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Foam rolling helps release lactic acid and other metabolic wastes built up in the connective tissues. By applying pressure to specific points on your body you are able to aid in the recovery of muscles and assist in returning them to normal function. Foam Rolling has the same effect as a deep tissue massage to release muscle tightness and toxins.
Our bodies learn to compensate for how we live. Intense workouts, poor posture, being desk-bound, lack of sufficient rest or other lifestyle choices can contribute to tension and tight muscles. Foam rolling can assist in breaking up these muscle knots resuming normal blood flow and function to the muscles.
Long runs and exercise cause micro-tears and swelling in muscle fibers, which can impinge on your nerves. Over time, this can develop into adhesions and scar tissue. Foam rolling helps smooth out these obstructions and break down adhesions, helping to increase blood-flow within the muscle.
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At Yoga4Runners, foam rolling is included in the yoga class.


« Why are Haitians so happy?
Isn't subsidizing healthy food another form of taxing snack food?
To some extent, yes. It encourages the purchases of one over the other by manipulating their relative prices.
I understand and agree with your opinion with regards to a "fat tax." I don't think obesity should be treated as a negative externality that requires changes in the tax code. That being said, how do you feel about the extra "fee" (aka tax) that the Affordable Care Act places on uninsured citizens? Clearly, the administration sees the lack of health insurance enrollment as a negative externality that needs correction. I agree with the provisions in the affordable care act. I even believe that it should be more comprehensive than it currently is. Where do you draw the externality line?
That's a really tough question…where to draw the line? If you have universal health care, you have to have a mechanism to enforce the 'universal' piece of it, otherwise healthy people will avoid getting covered until they're sick. But that's all assuming that universal healthcare is the way to go in the first place. I agree the system is/was broken, I just don't know about the fix.
While we are at it, can we tax meat and dairy too? What we're really talking about here is taxing rather than subsidizing industrial "food" production like we would any other manufactured good that comes out of a factory. That makes sense.


The business operational systems of the City of Los Angeles comprise a $3 billion real estate asset portfolio, $7.9 billion in annual procurement spending, and $300 million in workers' compensation liabilities. Budget innovation and reform have been largely thwarted by the city's large bureaucracy. To jumpstart better government management of city assets, Mayor Eric Garcetti and former Deputy Mayor for Budget & Innovation Rick Cole created the Mayor's Innovation Operations Team (O-Team). Among the many outputs of the group—which was funded for two years—was the creation of an asset management system, AssetWorks. In this exclusive TPR interview, the former director of the O-Team Mark Anthony Thomas (pictured; now VP, New York City Economic Development Corporation), Michael Kelly (Executive Director, LA Coalition for the Economy & Jobs), and Los Angeles City Controller Ron Galperin explain the genesis of this dynamic group and the future of procurement reform in Southern California.
How was the O-Team created, and what challenges did the mayor assemble this team to address?
Mark Anthony Thomas: The O-Team was an initiative to help the City's leaders think through reforming operational issues that it didn't have the bandwidth to address, in terms of talent, expertise, or recruitment capacity. The big problems facing the city at that time were workers' compensation, real-estate asset management, and procurement, as well as customer service.
I spent a year in Los Angeles, serving as the City's first FUSE Corps executive fellow, driving the City's livability and Clean Streets reform work. I offered advice, to the founding partners of the O-Team, on how to create a successful team. In April 2015, I was approached to apply to direct the O-Team.
Read more of the Q&A here.


On 21 October 2015, the CSSF published the circular 15/622 on higher ratio notification procedure applicable to remuneration policy according to Article 94(1)(g)(ii) of Directive 2013/36/EU ("CRD IV") following its transposition into Luxembourg law via Article 19(7°)(g) of the law of 23 July 2015.
The law of 23 July 2015 requires that CRR institutions, that do not benefit from a derogation granted by the CSSF, set a ratio between the fixed remuneration and the variable remuneration for persons whose professional activities have a material impact on the risk profile of the institutions. These persons may not receive a variable remuneration that exceeds 100% of their fixed remuneration.
However, in accordance to Member States option, Article 38-6(g) of the Law of 5 April 1993 on the financial sector has set the higher maximum ratio at 200%. This higher ratio shall be subject to annual approval by the shareholders, owners or members of the CRR institutions.
Any approval of a higher ratio for Non-Significant Institutions shall be notified to the CSSF.
Any approval of a higher ratio for Significant Institutions shall, in compliance with Circular CSSF 14/596 on the communication regime under the Single Supervisory Mechanism for Significant Entities be notified to the European Central Bank JST team, with a copy sent to the CSSF.
This process needs to be renewed annually should the CRR institution wish to maintain this higher maximum ratio.


text:
Niklas Luhmann (* 8. Dezember 1927 in Lüneburg; † 6. November 1998 in Oerlinghausen) war ein deutscher Soziologe und Gesellschaftstheoretiker. Als wichtigster deutschsprachiger Vertreter der soziologischen Systemtheorie und der Soziokybernetik zählt Luhmann mit seiner Systemtheorie zu den Klassikern der Soziologie im 20. Jahrhundert.

Leben
Luhmann wurde 1927 in die Familie eines Brauereibesitzers in Lüneburg geboren und besuchte das altsprachliche Johanneum. 1944 wurde er im Alter von 16 Jahren offiziell als Luftwaffenhelfer eingezogen, nachdem er schon seit dem 15. Lebensjahr dort tätig gewesen war. Von 1944 bis September 1945 war Luhmann in amerikanischer Kriegsgefangenschaft; seine Behandlung dort erschien ihm später als "gelinde gesagt nicht nach den Regeln der internationalen Konventionen".

2007 wurde bekannt, dass Luhmann 1944 Mitglied der NSDAP geworden war. Die Aussagekraft der Mitgliederdatei ist geschichtswissenschaftlich insofern umstritten, als eine Aufnahme in die Partei auch im Rahmen der 1944/45 von der Parteiführung angestoßenen Sammelanmeldung der HJ-Jahrgänge 1926/27 erfolgen konnte. Auf dem für das juristische Referendariat 1949 auszufüllenden "Fragebogen für die politische Überprüfung", der Teil der Entnazifizierung war, datierte Luhmann den NSDAP-Aufnahmeantrag auf das Frühjahr 1944, ergänzt mit dem Hinweis, eine Mitgliedsnummer nie erhalten zu haben.

Luhmann studierte von 1946 bis 1949 Rechtswissenschaft an der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg mit einem Schwerpunkt auf römischem Recht. Es folgte bis 1953 eine Referendarausbildung in Lüneburg. In dieser Zeit arbeitete Luhmann an einer rechtsvergleichenden Dissertation. Nachdem 1953 sein Freiburger Doktorvater Wilhelm Grewe ins Auswärtige Amt wechselte, reichte Luhmann die 260-seitige Arbeit mit dem Titel Die Organisation beratender Staatsorgane nicht ein.

1954 bis 1962 war er Verwaltungsbeamter in Lüneburg, 1954 bis 1955 am Oberverwaltungsgericht Lüneburg Assistent des Präsidenten und wurde 1955 ins niedersächsische Kultusministerium abgeordnet. In dieser Zeit begann er auch mit dem Aufbau seiner Zettelkästen. 1960/61 erhielt Luhmann ein Fortbildungs-Stipendium für die Harvard-Universität, das er nach seiner Beurlaubung wahrnehmen konnte. Dort kam er in Kontakt mit dem Soziologen Talcott Parsons und dessen strukturfunktionaler Systemtheorie.

Nach seiner Tätigkeit als Referent an der Deutschen Hochschule für Verwaltungswissenschaften Speyer von 1962 bis 1965 war er von 1965 bis 1968 Abteilungsleiter an der Sozialforschungsstelle an der Universität Münster in Dortmund. Nachdem er im Wintersemester 1965/66 für Soziologie an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität in Münster eingeschrieben war, wurde er dort im Februar 1966 zum Dr. sc. pol. (Doktor der Sozialwissenschaften) promoviert mit seiner in Speyer entstandenen Schrift Recht und Automation in der öffentlichen Verwaltung. Eine verwaltungswissenschaftliche Untersuchung (Gutachter: Dieter Claessens und Helmut Schelsky). Fünf Monate später habilitierte er sich bei Dieter Claessens und Heinz Hartmann mit dem bereits 1964 erschienenen Buch Funktionen und Folgen formaler Organisation. Seine Berufung 1968 auf den Lehrstuhl für allgemeine Soziologie an der Universität Bielefeld machte Luhmann nicht nur zum ersten Professor an dieser Neugründung, sondern ließ ihn in der Folge auch entscheidend am Aufbau der ersten soziologischen Fakultät im deutschsprachigen Raum mitwirken. Hier lehrte und forschte er bis zu seiner Emeritierung 1993. 1998 unterschrieb er eine Unterstützerliste für die von Christoph Schlingensief gegründete Partei Chance 2000.

Luhmann heiratete 1960 die gelernte Goldschmiedin Ursula von Walter. Aus der Ehe gingen eine Tochter und zwei Söhne hervor. Seine Ehefrau starb 1977; danach zog er seine Kinder allein groß. Seiner verstorbenen Frau, einer gläubigen Protestantin, widmete er die im selben Jahr erschienene Schrift Funktion der Religion.

Nachlass
Luhmanns Kinder stritten jahrelang vor Gericht um die Eigentums- und Urheberrechte an seinem wissenschaftlichen Werk einschließlich des berühmten Zettelkastens, worauf das OLG Hamm im Jahr 2004 entschied, dass dieser zum Werk und nicht zum Hausstand zu rechnen sei und damit seiner Tochter zugesprochen wurde. Luhmann hatte ihr noch zu Lebzeiten 1995 in einem Vorausvermächtnis alle Urheberrechte übertragen, da es sein Wunsch war, dass sein geistiges Erbe in einer Hand bleibt. Der Wert seines wissenschaftlichen Nachlasses wird auf einen siebenstelligen Euro-Betrag geschätzt.

Die Universität Bielefeld erwarb den Nachlass mit Unterstützung der Krupp-Stiftung im Jahre 2011, um ein Luhmann-Archiv zu errichten. Wichtigster Teil des Nachlasses ist der ca. 90.000 Zettel umfassende Zettelkasten, den Luhmann seit den 1950er Jahren gepflegt hat und der die Grundlage des umfangreichen Werkes darstellt. In einem von der nordrhein-westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Künste geförderten Langzeitprojekt der Fakultät für Soziologie der Universität Bielefeld in Kooperation mit dem Cologne Center for eHumanities (CCeH) werden seit 2015 sowohl der Zettelkasten als auch die im Nachlass befindlichen Manuskripte – darunter allein vier verschiedene Versionen einer Gesellschaftstheorie aus den 1960er bis 1990er Jahren – digitalisiert und ediert. Im April 2019 ging eine erste Version des digitalen Zettelkastens online. Der Nachlass befindet sich im Universitätsarchiv Bielefeld.

Anlässlich des 90. Geburtstags Niklas Luhmanns wurde im Dezember 2017 ein ca. 1000-seitiges Manuskript zur Gesellschaftstheorie aus dem Nachlass veröffentlicht. Das unter dem Titel Systemtheorie der Gesellschaft erschienene Grundlagenwerk, das bereits weitgehend die Struktur der schließlich 1997 publizierten Gesellschaftstheorie vorwegnimmt, zusätzlich aber noch eine umfassende sozial- und differenzierungstheoretische Einleitung umfasst, hat Luhmann zwischen 1973 und 1975 verfasst, das Manuskript dann aber nicht publiziert.

Charakterisierung des Werkes

Das Lebenswerk Luhmanns ist eine allgemeine und umfassende Theorie der Gesellschaft, die gleichermaßen Geltung in der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung sozialer Mikrosysteme (z. B. Liebesbeziehungen) und Makrosysteme (wie Rechtssystemen, politischen Systemen) beansprucht.

Luhmanns Theorieansatz
Der Anspruch seiner Theorie auf besonders große Tragweite beruht darauf, dass seine Systemtheorie von der Kommunikation ausgeht und die Strukturen der Kommunikation in weitgehend allen sozialen Systemen vergleichbare Formen aufweisen. Luhmanns Systemtheorie kann als Fortsetzung des radikalen Konstruktivismus in der Soziologie verstanden werden. Er knüpft vor allem an die theoretischen Grundlagen Humberto Maturanas und dessen Theorie autopoietischer Systeme an. Ferner lieferten Edmund Husserl und Immanuel Kant wichtige Voraussetzungen, was den theoretischen Zeitbegriff anbelangt, sowie George Spencer-Brown, was den Form- und Sinnbegriff anlangt.

Demgegenüber bricht Luhmann mit theoretischen Grundannahmen der Soziologie und Philosophie, die in unlösbare Paradoxien hineinführen: So ersetzt er Handlung durch Kommunikation als basalen soziologischen Operationstyp. Er bricht auch mit dem klassischen Subjekt-Objekt-Schema und ersetzt es durch die Leitdifferenz System und Umwelt.

Luhmann-Habermas-Kontroverse
Bereits 1970 lieferten sich Luhmann und der Soziologe Jürgen Habermas, als jüngster Vertreter der Kritischen Theorie, eine ausführliche Kontroverse zu ihren teils gegensätzlichen Theoriemodellen, die sie mit einer gemeinsamen Publikation "Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie" dokumentierten. Der wohl wichtigste Streitpunkt dieser Kontroverse war, ob die Soziologie eine moralische Komponente oder eine soziale Utopie (Herrschaftsfreiheit) durchzutragen habe oder lediglich eine Beschreibung der Gesellschaft nach funktionaler Prämisse leisten müsse. Aus der Sicht Luhmanns fällt die Antwort so aus, dass das Erstere nur auf Kosten des Letzteren möglich ist. Wenn sich die Soziologie an der Kritik oder am Diskurs orientiert, so ist sie damit auch an bestimmte Ausgangslagen gebunden und kommt fatalerweise nur zu Aussagen von zeitlich begrenzter Gültigkeit. Um dem zu entgehen, muss Luhmann zufolge die Soziologie eine noch größere Abstraktion der sozialen Dynamik finden, die dafür eine längere Geltungsdauer beanspruchen kann. Die moralische Bewertung und Kritik des Zeitgeschehens werde dadurch keineswegs ausgeschlossen, im Gegenteil, sie werde lediglich aus der Funktion der Soziologie ausgelagert in andere Bereiche, nämlich Politik oder Ethik. Dieser Schritt sei besonders deshalb erforderlich, weil die Soziologie bis dato weder über einen allgemeinen Begriff noch über eine allgemeine Theorie der Gesellschaft verfügt. Für die Soziologie als Wissenschaft sei es notwendig, dass sie ihren Gegenstand in allgemeiner Weise bezeichnen kann.

Luhmanns Gesellschaftsbegriff
Luhmanns Theorie der Gesellschaft geht davon aus, dass die "moderne" Gesellschaft durch den Prozess der funktionalen Differenzierung gekennzeichnet ist. Die Gesellschaftsstruktur des alten Europa hat sich aufgrund der Komplexitätszunahme eigener Sinnressourcen von der segmentären zur stratifikatorisch-hierarchischen und weiter zur funktional differenzierten Ordnung umgeformt. In der Moderne lösen sich zunehmend Teilsysteme aus dem Gesamtkontext der Gesellschaft heraus und grenzen sich nach Maßgabe eigener funktionaler Prämissen vom Rest der Gesellschaft ab (Ausdifferenzierung). Die moderne Gesellschaft ist aufgelöst in eine wachsende Vielheit von Teilsystemen, die sich gegenseitig zur Umwelt entwickelt haben und die strukturell mehr oder weniger fest aneinandergekoppelt sind. Die Gesellschaft überhaupt stellt für jedes einzelne Teilsystem (und für alle Teilsysteme zusammen) einen identischen Hintergrund dar, der funktional auf die Möglichkeit der Kommunikation hin entworfen werden kann.

Luhmann bietet erstmals in der relativ jungen Geschichte der Soziologie nach Emil Durkheim, Max Weber und weiteren einen allgemein gültigen und zeitlich konsistenten Begriff der Gesellschaft an, der die grundlegende Paradoxie aufzulösen vermag, dass die Soziologie selbst ein Teil der Gesellschaft ist, also selbst ein Teil des Gegenstandes ist, den sie wissenschaftlich zu begreifen sucht, und dadurch die Unabhängigkeit und Unbedingtheit dessen, als was Gesellschaft bezeichnet wird, entscheidend beeinträchtigt werden. Schließlich wird alles, womit die Soziologie arbeitet – Sprache, Kommunikation, Buchdruck, Problemlagen, Forschungsziele, Geld usw. – von der Gesellschaft bereitgestellt.

Im Sinne der Wissenschaftslogik ist ein selbst entwickelter Gesellschaftsbegriff selbst-implikativ und ungültig. Das Betätigungsfeld der Soziologie muss nach Luhmann zu der Frage umgedreht werden, wie es trotzdem möglich ist, dass Teilsysteme sich in der Gesellschaft orientieren können und dennoch relativ stabile Strukturen aufweisen und dass sich dauerhafte Institutionen in der Gesellschaft etabliert haben, die anscheinend (vielleicht aber auch nur scheinbar) die Lage beherrschen. Die Teilsysteme der Gesellschaft werden im Hinblick auf ihre evolutiven, selbst-stabilisierenden, autopoietischen Strukturen hin beobachtet und geben selbst die Antwort darauf, was Gesellschaft ist, indem sie zeigen, wie sie mit der Komplexität und Paradoxierung der Gesellschaft umgehen. Diesen Beobachtungen hat sich Luhmann zugewendet.

Bibliographische Zuordnung
1984 erschien Luhmanns (chronologisch) erstes Hauptwerk Soziale Systeme. Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie. Mit dem von langer Hand vorbereiteten Entwurf gab Luhmann seiner Systemtheorie zum ersten Mal eine einheitliche Gestalt. Nach Soziale Systeme folgten mehrere Bände über Teilsysteme der Gesellschaft (Die Wirtschaft der Gesellschaft, Die Wissenschaft der Gesellschaft, Die Kunst der Gesellschaft) und weitere. In diesen Arbeiten wird mit ausreichend tiefem Rückgriff in die Geschichte des jeweiligen Teilsystems dessen Ausdifferenzierung und Evolution nachvollzogen. Es werden die funktionalen Prämissen, die symbiotischen Mechanismen, die symbolisch generalisierten Kommunikationsmedien sowie die operative Geschlossenheit und Autopoiesis des Teilsystems und dessen Verhältnis und strukturelle Kopplung zur Umwelt untersucht. Luhmann erbrachte hier eine interdisziplinäre Leistung, die durch vielfältige bibliographische Querverweise belegt wird. Vollendet wurde dieser Entwurf 1997 durch das zweite Hauptwerk Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft (zwei Bände), das die am weitesten ausgearbeitete Fassung seiner Systemtheorie und seines Gesellschaftsbegriffes darstellt.

Wirkung und Kritik
Die Luhmannsche Systemtheorie (in Abgrenzung zur allgemeinen Systemtheorie von Ludwig von Bertalanffy u. a. sowie zur Theorie sozialer Systeme von Talcott Parsons) gilt als eine der erfolgreichsten und am weitesten verbreiteten Theorien im deutschen Sprachraum, nicht nur in der Soziologie, sondern auch in diversen Feldern wie der Psychologie, der Theorie des Managements oder der Literaturtheorie. Auch international beeinflusst sie den sozialphilosophischen Diskurs, wobei sich nennenswerte Luhmann-Strömungen in Deutschland, den USA, Japan, Italien und Skandinavien herausgebildet haben.

Das Fehlen eines primär normativen Elements in Luhmanns Systemtheorie hat eine teilweise heftige Debatte nicht nur in der Soziologie entfacht. Aus erkenntnistheoretischer Perspektive wird moniert, die Theorie laufe auf Grund ihres tautologischen, deskriptiven Ansatzes ins Leere und sage nicht mehr über die Welt, als was wir aufgrund fachwissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse ohnehin schon über sie wissen oder wissen könnten. Genau dieser konstruktivistische Ansatz ist wiederum eine wesentliche Eigenschaft der Theorie: Als Beobachter der Welt können wir nach Luhmann nur das erkennen und beschreiben, was für uns beobachtbar ist.

Systemtheorie in der Alltagssprache
Verschiedene Begriffe Luhmanns sind in den Sprachgebrauch außerhalb der Soziologie eingegangen. Der von ihm seit Soziale Systeme gebrauchte Begriff des Anschlusses hat sich in der Formulierung niedergeschlagen, etwas sei "anschlussfähig". Der ebenfalls in Soziale Systeme eingeführte Begriff des Theoriedesigns wird seit den 1990er Jahren in Geisteswissenschaften und Feuilletons gebraucht.

Auch komplexere Begriffe definierte er neu, siehe Differenz (Luhmann), Resonanz (Luhmann) und Kontingenz.

Siehe auch
 :Kategorie:Soziologische Systemtheorie für eine umfassende Liste aller deutschsprachigen Wikipedia-Artikel über Begriffe und Teilaspekte der soziologischen Systemtheorie

Ehrungen
 1988: Hegel-Preis der Stadt Stuttgart.
 Ehrendoktor der Universitäten Gent, Macerata, Bologna, Recife, Guadalajara, Lecce, Leuven und Trier.
 1997: Premio Amalfi.
 2000: Umbenennung des Städtischen Gymnasiums Oerlinghausen in Niklas-Luhmann-Gymnasium.
 Seit 2004 verleiht die Stiftung der Sparkasse Bielefeld alle zwei Jahre zum Gedenken an Niklas Luhmann den mit 25.000 Euro dotierten Bielefelder Wissenschaftspreis.
 2008: Straßenbenennung in Luhmanns Geburtsstadt, der Hansestadt Lüneburg.

Schriften

Grundlegende funktionssystemübergreifende Hauptwerke
 Soziale Systeme (1984), ISBN 3-518-28266-2.
 Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft (1997), ISBN 3-518-58240-2 (Rezension von Hauke Brunkhorst).
 Systemtheorie der Gesellschaft (Manuskript von 1975, postum herausgegeben von Johannes F. K. Schmidt und André Kieserling 2017), ISBN 3-518-58705-6.

Zur Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik
 Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik (vier Bände, 1980–1995).
 Liebe als Passion (1982).
 Beobachtungen der Moderne (1992), ISBN 3-531-12263-0.
 Ideenevolution (herausgegeben von André Kieserling, 2008), ISBN 3-518-29470-9.

Monographien-Reihe über einzelne Funktionssysteme
 Die soziologische Beobachtung des Rechts (1986), ISBN 3-7875-3603-5.
 Die Wissenschaft der Gesellschaft (1990), ISBN 3-518-28601-3.
 Das Recht der Gesellschaft (1993), ISBN 3-518-28783-4.
 Die Wirtschaft der Gesellschaft (= Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch Wissenschaft, Band 1152), Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1994, ISBN 3-518-28752-4.
 Die Realität der Massenmedien (1996), ISBN 3-531-12841-8.
 Die Kunst der Gesellschaft (1997), ISBN 3-518-28903-9.
 Die Politik der Gesellschaft (herausgegeben von André Kieserling, 2000), ISBN 3-518-29182-3.
 Die Religion der Gesellschaft (herausgegeben von André Kieserling, 2000), ISBN 3-518-29181-5.
 Das Erziehungssystem der Gesellschaft (herausgegeben von Dieter Lenzen, 2002), ISBN 3-518-29193-9.
 Die Moral der Gesellschaft (zusammen mit Detlef Horster, 2008), ISBN 978-3-518-29471-0.

Einführend
 Teoria della società (mit Raffaele de Giorgi, 1992), ISBN 88-204-7299-6.
 Einführung in die Systemtheorie (Transkription einer Vorlesung Luhmanns von 1991/92, 2002), ISBN 3-89670-292-0.
 Einführung in die Theorie der Gesellschaft (Transkription einer Vorlesung Luhmanns von 1992/93, 2005), ISBN 3-89670-477-X.

Organisationssoziologie
 Funktionen und Folgen formaler Organisation (1964).
 Zweckbegriff und Systemrationalität (1968).
 Organisation und Entscheidung (2000), ISBN 3-531-13451-5.
 Rezensionen: Detlef Horster in Süddeutsche Zeitung, 17. Juni/18. Juni 2000 und Niels Werber in: Frankfurter Rundschau, 30. August 2000.
 Die Grenzen der Verwaltung, herausgegeben von Johannes F.K. Schmidt und Christoph Gesigora ; mit einem Nachwort von André Kieserling und Johannes F.K. Schmidt, Suhrkamp, Berlin 2021, ISBN 978-3-518-58773-7

Abklärung der Aufklärung
 Soziologische Aufklärung, sechs Bände, 1970–1995, Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen

Weitere Werke
 Funktion und Kausalität. in: KZfSS 14, 1962, S. 617–644; wieder in Jürgen Friedrichs & Karl Ulrich Mayer & Wolfgang Schluchter, Hgg.: Soziologische Theorie und Empirie. KZfSS. Auswahlband. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1997, ISBN 3-531-13139-7, S. 23–50.
 Grundrechte als Institution. Ein Beitrag zur politischen Soziologie (Schriften zum Öffentlichen Recht, Band 24), 5. Auflage, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-428-00959-6.
 Öffentlich-rechtliche Entschädigung, rechtspolitisch betrachtet (1965) ISBN 978-3428009589.
 Vertrauen – ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität. Enke, Stuttgart 1968.
 Legitimation durch Verfahren (1969), ISBN 3-518-28043-0.
 Politische Planung (1972) ISBN 978-3531153735.
 Macht. Enke, Stuttgart 1975, ISBN 3-432-02205-0.
 Funktion der Religion (1977).
 Rechtssoziologie (1980).
 Politische Theorie im Wohlfahrtsstaat (1981, Neuausgabe 2011), ISBN 978-3-95768-006-8.
 Ökologische Kommunikation (1986), ISBN 3-531-51775-9.
 Archimedes und wir. Interviews (herausgegeben von Dirk Baecker und Georg Stanitzek, 1987), Merve Verlag, ISBN 978-3-88396-063-0.
 Reden und Schweigen (zusammen mit Peter Fuchs, 1989) ISBN 978-3-518-28448-3.
 Soziologie des Risikos (1991), ISBN 3-11-012939-6.
 Schriften zur Pädagogik (herausgegeben von Dieter Lenzen, 2004), ISBN 3-518-29297-8.
 Schriften zu Kunst und Literatur (herausgegeben von Niels Werber, 2008), ISBN 978-3-518-29472-7.
 Politische Soziologie (herausgegeben von André Kieserling, 2010), ISBN 978-3-518-58541-2.
 Kontingenz und Recht: Rechtstheorie im interdisziplinären Zusammenhang (herausgegeben von Johannes F. K. Schmidt, 2013), ISBN 978-3-518-58602-0.

Herausgabe
 1963: (mit Franz Becker): Verwaltungsfehler und Vertrauensschutz: Möglichkeiten gesetzlicher Regelung der Rücknehmbarkeit von Verwaltungsakten, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
 1964: Funktionen und Folgen formaler Organisation, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
 1965: Öffentlich-rechtliche Entschädigung rechtspolitisch betrachtet, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
 1965: Grundrechte als Institution: Ein Beitrag zur politischen Soziologie, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
 1966: Recht und Automation in der öffentlichen Verwaltung: Eine verwaltungswissenschaftliche Untersuchung, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
 1966: Theorie der Verwaltungswissenschaft: Bestandsaufnahme und Entwurf, Köln und Berlin.
 1968: Vertrauen: Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität, Stuttgart: Enke.
 1968: Zweckbegriff und Systemrationalität: Über die Funktion von Zwecken in sozialen Systemen, Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, Paul Siebeck.
 1969: Legitimation durch Verfahren, Neuwied und Berlin: Luchterhand.
 1970: Soziologische Aufklärung: Aufsätze zur Theorie sozialer Systeme, Köln und Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
 1971 (mit Jürgen Habermas): Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie – Was leistet die Systemforschung? Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1971: Politische Planung: Aufsätze zur Soziologie von Politik und Verwaltung, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
 1972: Rechtssoziologie, zwei Bände, Reinbek: Rowohlt.
 1973: (mit Renate Mayntz): Personal im öffentlichen Dienst: Eintritt und Karrieren, Baden-Baden: Nomos.
 1974: Rechtssystem und Rechtsdogmatik, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
 1975: Macht, Stuttgart: Enke.
 1975: Soziologische Aufklärung 2: Aufsätze zur Theorie der Gesellschaft, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
 1977: Funktion der Religion, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1978: Organisation und Entscheidung (= Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vorträge G 232), Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
 1979 (mit Karl Eberhard Schorr): Reflexionsprobleme im Erziehungssystem, Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
 1980: Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft I, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1981: Politische Theorie im Wohlfahrtsstaat, München: Olzog.
 1981: Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft II, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1981: Ausdifferenzierung des Rechts: Beiträge zur Rechtssoziologie und Rechtstheorie, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1981: Soziologische Aufklärung 3: Soziales System, Gesellschaft, Organisation, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
 1982: Liebe als Passion: Zur Codierung von Intimität, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1984: Soziale Systeme: Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1985: Kann die moderne Gesellschaft sich auf ökologische Gefährdungen einstellen?, Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vorträge G 278, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
 1986: Die soziologische Beobachtung des Rechts, Frankfurt: Metzner.
 1986: Ökologische Kommunikation: Kann die moderne Gesellschaft sich auf ökologische Gefährdungen einstellen? Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
 1987: Soziologische Aufklärung 4: Beiträge zur funktionalen Differenzierung der Gesellschaft, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
 1987: Archimedes und wir: Interviews (herausgegeben von Dirk Baecker und Georg Stanitzek), Berlin: Merve.
 1988: Die Wirtschaft der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1988: Erkenntnis als Konstruktion, Bern: Benteli.
 1989: Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft 3, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1989 (mit Peter Fuchs): Reden und Schweigen, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1990: Risiko und Gefahr, Aulavorträge 48, St. Gallen.
 1990: Paradigm lost: Über die ethische Reflexion der Moral, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1990: Essays on Self-Reference, New York: Columbia University Press.
 1990: Soziologische Aufklärung 5: Konstruktivistische Perspektiven, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
 1990: Die Wissenschaft der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1991: Soziologie des Risikos, Berlin: de Gruyter.
 1992 (mit Raffaele De Giorgi): Teoria della società, Milano: Franco Angeli.
 1992: Beobachtungen der Moderne, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
 1992: Universität als Milieu (herausgegeben von André Kieserling), Bielefeld: Haux.
 1993: Gibt es in unserer Gesellschaft noch unverzichtbare Normen?, Heidelberg: C.F. Müller.
 1993: Das Recht der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1994: Die Ausdifferenzierung des Kunstsystems, Bern: Benteli.
 1995: Die Realität der Massenmedien (= Nordrhein-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vorträge G 333), Opladen 1995=== zweite, erweiterte Ausgabe 1996.
 1995: Soziologische Aufklärung 6: Die Soziologie und der Mensch, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
 1995: Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft 4, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1995: Die Kunst der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1996: Die neuzeitlichen Wissenschaften und die Phänomenologie, Wien: Picus.
 1996: Protest: Systemtheorie und soziale Bewegungen (herausgegeben von Kai-Uwe Hellmann), Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 1996: Modern Society Shocked by its Risks (= University of Hong Kong, Department of Sociology, Occasional Papers 17), Hong Kong (HKU Scholars HUB).
 1997: Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 2000: Organisation und Entscheidung, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
 2000: Die Politik der Gesellschaft (postum herausgegeben von André Kieserling), Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 2000: Die Religion der Gesellschaft (postum herausgegeben von André Kieserling), Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 2002: Das Erziehungssystem der Gesellschaft (postum herausgegeben von Dieter Lenzen), Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
 2006: System as Difference. Organization, Volume 13 (1) (January 2006), S. 37–57.
 2017: Die Systemtheorie der Gesellschaft (postum herausgegeben von Johannes F. K. Schmidt u. André Kieserling), Berlin: Suhrkamp
 2021: Die Grenzen der Verwaltung (postum herausgegeben von Johannes F. K. Schmidt u. Christoph Gesigora), Berlin: Suhrkamp
 2021: Differenz – Kopplung – Reflexion. Beiträge zur Gesellschaftstheorie (Soziale Systeme 24) (postum herausgegeben von Johannes F. K. Schmidt u. André Kieserling), Berlin: de Gruyter

Literatur

Biographien
 Lilli Nitsche: Backsteingiebel und Systemtheorie. Niklas Luhmann – Wissenschaftler aus Lüneburg. Merlin, Gifkendorf 2011, ISBN 978-3-87536-283-1.

 Einführungen

 Oliver Jahraus: Niklas Luhmann. In: Matías Martínez, Michael Scheffel (Hrsg.): Klassiker der modernen Literaturtheorie. Von Sigmund Freud bis Judith Butler (= Beck'sche Reihe. 1822). Beck, München 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60829-2, S. 280–300.

 Festschriften, Sonstiges, Bibliographien

 Klaus Dammann, Dieter Grunow, Klaus P. Japp (Hrsg.): Die Verwaltung des politischen Systems. Neuere systemtheoretische Zugriffe auf ein altes Thema. Niklas Luhmann zum 65. Geburtstag. Mit einem Gesamtverzeichnis der Veröffentlichungen Luhmanns 1958–1992. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1994, ISBN 3-531-12373-4.
 Dirk Baecker, Jürgen Markowitz, Rudolf Stichweh, Hartmann Tyrell, Helmut Willke (Hrsg.): Theorie als Passion. Niklas Luhmann zum 60. Geburtstag. Frankfurt 1987 (mit Bibliographie).
 Marvin Chlada: Zettelkasten-Soziologie oder Sind wir nicht alle ein bißchen Luhmann? In: Marvin Chlada, Gerd Dembowski (Hrsg.): Franz Beckenbauer, Dalai Lama, Jenny Elvers und andere Aliens (= Die neuen Heiligen. Reportagen aus dem Medienhimmel. Bd. 2). Aschaffenburg 2001, ISBN 978-3-932710-35-3.
 Detlef Pollack: Religiöse Chiffrierung und soziologische Aufklärung: die Religionstheorie Niklas Luhmanns im Rahmen ihrer systemtheoretischen Voraussetzungen. Frankfurt/M. u. a. 1988.
 Alexander Riegler und Armin Scholl (Hrsg.): Luhmann's Relation to and Relevance for Constructivist Approaches (= Constructivist Foundations. Bd. 8, H. 1). 2012 (online).
 Magdalena Tzaneva (Hrsg.): Nachtflug der Eule: 150 Stimmen zum Werk von Niklas Luhmann. Festschrift zum 15. Todestag von Niklas Luhmann. Berlin: LiDi EuropEdition 2013, ISBN 978-3-940011-44-2.
 Charlotte Coch: Lektüre als Form. Das absolute Buch bei Friedrich Schlegel, Walter Benjamin und Niklas Luhmann. transcript, Bielefeld 2021, ISBN 978-3-8376-5579-7.

 Hilfsmittel

 Oliver Jahraus u. a. (Hrsg.): Luhmann-Handbuch. Leben – Werk – Wirkung. Metzler, Stuttgart/Weimar 2012, ISBN 978-3-476-02368-1.

Literatur zu Luhmanns Systemtheorie findet sich im Artikel Systemtheorie.

Audio
 Peter Lohmann: Der Streit um den Zettelkasten, Oktober 2003.
 Tom Peuckert: Luhmann (Hörspiel). Regie: Leonhard Koppelmann, Produktion WDR 2006.

Weblinks

 Niklas Luhmann-Archiv an der Universität Bielefeld
 Bio-Bibliographischer Eintrag an der Universität Graz
 Einführung in Luhmanns Systemtheorie selbstreferentieller Systeme
 Luhmann für Einsteiger. Multimediale Einführung in die Systemtheorie von Niklas Luhmann
 Texte und Rezensionen, die eine Annäherung an Luhmanns Werk erleichtern
 Interview mit Luhmann über Systemtheorie (1994)
 Zettelkasten als Programm für PCs
 Luhmanns Zettelkasten übertragen vom Bielefelder Niklas-Luhmann-Archiv
 Überblick über Luhmanns Humor
 Umfangreiche Reportage aus der WELT v. 5. November 2008 zum 10. Todestag Luhmanns

Einzelnachweise

Philosoph (20. Jahrhundert)
Soziologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Erkenntnistheoretiker
Rechtssoziologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Rechtsphilosoph (20. Jahrhundert)
Soziologische Systemtheorie
Systemwissenschaftler
Verwaltungswissenschaftler
Hochschullehrer (Universität Bielefeld)
Ehrensenator der Universität Bielefeld
Mitglied der Königlich Niederländischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Ehrendoktor der Universität Gent
Ehrendoktor der Universität Bologna
Ehrendoktor der Universität Trier
NSDAP-Mitglied
Person (Oerlinghausen)
Person (Lüneburg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1927
Gestorben 1998
Mann
Deutscher Kriegsgefangener der Vereinigten Staaten

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Katherine Speller
writer, puppy wrangler, public crying aficionado
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My name is Katherine Speller (or Katie) and I'm an editor, writer, researcher and journalist from the Hudson Valley. I like trees, witchcraft, sleeping late and meeting/greeting dogs on the street.
My articles and essays on feminism, social issues, politics, technology, sex, relationships, astrology and pop culture have appeared in Women's Health, The Daily Dot, WNYC, Public Radio International (PRI), MTV News, Bustle, Medium, Lady Parts Justice League and more.
I'm currently the Health & Sex Editor for SheKnows, a lifestyle site for millennial and Gen X parents and am working on my first book — a guide to anxiety and depression for teens and young adults.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Penthouse thing - I'm surprised.
Only one problem. I keep my blog exclusively focused on its topic. What I did last time, and will do here, if it is okay with you, is respond to the meme here in the comments. Let me know, and if so I'll follow up in another comment!
You don't need to know how to match to work in the Gap. That's why they make everything in primary colors!
I guess I copy and paste right?
Will get on it right away!!
Lisa - Sperm thing was part of an immunology internship, and the Penthouse was for a telemarketing job, but I didn't know what I'd be marketing til we started - the other options were Field & Stream Magazine or Autorod, so I think I lucked out actually!
Karen - try first half-year!
Yup, if the choice was Field and Stream, Autorod or Penthouse, yes you lucked out, probably made way more sales!!!!


text:
Союз поляков в Аргентине (, ) — объединение полонийных общественных организаций, расположенных на территории Аргентины, представляющее интересы местной польской диаспоры. Союз основан в 1931 году в Буэнос-Айресе.

Задачей Союза является координация общественной, культурной и образовательной деятельности полонийных региональных организаций, распространение польской культуры, традиций и языка, проведение культурных мероприятий, взаимодействие с государственными органами, польским международным сообществом и Республикой Польша.

Структура
Союз объединяет региональные полонийные организации, расположенные на территории Аргентины.

Председателем Союза является Zbysław Ryszard Konopka. За многолетнюю активную общественную деятельность Zbysław Ryszard Konopka в 2013 году был награждён Кавалерским крестом Ордена Возрождения Польши.

Общественная деятельность
Союз регулярно проводит съезды представителей организаций — членов Союза, на которых рассматриваются вопросы текущей и перспективной деятельности.

Союз участвует в реализуемой под патронатом Сената Польши программе Polskie korzenie, целью которой является организация культурно-познавательных поездок молодых людей польского происхождения в возрасте от 18 до 27 лет из Аргентины в Польшу, где они посещают музеи, университеты и места, важные с точки зрения исторической памяти и высокой культурной ценности.

Официальным печатным органом Союза является информационный бюллетень Głos Polski, издаваемый с 1922 года.

Резиденцией Союза поляков в Аргентине является Dom Polski — историческое здание в Буэнос-Айресе, где располагаются Польский клуб, Польская библиотека им. Домейко, редакция журнала Glos Polski и ряд других общественных организаций.

Примечания

Литература

Польская диаспора
Поляки в Аргентине


text:
Harris Game Design Forums
All information, including but not limited to, documents, images, rules or rule sets, or discussions received or posted by Harris Game Design or posted by visitors to this website shall be considered to be the sole property of Harris Game Design.
Board index Harris Games Axis & Allies: Global 1940
Alpha +3
Link up A&A Pacific 1940 and Europe 1940, and you've got Axis & Allies Global 1940.
Post by Larry » Thu Sep 01, 2011 10:21 pm
This represents the most recent version of Alpha. It supersedes Alpha +2, and the changes from those rules are marked in red. Blue rules have not actually changed from the box rules. These sections are for clarification purposes only.
Changes that are made after this original post will be made in Green, and listed here:
09/14/11 -Soviet/Japanese Non Aggression Pact
09/16/11 - Changed some of the wording of the German and Japanese NOs
10/04/11 - Changed Turn Order
10/16/11 - Soviet/Japanese NAP refined. National Objective changes for Soviet Union,United Kingdom and the United States. Setup changes for German, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, Italy, China, France. Changed Strategic Bombing Raid system. Changed Convoy Disruption. Research & Development - Rocket range increased.
10/23/11Modified Soviet NO (3IPCs for each original Axis ...)
11/17/11 US NO change: 5 IPCs for each turn that the US has at least one land unit in the territory "France". Theme: Great Alliance collaboration.
02/11/12 Setup revised. Germany, France and UK modified.
Soviet NO change:
Please use the following setups, National Objectives and listed rule changes and additions when playing Global 1940. These rules or the final variation of these rules will appear in future re-prints of Axis & Allies Pacific 1940 and Axis & Allies Europe 1940.
At this time there are no more recent Alpha rules than this one. If a more recent Alpha rule set is presented you will be instructed on how to access it.
Once again I'd like to thank Kevin Chapman for his brilliant contributions and hours of looking over my shoulder. Most of you don't know Kevin but ALL of you know Krieghund... (they are one and the same). Alpha+.2 also owes a great deal to the many contributors of this Axis & Allies web site. Thank you all. This could not have been done without you.
Creator of Axis & Allies
Posted:September 1, 2011
Victory Conditions:
The Allies win the game by controlling Berlin, Rome, and Tokyo for a complete round of play, as long as they control an Allied capital (Washington, London, Paris, or Moscow) at the end of that round.
The Axis wins by controlling either any 8 victory cities on the Europe map or any 6 victory cities on the Pacific map for a complete round of play, as long as they control an Axis capital (Berlin, Rome, or Tokyo) at the end of that round.
Turn Order:
1st. Germany
2nd. Soviet Union
3rd. Japan
4th. United States
5th. China
6th. UK
7th. Italy
8th. ANZAC
9th. France
Political Situations:
Powers Not at War with One Another (Note: These rules have not actually changed from the box rules. This section is for clarification purposes only.)
When two powers on opposite sides are not yet at war with one another, they operate under some special conditions and restrictions.
Movement: A power's ships don't block the naval movements of other powers with which it's not at war, and vice versa. They can occupy the same sea zones.
Combat: A power can't attack a territory controlled by or containing units belonging to a power with which it is not at war. If a power at war attacks a sea zone containing units belonging to both a power with which it's already at war and a power with which it's not at war, the latter power's units are ignored. Those units won't participate in the battle in any way, and a state of war with that power will not result.
Neutral Powers: When a power is not at war with anyone, it is neutral. Powers that begin the game neutral, such as the United States and the Soviet Union, aren't initially part of the Allies or the Axis. The Axis powers are on the opposite side of these neutral powers, but they are not yet considered enemies. While a power remains neutral, it operates under even tighter restrictions. A neutral power can't move land or air units into neutral territories. It can't move units into territories or onto ships belonging to another power or use another power's naval bases, nor can another power move land or air units into its territories or onto its ships or use its naval bases.
Declaring War
(Note: These rules have not actually changed from the box rules. This section is for clarification purposes only.)
If there are no restrictions currently keeping you from being at war with a power on the other side (see The Political Situation, pg. 9), you may declare war on that power. War must be declared on your turn at the beginning of the Combat Move phase, before any combat movements are made, unless otherwise specified in the political rules. An actual attack is not required. Once a state of war is entered into, all territories and sea zones containing units belonging to the power or powers on which you declared war instantly become hostile to your units, and the normal restrictions of moving into or through hostile spaces apply, with one exception. During your Combat Move phase following the entry into a state of war, your transports that are already in sea zones that have just become hostile may be loaded in those sea zones (but not in other hostile sea zones). In effect, transports may be loaded in their initial sea zones for amphibious assaults before war is declared, while the sea zone is still friendly.
If another power declares war on your power, your power is at war immediately, but only with the power that declared war on it. You must wait until your turn to make any declarations of war on other powers that were enabled by that declaration. For example, if Germany declares war on the United States, the United States is immediately at war with Germany, but it must wait until its turn to declare war on Italy. Of course, the United States may also declare war on Germany on its turn, but this is technically unnecessary, as the two powers are already at war.
Declarations of war are either "provoked" or "unprovoked". A declaration of war is considered to be provoked when either the declaration is made in reaction to the direct aggression of another power or when a political rule allows the power to declare war due to a specific action being taken by another power. For example, the United States is allowed to declare war on any or all Axis powers if an Axis power declares war on it, so if Germany declares war on the United States, a subsequent declaration of war by United States on Italy would be considered provoked. A declaration of war under any other circumstances is considered to be unprovoked.
Political Situation - Soviet Union:
The Soviet Union begins the game at war with no one. When not yet at war with Japan, in addition to the normal restrictions (see Powers Not at War with One Another above), the Soviet Union may not move units into or through China. The Soviet Union may not declare war on any European Axis power before turn four unless first declared war upon by a European Axis power or an Axis power captures London.
Due to its separate treaties with Germany and Japan, the Soviet Union is in a unique position in its relationship with the Axis powers. As a result, if the Soviet Union is at war with Axis powers on only one map, it is still under the restrictions of being a neutral power (see Powers Not at War with One Another above) on the other map. In other words, a state of war with Japan lifts those restrictions from the USSR on the Pacific map only, and a state of war with Germany and/or Italy lifts those restrictions on the Europe map only.
Political Situation - Japan:
At the beginning of the game, Japan is at war only with China. Japan considers movement of units into China by any other Allied power as an act of war against it. When not yet at war with the United States, in addition to the normal restrictions (see Powers Not at War with One Another above), Japan may not end the movement of its sea units within two sea zones of the Western United States or Alaska territories. Japan may declare war on the United Kingdom, ANZAC, the United States, France, or the Soviet Union at the beginning of the Combat Move phase of any of its turns. A declaration of war by Japan against either the United Kingdom or ANZAC will immediately result in a state of war between Japan and both of those powers. A state of war between Japan and France or between Japan and the Soviet Union will not affect relations between Japan and the United States, and vice versa. Japan may attack Dutch territories only if a state of war exists between it and the United Kingdom and ANZAC.
Soviet/Japanese Non Aggression Pact: Due to their mutual border conflct with Japan in 1939, the Soviet Union and Mongolia have a special relationship. If the Japanese attack any Soviet territory that is adjacent to any Mongolian territory, all Mongolian territories (Olgiy, Dzavhan, Tsagaan-Olom, Central Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, and Buyant-Uhaa) that are still neutral are placed under the control of the Soviet Union at the end of the Japanese Combat Move phase, in the same manner as though the Soviet Union had moved land units into a friendly neutral territory. These territories have Soviet control markers placed on them, and their standing army units are placed on the board and are controlled by the Soviet Union player from then on. This occurs regardless of the state of relations between the Soviet Union and Japan at the time of the attack, with one exception: If the Soviet Union attacks any Japanese-controlled territory bordering these Mongolian territories while Mongolia is still neutral, Mongolia will remain neutral and not ally itself with the Soviet Union. In addition, the Mongolian territories will never become pro-Axis unless one or more of them is attacked by the Soviet Union.
Political Situation - United States:
In addition to the normal restrictions (see Powers Not at War with One Another above), while it's not at war with Japan, the United States may not move units into or through China or end the movement of its sea units in sea zones that are adjacent to Japanese-controlled territories. While not at war with Germany or Italy, the United States may end the movement of its sea units on the Europe map only in sea zones that are adjacent to US territories, with one exception - US warships (not transports) may also conduct long-range patrols into sea zone 102. If the United States has war declared on it by an Axis power, an Axis power captures London or any territory in North America, or Japan makes an unprovoked declaration of war on the UK or ANZAC, the United States may declare war on any or all Axis powers. However, if it's not yet at war by the Collect Income phase of its third turn, the United States may declare war on any or all Axis powers at the beginning of that phase.
All 3 Minor ICs in the continental US automatically are converted to Major ICs at no cost when the US a state of war and may be used as such immediately. They can be upgraded prior to that time in the normal way.
National Objectives (Global Rules).
When Germany Is Not at War with the Soviet Union:
•	5 IPCs representing wheat and oil from the Soviet Union. Theme: Beneficial trade with the Soviet Union.
When Germany Is at War with the Soviet Union:
•	5 IPCs per territory if Germany controls Novgorod (Leningrad), Volgograd (Stalingrad), and/or Russia (Moscow). Theme: High strategic and propaganda value.
•	5 IPCs if an Axis power controls Caucasus. Theme: Control of vital Soviet oil production.
When Germany Is at War with the United Kingdom and France:
•	5 IPCs if at least one German land unit is in Axis-controlled Egypt. Theme: Gateway to the Middle East oilfields (high propaganda value).
•	5 IPCs if Germany controls both Denmark and Norway while Sweden is not either pro-Allies or Allied-controlled. Theme: Access to iron ore and other strategic resources.
•	2 IPCs per territory if Germany controls Iraq, Persia, and/or Northwest Persia. Theme: Access to strategic oil reserves.
When the Soviet Union Is at War in Europe:
•	5 IPCs if the convoy in sea zone 125 is free of Axis warships, Archangel is controlled by the Soviet Union, and there are no units belonging to other Allied powers present in any territories originally controlled by the Soviet Union. Theme: National prestige and access to Allied Lend-Lease material.
•	3 IPCs for each original German, Italian, or pro-Axis neutral territory that the Soviet Union controls. Theme: Propaganda value and spread of Communism.
•	10 IPCs (one time only) the first time the Soviet Union controls Germany (Berlin). Theme: National prestige.
When Japan Is Not at War with the United States:
•	10 IPCs if Japan is not at war with the United States, has not attacked French Indo-China, and has not made an unprovoked declaration of war against United Kingdom/ANZAC. Theme: Strategic resource trade with the United States.
When Japan Is at War with the Western Allies:
•	5 IPCs if Axis powers control all ofthe following territories: Guam, Midway, Wake Island, Gilbert Islands, and Solomon Islands. Theme: Strategic outer defense perimeter.[/color]
•	5 IPCs per territory if an Axis power controls India (Calcutta), New South Wales (Sydney), Hawaiian Islands (Honolulu) and/or Western United States (San Francisco). Theme: Major Allied power centers.
•	5 IPCs if Axis powers control all of the following territories: Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes. Theme: Strategic resource centers.
When the United Kingdom Is at War in Europe (awarded to the Europe economy):
•	5 IPCs if the United Kingdom controls all of its original territories in its European economy (see pg. 32). Theme: Maintenance of the empire considered vital national objective.
When the United Kingdom Is at War with Japan (awarded to the Pacific economy):
•	5 IPCs if the United Kingdom controls both Kwangtung and Malaya. Theme: Maintenance of the empire considered vital national objective.
When ANZAC Is at War with Japan:
•	5 IPCs if an Allied power controls Malaya and ANZAC controls all of its original territories. Theme: Malaya considered strategic cornerstone to Far East British Empire.
•	5 IPCs if the Allies (not including the Dutch) control Dutch New Guinea, New Guinea, New Britain, and the Solomon Islands. Theme: Strategic outer defense perimeter.
When Italy Is at War:
•	5 IPCs if there are no Allied surface warships in the Mediterranean Sea (sea zones 92 through 99). Theme: Propaganda and strategic advantage.
•	5 IPCs if Axis powers control at least 3 of the following territories: Gibraltar, Southern France, Greece, and Egypt. Theme: Stated national objectives – Greater Roman Empire.
•	5 IPCs if Axis powers control all of the following territories: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Tobruk, and Alexandria. Theme: Stated North African military objectives.
•	2 IPCs per territory if Italy controls Iraq, Persia, and/or Northwest Persia. Theme: Access to strategic oil reserves.
When the United States Is at War:
•	10 IPCs if the United States controls all of the following territories: Eastern United States, Central United States, and Western United States. Theme: Basic national sovereignty.
•	5 IPCs if the United States controls all of the following territories: Alaska, Aleutian Islands, Hawaiian Islands, Johnston Island, and Line Islands. Theme: National sovereignty issues.
•	5 IPCs if the United States controls all of the following territories: Mexico, South Eastern Mexico, Central America, and West Indies. Theme: Defense treaty and trade obligations.
•	5 IPCs if the United States controls Philippines. Theme: Center of American influence in Asia.
•	5 IPCs for each turn that the US has at least one land unit in the territory "France". Theme: Great Alliance collaboration
6 IPCs if the Burma Road is totally open. Allied powers must control India, Burma, Yunnan, and Szechwan for this to occur. China is also permitted to purchase artillery (represented by US pieces) if the Burma Road is open. Theme: Chinese military supply line corridor.
France, Troop Bonus:
When the territory France is liberated, the player controlling France immediately places up to 12 IPCs worth of any French units on the territory France. This happens only once per game. Theme: National liberation and national prestige.
National Setup by Power
Germany: 11 Infantry, 3 Artillery, 3 AA, 1 Tactical Bomber, 2 Strategic Bombers, Major Industrial Complex
Western Germany: 3 Infantry, 4 Mechanized Infantry, 1 Artillery, 3 AA, 2 Fighters, 3 Tactical bombers, Air Base, Naval Base, Major Industrial Complex
Denmark: 2 Infantry
Norway: 3 Infantry, 1 Fighter
Holland/Belgium: 4 Infantry, 2 Artillery, 3 tanks, 1 Fighter
Greater Southern Germany: 6 Infantry, 2 Artillery, 3 tanks
Slovakia/Hungary: 2 Infantry, 1 Tank, 1 Fighter
Romania: 2 Infantry, 1 Tank
Poland: 3 Infantry, 1 Tank, 1 Tactical Bomber
Sea Zone 103: 1 Sub
Sea Zone 113: 1 Battleship
Sea Zone 114: 1 Transport, 1 Cruiser
Karelia: 2 Infantry
Archangel: 1 Infantry
Russia: 1 Infantry, 1 Artillery, 1 Mech Infantry, 1 tank, 1 Fighter, 1 Tac Bomber, 2 AA Guns, 1 Airbase, 1 Major IC
Volgograd: 1 tank, 1 Mech Infantry, 1 Minor IC
Caucasus: 2 Infantry
Bessarabia: 2 Infantry
Western Ukraine: 1 Infantry, 1 Artillery
Eastern Poland: 2 Infantry
Baltic States: 3 Infantry
Belarus: 1 Infantry
Novgorod: 6 Infantry, 1 Artillery, 1 Fighter, 2 AA Gun, 1 Airbase, 1 Naval Base, 1 Minor IC
Vyborg: 3 Infantry
Ukraine: 3 Infantry, 1 Minor IC
Amur: 6 Infantry
Sakha: 6 Infantry, 2 AA guns
Buryatia: 6 Infantry
Sea Zone 115: 1 Cruiser 1 submarine
Japan: 6 Infantry, 2 Artillery, 1 Tank, 2 Fighters, 2 Tac Bombers, 2 Bomber, 3 AA Guns, 1 Airbase, 1 Naval Base, 1 Major IC
Manchuria: 6 Infantry, 1 Mech Infantry, 1 Artillery, 1 AA Gun, 2 Fighters, 2 Tac Bombers
Palau Island: 1 Infantry
Kiangsi: 3 Infantry, 1 Artillery
Formosa: 1 Fighter
Shantung: 3 Infantry, 1 Artillery
Kwangsi: 3 Infantry, 1 Artillery
Iwo Jima: 1 Infantry
Jehol: 2 Infantry, 1 Artillery
Caroline Islands: 2 Infantry, 1 AA gun, 1 Airbase, 1 Naval Base
Siam: 2 Infantry
Okinawa: 1 Infantry, 1 Fighter
Kiangsu: 3 Infantry, 1 Artillery, 1 Fighter, 1 Tac Bomber.
Korea: 4 Infantry, 1 Fighter
Sea Zone 6: 1 Sub, 2 Destroyers, 2 Carriers each with 1 Tac & 1 Ftr., 1 Cruiser, 1 Battleship, 1 Transport
Sea Zone 19: 1 Sub, 1 Battleship, 1 Destroyer, 1 Transport
Sea Zone 33: 1 Destroyer, 1 Carrier w/ 1 Tac & 1 Ftr.
Sea Zone 20: 1 Cruiser, 1 Transport
United Kingdom Atlantic side of map
United Kingdom: 2 Infantry, 1 Mechanized Infantry, 4 AA, 2 Fighters, 1 Strategic Bomber, Air Base, Naval Base, Major Industrial Complex
France: 1 Artillery, 1 Tank
Scotland: 2 Infantry, 1 AA, 1 Fighter, Air Base
Iceland: Air Base
Quebec: 1 Infantry, 1 Tank, Minor Industrial Complex
Ontario: 1 Infantry, 1 Artillery
New Brunswick Nova Scotia: Naval Base
Gibraltar: 1 Fighter, Naval Base
Malta: 1 Infantry, 1 AA, 1 Fighter
Alexandria: 2 Infantry, 1 Artillery, 1 Tank
Egypt: 2 Infantry, 1 Mechanized Infantry, 1 Artillery, Naval Base
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: 1 Infantry
Union of South Africa: 2 Infantry, Naval Base, Minor Industrial Complex
West India: 1 Infantry
Sea Zone 71: 1 Destroyer
Sea Zone 91: 1 Cruiser
Sea Zone 98: 1 Transport, 1 Destroyer, 1 Cruiser, 1 Aircraft Carrier (Carrying 1 Tactical Bomber)
Sea Zone 106: 1 Transport, 1 Destroyer
Sea Zone 110: 1 Cruiser, 1 Battleship
Sea Zone 111: 1 Destroyer, 1 Cruiser, 1 Battleship
United Kingdom Pacific side of the map
Kwangtung: 2 Infantry, 1 Naval Base
Burma: 2 Infantry, 1 Fighter
Malaya: 3 Infantry, 1 Naval Base
India: 6 Infantry, 1 Artillery, 3 AA Guns, 1 Fighter, 1 Tac Bomber, 1 Airbase, 1 Naval Base, 1 Major IC
Sea Zone 37: 1 Battleship
Sea Zone 39: 1 Destroyer, 1 Cruiser, 1 Transport
New South Wales: 2 Infantry, 2 AA guns, 1 Minor IC, 1 Naval Base.
New Zealand: 1 Infantry, 2 Fighters, 1 Airbase, 1 Naval Base.
Queensland: 2 Infantry, 1 Artillery, 1 Fighter, 1 Airbase, 1 Naval Base.
Malaya: 1 Infantry
Egypt: 2 infantry
Sea Zone 62: 1 Destroyer, 1 Transport
Northern Italy: 2 Infantry, 2 Artillery, 1 tank, 1 Bomber, 2 AA Guns, 1 Major IC
Southern Italy: 6 Infantry, 2 Fighters, 2 AA Guns, 1 Naval Base, 1 Airbase, 1 Minor IC
Albania: 2 Infantry, 1 tank
Italian Somaliland: 1 Infantry
Ethiopia : 2 Infantry, 1 Artillery
Libya: 1 Infantry, 1 Artillery
Tobruk: 3 Infantry, 1 Artillery, 1 Mech Infantry, 1 tank
Sea Zone 95: 1 Destroyer, 1 Cruiser, 1 Sub, 1 Transport
Sea Zone 97: 1 Cruiser, 1 Battleship, 1 Transport
Western US: 2 Infantry, 1 Mech Infantry, 1 Artillery, 1 Fighter, 2 AA Guns, 1 Airbase, 1 Naval Base, 1 Minor IC
Hawaiian Islands: 2 Infantry, 2 fighters, 1 Airbase, 1 Naval Base.
Philippines: 2 Infantry, 1 fighter, 1 Airbase, 1 Naval Base.
Midway: 1 Airbase
Wake Island: 1 Airbase
Guam: 1 Airbase
Eastern United States: 1 Infantry, 1 Fighter, 1 Artillery, 2 AA Guns, 1 Airbase, 1 Naval Base, 1 Minor IC
Central United States: 1 Infantry, 3 Mech Infantry, 1 Tank, 1 Bomber, 1 Minor IC
Sea Zone 26: 1 Sub, 1 Destroyer, 1 Cruiser, 1 Transport
Sea Zone 10: 1 Battleship, 1 Cruiser, 1 Destroyer, 1 Transport, Carrier w/Tac & Ftr
Sea Zone 35: 1 Destroyer, 1 Submarine
Sea Zone 101: 1 Cruiser, 1 Transport
Szechwan: 6 Infantry and one fighter
Hunan: 2 Infantry
Yunnan: 4 Infantry
Kweichow: 2 Infantry
Shensi: 1 Infantry
Suiyuyan: 2 Infantry
France: 6 Infantry, 1 Artillery, 1 Tank, 1 AA, 1 Fighter, Air Base, Major Industrial Complex
United Kingdom: 2 Infantry, 1 Fighter
Normandy/Bordeaux: 1 Infantry, 1 Artillery, Naval Base, Minor Industrial Complex
Southern France: 1 Infantry, 1 Artillery, Naval Base, Minor Industrial Complex
French West Africa: 1 Infantry
Morocco: 1 Infantry
Algeria: 1 Infantry
Tunisia: 1 Infantry
Syria: 1 Infantry
Sea Zone 93: 1 Destroyer, 1 Cruiser
Sea Zone 110: 1 Cruiser
Global United Kingdom Rules: (Note: Other than the distribution of a few territories between the two economies, these rules have not actually changed from the box rules. This section is for clarification purposes only.)
One power, Two Economies
The United Kingdom is one power that has two separate economies, Europe and Pacific. The income levels and IPC treasuries for the two economies are tracked separately. The "Union Jack" national control makers are for tracking the Pacific economy's income level on the National Production Chart.
The Europe economy includes all of the territories controlled by United Kingdom on the Europe map. London is its regional capital. The Pacific economy includes all of the territories controlled by United Kingdom on the Pacific map. Calcutta is its regional capital. There are two exceptions to this regional division. West India, on the Europe map, is part of the Pacific economy, and the North American territories on the Pacific map are part of the Europe economy.
Either economy can pay all or part of the cost of conducting Research and Development. The results apply to the power as a whole.
Purchase & Repair
Both United Kingdom Europe and Pacific make their own separate purchases and repairs.
Combat Moves, Conduct Combat, and Noncombat Moves
All combat moves, combat, and noncombat moves are made or conducted as any other power's single, united force.
Mobilize New Units
United Kingdom mobilizes its new units purchased by each economy at industrial complexes that fall under that economy.
Collect Income
Each of the two economies' incomes should be separately collected and maintained. This will include any income deducted for convoy disruptions or awarded for national objective income.
Capture of an Axis Capital
If Berlin or Rome is captured by the United Kingdom, the IPCs go to the Europe economy's treasury. If Tokyo is captured, the IPCs go to the Pacific economy's treasury. This applies even if the receiving economy's regional capital is held by the Axis.
Capture of one of the United Kingdom's Regional Capitals
If one of the regional capitals is captured, it will surrender any unspent IPCs that its economy has in its treasury to the capturing Axis power. An economy whose capital is held by the Axis can't collect income, spend IPCs, or repair units. The free regional capital may never collect IPCs that would normally go to the captured regional capital, even if such territories are recaptured from the Axis. Other Allied powers can temporarily take control of any original United Kingdom territory that would otherwise be liberated when its regional capital (London or Calcutta) has been captured by the Axis.
Rule Changes:.
Some of these changes are already familiar to you, some are brand new. This list is presented mostly in general terms (in some cases it was felt that detailed descriptions and explanations would be needed). I think you'll get the general game mechanics from the information provided below.
What is an Island:
An island or island group is a single territory surrounded entirely by one or more sea zones. A sea zone can contain more than one island or island group, but each one is considered one territory. Each territory has a separate name and emblem on it. It's not possible to split up land-based units so that they are on different islands in the same group. For example, Sardinia and Sicily are both located in sea zone 95. These named islands can each have independent land-based units. However, West Indies, located in sea zone 89, is an island group (one territory), so any land units there are all together, not on separate islands.
AA Guns:
Cost: 5 Attack: - Defense: - Move: 1
Unit Characteristics
Limited Move: Normally this unit can be moved only during the Noncombat Move phase. This unit cannot move during the Combat Move phase (other than being carried on a transport if the unit was loaded on a prior turn).
No Combat Value: Even though an AA gun can defend, either alone or with other units, it has a combat value of 0. This means that an AA gun cannot fire in the defending units fire step. It can, however, be taken as a casualty. If a territory containing AA guns and no combat units is attacked, the AA guns are automatically destroyed. AA guns may never attack.
Air Defense: AA guns can only fire at an air unit when that unit attacks the territory containing that AA gun. AA guns fire only once, before the first round of combat. Each AA gun in the territory may fire up to three times, but only once per attacking air unit. In other words, the total number of air defense dice rolled is three times the number of AA guns, or the number of attacking air units, whichever is the lesser. Once the number of air defense dice is determined, the dice are rolled. For each "1" rolled, the attacker must choose one air unit as a casualty. These casualties are removed immediately, and will not participate in the remainder of the battle. This AA gun attack is made immediately before normal combat occurs in the territory containing the AA gun. AA guns do not defend facilities against strategic or tactical bombing. Facilities have their own "built in" air defenses.
Industrial Complexes:
Major industrial complexes can only be built on originally controlled territories (this includes upgrading minor ones). Likewise they may not be upgraded when captured. Major industrial complexes are reduced to minor when captured. The original owner of the territory may upgrade it if the territory is recaptured.
Submarines:
Submarines no longer fire a special "sneak attack" shot at unescorted transports that move through their sea zone (see page 30 of the Europe Rulebook). Instead, transports are not allowed to unload land units for an amphibious assault in a sea zone containing an enemy sub(s) belonging to a power with which they are at war unless at least one of his warships was also present in the sea zone at the end of the Combat Move phase.
Scramble:
Scrambling is a special movement that the defender can make at the end of the Combat Move phase. It must be done after all of the attacker's combat movements have been completed and all attacks have been declared. The attacker may not change any combat movements or attacks after the defender has scrambled.
A quick reaction team of no more than 3 defending fighters and tactical bombers (strategic bombers can't scramble) located on each island or coastal territory that has an operative air base can be scrambled to defend against attacks in the sea zones adjacent to those territories. These air units can be scrambled to help friendly units in adjacent sea zones that have come under attack. They can also be scrambled to resist amphibious assaults from adjacent sea zones, whether or not the territory being assaulted is the territory containing the air base. They may defend against the enemy ships conducting the amphibious assault even if friendly ships are not present.
In situations where a sea zone is adjacent to more than one territory containing an air base, sea zone 109 and Scotland and United Kingdom for example, each of the territories can scramble up to 3 fighters and/or tactical bombers. In situations where a territory containing an air base is adjacent to more than one sea zone, United Kingdom and sea zones 109 and 110 for example, the territory may still only scramble up to 3 fighters and/or tactical bombers, but they may be split between the sea zones in any combination.
Scrambled fighters and tactical bombers are defending, so refer to their defense values and abilities when resolving combat. They are treated as normal defending units in their sea zones. As defenders, they may not retreat. They can't participate in any other battles during that turn, including a battle in the territory from which they were scrambled.
After all combat is completed, each surviving scrambled air unit must return to the territory from which it was scrambled. If the enemy has captured that territory, the unit can move one space to land in a friendly territory or on a friendly aircraft carrier. If no such landing space is available, the unit is lost. Surviving scrambled air units land during that turn's Noncombat Move phase, before the attacker makes any movements.
Kamikaze Strikes:
The Japanese player has the ability to make a special defensive strike against Allied surface warships. Japan is allowed to make six kamikaze strikes during the game. These strikes can only be made in sea zones that contain the Kamikaze symbol. They are the sea zones surrounding Japan, Okinawa, Iwo Jima, Formosa, Marianas, and Philippines. If an Allied player attacks Japanese units or declares an amphibious assault from one of these sea zones, the Japanese player can announce at the beginning of the Conduct Combat phase that he or she intends to launch one or more kamikaze strikes. They are resolved before any combat begins.
The Japanese player must declare how many kamikaze strikes will be made, in which sea zone(s) they will be used, and which enemy ship will be attacked by each kamikaze before any dice are rolled. For each declared strike, one Kamikaze token must be spent (no actual air unit is involved) and will be removed from the game after the strike is resolved. A kamikaze strike can target any specific enemy surface warship (not a submarine or transport). More than one kamikaze strike can be made against the same ship. Kamikaze strikes have an attack roll of 2 or less. If a hit is scored, it must be applied to the chosen unit. Sea units (all but submarines and transports) that are successfully destroyed by a kamikaze strike (capital ships still take two hits) are immediately removed and will not participate in the subsequent battle. A kamikaze strike prevents offshore bombardment supporting an amphibious assault in that sea zone, whether or not it is successful.
Strategic Bombing Raids (SBRs):
A strategic or tactical bombing raid is a direct attack on a facility. During this step, you can bomb enemy industrial complexes, air bases, and naval bases with your strategic bombers. You can also bomb enemy air and naval bases with your tactical bombers. When you damage these facilities, their capabilities are decreased or eliminated, and your enemy must spend IPCs to repair them in order to restore those capabilities. Repairs can be made by the units' controlling player during his or her Purchase & Repair Units phase.
Air Battle.
All escorts and bombers (Strategic & Tactical) fires @ 1
Jets fires @ 2
Generated casualties are placed behind the casualty line and will return fire before being eliminated.
Interceptors. fires @ 1
Jet interceptors fires @ 2
All casualties, both sides, are removed.
Surviving escorts retreat.
Bombers are assigned to targets.
Strategic bombers can be assigned to any target (IC's, naval bases. airbase).
Tactical bombers can be assigned only to naval bases and airbases.
Each targeted facility fires @ 1, each can fire one time at each bomber that is attacking it.
All casualties at both stages of the raid are chosen by the owners of the units involved.
Strategic bombers roll a 1d6+2
Tactical bombers roll a 1d6
Damage Report
The damage to the target (hits) is equal to the total number rolled on the die/dice. Place 1 gray chip (damage marker) under the target for each hit scored.
Major industrial complexes can mobilize up to 10 units per turn minus the number of damage markers they have. For example a major IC with 6 damage markers can produce only 4 units. A major IC can only receive up to 20 damage markers, after that they are no longer assigned. A major IC with 20 damage markers would have to remove 11 of them before it could build 1 new unit.
Minor industrial complexes can only mobilize 3 units per turn minus the number of damage markers they have. For example a minor IC with 2 damage markers can produce only 1 unit. A minor IC can only receive up to 6 damage markers, after that they are no longer assigned. A minor IC with 6 damage markers would have to remove 4 of them before it could build 1 new unit.
Convoy Disruptions
Convoy Disruptions are conducted during phase 6: Collect Income of the turn-player's turn.
Three conditions that must exist for this kind of attack to occur:
1. Sea zone must have "Convoy Symbol" image.
2. Sea zone must be adjacent to one or more of your controlled islands or territories.
3. At least one warship belonging to a power with which you are at war must be in the sea zone. Note: Air units on an aircraft carrier can conduct convoy disruptions, but the carrier itself does not roll any dice.
Each carrier based aircraft, including jets (see the optional rule Research & Development) rolls 2 dice. Submarine including Super submarines (again, the optional rule) rolls 2 dice.
All surface warships, except an aircraft carrier, rolls 1 die.
All rolls of 3 or less are counted. This total is the number of IPCs the turn player will lose due to convoy disruption(s).
Sub rolls 2 dice. The numbers rolled on each die are 3 and 1.
The 3 and 1 are counted because they are both dice rolls of 3-or-less.
The 3 and 1 are added together for a total of 4 points of damage.
Second Example
Sub rolls 2 dice. The numbers rolled are 6 and 1.
The 6 is higher than 3-or-less so it is not counted. Only the 1 (being 3-or-less) can be counted.
Only 1 point of damage.
Another example:
A sub rolls 2-threes. That's 6 hits.
A subs rolls 2- twos. That's 4 hits
A sub rolls 1-four and 1-six. Both die are higher than 3, they are therefore not counted. There are no hits.
Note: A disrupted convoy can't lose more IPCs than the total IPC value of controlled territories or islands adjacent to the sea zone, and each territory may not lose more than its IPC value to more than one disrupted convoy.
As the player collects his income (Phase 6: Collect Income) the total amount of convoy disruption is subtracted from his normal income.
Research & Development (that have been modified)
Rockets: Your air bases can now launch rockets. During the Strategic and Tactical Bombing Raid step of your Conduct Combat phase each turn, each of your operative air bases can make a single rocket attack against an enemy industrial complex, air base, or naval base within 4spaces of it. This attack does one die roll of damage to that facility. Rockets may not be fired over neutral territories.[/color]
Improved Mechanized Infantry: Each of your mechanized infantry units that are paired up with a tank or artillery now has an attack value of 2. Also, your mechanized infantry may now blitz without being paired with a tank.
Improved Shipyards: Change the IPC cost of cruisers to "9".
Kaufschtick
Re: Alpha +3
Post by Kaufschtick » Thu Sep 01, 2011 10:25 pm
Let me be the first to print this out, and to sincerely say, "Thanks for Everything Larry".
Young, Rodger W., Private, 148th Infantry, 37th Infantry Division; born Tiffin, Ohio, 28 April 1918; died 31 July 1943, on the island of New Georgia, Solomons, South Pacific, while singlehandedly attacking and destroying an enemy machine-gun pillbox.
Location: Lackland AFB, San Antonio, Texas
Post by Dave » Thu Sep 01, 2011 11:13 pm
You state that you are getting rid of the 12 ipc non-aggression pact penalty between the Japanes and Russians and state you are going back to the original "work it out/what ever you agree to is ok" rule.
I think you may want to keep the 12 ipc rule as a back up in case the players DON'T agree on a non-aggression pact.
So the rule could say something like...
"If the Soviet and Japanese player are unable to agree to terms of a non-aggression pact violation penalty, then 12 ipc is awarded to the power who didn't declare war."
I just think sometimes players won't agree on terms and there should be SOME TYPE of penalty.
Anyways, I have to read the rest.
Wooo Whooooo!!!
Dave wrote: Larry,
Well, the Russians get the 6 infantry in Mongolia and they can move them out, if I read that right, because he states that it is just like if the Russians moved into a freindly neutral in that case. So it's like an 18 IPC bonus for the Ruusains in infantry. Not bad.
My question would be what about if Japan attacks the Soviet Far East or Siberia, because the rule reads Amur only that the Russians gain this bonus...
What if the Japanese just go around Amur? Surely this must be a typo...
"I am serious, and don't call me Shirley."
Last edited by Kaufschtick on Thu Sep 01, 2011 11:28 pm, edited 2 times in total.
Post by WILD BILL » Thu Sep 01, 2011 11:17 pm
Good stuff here. I like the Italian navy moving around a bit in the Med. I do kinda wonder how Italy gets a Strat Bmr, but England doesn't. I know its for game play, but come on really Mongolia going Russian sounds interesting, I guess that's why there was another AA gun added to Sakha. Japan can just by-pass Amur though, and tpt units to Siberia. I guess it would be tying up valuable tpts though (will have to see how it goes). Paris getting an AA gun just makes sense, although most German air power is dedicated to the sea, not to France in our games.
Post by Kobu » Thu Sep 01, 2011 11:31 pm
Kaufschtick wrote: My question would be what about if Japan attacks the Soviet Far East or Siberia, because the rule reads Amur only that the Russians gain this bonus...
It's even more specific. It's only if Japan attacks from Manchuria or Korea.
I am...puzzled to say the least by these changes. I'm going to get a game going to test it out. My initial impression is that the Axis are going to be feeling even more pain than before.
questioneer
Post by questioneer » Thu Sep 01, 2011 11:36 pm
Super Submarines: The attack value of your submarines is now 3 instead of 2. In addition, during convoy disruptions each of your submarines now causes the loss of 3 IPCs from your opponents' income.
I assume that for Germany, their increase would be to 4 IPC damage right??? Since they already do 3IPC damage now. True???
The Amur rule question:
So basically if Japan avoids Amur, then it will receive no penalty right??? And Russia has no penalty at all for attacking Japan. Otherwise, they can work out the rest of the details on their own.
Also, what if Japan attacks Amur for Japan home island with trannies??? No penalty right???
I'm thinking we need some clarification on this whole rule.
Last edited by questioneer on Thu Sep 01, 2011 11:53 pm, edited 1 time in total.
Return to "Axis & Allies: Global 1940"
Harris Games
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↳ Axis & Allies: CD-ROM 1997
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↳ Axis & Allies 1941
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This series of cast iron teapots are designed to complement today's lifestyle and contemporary aesthetics.
The outside of the teapot uses sand skin sand mould of traditional technology, the inside is subjected to enamel processing which is hard to rust and a stainless steel tea strainer is set. The walnut wood lid adds a beautiful accent to the teapot.
Cast iron teapot has high heat retention which helps to maintain temperature of teh brew.
Please note that a Stainless Steel Tea Strainer is provided.
Choice of various styles and shapes available.


text:
«Біг інохідця» — радянський художній фільм 1968 року екранізація першої частини повісті Чингіза Айтматова «Прощавай, Гульсари!», знятий режисером Сергієм Урусевським. Вийшов на екрани СРСР 19 січня 1970 року.

Сюжет
Шлях по нічній гірській стежці старого Танабая і його вірного іноходця Гульсари перемежовується спогадами багатим на події життя табунника. Повернення з війни, робота в кузні, перехід в табунники, закоханість у солдатку Бюбюжан, сцени козлодрання, національні ігри на конях. Нарешті, несправедливість нового голови, який зазіхнув на Гульсари, що призвело до кастрації коня.
У фіналі Танабай залишається самотній, наодинці з природою.

У ролях

 Нурмухан Жантурін — Танабай Бакасов
 Бакен Кидикєєва — Джайдар
 Фаріда Шарипова — Бюбюжан
 Капар Алієв — Чоро, голова колгоспу
 Совєтбек Жумадилов — ''Ібраїм
 Юрій Соломін — текст від автора
 Кумболот Досумбаєв — епізод
 С. Умбетбаєв — епізод
 Б. Ешенкулов — епізод

Знімальна група

 Автор сценарію — Чингіз Айтматов, Сергій Урусевський
 Режисер-постановник і головний оператор — Сергій Урусевський
 Художник-постановник — Євген Черняєв
 Композитор — Моїсей Вайнберг
 Звукооператор — Роланд Казарян
 Художник по костюмам — Лідія Нові
 Грим — В. Блінова
 Другий режисер — Белла Фрідман
 Другі оператори — Віталій Абрамов, Борис Кочеров
 Монтажер — Лідія Міліоті
 Дресирувальник — М. Ситько
 Комбіновані зйомки:
 оператор — Василь Севостьянов
 художник — Альберт Рудаченко
 Диригент — Емін Хачатурян
 Редактор — Ніна Глаголєва
 Консультант — Джакіп Тюлегенов
 Директор картини — В. Фрідман

Посилання

Фільми СРСР 1968
Фільми-мелодрами СРСР
Фільми студії «Мосфільм»
Екранізації творів Чингіза Айтматова


text:
Report offers bleak outlook for Barnegat Bay
The outlook for Barnegat Bay is getting bleaker all the time.
In a new multiyear study by the Rutgers University Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, three researchers concluded overdevelopment and the resultant pollution pose a serious threat to the Barnegat Bay/Little Egg Harbor Estuary, leading to a long-term decline in the ecosystem.
"This study paints a bleak picture of the ecological health of the Barnegat Bay/Little Egg Harbor Estuary," said Michael Kennish, a longtime researcher of problems in the bay.
The estuary's problems are manifold, the most pressing involves eutrophication of the bay, a process by which nutrients in polluted runoff, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, generate rapid algae blooms.
"These and other effects will continue unless highly aggressive management actions and effective planning are implemented," according to the study "Assessment of Nutrient Loading and Eutrophication in Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor."
Sobering report
The report is especially sobering given that the Legislature and the Christie administration have made reversing the bay's decline a top priority, passing a series of bills to thwart some of the biggest pollution threats, including a measure touted as the nation's toughest law dealing with fertilizers.
But many conservationists say the measures fall short of addressing the core problem in the Barnegat Bay/Little Egg Harbor watershed — overdevelopment. The study dwelled on that issue.
"Nutrient enrichment of the estuary has been closely coupled to development … and the history stretches across decades," the study noted.
Between 1995 and 2006, the study said, the watershed lost 625 acres of forested land and another 375 acres of wetlands. Tidal marshes, an important habitat to a wide range of marine life, declined by 8 percent. Meanwhile, the amount of urban land area increased from 87,757 acres to 103,766 acres.
The study hardly sounded an optimistic note on reversing that trend, predicting with ongoing population growth in the region, watershed habitats will continue to be partitioned and developed.
"The challenges posed by these changes will require effective management … and improved engineering controls to mitigate future impacts on the estuary," according to the study.
Conservationists were not hopeful that those measures will take place.
Helen Henderson, policy advocate for the American Littoral Society, noted that Ocean County's new sewer service plan, would fail to achieve that goal.
"You need to protect the land to protect the bay. We need to protect every acre of forest that we can," she said. "This proposal doesn't get us there."
Tim Dillingham, executive director of the society, agreed. "They are planning to expand the lands that will be developed, which is the root cause of the problems in the bay," he said. "That's a huge disconnect, between what we know the science is telling us."
Jeff Tittel, director of the New Jersey Sierra Club, said the report shows the state needs to take stronger action to protect the bay. "This report is an alarm bell going off that Barnegat Bay will die unless strong programs are put in place to protect the bay," he said.
Controlling the runoff
The Sierra Club and other environmental organizations have been pressing the Christie administration to declare the entire bay impaired, a designation that would allow the state Department of Environmental Protection to establish limits on how much runoff can flow into the waterway.
One of the most effective tools to control that runoff, they argue, is to establish Total Maximum Discharge Limits to reduce the amount of pollution flowing into the bay. It is similar to what has been done to deal with problem in Chesapeake Bay, but an approach that the state so far has yet to endorse.
In the study, the problems caused by pollution of the Barnegat Bay/Little Egg Harbor Estuary range from a sharp decline in eel grass, an important habitat for marine life, to a sharp decline in hard clam populations, and an increase in sea nettles, a type of jellyfish, which has made it impossible to swim in some areas of the bay.
The study was not hopeful that the situation with sea nettles would be solved anytime soon. "There is no clear solution to the proliferation of sea nettles in the estuary," it concluded.
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