Also, knowing genetic associations allows access to mechanistic research on such traits and disorders. Far from being "determined" a genetic influence on a trait or disorder can lead to mechanistic information that can in turn lead to an intervention. We note that several of our studies from this grant have been taken up by the press in a positive way because they have thrown light on the fundamental basis of important human characteristics.
Sectors Communities and Social Services/Policy,Education,Healthcare
Description The findings from this project have contributed to the greater understanding of the genetic and environmental basis of important cognitive and other ageing-related phenotypes. This knowledge is being used to influence advisory strategy and government policy on ageing and cognition. Several years after the end of this grant, the genomic data continue to be used to study many phenotypes, both in the Lothian Birth Cohorts alone, and in large consortia.
Sector Communities and Social Services/Policy,Education,Healthcare
Impact Types Policy & public services
Description Forum "Influencing the trajectories of ageing" - Ian Deary
Geographic Reach National
Policy Influence Type Participation in a national consultation
Impact The Academy of Medical Science brought together international experts on the influences on human and other animal ageing systems. These were presented in a forum conducted under Chatham House rules. There was an invited audience of about 60 experts in total. Each of the presentations-including Ian Deary's-was summarised and compiled in a report that was made available as an online PDF, communicated to the news media, and is intended to influence policy makers on the important issue of how to optimise the trajectories of human health across the full life course.
URL https://acmedsci.ac.uk/more/news/trajectories-of-ageing-balancing-longevity-and-health
Description Government Office for Science "Evidence and Options for Preserving Cognition Through Life" - Ian Deary
Policy Influence Type Participation in a advisory committee
URL http://www.ccace.ed.ac.uk/node/336
Description ADRC - Scotland, ESRC
Amount £7,930,752 (GBP)
Funding ID ES/L007487/1
Organisation Economic and Social Research Council
Sector Public
Start 11/2013
End 10/2018
Description How do peripheral and central vascular markers relate to cognitive decline? - Deary
Amount £91,000 (GBP)
Organisation Medical Research Council (MRC)
Description INTERpreting epigenetic signatires in Studies of Early Life Adversity (interSTELA) - Deary
Amount £199,512 (GBP)
Funding ID ES/N000382/1
Description MRC Integrated dementia research environment
Description MRC UK Dementia Platform
Description Project grant - JPND (Deary)
Funding ID MR/N027558/1
Department MRC Human Nutrition Research Group
Sector Academic/University
Description Seniors USP - LLHW
Department Lifelong Health and Wellbeing (LLHW)
Title Liewald - CCACE cluster
Description The CCACE computer cluster has been designed to allow it to deal with large GWAS datasets held by CCACE such as 1000G, exome sequencing and also the Generation Scotland reference genome sets. In conjunction with this are new file handling and merging techniques and pipelines which had to be developed to allow researchers to access and utilise these huge data resources.
Type Of Material Biological samples
Provided To Others? No
Impact We have the capability of conducting, securely, large scale genetic analyses for our team and of allowing access to collaborators internationally.
Description A genome-wide methylation study of human ageing - Sarah Harris
Organisation University of Queensland
Department University of Queensland Diamantina Institute
PI Contribution A collaboration with the University of Queensland, Australia entitled A genome-wide methylation study of human ageing was instigated at the end of 2012. LBC1936 and LBC1921 DNA samples were typed using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility (WTCRF). Quality control of the data was performed at the University of Queensland and analyses are ongoing at both CCACE and the University of Queensland. Both parties contributed financially to this project. CCACE contributed £300,000 and University of Queensland contributed £100,000.
Collaborator Contribution Quality control of the data and analyses are ongoing at both CCACE and the University of Queensland. Both parties contributed financially to this project.
Impact Several papers have been published.
Start Year 2012
Description GERAD consortium - GWAS of Alzheimer's disease
Organisation Genetic and Environmental Risk in Alzheimer's Disease (GERAD)
Sector Charity/Non Profit
PI Contribution GERAD provided us with summary data from a large genome-wide association study of Alzheimer's Disease. From this we created polygenic risk scores for Alzheimer's disease in members of LBC1936, LBC1921, ABC1936 and the Manchester and Newcastle Longitudinal Studies of Cognitive Ageing.
Collaborator Contribution See above.
Impact The following publication has arisen: Harris SE, Davies G, Luciano M, Payton A, Fox HC, Haggarty P, Ollier W, Horan M, Porteous DJ, the Genetic and Environmental Risk for Alzheimer's Disease (GERAD1) Consortium, Starr JM, Whalley LJ, Pendleton N, Deary IJ (2014) Polygenic risk for Alzheimer's Disease is not associated with cognitive ability or cognitive aging in non-demented older people. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 39(3):565-74. doi: 10.3233/JAD-131058.
Description HALCyon
Organisation HALCyon
PI Contribution The HALCyon collaborative research programme is funded by the UK Research Councils. From the Centre, Ian Deary, John Starr and Catherine Gale are PI's. The Centre receives funding from HALCyon. It is a consortium of ageing cohorts across the UK which has the aim of helping improve the lives of older people through better understanding of how healthy ageing is affected by social, psychological and biological factors acting across the whole of a person?EUR(TM)s life. It brings together an interdisciplinary group of scientists working on nine UK cohort studies to understand three main aspects of healthy ageing. The Edinburgh based Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study forms one of the nine cohorts who contribute data.
Collaborator Contribution Data from the LBC 1936 and 1921 studies have contributed to the overall meta-analysis.
Impact Publications are emerging. The following papers have been published: 19864640 20214846 20843964 21225350 21297868 21332924 21349224 21542061 22114723 25073452 24563560 24365661 23922731 23894584. Further analyses are underway and publications are being prepared.
Description Human episodic memory - Davies/Deary
Organisation Imperial College London
PI Contribution Title: Integrated systems approach identifies genetic nodes and network for human episodic memory This collaboration is based in the UK. Genome-wide association analyses of memory phenotypes were performed on the Lothian Birth Cohorts in an attempt to replicate findings from a co-expression network analysis performed on human hippocampus samples.
Collaborator Contribution See above
Impact We were able to successfully replicate these findings and a manuscript has been submitted. This collaboration is multi-disciplinary, it involves genetics, psychology (cognition), genomic medicine, Clinical neurogenetics, and neurology.
Description International genetics collaboration investigating runs of homozygosity (ROHgen)
Organisation University of Edinburgh
Department Centre for Population Health Sciences
PI Contribution This is an international collaboration investigating the effects of runs of homozygosity on a number of health-related traits including cognition. Manuscript in preparation.
Collaborator Contribution This is an international collaboration investigating the effects of runs of homozygosity on a number of health-related traits including cognition. Manuscript in preparation.
Impact Manuscript published.
Description MAGIC - international glycaemic traits genetics consortium
Organisation MAGIC
PI Contribution The is an international glycaemic traits genetics consortium. Current work is focussed on analysis of exome chip data.
Collaborator Contribution The is an international glycaemic traits genetics consortium. Current work is focussed on analysis of exome chip data.
Impact Manuscript in preparation.
Description MRC Centre for Analysis in Translational Epidemiology
Organisation University of Bristol
Department MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology
PI Contribution MRC CAiTE Director, Professor George Davey Smith from Bristol, invited Ian Deary begin_of_the_skype_highlighting end_of_the_skype_highlighting and the CCACE to be a formal collaborator with his Centre.
Collaborator Contribution Formal collaborations have been made between the two Centres which has resulted in new research.
Impact Members from each Centre are collaborating on new research topics and have papers in preparation with some published (18994662 18704700). This collaboration has also resulted in the CHIC consortium: see separate entry. 25201988 23722424 23358156. Davey Smith and senior members of his team are providing the expertise for a CCACE special interest day in epigenetics in November 2014 and Davey Smith is giving the CCACE St Andrew's Day lecture in 2014.
Description MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit in Bristol partnership - David Hill
Department MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit
PI Contribution My contributions to this were to supply data, as well as to assist in the interpretation and write up of the manuscript
Collaborator Contribution Perform the analyses, and to draft the manuscript.
Impact This has resulted in two papers submitted (Anderson, E. L., (2019) and Davies et al., (20019)). Both of these manuscripts utilise bivariate Mendelian randomisation to examine the unique effects education and intelligence have on Alzheimer's disease and a broad range of health and anthropometric variables.
Description Molecular genetic data to inform about the causes of socioeconomic differences - David Hill
Organisation Karolinska Institute
PI Contribution David Hill leads a project aiming to use molecular genetic data to inform about the causes of socioeconomic differences.
Collaborator Contribution MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit in Bristol performed a causal analysis using the data provided by David Hill. Karolinska Institutet, UCL Institute of Neurology in London, provided access to data on cell-type specific gene expression found in cortical tissues. NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge provided GWAS data.
Impact David Hill is currently working on corrections of the manuscript that details the project's findings.
Organisation NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT)
Organisation The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge
Organisation University College London
Description Peter Visscher group - University of Queensland
Department Queensland Institute of Medical Research
PI Contribution Provided cohorts with phenotypic data and genetic information, plus analysis. This was formally the collaboration with Queensland Institute of Medical Research.
Collaborator Contribution Provided cohorts with phenotypic data and genetics information, plus analysis.
Impact Publications have now arisen: PMIDs: 25249537, 25201988, 23732877, 23419543, 23358156, 23207651, 22832902, 22703881, 22700061, 22258510, 21826061, 1559497, 20303064, 19944402, 19290744, 19077176, 9077115, 18946731, 18493267, 24944428, 24554214, 23732877
Description University of Queensland - genome-wide methylation study
PI Contribution LBC1936 and LBC1921 DNA samples were typed using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility (WTCRF). Quality control of the data was performed at the University of Queensland and analyses are ongoing at both CCACE and the University of Queensland.
Collaborator Contribution See above. Quality control of the data was performed at the University of Queensland.
Impact The following paper has been published: Shah S, McRae AF, Marioni RE, Harris SE, Gibson J, Henders AK, Redmond P, Cox SR, Pattie A, Corley J, Murphy L, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Starr JM, Wray NR, Deary IJ, Visscher PM. (2014). Genetic and environmental exposures constrain epigenetic drift over the human life course. Genome Res doi:10.1101/gr.176933.114.
Description "Financial Abuse of Older People" - Stuart Ritchie
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Primary Audience Third sector organisations
Results and Impact February 18 2016: took part in a seminar on Financial Abuse of Older People at Age UK, alongside members of the police, policymakers, and charity workers.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2016
Description 'AgeWell' annual event - Stuart Ritchie
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact September 1 2016: gave a talk on the LBC1936 to the 'AgeWell' annual event (general public audience) at the University of Birmingham.
Description Adam Smith Institute's 'Forum' event - Stuart Ritchie
Geographic Reach Regional
Results and Impact December 3 2016: gave a talk on intelligence generally, including LBC1936 data, for the Adam Smith Institute's 'Forum' event (audience: general public).
Description Age UK Bake Sale
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Geographic Reach Local
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact CCACE core staff and members help a bake sale in aid of Age UK in February 2016. The charity event was held in the Department of Psychology and was open to anyone who wanted to buy. Prizes were awarded for the cake that best linked to an area of research or study, and the most amusing design.
Description BBC1 television series "Holding back the years"
Form Of Engagement Activity A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Results and Impact Bill Turnbull, star of BBC's Breakfast News TV, Strictly Come Dancing, Classic FM etc., came to the Psychology department on 23rd January 2017 with a BBC film crew to find out about the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936)/Disconnected Mind study.
BBC1 are planning a series in the Spring called 'Holding back the years'. Each programme will feature a celebrity revisiting a place that means a lot to them, and the programmes will have a focus on the processes of human ageing. Mr Turnbull was at the University of Edinburgh in the 1970's (he shared a flat with Gordon Brown for a term!), and so his programme is based here. It was natural that, to find out more about ageing, and with an Edinburgh locus, he and the BBC filming team visited the LBC1936. A busy afternoon's filming was filled with his interviewing LBC1936 Director Ian Deary, speaking with about a dozen of the LBC1936 participants, and seeing and taking part in some cognitive testing. Look out for the series, especially the Edinburgh-based Bill Turnbull programme in a few months' time.
Description British Academy debate 29th April 2014
Part Of Official Scheme? Yes
Results and Impact The Centre director, Ian Deary, presented the work of the Centre as part of a debate entitled The best years of our lives? on 29th April 2014. This was very well attended - around 300 people - and well publicised by the British Academy and beyond. The debate was chaired by well-known broadcaster Sally Magnusson (who recently wrote a book on dementia which had extended interviews with Ian Deary and John Starr), and also had contributions from Age UK's Professor James Goodwin, Alzheimers Scotland's Henry Simmons, and Professor Catharine Ward-Thompson.
The event was well publicised and recordings of the debate made available through social media and the British Academy website. There was a lively discussion after the debate.
Description Cox - Colinton Literary Society, Feb 2014
Results and Impact Simon Cox presented a talk entitled New Adventures in Cognitive Ageing Research: The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 & 1936 at The Colinton Literary Society, Edinburgh, UK. February. (c.50 attendees).
The event was successful in disseminating information on the work of the Centre and Lothian Birth Cohort studies to members of the public.
Description Deary - British Academy Expert Workshop
Form Of Engagement Activity A formal working group, expert panel or dialogue
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other academic audiences (collaborators, peers etc.)
Results and Impact With CCACE fellow-elect, Dr Stuart Ritchie, Ian Deary obtained funding for and organised this British Academy-funded workshop on processing speed and its importance for cognitive ageing in humans held in April 2014. Among the 13 attendees were international experts from the USA, Europe and the UK. Also, Professor James Goodwin for Age UK attended in order to achieve knowledge exchange and impact for the discussions.
All of the discussions were audio recorded and slides made available. There were several impacts. First, Ian Deary and Stuart Ritchie wrote a summary article for British Academy Review and this made available the questions and discussion on processing speed to other academics. Second, Professor James Thompson of University College London extensively reported several of the talks with their Powerpoint slides on his much-read psychology blog, which reaches academics and lay people. Third, Professor James Goodwin took the results and their impact back to Age UK with a view to discussing how these were relevant to Age UK's aims in helping older people.
Description Deary - Glasgow Centre for Population Health
Results and Impact Invited seminar: Deary, I. J. (2014). Healthy cognitive ageing. Glasgow Centre for Population Health. Glasgow, UK, January. Ian Deary gave a talk on the follow-up studies of the Scottish Mental Surveys, especially the Lothian Birth Cohort studies of 1921 and 1936. It was described how these contribute to what we know about protective and risk factors for healthy cognitive ageing. The topic of dementia was also discussed. There was a lengthy question session afterwards and Professor Deary had drinks with the audience and had further discussion.
A video of the talk was placed on the GCPH website and has been viewed many times.
Description Deary - Healthy ageing LBC studies Inner Wheel Club Edinburgh
Results and Impact Deary, I. J. (2014). Healthy ageing: clues from the Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936. The Inner Wheel Club of Edinburgh. Edinburgh, UK, February. Ian Deary gave a talk on the follow-up studies of the Scottish Mental Surveys, especially the Lothian Birth Cohort studies of 1921 and 1936. It was described how these contribute to what we know about protective and risk factors for healthy cognitive ageing. The topic of dementia was also discussed. There was a lengthy question session afterwards and Professor Deary took soup and sandwiches with the audience and had further discussion.
After this talk the organisers thought it was so important and successful that they passed on Professor Deary's details to other group organisers and subsequent invitations ensued.
Description Deary - Healthy cognitive ageing, York University
Results and Impact Ian Deary was invited to give a seminar on Healthy cognitive ageing at the University of York, October 2014.
Interest and enthusiasm shown by attendees, and increased knowledge of the work of the Centre and LBC studies. The host, Dr Gary Lewis, after discussion with Professor Deary, has established plans for a new collaboration with the Lothian Birth Cohort studies.
Description Deary - Leith Probus Club
Results and Impact Invited talk: Deary, I. J. (2013). The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Leith Probus Club. Edinburgh, UK, October. Ian Deary gave a talk on the follow-up studies of the Scottish Mental Surveys, especially the Lothian Birth Cohort studies of 1921 and 1936. It was described how these contribute to what we know about protective and risk factors for healthy cognitive ageing. The topic of dementia was also discussed. There was a lengthy question session afterwards and Professor Deary took tea with the audience and had further discussion.
Description Deary - MRC Network spring 2014
Form Of Engagement Activity A magazine, newsletter or online publication
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact The MRC's publication, Network, published an article on Centre Director Ian Deary's workspace, which showcased the work of the Centre in spring 2014.
As is typical with these sorts of magazine-type articles, it attracted a lot of comment and attention, and many people, as a result, asked Professor Deary and colleagues about the history of the Scottish Mental Surveys and the work of the Lothian Birth Cohorts.
Description Deary - Pilrig St Paul's Guild, Edinburgh
Results and Impact Invited talk: Deary, I. J. (2013). The Scottish Mental Surveys and healthy cognitive and brain ageing. Pilrig St Paul's Guild. Edinburgh, UK, November. Ian Deary gave a talk on the follow-up studies of the Scottish Mental Surveys, especially the Lothian Birth Cohort studies of 1921 and 1936. It was described how these contribute to what we know about protective and risk factors for healthy cognitive ageing. The topic of dementia was also discussed. There was a lengthy question session afterwards and Professor Deary took tea with the audience and had further discussion.
Description Disconnected Mind newsletter - 2013+
Results and Impact The Disconnected Mind project, which includes the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study and involves many of the Centre's members, produces a quarterly newsletter summarising study progress, impact and the latest research findings. This is distributed to approximately 126 funders and research collaborators across the UK.
The newsletter is sent to funders as well as research collaborators, and information on the study and its findings has been used by Age UK, the LBC1936 study's main funders, in their publications.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2013,2014
Description Edinburgh International Science Festival 2014
Results and Impact CCACE held an interactive stall in the Museum of Scotland as part of the family drop-in activities at the Edinburgh International Science Festival 15th-19th April 2014. This was visited by over 2000 people over the course of the week, including Age UK's Chief Executive, Tom Wright. The stall and activities showcased the work of the Centre, particularly the Lothian Birth Cohort studies.
Children and parents were able to engage with many displays and objects relating to brain function and brain ageing. As in previous years many hundreds of people engaged with the Centre's representatives and illustrations of its work.
Description Frontiers BBC Radio 4 - LBC June 2014
Form Of Engagement Activity A press release, press conference or response to a media enquiry/interview
Results and Impact Results from the Lothian Birth Cohort studies were discussed by Ian Deary on BBC Radio 4's Frontiers programme, looking at the latest thinking about our brain power in old age. Robert Logie also discussed cognitive ageing on the programme.
The Lothian Birth Cohort studies were discussed alongside Cambridge studies and a provocative idea that there might be much less cognitive ageing than these studies suggest. As a result, there was discussion in the media, which reached the Centre, about the LBC studies.
Description HMC conference - Stuart Ritchie
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact October 4 2016: gave a talk on intelligence generally, including LBC1936 data, to the HMC conference (audience: headteachers) in Stratford
Description Hosting work experience pupils
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact CCACE hosted a series of work experience placements for pupils in s5/6 (secondary school). Pupils were given the opportunity to meet with CCACE members and observe some of the work of the Centre, including brain imaging, cognitive testing, and public engagement.
These placements were a great success, with several schools expressing an interest in sending pupils to the Centre for work experience in the future.
Description Life as a geneticist - Harris
Results and Impact A morning session talking to primary school children about life as a geneticist. The children made DNA models out of sweets and cocktail sticks (February 2016).
Description Lifetimes event at Midlothian Science Festival
Results and Impact Discussion session about the history and current research relating to the Lothian Birth Cohorts, and a showing of the short film The Living Brainabout the Lothian Birth Cohorts. Followed by hands-on reaction time testing and demonstration of brain images/3D printouts.
~30 members of the public attended a talk and a Q and A session.
A great deal of interest in the Lothian Birth Cohort studies and multiple Q andA sessions with a very engaged audience.
URL http://midlothiansciencefestival.com/event/lifetimes/
Description Lothian Birth Cohort reunion April 2014
Primary Audience Participants in your research and patient groups
Results and Impact A reunion for participants in the Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936 was held on April 17th 2014 in Edinburgh. Presentations were given by main Principal Investigators and study co-ordinator on the results of the study to date, and short presentations were given on offshoot studies including the 6-Day Sample study and the MRC-funded Seniors USP study from which Dr Philippa Dall presented. There was also a premiere of the film "The Living Brain" made by Anne Milne.
Participants enjoyed the day and were interested and engaged in the information presented. They were given the opportunity to ask questions towards the end of the day and a great range of questions were received and answered. Talks from the reunion are on YouTube http://youtu.be/v1v7mHGkkgI
URL http://youtu.be/v1v7mHGkkgI
Description MRC Festival of Medical Research 2016 - Brain Maze event
Results and Impact In June 2016 CCACE opened its doors to the public for the second outing of our popular Brain Maze event. CCACE joined forces with the Centre for Regeneritive Medicine to put on the interactive open day event as part of the Medical Research Council's Festival of Medical Research.
The sell out event (around 50-60 people took part in some way) led people through the maze of corridors and rooms in the basement of the Department of Psychology, where CCACE is based. In each of the 11 rooms, the had 10 minutes to experience a different aspect of the ageing brain and body. Popular activities included a supermarket sweep game, shopping for the lifestyle factors which affect how our brain ages (like smoking) while busting a few myths (like the lack of effect of brain training). The Maze finished with a cafe where participants got the chance to speak with scientists and reflect on their experience of the Maze. One of the main comments was that, having spent 2 hours in the maze chatting to scientists, people would have liked more time in each room. A great endosement of the time and effort invested by CCACE and CRM staff and students.
URL http://www.ccace.ed.ac.uk/news-events/latest/maze2
Description National Museum of Scotland Science Saturday
Results and Impact October 2016: "Science Saturday" event at the National Museums of Scotland showcases gene science and the impact and relevance of our research to human health and society.
The Science Saturday event was open to all, with a mini-symposium and debate session, in addition to a Market Place event held in the main hall area. Stands representing the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, the MRC Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Generation Scotland, the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Genetics Core, Edinburgh Genomics, the Usher Institute, the Mason Institute for medicine, life-sciences and the law, the Institute for the study of Science, Technology and Innovation and the MRC Farr, Edinburgh all set up shop to describe their take on gene science and the impact and relevance to human health and society.
The talk and exhibition sparked questions and discussion afterwards.
URL http://www.ed.ac.uk/centre-genomic-medicine/news-events/news-2016/science-saturday
Description Professor Sir Godfrey Thomson exhibition
Results and Impact A treasure trove of artefacts relating to this pioneering educational psychologist will be displayed at the Univeristy of Edinburgh from Friday 29th July until 29th October. Entrance to the exhibition is free, and it is open to the public.
Piles of intriguing ledgers and personal mementos will feature in an exhibition reconstructing the life and work of Professor Sir Godfrey Thomson. Sir Godfrey - who led the world's only nationwide IQ tests, in Scotland - was an innovative educator who firmly belived that educational opportunity should not be linked to social staus. From the 1920s onwards he advocated comprehensive education. Thomson was based at the Moray House School of Education, now part of the University of Edinburgh. His greatest legacy for today's researchers was to test the intelligence of almost every Scottish 11-year-old child in 1932, and again in 1947.
For the first time, the Scottish Mental Survey's unique ledgers will go on public view, with a selection of sample pages on show. The ledgers hold the world's only record of IQ-type scores from full national year-of-birth cohorts.
Sir Godfrey's findings have formed the basis of much of the cutting-edge research at the University of Edinburgh since the late 1990's into how the brain ages, led by Professor Ian Deary. His team studies the now-older people who took part in the Scottish Mental Surveys.
Ian has spent the past decade investigating Sir Godfrey's life, and in 2008 he rescued a mass of never-before-seen documents and objects from Thomson's family home in Edinburgh, just before it was demolished. A selection of those artefacts, portraits and documents feature in the exhibition, telling the story of who Sir Godfrey was and what his motivations were.
Ian Deary said: "Godfrey Thomson saw mental ability tests as an imperfect but useful means to give poor children a chance in life. He was determined to look past pupils' social status, and try to see their underlying ability. By all accounts he was modest, not motivated by money, and happy to share academic wins, which in part led him to fade from the history books. I'm delighted we are now able better to understand and evaluate the pioneering work of this multi-talented and elusive man."
8103 individuals visited the exhibition.
URL http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-36894717
Description Ritchie - Infinite Monkey Cage, August 2014
Results and Impact Centre member Stuart Ritchie participated as a panelist on BBC Radio 4's Infinite Monkey Cage programme, broadcast on 11 August 2014. In this, Ritchie discussed the nature, causes and consequences of people's intelligence differences, showcasing the work of the Centre and discussing causes of people's differences in cognitive ageing.
This programme has a large audience and the Centre's work on cognitive abilities and cognitive ageing will have been heard by a large number of people.
Description STV coverage - LBC reunion
Results and Impact The LBC reunion, organised and facilitated by CCACE, was covered on STV news on 17th April 2014.
Description Science Magazine article 31st October 2014
Results and Impact The work of the Centre, in particular the Lothian Birth Cohorts, was featured in a 4-page article in Science Magazine by Emily Underwood. This was published on 31st October 2014 and promoted through various social media outlets.
It is very unusual to have the world's top general science journal devote four pages to a single set of studies, i.e. our Lothian Birth Cohort studies. The prominence of this story meant that we obtained large numbers of national and international contacts indicating that they had seen and enjoyed the report, and wanted to know more about the studies.
URL http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6209/568.summary


text:
ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = 'test'
ENGINE_RAILS_ROOT = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../')

if ENV['CODECLIMATE_REPO_TOKEN']
  require 'codeclimate-test-reporter'
  CodeClimate::TestReporter.start
end

require File.expand_path('../dummy/config/environment.rb', __FILE__)
ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = [File.expand_path('../../test/dummy/db/migrate', __FILE__)]
ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths << File.expand_path('../../db/migrate', __FILE__)
require 'vcr'
require 'rspec/rails'

ActiveRecord::Migration.maintain_test_schema!

RSpec.configure do |c|
  c.expect_with :rspec do |expectations|
    expectations.include_chain_clauses_in_custom_matcher_descriptions = true
  end

  c.use_transactional_fixtures = true
  c.filter_run :focus
  c.run_all_when_everything_filtered = true

  c.disable_monkey_patching!

  c.warnings = true

  c.default_formatter = 'doc' if c.files_to_run.one?

  c.order = :random

  Kernel.srand c.seed
end

VCR.configure do |c|
  c.cassette_library_dir = 'spec/fixtures/vcr_cassettes'
  c.hook_into :webmock
  c.configure_rspec_metadata!
  c.ignore_hosts 'codeclimate.com'
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Weiss B. Hamid
Email: whamid@buchalter.com
Languages: Dari
Offices: Los Angeles
Bar Admissions: California, District of Columbia
Weiss B. Hamid is a member of the Litigation Practice Group in the Firm's Los Angeles office. Mr. Hamid focuses his practice on complex commercial litigation, representing clients across a wide variety of industries. Mr. Hamid has experience representing franchisors, large corporations and start-up companies in various matters ranging from intellectual property, partnership disputes, and employment matters in both state and federal courts.
Mr. Hamid is also a certified information privacy professional in U.S. privacy law (CIPP/US) by the International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP).* His practice also includes privacy and cybersecurity.
During law school, Mr. Hamid served as a judicial extern for the United States Bankruptcy Court, Central District of California.
*This certification does not designate a legal specialization.
Cybersecurity Law
Mr. Hamid earned his J.D. from Loyola Law School in Los Angeles where he was Editor-in-Chief of the Los Angeles Public Interest Law Journal. Mr. Hamid earned his B.A., in Political Science from the University of California, Los Angeles.
U.S. District Court of Central California
U.S. District Court of Southern California

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
"Rogers The Musical": explanation of the Avengers musical
What is the explanation for "Rogers The Musical" from the Avengers? The first chapter of "Hawkeye", The new Disney Plus series about the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), has been well received by specialized critics and the general public, because not only does it deliver another type of style with the story of the character starring Jeremy Renner, but which also includes Kate Bishop (Hailee Steinfeld), a hot new character.
Of course, with each new material in the MCU, questions arise, theories and other aspects that fans watch meticulously. The references, of course, are the most significant mark of this type of international productions.
For this reason, the recently released series on Hawkeye does not escape this, especially by the inclusion of the musical dedicated to Steve Rogers, Captain America, and the Avengers, to which Clint Barton attends in New York with his children, two years after the events of "Avengers: Endgame".
The Broadway staging has been created by Marc Shaiman y Scott Wittman, two great names in the theater who have already shone with "The return of Mary Poppins", "Hairspray", among others. But this piece has much more to tell because of the explanation behind its appearance in "Hawkeye".
"Rogers The Musical", Appeared in" Hakweye ", the new series of the MCU in Disney Plus, has a series of references not only with Avengers, but also with "Hamilton", The musical that focuses on one of America's founders. The first analogy that is found, both in the posters of both pieces, are evident, as in the posters and in the scenography.
Both, in addition, are focused on two figures that were fundamental for the formation of USA in their various universes, of course. Jonathan Igla, one of the creators of the new production, said that it occurred to him to mix the references of both productions when he saw a billboard for "Hamilton" from his car.
While "Rogers The Musical"Has a series of References on how The Avengers They saved New York and how they were also blamed for the destruction of that city. Although it focuses on the figure of Steve Rogers, the Captain America, it also gives a lot of notoriety to Ant-Man, Hulk, among other characters from the MCU.
In the series of Disney Plus, Kate Bishop A young woman from a wealthy family who becomes a fan of Clint Barton, she sets out to be another hero with a bow and arrow, first adopting the identity of Ronin and then fighting alongside him against a criminal plot.
Katherine Elizabeth Bishop, created by writer Allan Heinberg and artist Jim Cheung, appeared in comic books by de Marvel in "Young Avengers" # 1 (April 2005). She is the third character and the first woman to take the name of Hawkeye, after Clint Barton of the Avengers and Wyatt McDonald of the Supreme Squad.
After the death of his mother and the crimes of his father, Kate Bishop He rejected family wealth and followed in Clint Barton's footsteps when he was believed to be dead. When he was part of the Young Avengers he won the approval of Captain America himself.
After Clint's return, Kate joins him, moves to Los Angeles and operates as an unlicensed private investigator and a hero for hire. Sometimes the connection between them is complicated, but they always reconcile because she regards Clint as her family.
Among his main allies are his past teammates: Iron Lad, Hulkling, Wiccan, Speed, Miss America, Patriot, Prodigy, Stature, Vision, Noh-Varr and Loki. Additionally, Kate has become romantically involved with Patriot and Noh-Varr while sharing a less serious connection with Speed.


text:
Italian ADUC sues Microsoft over Windows tax
By Staff Writer 2011-01-25T15:41:00.24Z
A consumer rights group in Italy has filed suit against software giant Microsoft, claiming that the company makes it near-impossible to receive a refund for unused copies of Windows supplied pre-installed on computers.
ADUC, the associazione per i diritti degli utenti e consumatori - roughly translated as 'association for the rights of users and consumers' - has filed suit against Microsoft in the Milanese courts, claiming that the company needs to make it easier for those who have received unwanted and unused software to receive refunds.
As in the UK, almost every consumer-grade system sold in Italy comes with a copy of Microsoft Windows. If a consumer wants to install their own operating system, this software goes unused.
It's a surprisingly little-known fact - and one that Microsoft is keen to keep that way - that this unused software has a residual cash value, and can be refunded on application.
ADUC claims that this process of applying for a refund is far too difficult, and Microsoft needs to step in to aid manufacturers in making the process significantly easier for consumers.
The group has already won a case against Hewlett Packard on the same grounds, claiming in 2007 that it failed to refund customers who weren't using their HP-supplied copies of Windows XP. In a statement, the group claimed: "That ruling opened the way for consumers to apply for the refund, so now we turn the Court of Milan directly against Microsoft."
Microsoft has yet to issue a statement on the filing, which can be downloaded in full (PDF) - in Italian.
pre-installed windows
windows refund
windows tax
Data breach whistle-blowers rise after GDPR
Internet of Things presents the next frontier of cyberattacks
GFTL: Storage's Tour de France


text:
Indonesia a step closer to controlling Grasberg mine
Asia times - July 17, 2018
John McBeth, Jakarta – The prolonged talks between the Indonesian government and Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold have passed another milestone with Freeport, partner Rio Tinto and state-owned holding company PT Inalum signing an agreement under which Rio Tinto will sell its stake in Papua's fabulously rich Grasberg mine.
Coming a year after the two main parties agreed on a framework deal which President Joko Widodo's administration over-optimistically hailed as a breakthrough, the new non-binding "Heads of Agreement" sets down a valuation of the mine's assets and describes a pathway to Freeport's eventual 51.2% divestment.
Politically, it is the target Widodo was anxious to reach before the end of June as he gears up for the simultaneous April 2019 presidential and legislative elections. But it doesn't resolve the key issues of managerial control over the mine, international arbitration and newly introduced environmental regulations.
Indeed, with analysts and social media commentators this time openly skeptical about the implications of the July 12 agreement, it appears to place more pressure on the government to get the final deal done before rather than after the elections as the opposition looks for ammunition to bring down the high-flying president.
Inalum will pay US$3.5 billion for Rio Tinto's 40% participating interest in PT Freeport Indonesia (PTFI) and another US$350 million for the 9.36% stake held by Indocopper Investama, a Freeport unit controlled on separate occasions by influential Indonesian businessmen Bob Hasan and Aburizal Bakrie, who once enjoyed close relations with storied former Freeport chairman Jim-Bob Moffett.
Rio Tinto, an Anglo-Australian mining giant, entered into an agreement with Freeport in 1996 that gave it the right to 40% of production above a certain level and 40% of all production after 2022 in exchange for investing in the Grasberg's early underground block-caving operations that now make up more than a third of its output.
Added to the 9.36% stake the state already owns in the Indonesian subsidiary, converting Rio Tinto's stake into PTFI shares through a subsequent rights issue will give it the controlling interest, which Widodo hailed as a "big leap forward" in allowing Indonesia to increase its income from the mine.
According to some reports, Inalum will receive US$5.2 billion in funding from a consortium of 11 foreign and domestic banks, including Citibank, HSBC, Standard Chartered, BPP Paribas, Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFG, OCBC, SMBC, CIMB Niaga and state-owned Mandiri, Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) and Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI).
Inalum chief executive officer Budi Gunardi Sadikan, who has said the company is putting forward US$1.5 million in equity, did not respond to an e-mailed request to confirm the amount, but the loan is still dependent on a sales and purchase agreement being executed in 30 days and reaching closure a month after that.
"Given the terms that remain to be agreed, there is no certainty that a transaction will be completed," Rio Tinto said in a sobering statement. "Any final agreements will be subject to approval by the necessary government regulators and authorities."
Wrapping up all the outstanding issues by early September when the 2019 presidential campaign officially gets under way will be no mean feat given the way the two sides have haggled over the one issue of managerial control for more than a year now without resolution.
Phoenix-based Freeport chairman Richard Adkerson has told negotiators from the finance, state enterprise and energy and mineral resources ministries that the company must continue to retain managerial as well as operational control to ensure conformity with the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
Who will operate the mine itself is not an issue, but it is the management that will be in charge of parceling out the lucrative procurement contracts associated with the Grasberg's current conversion from an open pit – which runs out of ore next month – to the world's biggest underground mine with hundreds of kilometers of electric railway connecting to five different ore bodies.
Notorious for its rent-seeking practices, Indonesia scored only 37 out of 100 on Transparency International's 2017 Corruption Perceptions Index, putting it in 96th place among 180 countries. Illustrating the slow progress that has been made in Indonesia's so-called war on corruption, the country's score has moved only five points in five years.
The index is mostly based on business perceptions and puts special emphasis on licensing and similar red tape issues, but Indonesia's standing with the business community wasn't helped by the US$173 million identity card graft case, which sent House Speaker Setya Novanto to jail for 15 years earlier this year.
Although he was later reinstated, Novanto was forced to resign as speaker in 2015 for allegedly conspiring with oil mafia kingpin Muhammad Reza Chalid to shakedown Freeport; in a secretly taped hotel conversation, Novanto was heard demanding PTFI shares in exchange for an early extension to Freeport's contract.
Freeport has insisted on appointing the new PTFI president director, who will then assign responsibilities to the executives under him. Given the fact that an Indonesian has filled that post for decades, analysts are puzzled why the two sides can't come up with an inventive solution that would address both their concerns.
PTFI hasn't had a president-director since retired air force chief Chappy Hakim, reportedly a Widodo recommendation, resigned after only seven months in the job in February last year as the government sought to pressure Freeport into converting its Contract of Work (CoW) to a Special Business License (IUPK) four years ahead of its 2021 expiry date.
Nationalist politicians say with the state holding a controlling interest, Indonesia has every justification for wanting to take charge of management, although after using Freeport as a convenient scapegoat for decades that will put it in the direct firing line of Papuan activists demanding a greater share of the mine's revenues.
Also missing from the public debate is a new situation where Inalum will have to come up with half of the cost of a new US$2.7 billion smelter and also half of the US$19 billion Freeport calculates is still needed for the underground expansion of the Grasberg, which will be a hefty recurring expense for at least the next four years as the company seeks to return production to current levels.
Freeport and Amman Mineral are in talks to build a joint-venture smelter on a 160-hectare site at Amman's Batu Hijau mine in Sumbawa, where there is already a deep-water port.
Amman purchased the country's second biggest copper and gold mine from Newmont for US$1.3 billion two years ago, but now needs an extra cash injection to exploit an adjoining concession.
Many in the mining community believe that once Freeport is under new ownership, the implementing regulations that have still to be attached to the amended 2009 Mining Law will drop the requirement to refine the last 5% of the mine's copper and gold concentrate, which they say has never made a lot of sense anyway.
Source: http://www.atimes.com/article/indonesia-a-step-closer-to-controlling-grasberg-mine/
Freeport & MIFEE Food Estate
TNI, Freeport sign MoU on security
Tempo - December 27, 2019
Freeport's copper export quota triples to 700,000 tons
Jakarta Post - September 13, 2019
Freeport's gold and copper sales down 50% due to mine transition
Jakarta Post - July 25, 2019
Freeport to start talks with 15 banks to finance unprofitable, but politically important new smelter
Jakarta Globe - May 28, 2019
Papuan governments haven't agreed over ownership shares in Freeport
Jakarta Post - April 8, 2019
Government tells Papua, Mimika to set up BUMD for Freeport shares
Jakarta Post - March 15, 2019
Police break up protest by sacked Freeport workers in Jakarta
CNN Indonesia - February 13, 2019
After Freeport, Indonesia eyes 20% of nickel firm's shares
Jakarta Post - February 4, 2019
No big revenue from Freeport for next three years: Minister
With its $3.85b mine takeover, Indonesia inherits a $13b pollution problem
Mongabay - January 14, 2019
Indonesia forecasts drop in Grasberg copper concentrate exports in 2019
Reuters - January 9, 2019
Freeport's revenue will be down in 2019: ESDM Ministry
Government defends Freeport deal amid criticism
Jakarta Post - January 2, 2019
No backdoor deal in Freeport negotiation, says Sri Mulyani
Freeport to focus on developing smelter, underground mine
Indonesia officially controls 51.23 percent of Freeport shares: Jokowi
Freeport's permit extended for another month
Jakarta Post - November 2, 2018
Freeport gets another monthly permit extension
Jakarta Post - October 1, 2018
Freeport shifts focus to smelter construction after reaching divestment deal
Freeport gets permit extension as divestment process incomplete
Freeport permit extended another month
Papua, Mimika must buy Freeport shares: Inalum
Government oversells PT Freeport Indonesia agreement
What's left to resolve in Indonesia's $3.9b mine deal with Freeport?
Reuters - July 14, 2018
Freeport unveils Indonesia price but plenty left to resolve
Bloomberg - July 12, 2018


text:
HomeOnline Casino GuidesIs the shell game a game of chance?
Is the shell game a game of chance?
Especially at tourist hotspots there are always cone players in the warm summer months. The temptation is great: many a passer-by still sees the shell game as an opportunity to win quick money on the roadside. But how does the shell game work and is it really a form of gambling?
Not only in Berlin, but also in other German and European cities, shell players are now part of the street scene. Since many "locals" know that the shell game is a fraud, the dubious organizers usually attract tourists in a targeted manner. The stake is often 50 euros and the money is lost within seconds. The scam has worked so well for years that criminal groups have now specialized in shell games.
How does the shell game work?
At the start of the game, the shell player places a small ball under one of three boxes. The shell player then changes the positions of the three boxes at a comparatively slow speed. The player thinks that he can easily follow the box with the ball. The task of the unsuspecting player is now to guess which of three boxes the ball is under. If he guesses correctly, double the stake will be paid out as a profit. If he guesses incorrectly, his stake will be retained.
What sounds like a strategy or game of chance is in reality a brazen scam. Why? Quite simply: During the game, the shell player lets the ball disappear unnoticed in his hand so that the player never has a chance of winning. While the perpetrator reveals the boxes, he lets the ball fall back under a box unnoticed. In addition, the shell player has accomplices who previously make a pretense of a profit. Other passers-by think that it is easy to defeat the cone player and then take part themselves.
Anyone who takes part in the shell game has no chance of winning. The stake is always lost and you become the victim of fraud. In this case, a report should be made to the police.
Offenders are professional and organized
As a rule, these are not individual perpetrators, but criminal gangs. In addition to the shell player, the group of offenders usually consists of 6 – 7 other people who each take on different tasks. This includes looking out for the police, attracting potential victims and participating in the game.
Victims who claim their money back and see through the fraud are often physically attacked by the perpetrators. The police report that occasionally the money was torn from the victims' hands and the perpetrators then flee in different directions.
Special attractions for shell players are busy shopping streets such as Kurfürstendamm or Potsdamer Platz in Berlin. But also in other metropolises such as London, the shell game is still a big problem. The majority of the victims are (foreign) tourists who either do not know the scam or actually believe that they can earn quick money in this way.
Daskelelele – one more fake money streamer
Gambling apps soon allowed in the Google Play Store


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Welcome to Creve Coeur
The City of Creve Coeur is located within the heart of the St. Louis metropolitan region. The established and affluent community of 17,800 people offers housing quality and variety, beautiful neighborhoods, ample parkland and walking trails, superior community services and premier education institutions. Creve Coeur offers easy access to three major hospitals - Mercy Hospital, Barnes-Jewish West County Hospital and Missouri Baptist Medical Center - and a host of clinics and physician's offices. Education in Creve Coeur offers exceptional choices in private, parochial and public schools. Creve Coeur has more parks than any other municipality in west St. Louis County that encompass approximately 100 acres including a nine-hole golf course and an indoor year-round ice-skating arena.
Creve Coeur, French for "broken heart", has its roots in farming, and has evolved into a thriving city. The origin of the city's name is a mystery with one tale suggesting that the name originated with an Indian princess names Memetonwish, who is said to have fallen in unrequited love with a French trapper. Heartbroken, the Indian princess threw herself from a ledge overlooking Creve Coeur Lake, which then reshaped itself in the form of a broken heart. Others believe that the name originated from a flood that caused great heartache. Regardless of how the name came about, Creve Coeur became a popular location for German settlers in the early 1800s, and although they continued to speak German in their everyday lives, they left the French name of Creve Coeur intact.
Business is booming along Creve Coeur's diverse and strong commercial corridor, which offers 5.1 million square feet of commercial space. Home to Fortune 500 headquarters it is also recognized as a key node in the St. Louis region for technology, life and biosciences and medical services. In fact, in addition to Monsanto Corporation, the Nidus Center for Scientific Enterprise, the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center and the Bio Research and Development Growth Park (BRDG) are all located in Creve Coeur.
Click here for information on The Creve Coeur Police Department
Click here for information on Economic Development
Click here for Business License and Permit Information
Click here for New Residents Information
Click here for information on Parks & Recreation Dept.
2014 Drive-thru Text Amendment/Ordinance
The links below have been proposed by the City of Creve Coeur.
2014 Proposed Drive-thru Text Amendment
2014 Drive-thru Draft Ordinance
Creve Coeur Fire Protection District
The Creve Coeur Fire Protection District services approximately 26 square miles, with a population of approximately 30,000 people. It has two fire houses, one at 11720 Olive Blvd. and one at 10940 Schuetz Road. The District employs fifty six (56) individuals of which thirty-seven (37) have Paramedic licenses. The Creve Coeur Fire Protection District is headed by three elected officials called its Board of Directors. It has an operating budget of approximately $13,000,000 and is funded by the taxpayers/citizens of the Fire District.
Click here to view Permit Information


Sure, probably a little later.
hey temptation said you quit pokemon, is that true?
I have been on the server every day looking for you. You know my hours, so look for me when you normally talk to me.
yes haha howd you know?
I don't really play gen 4.


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David Jagielski - Monday, December 13, 2021
Meme Investor? There's a New ETF for You
Meme stocks are a new phenomenon since the pandemic. Investments like GameStop (NYSE:GME) and AMC Entertainment Holdings (NYSE:AMC) have taken off even despite troubling outlooks for their respective futures. Internet hype and retail investors betting on these risky stocks has propelled their share prices to incredible gains this year, as both have soared by hundreds of percentage points in 2021.
Staying on top of the latest meme is no easy task as what's popular tomorrow may not be in a few weeks. But for investors who are willing to stomach the risk of meme stocks, there's a new exchange-traded fund (ETF) that can help. The Roundhill MEME ETF (NYSE Arca: MEME) launched on Dec. 8 and it targets U.S.-listed stocks that "exhibit a combination of elevated social media activity and high short interest." The index gets rebalanced every two weeks and it only contains 25 holdings. Despite the frequent rebalancing, the fund's expense ratio is a fairly modest 0.69%.
As of Dec. 12, the top five stocks in the fund included Digital World Acquisition Corp (NASDAQ:DWAC), Roku (NASDAQ:ROKU), ContextLogic (NASDAQ:WISH), Snap (NYSE:SNAP), and DraftKings (NASDAQ:DKNG). Each of those stocks account for more than 4.3% of the fund's total weight. That's a lot weighted in just five stocks and it doesn't give investors much stability or diversification.
However, this is still a safer approach to investing in meme stocks than trying to do it on your own. The only problem is that given the frequent rebalancing and the potential for high turnover, you can't always be sure what you're investing in with this ETF.
Has Investing in the Social Sentiment (BUZZ) ETF Paid Off for Investors?
Target Inflation-Sensitive Stocks With This New ETF
ETFs In Canada Attracted A Record $52.5 Billion During 2021
Invest in Innovation With This BMO ETF
There's a New ETF Just for NFTs


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Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year Is An Emoji
BY Arika Okrent
The selection for Oxford Dictionaries word of the year is meant to reflect the current cultural landscape and what we've been talking about lately. The choices of the past few years—GIF, selfie, vape—were relative newcomers that described practices we hadn't needed words for before. This year's choice takes that idea a step further, summing up a practice that takes us beyond words. The word of the year is the "Face with Tears of Joy" emoji:
The choice of this particular emoji was based on its worldwide popularity. In partnership with Oxford University Press, mobile technology company SwiftKey determined that "Face with Tears of Joy" was the most used emoji of 2015. Casper Grathwohl, President of Oxford Dictionaries, says that the choice of this particular expression is particularly fitting because "not only did we see a dramatic spike in usage of 'Face with Tears of Joy,' we felt the character captured a sense playfulness and intimacy that embodies emoji culture itself."
The emoji of joy beat out other nominees like ad blocker, lumbersexual, and on fleek.


Henriëtte Faroche. The force of nature!
All the Henriëtte Faroche ranges and treatments have one thing in common: the force of nature. Henriëtte Faroche works with 100% pure natural essential oils extracted from plants and flowers with a very intensive effect.
It all begins with a thought and then turns into a dream that stirs feelings of excitement and anxiety. Designing your dream Spa is the most fun and creative part of the process however before decide on your dream layout, consider the financial costs and benefits you will receive.
he Taj Hotel in Cape Town is home to the first Jiva Spa in Africa, offering authentic, traditional Indian Ayervedic wellness treatment packages in a exquisitely stylish setting, from the moment you walk into the hotels grand lobby to the spa itself. The Jiva spa programmes are designed to pamper and indulge, heal and nourish, restore and rejuvenate and all products used are developed from Indian herbs and essential oils.
Improving Staff Retention through Creating an Outstanding Work Culture. Your Most Important Assets Are . . . People.
A not to be missed 2 Day International Seminar brought to you by Les Nouvelles Esthetiques and keynote international speakers, Bill and Lori Hutchinson, which will transform your spa business.
Our annual eco-issue focused on all aspects of Green thinking and sustainable development within the spa industry.
A popular saying is "if you build it, they will come." For the spa industry's purpose, that saying should be changed to: "If you build it, design an attractive, descriptive and compelling menu of services, they will come." Of course, your efforts should not stop there. The menu must be distributed, and your spa advertised and promoted to attract clientele.


We pride ourselves on the quality of out work and the professional way we conduct our business. We often ask our customers for feedback and also to volenteer a star rating out of 5 for the work we carried out. Below are some of the quotes we have received.


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Bear deaths high
Summer 2012 has seen an unusually high 16 grizzly bear deaths in Yellowstone National Park.
An uptick in the number of grizzly bear deaths this season in Yellowstone National Park has biologists looking for answers. Of the 16 bears that died, 10 passed away from natural causes, reports the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team.
"We've seen more natural mortality this year," team leader Mark Haroldson told the Bozeman Daily Chronicle. "It is something that we haven't seen before."
Typically, 75 percent of bear deaths that occur in the first half of the summer are human-related. This year, only 37 percent of deaths have been human-related.
"The fact that there were two females with cubs that were killed inflates the numbers a little bit," Frank van Manen, study team leader, told the Jackson Hole News & Guide. "We're seeing an aging of the population as well. It wouldn't surprise me if we start to see more of these bears dying from old age."
Van Manen's team aims to determine whether the grizzly bear should remain a "threatened" species on the endangered species list. The bears were added to the list in 1975 when there were only 150 bears in Yellowstone. In 2010 biologists found that number had risen to 600 bears.
However, the Yellowstone grizzly population remains vulnerable. According to van Manen, the female population can only absorb up to 9 percent mortality, while the male population can absorb up to 15 percent mortality. Biologists estimate two bear deaths for every one that is detected, making the estimate for the summer's overall mortality 8 percent.
Experts guess that among the bears dead from human-related causes is "Brownie," one of the two yearling cubs of bear "399," a mother grizzly made famous in Teton National Park for her decision to raise her cubs near the park's main roads.
(via Missoulian)
Grizzly bear deaths in Yellowstone
A recent study by the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team finds that 10 of the 16 grizzly bears that have died so far this summer in Yellowstone National Park have died of natural causes.
Bear Dead in Teton National Park
Two cars swerving to avoid each other and a grizzly sitting on the side of the road resulted in the bear's death on June 21.
Yellowstone Grizzly Deaths Highest in Four Years
According to statistics from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), 2012 saw the highest number of grizzly bear deaths in the greater Yellowstone area in the past four years. Researchers recorded a total of 51 bear deaths this year, compared to 44 deaths in 2011, 50 deaths in 2010 and 31 in 2009.
Should Grizzly Bears be Delisted?
April 17, 2008: There are all kinds of answers to the question of whether the grizzly in the lower 48 is doing well enough to no longer require protection.
Yellowstone Bear Injures Hikers
Two hikers who encountered a bear in the Yellowstone backcountry Thursday were treated and released for injuries. The small group of hikers–four in all–were hiking the Cygnet Lakes Trail southwest of Canyon Village where they were charged by a sow.
Tribal Coalition's Prayer for the Great Bear
Sept 27, 2014: The Goal Tribal Coalition, including 26 Native American nations, will hold a prayer protest against the delisting of grizzly bears off the endangered list.
Tips for Photographing Bears
As frequent visitors to the parks can testify, a lot of animals have developed a high tolerance to roads and vehicles - much to the delight of millions of visitors who view and photograph bison, elk, antelope and deer, as well as predators such as wolves, coyotes, black bears and grizzly bears.
Yellowstone Bear Jams on Roads
When Yellowstone National Park visitors behave appropriately around roadside bears it's a positive experience for both bears and people.
Momma Bear Chases Yellowstone Tourists
A momma black bear and her three cubs scared Yellowstone tourists on a bridge on May 8, 2015. The incident happened near Gardiner, Montana.


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Q: delete columns in R for certain variables only I have a dataframe x with column names that have a similar prefix (age_1, age_2, age_3,...,age_n). I want to delete columns with prefix 'age_' that are all NA. In the example below it will be age_2 and age_4. But in my dataset it might go up to age_100. Is there a way to do this?
Sample dataframe:
x <- data.frame("age_1" = c(0,1,1,0), "age_2" = NA , "age_3" = c(1,0,0,0), "age_4"=NA, "name_1" = NA, "name_2" = NA)

Sample output:
y <- data.frame("age_1" = c(0,1,1,0), "age_3" = c(1,0,0,0), "name_1" = NA, "name_2" = NA)

A: You want to select by two conditions: the column name starts with age_ and all its elements are NA.  You can select those columns by:
sel = grepl("^age_",colnames(x), ignore.case = T) & sapply(x, FUN = function(x){all(is.na(x))})

and then do:
new_x = x[,!sel]

Result
  age_1 age_3 name_1 name_2
1     0     1     NA     NA
2     1     0     NA     NA
3     1     0     NA     NA
4     0     0     NA     NA

The grepl(...) will be true only for those columns that start with age_
The sapply(...) will go through each column and will return true when all elements are NA (is.na()).
The intersection of both is what you need to leave out (sel negated with !).

A: y_1 <- x %>% select(which(!(names(.) %in% grep("^[age]", names(.), value = T))))
y_2 <- x[colSums(!is.na(x)) > 0]
y <- bind_cols(y_1,y_2)

Not elegant but works

A: Another option is to use colSums and grepl
x[, as.vector(!is.na(colSums(x))) | grepl(pattern = "name", names(x))]
#  age_1 age_3 name_1 name_2
#1     0     1     NA     NA
#2     1     0     NA     NA
#3     1     0     NA     NA
#4     0     0     NA     NA

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


At Company C, we love color. And we love the mix… layers of colors and patterns that come together effortlessly and not too "matchy". Whatever your style, we have the bedding layers you'll need to design your own oasis, and a place to retreat as winter takes hold. Here are our top five layering tips, sure to entice you to keep that resolution to get more sleep!
Select sheets that reflect your personal style—percale or sateen. Some prefer cotton percale's crisp cool feel, while others love cotton sateen for its softer, smoother hand. Either way, we use only 100% GOTS certified organic cotton to create our luxurious solid and printed bedding so you can sleep more soundly.
2. Add warmth and texture with cotton matelasses. These heavily-stitched "blanket" layers are a nice way to add lightweight warmth. Select a matelasse color to accent your sheets or to anchor any other elements you add to your bedding design.
3. Layer on a duvet cover or quilt, or both…for warmth and contrast. Quilts and duvet covers are your bed's topcoat, and highlight everything underneath. Duvet covers encase a down, cotton or poly-filled comforter. Duvet covers can be used without a top sheet—where the duvet cover is washed with the fitted sheet. Like our European ancestors, this is a great way to stay warm while keeping bed layering simple. A quilt is used with a full set of sheets, where the flat sheet protects the quilt from frequent laundering.
4. Pile on the pillows…watch them bring everything together! We love European squares in the back to anchor the pillows and shams (and to prop yourself up for pre-slumber reading). Pillows create visual interest between your sheets and all your top-of-bed elements. Decorative pillows that contrast with your bedding placed near the front of the cases and shams add dimension. Position them as you like, there are no rules…use concepts of symmetry only if they apply to you. For even more visual interest and warmth, add a complementing throw.
5. Remember to conceal the box spring to keep your bed from being woefully underdressed. Our Waterfall linen chambray bed panels come in six shades that coordinate with all our bedding and are oh-so-easy to attach to box spring. It's a tailored finish that will compliment your style!
Happy New Year From Company C!


Our organic hulled hemp seeds are an excellent way to boost protein intake. Unique in their composition of essential fatty acids, hemp seeds offer the optimal ratio of Omega-6 and Omega-3 nutrients.
Our hemp seeds are sourced from Romania – one of the leading commercial producers of hemp in Europe. By focusing on just one raw material, our supplier has become extremely specialised in every step of the production process. Everything from the early selection of hemp seeds through to the storage and packaging of the final product.
Another standout attribute of hemp is that 65% of its protein is a globulin called edestin which is a protein that also occurs in our blood. Globulins are used in the production of antibodies, which attack foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses.
Our organic hulled hemp seeds are an excellent way to boost protein intake. Unique in their composition of essential fatty acids, hemps seeds offer the optimal ratio of Omega-6 and Omega-3 nutrients. Hemp seeds' distinct nutty flavour makes them a delicious and healthy addition to any salad, dressing or smoothie.


WowInsider WoW Insider 5 not-so-simple ways Blizzard can fix the World of Warcraft Auction House.
Before starting your game, just fire up WowMatrix and let it update your WoW. Official page for Wizards of the Coast LLC, a subsidiary of Hasbro, Inc.World of Warcraft - Private servers, Guides, Guilds, free servers.
The Darkmoon Faire is getting a complete revamp in the upcoming patch 4.3 of Cataclysm, giving the Faire its own island secretly hidden away within the mists. The old. World of Warcraft: Addons. Add simple information onto tier tokens.Use WowMatrix to Download, Install and Update Your Favorite World of Warcraft AddOns.
World of Warcraft PVP Servers. the population is mainly focused on getting currency rewards like honor, arena points, conquest points and other pvp tokens.
Only the first addition of WoW to an account comes with 30 days of gametime imo.
Featured brands are Dungeons and Dragons, Magic: The Gathering, Kaijudo, Avalon Hill, and.
Choosing what class you want to be in World of Warcraft is arguably the. but only do token damage and.
A complete searchable and filterable list of Miscellaneous Armor in World of Warcraft: Battle for Azeroth.
WOW Item Buy WOW Item Cheap WOW Item WOW Gear WOW Armor WOW Weapon WOW Material Wlk Material WOW Gems WOW Reputation WOW Deck WOW Epic Mount WOW Profession WOW.
Unassembled Pieces and Command Token Costs General Discussion.
Welcome Welcome back to. token is placed on the Ragnaros Overlord sheet to track the. 5 0 4 The Burning Crusade World of Warcraft:.


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AUTHORITARIANISM Coronavirus DEMOCRACY OPINION
Attuch: We need to remove Bolsonaro, and a National Emergency Plan
By Leonardo Attuch
Since Health Minister Luiz Henrique Mandetta has just announced that Brazil will reach its peak of coronavirus cases in April and this will cause the health system to collapse, it is reasonable to assume that economic activity will remain at a standstill for 30-60 days or more.
Most small and mid-sized entrepreneurs such as bar, cafe, shop and restaurant owners, do not have working capital. Therefore it is also reasonable to assume that there will be an unprecedented breakdown in the Brazilian economy which will cause massive layoffs of workers and service providers.
In this chaotic scenario, entrepreneurs who insist on keeping their businesses alive will have to liquidate their savings, their real estate and financial assets, including investments in the stock exchange, which has already fallen by more than 40% this year. This will lead to further price devaluations in stock and real estate.
With two or three months of paralyzation, GDP growth could drop at least 10% this year and this could cause unemployment to rise from the current 12% to 20% or more. This figure does not even include the growing informal sector, the underemployed and people doing precarious work.
There is a consensus forming that Brazil has a sociopath in the presidency, and it is reasonable to assume that there will be no level coordination between the federal government, states and municipalities, to minimally organize an emergency plan to fight hunger, which will inevitably return with full force.
Hunger hurts. And the natural instinct of the human being is to fight for his own survival. Economic chaos will inevitably lead to social chaos and increased urban violence in a society that is already one of the most unequal in the world. What lies ahead, therefore, is a catastrophe.
I hope I'm not being overly alarmed, but Brazil looks like it is about to face a genocide that will be caused by a virus, hunger or violence. This is why it is fundamental that we stop Bolsonaro as soon as possible and create an emergency plan of action together with all of Brazil's social and democratic forces.
Leonardo Attuch is a writer, journalist, and editor in chief of Brasil247. Translated by Brian Mier. Photo: Isac Nóbrega/PR
← Rousseff: "Submission to the USA, Injustice to China, Disrespect to Brazil" → SCL/Cambridge Analytica: What is the UK Government still hiding in Brazil?


Hello! Today I am on Pinkfresh Studio blog with my new project I created using A Case of Blahs collection with some pieces of The Mix No. 1 and The Mix No. 2. This is the cloud shaped mini album about my daughters having fun on the sofa. My elder girl is such a great fan of my albums and layouts, and such quick yet sweet mini will really make her happy. Yes, I said quick! It took only 1.5 or 2 hours to create!


How do I stop my kids' fighting?
Bedtime is a nightmare in our house!
I need to stop yelling at my kids!
How do I handle my child's defiance?
I hate saying "no" all day!
My husband and I hardly know each other anymore.
If I hear the word "Mommy" one more time, I'm going to scream!