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Acute Respiratory Infections Among Active Component Service Members Who Use Combustible Tobacco Products and/or E-cigarette/Vaping Products, U.S. Armed Forces, 2018–2019
A Team Offutt Airman vapes in an authorized smoking area during a break Nov. 7. As of Oct. 29, 2019, over 1,800 lung injury cases and 37 deaths have been reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the only commonality among all cases is the patient's use of e-cigarette or vaping products. Offutt Airmen looking for support quitting can schedule an appointment with a behavioral health consultant or primary care manager by calling 402-232-2273. To schedule a unit briefing on the dangers of vaping and options for quitting, call 402-294-5977. Outside assistance, including text-message support, is available by visiting www.smokefree.gov, www.thetruth.com or www.ycq2.org.
11/1/2020 By: Aliye Z. Sanou, DO (LCDR, MC, USN); Clara Ziadeh PhD; Shauna Stahlman PhD, MPH; Shawn S. Clausen, MD, MPH (CDR, MC, USN)
Medical Surveillance Monthly Report
What Are the New Findings?
This is the first report to describe self reported data on smoking and vaping habits from the ePHA. Unadjusted incidence rates of acute respiratory infection (ARI) were highest among members who reported either e-cigarette/vaping product use, or smoking and e-cigarette/vaping product (dual-use) as compared to smokers and non-users. Adjusted incidence rates of ARI revealed that members who are dual-users had statistically significantly higher rates of ARI.
What Is the Impact on Readiness and Force Health Protection?
Smoking is known to contribute to the risk of acute respiratory illness (ARI) and long-term medical conditions but little is known about the acute health effects of e-cigarette/vaping product use. The annual electronic Periodic Health Assessment (ePHA), which includes questions related to smoking and e-cigarette/vaping product use, is a screening tool used by the U.S. Armed Forces to evaluate the health and medical readiness of military members. Based on responses to questions on ePHAs completed in 2018, active component service members (ACSMs) were categorized as e-cigarette/vaping product only users, smoking only, dual-product users (users of both cigarettes and e-cigarette/vaping products), or non-users. ACSMs in the youngest age groups were more likely than their older counterparts to use e-cigarette/vaping products. Unadjusted incidence rates of ARI were higher among e-cigarette/vaping product only users and dual-product users than smokers and nonusers. After adjusting for age, sex, service branch, and military occupation, the incidence rate of ARI among dual-product users was higher than the rate among nonusers; this difference was small but statistically significant. Improved understanding of the health impact of e-cigarette/vaping product use has the potential to inform policy related to use of these products and prevent unnecessary harm.
An estimated 200,000–300,000 active component service members (ACSM) are diagnosed with acute respiratory infection (ARI) annually.1-6 ARI among ACSMs affects their ability to perform their duties because of lost duty hours for medical visits and sick days required for recovery.
Numerous studies have linked smoking to cardiovascular disease, lung disease, and premature death.7 Smoking also contributes to the risk of infectious diseases, including ARI, in both smokers and those exposed to secondhand smoke.8-11 There has been a rapid increase in the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), vaping products, and other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among adolescents and young adults in the U.S. According to the 2018 National Health Interview Survey, among young adults aged 18–24 years, prevalence of reported current e-cigarette use was 7.6% (up from 5.2% in 2017).12 The popularity of these products raises the concern that e-cigarette/vaping product use, may, like smoking, contribute to the burden of respiratory infections and illnesses.13-16
The Department of Defense's annual electronic Periodic Health Assessment (ePHA), which includes questions related to smoking and tobacco product use, is a screening tool used by the Armed Forces to evaluate the health and medical readiness of military members. In 2018, questions about smoking and e-cigarette/vaping product use were added to the ePHA questionnaire allowing respondents to provide detailed information about their smoking and other tobacco use behaviors. Among the 1.2 million ACSM ePHA respondents since 2018, over 113,000 reported using cigarettes, 63,000 reported using e-cigarette/vaping products, and 6,700 reported using both cigarettes and e-cigarette/vaping products (AFHSD, unpublished data, 2019).
The aims of this study were twofold. The first aim was to describe the demographic and military characteristics of self-reported smokers, e-cigarette/vaping product users, users of both smoking and e-cigarette/vaping products (dual-product users), and nonusers among ACSMs. The second aim was to compare incidence rates of ARI among groups of self-reported cigarette smokers, e-cigarette/vaping product users, dual-product users, and nonusers. To date, there have been no studies that examine the relationship between self-reported use of e-cigarette/vaping products and ARI among ACSMs.
Data used in this study were derived from the Defense Medical Surveillance System (DMSS) which includes inpatient and outpatient medical encounter data, Theater Medical Data Store (TMDS) data, and ePHA results. The surveillance period was 01 Jan. 2018 through 30 Sept. 2019. The surveillance population included all ACSMs in the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps who completed an ePHA questionnaire between 1 Jan. 2018 and 31 Dec. 2018. ACSMs whose DMSS records contained diagnoses of underlying chronic respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or bronchiectasis at any time were excluded.17-19 If an ACSM completed more than 1 ePHA during the study period, only the most recent ePHA data were included.
ACSMs were classified into 4 different exposure categories based on self-reported past 30-day (recent) tobacco product use. Exposure category was determined by an ACSM's response to the following ePHA question: "In the past 30 days, which of the following products have you used on at least one day?" Respondents were classified as smoking only if they did not endorse "electronic cigarettes, e-cigarettes, or vape pens" but responded affirmatively to using any of the following: "cigarettes", "cigars, cigarillos, or little cigars", "hookahs or water-pipes", "pipes filled with tobacco (not water-pipes)", or "bidis (small brown cigarettes wrapped in a leaf)". Respondents were categorized as e-cigarette/vaping product only users if they endorsed the response option "electronic cigarettes, e-cigarettes, or vape pens" and did not endorse any of the smoking products. Dual product users included those who were classified as both smokers and e-cigarette/vaping product users. Respondents were identified as nonusers if they marked "none" or only endorsed any of the following: "chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip", "snus" (moist tobacco powder placed under the lip), "dissolvable tobacco products", or "other" (specify). The nonuser group also included all ever users who had not used any products in the past 30 days.
Demographic and military characteristics of ACSMs as well as duration of tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke were examined by user group. Demographic and military characteristics obtained from the DMSS included age, sex, race/ethnicity group, education level, service branch, rank/grade, military occupation, and marital status. Background characteristics from the ePHA included number of deployments in the past five years, previous tobacco use, with duration of any tobacco product use categorized as "less than 1 year", "1 to 5 years", "5 to 10 years", "11 to 15 years", or "more than 15 years", and exposure to secondhand smoke, determined by using responses to the yes/no question "Are you regularly exposed to secondhand smoke, a mixture of smoke that comes out of the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, pipe and the smoke breathed out by the smoker (housemate, carpool, work environment)?"
Incident cases of ARI among the ACSMs in the 4 groups were identified during the 9 months following ePHA administration date using a retrospective cohort study design. The case definition was 1 inpatient, outpatient or TMDS encounter with a qualifying diagnosis of ARI occurring in the first diagnostic position (Table 1). Incident cases were identified using a 14-day gap rule; ICD-9 and ICD10 codes for ARI were not counted in the 14 days after the first recorded code, as they likely represented a continuation of the same ARI and not a new incident case of ARI. It is important to note that, because TMDS had not fully transitioned to ICD-10, ICD-9 codes appeared in the analysis. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to calculate adjusted incidence rate ratios (AIRRs) for the user groups using nonusers as the referent and controlling for age, sex, service branch, and military occupation. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS/STAT software, version 9.4 (2014, SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Of the 802,621 ACSMs who completed an ePHA in 2018, 651,561 (81.2%) were nonusers, 37,915 (4.7%) were e-cigarette/vaping product only users, 91,135 (11.4%) were in the smoking only group, and 22,010 (2.7%) were dual-product users (Table 2). Nearly one-quarter (23.9%) of e-cigarette/vaping product only users and 31.8% of dual-product users were under 21 years old, as compared to 10.7% of smokers, and 10.4% of nonusers. More than half (56.9%) of e-cigarette/vaping product only users were under 25 years old and more than two-thirds (68.8%) of dual-product users were under 25 years old. The distributions of race/ethnicity group and service branch were broadly similar across the user groups.
Among ACSMs who completed an ePHA in 2018, the crude incidence rates of ARI per 1,000 person-years (p-yrs) during the 9 months after assessment were 281.1 for dual-users, 273.4 for e-cigarette/vaping product only users, 234.7 for non-users, and 229.3 for smokers (Table 3). Across all groups, the incidence rates of ARI among females were at least 1.9 times those of males (IRR for female nonusers was 1.9 times that of males, IRR for female dual-users was 2.4 times that of males). In all study groups, incidence rates of ARI were highest among ACSMs 18–20 years old and generally decreased with increasing age. Incidence rates of ARI were highest among e-cigarette/vaping product only users and dual-product users with an education level of high school or less compared to those with higher levels of educational attainment. Similarly, the incidence rates of ARI were highest among e-cigarette/vaping product only users and dual-product users in ranks E1–E4 and decreased with increasing rank. The incidence rates of ARI were highest among ACSMs who had not deployed in the past 5 years (Table 3).
After adjusting for age, sex, service branch, and military occupation, e-cigarette/vaping product only users and those in the smoking only group had similar incidence rates of ARI compared to nonusers (AIRR=1.02, 95% CI: 0.99–1.04, p=.123; AIRR=1.01, 95% CI: 0.99–1.03, p=.304, respectively) (Table 4). The rate of ARI among dual-product users was higher than the rate among nonusers; this difference was small but statistically significant (AIRR=1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.07, p=.021).
The majority of ACSMs who reported e-cigarette/vaping product only use were less than 25 years old. A majority of e-cigarette/vaping product only users and dual product users had a high school education or less, a rank of E1–E4, never deployed, and were single, never married. More than half of those in the e-cigarette/vaping product only or dual-product user categories reported using any tobacco products for 5 years or less. This is consistent with reports that adolescents in middle and high school initiate use of e-cigarettes/vaping products.13,20
Female service members made up similar percentages of smokers, e-cigarette/vaping product users and dual users. Published data on sex differences in e-cigarette/vaping product use are limited. Some studies suggest that males are more likely to use e-cigarettes/vaping products than females, but rapidly evolving marketing techniques and social messaging have the potential to change these patterns.21
The youngest age group had the highest incidence rates of ARI across all user groups and the nonuser group. Incidence rates of ARI tended to decrease with increasing age. Women had incidence rates of ARI that were twice the rates of men across all the user groups. Women have been reported to demonstrate increased care seeking behavior compared to men, which may partially explain this finding.22
ACSMs who reported dual use of e-cigarette/vaping products and smoking products on the ePHA during 2018 had the highest crude incidence rate of ARI, followed by e-cigarette/vaping product only users. After adjusting for age, sex, service branch, and military occupation, ACSMs who self-reported dual-product use had a statistically significantly higher rate of ARI compared to compared to nonusers, although the difference was small.
This study has several limitations. First, self-report of health-risk behaviors can be associated with under-reporting. Second, other factors that mitigate or aggravate the risk of ARI (including living environment [e.g., barracks vs an apartment/house], contact with young children, stress, and other comorbidities) were not considered here. Third, recruits completing basic or early training are not included in this study population, as the first ePHA is completed after training at the first permanent duty station. Fourth, the current analysis did not adjust for race/ethnicity group or education level which have been shown to be associated with tobacco use behavior. Fifth, the difference in the adjusted rates of ARI among dual-product users and nonusers, although statistically significant, was very small. Further analysis may provide evidence as to whether this difference is relevant. Finally, while the ePHA is mandatory, completion rates differ by the different service branches such that the study population does not fully represent the actual ACSM population.
Current findings suggest that dual use of e-cigarette/vaping and smoking products may be associated with ARI. However, further investigation of this potential relationship should take into account the type of e-cigarette/vaping product used as well as the duration and frequency of use. The ePHA provides a rich source of data related to e-cigarette/vaping product use that can be merged with other data sources to monitor health impacts over time. Studies adjusting for factors not considered here, such as race/ethnicity group and education are warranted. Gaining a better understanding of the risks associated with e-cigarette use/vaping is important for ensuring both the short- and long-term health of ACSMs. Such an understanding would promote military readiness, especially given that e-cigarette/vaping product users tend to be younger with potentially long military careers ahead of them.
Author Affiliations: Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Silver Spring, MD (CDR Clausen, Dr. Stahlman, Dr. Ziadeh); Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (LCDR Sanou).
Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Ms. Zheng Hu, data analyst, at the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division.
Disclaimer: The contents, views or opinions expressed in this publication or presentation are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect official policy or position of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, the Department of Defense (DoD), or Departments of the Army, Navy, or Air Force. Mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
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Update: Heat Illness, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2018
In 2018, there were 578 incident diagnoses of heat stroke and 2,214 incident diagnoses of heat exhaustion among active component service members. The overall crude incidence rates of heat stroke and heat exhaustion diagnoses were 0.45 cases and 1.71 cases per 1,000 person-years, respectively. In 2018, subgroup-specific rates of incident heat stroke diagnoses were highest among males and service members less than 20 years old, Asian/Pacific Islanders, Marine Corps and Army members, recruit trainees, and those in combat-specific occupations. Subgroup-specific incidence rates of heat exhaustion diagnoses in 2018 were notably higher among service members less than 20 years old, Asian/Pacific Islanders, Army and Marine Corps members, recruit trainees, and service members in combat-specific occupations. During 2014–2018, a total of 325 heat illnesses were documented among service members in Iraq and Afghanistan; 8.6% (n=28) were diagnosed as heat stroke. Commanders, small unit leaders, training cadre, and supporting medical personnel must ensure that the military members whom they supervise and support are informed about the risks, preventive countermeasures, early signs and symptoms, and first-responder actions related to heat illnesses.
Vasectomy and Vasectomy Reversals, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000–2017
During 2000–2017, a total of 170,878 active component service members underwent a first-occurring vasectomy, for a crude overall incidence rate of 8.6 cases per 1,000 person-years (p-yrs). Among the men who underwent incident vasectomy, 2.2% had another vasectomy performed during the surveillance period. Compared to their respective counterparts, the overall rates of vasectomy were highest among service men aged 30–39 years, non-Hispanic whites, married men, and those in pilot/air crew occupations. Male Air Force members had the highest overall incidence of vasectomy and men in the Marine Corps, the lowest. Crude annual vasectomy rates among service men increased slightly between 2000 and 2017. The largest increases in rates over the 18-year period occurred among service men aged 35–49 years and among men working as pilots/air crew. Among those who underwent vasectomy, 1.8% also had at least 1 vasectomy reversal during the surveillance period. The likelihood of vasectomy reversal decreased with advancing age. Non-Hispanic black and Hispanic service men were more likely than those of other race/ethnicity groups to undergo vasectomy reversals.
Testosterone Replacement Therapy Use Among Active Component Service Men, 2017
This analysis summarizes the prevalence of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) during 2017 among active component service men by demographic and military characteristics. This analysis also determines the percentage of those receiving TRT in 2017 who had an indication for receiving TRT using the 2018 American Urological Association (AUA) clinical practice guidelines. In 2017, 5,093 of 1,076,633 active component service men filled a prescription for TRT, for a period prevalence of 4.7 per 1,000 male service members. After adjustment for covariates, the prevalence of TRT use remained highest among Army members, senior enlisted members, warrant officers, non-Hispanic whites, American Indians/Alaska Natives, those in combat arms occupations, healthcare workers, those who were married, and those with other/unknown marital status. Among active component male service members who received TRT in 2017, only 44.5% met the 2018 AUA clinical practice guidelines for receiving TRT.
Brief Report: Male Infertility, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2013–2017
Infertility, defined as the inability to achieve a successful pregnancy after 1 year or more of unprotected sexual intercourse or therapeutic donor insemination, affects approximately 15% of all couples. Male infertility is diagnosed when, after testing both partners, reproductive problems have been found in the male. A male factor contributes in part or whole to about 50% of cases of infertility. However, determining the true prevalence of male infertility remains elusive, as most estimates are derived from couples seeking assistive reproductive technology in tertiary care or referral centers, population-based surveys, or high-risk occupational cohorts, all of which are likely to underestimate the prevalence of the condition in the general U.S. population.
Sexually Transmitted Infections, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2010–2018
This report summarizes incidence rates of the 5 most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among active component service members of the U.S. Armed Forces during 2010–2018. Infections with chlamydia were the most common, followed in decreasing order of frequency by infections with genital human papillomavirus (HPV), gonorrhea, genital herpes simplex virus (HSV), and syphilis. Compared to men, women had higher rates of all STIs except for syphilis. In general, compared to their respective counterparts, younger service members, non-Hispanic blacks, soldiers, and enlisted members had higher incidence rates of STIs. During the latter half of the surveillance period, the incidence of chlamydia and gonorrhea increased among both male and female service members. Rates of syphilis increased for male service members but remained relatively stable among female service members. In contrast, the incidence of genital HPV and HSV decreased among both male and female service members. Similarities to and differences from the findings of the last MSMR update on STIs are discussed.
Outbreak of Acute Respiratory Illness Associated with Adenovirus Type 4 at the U.S. Naval Academy, 2016
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are known to cause respiratory illness outbreaks at basic military training (BMT) sites. HAdV type-4 and -7 vaccines are routinely administered at enlisted BMT sites, but not at military academies. During Aug.–Sept. 2016, U.S. Naval Academy clinical staff noted an increase in students presenting with acute respiratory illness (ARI). An investigation was conducted to determine the extent and cause of the outbreak. During 22 Aug.–11 Sept. 2016, 652 clinic visits for ARI were identified using electronic health records. HAdV-4 was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay in 18 out of 33 patient specimens collected and 1 additional HAdV case was detected from hospital records. Two HAdV-4 positive patients were treated for pneumonia including 1 hospitalized patient. Molecular analysis of 4 HAdV-4 isolates identified genome type 4a1, which is considered vaccine-preventable. Understanding the impact of HAdV in congregate settings other than enlisted BMT sites is necessary to inform discussions regarding future HAdV vaccine strategy.
Update: Incidence of Glaucoma Diagnoses, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2013–2017
Glaucoma is an eye disease that involves progressive optic nerve damage and vision loss, leading to blindness if undetected or untreated. This report describes an analysis using the Defense Medical Surveillance System to identify all active component service members with an incident diagnosis of glaucoma during the period between 2013 and 2017. The analysis identified 37,718 incident cases of glaucoma and an overall incidence rate of 5.9 cases per 1,000 person-years (p-yrs). The majority of cases (97.6%) were diagnosed at an early stage as borderline glaucoma; of these borderline cases, 2.2% progressed to open-angle glaucoma during the study period. No incident cases of absolute glaucoma, or total blindness, were identified. Rates of glaucoma were higher among non-Hispanic black (11.0 per 1,000 p-yrs), Asian/Pacific Islander (9.5), and Hispanic (6.9) service members, compared with non-Hispanic white (4.0) service members. Rates among female service members (6.6 per 1,000 p-yrs) were higher than those among male service members (5.8). Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates of glaucoma diagnoses increased by 75.4% among all service members.
Re-evaluation of the MSMR Case Definition for Incident Cases of Malaria
The MSMR has been publishing the results of surveillance studies of malaria since 1995. The standard MSMR case definition uses Medical Event Reports and records of hospitalizations in counting cases of malaria. This report summarizes the performance of the standard MSMR case definition in estimating incident cases of malaria from 2015 through 2017. Also explored was the potential surveillance value of including outpatient encounters with diagnoses of malaria or positive laboratory tests for malaria in the case definition. The study corroborated the relative accuracy of the MSMR case definition in estimating malaria incidence and provided the basis for updating the case definition in 2019 to include positive laboratory tests for malaria antigen within 30 days of an outpatient diagnosis.
Update: Malaria, U.S. Armed Forces, 2018
Malaria infection remains an important health threat to U.S. service members who are located in endemic areas because of long-term duty assignments, participation in shorter-term contingency operations, or personal travel. In 2018, a total of 58 service members were diagnosed with or reported to have malaria. This represents a 65.7% increase from the 35 cases identified in 2017. The relatively low numbers of cases during 2012–2018 mainly reflect decreases in cases acquired in Afghanistan, a reduction due largely to the progressive withdrawal of U.S. forces from that country. The percentage of cases of malaria caused by unspecified agents (63.8%; n=37) in 2018 was the highest during any given year of the surveillance period. The percentage of cases identified as having been caused by Plasmodium vivax (10.3%; n=6) in 2018 was the lowest observed during the 10-year surveillance period. The percentage of malaria cases attributed to P. falciparum (25.9 %) in 2018 was similar to that observed in 2017 (25.7%), although the number of cases increased. Malaria was diagnosed at or reported from 31 different medical facilities in the U.S., Afghanistan, Italy, Germany, Djibouti, and Korea. Providers of medical care to military members should be knowledgeable of and vigilant for clinical manifestations of malaria outside of endemic areas.
Thyroid Disorders, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2008–2017
This analysis describes the incidence and prevalence of five thyroid disorders (goiter, thyrotoxicosis, primary/not otherwise specified [NOS] hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, and other disorders of the thyroid) among active component service members between 2008 and 2017. During the 10-year surveillance period, the most common incident thyroid disorder among male and female service members was primary/NOS hypothyroidism and the least common were thyroiditis and other disorders of thyroid. Primary/NOS hypothyroidism was diagnosed among 8,641 females (incidence rate: 43.7 per 10,000 person-years [p-yrs]) and 11,656 males (incidence rate: 10.2 per 10,000 p-yrs). Overall incidence rates of all thyroid disorders were 3 to 5 times higher among females compared to males. Among both males and females, incidence of primary/NOS hypothyroidism was higher among non-Hispanic white service members compared with service members in other race/ethnicity groups. The incidence of most thyroid disorders remained stable or decreased during the surveillance period. Overall, the prevalence of most thyroid disorders increased during the first part of the surveillance period and then either decreased or leveled off.31.6 per 100,000 active component service members in 2017. Validation of ICD-9/ICD-10 diagnostic codes for MetS using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria is needed to establish the level of agreement between the two methods for identifying this condition.
Incidence and Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Using ICD-9 and ICD-10 Diagnostic Codes, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2002–2017
This report uses ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes (277.7 and E88.81, respectively) for the metabolic syndrome (MetS) to summarize trends in the incidence and prevalence of this condition among active component members of the U.S. Armed Forces between 2002 and 2017. During this period, the crude overall incidence rate of MetS was 7.5 cases per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs). Compared to their respective counterparts, overall incidence rates were highest among Asian/Pacific Islanders, Air Force members, and warrant officers and were lowest among those of other/unknown race/ethnicity, Marine Corps members, and junior enlisted personnel and officers. During 2002–2017, the annual incidence rates of MetS peaked in 2009 at 11.6 cases per 100,000 p-yrs and decreased to 5.9 cases per 100,000 p-yrs in 2017. Annual prevalence rates of MetS increased steadily during the first 11 years of the surveillance period reaching a high of 38.9 per 100,000 active component service members in 2012, after which rates declined slightly to 31.6 per 100,000 active component service members in 2017. Validation of ICD-9/ICD-10 diagnostic codes for MetS using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria is needed to establish the level of agreement between the two methods for identifying this condition.
Adrenal Gland Disorders, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2002–2017
During 2002–2017, the most common incident adrenal gland disorder among male and female service members was adrenal insufficiency and the least common was adrenomedullary hyperfunction. Adrenal insufficiency was diagnosed among 267 females (crude overall incidence rate: 8.2 cases per 100,000 person-years [p-yrs]) and 729 males (3.9 per 100,000 p-yrs). In both sexes, overall rates of other disorders of adrenal gland and Cushing's syndrome were lower than for adrenal insufficiency but higher than for hyperaldosteronism, adrenogenital disorders, and adrenomedullary hyperfunction. Crude overall rates of adrenal gland disorders among females tended to be higher than those of males, with female:male rate ratios ranging from 2.1 for adrenal insufficiency to 5.5 for androgenital disorders and Cushing's syndrome. The highest overall rates of adrenal insufficiency for males and females were among non-Hispanic white service members. Among females, rates of Cushing's syndrome and other disorders of adrenal gland were 31.6 per 100,000 active component service members in 2017. Validation of ICD-9/ICD-10 diagnostic codes for MetS using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria is needed to establish the level of agreement between the two methods for identifying this condition.
2018 #ColdReadiness Twitter chat recap: Preventing cold weather injuries for service members and their families
To help protect U.S. armed forces, the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch (AFHSB) hosted a live #ColdReadiness Twitter chat on Wednesday, January 24th, 12-1:30 pm EST to discuss what service members and their families need to know about winter safety and preventing cold weather injuries as the temperatures drop. This fact sheet documents highlights from the Twitter chat.
Medical Surveillance Monthly Report | Winter Safety | Medical and Dental Preventive Care Fitness | Health Readiness & Combat Support
Demographic and Military Traits of Service Members Diagnosed as Traumatic Brain Injury Cases
This fact sheet provides details on the demographic and military traits of service members diagnosed as traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases during a 16-year surveillance period from 2001 through 2016, a total of 276,858 active component service members received first-time diagnoses of TBI - a structural alteration of the brain or physiological disruption of brain function caused by an external force.
Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division | Medical Surveillance Monthly Report
Heat Illnesses by Location, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2012-2016 Fact Sheet
This fact sheet provides details on heat illnesses by location during a five-year surveillance period from 2012 through 2016. 11,967 heat-related illnesses were diagnosed at more than 250 military installations and geographic locations worldwide. Three Army Installations accounted for close to one-third of all heat illnesses during the period.
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The Somali Youth League (SYL) (, Arabic:  رابطة الشباب الصومالي,  or Lega Somala della Gioventù), initially known as the Somali Youth Club (SYC), was the first political party in Somalia.

It played a key role in the nation's road to independence during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s.

History

British Military Administration

Somali Youth Club
During the Second World War, Britain occupied Italian Somaliland and militarily administered the territory from 1941 to 1950. Faced with growing Italian political pressure inimical to continued British tenure and Somali aspirations for independence, the Somalis and the British came to see each other as allies. The first modern Somali political party, the Somali Youth Club (SYC), was subsequently established in Mogadishu in 1943. The professed goal of the SYC was to free the Somali masses from decades of colonial propaganda created with the intent to divide-and-rule the country.

Formation of Somali Youth League
At its foundation in 1943, the party had thirteen founding members. 5 Hawiye, 4 Darod, 2 Rahanweyn, 2 Benadiri. The Harari would become members in 1946 when SYL opened an office in Harar. SYL supported Greater Somalia with Harar being the capital and a combined Harari-Somali representatives were commissioned to reveal this proposal to the U.N office in Mogadishu. Somali Youth League members were significantly influenced by the earlier religious rebellion at the turn of the century of various religious figures such as Uways al-Barawi, Sheikh Hassan Barsane and Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.

To empower the new party, the better educated police and civil servants were permitted to join it. By 1948, following an official visit to the territory by the Four Power Commission, the SYC was a well-structured political unit, Abdullahi Issa was elected as its secretary general and renamed itself as the Somali Youth League (SYL) and began to open offices not only in Italian and British Somaliland, but also in the Ogaden and in the Northern Frontier District (NFD). The SYL's stated objectives were to unify all Somali territories, including the NFD and the Ogaden; to create opportunities for universal modern education; to develop the Somali language by a standard national orthography; to safeguard Somali interests; and to oppose the restoration of Italian rule. SYL policy banned clannishness so that the thirteen founding members, although representing four of Somalia's five major clans, refused to disclose their clan affiliations. Although the SYL enjoyed considerable popular support from northerners, the principal parties in British Somaliland were the Somali National League (SNL) and National United Front (NUF), mainly associated with the Isaaq clan, and the United Somali Party (USP), which had the support of the Dir (Gadabuursi) and Darod (Dulbahante and Warsangali) clans.

Trust Territory of Somaliland

In 1945, the Potsdam conference was held, where it was decided not to return Italian Somaliland to Italy. The Somali Youth League had proposed a UN Trusteeship to lead Somalia to independence, under the condition that it was not under Italian administration and that the Trusteeship managed all Somali territories. In a memo to the UN the SYL stated: "We do not pretend we can stand on our own feet for the moment, but ask the United Nations Trusteeship council to decide questions relating to the formation, boundaries, and administration of a Somali Trust Territory known as Somalia, this territory to consist of all areas present predominantly populated by Somalis."In November 1949 the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of the former Italian Somaliland.

The Somali Youth League was firmly against Italian return to Somalia in any form, and campaigned against the return of Italian rule with the slogan, "No matter what the color, a wolf is always a wolf." Before the Italians returned to Somalia, the SYL held a major summit in order to formulate a common policy and unified attitude toward the Trusteeship government. It was initially decided to launch an armed resistance, but after serious deliberation the league came to the conclusion that a more temperate course would be better for Somali citizens. Following the summits conclusion the SYL delivered a paper to the chief Italian administrator explaining its position. The League informed the administration that it would continue to agitate for independence and expressed hope that the new government would not resist SYL efforts. It was made clear that the organization was willing to cooperate with the Trusteeship authorities if they reciprocated. The League demanded that Arabic be made the official language of the Trusteeship instead of Italian and further requested that Italian government not bring back officials from the fascist era.

The first half of AFIS's decade long rule would be marked by animosity and conflict between the Italian authorities and the Somali Youth League. Numerous SYL officials who had gained positions of prominence during the era of British Military Administration were either demoted, removed from their positions or imprisoned by Italians officials. These attempts to marginalize the league would lead to demonstrations across the country which were strongly repressed by the government, who had at the time come to decision not cooperate or concede to the SYL's plans.

Indepedence and formation Somali Republic

British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until June 26, 1960, when it became independent. The former Italian Somaliland followed suit five days later. On July 1, 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal with Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as the first President of the Somali Republic, and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister, later to become President (from 1967-1969). On July 20, 1961 and through a popular referendum, the Somali people ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960.

In the first national elections after independence, held on 30 March 1964, the SYL won an absolute majority of 69 of the 123 parliamentary seats. The remaining seats were divided among 11 parties. Five years from then, in general elections held in March 1969, the ruling SYL led by Mohammed Ibrahim Egal returned to power. However, in the same year, then President of Somalia Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke was assassinated.

1969 Coup d'etat and dissolution

In 1969 military coup ensued, with Siad Barre now assuming leadership. Barre's Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, arrested members of the former government, banned political parties, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.

Political leaders

Founders and leaders
The following is a list of the SYL's 13 original founder members,

 Abdulkadir Sheikh Sakhawudeen
 Yasin Haji Osman Sharmarke
Dahir Haji Osman Sharmarke (Dhegaweyne)
 Mohamed Hirsi Nur (Seyedin)
 Aden Isaaq Ahmed (Borama)
 Haji Mahamed Hussein Mahad
 Osman Geedi Rage
 Dhere Haji Dhere
 Ali Hasan Maslah
 Mohamed Ali Nur,
 Mohamed Farah Hilowle
 H. Mohamed Abdullahi Hayesi
 Marwan Osman Mohamed

Notable members
The following is a list of other notable public officials that emerged from the SYL's ranks:

Presidents
Aden Abdullah Osman Daar: July 1, 1960 – June 10, 1967;
Abdirashid Ali Shermarke: July 6, 1967 – October 15, 1969;
Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein: October 15, 1969 – October 21, 1969
Said Aaran Ibrahim : July 20, 1967 - December 15, 1982;

Prime Ministers
Abdullahi Issa Mohamud: February 29, 1956 – July 12, 1960
Abdirashid Ali Shermarke: July 1, 1960 – June 10, 1964
Abdirizak Haji Hussein: June 14, 1964 – July 15, 1967
Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal: July 15, 1967 –  October 21, 1969
 Aden Isaaq Ahmed: October 21, 1969 to Siad's coup
Umar Arteh Ghalib: January 24, 1991 – May 1993

Presidents of the Somali National Assembly
Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf: July 1, 1960 – mid-July 1960
Jama Abdullahi Qalib: mid-July 1960 – May 26, 1964
Ahmed Mohamed Obsiye: May 26, 1964 – 1967
Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein: 1967 – October 15, 1969

Ministers
Abdillahi Mohammed Ahmed: Minister of National and Coordination
Sheekh Cabdiqani Sheekh Axmed: Minister of Justice and Religion Affairs
Haji Farah Ali Omar: Minister of Economic Affairs
Hirsi Bulhan Farah: Minister of livestock
Mohamed Said Samatar: Minister of State
Sheikh Ali Jimale: Minister of Health, Labour and Veterinary Service
Michael Mariano: Minister of Economic Planning
Parliamentarians
Osman Haji Mohamed: MP for El Dheer

Other
Ali Shido Abdi: Vice-Chairman of the SYL
Lewis Clement Salool: Lewis designed the SYL flag in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 1942
Ali Herzi Farah: Honourable speaker & Central committee member

Somali Youth Day
The Somali Youth League's establishment on May 15, 1943 is annually commemorated in Somalia. Official celebrations are organized throughout the country on this Somali Youth Day to honour the SYL's members and their key role in the nation's path to independence. In 2014, government representatives, youth associations, women's groups, singers and local residents celebrated the Somali Youth League's 71st anniversary.

See also
History of Somalia
List of political parties in Somalia
Elections in Somalia

References

Sources

External links
SYL election results

Political history of Somalia
1943 establishments in Somalia
Political parties established in 1943
Defunct political parties in Somalia
Somali nationalism
Banned political parties

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Synagogou v Liberci může být myšleno více míst:
 Stará synagoga v Liberci stávala v Liberci mezi roky 1889 a 1938
 Nová synagoga v Liberci je součástí Krajské vědecké knihovny, na místě původní od roku 2000.


Seven months ago I wrote a blog titled "Some Promising Forays into Transcribing Blake's Marginalia." Much has changed!
After months of grappling with the logistical and philosophical challenges involved in marginalia transcription, we now have what we think will be the actual marginalia tag-set moving forward (though to be sure, there are a few questions we're saving for Blake Camp).
As a follow up to the "Promising Forays" I want to provide a brief quasi-narrative description of how we got from point A to point B.
The other thing we were considering at the time was the use of <zone>. The main advantage to <zone> was that it would allow us to partition off an entire paragraph or clump of Blake text from the Lavater text. Without zones, almost every line of Blake would have to be within a line of Lavater. This wasn't always visually accurate and it chopped up Blake's annotations to spread them across several Lavater lines. With zones, you can partition off the entire left margin and transcribe the Blake comment in that margin as its own line group uninterrupted by stretches of Lavater. We didn't know exactly how we were going to use zones, but we knew we liked them.
To avoid verbosity, I'll limit the description to a list of what seem to me the four most significant changes.
<layer></layer>: This was the decisive turn in development of our schema. While in the earlier schema <annotation> could separate Blake's writing from Lavater's within a given line, and <zone> could move clumps or paragraphs of Blake into their own line groups separate from Lavater's text, <layer> made the separation of Blake from Lavater total. The way we would encode now was to transcribe all of Lavater in one <layer> and then all of Blake in a second <layer>.
Dispensing with "marginalia" as an attribute: Whether or not something was in the "margin" no longer seemed like a necessary distinction.
Elaboration of <zone>: In August there was probably nothing we discussed more than how we were going to use <zone>. At one point we considered a system where each page would have five zones; body, top, bottom, left and right. We ultimately moved toward a more flexible system of deciding where to draw them on a page by page basis. We use a plug-in we have for Oxygen to upload an image of the object from which we can derive coordinates defining the zone's parameters.
Underlining: I think it was Oishani and Allison who came up with the idea for how to indicate underlined text. In the Blake layer we use <hi rend= "underline"></hi> with a <gap extent= "7"> inside to indicate the length of the line drawn under the text. This solves the conceptual issue that plagued our former approach. That system involved putting the underlined Lavater text inside of <annotation> which otherwise indicated Blake's writing and markings. This new system actually allows us to keep Lavater's words and Blake's line under them in their respective places.
What I'm seeing now that I look back on it all is that the general transformation is from a schema firmly centered around the typographical text (with lines of typographical text and the margins surrounding that type as the key structural units) to one that better allows for the fluidity of Blake's annotations. This is probably how it should be. It is the William Blake Archive after all!


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Things To Do in Pista Ciclopedonale del lago di Comabbio, Restaurants in Pista Ciclopedonale del lago di Comabbio
Pista Ciclopedonale del lago di Comabbio
Things to do Italy
The 10 Best Free Things to do in Varese, Lombardy
Varese (Italian: [vaˈreːze] ( listen), Latin Baretium, archaic German: Väris, Varés in Varesino) is a city and comune in north-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 55 kilometres (34 mi) north of Milan.
#Points of Interest & Landmarks #Scenic Walking Areas #Sacred & Religious Sites #Sights & Landmarks #Sacro Monte Unesco di Varese
10 Things to do Good for Big Groups in Varese That You Shouldn't Miss
#Specialty Museums #Museums #Casa Museo Lodovico Pogliaghi #Architectural Buildings #Points of Interest & Landmarks
Top 10 Things to do in Varese, Italy
#Historic Sites #Sacro Monte Unesco di Varese #Breweries #Birrificio Angelo Poretti #Art Museums
10 Things to Do in Province of Varese That You Shouldn't Miss
The province of Varese (Italian: provincia di Varese) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Varese (population of 80,857 inhabitants), but its largest city is Busto Arsizio. The headquarters of the AgustaWestland, the company merged into Leonardo since 2016, the world's largest producer of helicopters, is based in Samarate, a comune of the province. As of 2015, it has a population of 889,410 inhabitants over an area of 1,198.11 square kilometres (462.59 sq mi). The provincial president is Nicola Gunnar Vincenzi.
#Historic Sites #Sacro Monte Unesco di Varese #Churches & Cathedrals #Santuary of Our Lady of Miracles #Sacred & Religious Sites

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Pressure Washingin Cottageville, SC
Cottageville is one of the best places to live in the United States. Between city's history, its location, food, people, and climate, few places mix southern hospitality with laid-back vibes, quite like Cottageville. As locals, we love calling The Holy City home, but living here comes with its challenges, especially if you are a home or business owner.
Due to the tropical-like weather and high humidity, surfaces like concrete and wood are often riddled with algae and mold, in addition to common grime and dirt. These natural occurrences can affect the beauty of your home or place of business, resulting in an unkempt, neglected look. That's where Palmetto Pressure Clean Cottageville comes in - to restore your home or your business back to its original beauty and prevent unsightly growth and grime from re-occurring over time.
When it comes to pressure washing in Cottageville, SC, we strive to provide our customers with industry-leading service, every time we are hired. While some pressure washing companies in Cottageville are known for lazy workers and mediocre services, we make it a point to exceed our customer's expectations. We do so by prioritizing quick responses, extra-hard work, ongoing training, and excellent customer service. We stand behind our work - check out our reviews on Google!
We're the best choice to protect your home or business not only from mold and mildew but from bugs, bird's nests, spider webs, and potential damage caused by less experienced pressure washers in Cottageville. Our customer's health, happiness, and satisfaction always come first. We are a licensed, insured pressure washing company in Cottageville. When you hire our company, know that we will treat your home as if it were our own.
Residential Pressure Washing in Cottageville, SC
Benefits of Residential Pressure Washing in Cottageville, SC
Commercial Pressure Washing in Cottageville, SC
Benefits of Commercial Pressure Washing in Cottageville, SC
Cottageville, SC
When you own a home in the Lowcountry, its exterior is constantly exposed to the elements, resulting in mildew, dirt, and pollen. When not properly cleaned, the exterior surfaces of your home like brick, stucco, and vinyl suffer. With time, they can even break down. At Palmetto Pressure Clean Cottageville, we use a specially-crafted cleaning solution and time-tested techniques to remove hazardous contaminants safely and effectively.
Unlike some pressure washers in Cottageville, we use a no-to-low pressure washing strategy for residential properties. Also called "soft washing," this process includes washing and rinsing your windows, along with the exterior face of your gutters. High-pressure tactics are effective against mildew, but they run the risk of causing damage to your siding and windows. Our soft wash cleaner is specifically designed to remove mildew and algae gently, yet effectively from many porous surfaces. Our professional pressure washers also manually brush your gutters with a stain-removing agent to remove unsightly black streaks.
If you own a home in Cottageville, pressure washing is the most efficient and effective way to keep your home's exterior clean while safeguarding your time, family, and investment.
Fortunately, a professional pressure washer in Cottageville, SC, can remove dirt, grime, mold, and other contaminants that can cause damage over time. This protects your investment and helps keep your family healthy.
At Palmetto Pressure Clean Cottageville, we work with business owners across Cottageville who know the value of a professionally cleaned storefront. Some just don't have the time to pressure wash their business themselves. Others prefer to rely on our team of professional pressure washers to get the job done right the first time. Whatever your commercial pressure washing needs may be, we are here to help.
We offer our unmatched pressure washing services to a number of different businesses and organizations in Cottageville, including:
At Palmetto Pressure Clean Cottageville, we are passionate about delivering quality pressure cleaning services for residential and commercial needs. We are committed to excellence, meaning our carefully selected pressure washers pay extra attention to detail and quality in every task they perform. We truly value each job, no matter how large or small they may be. Unlike some of our competitors in Cottageville, we want to build relationships with our clients. We strive to get to know every home and business owner that we have the privilege of serving. Whether we're pressure washing a historic home off Queen Street or a popular business off King Street, we always aim to exceed expectations.
Interested in learning more info about our pressure washing services in Cottageville? Curious whether pressure washing is appropriate for your home or business? Ready to set up an appointment? Our stellar team of customer service professionals is here to help, even if you have a couple of simple questions to ask.
Latest News in Cottageville, SC
New candidates file to run for Colleton County School Board
Heather Ruppehttps://walterborolive.com/stories/new-candidates-file-to-run-for-colleton-county-school-board,41895
Colleton County residents who live in Districts 2, 4, and 6 have a choice to make in who will they vote onto the Colleton County School Board.These three seats – 2, 4, and 6 – are up for re-election on the school board. They mostly represent the greater parts of Walterboro.These three school board seats will be on the ballot in the upcoming November 8th election.Anyone wanting to run for these open school board has had about two weeks to file. That filing period closed at noon on Friday, August 10th.No...
Colleton County residents who live in Districts 2, 4, and 6 have a choice to make in who will they vote onto the Colleton County School Board.
These three seats – 2, 4, and 6 – are up for re-election on the school board. They mostly represent the greater parts of Walterboro.
These three school board seats will be on the ballot in the upcoming November 8th election.
Anyone wanting to run for these open school board has had about two weeks to file. That filing period closed at noon on Friday, August 10th.
Now, there are five new people and one incumbent who have chosen to run in this election.
They are: Wayne Shider, who is running for District 6; Lynn Carter Stroble, who is running for District 6; Anna Bright, who is running for District 4; Craig Stivender, who is running for District 4; incumbent William Bowman, who is running for District 4; and Daryl Erwin, who is running for District 2.
Shider and Stroble will face each other for District 6. The current District 6 school board member, Harry Jenkins, is not running again for this seat, citing health reasons.
Bright will face Stivender and current District 4 school board member William Bowman: Bowman is a longtime school board member and is also the current chairman of the school board.
Erwin has no competition for District 2. The current school board member for District 2 is Tim Mabry. However, Mabry cannot run again for this district because he no longer lives in District 2. According to Mabry, the new school board lines released earlier this year changed District 2's geography and Mabry's current address is outside of those new lines for District 2. Based on the new lines, Mabry now lives in District 3.
Daryl Erwin – District 2
Daryl Erwin is running for District 2 on the Colleton County School Board.
He is a 45-year-old Walterboro native who currently works as a computer technician for the Dorchester District Four School District, in St. George. He is also the pastor of Cottageville Baptist Church. Previously, he worked in the local technology department at the Colleton County School District.
"We have to have something better for Colleton County than what we have now," he said. "Our kids, our parents, our staff … everybody deserves better than what is happening now in our schools and within our district."
If elected, Erwin said he wants to focus on improving staff morale. He also wants to focus on improving the work atmosphere within the district, including the district's administrative office.
Anna Bright – District 4
Anna Bright is running for District Four on the Colleton County School Board.
Bright, 66, is a Walterboro resident and a Colleton County native. She is also a retired educator: Bright served as a school teacher more than 40 years in Colleton County and in nearby Dorchester District Four.
She came out of retirement last year, in 2021, to be a part-time teacher at the Colleton Academy for Success. This is the alternative school program for the Colleton County School District. Bright is returning this year to the alternative school, where she will teach part-time.
"Having had 40 years of experience, I feel I know what students and teachers need," she said. "This is something I have always wanted to do. It's a lifelong goal."
If elected, Bright said she wants to focus on retention of teachers.
Craig Stivender – District 4
Craig Stivender is running for District 4 on the Colleton County School Board.
Stivender, 39, is a certified law enforcement officer and fireman. He is currently an arson investigator with the Walterboro Fire Department. Stivender is also a deacon and Sunday School teacher at Cottageville Baptist Church.
"Over the past few years, I have been attending the school board meetings and I don't like the direction our district is taking on behavioral issues and the level of education that our kids are getting. I also see the issues that our leadership has," he said.
Stivender has two children who are in the local public school system. Their third child was removed from the Colleton County School system because of their lack of satisfaction with Colleton County Middle School, he said.
"We need good people to step up to the plate and change this board. It's time for some new ideas and new blood," said Stivender.
William Bowman – District 4
William Bowman is currently representing District 4 on the school board. Bowman has represented District 4 on the school board since 2018. He is a local small business owner and a professional volleyball officiant and referee.
As an incumbent, Bowman said he decided to run again because he wants to continue in his original campaign promises. "I want to be a representative of all people in District 4," he said. "I believe I've done that so far, and I want to continue on the promises I made in 2018 and make sure our students grow … I want to create a school system that is actually going to help our students. There is an old saying, 'The progression of every state is in the education of its youth.' That's one of the reasons I chose to run for school board again, to make sure all students rise to educational proficiency."
Bowman also said that the school board has also already made progress academically to help boost the economy and to educate the local work force. "I want to show the community that I can be a representative to all people, especially the people of District 4," he said.
Wayne Shider – District 6
Wayne Shider is running for District 6 on the Colleton County School Board. He is a former elected member of the Colleton County School Board, and served for more than 30 years for District 6 before being defeated by current District 6 incumbent Harry Jenkins. At 62 years old, Shider is now a retired government service worker. He is also currently self-employed as a realtor and tax-repair specialist. When asked why he is running again for the school board, Shider said he wants to run again because of the "current climate" within the school district.
"With my experience, and skill set, it was time for me to seek the board again," he said. "It's also my strong desire to assist in the transformation of our school district, from the front lines. I don't want to hear about this second-hand. I want to assist the district into transforming into something where student achievement goes up, where our schools are safe and to reassure the stakeholders that it's important for us to all be a part of the decision-making in the district. We must all work together.
"All of our students should be able to move to a higher level. We also need to build trust upon the public again, having a positive relationship with everyone," he said.
Lynn C. Stroble – District 6
Lynn Stroble is running for District 6 on the Colleton County School Board.
Stroble, 59, is a retired Colleton County school teacher and a retired administrator from the local school district. Since her retirement, she has continued to serve as a voluntarily supporting teacher for many different schools in Colleton County. She has also helped with POLARIS, a charter school in the Lowcountry. As a former teacher and administrator, Stroble says she decided to run for the Colleton County School Board because her grandchildren are going to be future students in our public schools.
"I should be able to see my grandchildren receive a positive public-school education," she said, adding that the school board should have elected leaders on it who are educators.
"Our country should be a place where we want to see our children go to school," she said. "Our schools should be a family, a place where we want to go to work and where we know we have a family support. "I've been on my knees praying a lot, and this is something I am being led to do."
Kayaking the Edisto River — South Carolina's natural hidden treasure in the Lowcountry
Matt Richardsonhttps://www.islandpacket.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/untamed-lowcountry/article261535482.html
"Hold still, little bird," I muttered to myself as I squinted through the viewfinder of my camera. Despite my command, the bird refused to stay put on the branch as I tried to focus long enough to release the shutter. With a click I was the owner of yet another high-definition digital photo of … an empty tree branch.The object of my frustration on this day is a bright yellow prothonotary warbler, a migratory songbird that thrives in the flooded woodlands of the swampy rivers of the South Carolina Lowcountry....
"Hold still, little bird," I muttered to myself as I squinted through the viewfinder of my camera. Despite my command, the bird refused to stay put on the branch as I tried to focus long enough to release the shutter. With a click I was the owner of yet another high-definition digital photo of … an empty tree branch.
The object of my frustration on this day is a bright yellow prothonotary warbler, a migratory songbird that thrives in the flooded woodlands of the swampy rivers of the South Carolina Lowcountry.
Wintering in South America, the prothonotary warbler can be found in spring and summer in the Carolinas where breeding pairs can be spotted in trees along the riverbank or deep in the swamp. Its song is a bright twee-twee-twee-twee and as it darts among the low branches above the black water of a swamp, it seems to almost demand a photo.
This spring morning, as I paddle a quiet stretch of the Edisto River, a warbler darts among the branches of a low willow hunting snails and insects. With its yellow colors flashing like a lightning bug in daytime, I am compelled to stop once again and fill the memory card on my camera with photos of tree branches in an obsession that seems to amuse the little bird. Finally, both of us are relieved as I obtain a photo or two and both of us depart satisfied from the encounter.
The subject of my photo lives with others of his kind along one of the most beautiful stretches of the Edisto River that you can ever see. The Edisto River is the longest river system contained entirely in South Carolina. Rising from Saluda and Edgefield counties, the Edisto corkscrews 250 miles along the Lowcountry to the sea and forms the "E" of the critical ACE Basin water system.
Artesian wells and crystal clear springs bubble from the limestone bedrock along the upper river and near the coast it becomes a rich, blackwater river where deep swamps open to salt marsh horizons. To spend time kayaking or boating along the Edisto is to experience a special paradise on earth.
This section of warbler-haunted Edisto described above runs approximately seven miles from Good Hope Landing to Sullivan's Ferry near Cottageville. Good Hope Landing is a beautiful, easily accessible boat landing that allows you easy access to the river. Its 10-foot sandy bluff is crowned by a majestic live oak and the river here is wide and relatively straight.
As the current carries you along you can spot an abundance of wildlife. Egrets and herons wade in the shallows, songbirds (including prothonotary warblers) inhabit the trees and in the water, terrapin, gar and even the elusive alligator can be spotted. The river is filled with redbreast bream, catfish and bass — making this a popular as a destination for anglers.
A few miles downstream there is a narrow portion, where willows grow close and fallen trees can snag unwary boaters or those floating along in innertubes, a favorite summer pastime for hundreds of visitors every year. At four miles, you will pass Long Creek Landing, another serviceable launching location, and shortly after will pass beneath the highway bridge of U.S.-17A at the privately owned Jellico's Landing.
Up to this point, the Edisto has been wild and scenic with few houses or other reminders of human habitation. From the bridge at Jellico's, well-sited river houses and cottages line the river and form the community of Sullivan's Landing. Dating from at least as far back as 1820, Sullivan's was one of many such river crossings in the Lowcountry before bridges and modern highways took hold. The 1820 record of the South Carolina state legislature reveals that the toll for Sullivan's Ferry was "for every two-horse carriage, 50 cents … horse and rider, 10 cents, and 5 cents for every foot passenger and head of horses, mules, cattle, sheep, goats and hogs …"
Recently, I kayaked from Good Hope to Sullivan's Ferry with a group of friends and we found the old ferry site to be far quieter that it might have been in 1820. We enjoyed a beautiful spring day with the smooth Edisto reflecting the deep blue of a sky filled with lazy clouds. Recent rains had raised river levels and we enjoyed exploring side channels into coves of swampy flooded forest and hidden oxbow lakes.
After many hours leisurely exploring and encountering wildlife, we arrived at Sullivan's Ferry for the journey home. We were all of the opinion that this section of the Edisto River was the most beautiful we had ever encountered — and I am certain that you will feel the same way. Should you chance to encounter a little yellow bird in a willow tree, I am certain he will share his opinion of the river, too.
Good Hope Landing and Sullivan's Ferry Landing are both located near Cottageville and are only a little over an hour's drive from the Beaufort area. To get there, take Interstate 95 or U.S.-17-A to Walterboro and stay on 17-A to Cottageville. In Cottageville, turn left onto Pierce Road. At 4 miles, turn right onto State Road S-15-35 to the dead end at Good Hope Landing. Sullivan's Ferry is located at the end of Sullivan's Ferry Road approximately 3 miles from Cottageville just off 17-A. Both landings are managed by the South Carolina DNR and are well-maintained. There are no facilities, so pack accordingly.
The river in this section is swift when the water is up but very easy to manage, despite a few areas of overhang and snags. Careful preparation and good company will ensure you have a safe, enjoyable day on the water.
For more information, visit the Edisto River Canoe and Kayak Trail site at https://ercktrail.org or obtain a detailed map at https://www.dnr.sc.gov/water/river/edisto-guide.html
Colleton County School District Teachers and Support Staff of the Month
Walterboro Livehttps://walterborolive.com/stories/colleton-county-school-district-teachers-and-support-staff-of-the-month,51628
Each month, the principals in Colleton County Schools choose a Teacher of the Month and a Support Staff of the Month. The recipients for September, October and November were recognized at the November 29 Colleton County School Board meeting.Tammy Smyth, Support Staff of the Month, September - Black Street Early Childhood CenterHiram Davis, Teacher of the Month, September - Black Street Early Childhood CenterJulie Withrow, Teacher of the Month, September- Black Street Early Childhood CenterElla Adams, Support Staff...
Each month, the principals in Colleton County Schools choose a Teacher of the Month and a Support Staff of the Month. The recipients for September, October and November were recognized at the November 29 Colleton County School Board meeting.
Tammy Smyth, Support Staff of the Month, September - Black Street Early Childhood Center
Hiram Davis, Teacher of the Month, September - Black Street Early Childhood Center
Julie Withrow, Teacher of the Month, September- Black Street Early Childhood Center
Ella Adams, Support Staff of the Month, October - Black Street Early Childhood Center
Sally Burgis, Teacher of the Month, October - Black Street Early Childhood Center
Julie Hiott, Teacher of the Month, October- Black Street Early Childhood Center
Takesha Jones, Teacher of the Month, November- Black Street Early Childhood Center
Patti Litchfield, Teacher of the Month, November - Black Street Early Childhood Center
Barbara Gilbert, Support Staff of the Month, November - Black Street Early Childhood Center
Amy Cook, Teacher of the Month, November - Bells Elementary School
Andrea Brown, Support Staff of the Month, November - Bells Elementary School
Shelley Ann Griffiths, Teacher of the Month, September - Colleton County Middle School
Victoria Reed, Support Staff of the Month, September - Colleton County Middle School
Danielle Van Hulst, Teacher of the Month, October - Colleton County Middle School
Janice Wright, Support Staff of the Month, October - Colleton County Middle School
Elizabeth Purvis, Teacher of the Month, August - Forest Hills Elementary
Erica Grant, Teacher of the Month, September - Forest Hills Elementary
Monica Adams, Support Staff of the Month, September - Forest Hills Elementary
Dustin Fitch, Teacher of the Month, October - Forest Hills Elementary
Debbie Fryar, Support Staff of the Month, October - Forest Hills Elementary
Ashleigh Cook, Teacher of the Month, October - Cottageville Elementary School
Doris Simmons, Support Staff of the Month, October - Cottageville Elementary School
Sarah Fielder, Teacher of the Month, November - Cottageville Elementary School
Lynn Jennings, Support Staff of the Month, November - Cottageville Elementary School
Mallory Beach, Teacher of the Month, November - Northside Elementary School
Angela Crosby, Support Staff of the Month, November - Northside Elementary School
Heather Mushrush, Teacher of the Month, September - Colleton County High School
Jarred Boan, Teacher of the Month, October - Colleton County High School
Isaac Agina, Teacher of the Month, November - Colleton County High School
Amy Kilpatrick, Support Staff of the Month, September - Colleton County High School
Jarvis Pruitt, Support Staff of the Month, October - Colleton County High School
Gwen Koger, Support Staff of the Month, November - Colleton County High School
Dinah Bryant, Teacher of the Month, November - Hendersonville Elementary School
Calvin Gantt, Support Staff of the Month, November - Hendersonville Elementary School
Palmer Hudson, Teacher of the Month, November - Colleton Adult Learning Center
Haley Jones, Support Staff of the Month, November - Colleton Adult Learning Center
Where to see Christmas lights in the Charleston area
Tim Renaudhttps://www.counton2.com/news/local-news/where-to-see-christmas-lights-in-the-charleston-area/
CHARLESTON, S.C. (WCBD) – Grab a cup of hot chocolate and turn the Christmas tunes on the radio – there are several options for checking out Christmas lights beyond your neighborhood.Enjoy a night with friends and family as you drive through bright shining lights on display in Moncks Corner, North Charleston, Cottageville, and the largest drive-thru holiday light event at James Island County Park.Holiday Festival of Lights – James Island County Park871 Riverland Dr, CharlestonA...
CHARLESTON, S.C. (WCBD) – Grab a cup of hot chocolate and turn the Christmas tunes on the radio – there are several options for checking out Christmas lights beyond your neighborhood.
Enjoy a night with friends and family as you drive through bright shining lights on display in Moncks Corner, North Charleston, Cottageville, and the largest drive-thru holiday light event at James Island County Park.
Holiday Festival of Lights – James Island County Park871 Riverland Dr, Charleston
A trip to the Holiday Festival of Lights at James Island County Park is a Christmas-time tradition filled with thousands of dazzling lights and displays.
Guests are invited to drive along a three-mile stretch lined with more than 700 light displays each night through December 31. A stop at Winter Wonderland – about halfway through the drive – gives you an opportunity to stretch your legs and view the area's largest holiday sand sculpture.
You can view shops, search for gifts, or enjoy sweet treats or a cup of hot chocolate. Hop on a train ride for a fun look at light displays or take a stroll through the Enchanted Walking Trail for a fun look at nature-themed light displays.
Santa Claus will meet children each night from November 21 – December 23. Plus, enjoy an array of large greeting cards decorated by students from across the Charleston area.
Ticket prices on a regular night will cost $15 per vehicle if purchased online at HolidayFestivalofLights.com or $20 at the gate. Peak night prices increase to $25 per vehicle online and $30 at the gate.
The 33rd Annual Holiday Festival of Lights is open every evening from November 11 through December 31 from 5:30 p.m. until 10:00 p.m.
The Lights at Park Circle4800 Park Circle, North Charleston
Pack up the car and take a drive or go for a relaxing stroll around North Charleston's Park Circle to see dozens of Christmas light displays.
Trees, lights, and displays will be shining bright around the circle at the Felix C. Davis Community Center.
City leaders say the lights will shine until New Year's Day. There is no fee to enjoy the lights.
Bee City Zoo's Christmas Wonderland of Lights1066 Holly Ridge Ln. Cottageville, SC 29435
On select nights in November and December, guests can enjoy a combination of animals and Christmas lights at Bee City Zoo's Christmas Wonderland of Lights festival.
Santa Claus will make a special appearance during some nights of the event for a photo opportunity.
Those attending can also attend an 'Australian Walkabout' which is included in the price of admission. And for some additional costs, you can enjoy roasting s'mores, ornament decorating, grabbing a cup of hot chocolate, or feeding animals during the festival.
Admission is $12 or you can purchase a combo pass which includes day access to the zoo and entry to the lights at $20. Click here to learn more.
Holiday Lights Driving Tour – Old Santee Canal Park900 Stoney Landing Rd, Moncks Corner
Celebrate the season with family and friends on a driving tour filled with sparkling Christmas lights and displays at Old Santee Canal Park powered by Santee Cooper.
The event runs each night from 6:00 p.m. until 9:00 p.m. from November 25 – December 30. It will be closed on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day.
Admission to the event is $5 per vehicle. Proceeds benefit local charities.
Guests will enter the Holiday Lights Driving Tour at 1 Riverwood Drive in Moncks Corner.
"The beautiful LED lighting displays are powered by 100% Santee Cooper Green Power, which is Green-e Energy certified and meets the environmental and consumer-protection standards set forth by the nonprofit Center for Resource Solutions," organizers said.
Santee Cooper is also inviting guests to attend its two-night event 'Holiday in the Park' on November 24 and 25. You'll have the chance to meet Santa Claus, enjoy crafts, roast marshmallows, and sample some seasonal foods.
"This event is included with admission to Holiday Lights Driving Tour, which runs through Dec. 30, so you can start your holiday season early at this fun-filled meetup," said organizers.
To learn more or purchase tickets online, please click here.
Cougar Night Lights – The College of CharlestonNear the corner of George and St. Philip Streets
A holiday tradition that brings a fun and dazzling light show to the College of Charleston's Cistern Yard and Randolph Hall will light up with the spirit of the season each night, offering a holiday light show featuring festive music and visual performances each half-hour from 6:00 p.m. until 9:00 p.m.
The display will be open to the public beginning December 1 through January 2. It is free to view and this year's show will include new music and lighting displays.
Visitors can find the Cistern Yard at the corner of George and St. Philip Streets. Public parking garages are available at two nearby locations – the George Street Garage and the St. Philip Street Garage.
Did we miss something? Email us with details about a local Christmas light show.
Heavy Rainfall Event - June 28, 2022- July 2, 2022
Weather.govhttps://www.weather.gov/chs/heavyrainfall-JuneJuly2022
...PRECIPITATION REPORTS...Location Amount Wadmalaw Island 4.1 NE 9.84 in Kiawah Island 1.0 SW 9.17 in Johns Island 3.3 WNW 8.78 in Isle Of Palms 0.1 E 8.72 in Hollywood 4.3 SE 8.51 in Mount Pleasant 7.5 NE 8.18 in Summerville 7.88 in Mount Pleasant 8.2 NE 7...
...PRECIPITATION REPORTS...Location                     Amount                          Wadmalaw Island 4.1 NE       9.84 in                         Kiawah Island 1.0 SW         9.17 in                         Johns Island 3.3 WNW         8.78 in                         Isle Of Palms 0.1 E          8.72 in                         Hollywood 4.3 SE             8.51 in                         Mount Pleasant 7.5 NE        8.18 in                         Summerville                  7.88 in                         Mount Pleasant 8.2 NE        7.79 in                         Wadmalaw Island 2.3 SSW      7.63 in                         Mount Pleasant 0.4 E         7.49 in                         1 SE Edisto Island           7.34 in                         WADMALAW ISLAND              6.98 in                         Charleston 4.1 NW            6.98 in                         Charleston                   6.93 in                         Edisto Island 3.6 E          6.79 in                         Charleston 5.0 WNW           6.77 in                         Charleston 2.5 NNW           6.68 in                         Charleston 1.6 SSW           6.53 in                         Charleston 4.0 NW            6.44 in                         North Charleston 4.0 SSE     6.39 in                         Mount Pleasant 7.0 NE        6.22 in                         Charleston 6.1 WNW           6.20 in                         Charleston 4.0 NW            6.14 in                         Mount Pleasant               6.12 in                         Edisto Island 3.6 E          6.12 in                         Mount Pleasant 2.7 S         6.08 in                         1 E Johns Island             6.08 in                         Coffee Bluff                 6.04 in                         Johns Island 1.8 NE          5.97 in                         Savannah 5.9 SSW             5.95 in                         Charleston 3.8 NW            5.94 in                         Mount Pleasant               5.88 in                         Mount Pleasant 1.4 ENE       5.73 in                         Charleston 0.3 ESE           5.71 in                         Charleston 6.4 WNW           5.64 in                         Mount Pleasant 4.1 NE        5.60 in                         Kiawah Island 3.5 W          5.54 in                         Summerville 5.5 NNW          5.50 in                         Charleston                   5.49 in                         Mount Pleasant               5.44 in                         Mount Pleasant 6.4 NE        5.38 in                         Charleston 2.9 W             5.37 in                         Kiawah Island 1.5 NE         5.32 in                         Charleston 4.6 SSE           5.30 in                         Charleston 2.9 NNE           5.07 in                         Mount Pleasant 1.0 WSW       5.03 in                         Grover 4.4 SE                5.02 in                         Charleston                   4.99 in                         Meggett 1.8 W                4.96 in                         NWS Charleston SC            4.84 in                         Edisto Beach 5.4 NNW         4.79 in                         Mount Pleasant 8.1 NE        4.79 in                         Ridgeville 1.3 SSW           4.77 in                         Savannah 1.7 W               4.74 in                         Savannah 3.9 SSW             4.64 in                         Charleston 3.0 N             4.64 in                         Hollywood 2.3 W              4.61 in                         Charleston 5.4 SSE           4.59 in                         Daniel Island 1.0 SE         4.57 in                         Summerville                  4.56 in                         Mount Pleasant 1.7 N         4.44 in                         Mount Pleasant 1.7 NNW       4.35 in                         Snowden                      4.16 in                         Mount Pleasant               4.14 in                         Savannah 3.1 ENE             4.14 in                         Bennetts Point               4.12 in                         Charleston 6.8 NE            4.11 in                         Edisto Island 4.5 NNW        4.09 in                         North Charleston 3.1 ESE     4.09 in                         Beaufort 4.5 NE              4.03 in                         Ravenel                      4.02 in                         Hollywood 5.8 WSW            4.02 in                         Summerville 1.7 SSE          3.99 in                         Ridgeville 3.2 WSW           3.97 in                         North Charleston 3.1 E       3.88 in                         North Charleston 2.6 NW      3.82 in                         Hanahan 1.7 SE               3.81 in                         Daniel Island                3.75 in                         Seabrook Island 0.2 S        3.75 in                         Charleston Intl Airport      3.74 in                         Edisto Island 3.2 NNE        3.68 in                         Charleston 1.7 SE            3.65 in                         Mcclellanville 0.2 ESE       3.64 in                         Summerville 2.6 E            3.62 in                         North Charleston 3.5 ESE     3.56 in                         North Charleston 2.9 WNW     3.52 in                         Beaufort 3.5 N               3.50 in                         McClellanville 0.5 ESE       3.48 in                         SANTEE COAST MCCLELLANVILLE  3.48 in                         Seabrook Island              3.47 in                         Summerville 2.8 W            3.47 in                         Ravenel 2.0 WNW              3.44 in                         Beaufort 5.7 NE              3.40 in                         Summerville 5.0 NNE          3.39 in                         North Charleston 4.4 W       3.38 in                         Montgomery                   3.33 in                         Hanahan 1.1 N                3.32 in                         Edisto Beach 5.1 NNW         3.30 in                         Charleston                   3.29 in                         Charleston 5.2 ESE           3.26 in                         Burnside                     3.25 in                         Summerville                  3.21 in                         Summerville 5.3 SE           3.21 in                         Huger 7.7 S                  3.16 in                         Smoaks 0.1 ESE               3.12 in                         2 NNE Daniel Island          3.11 in                         Summerville 2.1 WSW          3.10 in                         Savannah 2.3 SSW             3.09 in                         Huger 3 ENE                  3.09 in                         St Helena Island 2.8 NE      3.09 in                         Riceboro 11.8 SE             3.08 in                         Blitchton 4 WSW              3.05 in                         Mount Pleasant 2.6 SW        3.05 in                         Mount Pleasant 2.1 SSE       3.04 in                         Huger 7.7S - Bridges at Seve 3.03 in                         Edisto Beach 2.7 N           2.99 in                         Savannah 7.9 SSE             2.98 in                         Summerville 5.7 SSE          2.97 in                         Beaufort MCAS                2.97 in                         Charleston 2.9 W             2.96 in                         Savannah 4.5 SSW             2.95 in                         Rincon 5.3 NNE               2.94 in                         Summerville 1.9 N            2.92 in                         Summerville 3.4 S            2.90 in                         Summerville 0.4 SE           2.90 in                         North Charleston 3.5 N       2.88 in                         Savannah 6.3 WNW             2.85 in                         Edisto Island 1.6 N          2.83 in                         Savannah 9.6 E               2.80 in                         Mount Pleasant 1.3 WSW       2.79 in                         Walterboro 1 SW              2.76 in                         Garden City 1.2 NNE          2.72 in                         Blitchton 4 WSW              2.70 in                         Summerville 4.8 WSW          2.69 in                         Charleston                   2.66 in                         Mount Pleasant 6.1 NNE       2.64 in                         Valona                       2.58 in                         Townsend 5.5 SE              2.56 in                         Summerville 5.8 NE           2.52 in                         Charleston 9.1 NE            2.49 in                         Wadmalaw Island 3.6 ENE      2.48 in                         Charleston                   2.47 in                         Savannah 10.4 E              2.44 in                         Hilton Head Island           2.42 in                         Savannah                     2.42 in                         Fripp Island 0.5 WSW         2.40 in                         Goose Creek 4.6 WNW          2.38 in                         Goose Creek 3.5 NW           2.37 in                         Hunter Army Air Field        2.35 in                         Midville 6.6 ESE             2.30 in                         1 NE Lawton                  2.30 in                         Moncks Corner 4 N            2.30 in                         Summerville 3.3 NE           2.30 in                         Walterboro 7.4 NNE           2.26 in                         Okatie 7.6 NE                2.25 in                         Beaufort 4.2 WSW             2.25 in                         Summerville 1.9 SSW          2.24 in                         Walterboro 3.0 NNW           2.21 in                         Summerville 3.2 WNW          2.18 in                         Hilton Head Island 4.7 NW    2.17 in                         Beaufort 3.6 SW              2.16 in                         Charleston                   2.12 in                         Bluffton 7.0 W               2.11 in                         Glennville 3 NW              2.10 in                         Green Pond 4.6 W             2.07 in                         Mount Pleasant 2.7 S         2.06 in                         Charleston 5.0 WNW           2.06 in                         Cottageville 5.8 WSW         2.04 in                         Summerville 2.0 SW           2.04 in                         Edisto Beach 5.4 NNW         2.03 in                         Burnside                     2.02 in                         Bonneau                      2.01 in                         Bluffton 2.9 ENE             2.01 in                         Newington 0.5 SSE            1.99 in                         Mount Pleasant 8.5 NE        1.97 in                         Rincon 4 SE                  1.96 in                         Summerville 0.2 N            1.96 in                         Parris Island 1.7 N          1.92 in                         Beaufort 1.6 SSW             1.92 in                         Cottageville 3.1 NNW         1.89 in                         Springfield 2.4 E            1.82 in                         Hilton Head Island 5.1 NW    1.80 in                         Moncks Corner 5.1 SSW        1.79 in                         Ravenel 2.0 WNW              1.79 in                         Lepageville                  1.79 in                         Mount Pleasant 1.9 ESE       1.77 in                         Hilton Head                  1.76 in                         Port Wentworth 6 N           1.76 in                         Hilton Head Island 4.7 ENE   1.76 in                         Ellabell 5.0 NNW             1.74 in                         Beaufort 6.5 NNW             1.74 in                         Saint Helena 7.0 E           1.73 in                         Walterboro 3.0 NNW           1.73 in                         Moncks Corner 8.9 S          1.72 in                         Parris Island 1.7 N          1.71 in                         Hilton Head Island 4.0 N     1.70 in                         Summerville 0.1 W            1.70 in                         Oliver 1 SW                  1.69 in                         Midway 12.7 ESE              1.66 in                         Beaufort 3.0 E               1.66 in                         Savannah 8.2 SSE             1.64 in                         Allendale 1.7 SE             1.62 in                         Allendale 1.7 SE             1.62 in                         Marlow 0.0 S                 1.60 in                         Hampton 0.8 SW               1.54 in                         Goose Creek 3.5 NW           1.53 in                         Summerville 4 W              1.51 in                         Kiawah Island 3.1 WSW        1.50 in                         Newington 0.5 SSE            1.49 in                         Charleston 6.6 NW            1.48 in                         Ridgeville 5.7 SSW           1.47 in                         SANTEE COAST MCCLELLANVILLE  1.46 in                         1 E Hilton Head Island       1.45 in                         Pineville 0.3 SSE            1.44 in                         Bluffton 0.7 NNW             1.43 in                         11 SE Raccoon Bluff          1.42 in                         Charleston 5.6 SE            1.42 in                         Folly Beach 4.5 N            1.41 in                         1 ESE Canaan                 1.41 in                         Port Wentworth 1 NE          1.40 in                         Summerville 1.4 SSW          1.40 in                         Millen Airport               1.39 in                         Charleston 5.4 SSE           1.39 in                         Richmond Hill 7.0 ESE        1.38 in                         Mount Pleasant 1.9 N         1.38 in                         Eden                         1.33 in                         Okatie 7.2 ENE               1.33 in                         Burtons Ferry                1.31 in                         Reidsville                   1.31 in                         Hampton 0.3 WSW              1.30 in                         Moncks Corner 0.9 WSW        1.28 in                         Goose Creek                  1.26 in                         Moncks Corner 1.2 NW         1.26 in                         Savannah Intl Airport        1.26 in                         Hampton                      1.25 in                         Summerville                  1.24 in                         Charleston                   1.24 in                         Summerville                  1.22 in                         Kiawah Island 3.1 WSW        1.22 in                         Bluffton                     1.21 in                         Charleston 5.6 SE            1.15 in                         Limehouse                    1.13 in                         Moncks Corner 0.8 ESE        1.13 in                         Midway 3.8 NE                1.12 in                         Guyton 11.1 SE               1.09 in                         Sylvania 0.8 W               1.09 in                         Ludowici                     1.08 in                         Limehouse 4 SW               1.08 in                         MONCKS CORNER                1.08 in                         Hampton 0.2 SW               1.07 in                         Hilton Head Island           1.06 in                         Claxton 0.5 WSW              1.06 in                         Richmond Hill 9 WNW          1.05 in                         Fort Stewart                 1.04 in                         Elba Island                  1.03 in                         Bluffton 1.7 S               1.01 in                         Moncks Corner 1.2 NW         1.00 in                         &&Observations are collected from a variety of sources with varyingequipment and exposures. We thank all volunteer weather observers for their dedication. Not all data listed are considered official.$$


You will select position areas of interest in order of preference. Applications received after the closing date will be kept on file and would only be considered when suitable candidates are not selected from the applications received by the deadline.
provide a current email address and phone number where you can be contacted.
upload a cover letter and current resume.
describe your certifications (e.g. first aid, lifeguard, boat operator).
provide the name, phone numbers and email address for three references such as volunteer service supervisors, employers, teachers, coaches or Scouters. An email will be sent to the individuals asking them to complete an online form so be sure they are willing to be your reference. We cannot offer employment until completed references are received.
Ensure you check your email folders regularly for correspondence from us.
Completed applications will be reviewed and candidates selected for interviews will be contacted by phone or e-mail and interviews will continue until all positions are filled. Interviews for supervisory and senior staff positions will begin in January 2019.
Scouts Canada required training must be completed by June 1, 2019.
We wish to express our appreciation to all applicants for their interest in working at HSR; however, only candidates selected for an interview will be contacted.
Please be advised that all offers of employment are contingent upon the successful completion of a Police Records Check and Vulnerable Sector Screening and reference checks.