Peter Tosh was a famous Jamaican Reggae musician and a promoter of Rastafari. This biography profiles his childhood, music career, achievements, life and timeline.
Peter Tosh was born to very young parents, who refused to take his responsibility, thus leaving him without the protection and the love of parents that children generally deserve. In absence of his parents, he was raised by his aunt but only literally. One look at Tosh in his earlier days could make anyone believe the fact that he raised himself. He was an extremely resourceful, self-dependent being and fought for a number of causes. He became the voice for those who could not speak or did not have the means to voice their feelings to a worldwide audience. While some hated Tosh, others revered him as the rebellious hero. To many, he was a redeemer; a saint, who was sent to liberate the people of Jamaica, both physically and mentally by way of his music. He was one of the most renowned reggae artists of his time and was the founding member of the band 'The Wailers', which gave another important personality and artist, Bob Marley, a head-start in the world of music. Through all the hardships in Jamaica, the group came up with their first collaboration, 'Catch A Fire'. As the core vocalist of the band, Tosh used music as a medium to voice his feelings and opinions. Apart from his career with 'The Wailers', he also had a successful solo career, which was cut-short due to his tragic death.
Winston Hubert McIntosh was born on October 19, 1944 to parents who were way too young to raise him, in Jamaica. Instead, he was raised by his aunt in Grange Hill.
While he lived with his aunt, he became extremely inspired by American radio stations and developed an interest for singing and playing the guitar from a very young age.
In the early 1960s he moved to Kingston and started selling sugarcane juice. It was during this time, he befriended Bob Marley and Bunny Wailer.
The trio began going to Joe Higgs, their voice tutor and began to hone their individual music talents. They soon realized their dreams and got together to form the band, 'The Wailers' in 1962.
They started playing for covers of American pop hits and they slowly rose to fame.
Tosh was critical to the group because he was the only self-taught keyboardist and guitarist out of the three.
By the 1970s, a number of other members had joined the band. The group signed a record deal with Chris Blackwell and Island Records Company and debuted commercially with 'Catch A Fire' in 1973. The same year, they released their second studio album, 'Burnin'.
An accident the same year changed his life forever. Chris Blackwell from Island Records refused to sign Tosh for a solo album in 1974 and in response to this, Tosh and Bunny Wailer left 'The Wailers', citing Blackwell's 'unfair treatment' as the reason.
In 1976, he released his solo debut album, 'Legalize It', under CBS Records. The title track was a hit and reggae music lovers and Rastafarians from across the world began to endorse the single in the album. The next year, he released his second solo album, 'Equal Rights'.
He formed a Reggae band, 'Word, Sound and Power' in 1976. Along with the band members, he toured for the next few years.
In 1978, he signed a deal with Rolling Stones Records and released the album, 'Bush Doctor'. One of the singles in the album, 'Don't Look Back', which was a cover version that he performed with Mick Jagger, established him as one of the best reggae artists of the period.
In 1979, he released the next album, 'Mystic Man' and followed it with 'Wanted Dread and Alive' after two years, under the Rolling Stones' record label.
In 1983, he released the album 'Mama Africa'. The following year; he went into voluntary exile, looking for the divine advice of medicine men in Africa.
In 1987, after a brief hiatus, it appeared that the artist was having a career recovery, when he released his last studio album, 'No Nuclear War'. This album won a prominent award the same year.
'Burnin', released in 1973, was the fourth studio album released by him under Chris Blackwell and 'The Wailers'. The track, 'Burnin' was ranked #151 and #41 on Billboard's Pop Albums and Black Albums charts. Rolling Stone magazine also rated the alum #319 on the list of '500 greatest albums of all time'. Recently, in 2007, the album was added to the 'Library of Congress' National Recording Registry'.
His last album, 'No Nuclear War', won the Grammy Award for 'Best Reggae Album', in 1987.
In 2012, he was posthumously awarded the 'Order of Merit', Jamaica's third highest honor.
Peter Tosh had common-law marriage with Andrea Marlene Brown and the couple did not have any children. But Peter had 10 children from previous relationships. The 10 children include 5 sons and 5 daughters.
He was murdered at this residence in Jamaica, by a gang of three men who refused to leave his house unless Tosh gave them money.
As he did not have any money in the house, they refused to leave his residence and continued to torture him. During this time, some of Tosh's associates had arrived at the scene to congratulate him on his return to Jamaica, unaware of the events unfolding inside. Frustrated, one of the three men from the gang put a gun to Tosh's head, killing him with the first shot.
The three men also went on to seriously injuring others and killing two DJ's, Doc Brown and Jeff Dixon.
In 1991, a documentary titled 'Stepping Razor – Red X' was released that was based on the artist's life, music and premature death.
In 2006, it was announced that his wife, Andrea Brown would auction his M16 guitar on eBay, but in 2011, Tosh's son, Andrew stated the guitar was in care of a close friend.
This famous reggae artist was an avid fan of unicycling. He would often ride a unicycle forwards, backwards and hop, entertaining audiences by riding a unicycle during his shows.
During Bob Marley's concert, 'One Love Peace Concert' in 1978, this famous reggae musician gave a lecture about legalizing marijuana for which he was arrested and beaten severely in prison.


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The Life and Public Services of Justin Smith Morrill
By William Belmont Parker
student and spent his youth as a storekeeper, should have cultivated manners of such urbanity and charm as to mark him out as the ideal of senatorial courtesy and give him the sobriquet of the "Courtly Morrill" deserves more than a passing notice. Though he was constant in attendance and frequent in debate, it is a legend in Congress that during his nearly forty-four years of service in the two houses, he never engaged in angry controversy or had any altercation on the floor, so that his name became synonymous with courtesy. Yet, as the episode of the Pennsylvania Railroad showed, it was for no lack of ardor in his blood, but he had schooled himself from his youth to control and subdue his anger. One of the entries in a journal which he kept when he was twenty reads, "It is an irreparable loss of time to get angry. Unless it be thought not a waste of time to sharpen the deadliest animal passion of the human breast. It takes some time to be worked up into a wrathful excitement and none cool down
- not to consider the moments of actual raving—but by the slow process. I believe none can think of anything else to advantage while their veins are absorbed with angry blood."
While neither was convivial but rather restrained in manner, both loved the society of cultivated men, and from their youth were welcome guests at the tables of the first people; Morrill was as much at home at the White House as Gladstone at Windsor or Balmoral. Both, too, were genuinely hospitable. Readers of Morley's volumes will recall how constant was the stream of visitors at Hawarden, and there is a passage in a letter from Redfield Proctor that shows what a friendly hearth was kept at the Morrills' Washington home: "I always enjoy going to your house, and feel, as I think all other Vermonters do, that a trip to Washington is not complete without it."
In both men the springs of courtesy lay deep in their nature and convictions. Both had a profound sense of per
sonal dignity and a conviction of public duty that raised their daily performance even of routine tasks to the level of a solemn ritual. What Lord Morley wrote of Gladstone, when he spoke of the "arduous aim to reconcile greetings in the market-place and occupation of high seats, with the spiritual glow of the soul within its own sanctuary," 1 applies with equal justice to Morrill. Both were men who had an inner guidance and marched to the music of moral causes.
With all the differences between them, they were alike in being, far beyond the lot of common men, fortunate and blest in their domestic lives. Happy in the choice of their wives, they were happy in the length of days that gave them unbroken companionship for many years, so that throughout a period of public service extraordinarily prolonged, each found in his home a haven of refuge from the noise of conflict and the cares of office. There is an entry in one of Mrs. Morrill's journals that gives a key to the serenity and contentment which reigned in that home:
Have read an interesting biographical sketch of William Wordsworth, the great poet. His social relations were very pleasant, especially with his sister Dorothy who was his housekeeper for several years before his marriage, and continued with him afterwards. The biographer says, "This house was of his own choosing, in the spot he loved best in the world; and two women, kind and sweet and beloved, were his companions and worshippers. No happier lot could have been." He experienced a great sorrow in the death of his beloved daughter Dora, from which it is said he never entirely recovered, but "He was a happy, prosperous, and successful man, as well as a great and famous poet."
Both were religious men, the product of pious homes and habituated to religious usages. In the family letters of both, as well as in their diaries, one meets constant references to preachers and sermons. Beyond this the parallel hardly holds. The type and form of the religion of Morrill differed
i Vol. 11, 460.
widely from that of Gladstone with its orderly and monumental theology, its wealth of historic creed and formula, its range of controversial background. Morrill had grown up in a New England stirred by the great liberalizing and solvent sweep of the Unitarian movement of the first quarter of the nineteenth century. He had seen the traditional creeds shaken if not overthrown; for him the classical theology had lost its authority; the ancient dogma had no grandeur; he was prepared to think for himself, to "try all things and hold fast that which is good," on the sole authority of his own intellect. Some suggestion of whither this was to lead him appears in a letter written to his wife on January 10, 1862, in which he remarks, "If Jimmy under your one hour's Sabbath instruction got a clear apprehension of the birth of Jesus Christ, I should be glad to have him explain it to me. With entire reverence, I say the clergy are not very satisfactory in their unfoldings of this mystery."
He emerged a Unitarian and for the last thirty years of his life attended the Unitarian Church in Washington. At home in Strafford he continued the family custom of attendance at the Congregational Church where his father had gone before him, but did not always find it edifying, as the following letter to his wife shows, and sympathized with his son's restiveness under the discipline of sitting through two services on Sunday:
WASHINGTON, June 11, 1868 MY DEAR RUTH:
I was glad to hear that you were well enough to go through with two services at church under the ministration of our old and Distinguished Dominie. It argues considerable strength of body and more of will — exceeding, I fear, all that I could command. Jimmy is mistaken in holding that I gave him permission to stay at home after attending service a half-day on the Sabbath for all time. My permission was only for a particular day and he has expanded for all time. Still, if he goes to school every day, sitting
on hard benches, it seems rather tough on the little fellow to force him to go and sit on the church seats all day on Sunday.
The preaching, although well enough, is certainly not very attractive either for matter or manner, and I cannot forget that in all the years of war there was not one prayer, one heart-felt emotion by Mr. D. for the Success of the Union Cause. I believe he was favorable to the continuance of Slavery. I feel kindly to the old man, but I am not extremely anxious that my child should be indoctrinated by him. I should go and hear him a half-day every Sabbath for example's sake. You can do more if you like. When they get a more useful as well as attractive minister I may do more too. But you know that the congregation cannot be increased under the lead of Mr. D., however good a man he may be. But I will not occupy quite so large a share of my letter as you have done with theological subjects.
He was no theologian and carried into the field of religion the same calm and equable disposition that he bore in affairs and in politics, as if he had taken for his motto that great admonition of the Greeks, undév äryav, "nothing too much."
In September, 1898, as we have seen, Morrill had written to his friend Senator Hoar denying any intention of resigning from the Senate. He had made public a similar denial, and there were those who spoke and wrote of his completing his term and even living to round out a full half-century in Washington. But the time was drawing near when a summons for his retirement would be presented by one who will not take no for an answer.
It was not merely that the weight of years rested heavily on him. A grief still heavier had sapped his strength, and, though he bore up bravely, putting forth great efforts to play the man, he was aware at every turn of a haunting and irreparable loss. The birthday party at No. i Thomas Circle had been a brilliant success that spring. Everywhere it had been described as the social event of the season. Statesmen, jurists, diplomats, travelers, men of letters, and famous folk of all types had crowded the Senator's home to pay homage to him and Mrs. Morrill on his eighty-eighth birthday. And his wife, though she had never been strong and had lately been far from well, had mustered up her spirits to meet the occasion and bravely played her part as hostess. But it had exhausted her vitality. On the 13th of May, scarcely a month after the splendid party, she died.
For forty and seven years they had lived in a companionship serene and happy as a fairy tale, so that her presence had become a part of life to him and her death a visitation almost unrealizable. It was like blindness; he could not adjust himself to it. Though he might busy himself more than ever with the Senate, Hawaii, the Philippine question, the

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Office for Academic & Pre-Professional Advising works closely with the Office for Undergraduate Admissions and Orientation to provide academic advising during both Summer and Winter Orientation.
Each session, UMBC brings both new freshmen and transfer students to campus for Course Selection Day, a one day orientation program designed to acclimate new students to campus and register them for classes. Our office coordinates the academic advising component of Course Selection Day. For more information on Orientation programs, click here.
As part of Orientation, our office recruits faculty, staff, and graduate students from all academic departments on campus to assist us is advising and registering new students. These Orientation Advisors, assist in the overall provision of academic advising and registration assistance to the entirety of UMBC's entering undergraduate population.
Orientation Advisors assist in the overall provision of academic advising and registration assistance to the entirety of UMBC's entering undergraduate population.
Attending a one day training program.
Attending a daily "preparation meeting" each morning of orientation.
Discussing advisees' major and minor interests.
Reviewing advisees' prior high school and/or college coursework.
Interpreting advisees' outside responsibilities, such as work and family obligations and exploring extracurricular interests at UMBC.
Discussing appropriate course load given advisees' personal and academic circumstances.
Assisting advisees with developing a course schedule for the upcoming semester.
Assisting advisees with registering for the upcoming semester.
Writing advising notes to record the interaction with each advisee.
Interpersonal communication skills; the capacity to listen and respond to individuals' questions and concerns; the ability to help others problem-solve and make decisions.
Ability to interact in a positive manner with a varied student population in a multi-ethnic and multicultural environment.
Our next recruitment for Orientation Advisors will be in the Fall of 2018 for our Winter Orientation programs. Please come back and visit this page in the fall!


Our client operates a small-scale sailing training venture which consists of two limited companies operating in association with each other. At the time HMRC's enquiry opened, Co A hired a yacht from a friend and made regular rental payments to cover the friend's loan repayments on the boat. It used that boat to provide zero-rated passenger transport services to Co B which ran VAT exempt sailing training programmes; these were predominantly, but not exclusively, for disadvantaged children to introduce them to "the sailing experience" as part of educational support programmes. Co B also ran land-based training courses such as engine maintenance etc. Co A is VAT registered as it makes zero-rated supplies of passenger transport services, but Co B is not VAT registered as it has eligible body status for educational exemption purposes.
For a variety of commercial reasons the yacht was kept separate from the main trading company until part-way through HMRC's investigation. The client, as a director of both companies, was both the skipper for Co A's supplies of transport services to Co B as well as the person delivering the training to Co B's customers.
Due to Co A's repayment status, HMRC selected it for verification of the refund claims and, after many months of tortuous questioning decided that the services supplied could not be properly described as zero-rated passenger transport but were instead standard-rated yacht chartering with crew. Despite numerous explanations about the way in which the two businesses were structured, and the commercial reasons for doing it in that manner, HMRC persisted with analysing Co B's website and drawing spurious conclusions about Co A's business from that. It was emphasised on several occasions that Co B's website has nothing whatsoever to do with the nature of the service Co A delivers but this fell on deaf ears.
Eventually, HMRC issued an assessment and amended unprocessed VAT returns to give effect to their decision that Co A's income was liable to VAT at 20% rather than qualifying for 0% under Item 4 of Group 8 of Schedule 8 of the VAT Act 1994.
Although the amount of VAT may not have been significant to many businesses, it would be a make or break decision affecting the viability of this small operation and so, as a matter of principle, Abbey Tax agreed to take the matter to an independent Tribunal.
The strategy employed by Abbey Tax was to ensure focus was maintained on the facts of the case from Co A's perspective and the arguments raised by HMRC in its assessment as opposed to any new arguments brought in by HMRC during the appeal process. Emphasis was not only placed on the wording in statute, but elements of HMRC's own guidance manuals pointed to their decision being misguided. References made by HMRC to Co B's trading activities were continually rebuffed as being immaterial to the appealable decision.
On the day of the hearing, HMRC's representative was repeatedly unable to provide relevant and supportable answers when cross-examined by the Tribunal panel on pertinent points raised by the Abbey Tax consultant. Their case was incoherent and disjointed whereas the Tribunal Chairman expressed thanks for clarity of the delivery of the appellant's case.
The Tribunal found in favour of our client and upheld the appeal by confirming that Co A's services are zero-rated passenger transport.
The enquiry and tribunal took 18 months to complete and, although the VAT in question was a relatively small amount (c£4,000), the bill would have easily meant that this hard working business would have been forced to close. Most importantly, the professional representation fees for this case were fully covered by the Tax Investigations Insurance which enabled the client to pursue the matter on principle to ensure they paid the right amount of VAT. Due to the complexity of the case, significant time was required to thoroughly argue the matter and take the case to Tribunal. Fees would have easily exceeded £8,000 – a bill that the business simply could not have afforded. Thankfully, the client benefitted from Abbey Tax insurance and the costs of this defence were fully funded. An excellent outcome for the business.
"My company probably wouldn't exist without the professionalism and tenacity of Mr Burke and his colleagues.
The case went to Tribunal and on the day Mr Burke just blew away HMRC's case and left them looking incompetent, as he has done throughout his involvement with this case.
This whole case went on for a very long time, and Mr Burke never failed to be objective and steadfast in his approach.


We're excited to release a new look for our content viewer.
The reason for the new look?
As always, we're trying to go one step further. The optimised user interface delivers a fluid experience – with a priority on a seamless movement between content elements and depth of content. As always, the map is at the core, but we're now giving more prominence to your visual assets. No longer hidden behind a click, your story is the hero.
If you've already created content using Alpaca's tools, you wont need to do anything to see the new viewers (we will roll them out automatically over the month of March). We do however recommend you upload a hero image and description, and if you have images of the places along the way, by adding these in you will enhance the reader experience.


Comprehensive coverage from the Angus Media team.
Sustainability has quickly become common in the rancher's vernacular, but finding a common definition has proved to be a challenge.
Addressing sustainability's risk or opportunity in the livestock industry during Angus University, sponsored by Merck Animal Health, Nov. 4, at Angus Convention in Columbus, Ohio, was Cameron Bruett, corporate affairs and sustainability at JBS USA.
Bruett spoke to the challenge of defining sustainability — a simple Internet search yields multiple definitions including environmental and business classifications.
When considering business sustainability, Bruett said there's a simple concept —meeting the needs of the present responsibly while giving the next generation the ability to responsibly meet their own needs.
Bruett said cattlemen can leverage this issue as an opportunity for the industry as a whole.
This great opportunity comes with challenges, Bruett said, addressing some misinformation shared about sustainability and the livestock industry.
The 2006 report 'Livestock's Long Shadow' described livestock production around the world as being responsible for 18% of all global man-made greenhouse gas emissions.
"The same report said this level of greenhouse gas emission responsibility for the livestock sector was more than global transport, more than airplanes, trains, automobiles, golf carts, you name it," Bruett added.
However, the conclusion was wrong.
Bruett shared facts from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that refutes the negative narrative.
"[The EPA reported] U.S. livestock production is only responsible for 3.4% of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States and transportation's nearly one-third," he said.
Modern beef production really does do more with less. If you compare beef production to what it was 30 years ago, the difference is striking.
Why is this information so easily misguided? Bruett suggested it's because out of the 325 million people living in the United States, less than 1% claim farming as an occupation and 2% live on farms.
For today's farmers and ranchers, transparency is their new reality.
"If you can't defend it in public, you shouldn't do it in private," he said. "So, if you're running a business and your business is to ultimately provide goods to an end consumer and you know your end consumer is asking all of these questions … your response should be 'I've got to start thinking about how I can answer some of those questions to keep that consumer who's making my livelihood possible happy.'"
To understand the consumer, cattlemen need to know a little bit about the Millennial generation.
More than 50% of Millennials try to purchase a product from a company that they like and one that supports the causes they care about.
To address the desires of this consumer group, Bruett said the livestock industry has an opportunity to brand itself to show sensitivity toward their wants.
"We want to provide new and innovative products that they'll look into," he said.
Bruett said the real sustainability issue, however, is the growing global population and a growth in the middle-income class in countries like China, Africa and South America, and their desire to purchase high-quality animal protein.
"There's 7.6 billion people on the planet today," he explained. "By 2030, that'll be 8.5 million. By 2030, of that growth, 3 billion of those will be people entering the middle class.
The articles used within this site represent a mixture of copyrights. If you would like to reprint or repost an article, you must first request permission of Angus Media by contacting the editor at 816-383-5200 or shermel@angus.media. Angus Media claims copyright to this website as presented.
We welcome educational venues and cattlemen to link to this site as a service to their audience.


text:
De La Salle Blackfeet School
Red Cloud School System
St. Augustine Indian Mission School
St. Charles Apache Mission School
St. Joseph Mission School
St. Mary's Mission School
St. Michael Indian School
Positions with AICSN Schools
American Indian Catholic Schools Network Video Library
Update: Since this video was created, the total number of schools in the network has grown to seven. The new schools are St. Joseph Mission School in New Mexico and St. Mary's Mission School in Minnesota. The number of nations served has grown to nine, with the addition of the Ojibwe at St. Mary's and the Acoma and Laguna at St. Joseph's. AICSN now serves nearly 1500 students.
This video was made possible in part by support from the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program, Institute for Scholarship in the Liberal Arts, College of Arts and Letters, the University of Notre Dame.
Red Cloud Indian School, an AICSN school, is featured in this video. It is excellent, we are sure you will enjoy it!
This video features a collaboration between St. Michael Indian School and the undergraduate Notre Dame Architecture Program. Read more about this collaboration here: https://fightingfor.nd.edu/2019/fighting-to-build-on-tradition/
The American Indian Catholic Schools Network consists of seven reservation schools across six states in partnership with the University of Notre Dame's Alliance for Catholic Education. Our mission it to create a foundation of mutual leadership that encourages and supports each member school in its ministry, while strengthening our collective ability to fulfill our mission. Our shared efforts will help us promote awareness of our common goals, address common needs and challenges, leverage best practices and build trust among our members. More info


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Home News WHO Lists Ghana, Nigeria Among Top Risk African Nations For Coronavirus
WHO Lists Ghana, Nigeria Among Top Risk African Nations For Coronavirus
Margaret Sagoe
The World Health Organisation has identified Nigeria and 12 others as high-risk African countries for the deadly coronavirus disease.
The other countries are Algeria, Angola, Ivory Coast, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.
A statement by the body said the identified African nations have direct links or a high volume of travel to China.
The statement read in part, "WHO has identified 13 top priority countries (Algeria, Angola, Cote d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia) which either have direct links or a high volume of travel to China.
"To ensure rapid detection of the novel coronavirus, it is important to have laboratories which can test samples and WHO is supporting countries to improve their testing capacity. Since this is a new virus, there are currently only two referral laboratories in the African region which have the reagents needed to conduct such tests.
"However, reagent kits are being shipped to more than 20 other countries in the region, so diagnostic capacity is expected to increase over the coming days. Active screening at airports has been established in a majority of these countries and while they will be WHO first areas of focus, the organization will support all countries in the region in their preparation efforts,"
WHO's Regional Director for Africa, Dr Matshidiso Moeti, said it was critical that countries stepped up their readiness and "in particular put in place effective screening mechanisms at airports and other major points of entry to ensure that the first cases are detected quickly".
Moeti added, "The quicker countries can detect cases, the faster they will be able to contain an outbreak and ensure the novel coronavirus does not overwhelm health systems."
Source: PunchNG
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Q: Taylor series for arcsin(x), incorrect output C language I wrote a program that gets from the user a value x and an integer n, the program then prints arcsin(x) using the taylor serie for arcsin
http://tedmuller.us/Math/img/Taylor-arcsin.gif
but for some reason its not working. when i enter x=1 i get an output of 1.19 rather than pi/2.
here's my code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
    int i,n;
    double x,sum,last;
    printf("Please enter the x you wish to calculate arcsin(x) for \n");
    scanf("%lf",&x);
    printf("Enter n\n");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    last=x;
    sum=last;
    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        last*=((x*x)*(2*i-1))/((2*i)*(2*i+1));
        sum+=last;
    }
    printf("arcsin(%lf) = %lf",x,sum);
    getch();
}

basic idea is this: last and sum both start with value of x. then i advance last to be the next number in the serie, add it to sum, advance last again, add to sum...rinse and repeat n times.

A: Looks like you have a mistake in your expansion.
Try this:
last*=((x*x)*(2*i-1)*(2*i-1))/((2*i)*(2*i+1))
You'll still need lots of terms.  With 1000 terms I get arcsin(1.0) ~= 1.552963 . ( Your code 1.194958 )
10000 terms arcsin(1.0) ~= 1.565155. ( Your code 1.194958 )

A: One problem is that that series converges logarithmically quickly when x=1.  Notice that x=1 is at the boundary of arcsin's radius of convergence.  So it's not surprising that you'll get extremely slow convergence.
A bigger problem is that you didn't actually implement the series you thought you had implemented.  You're summing something that converges linearly.  It looks like it might be the integral of something well-knkown, but it's certainly not arcsin.

A: The Taylor series you expanded has six-place accuracy for |x| < .5, five-place for |x| < .6, four-place for |x| < .7, three-place for |x| < .8, and two-place for |x| < .9.
Of course, there's no reason to think the Taylor polynomial is the best
polynomial of a given degree. Welcome to Numerical Analysis.
It takes too many terms to get a good estimation for |x| = 1, because the derivative of arcsin(x) has a pole at x = 1, so that its Taylor series converges very slowly. This means the Taylor expansion is not an efficient way of approximating arcsin(x) except for small x. If you printed each term of the expansion as you calculate it, you'd see it's extremely small to make the series converge in a reasonable amount of time.
For your aid,  Milton Abramowitz and Irene Stegun in their book "Handbook of Mathematical Functions", p.81 derive this approximation formula:
arcsin(x) = pi/2 - sqrt(1 - x)(a0 + a1*x + a2*x^2 + a3*x^3)

where
a0 = 1.5707288
a1 = -0.2121144
a2 = 0.0742610
a3 = -0.0187293

which performs much better near 1.

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The Odyssey works out to be $1.08/printed page- never to soon to start saving for college.
The Phone Book $78.99 - Need I say more?
I received over 50 emails for more pages- this is the most pages we could possibly squeeze into our custom covers (I guess we need bigger covers).


text:
Q: Use Fog with Ruby to generate a Pre-signed URL to PUT a file in Amazon S3 I am using the Fog gem to generate presigned urls.  I can do this successfully to get read access to the file.  Here's what I do:
    fog_s3 = Fog::Storage.new({
          :provider                 => 'AWS',
          :aws_access_key_id        => key,
          :aws_secret_access_key    => secret
    })
    object_path = 'foo.wav'
    expiry = Date.new(2014,2,1).to_time.to_i
    url = fog_s3.directories.new(:key => bucket).files.new(:key => object_path).url(expiry,path_style: true)

But this doesn't work when I try to upload the file.  Is there a way to specify the http verb so it would be a PUT and not a GET?
EDIT I see a method: put_object_url which might help.  I don't know how access it.
Thanks
EDIT based upon your suggestion:
It helped - it got me a PUT - not GET.  However, I'm still having issues.  I added content type:
    headers = { "Content-Type" => "audio/wav" }
    options = { path_style: true }
    object_path = 'foo.wav'
    expiry = Date.new(2014,2,1).to_time.to_i
    url = fog_s3.put_object_url(bucket,object_path, expiry, headers, options)

but the url does not contain Content-Type in it.  When done from Javascript in HTML I get the Content-Type in the url and that seems to work.  Is this an issue with Fog? or is my header incorrect?

A: Instead of using the *put_object_url* might I suggest that you try using the bucket.files.create action which take a Fog file Hash attributes and return a Fog::Storage::AWS::File.
I prefer to break it down in a bit more steps, here is an example:
fog_s3 = Fog::Storage.new({
   :provider                 => 'AWS',
   :aws_access_key_id        => key,
   :aws_secret_access_key    => secret
})

# Define the filename
ext = :wav
filename = "foo.#{ext.to_s}"

# Path to your audio file?
path ="/"

# Define your expiry in the amount of seconds
expiry = 1.day.to_i

#Initialize the bucket to store too
fog_bucket = connection.directories.get(bucket)

file = {
   :key => "#{filename}",
   :body => IO.read("#{path}#{filename}"),
   :content_type => Mime::Type.lookup_by_extension(ext),
   :cache_control => "public, max-age=#{expiry}",
   :expires => CGI.rfc1123_date(Time.now + expiry),
   :public => true
}

# Returns a Fog::Storage::AWS::File
file = fog_bucket.files.create( file )

# Now to retrieve the public_url
url = file.public_url

Note: For subdir's checkout the :prefix option for a AWS bucket.
Fog File Documentation:
Optional attributes... bottom of the page, :) http://rubydoc.info/gems/fog/Fog/Storage/AWS/File
Hopefully the example will help explain the steps in creating a fog file... Cheers! :)

A: I think put_object_url is indeed what you want. If you follow the url method back to where it is defined, you can see it uses a similar method underlying it called get_object_url here (https://github.com/fog/fog/blob/dc7c5e285a1a252031d3d1570cbf2289f7137ed0/lib/fog/aws/models/storage/files.rb#L83). You should be able to do something similar and can do so by calling this method from the fog_s3 object you already created above. It should end up just looking like this:
headers = {}
options = { path_style: true }
url = fog_s3.put_object_url(bucket, object_path, expires, headers, options)

Note that unlike get_object_url there is an extra headers option snuck in there (which you can use to do stuff like set Content-Type I believe).
Hope that sorts it for you, but just let me know if you have further questions. Thanks!
Addendum
Hmm, seems there may be a bug related to this after all (I'm wondering now how much this portion of the code has been exercised). I think you should be able to work around it though (but I'm not certain). I suspect you can just duplicate the value in the options as a query param also. Could you try something like this?
headers = query = { 'Content-Type' => 'audio/wav' }
options = { path_style: true, query: query }
url = fog_s3.put_object_url(bucket, object_path, expires, headers, options)

Hopefully that fills in the blanks for you (and if so we can think some more about fixing that behavior within fog if it makes sense to do so). Thanks!


Unlike some of the other Crab Charters offered around the country, we DO NOT collect and bait crab traps. Our charters are a little different. At Florida Crabbing we head out at sunset with only your group onboard for the night. Shortly after reaching the crabbing areas, we will kick on our powerful ultra bright and silent LED Lighting System with over 32,000 Lumens of light. As we slowly cruise around the flats looking for floating and crawling crabs, you will reach down and attempt to scoop up the crabs you see.
Sharks like most predators feed at night, so the action can really get hot on our nighttime shark fishing trips. We can also avoid the extreme daytime heat and thunderstorms which can sometimes affect our mid summer daytime trips. A great option for those looking to venture out for an exciting night of fishing.
We offer 1/2, 3/4 and full day shark charters. All equipment and licenses are included.


> system at the same time, logcheck may not have reported it.
software they are packaging better than we do.
in other packages and submit patches to the BTS.
> packages in logcheck again, this problem will cease to exist.
logcheck? If so, I can't see us avoiding this sort of mistake.
> those included with logcheck.


text:
package org.iotivity.cloud.accountserver.db;

import java.util.ArrayList;

import org.iotivity.cloud.accountserver.Const;

/**
 *
 * This class provides a set of APIs managing database.
 *
 */
public class AccountDBManager {

    private static AccountDBManager accoutDBManager = new AccountDBManager();
    private MongoDB                 mongoDB;

    private AccountDBManager() {

        try {

            mongoDB = new MongoDB(Const.DB_NAME);

            mongoDB.createTable(Const.DEVICE_TABLE);
            mongoDB.createTable(Const.SESSION_TABLE);

            registerAdminAccount();

        } catch (Exception e) {

            e.printStackTrace();

        }
    }

    public static AccountDBManager getInstance() {

        return accoutDBManager;
    }

    private void registerAdminAccount() {

        String adminId = "admin";
        String adminSessionCode = "00000000";

        UserSession userSession = new UserSession();

        userSession.setUserId(adminId);
        userSession.setSessionCode(adminSessionCode);

        mongoDB.createResource(userSession);
        mongoDB.printResources();
    }

    /**
     * API for storing session information of authorized user to mongoDB
     *
     * @param userId
     *            identifier of authorized user
     * @param sessionCode
     *            session code
     * @return Boolean - true if stored, false if not
     */
    public Boolean registerUserSessionCode(String userId, String sessionCode) {

        UserSession userSession = new UserSession();

        userSession.setUserId(userId);
        userSession.setSessionCode(sessionCode);

        mongoDB.createResource(userSession);
        mongoDB.printResources();

        return true;
    }

    public Boolean registerUserDevice(String userId, String deviceId) {

        UserDevice userDevice = new UserDevice();

        userDevice.setUserId(userId);
        userDevice.setDeviceId(deviceId);

        mongoDB.createResource(userDevice);
        mongoDB.printResources();

        return true;
    }

    public String getUserId(String sessionCode) {

        String userId = null;

        userId = mongoDB.getUserId(sessionCode);

        return userId;
    }

    /**
     * API for getting devices according to authorized user
     *
     * @param userId
     *            identifier of authorized user
     * @return ArrayList<String> - list of devices
     */
    public ArrayList<String> getDevices(String userId) {

        ArrayList<String> deviceList = new ArrayList<String>();

        deviceList = mongoDB.getDevices(userId);

        return deviceList;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
ANGEO | Articles | Volume 36, issue 2
Ann. Geophys., 36, 595-607, 2018
https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-595-2018
Special issue: Dynamics and interaction of processes in the Earth and its...
Regular paper 05 Apr 2018
Regular paper | 05 Apr 2018
Quantifying the relationship between the plasmapause and the inner boundary of small-scale field-aligned currents, as deduced from Swarm observations
Balázs Heilig and Hermann Lühr
Show only first author papers Show all papers
On the variability of the semidiurnal solar and lunar tides of the equatorial electrojet during sudden stratospheric warmings
Tarique A. Siddiqui, Astrid Maute, Nick Pedatella, Yosuke Yamazaki, Hermann Lühr, and Claudia Stolle
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1545-1562, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1545-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1545-2018, 2018
Extreme meteorological events such as SSWs induce variabilities in the ionosphere by modulating the atmospheric tides, and these variabilities can be comparable to a moderate geomagnetic storm. The equatorial electrojet (EEJ) is a narrow ribbon of current flowing over the dip equator in the ionosphere and is particularly sensitive to tidal changes. In this study, we use ground-magnetic measurements to investigate the semidiurnal solar and lunar tidal variabilities of the EEJ during SSWs.
An empirical model of the thermospheric mass density derived from CHAMP satellite
Chao Xiong, Hermann Lühr, Michael Schmidt, Mathis Bloßfeld, and Sergei Rudenko
Global characteristics of auroral Hall currents derived from the Swarm constellation: dependences on season and IMF orientation
Tao Huang, Hermann Lühr, and Hui Wang
This is the first study considering ionospheric currents (both field-aligned current and Hall current) derived from high-resolution magnetic field data of the Swarm constellation in both hemispheres. The prominent auroral electrojets are found to be closely controlled by the solar wind input, but we find no dependence of their intensity on the IMF By orientation. An important finding is that all the IMF By dependences of FACs and Hall currents practically disappear in the dark winter hemisphere.
Filamentary field-aligned currents at the polar cap region during northward interplanetary magnetic field derived with the Swarm constellation
Hermann Lühr, Tao Huang, Simon Wing, Guram Kervalishvili, Jan Rauberg, and Haje Korth
Ann. Geophys., 34, 901-915, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-901-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-901-2016, 2016
ESA's constellation mission Swarm makes it possible for the first time to determine field-aligned currents (FACs) reliably in the ionosphere. FACs are able to transport energy from the solar wind to the Earth and heat the upper atmosphere. Here we investigate FAC structures that have been missed by previous satellite missions. Most of them are found poleward of the northern light zone. The energy sources seem to be located on the nightside of Earth about 100 000 km away.
The solar activity dependence of nonmigrating tides in electron density at low and middle latitudes observed by CHAMP and GRACE
Yun-Liang Zhou, Li Wang, Chao Xiong, Hermann Lühr, and Shu-Ying Ma
The solar activity dependence of nonmigrating tides in electron density at low and middle latitudes observed by CHAMP and GRACE are investigated. The absolute amplitudes of DE3 at low latitudes as well as DE1, D0 and DW2 at middle latitudes are highly related to the solar activity, while their relative amplitudes show little dependence on the solar activity. A clear modulation by the QBO is found in the relative amplitudes of DE3 at low latitudes.
Estimating along-track plasma drift speed from electron density measurements by the three Swarm satellites
J. Park, H. Lühr, C. Stolle, G. Malhotra, J. B. H. Baker, S. Buchert, and R. Gill
Though high-latitude plasma convection has been monitored with a number of methods, more independent measurements are still warranted. In this study we introduce an automatic method to estimate along-track plasma drift velocity in the high-latitude ionosphere using the Swarm constellation. The obtained velocity is in qualitative agreement with Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) data. The method can be generalized to any satellite constellations in pearls-on-a-string configurations.
Relation between stratospheric sudden warming and the lunar effect on the equatorial electrojet based on Huancayo recordings
T. A. Siddiqui, H. Lühr, C. Stolle, and J. Park
This paper presents the long-term observations of lunar tidal signatures in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and their relation to stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events. We propose an approach to estimate the occurrence of SSW events before their direct observations (before 1952) from the magnetic field observations at Huancayo.
Tidal signatures of the thermospheric mass density and zonal wind at midlatitude: CHAMP and GRACE observations
C. Xiong, Y.-L. Zhou, H. Lühr, and S.-Y. Ma
Three-dimensional morphology of equatorial plasma bubbles deduced from measurements onboard CHAMP
J. Park, H. Lühr, and M. Noja
Total electron content (TEC) between low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites can be used to constrain three-dimensional morphology of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). TEC gradient observed along the LEO track is strongest when the corresponding GNSS satellite is located equatorward and westward of the LEO satellite. This anisotropy supports the idea that EPBs have three-dimensional shell structures.
Willy Stoffregen – An early pioneer of advanced ionospheric and auroral research
K. Schlegel and H. Lühr
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 5, 149-154, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-5-149-2014,https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-5-149-2014, 2014
Determining the boundaries of the auroral oval from CHAMP field-aligned current signatures – Part 1
C. Xiong, H. Lühr, H. Wang, and M. G. Johnsen
An empirical model of the auroral oval derived from CHAMP field-aligned current signatures – Part 2
C. Xiong and H. Lühr
The spatial distribution of region 2 field-aligned currents relative to subauroral polarization stream
H. Wang, H. Lühr, A. Ridley, and T. Huang
Climatology of zonal wind and large-scale FAC with respect to the density anomaly in the cusp region: seasonal, solar cycle, and IMF By dependence
G. N. Kervalishvili and H. Lühr
Seasonal variation of the ion upflow in the topside ionosphere during SAPS (subauroral polarization stream) periods
H. Wang and H. Lühr
Global characteristics of Pc1 magnetic pulsations during solar cycle 23 deduced from CHAMP data
J. Park, H. Lühr, and J. Rauberg
The complete spectrum of the equatorial electrojet related to solar tides: CHAMP observations
H. Lühr and C. Manoj
Nonmigrating tidal signatures in the magnitude and the inter-hemispheric asymmetry of the equatorial ionization anomaly
Relation of zonal plasma drift and wind in the equatorial F region as derived from CHAMP observations
J. Park and H. Lühr
The relationship of thermospheric density anomaly with electron temperature, small-scale FAC, and ion up-flow in the cusp region, as observed by CHAMP and DMSP satellites
New plasmapause model derived from CHAMP field-aligned current signatures
B. Heilig and H. Lühr
Magnetic properties of CHAMP and their effects on in-orbit calibration
H. Lühr, F. Yin, and R. Bock
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 2, 9-17, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-9-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-9-2013, 2013
Controlling of merging electric field and IMF magnitude on storm-time changes in thermospheric mass density
Y. L. Zhou, S. Y. Ma, R. S. Liu, H. Luehr, and E. Doornbos
Ann. Geophys., 31, 15-30, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-15-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-15-2013, 2013
More articles (18)
Cited articles
Anderson, P. C., Johnston, W. R., and Goldstein, J.: Observations of the ionospheric projection of the plasmapause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L15110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033978, 2008.
Carpenter, D. L. and Anderson, R. R.: An ISEE/whistler model of equatorial electron density in the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1097–1108, 1992.
Chappell, C. R.: Detached plasma regions in the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1861–1870, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA079i013p01861, 1974.
Chiu, Y. T., Luhmann, J. G., Ching, B. K., and Boucher Jr., D. J.: An equilibrium model of plasmaspheric composition and density, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 909–916, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA084iA03p00909, 1979.
Darrouzet, F., De Keyser, J., Décréau, P. M. E., El Lemdani-Mazouz, F., and Vallières, X.: Statistical analysis of plasmaspheric plumes with Cluster/WHISPER observations, Ann. Geophys., 26, 2403–2417, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-2403-2008, 2008.
Denton, R. E., Takahashi, K., Galkin, I. A., Nsumei, P. A., Huang, X., Reinisch, B. W., Anderson, R. R., Sleeper, M. K., and Hughes, W. J.: Distribution of density along magnetospheric field lines, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A04213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011414, 2006.
ESA: Swarm FAC data, available at: https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/ umsso?orig_request=/web/guest/picommunity/myearthnet, last access: 5 April 2018.
Goldstein, J., Sandel, B. R., Hairston, M. R., and Reiff, P. H.: Control of plasmaspheric dynamics by both convection and sub-auroral polarization stream, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2243, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018390, 2003a.
Goldstein, J., Spasojević, M., Reiff, P. H., Sandel, B. R., Forrester, W. T., Gallagher, D. L., and Reinisch, B. W.: Identifying the plasmapause in IMAGE EUV data using IMAGE RPI in situ steep density gradients, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1147, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009475, 2003b.
Grebowsky, J. M., Maynard, N. C., Tulunay, Y. K., and Lanzerotti, L. J.: Coincident observations of ionosphere trough and the equatorial plasmapause, Planet. Space Sci., 24, 1177–1185, 1976.
GSFC: Geomagnetic indices (Kp, Dst, AE) and the solar wind data, available at: http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/, last access: 5 April 2018.
Heilig, B. and Lühr, H.: New plasmapause model derived from CHAMP field-aligned current signatures, Ann. Geophys., 31, 529–539, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-529-2013, 2013.
Heilig, B., Sutcliffe, P. R., Ndiitwani, D. C., and Collier, A.: Statistical study of geomagnetic field line resonances observed by CHAMP and on the ground, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 1934–1947, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50215, 2013.
Jorgensen, A. M., Heilig, B., Vellante, M., Lichtenberger, J., Reda, J., Valach, F., and Mandic, I.: Comparing the Dynamic Global Core Plasma Model with ground-based plasma mass density observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 7997–8013, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023229, 2017.
Kan, J. K. and Lee, L. C.: Energy coupling function and solar wind-magnetosphere dynamo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 577–580, 1979.
Katus, R. M., Gallagher, D. L., Liemohn, M. W., Keesee, A. M., and Sarno-Smith, L. K.: Statistical storm time examination of MLT-dependent plasmapause location derived from IMAGE EUV, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 120, 5545–5559, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021225, 2015.
Larsen, B. A., Klumpar, D. M., and Gurgiolo, C.: Correlation between plasmapause position and solar wind parameter, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 69, 334–340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2006.06.017, 2007.
Lichtenberger, J., Clilverd, M., Heilig, B., Vellante, M., Manninen, J., Rodger, C., Collier, A., Jørgensen, A., Reda, J., Holzworth, R., and Friedel, R.: The plasmasphere during a space weather event: first results from the PLASMON project, J. Space Weather Space., 2013, A23, https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2013045, 2013.
Menk, F. W. and Waters, C. L.: Magnetoseismology: Ground-based Remote Sensing of Earth's Magnetosphere, Wiley, Weinheim, Germany, 244 pp., 2013.
Moldwin, M. B., Howard, J., Sanny, J., Bocchicchio, J. D., Rassoul, H. K., and, Anderson, R. R.: Plasmaspheric plumes: CRRES observations of enhanced density beyond the plasmapause, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A05202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010320, 2004.
O'Brien, T. P. and Moldwin, M. B.: Empirical plasmapause models from magnetic indices, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1152, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016007, 2003.
Pedatella, N. M. and Larson, K. M.: Routine determination of the plasmapause based on COSMIC GPS total electron content observations of the midlatitude trough, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A09301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015265, 2010.
Pierrard, V. and Voiculescu, M.: The 3D model of the plasmasphere coupled to the ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L12104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047767, 2011.
Reinisch, B. W., Haines, D. M., Bibl, K., Cheney, G., Galkin, I. A., Huang, X., Myers, S. H., Sales, G. S., Benson, R. F., Fung, S. F., Green, J. L., Taylor, W. W. L., Bougeret, J.-L., Manning, R., Meyer-Vernet, N., and Moncuquet, D. M., Carpenter, L., Gallagher, D. L., and Reiff, P.: The Radio Plasma Imager investigation on the IMAGE spacecraft, Space Sci. Revi., IMAGE special issue, 91, 319–359, 2000.
Sandel, B. R. and Denton, M. H.: Global view of refilling of the plasmasphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030669, 2007.
UCLA: VAP electron density data, available at: ftp://rbm.epss.ucla.edu/ftpdisk1/NURD/, last access: 5 April 2018.
Xiong, C. and Lühr, H.: An empirical model of the auroral oval derived from CHAMP field-aligned current signatures – Part 2, Ann. Geophys., 32, 623–631, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-623-2014, 2014.
Yizengaw, E., Wei, H., Moldwin, M. B., Galvan, D., Mandrake, L., Mannucci, A., and Pi, X.: The correlation between mid-latitude trough and the plasmapause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L10102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022954, 2005.
Zhang, X.-X., He, F., Lin, R.-L., Fok, M.-C., Katus, R. M., Liemohn, M. W., Gallagher, D. L., and Nakano, S.: A new solar wind-driven global dynamic plasmapause model: 1. Database and statistics, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 122, 7153–7171, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA023912, 2017.
Zhelavskaya, I. S., Spasojevic, M., Shprits, Y. Y., and Kurth, W. S.: Automated determination of electron density from electric field measurements on the Van Allen Probes spacecraft, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 4611–4625, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA022132, 2016.
Dynamics and interaction of processes in the Earth and its...
This paper presents a statistical study of the equatorward boundary of small-scale field-aligned currents (SSFACs) as observed by ESA's Swarm satellites and investigates the relation between this boundary and NASA's Van Allen probe observed plasmapause (PP). It is found that the two boundaries are closely coincident in the midnight LT sector, where the new PP is formed. Our results point to the role of SSFACs in the creation of the PP and offer a unique tool to monitor PP dynamics.
This paper presents a statistical study of the equatorward boundary of small-scale field-aligned...
An interactive open-access journal of the European Geosciences Union


text:
Reviewer Information
NACADA
Scholarship and Definition
Advising Effectiveness
The Role of a NACADA
Professional Autonomy
Administrative Home
Obstacles Versus Alternatives
letter| June 08 2020
The Professionalization of Academic Advising: A Structured Literature Review – A Professional Advisor's Response
Eric R. White
Pennsylvania State University, Emeritus
White can be reached at erw2@psu.edu.
NACADA Journal (2020) 40 (1): 5–9.
https://doi.org/10.12930/NACADA-20-01
Split-Screen
Eric R. White; The Professionalization of Academic Advising: A Structured Literature Review – A Professional Advisor's Response. NACADA Journal 1 January 2020; 40 (1): 5–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.12930/NACADA-20-01
Craig M. McGill's article in Volume 39, Number 1 of the NACADA Journal raises many issues about the status of academic advising as a profession. Despite having origins in the early 19th century, academic advising to many is still not a fully realized profession. Dr. McGill, writing on the literature addressing academic advising as a profession, has done what any professional would do: used a recognized forum in the field to present his research, thus allowing the opportunity for others to respond.
Academic advising, like many professions, was a response to a recognized need. In the 1870s, administrators at Johns Hopkins University realized that students should not select electives without required input from faculty members. These administrators believed that advice from knowledgeable persons, in this case faculty members, could help students craft more meaningful and coherent educations for themselves.
As curricula evolved to include general education, electives, minors, and the need to go outside the standard course of study with remediation and internships, for example, the demand for academic advisors grew. When World War II veterans joined the student body, it was clear that these heroes deserved special interventions from academic advisors, especially those veterans struggling with their chosen course of study. Adult students and students whose families had not previously accessed higher education were likewise provided with academic advisors. While the bulk of the work performed by academic advisors might seem to have been delivered on demand and without any substantive theoretical underpinnings, this period of academic advising represents the advent of significant antecedents and foundational influences.
In 1970, I was hired as a psychological counselor at the small regional campus of a state university. At that time, I had no doubt that I was part of the counseling profession. Then, within a few days of starting, I was informed I had the responsibility to advise undecided students. The goal was to help these students declare majors within a specified time period. My sense of what an academic advisor did was limited to my own undergraduate experience. If I had an advisor, I certainly didn't know it, although I did have to stand in a line at the end of my sophomore year to have a faculty member (my advisor?) sign me into my chosen major. I made all the decisions on what courses I would take by reading the course catalog, and I do not recall if anyone at the arena registration where I picked up the IBM punch cards for each course even signed off on my choices.
Now, three years after earning a master's degree, I had to advise students who did not know what they wanted to study. But there was help! I had learned from my colleagues that indecision was considered a psychological state ranging from mere indecision to persistent and debilitating indecisiveness. Interventions to help students move from undecided to decided involved talk therapy and administering career inventories and instruments measuring occupational indecision. The basis for much of this theory and practice came from the field of career and vocational guidance but was now being applied to choice of major.
It became clear to me that academic advising—at least the kind of advising I was expected to do—did not mean telling a student what courses to take. Such an approach (later labeled prescriptive advising) would have been counterproductive and resulted in either active pushback or passivity on the students' parts.
The next few years saw momentous events and included the publication of the Crookston article in 1972 by the Journal of College Student Personnel. This article proved to be a watershed moment when academic advisors recognized that what they wanted to embrace was something more than the limited vision of advising that Crookston labeled "prescriptive advising." Suggesting that prescriptive advising ever really existed as the primary advising approach isn't quite in sync with the history of academic advising. Certainly, the job of Johns Hopkins advisors was to help students select meaningful electives.
As the curricula continued to evolve, using a prescriptive approach to advise became an even less viable option. Certainly, my work with undecided students was not prescriptive. Each student took a different set of courses each semester to meet their own educational and career goals; advice was given if their choices were off the mark, e.g., not scheduling necessary prerequisites. The reality is that most students do not experience the curriculum like any other student, even when enrolled in the most regimented of curricula. The unique experience of each student can include failing a course, dropping a course, repeating a course, and getting out of sequence. The selection of electives and general education courses also calls for a different type of advising that engages students in an introspective examination of their choices.
At this time, the unit I worked for was moved from student affairs to academic affairs. My move to an academic affairs division acknowledged the academic in academic advising. This welcomed change expanded practitioner exploration of theories of learning and student development. Perhaps precipitated by the move to academic affairs, students reinforced the transition as they expressed the notion that their indecision was not an undesirable psychological state but rather normal development for any 18-year-old entering college. They did not want the "service" of a psychological counselor but rather the input of a knowledgeable academic advisor.
In 1977, the first national academic advising conference was held in Burlington, Vermont, and it proved so popular that potential registrants had to be turned away. A few years later, NACADA was established, recognizing that academic advisors across the country wanted to affiliate with each other to discuss issues of mutual concern.
It is only natural that the professionalization of the field of academic advising should eventually become a topic of discussion and begin with an examination of the literature on professionalization. Much of this discussion has been driven by what sociologists theorize as the components of a profession. Currently, it appears that while the criteria for academic advising as a profession does not completely meet the sociological standards, many academic advisors do not hesitate to call academic advising a profession.
An examination of the standards for the professionalization of academic advising is necessary to understand why academic advisors call their chosen field a profession. It has been posited that before there can be scholarship there needs to be a single, universally understood definition of academic advising. The fact that NACADA proffers a "Concept of Advising," rather than a one-sentence definition, provides an argument for the absence of this critical component of a profession. As someone who participated in the development of the "Concept of Advising," I should note that this option was chosen not because a one-sentence definition was not possible, but because a document such as the concept statement was more detailed and nuanced and would give those who want to know about advising a more substitutive foundation than any terse dictionary definition.
Despite this lack of definition, scholarship in academic advising has persisted, continues to be promoted, and has produced a body of knowledge which has allowed the field to move beyond the developmental advising paradigm promulgated by Crookston, ultimately leading to the advising is advising paradigm. This scholarship has also brought academic advising out from the shadows of counseling, tutoring, coaching, and teaching metaphors.
Measuring effectiveness is a vexing endeavor for any field that focuses on individual interactional relationships. Outcomes must be designated, instruments must be designed, and data collected responsive to the complexities of those individual relationships. Depending upon the clientele, the goals for advising may vary, including: successful change of major and continued persistence in a new field of study; retention of students in the institution or a major until graduation; increased knowledge of the university's rules, regulations, and curriculum; the ability to make informed decisions; success with job placement; etc. Research is being done in this arena that is more sophisticated than relying only on student satisfaction with advisors or the advising program.
Effectiveness, and its measurement, is the ultimate test for any field. Doing such research using control group models poses all sorts of ethical challenges. Academic advising receives little guidance from other helping professions, which continue their own struggle to demonstrate their worth, including such long standing fields as clinical psychology, psychiatry, and social work.
The effectiveness of academic advising is measured in terms of intended outcomes. In a serendipitous turn of events, as higher education in the United States takes a closer look at its retention rates, often quality academic advising is cited as one of the major variables that could increase graduation rates. The prima facie evidence to move in this direction seems obvious—the assumption being that the more interaction academic advisors have with students, the more likely students are to remain in the institution. Now that some of these advising/retention programs have been up and running, data are starting to indicate that in some cases, although not all, academic advising has had a positive effect on retention rates. Doing away with academic advising (i.e., leaving all students to their own devices) is not a risk that universities and colleges are willing to take—even by the skeptical or those who look to cut budgets.
A hallmark of any profession is that education (including supervised practica) is the means by which individuals gain the fundamental knowledge to practice in a chosen field. In terms of formal master's and doctoral programs in academic advising, the numbers are sparse. But does this mean that having more master's and doctoral programs available will bring the field closer to professionalization? Is there a number that must be met?
It is certainly reasonable to regard graduate programs as a requisite for professionalization, and as more programs are created there will emerge more theoretical and curricular differences. No doubt an academic advising program offered through a counseling or student affairs perspective might look different than one offered by a department of higher education. Such diversity is beneficial and certainly a move in the right direction. More foundational courses in academic advising are being offered, and more certificate programs are being contemplated which can easily lead to more master's and doctoral programs.
The question remains for now: does the relatively small number of formal degree programs in academic advising serve as a disqualifier for the field's designation of profession? As is often the case, the answer is: "depends upon whom you ask." Following the sociological approach to checking off criterion boxes, academic advising is not yet a profession. To many academic advisors and HR classifiers, however, academic advising is already a profession at colleges and universities.
What appears to be missing from the professionalization discussion and what the sociologists do not provide a box for is the question: what is the impact on a student and the institution should an advisor engage in "malpractice?" The outcomes of advisor "malpractice" can be quite serious: students' graduations might be delayed, causing significant extra costs; job offers might have to be declined until the students graduate; students can be mislead about educational opportunities, and certain desired majors may no longer be available to students. When discussing the critical aspects of professionalization, this question seems to be missing though it may be one of the most important boxes to be checked off.
NACADA, to a certain extent, is the only "game in town." This is not literally true, as other professional organizations provide development opportunities for academic advisors and encourage advisors to join their associations, but the founders of NACADA either had the good luck or foresight to be there at the right time. Just when academic advisors across the country were looking for others doing similar work, there developed a desire to form an organization that exclusively addressed the field of academic advising. Established in 1979, NACADA has been growing ever since.
There is little doubt that NACADA is intimately linked with the practice of academic advising. Despite this, there is nothing that precludes any other organization from addressing the needs of academic advisors or advancing the field of academic advising.
NACADA's relationship with Kansas State University is equally unique. How much of an obstacle this poses to the professionalization of academic advising is speculation at best. There is little doubt that the master's and doctoral programs in academic advising would not have come into existence without NACADA's affiliation with Kansas State. Likewise, the research initiatives in academic advising might not have developed without the support that emanates from the NACADA/Kansas State relationship. Both initiatives have moved the field of academic advising forward. It is not clear that their existence and Kansas State's position as the "first on the scene" has been or is a deterrent for research initiatives or graduate programs in academic advising at other universities. When Kansas State was the only institution offering a degree in academic advising, it could be construed that NACADA's mention of this degree in its materials constituted an endorsement. At the same time, part of NACADA's role is to make its members aware of resources that might be of benefit to them and a mention (not an endorsement) of Kansas State's degree programs would constitute no more than the dissemination of useful information.
The offering of degrees as a criterion for professionalization raises the question of whether a degree in academic advising is necessary at all. Certainly, a degree demonstrates that there is a body of knowledge deemed appropriate for the education of academic advisors. We do know that academic advisors with many differing educational backgrounds have been able to perform their work successfully. But as the field continues to evolve and more research is conducted by scholars and practitioners, we may come to better understand the uniqueness of the advisor-student relationship and that this interaction is different from the types of interactions students have with other university personnel. Academic advisors bring to bear in their work knowledge and skills acquired from several educational and work experiences. It is now the job of the academic advising community to consolidate these experiences into a curriculum to prepare academic advisors. Yet the question remains: because this consolidation has not been fully realized, does that preclude academic advising from being considered a profession? It may not yet be a box checked, but it may not mean disqualification either.
Academic advising functions in all types of higher education institutions from community colleges to doctoral granting universities. In addition, academic advisors work with students in every major, each field having its own goals for students over and above the institutional mission. Advisors also work with all types of students: honors, unprepared, first-generation, athletes, and all sorts of combinations. Unless an academic advisor is working freelance (i.e., outside of the institutional structure), any employee is subject to the regulations established by the institution and is expected to work within the parameters of the institution's mission and goals. Such constraints do not preclude advisors from doing the work that has been assigned to them. The same can be said for faculty members, employees of counseling centers, and all student affairs personnel who, while performing their assigned professional responsibilities, still must abide by the institution's rules and regulations.
Ironically, there appears to be little discussion of certification and licensing as criteria for professionalization. NACADA has not taken on this responsibility, and it appears that no institutions that hire academic advisors have asked for such credentials. Perhaps this is because university administrators are happy with the work of their academic advisors.
Differences in how academic advisors approach their work may, in part, reflect where academic advising is organizationally located; some programs are housed within academic affairs and some in areas such as student affairs. Organizational reporting should not interfere with the professional behavior of advisors. Even within academic disciplines, there is placement in various colleges within universities. Psychology, for example, might be in a science-oriented college but could at other institutions be a part of a social science cluster. Landscape architecture might find itself in an arts college or an agricultural college. Hearing and speech pathology might be in an education college or a human services college. As these programs move around, certainly their professional status is not jeopardized.
This essay is not meant to be a critique of Dr. McGill's article. It is a commentary on the pathways to professionalism identified in his research. Using a familiar metaphor, the goal of professionalism might be likened to grabbing the golden ring at a circus carousel. When professionalism is bestowed upon the field of academic advising, when all the boxes have been ticked off, will the conclusion be as satisfying as we hope for? My sense is that reaching the golden ring does not grant academic advising the respect it would like, nor does it enable the field to claim its critical role in academe.
Rather than striving for this elusive prize, the academic advising community needs to think of itself within the parameters of how faculty roles are defined. Typically, faculty members have three responsibilities: to teach, to conduct and publish research, and to engage in community service. An academic advisor can achieve all of this in academia. Certainly, academic advising duties can substitute easily for teaching (remember that the metaphor advising is teaching still resonates). Academic advisors, in fact, perform classroom teaching when they are assigned responsibilities for courses such as first-year seminars. Research and publishing are now an imperative for the field, and the opportunities continue to abound. Lastly, academic advisors should be engaging in community service by sitting on university-wide committees and committees within their own units.
If academic advisors were to see their roles in this light and take on these responsibilities, the benefits to them within the institution would easily accrue and ultimately spread to the entire field. Perhaps by then the debate of when academic advising is deemed sufficiently mature to be called a profession will be rendered moot.
Eric R. White earned his B.A. in history from Rutgers University and his master's and doctorate in counseling psychology from the University of Pennsylvania. He served as the executive director of the Division of Undergraduate Studies and Associate Dean for Advising at The Pennsylvania State University. He retired in 2012 with emeritus status. White was the president of NACADA in 2004-2005, president of the Deans and Directors of University Colleges and Undergraduate Studies in 1993, and an affiliate assistant professor of Education at Penn State. He was the 2002 recipient of NACADA's Virginia N. Gordon Award for Excellence in the Field of Advising and Penn State's Administrative Excellence Award in 2005.
Promises and Realities: Academic Advisors' Perspectives of Dual Enrollment Credit
Patricia Witkowsky, Kathryn Starkey, Grant Clayton, Martin Garnar, Ashley Andersen
Examining the Relationship Between College Advising and Student Outputs: A Content Analysis of the NACADA Journal
Adriana Ruiz Alvarado, Avery B. Olson
Inviolable Norms of Primary Role Advisors
Maureen E. Wilson, Amy S. Hirschy, John M. Braxton, Tia N. Dumas
Administrator Perceptions of Academic Advisor Tasks
Donna J. Menke, Mark Duslak, Craig M. McGill
Measuring the Differential Effects of Behaviors of Academic Advisors for Students with Disabilities
John Zilvinskis, Renae E. Barber, Johanna L. Brozinsky, Shelby R. Hochberg


MS Dynamics Corporate Performance Management needs your help. They are looking for budgeting thoughts. Is Excel the right interface with data stored in SQL server like so many other successful budgeting solutions or is it something else?
I think it's Excel but you can give them your opinion.


New year, new logo, same breezy outlook on life. Brothers From Another start off 2015 with 3-Peat, an EP that belies the cooler weather outside. More than ever before, this suite of songs sounds like a victory lap for the trio of Tiglo, Cole and Beeba.


text:
Building Solutions with the Microsoft .Net Compact Framework: Architecture and Best Practices for Mobile Development
November 7th 2003 by Addison-Wesley Professional
Dan Fox
Building Solutions with the Microsoft .Net Compact Framework: Architecture and Best Practices for Mobile Development.pdf Building Solutions with the Microsoft .Net Compact Framework: Architecture and Best Practices for Mobile Development.epub
If you've been looking for one book on the .NET Compact Framework that will teach you everything you need to know, look no further--this is it!--Derek Ferguson, Chief Technology Evangelist, Expand Beyond Corporation Whether you are an architect, developer, or manager, Building Solutions with the Microsoft .NET Compact Framework is your guide to creating effective solutions for mobile devices with .NET. Authors Dan Fox and Jon Box walk you through four essential architectural concepts and programming techniques, using extensive examples and code listings to show you how to develop more robust mobile development projects.
The book briefly describes the context, architecture, and features of both the Framework and Smart Device Programmability (SDP). The heart of the book is its in-depth coverage of key architectural concepts, including local data handling, remote data access (RDA) architectures, robust data caching with SQL Server 2000 Windows CE Edition 2.0 (SQL CE 2.0), and synchronization options. The focus then shifts to localization, security, and deployment, and the final chapter steers you away from potential pitfalls. You will find helpful pointers to further resources throu
Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter Outpost Pilot Episode the beautician's notebook Colony - Bloodkin Reading Diagnosis and Improvement: Assessment and Instruction Reborn: The Pacers and the Return of Pro Basketball to Indianapolis
Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter
Sabotage!!! Agrav. It was the century's most important advance in space travel...and an experiment so revolutionary that only the men who huddled beneath the surface of Jupiter Nine were permitted to know its full meaning. Yet someone else did know--knew everything, saw everything, head everything--and was diabolically sabotaging the top-secret mission.
Who or what the enemy was, Lucky Starr didn't know. but one thing was certain.
The deadly force was not human...not even remotely human!
Outpost Pilot Episode
THE LAST THING YOU WANT TO BE WHEN THE WORLD ENDS IS A FREE MAN FIRST IN THE EXPLOSIVE OUTPOST SEASON ONE Brennick Maximum Security Prison, one of the most dangerous places on earth. Populated with fifteen hundred of the most viscous offenders in the western hemisphere. The guards watch their every move, weapons ready. The Warden rules with an iron fist. But they're about to find that the real threat is coming. It's here. And it's from outside the walls...
the beautician's notebook
Mystery taking place in a small Southern town.
Colony - Bloodkin
The Gods Of Atlantis Had Been Awakened They were to usher in a time of peace and plenty for the Izon - those who had raised the Gods from eons of slumber. Instead, the Clan found themselves enslaved and tormented, treated as filthy, stupid animals. Now they must fight their own Gods to survive. But what good were knives and spears against beings who could melt mountains? They had to find a way or face complete annihilation.
Cronus, Lord Father of the Atlanteans, knew the soul-numbing truth of the Izon and hated them for their ancestry and for their prophecy of doom for all of Atlantis. Yet Cronus must not only fight the Izon and those within the Titans who would usurp him, but his own growing madness. Colony - Bloodkin, The Continuing Saga of Earth's First Civilization!
Reading Diagnosis and Improvement: Assessment and Instruction
This best-selling guide to diagnosing and improving reading is based on the authors' premise that when assessment and instruction are centric to a reading program, children's reading improvement can occur. In "Reading Diagnosis and Improvement: Assessment and Instruction, 6/e," well respected authors Dorothy Rubin, Michael Opitz, and James Erekson set the stage for effective reading diagnosis and improvement, describe various assessment measures teachers can use to assess and diagnose students' reading performance, and present reading content and instruction. It's an ideal blend of theory and practice, including many practical applications of the material covered; suggestions for constructing an informal reading inventory; and a complete, ready to use informal reading inventory.
Reborn: The Pacers and the Return of Pro Basketball to Indianapolis
Mark Montieth tells the dramatic story of the noble, widespread effort to establish a new pro basketball franchise after a 14-year hiatus in Indianapolis, as well as the tumultuous and electrifying early seasons when the franchise that thrives today took root. More than merely recounting the games, he delves into the personal stories of key players -- some joyous, some heartbreaking -- and the volatile social issues of the time. He also captures the carefree, raucous nature of professional basketball in a basketball-crazed state in the Sixties and the fateful events that allowed the Pacers to survive and thrive.
It was an era unlike any other, when teams played in primitive arenas before 200 fans, fights in games were commonplace, a player could pack a gun in his carry-on tote for a road trip and a $6,000 down payment could claim a franchise. The Pacers will celebrate their 50th birthday in October, 2017, so this is the perfect time to tell the story of their birth and infancy in the American Basketball Association.


According to the state's economists the amount of money that the Senate has been claiming that can be brought in from slot machines has been grossly overestimated. The Senate is claiming that more than $1 billion could come in from allowing the Seminole Tribe to offer full casino gambling, but the state's economists say the number is only close to $400 million. A complete study has been researched in detail and economists found that many small factors have not been included in the estimated number.
Allowing the slot machine operators to pay monthly rather than weekly would cause the state to get $19.9 million less in the first full year that they. In order for this to change they would need to get more people playing and would have to create much more slot machine activity than is currently projected, or they would need to add more slots machines within the state. Reducing their annual slot machine license fee would cause the state to lose $6 million. Additionally the lottery sales would be hurt by increasing number of slot machines.
Economists predict a loss of $8.5 million from the Florida Lotto saying that people would go to the slot machines instead of playing the lotto. But they also found ways of bringing in more money by giving state horse and dog tracks as well as the jai alai frontons slot machines they could increase the money flow by $59.8 million in the first full year, and $97.3 million the next year. The license fee would bring in $16 million and the tax on the slot machines would bring in around $139 million the first year and in the third full year that the slot machines were running they could conceivably bring in $130 million.


Designers who need to work with mechanical parts.
Students attending this course should have completed the Gateway to the 3DEXPERIENCE platform course. They should also be familiar with CATIA V5 Mechanical Design.
Please note this course takes 1.5 days.
This course addresses the needs of Mechanical Designers working on cloud. It will first teach you how to design a new part with the 3DEXPERIENCE platform, insert the part in a product then position and constrain it. You will learn how to assign material properties and compute weight, then complete a simple drawing. Finally, you will learn how to create a new part version, replace the original part and update the product. More advanced topics will also be covered: they will teach you how to manage complex product structures, create product features, manage catalogs and analyze assemblies.


text:
Horama tarsalis är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Walker 1856. Horama tarsalis ingår i släktet Horama och familjen björnspinnare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Björnspinnare
tarsalis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


TRUMP and IRC Section 1031 SEC – All CRYPTO TAXABLE!
Trump has thoughts around blockchain and cryptocurrency!
Previous PostPrevious TOM LEE – Bitcoin Pullback Good for Bitcoin? Still a Bubble?
Next PostNext BlitzPredict – Revolutionize Prediction Markets and Sports Betting?


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text:
November PAD Chapbook Challenge: Day 3
Robert Lee Brewer
Okay, this prompt may be a little out there, but it's inspired by a few albums I've listened to (and loved) over the years. They'll have kind of a foreshadowing or refrain piece that shares a snippet of a song to come later on the album. And I want you to write a foreshadowing piece for a poem that you will fully compose later this month (Day 20, to be precise).
This piece should be short, sweet, and hint at some bigger picture that ties into your theme and the poem that you'll be writing on Day 20. You should think of it almost as a puzzle piece that doesn't become 100% clear until the accompanying poem is read later on in the collection.
Here's my attempt for the day:
"I am the man"
Leave the door unlocked,
curtains open, and power on.
Only have a landline;
investigate that noise.
When you scream out...
November PAD Chapbook Challenge
Robert Lee Brewer is Senior Editor of Writer's Digest, which includes editing Writer's Market, Poet's Market, and Guide to Literary Agents. He's the author of Solving the World's Problems, Smash Poetry Journal, and The Complete Guide of Poetic Forms: 100+ Poetic Form Definitions and Examples for Poets. He loves blogging on a variety of writing and publishing topics, but he's most active with Poetic Asides and writes a column under the same name for Writer's Digest magazine. Follow him on Twitter @robertleebrewer.
How Writers Can Apply Business Tools to Their Writing
Author Katherine Quevedo takes an analytical look at the creative process in hopes to help other writers find writing success.
By Katherine Quevedo
Nick Petrie: On Following the Most Compelling Story
Award-winning author Nick Petrie discusses how he listened to the story that wanted to be told in his new Peter Ash thriller novel, The Runaway.
Wednesday Poetry Prompts
Wednesday Poetry Prompts: 596
Every Wednesday, Robert Lee Brewer shares a prompt and an example poem to get things started on the Poetic Asides blog. This week, write a punishment poem.


text:
package lila.tournament

import akka.actor._
import akka.pattern.ask
import com.typesafe.config.Config

import lila.common.PimpedConfig._
import lila.hub.actorApi.map.Ask
import lila.hub.{ ActorMap, Sequencer }
import lila.socket.actorApi.GetVersion
import lila.socket.History
import makeTimeout.short

final class Env(
    config: Config,
    system: ActorSystem,
    db: lila.db.Env,
    mongoCache: lila.memo.MongoCache.Builder,
    flood: lila.security.Flood,
    hub: lila.hub.Env,
    roundMap: ActorRef,
    roundSocketHub: ActorSelection,
    lightUser: String => Option[lila.common.LightUser],
    isOnline: String => Boolean,
    onStart: String => Unit,
    trophyApi: lila.user.TrophyApi,
    scheduler: lila.common.Scheduler) {

  private val settings = new {
    val CollectionTournament = config getString "collection.tournament"
    val CollectionPlayer = config getString "collection.player"
    val CollectionPairing = config getString "collection.pairing"
    val HistoryMessageTtl = config duration "history.message.ttl"
    val CreatedCacheTtl = config duration "created.cache.ttl"
    val LeaderboardCacheTtl = config duration "leaderboard.cache.ttl"
    val RankingCacheTtl = config duration "ranking.cache.ttl"
    val UidTimeout = config duration "uid.timeout"
    val SocketTimeout = config duration "socket.timeout"
    val SocketName = config getString "socket.name"
    val OrganizerName = config getString "organizer.name"
    val ReminderName = config getString "reminder.name"
    val SequencerTimeout = config duration "sequencer.timeout"
    val SequencerMapName = config getString "sequencer.map_name"
    val NetDomain = config getString "net.domain"
  }
  import settings._

  lazy val forms = new DataForm

  lazy val cached = new Cached(
    createdTtl = CreatedCacheTtl,
    rankingTtl = RankingCacheTtl)

  lazy val api = new TournamentApi(
    cached = cached,
    scheduleJsonView = scheduleJsonView,
    system = system,
    sequencers = sequencerMap,
    autoPairing = autoPairing,
    clearJsonViewCache = jsonView.clearCache,
    router = hub.actor.router,
    renderer = hub.actor.renderer,
    timeline = hub.actor.timeline,
    socketHub = socketHub,
    site = hub.socket.site,
    lobby = hub.socket.lobby,
    trophyApi = trophyApi,
    roundMap = roundMap,
    roundSocketHub = roundSocketHub)

  lazy val socketHandler = new SocketHandler(
    hub = hub,
    socketHub = socketHub,
    chat = hub.actor.chat,
    flood = flood)

  lazy val winners = new Winners(
    mongoCache = mongoCache,
    ttl = LeaderboardCacheTtl)

  lazy val jsonView = new JsonView(lightUser, cached)

  lazy val scheduleJsonView = new ScheduleJsonView(lightUser)

  private val socketHub = system.actorOf(
    Props(new lila.socket.SocketHubActor.Default[Socket] {
      def mkActor(tournamentId: String) = new Socket(
        tournamentId = tournamentId,
        history = new History(ttl = HistoryMessageTtl),
        jsonView = jsonView,
        uidTimeout = UidTimeout,
        socketTimeout = SocketTimeout,
        lightUser = lightUser)
    }), name = SocketName)

  private val sequencerMap = system.actorOf(Props(ActorMap { id =>
    new Sequencer(SequencerTimeout.some)
  }), name = SequencerMapName)

  private val organizer = system.actorOf(Props(new Organizer(
    api = api,
    reminder = system.actorOf(Props(new Reminder(
      renderer = hub.actor.renderer
    )), name = ReminderName),
    isOnline = isOnline,
    socketHub = socketHub
  )), name = OrganizerName)

  private val tournamentScheduler = system.actorOf(Props(new Scheduler(api)))

  def version(tourId: String): Fu[Int] =
    socketHub ? Ask(tourId, GetVersion) mapTo manifest[Int]

  private lazy val autoPairing = new AutoPairing(
    roundMap = roundMap,
    system = system,
    onStart = onStart)

  {
    import scala.concurrent.duration._

    scheduler.message(2 seconds) {
      organizer -> actorApi.AllCreatedTournaments
    }

    scheduler.message(3 seconds) {
      organizer -> actorApi.StartedTournaments
    }

    scheduler.message(5 minutes) {
      tournamentScheduler -> actorApi.ScheduleNow
    }
  }

  private[tournament] lazy val tournamentColl = db(CollectionTournament)
  private[tournament] lazy val pairingColl = db(CollectionPairing)
  private[tournament] lazy val playerColl = db(CollectionPlayer)
}

object Env {

  private def hub = lila.hub.Env.current

  lazy val current = "tournament" boot new Env(
    config = lila.common.PlayApp loadConfig "tournament",
    system = lila.common.PlayApp.system,
    db = lila.db.Env.current,
    mongoCache = lila.memo.Env.current.mongoCache,
    flood = lila.security.Env.current.flood,
    hub = lila.hub.Env.current,
    roundMap = lila.round.Env.current.roundMap,
    roundSocketHub = lila.hub.Env.current.socket.round,
    lightUser = lila.user.Env.current.lightUser,
    isOnline = lila.user.Env.current.isOnline,
    onStart = lila.game.Env.current.onStart,
    trophyApi = lila.user.Env.current.trophyApi,
    scheduler = lila.common.PlayApp.scheduler)
}


text:
La Vuelta a Suiza 2003 fue la 67ª edición de la carrera, que se disputó entre el 16 y el 25 de junio de 2003, para un recorrido total de 1444,8 km con salida en Egerkingen y llegada a Aarau. El kazajo Aleksandr Vinokurov del equipo Team Telekom se adjudicó la carrera con un tiempo de 36h38'58".

Etapas

Detalles de la etapa

Prólogo
16 de junio: Egerkingen – Cronometro individuale – 7 km

Resultados

1ª etapa
17 de junio: Egerkingen > Le Locle – 163 km

Resultados

2ª etapa
18 de junio: Murten > Nyon – 175 km

Resultados

3ª etapa
19 de junio: Nyon > Saas Fee – 205 km</ref>

Resultados

4ª etapa
20 de junio: Visp > Losone – 168 km

Resultados

5ª etapa
21 de junio: Ascona > La Punt Chamues-ch – 178 km

Resultados

6ª etapa
22 de junio: Silvaplana > Silvaplana – 135 km

Resultados

7ª etapa
23 de junio: Savognin > Oberstaufen  – 231 km
Resultados

8ª etapa
24 de junio: Gossau > Gossau – CRI – 32,5 km

Resultados

9ª etapa
25 de junio: Stäfa > Aarau – 152 km

Resultados

Clasificaciones finales

Clasificación general

Clasificación de la montaña

Clasificación por puntos

Clasificaciones de las metas volantes

Clasificación por equipos

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Web oficial de la Vuelta a Suiza

2003
Suiza en 2003
Ciclismo en 2003