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Home Pacific Singapore receives first A330 Multi Role Tanker Transport
Singapore receives first A330 Multi Role Tanker Transport
Airbus have delivered the Republic of Singapore Air Force's (RSAF) first A330 Multi Role Tanker Transport (MRTT).
The aircraft made its first official public appearance on Saturday the 1st of September 2018 at the RSAF's 50th anniversary parade.
The Republic of Singapore Air Force selected the A330-200 MRTT in February 2014 over the Boeing KC-46, and signed for a delivery of six aircraft.
Airbus say that the new-generation A330 MRTT extends the endurance of the RSAF's fighter aircraft, and ensures the service's continued capability to provide air-to-air refuelling support.
It also provides the RSAF with greater cargo and passenger transport capabilities, and enhances its ability to contribute to international humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) and peace support operations.
The Airbus A330 Multi Role Tanker Transport is an aerial refuelling tanker aircraft based on the civilian Airbus A330.
The A330 MRTT has been ordered by the Royal Australian Air Force, Royal Air Force, Royal Saudi Air Force, United Arab Emirates Air Force and Republic of Singapore Air Force.
The EADS/Northrop Grumman KC-45 was a version of the A330 MRTT proposed for the United States Air Force but this did not progress beyond the concept phase.
George has a degree in Cyber Security from Glasgow Caledonian University and has a keen interest in naval defence technology and cyber security matters.
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Nigel Collins
Just the ticket for funding out of our foreign aid budget.
Is that A330 Stealth 😛
fearlesstunafish
so were we the only ones stupid enough to get ours without the boom fitted?
Lee1
Reply to fearlesstunafish
By the looks of it yes… It was a really stupid decision and I have no idea why it was made.
Even if we had no current jets with that requirement we could have had the ability to better support our allies. It can't have cost much less to have it with the boom?
Reply to Lee1
Without not with…. Really want edit function!
We all know why we didn't, it costs a little more. Strange small cost savings like not putting link16 on the wildcats or not including ciws on the current frigates etc, just make no sense at all.
(Chris H) Lee1 – Why should we equip our aircraft to benefit other air forces? Do they? No. If we have kit we need that they can use as well fine. But why would we go to the bother of an ARBS to refuel our small fleets of C-17 and RC-135 which have long range anyway? We already know Boeing can fit probe / drogue refuelling to their fuselages (as in Sentry) so it would be a dafter decision to NOT fit the Poseidon's with that system. Its only USAF aircraft (and their export versions) that use boom refuelling. Let… Read more »
TwinTiger
@Chris, some ideas why …
_The boom delivers fuel at a faster rate than a basket
_The boom allows transfer of fuel both ways (useful if there is a need to off-load fuel from an aircraft to lighten its landing weight)
_The P-8s (and future E-7 if the RAF get it) only refuel with booms and need to refuel for extended range during operations.
Mr Bell
I wonder if the Singaporians paid the same as the UK for the frankly exuberant Voyager series aircraft. They are utter crap and cannot eventful our newly purchased Poseidon MPAs. £14 billion for a tanker aircraft programme. Good god the RAF like to waste precious defence budget resources.
Daniele Mandelli
Reply to Mr Bell
Sure they are not crap otherwise the RAF would not have purchased them.
The price includes more than just the aircraft. We are buying a service for many decades.
Reply to Daniele Mandelli
The voyagers are excellent. It is the purchasers lack of thought and ordering them without the boom that is the issue. As far as I know they are owned by a civilian company and leased to the RAF. (Stupid beyond belief!) and as the RAF did not specify the need for booms the private company went with the cheapest possible option as they need to make money out of the deal.
Paul T
Lee1- the Voyagers are operated by Air Tanker Ltd,whose makeup consists of Rolls Royce,Cobham,Airbus and Thales Group,hardly anything to be concerned about pedigree wise I would have thought.Perhaps in the future the contract can be 'tweaked' a little to enable some of the spare Aircraft to be modified to use booms.
Reply to Paul T
The problem is that they are private companies which have shareholders. Those shareholders want to make as much money as possible and deliver as little as possible… That is not a good idea when it comes to running a key function of the military. It increases costs and reduces ability. The RAF should own these aircraft. I am not sure at the moment if there is anything in the contract that could make Air Tanker Ltd refit their aircraft for us.
heres another thought,the USAF has Air Refuelling assets at RAF Mildenhall,maybe an arrangement can/has been made to use their boom equipped Tankers when needed negating the need for the RAF ones to be so equipped ,without triggering clauses in the contract.
Is that a good solution? I mean this is the RAF we are talking about, not the Irish Air force! I mean that is currently the solution we are using, but it is not a good one. We should have our own fully owned refuelling tankers and the tanker force should have the ability to refuel all of our current aircraft.
The Air Tanker contract has proven to be poor value so we really ought to terminate it and simply purchase our own Voyagers.
(Chris H) Quote:
Really? OK care to knock out a business case spreadsheet for us to prove it is indeed bad value and owning them would be more cost effective? And why is Air Tanker the problem over ARBS? The RAF don't need them and never asked for them. It got what it wanted.
The National Audit Office and the Public Accounts Committee have both done the calculations and reported that the contract was not good value. They have access to all the figures…
Lee1- Yes the NAO did scrutinise the deal and found issues with the way it was set up and during early implementation but now it has been operational for a few years for a cost of £390 million PA id say it was good value.
(Chris H) Lee1 – Forgive my asking this but you do realise that the £10.5 Bn (in 2008 money) is not to just source 14 aircraft? It is the POTENTIAL cost of full continuous operation of 14 tankers for 27 years including all maintenance, building all hangars and facilities, training and supplying ground crew and aircrew numbers and ensuring they are available at all times. We currently only need 9 so without this PFI we would have had 5 A330s sat in hangars costing a fortune in depreciation and storage maintenance for over 6 years. But that wouldn't have been… Read more »
Sorry meant to say cannot refuel our Poseidon aircraft.
With those uneducated comments, I suspect your surname is actually 'End'.
(Chris H) Mr Bell – Well if they can't that is hardly the fault of the RAF, Airbus or Air Tanker is it? It seems the MoD are too frit to demand (as paying customers) that Boeing deliver those aircraft with UK specific refuelling systems. It has been done before on the 707 derived Sentry so is it really beyond Boeing's capability to add it on new build 737 derived Poseidons which have very similar nose and front fuselage
From what I gather it costs quite a lot to modify the refuelling systems on these aircraft. However that obviously does not mean it is not a possible solution. However it is probably cheaper to refit 2 or 3 voyagers with booms and you also get the other benefit of faster fuel transfer and less weight and drag on the receiving aircraft. It is probably a good idea to fit refuelling probes to the voyagers themselves too as they currently do not have them and so are not able to be refuelled mid air which is an odd decision even… Read more »
(Chris H) Lee1 – You make a fair point if it was about modifying C-17 or RC-135 aircraft because they are already built and there are few of them. But then that argument also works against fitting ARBS to UK Voyagers. Because so few aircraft would use them. And if the RAF did do that it would have to go through a whole new approval and certification process. Very expensive even though Voyager is passively engineered for ARBS. It does of course already have a high capacity drogue station in the rear fuselage. But I was referring to the Poseidons… Read more »
(Chris H) – All those on here slagging off Air Tanker clearly don't understand how its contract is structured. We buy on a "per hour used" basis with a basic minimum guaranteed (which is always exceeded). Any unused A330s are leased out by Air Tanker to private airlines like Thompson. The RAF don't even maintain them. But all we hear is 'It costs too much' without quantifying how much they would have cost to fund the capital costs, maintenance costs and the redundancy costs of the unused aircraft. I doubt they even know the pilots are all Air Tanker civilians… Read more »
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Please complete the form below to start your personalized treatment plan. Once submitted, you can expect a phone call from a vein specialist within 24-36 hours to schedule your appointment.
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Daddy was trying to burp me this morning but College Gameday was on. I had better things to do.
And since we're here, he're are some more pictures Daddy uploaded recently. If you want to see a bunch more, go to our Flickr page here.


text:
package Mar2021Leetcode;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.TreeMap;

public class _0599MinimumIndexSumOfTwoLists {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		System.out.println(
				Arrays.toString(findRestaurant(new String[] { "Shogun", "Tapioca Express", "Burger King", "KFC" },
						new String[] { "Piatti", "The Grill at Torrey Pines", "Hungry Hunter Steakhouse", "Shogun" })));

		System.out.println(
				Arrays.toString(findRestaurant(new String[] { "Shogun", "Tapioca Express", "Burger King", "KFC" },
						new String[] { "KFC", "Shogun", "Burger King" })));

		System.out.println(
				Arrays.toString(findRestaurant(new String[] { "Shogun", "Tapioca Express", "Burger King", "KFC" },
						new String[] { "KFC", "Burger King", "Tapioca Express", "Shogun" })));

		System.out.println(
				Arrays.toString(findRestaurant(new String[] { "Shogun", "Tapioca Express", "Burger King", "KFC" },
						new String[] { "KNN", "KFC", "Burger King", "Tapioca Express", "Shogun" })));

		System.out.println(Arrays.toString(findRestaurant(new String[] { "KFC" }, new String[] { "KFC" })));
	}

	public static String[] findRestaurant(String[] list1, String[] list2) {

	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The construction of the new hotel adjacent to The Irish World Heritage Centre in Manchester has reached a major milestone. The construction of the light-guage steel-frame has topped out, revealing the true scale of the building for the first time.
The 135-bedroom will be a welcome addition to the centre which is a major base for the Irish community offering a diverse programme of cultural activities, alongside conference and events facilities.
The construction consists of a ground floor steel transfer deck, housing accessible bedrooms, reception area and conviviality suite. Above this, three floors of light-gauge steel superstructure house all additional bedrooms. The exterior of the building will be a mix of blockwork and render, creating a modern look.
Further works include a new frontage to Queens Road, extensive landscaping and car parking for 110 vehicles.
The hotel is expected to open at the end of the year.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home » environmental monitoring
Environmental monitoringDon river watershedRestorationPlanning permitsOrganizational structureEtobicoke mimico watershedsRouge riverWildlifePetticoat creekTommy thompson park
Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Celebrates Progress Made to Restore Fish and Wildlife Habitat
With the support of funding from the Government of Canada under the Great Lakes Protection Initiative April 22, 2022 – Toronto and Region...
With the support of funding from the Government of Canada under the Great Lakes Protection Initiative April 22, 2022 – Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) and Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) celebrate and highlight today, on Earth Day, progress made to restore fish and wildlife habitat in the Toronto and Region Area...
Government of Canada Invests in TRCA Projects to Restore and Protect Lake Ontario
Lake Ontario WaterfrontTommy Thompson Park
TRCA Announces Organizational Changes
For more than 60 years, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) has worked with all levels of government, corporations, not-for-profit...
For more than 60 years, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority...
For more than 60 years, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) has worked with all levels of government, corporations, not-for-profit organizations and residents within the municipalities that we serve. Our organization works to ensure the...
Organizational structureOutreachPlanning and permitsWatershed management
Information about sick and dying cormorants in Toronto
Tommy Thompson ParkWildlife
Don River Mural Celebrates Natural Heritage, Indigenous Peoples of Region
Don River WatershedPlanning and permits
Learn to Fish: Reeling in the Big One at Heart Lake
Etobicoke Mimico WatershedsFishingHeart Lake Conservation AreaLearn to Fish
Let's "Shellebrate" World Turtle Day
This Weekend is for The Birds
BirdingBirdsTommy Thompson Park


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The Old Navy Arsenal
The Old Navy Arsenal (Antiguo Arsenal de la Marina) is a complex of buildings and courtyards which contributes to the Old San Juan (Puerto Rico) National Historic Landmark District. In 1791 the Spanish Colonial government, began the construction of the Arsenal as a naval station to counter British attacks on the city. In 1957 the Government of Puerto Rico acquired the majority of the complex from the federal government of the United States through the Historic Surplus Properties Program. The remainder of the property was conveyed through the same program in 1975.
The Old Navy Arsenal (Antiguo Arsenal de la Marina) is a complex of buildings and courtyards which contributes to the Old San Juan (Puerto Rico) National Historic Landmark District. In 1791 the Spanish Colonial government, began the construction of the Arsenal as a naval station to counter British attacks on the city. The original wood and palm tree leaf (yaguas) complex housed a small fleet that patrolled the shallow waters and mangrove swamps around the bay. Beginning in 1800, the Arsenal subsequently became a citadel for the marina with storage space, offices, living quarters, workshops, a coast guard, kitchens, and its own chapel. This expansion over time resulted in a mixture of architectural styles that range from Romanesque to Neoclassical. In 1898 the complex was the last stronghold of Spanish rule in the City before its capture by the U. S. Army in the Spanish‐American War. In 1957 the Government of Puerto Rico acquired the majority of the complex from the federal government of the United States through the Historic Surplus Properties Program. The remainder of the property was conveyed through the same program in 1975. Today the complex houses the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, where its Plastic Art Program offices are located. The complex features three exhibition galleries and a large capacity activity hall where cultural events are celebrated.
Calle La Puntilla
Colonial History
Maritime and Naval History


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Retrospective: 40 Years Since we first Encountered 'The Evil Dead' By Jesse Striewski
rewinditmagazine Retrospective October 14, 2021 October 30, 2021 1 Minute
If ever there were a "little horror film that could," it's Sam Raimi's 1981 gorefest, The Evil Dead. It took years of sweat equity and hustling with investors/distributors, but after non-stop persistence, director/writer Raimi eventually saw his vision realized.
The Evil Dead began as a passion project in the truest sense; Raimi and producer Robert Tapert recruited friends Bruce Campbell and Ellen Sandweiss to star in his 1978 short film Within the Woods, which acted as a promo for potential investors. The gimmick slowly but surely worked, and the film finally saw a worldwide release on October 15, 1981.
The plot was as straight-to-the-point as it gets; five college-aged friends (lead by Campbell in his soon-to-be iconic role as Ash Williams) travel to a remote Tennessee cabin for some down time. There they discover the Necronomicon, or Book of the Dead, and quickly unleash a fury of demonic evil that consumes each and everyone of them one by one.
What ensues is an onslaught of stop-motion animation and practical effects so unseen up until that point that even horror master Stephen King himself became an early supporter of the film. Viewers are transported into a harrowing reality that never lets up until its eventual blood-soaked conclusion.
While only a modest hit at the time of its release, The Evil Dead would eventually spawn a franchise that continues until this day. Two direct sequels, Evil Dead II: Dead by Dawn (1987) and Army of Darkness (1992) continued the storyline of Ash with Campbell as the face of the dead before a reboot/sequel simply titled Evil Dead revived the series in 2013. Since then, Campbell has since reclaimed his rightful throne with the more comedy-driven series Ash vs. Evil Dead from 2015-18 .
But no matter where the series goes from here, nothing will ever top the rush brought on from popping a copy of the original film in the VCR in a shroud of darkness and experiencing the sheer thrill of it all for the first time. Thankfully, I've managed to hold on to my personal copy on VHS since high school, and can still do just that at any given time.
Ash vs. Evil Dead
Ellen Sandweiss
Evil Dead II
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Why use a Treegator® Jr. Pro Slow Release Watering Bag?
Experts agree - deep watering is the best way to reduce the effects of transplant and drought shock in new plantings. The problem is, that watering by hand with a hose or sprinkler - even on a frequent basis - is insufficient. That's because most of the water applied is lost due to run-off or evaporation, thus not allowing for the water to penetrate deep enough into the soil to properly saturate the root zone. Treegator® is designed to properly water a newly planted tree or shrub by slowly and evenly providing deep water saturation directly to the root zone, with no run-off or evaporation - Every time. With Treegator®, there's no guesswork. Just fill the bag once a week... that's it. You'll water your trees and shrubs more efficiently and effectively than conventional watering methods and spend significantly less time and effort doing it.
Will Treegator® Jr. Pro work for my new tree or shrub?
Treegator® Jr. Pro is ideal for watering trees or shrubs up to 5" in caliper (trunk dia.) with branches beginning at least 6" from the ground or higher. When Treegator® Jr. Pro is used with mulch, its shape and color make it almost invisible.
How is a Treegator® Jr. Pro installed?
Installation is easy and requires no tools! Just place Treegator® Jr. Pro on level ground around the trunk of a new tree or shrub, fill it with water, and walk away! For step-by-step installation pics, click on "Image Gallery" near the top of this page, or view the Demo Video near the bottom of this page. Unlike other watering systems, when you use a Treegator® Jr .Pro watering bag, there are no trenches or holes to dig, and no stakes or spikes to drive into the ground. Treegator® saves time, water and money!
How long does it take for Treegator® Jr. Pro to empty?
A Treegator® Jr. Pro continuously waters a newly planted tree or shrub for approximately 5 to 8 hours, providing deep water saturation in a single application with little or no run-off.


The time to hang your holiday lighting has arrived, but who should do the hanging? It's tempting to tackle the huge project on your own, but that almost always ends with cold fingers and crooked lights. What are some of the benefits of hiring a professional to hang your holiday lights?
Standing on a ladder (and having someone there to watch you) is easier than it sounds. Most adults are not comfortable climbing up high and then doing more work hanging the lights themselves. Instead of taking a risk with your health and safety, you should hire a professional for hanging your holiday lights. They can safely hang holiday lights in awkward spots or potentially unsafe places thanks to their safety training, proper equipment, and years of skill.
Professionals are a great way to elevate your current holiday lighting plans. They hang lights every day during the holiday season, especially over the weekends, so they have countless ideas and creative ways to hang your lights. They can transform your yard into a beautiful winter wonderland in no time, whether you have an exact plan in mind or just want your yard to look merry and bright.
Troubleshooting is one of the most annoying parts of hanging up holiday lighting. Hiring a professional means that you won't have to figure out which light in the strand is out or swap burnt out lights for replacements. Instead, you can enjoy the finished product without all of the tedious advance work.
Finally, hiring a professional to hang your holiday lights is also great because you can hire the same exact professional to take them back down! Your lights will be taken down and carefully put away and stored until you need them again next year. You will be able to easily find each strand of lights and will never need to untangle hundreds of light strands again.
This entry was posted on Friday, December 14th, 2018	at 11:41 am	. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0	feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


text:
1574 – Basilica de St. Francisco de Asis, Havana, Cuba
The basilica and the monastery of San Francisco de Asis (Saint Francis of Assisi) were built in Havana, Cuba at the end of the sixteenth century (1580-91) as the home of the Franciscan community,
1577 – Castillo de la Real Fuerza, Havana, Cuba
Architect: Bartolomé Sánchez
The Castillo de la Real Fuerza is a fortress on the western side of the harbour in Havana,
1920 – Hotel Sevilla, Havana, Cuba
When it opened its doors on March 22, 1908, it quickly became Havana´s leading turn-of-the-century luxury hotel. From the elaborate façade to the lovely Patio Sevillano (Sevillian Yard),
1920 – Military Museum, Havana, Cuba
Architect: Paul Belau and Carlos Maruri
Formerly the Presidential Palace of dictator Fulgencio Batista. It was built at 1920 to the plans of Paul Belau and Carlos Maruri.
1929 – Capitolio, Havana, Cuba
Architect: Eugenio Raynieri
El Capitolio, or the National Capitol Building in Havana, Cuba, was the seat of government in Cuba until after the Cuban Revolution in 1959,
1958 – Memorial Jose Marti, Havana, Cuba
Architect: Enrique Luis Varela
The 109m tower, designed by a team of architects led by Enrique Luis Varela, is in the form of a five-pointed star,
1958 – Ministerio del Interior, Havana, Cuba
The Plaza de la Revolución is one of the world's largest city squares at 72,000 square metres, the Square is dominated by the Jose'
1958 – Teatro Nacional, Havana, Cuba
The National Theater of Cuba (Teatro Nacional de Cuba) is a huge modern building, decorated with works by Cuban artists. Internally here are two main theatre stages,
1959 – Modern Art Museum, Havana, Cuba
Architect: Rodriguez Pichardo
The modern Bellas Artes Museum is split into two buildings housing International and Cuban art. The Colección de Arte Universal covers everything from ancient Greek artefacts and Latin American pieces to art by French,
Architecture of Havana, Cuba
Havana, formerly named Villa de San Cristóbal de La Habana. is the capital of Cuba. The city also forms one of the 14 provinces of Cuba.


I am currently experiencing an issue across many of our sites where the Dropdown field with Pipes for Contact Form 7 Redirection are not working.
I'm not sure what exactly you are trying to do, since pipes are not related in any way to redirection. Do you want to redirect based on a dropdown value? if so, this question has been asked and answered before in the forum.
I would let visitors redirect based to the checkout based on product id they selected from dropdown item.
If I need to code, it might be complicated with some of conditional situations.
Do you get any idea?
This reply was modified 5 months, 4 weeks ago by The Journey Opener.
So, they are so many variations and attributes to relate in a custom code.
Another challenging, the variation_id must be in numeric value (which is not understand by common visitor.
I see. Pipes has nothing to do with that. You should use pipes only if you are looking to change the recipient email according to the selected item in a dropdown menu.
You should look at the link I provided in the last message to get some idea on how to do what you are looking for, but it's not related directly to the plugin, though you can use the script field.
This reply was modified 5 months, 4 weeks ago by yuvalsabar.
Ok thanks @yuvalsabar for your 'patiently' response.
UPDATED! MY PROBLEM WITH THE PIPE ALREADY SOLVED!! Yahoooo….
So I add a snippet code provided from that link (in answer field).
Then, the plugin successfully redirect to external link without any problem.
Yeahhh… How can I say thanks to all of you.


text:
Jetstar's list of reasons they aren't the worst airline in the world
Scott Palmer
Jetstar has hit back against accusations it is the worst airline in the world.
Jetstar rated worst airline in the world
A new global study by Choice found Jetstar to be the worst-performing airline overall, according to more than 11,000 people.
But Jetstar has slammed the survey in a long letter to the media.
"Our team would be the first to admit that from time to time we don't deliver a perfect experience," Jetstar's head of corporate communications Luke Enright says.
"But worst airline in the world? The reaction on social media shows that claim is ridiculous."
Jetstar's complaints against the study's "questionable methodology", include:
"Choice is basing its claims on Jetstar on a survey of just 100 of their members, which is around half the number of people we carry on one flight and a lot less than 34 million customers who flew with us last year."
"Bizarrely, they left the only other low-cost carrier operating in Australia, Tigerair, off the list because they didn't receive enough responses."
"They also called it an international survey but only surveyed people from eight countries. No one from Asia, United Kingdom, the United States and so on were surveyed. Hardly an international survey."
Jetstar says despite Choice's allegations of poor performance, Jetstar has been named the best low-cost carrier in the Asia Pacific for six years running by SkyTrax.
"We are also doing a lot of work behind the scenes on areas where we can improve, particularly on flight punctuality," Mr Enright says.
"Choice is damaging its credibility with the use of dodgy surveys and misleading claims.
"It might be a bit awkward if they have to award themselves one of their annual shonky awards for this effort."


text:
Villa Molin è una villa veneta di Padova, nella località di Mandria, progettata nel 1597 dall'architetto vicentino Vincenzo Scamozzi (1548 – 1616), architetto, scenografo, trattatista di ampia cultura operante a Vicenza e nell'area veneziana, dove fu la figura più importante tra Andrea Palladio e Baldassare Longhena.

Tra le sue opere più importanti vi sono le Procuratie Nuove di Piazza San Marco, la chiesa di S.Nicolò da Tolentino che lo resero celebre tra i patrizi veneti tra cui la famiglia Molin.

È caratterizzata da una pianta centrale quadrata e ingentilita dall'elegante pronao con colonne ioniche che si affaccia sul canale di Battaglia.

La planimetria della villa mostra una straordinaria coerenza geometrica, basata sul quadrato, che determina la forma sia della villa che della sala centrale. La struttura dei volumi è particolarmente nitida, articolata nel blocco principale, la copertura emergente dalla sala centrale e la loggia sul fiume. Quest'ultima è una vera e propria sala aperta, una sorta di belvedere da cui ammirare l'esterno, senza però che vi siano scale che consentano di scendere. La sala centrale è maestosa, ottenuta con due cubi sovrapposti, una sorta di cortile esterno, illuminato dall'alto non da un oculo ma da quattro grandi finestre termali. Il pianoterreno è un vero e proprio corpo di fabbrica in sé compiuto, articolato intorno a una vasta sala quadrata con una virtuosistica volta ribassata.

Storia
La villa affonda le sue origini nell'epoca feudale: pare infatti che qui sorgesse il castello della Mandria, eretto nel 905 da Gauslino Transalgardi sulle terre che la sua famiglia governava, in qualità di conti, sin dal 775. Nel 1183 l'imperatore Federico Barbarossa confermò i privilegi dei Transalgardi a una loro diramazione, i Forzatè Capodilista.

Un documento del 1470 attesta che Gabriele Capodilista lasciò alla moglie Romea una «Domus magna, cum corte horto, bruolo, gastaldia [...] in villa Mandria propte pontem altum». Alla metà del secolo successivo i Capodilista ricostruirono la chiesa del villaggio e, con l'occasione, la stessa residenza.

Nello stesso periodo fanno la sua comparsa i Molin, patrizi veneziani, che cominciano ad acquistare proprietà alla Mandria spesso dagli stessi Capodilista. Già nel 1550 essi dichiarano il possesso di una «casa di muro e brolo per uso».

Nel 1597 Nicolò Molin di Vincenzo, all'apice della sua carriera come ambasciatore della Repubblica di Venezia, affidò all'architetto Vincenzo Scamozzi,  il progetto di una residenza di campagna degna della sua famiglia. Le esigenze di lavoro e di rappresentanza della famiglia Molin richiedevano una villa che dominasse il paesaggio e fosse in stretto contatto con il fiume. Per rendere omaggio alla fama della famiglia fu scelto il più prestigioso architetto del tempo nella città di Venezia, appunto Vincenzo Scamozzi. I lavori iniziarono già alla consegna del progetto, ma nel 1608 il committente morì improvvisamente.

Il complesso tornò quindi ai Capodilista grazie al diritto di prelazione. Nel 1684 Sigismonda Capodilista lasciò la villa ai figli Naimero e Pio Conti, alla cui famiglia rimase sino al 1768 quando morì Carlo Vincenzo Conti. In quell'occasione, il commissario liquidatore Giovanni Belli vendette la villa a Caterina Sagredo Barbarigo, ma già pochi anni dopo la comprò Antonio Capodilista. Tornata così ai suoi antichi proprietari (ai quali si deve un radicale restauro concluso nel 1777), nel 1778 passò per eredità agli Emo (detti Emo Capodilista in seguito al matrimonio tra Leonardo Emo e Beatrice Capodilista).

Dopo il 1812 la villa passa a Paolina Drusilia in Vettor Pisani Moretta, successivamente alle famiglie Pisani, Vanni, Dondi dall'Orologio. A questi si deve un restauro che risistema un bene ormai degradato. Nei primi anni novanta dell'Ottocento si sottopongono a restauro conservativo la copertura, la volta centrale affrescata e le pertinenze esterne quali intonaci a marmorino, lapidei e statuaria.

Un annesso passò invece alla famiglia Giusti del Giardino che lo trasformò nell'odierna villa Giusti. Fu qui che, il 3 novembre 1918, venne firmato il noto armistizio di Villa Giusti dopo alcuni giorni di negoziati tenuti proprio a villa Molin.

Nel 1955 fu acquistata dall'imprenditore Iginio Kofler al quale si devono nuovi lavori di restauro.

Descrizione

L'edificio rispetta perfettamente, eccetto che per la posizione delle scale, aggiunte nell'Ottocento, il progetto rappresentato da Scamozzi nel suo trattato. La nitida struttura dei volumi (corpo di fabbrica, loggia e copertura emergente della sala centrale) sono elementi caratterizzanti della villa.

La villa, in quanto principale residenza dei Molin, situata in un contesto suburbano, combina infatti soluzioni consolidate nelle architetture di villa con altre più propriamente urbane.

L'edificio si affaccia direttamente sugli argini del canale Battaglia, senza alcuna mediazione rispetto al territorio: la grande loggia, alta sul pianterreno, è allineata ai muri che chiudono la proprietà lungo la via pubblica. La loggia non solo non è al centro del complesso costituito da villa e fabbriche rurali, ma non è nemmeno il luogo da cui si accede alle stanze principali.

La loggia di villa Molin sembra disegnata a partire da un esempio antico: come nella sala del portico di Ottavia, e diversamente dalle logge sporgenti della Rotonda o di villa Chiericati, le colonne d'angolo diventano pilastri con entasi agganciati ai muri laterali.

Coperta da una volta a padiglione, con dimensioni molto vicine a una camera di "duoi quadri in lunghezza" ampia quanto la pianta centrale ma indipendente dalla suddivisione interna degli ambienti, la loggia appare piuttosto come una sala aperta, e se si considerano le balaustre interposte alla colonne e l'impiego di capitelli ionici con volute diagonali, non sembra errato considerare il pronao una facciata che richiede una visione di scorcio, offrendosi allo sguardo dei passanti sulla via e sul canale come su una strada cittadina.

Il pianterreno, oggi in parte nascosto dall'innalzamento degli argini è un piano di fabbrica in sé compiuto e non, come nella Rocca Pisana, un basamento sul quale impostare il livello principale: è interamente rivestito da un bugnato piatto, ha ingressi indipendenti su ogni lato, e il rapporto dimensionale (14 piedi) rispetto al piano nobile (24 piedi) supera, anche se di poco, quello già notevole di 1:2 utilizzato alla Malcontenta, avvicinandosi piuttosto a quello dei palazzi di Sanmicheli o alla villa Verlato.

Il piano nobile ha la stessa divisione planimetrica del pian terreno, focalizzata sull'ampia sala centrale quadrata che impegna tutta l'altezza del fabbricato, prendendo luce dalle ampie finestre del tiburio. I quattro vestiboli voltati formano con l'aula centrale un impianto a croce greca e definiscono gli spazi delle stanze private e dei salottini laterali.

ll salone centrale, presenta tradizionali elementi rinascimentali, come le finestre incorniciate da serliane al primo piano, il ripetersi di figure geometriche regolari sia in pianta che in alzato. Queste caratteristiche non rispondono unicamente a un'esigenza "intellettuale" dell'architetto, ma sembrano anche il risultato di nuove esigenze della committenza, a partire dalle quali Scamozzi giunge a una nuova interpretazione della villa a pianta quadrata già precedentemente sviluppata da Serlio, Palladio e dallo stesso architetto.

A differenza di Palladio, per cui i cortili sono spesso dei vuoti di risulta rispetto al disegno del costruito o elementi di collegamento tra diversi corpi edilizi, per Scamozzi il cortile è baricentro fisico e concettuale dell'edificio, costantemente quadrato, intorno al quale si organizza la planimetria. Nel caso di Villa Molin si trasforma in un eccezionale vuoto a tripla altezza, quasi un cortile coperto.

Nel fronte principale sopra il timpano, che a sua volta è elevato sul colonnato, tre statue acroteriali, non originali, decorano la copertura. Le altre facciate hanno finestre architravate che incorniciano la serliana centrale e piccole finestre al sottotetto. Quest'ultimo è a quattro falde e nel centro è sormontato da un tiburio quadrato, aperto in ampie finestre a lunetta, a sua volta coperto a piramide. Le stanze al piano terreno, compresa quella centrale, hanno soffitti voltati in cotto. Il ballatoio, su cui si aprono le porte delle stanze del piano superiore, è sostenuto da un cornicione poggiato su pilastri di ordine dorico; una modanatura aggettante, in corrispondenza della falda del tetto, sottolinea l'imposta della volta. Il riquadro centrale rappresenta una cornice in stucco, mentre quattro vele sono sistemate ai lati dei finestroni.

Nessun elemento in pietra, tranne il davanzale, segna le finestre e diversamente che in altre fabbriche isolate – come nella Rocca Pisana dove Scamozzi, pur distinguendosi nettamente, tratta prospetto principale e laterali con pari dignità formale – qui la serliana è definita solo dall'architrave appena sporgente, ma i sostegni sono semplicissimi pilastri quadrangolari senza capitello.

Inigo Jones, nel suo viaggio del 1613-1614, visitò villa Molin con molto interesse. Ancora se ne rammentava nel 1636 quando in una nota ai Quattro Libri di Palladio, discuteva il rapporto fra colonne su piedistallo e balaustrate. Dichiara infatti di prendere spunto da villa Molin per le colonne corinzie poggianti sul pavimento della loggia, senza piedistallo "come ho fatto a Greenwich, nella loggia verso il parco, e come ho visto a Ponte della Cagnia vicino a Padova in una villa del Clarissimo Molin". Questa soluzione venne praticata anche in molte fabbriche "palladiane" dell'Inghilterra fra XVII e XVIII (per rimanere ad alcuni esempi riportati nel Vitruvius Britannicus: da Gunnesbury House e Amesbury House fino a Wanstead di Colin Campbell), poiché permette di alzare una loggia all'antica sopra un pianterreno di buone dimensioni come richiedevano le moderne esigenze inglesi.

John Soane ritrae villa Molin in un disegno del 1780, oltre a lui molti si recheranno in Italia per ammirarne le opere d'arte e si soffermeranno sulla produzione di Scamozzi.

Decorazione interna
La complessa decorazione pittorica del piano nobile si adegua all'impostazione dell'edificio seguendo la classica sovrapposizione degli ordini nelle colonne dipinte e negli altri elementi architettonici inseriti.

Il restauro di Kofler riportò alla luce gli affreschi originali, eliminando alcuni decori ottocenteschi non coerenti con la struttura e l'originale visione della villa.

Gli affreschi sono attribuiti a Pietro Antonio Cerva (1640-1683 circa).

Nel salone centrale virtuali architetture, dipinte in prospettiva, ricoprono per intero le pareti e la volta, creando un insieme di grandiosità che ricorda le aule termali romane studiate in gioventù da Scamozzi. Una reale balaustra lignea, dipinta a imitazione del marmo, individua i diversi piani e abbraccia tutto lo spazio. Al di sotto di questa scanalate lesene doriche inquadrano gli archi d'accesso. La policromia accentua la varietà e l'illusione di profondità degli spazi. Sopra la balaustra, le architetture virtuali propongono colonne ioniche di marmorino verde con capitelli e basi dorate. Nicchie e cammei ovali in monocromo violetto abbracciano e sovrastano le quattro porte centrali. Vi si narrano episodi della vita di Enea, il più valoroso dei Troiani dopo Ettore.

Al di sopra delle otto porte angolari, finti cassettonati e vasi di fiori, contribuiscono ad accentuare la dimensione prospettica di tutto l'impianto quadraturistico. La volta si innalza da un lineare cornicione dipinto; negli angoli, colonne corinzie di marmo rosso delimitano otto profonde soggette da cui si affacciano musici e altre persone. Gli stemmi delle famiglie Capodilista e Conti sono sui quattro angoli.

Nelle quattro vele sono raffigurati quattro putti che rappresentano le stagioni, segno del passare del tempo e tema frequente delle raffigurazioni nelle ville.

Nel riquadro al centro sono raffigurati Aurora e Titone, sotto lo sguardo di Diana e di due amorini. Il mito narra che la dea Aurora si innamorò dell'eroe troiano Titone, ma si dimenticò di chiedere per lui l'eterna giovinezza. Alla fine, ridotto a sola voce lo trasformò in cicala.

Nei quattro vestiboli voltati a botte, le sovrapporte sono ornate da cartigli con vedute di ville della famiglia Capodilista, compresa Villa Molin.

Oltre ad essere un ampliamento della superficie del salone, i vestiboli, che formano con l'aula la croce greca, servono per dividere in gruppi distinti le stanze padronali ed i salottini razionalmente disposti. Ne risultano quattro appartamenti distinti per i quali il salone è il luogo comune di rappresentanza e di ritrovo, ideale vastissimo e fresco soggiorno estivo, riparato ed elegantemente decorato.

Gli affreschi creano un prolungamento del salone utilizzando gli stessi colori, luminosi e dorati movimentando il ricco telaio architettonico e prospettico.

Fanno da originale contrasto i leggeri e delicati stucchi realizzati nel tardo settecento dalla famiglia Capodilista che decorano con volute, tralci e camei le camere e i salottini.

Il parco

Considerato uno dei più bei parchi storici, il giardino di villa Molin si estende su 3,3 ettari, è circondato da un'alta recinzione.

Il giardino all'italiana con viali di bosso e statue si basa sul progetto originario di Vincenzo Scamozzi.

Il giardino romantico ha piante secolari e al tempo in cui la villa era abitata da Igino Kofler aveva un campo da tennis e tre buche da golf.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Molin
Architetture rinascimentali del Veneto

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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The tea industry is undergoing a turbulent time due to the disruption in most of the traditional Ceylon Tea consuming countries, Chairman, Tea Exporters Association, Rohan Fernando said. Around 65 percent of our exports go directly and indirectly to sanctioned or high risk markets such as Russia, Syria, Iran, Iraq and Libya.
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text:
Ki Tisa 5762
While Purim has passed, the end of our Parsha shows us that we have not yet finished with the discussion of masks. The Torah tells us (34:29-35) that when Moshe Rabbenu descended from Har Sinai with the second set of Luchot, that his face shone ("karan ohr"). (We will discuss with what later in the shiur). Aharon and the rest of Bnai Yisrael are taken aback by this change and shy away from Moshe. Moshe reassures them, transmits to them what he had received on Har Sinai and when he finishes, covers his face with a "masve", which we will translate for the moment as a mask (other explanations to follow). The Torah then tells us that from that point onward Moshe would remove this mask when speaking with Hashem, transmit to Bnai Yisrael what he had received and then replace the mask. This is the simple translation of the passukim, though it is recommended that to better follow the rest of this shiur that you review them inside.
Most commentaries explain that a "masve" is some sort of physical covering, though they disagree on precisely what type of covering it was. Rashi, quoting Onkelos, understands it as a face covering with room for the eyes, essentially a mask. Targum Yonatan and the Yerushalmi believe that it was simply a talit that Moshe used to cover his face. Rabbi Menachem Mendel Kasher, in an article in the Miluim section of his monumental work, the Torah Shelaima (Ki Tisa, Siman Vav), and upon which much of this shiur is based, points out that if this is true it would not have been at all out of the ordinary that Moshe would cover his face in this fashion, as many people do so for a variety of reasons. One need only think of the minhag we have in shul to cover one's head with a talit. (In fact, Rav Kasher quotes the Sefer Chasidim which points out that an early minhag was for people to cover their faces after completing an Aliya. The reason given was that a person who had heard the Baal Kriyah was compared to having heard Moshe read, and that they cover their faces as Moshe did after having completed transmitting the message that he had received from Hashem).
A third possibility, also quoted by Rav Kasher, is based on both Midrashic sources as well as commentators such as the Radak. They suggest that a "masve" is a special headscarf, whose purpose is to cut down on the concentration of sunlight filtering onto a person's face.
While the question of precisely what a "masve" was is an obvious one, a different question is precisely what was the purpose of the "masve"? Our initial reaction is to suggest that the "masve" is protecting Bnai Yisrael from the brightness that is reflected from Moshe's face. This assumption is strengthened by the fact that the Torah tells us, as quoted above, that Aharon and Bnai Yisrael are frightened by the karnei ohr of Moshe's face. Rashi rejects this, however, probably because the continuation of the Passukim seems to indicate that Moshe would in fact remove the mask whenever he would transmit Torah to Bnai Yisrael. Instead, Rashi suggests that the purpose of the mask was in fact to preserve the honor of the karnei ohr, by ensuring that they would only be seen by the people at the time when Moshe was teaching them Torah or when Moshe was speaking with Hashem. It follows from this that even Moshe himself kept the karnei ohr covered while pursuing more mundane pursuits.
The Ibn Ezra suggests a different angle on the purpose of the "masve". According to one explanation (which the Ibn Ezra infact rejects), the karnei ohr were not a permanent feature of Moshe's face, but rather a function of the Torah that he had received. The ohr would therefore fade at times, based upon whether Moshe had been in direct contact with Hashem. The purpose of the "masve" was to cover Moshe's face at precisely those junctions when the ohr was fading and Bnai Yisrael might suspect that Moshe was "losing it" or that his stature was diminished. The "masve" in this situation is in fact protecting the honor of Moshe.
The Ralbag suggests an entirely different approach to our issue. (The Ralbag, a late thirteenth/early fourteenth century commentator based in Provence, has experienced a renaissance over the past few years. The edition that I used is from Yeshivat Birkat Moshe's Maaliyot Press, which thus far covers Breishit and Shemot, as well as Rav Kasher's comments on the Ralbag.) Rather than understanding the "masve" as being a physical mask, covering Moshe's face and preventing the karnei ohr from being seen, the Ralbag views the "masve" allegorically. After all the time that Moshe has spent on Har Sinai, in the proximity of Hashem, neither eating nor drinking, Moshe has achieved a unique relationship with Hashem. In fact, Moshe has all but transcended physicality and has approached a purely spiritual and intellectual existence. The problem, of course, is that while he shares this relationship with Hashem, it is totally foreign to Bnai Yisrael. It is therefore necessary for Moshe to "return" to his previous state when communicating the Torah to Am Yisrael. This is in fact a wrenching transition. In order to accomplish it, Moshe must put on a "mask", i.e. he must separate between himself and Hashem and reestablish a more human relationship with Am Yisrael. According to the Ralbag, Moshe would repeat this transition each time he would transmit another section of the Torah to Am Yisrael, and then revert back to his more spiritual self to fully reconnect with Hashem the next time that Hashem would speak with him. (An interesting parallel to this idea can be found in a footnote to the Kahati on the Mishna in Berachot perek bet, mishna hei. Rav Kahati quotes the late Chief Rabbi of Israel, Rav Unterman, zt"l, who uses an idea from Rav Chaim M'Valushin to explain why Rabban Gamliel recited shema on his wedding night, even though he had taught his students that a bridegroom was exempt from the mitzva. The mishna cites Rabban Gamliel as telling his students that he will not allow them to cause the yolk of Hashem to be removed from him for even one moment. Rav Unterman explains that for most people, the act of properly accepting Ohl Malchut Shamayim requires an unusual effort to remove oneself from his normal mindset and focus on accepting Hashem. Therefore, if a person (such as a bridegroom) is focussed on a different mitzva that is distracting him from accepting Ohl Malchut Shamayim, he is exempt. For Rabban Gamliel, however, the default situation was to always live an existence where Kabbalat Ohl Malchut Shamayim was the norm, as natural as breathing the air. Not to say shema would cause him to remove the yolk that was an integral part of his existence. Here, too, Moshe is being asked to sacrifice a natural part of his existence for the sake of Am Yisrael. His is being asked to don a mask.)
The problem with the Ralbag, of course, is that the Passukim (see especially passuk 33) seem to say that Moshe removed his mask when speaking with Bnai Yisrael, while according to the Ralbag, he should be putting it on. Rav Kasher quotes the Akaidat Yitzhak as asking this question, but points out that there is ample basis to read the passuk as having Moshe having placed the mask prior to speaking with Bnai Yisrael (see also the footnotes in the Maaliyot edition of the Ralbag).
The Ralbag's approach, which was adapted and adopted by many subsequent commentaries, sends a very clear message about our goals and abilities. Every individual has the ability to create a relationship with Hashem that is reminiscent of Moshe's, or at least Rabban Gamliel. But first we must remove our masks.
Ki Tisa, Parshat Shavua
Rav Michael Susman


text:
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Few symptoms of premature gray hair are brittle and thin hair and hair color loss prior reaching thirties. In case, nutritional deficiency and sinusitis has resulted in premature gray hair, than you are more probable to have headaches.
These conditions are particularly rare and present themselves in less than one percent of the population but they do exist. The main symptom of premature gray hair is the lack of regular thicker hair being allowed to grow. In turn, the thinner, grey hairs then have a chance to grow sooner and more quickly than normal. The transformation is quick but it is not overnight.
This graying of hair may then increase around the sides and to the top of the scalp. The beard and mustache may begin to start graying fairly premature while the hairs on the chest and public region began graying only after some years after the scalp hair starts graying. On the other hand, you can spot premature graying of hair with its different symptoms.
There are many causes for premature gray hair why a self might start showing grey hair at an early age. The hair starts graying when the pigment producing cells – melanocytes – are damaged. While it is believed that this occurs naturally with age, in those who suffering premature graying, this can be the result of genetics as well. There are several who believe that external factors like stress or lifestyle can impact the hair colour at an early age.
Smoking can also cause sudden growth or grey hair or premature gray of hair. Smoking can help in the growth of free radicals in your body. The free radicals are responsible for causing oxidative stress in your body. This generally leads to a reduction in the pigmenting capacity of melanin, which are causes for premature gray of hair.
Premature graying of the hair is mostly diagnosed by visual inspection. The condition is unmistakable and a professional diagnosis is generally not necessary. In cases where the person is very young, on the other hand, a professional diagnosis of premature gray hair is recommended to rule out the graying as a symptom of a more serious disease or condition.


This is a superb golf course. It is immaculately maintained and poses a real challenge for the average golfer. It Is a public course.Dublin city is really lucky to have. I would recommend it to any golfer of any ability.It is incredible value and a hidden gem of a course right beside Dublin airport.
The course is quite ordinary and would not be something of a challenge. Not in the best of condition but passable.
A nice parkland course , in a great location just off exit 1 of the M50 Southboud. Still a bit of work being done on the course with 1 hole out of play and some fairways still growing. A well kept course but a tad hard to follow for first time players.
Most greens almost unplayable. Bunkers need attention. Even tee boxes a bit of a mess. Fairways and rough in good shape. A pity.
The course was not in the best shape after a long harsh winter.
The course was not in the best shape after a long harsh winter. However, it was annoying that i could not use my valid Golfnow voucher.


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ABC Family's "Pretty Little Liars" is Tuesday's #1 TV Telecast in Females 12-34 for 2nd Straight Week
ABC Family spins the numbers for Tuesday, January 15.
[via press release from ABC Family]
Ratings Highlights for Tuesday, January 15, 2013 Final National Ratings
"Pretty Little Liars" is Tuesday's #1 TV Telecast in Females 12-34 for 2nd Straight Week; Is #1 Scripted Cable TV Telecast in Women 18-34/Women 18-49
"The Lying Game" is Cable TV's #1 Scripted Telecast at 9PM in Key Demos
"Pretty Little Liars" (8:00 - 9:00 p.m.)
Against mostly original programming on the broadcast front, "Pretty Little Liars" stood as Tuesday's #1 TV telecast for the 2nd consecutive week in Females 12-34 (1.5 million/3.4 rating) and Females Teens (630,000/5.4 rating), and was the #1 scripted cable TV telecast for the entire day in Women 18-34 (905,000/2.7 rating) and Women 18-49 (1.2 million/1.8 rating).
·	At 8 p.m., "Pretty Little Liars" was the #1 TV telecast in Women 18-34, Viewers 12-34 (1.8 million/1.9 rating) and Females 12-34, cable TV's #1 telecast in Adults 18-34 (1.1 million/1.6 rating) and Women 18-49, and was the #2 scripted cable TV telecast in Total Viewers (2.5 million).
"The Lying Game" (9:00 - 10:00 p.m.)
At 9 o'clock, "The Lying Game" ranked as the #1 scripted cable TV telecast in Women 18-34 (467,000/1.4 rating) and Females 12-34 (738,000/1.6 rating), and the #1 original scripted telecast across all cable TV in Women 18-49 (584,000/0.9 rating).
Source: NTI, 1/15/13, U.S. ratings, Live + Same Day.
· LYING GAME, THE (ABC FAMILY)
· PRETTY LITTLE LIARS (FREEFORM)


Known as a cooling colour, blue invokes feelings of serenity, intelligence, lightness, and positivity.
There's a reason lighter shades of blue are commonly employed in hospitals, spas, and places of spiritual retreat and that reason is that with its broad range of soothing hues, blue has the ability to calm the mind, bringing about a sense of peace.
Unlike other colours which evoke physical reactions, blue is a colour of the mind, and serves to inspire deep reflection and concentration. When employed in interior design schemes, it brings an element of fluidity to décor and motifs that might otherwise prove too grounded. Further, blue has the power to create crisp, clear interior design themes that refresh and inspire.
Research has proven, time and again, that colour blue can lower blood pressure and heart rates, and as a colour, blue is the world's favourite. However, when incorporated carelessly, blue can be perceived as cold or uninviting. When genuine thought is put into adding shades of blue to any design scheme, the overall atmosphere has the potential to become one of a calm, meditative nature.


"I kind of jokingly said that they have to look like 'boyfriend material,' you know? They should be friendly, more than just 'oh, way over the top hot,'" Shao says.
Next PostNextIs the pressure to set new records turning polar adventure into a lying game?


Join us for our 22nd annual Cedar Valley Arts Festival 5K, and newly certified 10K!
The race begins & ends at Peek Park on N. College Street in Cedartown, Georgia.
The course is flat and fast. It follows a scenic route through a historic residential area and by a beautiful private lake. Paved, public roads are closed during race.
Awards ceremony will be at Park Peek Amphitheater. Event will be held rain or shine. No refunds.
Registration fees help fund scholarships for local high school runners.


Robert Lopez and his significant other Kristen Anderson-Lopez won an Oscar, a Grammy, and a Critics' Choice Award for their melody "Let It Go" from the enlivened motion picture "Solidified" (2013). For Anderson-Lopez these were her first major showbiz grants. Be that as it may, her better half's Oscar win made him the most youthful individual from the elite EGOT club of famous people who have won the great pummel of Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Awards. Presently the songwriting couple is back this year with "Recollect Me" from another enlivened film, "Coco," which gives the twosome another opportunity at one of only a handful couple of honors that implied them for "Solidified" — the Golden Globe.
In 2013 they were designated against melodies from a's who of famous music: "Standard Love" from "Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom" by U2; "Please Mr. Kennedy" from "Inside Llewyn Davis" by Ed Rush, George Cromarty, T Bone Burnett, Justin Timberlake, Joel Coen, and Ethan Coen; "Chart book" from "The Hunger Games: Catching Fire" by Coldplay; and "Sweeter than Fiction" from "One Chance" composed by Jack Antonoff and Taylor Swift.
Last edited by shopkins; 01-01-2019 at 06:56 PM.


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JWST ETC Source Spectral Energy Distributions
The JWST Exposure Time Calculator (ETC) offers a series of spectral energy distributions (SEDs) that may be used when building a source. Templates include many flavors of stellar and extragalactic spectra, as well as novae, nebulae, planetary, and analytic spectral distributions. A user-supplied spectrum may also be uploaded to the ETC for use in calculations.
When creating a new source in the Exposure Time Calculator (ETC), the user may choose to apply a template spectrum for the source's continuum. Many of the commonly used stellar and extragalactic templates have been provided, which cover a wide range of observed spectral energy distributions, along with spectral templates of other astronomical objects and several analytic functions. The Continuum tab is also where the redshift and extinction parameters may be entered. The available choices for source spectral energy distributions are described below. There are 2 ways to access the Continuum tab of the Source Editor, as shown in Figures 1 & 2 below.
Figure 1. Calculations → Select calculation → Scene ★ → Continuum
Figure 2. Scenes and Sources → Select scene → Select source → Continuum
The remainder of this article presents pertinent information on each of the spectral models found in the JWST ETC, including caveats and limitations. Additional information on each of the spectra, including references, can be found on the Astronomical Catalogs webpage maintained by STScI, and linked in the Additional information on spectral template files, below.
Analytic spectra
Analytic spectral energy distributions include a Flat Continuum, Power-law Continuum, and a Blackbody Spectrum.
Power-law Continuum
The Power-law Continuum is defined as F(λ)~λn, where n is specified by the user in the exp box. Units of flam (wavelength units of erg/s/cm2/Å) or fnu (frequency units of erg/s/cm2/Hz) can be chosen from a drop-down menu. The Power-law Continuum is converted to fnu units (if necessary) and normalized to 1 mJy at 1 μm before being re-normalized to the value input by the user under the Renorm tab.
Flat Continuum
A Flat Continuum is a special case of the power law spectrum, where n=0. This distribution is so-named because the spectrum has constant energy per unit wavelength (flam) or unit frequency (fnu). The source spectrum plot will show a straight line profile for a Flat Continuum in fnu units but a curved profile when flam is selected due to the conversion factor between fnu and flam.
Blackbody Spectrum
The Blackbody Spectrum is computed at the temperature of the blackbody specified by the user using the equation:
B_{\nu}(\nu, T)=\frac{2h\nu^3}{c^2}\frac{1}{e^{\frac{h\nu}{kT}}-1}.
The units are ignored and the blackbody profile is normalized such that the value under the curve is the flux density (in mJy) at each wavelength of the input spectrum.
Stellar spectra
Phoenix Stellar Models
The pull-down menu of Phoenix Stellar Models contains synthetic spectra spanning spectral types from O3 to M5. They use static, spherically symmetric, 1D simulations to completely describe the atmospheric emission spectrum. The models account for the formation of molecular bands, such as those of water vapor, methane, or titanium dioxide, solving for the transfer equation over more than 20,000 wavelength points on average, resulting in synthetic spectra with 2 Å resolution. The line selection is repeated for each iteration of the model until it has converged and the thermal structure obtained. The models here are calculated with a cloud model, valid across the entire parameter range. Each model's name contains a concatenation of the spectral type, effective temperature, and gravity (log(g) value).
Kurucz (1993) Stellar Models
The pull-down menu of Kurucz (1993) Stellar Models contains a shorter list of spectra compared to the Phoenix Stellar Models. The list of Kurucz models in the JWST ETC includes the same spectra as the HST ETC with the addition of K- and M-type models. The full atlas contains nearly 7,600 stellar atmosphere models spanning a wide range of effective temperatures, gravities, and metallicities. A select subset covering spectral types from O5 to M2 is provided for ease of use. The stellar models in this drop-down menu have a metallicity (log(Z)) of 0.0.
HST Standard Stars
Several HST calibration standard star spectra are available. These spectra are stored in the Calibration Database System (CDBS) and were originally chosen from the paper Spectrophotometric Standards from the Far-UV to the Near-IR on the White Dwarf Flux Scale by Bohlin (1996) and later updated as new data became available. See also Comparison of White Dwarf Models with ACS Spectrophotometry by Bohlin et al. (2001).
More information, along with a list of the complete set of files, including older versions, can be found in the CALSPEC Calibration Database. This page provides a table with the available Flux Standards and their CDBS name. In this table the order of preference for the choice of a standard flux distribution is from left to right in the table, i.e., from the best in column 6 to the last choice with the lowest quality in column 9. In this case, models have higher fidelity and extend to longer wavelength ranges while the more outdated are those derived applying corrections to the original IUE and optical fluxes. Note that for the cases when the CALSPEC data are updated after the ETC software is released, the ETC will not be able to access the most recent files, but only those that were available at the time of the build. If the ETC produces an error when trying to access an HST Standard Star spectrum, review the update history at the bottom of the CALSPEC page to determine when the spectrum was updated. If it was updated after the current ETC version, you may want to use the previous version of the model, or download the most recent spectrum, and apply it as a user-supplied spectrum.
Each stellar model's spectral type and related identifying information is shown in the pull-down menu listing the star by name. The related information includes the spectral type and V magnitude in parentheses, and wavelength range in Angstroms in brackets.
Note that HST CALSPEC spectra do not extend to wavelengths shorter than 0.55 μm and therefore cannot be normalized in the very blue bandpasses (e.g., Johnson V).
The Planetary Nebulae spectrum models are all calculated using the CLOUDY photoionization code version 17.02 (Ferland et al., 2017). Each model assumes a constant density shell around the star and that the nebula is radiation bounded. Four models have gas abundances specific to the mean LMC abundances, because these are lower in metallicity than the average for the galaxy and so match the normal galactic planetary nebula abundance better than the default solar or ISM abundances in CLOUDY. Each of these models also include a silicate grain component with an assumed dust radius of 0.01 μm. These models span the temperature range from 30,000 K to 100,000 K. As the temperature increases the inner radius of the shell increases and the gas density decreases. The stellar spectra use the Rauch models for temperatures of 50,000 K and higher (Rauch, 2003) and a Castelli/Kurucz model (Castelli & Kurucz, 2004) for the 30,000 K case.
The final model is specifically tailored to match the properties of the specific nebula SMP LMC 58 (SIMBAD link). This nebula is carbon-rich and the model uses the measured abundances of the object. The density profile has a core-halo structure to match the radio and Hβ observations of the object. In this model there is carbon-based dust, radius 0.25 μm amorphous carbon grains adjusted to approximately match the overall spectral energy distribution of the object. While the overall amount of dust emission and the peak wavelength are similar to the observed values from the Spitzer IRS spectroscopy of this nebula, there are differences in detailed infrared spectral shape. As well, the discrete infrared emission features observed in the Spitzer spectrum were not modeled here.
For each model the line intensities and the continuum shape calculated by the CLOUDY code was used to simulate a high resolution spectrum assuming a Gaussian line shape having a velocity sigma of 10 km/s. For the hydrogen line series the CLOUDY line list was extended up to 200 lines in each series (Balmer, Paschen, Pfund, and so on to the N = 12 low level series) using the expected relative line strengths for the higher series lines, since several of the line series have limits within the JWST wavelength range.
Stellar Novae
The selection of Stellar Novae spectral models include two varieties of Type II SNe (fast & slow decline), two Type Ia SNe, a Type Iax, a Type Ib, and a kilonova. All templates are labeled in the dropdown menu with the time since the event, with the majority at T + 0 days and the kilonova at T + 0.05 days. The full list of references, and other information on model parameters, used to create these models can be found in the STScI Astronomical Catalogs, specifically the catalog entry for Novae Spectra.
Be aware that the wavelength ranges for these models are extremely limited, with the expectation that they will be redshifted to the appropriate wavelength range for JWST observations. The kilonova has the broadest range and the longest red cut-off wavelength, covering 0.11–3 μm. The wavelength ranges are labeled in brackets in the dropdown menu for each template.
Galaxy spectra
Galaxy Spectra from Brown et al. (2014)
Extragalactic template spectral energy distributions include models from Brown et al. (2014). Wavelength coverage for these models spans UV to mid-infrared wavelengths. The atlas includes a broad range of galaxy types, including ellipticals, spirals, merging galaxies, blue compact dwarfs and luminous infrared galaxies.
Extragalactic template spectral energy distributions include models from Brown et al. (2019). Wavelength coverage for these models spans UV to mid-infrared wavelengths. The galaxy spectra from this work include QSOs and Seyfert galaxies.
Composite QSO
This is a composite model made from a large number of quasar observations. This model was created using optical (visible) spectra of 2200 SDSS quasars from Vanden Berk et al. (2001) and 27 quasar spectra observed with the IRTF in the near-infrared (NIR) by Glikman et al. (2006).
Note that his template spectrum only covers the wavelength range between 0.086 and 3.52 μm and not the full JWST wavelength range.
Simple Stellar Populations
These are models of stellar groupings parametrized by the log(age) of the grouping and the metallicity (z/H). This set of template spectra is unique in the JWST ETC because it provides 2 dropdowns after selection of Simple Stellar Populations, instead of just one (as seen in Figure 3). The first dropdown specifies the log(age) and the second dropdown specifies the metallicity. The list of available options in each dropdown is always the same, no matter which option is selected first, with the combination of parameters uniquely specifying the template spectrum. The list of references used to create these models, and a full list of all the available spectra, can be found in the STScI Astronomical Catalogs, specifically in the Simple Stellar Population Atlas.
Figure 3. Simple Stellar Populations dropdown menus
Normal Galaxies
The so-called Normal Galaxies are spectral models of standard elliptical and spiral galaxies, with more "exotic" galaxy types (QSOs, AGNs, LIRGs, Seyferts, etc.) covered in other sets. The available models are all from the SWIRE template library and cover elliptical galaxies at 2, 5, and 13 Gyr, as well as the following spiral galaxy types: S0, Sa, Sb, Sc, Sd, and Sdm. There are two options for spiral galaxy type Sc (#1 and #2), with #2 at a significantly reduced spectral resolution. (This is referred to as "Spi4" on the TRDS SWIRE Galaxies page.) For the JWST ETC, the wavelength ranges of these spectra were reduced to 0.2-32 μm.
Brown dwarfs and exoplanets spectra
Low-Temperature Phoenix Models
These template spectra were made using the ATMO 2020 code of Phillips et al. (2020) and represent the atmosphere and evolutionary models for cool T-Y brown dwarfs and giant exoplanets in radiative-convective equilibrium. The models available in the JWST ETC are limited to those with log(g) = 5.0. These models were generated using solar metallicity and with a temperature range between 200 K to 2000 K, in step sizes of 50 K between 200–600 K and 100 K between 600–2,000 K. Wavelength coverage is from ~0.2–35 μm. Estimated spectral types are not provided in the dropdown menu labels, as they are for the Phoenix Stellar Models.
Solar System spectra
Sun & Giant Planets
Currently available solar system spectral models include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and the Sun. All spectral templates are a combination of observations (NIR) and thermal models (MIR) stitched together in the 4–8 μm region in such a way as to avoid discontinuities. The giant planet spectra cover ~0.55–28.75 μm and the solar model covers 0.2–30 μm. The full list of references used to create these models can be found in the STScI Astronomical Catalogs, specifically the catalog entry for Solar System Objects.
Note that the giant planet spectral templates have units of surface brightness (erg s-1 cm-2 Å-1 arcsec-2) whereas the solar spectrum has units of flux density (erg s-1 cm-2 Å-1). Accurate application of the giant planet spectral templates therefore requires an extended source to be specified.
Additional information on spectral template files
Links to additional information for all template spectra used in the JWST ETC can be found on the STScI Astronomical Catalogs webpage. The spectra themselves can be downloaded as binary FITS tables from the included links.
JWST Exposure Time Calculator Tool
Bohlin, R. C., 1996, AJ, 111, 1743
Spectrophotometric Standards From the Far-UV to the Near-IR on the White Dwarf Flux Scale
Bohlin, R. C., Dickinson, M. E., Calzetti, D., 2001, AJ, 122, 2118
Spectrophotometric Standards from the Far-Ultraviolet to the Near-Infrared: STIS and NICMOS Fluxes
Brown, M. J. I., et al. 2014, ApJS, 212,18
An Atlas of Galaxy Spectral Energy Distributions from the Ultraviolet to the Mid-infrared
Brown, M. J. I., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 489, 3
The spectral energy distributions of active galactic nuclei
F. Castelli, Kurucz, R. L., 2004, Proceedings of the IAU Symp. No 210, poster A20
New Grids of ATLAS9 Model Atmospheres
Ferland, G. J., et al. 2017, RMxAA, 53, 385
The 2017 Release Cloudy
Glikman, E., Helfand, D. J., White, R. L., 2006, ApJ, 640, 2
A near-infrared spectral template for quasars
Phillips, M. W., et al. 2020, A&A, 637, id.A38
A new set of atmosphere and evolution models for cool T-Y brown dwarfs and giant exoplanets
Pontoppidan, K. M., et al., 2016, Proc. SPIE 9910, Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems VI, 991016
Rauch, T., 2003, A&A, 403, 709
A grid of synthetic ionizing spectra for very hot compact stars from NLTE model atmospheres
Vanden Berk, D. E., et al. 2001, AJ, 122, 2
Composite Quasar Spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Fixed incorrect links.