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Home News Toxoplasma Infection in Mice Reduces Generalized Anxiety, not just Feline Fear
Toxoplasma Infection in Mice Reduces Generalized Anxiety, not just Feline Fear
This image shows GFP fluorescent bradyzoites within a tissue cyst isolated from the brain of a mouse infected with Toxoplasma gondii. [Pierre-Mehdi Hammoudi and Damien Jacot]
The cat parasite Toxoplasma gondii is known to cause infected rodents to lose their fear of feline predators, which makes the mice much easier prey to catch. However, a newly reported study suggests that rather than exhibiting a specific loss of feline-specific fear, infected rodents actually show a much more comprehensive decrease in general anxiety and reduced aversion to a wide range of threats. The results challenge the commonly held notion that the parasite's manipulation of host behavior specifically targets neural circuits responding to feline predators.
So, do the new findings have implications for the 30% or so of the human population that is estimated to be infected with T gondii? Prior studies have linked latent toxoplasmosis with the risk for some psychiatric disorders, but humans generally exhibit fewer symptoms than rodents following T. gondii infection, and the University of Geneva-led team urges caution when making broad assumptions as a result of their latest work in mice. "We hope that people understand that they will not get the 'crazy cat lady syndrome' if they are infected with T. gondii," said Dominique Soldati-Favre, PhD, group leader at the University of Geneva. Nevertheless, added Ivan Rodriguez, PhD, professor, University of Geneva, "For 20 years, T. gondii has served as a textbook example for a parasitic adaptive manipulation, mainly because of the specificity of this manipulation. We now show that the behavioral alteration does not only affect fear of feline predators but that major changes occur in the brain of infected mice, affecting various behaviors and neural function in general."
Soldati-Favre and Rodrigez are co-senior authors of the team's study in Cell Reports, which is titled, "Neuroinflammation-Associated Aspecific Manipulation of Mouse Predator Fear by Toxoplasms gondii."
T. gondii is a single-celled parasite that infects most species of warm-blooded animals, including humans, causing the disease toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma can persist for long periods of time in the body, possibly even for a lifetime. More than 40 million people in the United States may carry the parasite. The T. gondii life cycle involves two hosts. Cats are infected when they eat tissue cysts carried by infected prey. In the felid intestine, the parasite undergoes gametogenesis, and infectious oocysts resulting from sexual reproduction are released in the cat feces. The oocysts are then taken up by any of a wide range of warm-blooded mammals, which act as intermediate hosts. In these intermediate hosts, the parasite develops into fast-replicating tachyzoites that spread throughout different organs, and differentiate into slow-growing bradyzoites within tissue cysts. These can live for a long time in neurons and skeletal muscle cells.
While only very few T. gondii-infected humans display symptoms, toxoplasmosis is considered to be a leading cause of death attributed to foodborne illness in the United States. Infection during pregnancy can result in fetal death, and toxoplasmosis is also a threat in individuals with compromised immune systems. And with a third of the world's human population thought to be infected by the parasite, latent toxoplasmosis is a risk factor for several mental illnesses, including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and bipolar disorder, as well as for traffic accidents and suicide attempts.
Prey animals don't have to learn how to react when faced with a predator, even for the first time, the authors pointed out. Innate freeze or flee behaviors kick in, and these instinctive predator avoidance reactions represents a survival strategy that, if altered, could affect the prey's chance of survival. Past studies have shown that T. gondii causes a phenomenon known as 'fatal attraction' in infected rodents. This manifests as a loss of fear of and aversion to cat odors, which is believed to then make the mice easier to catch and eat, and so increasing parasite spread. Prior studies have shown that this reduction in feline fear in T. gondii-infected rodents appears to the result of changes the neuronal level, the team noted. "The decreased aversion to felids is seemingly not resulting from an impairment of olfactory faculties but appears to be a consequence of complex neuronal and physiological mechanisms altering the perception of the host when facing a predation risk," the authors wrote. And while "multiple neuronal changes that occur during infection, such as the alteration of neurotransmitter levels or metabolism and hormone level changes" have been implicated in the modulation of behavior, the underlying mechanisms aren't understood. "… many contradictory or inconsistent results have been reported relative to the effects of T. gondii infection on rodent behavior, making conclusions on the underlying mechanisms challenging."
"It was particularly intriguing for us to understand how the parasite achieves a specific alteration of the neural circuits involved in the fear responses toward feline predators, something that has never been elucidated," said Soldati-Favre. "Our initial idea was to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind this behavioral manipulation. But considering that many contradictory or inconsistent results have been reported regarding the effects of T. gondii infection on rodent behavior, we later decided to reappraise the dogma."
For their newly reported study, the researchers carried out a large battery of behavioral tests on T. gondii-infected mice. The results showed that T. gondii infection does not selectively reduce fear of feline predators. Rather, mice infected with the parasite for 5–10 weeks spent more time in the infected mice boldly walked over the rat.
"T. gondii-infected mice exhibit a general loss of predator avoidance behavior, which is not specific to felid predators, the definitive host of the parasite," the investigators stated. "Taken together, these findings refute the myth of a selective loss of cat fear in T. gondii-infected mice and point toward widespread immune-related alterations of behaviors."
This illustration represents a fearless mouse facing different predators. [Madlaina Boillat]
Co-first author Pierre-Mehdi Hammoudi, PhD, added, "These results contrast with the prevailing idea that the parasite's manipulation of host behavior specifically targets neural circuits responding to feline predators."
The researchers used light-sheet microscopy to accurately map the brain-wide distribution, size, and number of cysts in the brains of mice, at unprecedented resolution in 3D. Analysis of the whole brains of animals 10–12 weeks after infection showed that the density of parasite-filled tissue cysts was especially high in the cerebral cortex and in particular in those brain regions involved in processing visual information. However, cyst localization was widespread, and cyst number and distribution varied between mice, suggesting a random infection and dissemination process.
Importantly, the analyses did show that the severity of T. gondii-induced behavioral changes was associated with cyst load and neuroinflammation. "Cyst load, markers of inflammation, and transcriptional changes occurring in the host brain indicated that the severity of the behavioral alterations is associated with neuroinflammation," the scientists stated. "Moreover, and importantly, both gene expression levels and concentration of plasmatic pro-inflammatory cytokines vary according to the cyst load, and all three parameters correlate with the severity of a behavioral alteration characteristic of T. gondii infection … Given the broad range of behavioral phenotypes that we and others observed in infected mice (such as alterations of motor and learning performance, memory, sociability, dominance, mate choice, anxiety, locomotor activity, and exploration), it is conceivable that these reflect side effects of neuroinflammation, rather than result from a targeted modification of a specific neural circuit."
"Taken together, the findings point toward behavioral manipulation mediated by neuronal inflammation rather than direct interference of the parasite itself with specific neuronal populations," Rodriguez commented. "It is not a simple on/off system. In the future, the level of chronic infection should therefore always be taken into account when studying effects of T. gondii on its host."
Even though the behavioral effects induced by T. gondii infection are not specific, they are still adaptive for the parasite. Infected rodents are supposedly easier to catch by predators, which facilitates parasite spreading. On the other hand, research on the protozoan parasite Eimeria vermiformis, which also reduces predator fear in infected mice, suggests that the behavioral effects of infection are not adaptive in all cases.
Moving forward, the researchers plan to examine in more detail how neuroinflammation can alter behavioral traits such as anxiety, sociability, or curiosity. They suggest that caution should be exercised when considering the implications of their rodent study results to human T. gondii infection. "Although it seems that subtle behavioral changes may occur in humans, the inflammation in the human brain might never reach the same level as laboratory infected mice, said Soldati-Favre." Even so, the scientists stated, "Although we should be very cautious in making direct translations of our findings based on mouse behavior to human behaviors and psychology, it is clear that inflammatory responses in the CNS are known to contribute to neuronal damage associated with neurodegenerative diseases and may mediate Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Thus, the potential effect of T. gondii infection on neuronal function in humans should not be underestimated."
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Posted on December 4, 2020 December 4, 2020 by cannacultureconnect
House of Representatives Votes to Make Weed Federally Legal, But Will It Become Law?
And will our previously convicted brothers and sisters be allowed to work in the industry?
The House of Representatives has voted to pass a measure that would decriminalize marijuana on a federal level in a vote that passed 228 – 164, with six haters voting to oppose.
Epic, but we still have ways to go.
The floor argument: 36 states and D.C. have already legalized medical marijuana and while 15 let weed rock for recreational use, House Judiciary Chairman Jerry Nadler stressed that by legalizing, it
Would reverse the failed policy of criminalizing marijuana on the federal level and would take steps to address the heavy toll this policy has taken across the country, particularly on communities of color."
For far too long, we have treated marijuana as a criminal justice problem instead of as a matter of personal choice and public health. Whatever one's views are on the use of marijuana for recreational or medicinal use, the policy of arrests, prosecution, and incarceration at the Federal level has proven unwise and unjust.
I have long believed that the criminalization of marijuana has been a mistake, and the racially disparate enforcement of marijuana laws has only compounded this mistake, with serious consequences, particularly for communities of color."
Naturally, the Republicans tried to argue weed is a gateway drug, responsible for all of the crime in the world, a false claim designed to marginalize Black and brown folks. In 2020, more people were arrested for cannabis than they were for violent crimes, with arrests occurring every 58 seconds. The passing of this bill will prevent the further imprisonment of consumers seeking holistic healing.
With the Marijuana Opportunity, Reinvestment, and Expungement (MORE) Act, cannabis will be federally descheduled and those with prior convictions will have their records expunged.
While the House is on deck with the spark ups, the senate is Republican-controlled. We know they are blockers.
In her opening argument, Rep Shelila Jackson Lee of Texas stressed three very important reasons why marijuana should be removed from the list of federally controlled substances.
I support the #MOREAct because it accomplishes three very important things: pic.twitter.com/g2HD1K3KOn
— Sheila Jackson Lee (@JacksonLeeTX18) December 4, 2020
Across this nation, thousands of men and women have suffered needlessly from the federal criminalization of marijuana, particularly in communities of color and have borne the burden of collateral consequences for those ensnared in criminal legal systems that have damaged our society across generations.This is unacceptable and we must change our laws. It is time for Congress to catch up with the reforms that states are enacting."
Sheila proposed taxation where money would go back to the community in efforts to rebuild from the effects of the War On Drugs. She presses for a government structure that saves lives, while schooling the House on the gross imbalance as communities of color continue to be locked up.
We must undo the damage that has been done to our communities since marijuana was arbitrarily placed on the list of controlled substances back in 1970. pic.twitter.com/3SmTw8bebs
Matt Gaetz, the only Republican supporting this act, spoke to how debilitating the government is not just to the Black community, but in allowing access to research in cannabis.
Rep. @MattGaetz: "The federal government has lied to the people of this country about marijuana for a generation." pic.twitter.com/47r06h2Gps
— The Hill (@thehill) December 4, 2020
As long as 45's cronies are still in the Senate, there is little chance it will be law, but he has to leave some time. President Joe Biden has pledged to support the decriminalization, but we'd still have to wait after he's inaugurated to see if it would be legalized since it would have to go through the House again, then cleared through the Senate. With two run-off elections set to take place in Georgia, it's up in the air.
This is the first time in 50 years that Congress has resisted the classification of cannabis. If it were to pass though, Marijuana Policy Project Execution Director Steve Hawkins says the bill falls short.
"An amendment inserted in the final days before today's vote would empower the federal government to prevent Americans who have been charged with cannabis-related felonies from working in the marijuana industry. This policy could block many of those individuals accused of prior marijuana offenses from participating in the legal market, which will inhibit our ability to create an equitable and fair marijuana industry. The fact that it might apply to people who were never even convicted of a crime makes it particularly unacceptable.
Not to mention, it's effed up.
While this is a historic moment and step in the right direction, there are still many contingencies for this to come through. In the meantime, if you live in an illegal state, sparking up in a staircase never fails.
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445 W. 7th Street, Suite I, San Pedro, CA 90731 | Contact Us (310)221-0480
Our firm believes in practical advice, effective legal strategies and good results while always keeping the cost to our clients in mind. Scott Lane and John McGowan founded Lane & McGowan, LLP in 2013, soon after leaving the Los Angeles law firm Monteleone & McCrory. With nearly 30 years of combined legal experience under our belt we decided to leave the big firm lifestyle for a more personal relationship with our clients and once you've worked with us you'll realize that we have the experience you want at a competitive price and in an environment that makes us available to meet your needs.
We offer a full array of legal services and have developed a niche in construction law. We represent all sides of the industry from general contractors, subcontractors, owners, architects, engineers and material suppliers. If and when disputes are unable to be resolved through negotiation, we are experienced in all aspects of civil litigation, mediation and arbitration. We are committed to making ourselves accessible to you, keeping you regularly informed, seeking your input and working together to achieve the best results possible.
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lane@lanemcgowan.com
Scott Lane is a partner at Lane & McGowan, LLP. Mr. Lane has a Bachelor of Arts degree (1994) from Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles. He obtained his juris doctorate degree (1997) from Loyola Law School in Los Angeles. Mr. Lane was admitted to the California State Bar in 1997. He began his legal career at Monteleone & McCrory, LLP where he became a partner in 2006.
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John McGowan is a partner at Lane & McGowan, LLP. Mr. McGowan has a Bachelor of Arts degree (2001) from California State University, Long Beach. He obtained his Juris Doctorate degree (2004) from UCLA School of Law.
Mr. McGowan was admitted to the California State Bar in 2004. He is also a member (inactive) of the Arizona State Bar and the Idaho State Bar. Mr. McGowan began his legal career at Monteleone & McCrory, LLP before establishing Lane & McGowan, LLP.
We offer a full array of legal services and have found a niche in construction law. We represent all sides of the industry from general contractors, subcontractors, owners, architects, engineers and material suppliers.
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f Effect of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia density on hemoglobin concentrations among full-term, normal birth weight children in western Kenya, IV. The Asembo Bay Cohort Project.
Affiliations: 1 Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
The relative importance of acute high-density versus persistent low-density Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in contributing to the public health problem of malarial anemia remains unclear. The Asembo Bay Cohort Project in western Kenya collected monthly hemoglobin (Hb) and parasitologic measurements and biweekly assessments of antimalarial drug use among 942 singleton live births between 1992 and 1996. A mixed-model analysis appropriate for repeated measures data was used to study how time-varying parasitemia and antimalarial drug exposures influenced mean Hb profiles. Incidence of World Health Organization-defined severe malarial anemia was 28.1 per 1,000 person-years. Among children aged less than 24 months, concurrent parasitemia was significantly associated with lower mean Hb, especially when compared to children with no concurrent parasitemia. Increased densities of the 90-day history of parasitemia preceding Hb measurement was more strongly associated with mean Hb levels than concurrent parasitemia density. While the highest quartile of 90-day parasitemia history was associated with lowest mean Hb levels, children in the lowest 90-day exposure quartile still experienced significantly lower Hb levels when compared to children who remained parasitemia-free for the same 90-day period. The results highlight the importance of collecting and analyzing longitudinal Hb and parasitologic data when studying the natural history of malarial anemia.


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Maritschnegg E, Wang Y, Pecha N, Horvat R, Van Nieuwenhuysen E, Vergote I, Heitz F, Sehouli J, Kinde I, Diaz LA Jr, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Speiser P, Zeillinger R.
Lavage of the Uterine Cavity for Molecular Detection of Müllerian Duct Carcinomas:
A Proof-of-Concept Study.
Journal of Clinical Oncology 2015 Dec 20;33(36):4293-300.
Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria:
Elisabeth Maritschnegg, Nina Pecha, Reinhard Horvat, Paul Speiser, and Robert Zeillinger
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA:
Yuxuan Wang, Isaac Kinde, Luis A. Diaz Jr, Nickolas Papadopoulos, Kenneth W. Kinzler and Bert Vogelstein
Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium:
Els Van Nieuwenhuysen and Ignace Vergote,
Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen, Germany:
Florian Heitz
Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany:
Jalid Sehouli
Elisabeth Maritschnegg, PhD(a), Dr. Florian Heitz(b), Dr. Nina Pecha(a), Prof. Jirí Bouda(c), PD Dr. Fabian Trillschd(e), Ass.-Prof. Dr. Christoph Grimm(a), Dr. Adriaan Vanderstichele(f), Christiane Agreiter, MSc(a), PD Dr. Philipp Harter(b), Dr. Eva Obermayr(a), Prof. Ignace Vergote(f) Robert Zeillinger(a), Paul Speiser(a)
Lavage of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes for earlier ovarian cancer detection:
a feasibility and safety study
International Journal of Gynecological Cancer: October 27, 2018 - Volume Publish Ahead of Print
(a) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Molecular Oncology Group, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 5Q, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
(b) Department of Gynaecology and Gynaecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Heinrichstrasse 92, 45136 Essen, Germany
(c) Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
(d) Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
(e) Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr 15, Munich 81377, Germany
(f) Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals
Leuven, KU, Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Jesse J. Salk(1,2), Kaitlyn Loubet-Senear(3), Elisabeth Maritschnegg(4), Charles C. Valentine(2), Lindsey N. Williams(2) Reinhard Horvat(5), Adriaan Vanderstichele(6), Daniela Nachmanson(3), Kathryn Baker(3), Mary Emond(7), Emily Loter(8), Thierry Soussi(9,10,11), Lawrence A. Loeb(3), Robert Zeillinger(4), Paul Speiser(4) and Rosa Ana Risques(3)*
Ultra-sensitive sequencing for cancer detection reveals progressive clonal selection in normal tissue over a century of human lifespan
(1) Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Science Translational Medicine 2018, submitted
(2) TwinStrand Biosciences, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
(3) Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
(4) Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center – Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
(5) Department Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
(6) Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, KU, Leuven, Belgium.
(7) Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
(8) Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
(9) Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F- 75005 Paris, France.
(10) Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
(11) INSERM, U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
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When Life Gives You Lemons, Drink Coffee! by Deanna Martinez-Bey - Review
Janine is a smart and sassy southern girl from Triple Creek, North Carolina, who knows what she wants and fearlessly goes after it. Janine's goal of making a life for herself and marrying the man of her dreams finally became a reality. She was a newlywed, married to a successful business man named Tom Whitfield and owned her own bakery. Their life seemed perfect and all was well in Janine's world until her faith is rocked through a course of events that would challenge her own beliefs and change her fate forever.
Tom is unexpectedly promoted to a new job that requires change for both he and Janine. Leaving her life in Triple Creek to support her husband's career took a leap of faith for Janine and was a risk so early in the marriage. But the bigger threat comes when Janine discovers some of Tom's darkest secrets and learns valuable lessons while she was there.
Janine makes new friends in New York, but she still misses her family and friends in North Carolina. She discovers that love is not always predictable when faced with new challenges. Can love truly conquer all? Or are some things best left behind? After seeing things that shock her, Janine feels betrayed by people who she thought she could trust.
This is the second installment written by author, Deanna Martinez-Bey, and focuses on Janine, a character we met in her first book, Twinkle, Twinkle Christmas Star. Told from the perspective of Janine and her funny southern humor, this story will move you while you share in this journey of discovery, love, betrayal, and the realization that you can make anything you like out of what life gives you.
An inspiring faith based story about letting go and finding true happiness.
Janine had a good life. She was newly married to a wonderful man and had great friends and family. She owned her own bakery and was fully involved with her church. But when her husband accepts a job in New York and Janine is forced to leave her home town and everything that was familiar to her, she has no idea what she is in store for. She loves the B&B Tom bought for her, but something is still missing. When Janine tells Tom she has decided to go back to North Carolina for a visit her family, it angers him to the point he won't even talk to her. Soon Janine starts to put the pieces of the puzzle together and makes a surprise visit to Tom. What she finds shakes her world and has her questioning her faith and wondering why this would happen.
Janine is now faced with starting her life all over again and she finds love and happiness where she never expected to find it.
Of course the first thing that caught my attention to this book was a character with the same name as mine. But once I started reading, I was fully engaged in the story. It's personal and heartbreaking at first, but it but it wraps up with a very good message. Everything happens for a reason. You may not realize it as the time, but it makes sense in the end.
Janine at 11:25 AM


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Year of recession - 1986: Fast-forwarding our way back into the past?
1986 is not a year most Irish people would like to relive. But the ESRI says we are on our way there, writes Caroline O'Doherty.
SOME years evoke nostalgia — others, nightmares. So when the clairvoyants over at the ESRI say we're about to relive 1986, you have to hope they have happy memories of that time.
Unfortunately, they're in the minority if they do, because unless you were an anti-divorce campaigner celebrating the defeat of the first referendum or a Glenroe fan celebrating Biddy and Miley's TV nuptials (probably one and the same person), 1986 was not a year to be breaking open the champagne.
Not that there was any champagne in Ireland. At least not outside of the chiller cabinet in Charles Haughey's yacht, which he famously ran aground on rocks off Mizen Head that year, a hell of an achievement for an opposition party leader (owning a yacht, not running it aground, that is). The rest of the country was making do with Club orange and the occasional torment of Blue Nun.
For those too young or too cured by therapy to remember, a few buzz words should elucidate the point. Donnelly Visa. Self Aid. Combat Poverty Agency. All were inventions of 1986. As they say, need is the mother of invention and Ireland's needs back then were great.
In the six years since Haughey went on the box to announce we were living beyond our means and had to tighten our belts, our means had diminished further and our waistlines had come to resemble the corseted courtiers of medieval Florence.
Unemployment in 1986 was running at 17% and would have been far higher if it wasn't for the convenient safety valve of emigration which kept 30,000 jobseekers away from the dole queues and out of official jobless figures that year.
In response to a question put to him in the Dáil, then Minister for Industry and Commerce (or Idleness and Closures as was considered more appropriate), Michael Noonan said he didn't have available to him the full number of factory closures for the first six months of the year but he did know that 442 companies had been put into receivership or liquidation over that one short period.
On any given day that year, about 1,000 workers were on strike — mostly, ironically, in a bid to save their jobs. But there was no saving jobs like those at the Sugar Factory in Tuam or the Arigna Mines in Roscommon — a death knell was sounding for mining and manufacturing work and there would be no resurrection.
Bono and Bob Geldof decided to do something about it and organised Self Aid, a 14-hour live concert and telethon with the slogan "Make it Work" and a plan to raise funds to assist job creation projects.
Nobody quite knew whether to be delighted with the cracking line-up of Irish talent who took the stage in the RDS that day (before Boyzone and Westlife we produced bands which actually played their own guitars), or depressed that the event was inspired by Geldof's Live Aid extravaganza, thus linking Ireland with that other land of no hope, Ethiopia.
It was a nice idea but by the end of the year, Saint Bob had his thunder stolen by another saviour, one Brian Donnelly, US Congressman for the state of Massachusetts. Donnelly campaigned to get the US to issue a special scheme of green cards for would-be Irish immigrants and the American Embassy in Dublin that Christmas recorded a 25% increase in the numbers applying for the visa bearing his name.
Really they were just formalising what was already happening. Some 43,000 "holiday" visas had been issued by the embassy the previous year and the vast majority enjoyed their "vacation" so much, they didn't come home.
Day in, day out, Gay Byrne was hearing and relaying the stories of those who were leaving or had left and with his mantra that the whole country was "banjaxed", he encouraged anyone who hadn't already dragged their cases out of the attic to get packing.
JUST how banjaxed we were is evident from statistics on the national debt which was about 125% of our national wealth. Like a homeowner with a negative equity situation, as a nation we were working to pay off mounting interest on a debt for which we no longer had anything to show.
The Fine Gael/Labour coalition was in its final year and failing to make a dent in the problem, attacking health and education budgets like media students filming a slasher movie for an end of year project.
So desperate were they to raise a few bob that they not only brought into law that all dog owners must buy a licence for their pet, but they also introduced the deposit interest retention tax, otherwise known — and treated like — DIRT.
Designed to glean a few extra punt from conscientious savers and to encourage them to spend rather than squirrel away whatever spare change they had, it instead prompted the phenomenon known as the bogus non-residential account and all the furore that would follow when the ruse was discovered over a decade later.
Just as depressing was the new law that set up the Combat Poverty Agency. The new body was to help raise awareness about (as if anyone needed any) and promote solutions to (as if anyone had any) the problems of poverty.
But besides the unemployment, emigration, penury and complete lack of prospects, Ireland in 1986 wasn't all bad. The home was happier — so the statistics will have us believe — which was presumably why marriage breakdown was a mere 3% (compared to over 13% now) and we shot down the divorce referendum by a majority of almost two to one.
And those who weren't trying to rescue the sodden remains of their belongings after the devastating floods of Hurricane Charlie, or who weren't locking themselves in the airing cupboard to escape the fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear explosion, were busy enjoying the escapism of the year's biggest film, Top Gun, or dancing to Wham in venues known as discos.
Football fans were meanwhile heralding the arrival of a comically accented former coal miner as Republic of Ireland manager. Jack Charlton promised to take Irish soccer to places it had never dreamed of going and as his reign was to prove, some dreams do come true.
In the meantime, however, 1986 gave way to 1987 and an early election saw the return of Fianna Fáil and the arrival of a new Finance Minister, Ray "Mac the Knife" MacSharry, who would deliver an even more bloody budget than his predecessors which was described as akin to skinning a skeleton.
It all came right in the end but there was a lot of hardship and heartache to endure in the interim.
If the ESRI is right and we are fast-forwarding to the past, we'll want to get back to the future as quickly as possible.


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Home / News / Supercars
Ferrari Superamerica 45: 2011 Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este
Viknesh Vijayenthiran May 19, 2011 Comment Now!
In previous years we've seen wild supercars like the BMW M1 Concept and Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta unveiled at Italy's annual Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este, and this year will be no different. Kicking off this weekend at Lake Como in Italy, the event will see the unveiling of this coachbuilt Ferrari [NYSE:RACE] Superamerica 45, commissioned by New York collector Peter Kalikow.
The New York native visited the Ferrari factory in Maranello this week to take delivery of his 'Special Projects' Ferrari Superamerica 45, a unique one-off model based on the 599 GTB Fiorano. Styled internally by Ferrari Design and engineered and built in-house, the car was specified by Kalikow to celebrate 45 years since he first became a Ferrari client.
The design is bespoke, featuring a carbon fiber rotating hard-top which incorporates a rear screen. The boot is entirely new to house the roof when open, and is now in carbon fiber with a design optimized to reduce drag and increase rear downforce.
The rear buttresses are body-colored, integral with the rear wheelarches, and incorporate rear quarterlights. The side view is further distinguished by double air vents on the front wing. The Ferrari Superamerica 45 also features a specific chromed front grille and special burnished aluminum A-pillars, wing mirrors and door handles.
Its paint finish is an exclusive Blu Antille, a color that matches another important car in the client's collection--a 1961 400 Superamerica cabriolet number 2331SA. The wheels are body-colored, too, with a contrasting diamond finish to the spokes. The roof and other carbon fiber elements of the bodywork--front splitter, side skirts and rear diffuser--are in a special contrasting darker blue, a theme that is carried over to the cockpit which features dark blue carbon fiber dash trim.
The interior is another area of bespoke personalization, with a carefully selected combination of Cuoio leather trim and Blu Scuro carbon fiber details and a latest-generation touch-screen infotainment system.
The custom Ferrari will be joined at the 2011 Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este by the Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus P4/5 race car (pictured above), as well as a host of other concept cars including the 2011 Audi Quattro, 2010 Mercedes Benz Concept Shooting Break and 2011 Infiniti Etherea.
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June 27, 2018, 4:15 p.m.
Minutes of the May 2, 2018 SMART Goals Work Session, the June 2, 2018 Board Retreat, the June 6, 2018 Regular Board Meeting, the June 13, 2018 Work Session, and the June 14, 2018 Work Session.
Approval of 2018-19 District SMART Goals (Exec, May 17, for consideration) Approval of this item would approve four SMART goals for the District in the 2018-19 school year: multi-tiered system of supports (MTSS), eliminating opportunity gaps (EOG), Seattle Ready*, and Engagement/Collaboration.
BEX IV: Approval of Budget Increase and Award Construction Contract P5096 to Hensel Phelps Construction for the Queen Anne Elementary School Classroom and Gymnasium Addition project (Ops, May 10, for approval) Approval of this item would approve a one-time fund transfer in the amount of $2,900,000 from the BEXIV Program Contingency to the project budget and authorize the Superintendent to enter into a construction contract in the amount of $13,283,000 for the Queen Anne Elementary School Classroom and Gymnasium Addition project.
Approval of contracts for Specially Designed Instruction: Tutoring Services & Other Compensatory Education Services RFQ02758 (A&F, June 11, for approval) Approval of this item would approve annual contracts generated from vendors approved through RFQ02758, Specially Designed Instruction: Individual Educational Program (IEP) Tutoring Services & Other Compensatory Education Services for a not-to-exceed total amount of $1,368,678 for the 2018-19 school year.
Approval of contracts for Therapeutic Day Treatment Service Providers RFQ07695 (A&F, June 11, for consideration) Approval of this item would approve annual contracts generated from agencies/providers approved through RFQ07695, Therapeutic Treatment Day Services, for a not-to-exceed total amount of $1,891,703 for the 2018-19 school year, based on yearly 2017-18 contract totals.
Contract approval for Early Support for Infants & Toddlers (Birth to 3 Intervention Service Providers) (A&F, June 11, for approval) Approval of this item would authorize the Superintendent to execute contracts totaling $4,707,692.00 with the Experimental Education Unit (EEU), Wonderland Developmental Center, Northwest Center and Boyer Children's Clinic to ensure the provision of Early Intervention Services in accordance with Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
Private Schools Proportional Share Services (RFQ04676): Providers: Ryther, Catapult Learning, Hamlin Robinson, Spring Academy (A&F, June 11, for approval) Approval of this item would approve contracts for services for parentally-placed private school students, under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), for a total amount of $794,772.00.
Approval of contracts for Sign Language Interpreter Vendors RFQ 11641 (A&F, June 11, for approval) Approval of this item would authorize the Superintendent to execute contracts with agencies/providers approved through RFQ 11641, Sign Language Interpreter Vendors, for a not-to-exceed total amount of $500,000 for the 2018-19 school year, based on yearly 2017-18 Sign Language Interpreter Contract Totals.
BEX IV: Award Architectural & Engineering Contract P1574 to DLR Group, for the Broadview-Thomson K-8 School Seismic Improvements project (Ops, June 7, for consideration) Approval of this item would provide authorization for the Superintendent to enter into an Architectural & Engineering (A/E) contract in the amount of $617,438 for the Broadview-Thomson K-8 School Seismic Improvements project.
X. Executive Session: Potential Litigation - This session will begin at the conclusion of the regular Board meeting and last approximately 15 minutes. The legislative session will reconvene at the conclusion of the executive session to adjourn the meeting if there is no further business before the Board. No action will be taken as a result of the executive session.
XI. Adjourn - 8:45 p.m.


Because of their obligation to the health and well-being of others, doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals are held to a certain legal standard of care when it comes to their patients. When a medical professional performs his or her duties negligently and fails to meet that standard, serious injuries and wrongful death can result, and the patient and/or the patient's family has the right to seek compensation through the civil justice system.
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role :app, %w{mycolor.today}
role :web, %w{mycolor.today}
role :db,  %w{mycolor.today}

server 'mycolor.today', user: 'colorcamp', roles: %w{web app db}

set :deploy_to, '/home/colorcamp/color.camp'

# WHENEVER
set :whenever_roles, -> { [:db] }
set :whenever_identifier, ->{ "#{fetch(:application)}_#{fetch(:production)}" }

# SIDEKIQ
set :sidekiq_processes, 2

# WEBSOCKET_RAILS STANDALONE SERVER
set :websocket_rails_server_role, :app
set :websocket_rails_args, ''

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Center for Leadership Studies deepen Augsburg's ties in Norway
by webmaster July 01, 2010 Featured Stories
Just as summer began blossoming in southern Norway, 28 Augsburg faculty members, students, alumni, and friends of the College immersed themselves for 10 days of study and cultural touring in this country so closely tied to Augsburg's historic identity. The customized program was developed by the Augsburg Center for Leadership Studies in partnership with Diakonhjemmet University College (DUC) in Oslo. Organizers set out to meet two goals: introduce more people in the Augsburg community to modern Norway and build stronger academic and interpersonal relationships with DUC.
This presentation as an Augsburg Now Web Extra offers images and interpretations of the June 5-10 study and cultural tour, as seen through the camera lens and in personal reflections of some travelers. The presentation covers three themes that emerged in our observations: Norwegian identity; war, remembrance, and peace; and cultural comity and consensus.
Professor Doug Green and Glenda Holste, MAL '05 wrote and edited this Web Extra. Photos are by Lucinda Hruska-Claeys, MAL '10, Warren Park, and Pete Holste.
Norwegian identity
By Doug Green, chair, Augsburg English Department
You can't reduce Norway to mere facts. It's not enough to say that it has 4.8 million people—relatively close to the 5.2 million in Minnesota, its historical American counterpart, though Norway's population is scattered across a much larger area. It's not enough to say that it's one of the wealthiest countries in Europe, when for centuries it had been one of the poorest. It is still one of the least diverse, despite new immigration and its worldwide reputation as a vocal advocate for human rights. Neither is it sufficient to laud its anti-Nazi resistance without remembering the quislings who welcomed the invaders.
The Norwegians we met at seminars and on the street are, by their own admission, both fiercely independent (and hence suspicious of greater Europe) and slothful—waiting to see what their country can do for them and expecting it to deliver. With its small population and high standard of living, it is a virtual oil oligarchy, in love with the luxuries its newfound wealth can buy, but also a society that is squirreling away its revenue for a rainy day. Norwegians are romantics, deeply in love with the varied, jagged contours of their rugged land. But Norway is also a nation of rationalists, who debate what the good society is and then develop policies to produce it, and a community of doubters, who question their own intentions. They are self-interested and selfless, true believers and apostates, romantics and dour stoics.
This June's Educational and Cultural Tour of Norway, sponsored by the Augsburg College Center for Leadership Studies, afforded two main routes into the paradoxes of modern Norwegian identity: the background we received through our colleagues at Diakonhjemmet University College and our travels, guided by Lisbeth Lindback, through Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, and the countryside along the way. Sometimes we found it difficult to separate the two: What we heard about Norway's communitarian policies, as we might call them, seemed realized in some public spaces, like the magnificent opera house on Oslo's harbor, which serves simultaneously as a home to high art and as a public gathering place, or like the breathtaking design and sculptures of Vigeland Park.
In fact, Vigeland Park may be the perfect emblem for Norway: it was the life's work of Gustav Vigeland, one of the great sculptors of the 20th century, and a mammoth public project—a synthesis of individual and governmental efforts. Vigeland's sculptures of children, men, women, couples, and families are at once warm and monumental and moving in both senses of that word—as if Gaston Lachaise's heroic figures had been reinterpreted and humanized by Bernini. Vigeland's design for the park is classical with neat symmetries converging on a central obelisk, yet the lush setting and animated figures have been touched by the baroque spirit, if not the outright romantic.
The balance of antitheses in Vigeland's art has been harder to accomplish in Norwegian society. Diakonhjemmet Professor Einar Vetvik addressed the country's gradual shift from an official state religion to diverse state-supported church institutions in a country that, like much of Europe, has seen a great decline in religious belief and practice. Diakonhjemmet Rector Harald Askeland and Professors Sidsel Sverdrup (yes, related to those Augsburg Sverdrups) and Beate Jelstad discussed "Gender and Leadership" in Norway, which "has policies to actively promote equity at the top levels of government and business." But our visit to HSH, the Federation of Norwegian Commercial and Service Enterprises, suggested that, despite policies like generously subsidized maternity and parental leaves and other significant advances, Norway—like the U.S.—still has a long way to go. For instance, "in the public sector 55 percent of leaders are women, while [only] 24 percent of the leaders in the private sector are women."
Professor Hans Morten Haugen raised ethical and political questions about the tensions in "Norway's Leadership in International Peacemaking and Development Work," particularly the shift from aiding the poorest countries to aiding the most strategic countries in need of help. As we learned at the Nobel Peace Center and later at the Directorate for Development Aid, many Peace Prize recipients and even the best intended aid policies have proved controversial. While such controversies are not unique to Norway, the rational analyses and intelligent public discussion of such issues are refreshingly different from the sound bites that increasingly characterize political discourse in much of the West, especially in the U.S.
About one aspect of Norway, however, everyone agrees: It is a stunningly beautiful country. On our journey from Oslo in the east to Bergen on the western coast, we passed through Geilo's stark hills and lush valleys to Myrdal; took the steeply graded rail line from Myrdal down to FlÃ¥m, gasping every time we emerged from a tunnel to visions of emerald vales and rock-strewn waterfalls; and cruised the placid, brackish waters of an inland fjord surrounded by glacial falls and rugged cliffs. We entered the remarkably well-preserved Uvdal stave church from 1167, still used for weddings. We were introduced to its long history by a young man who still marveled that he had been baptized in its aged wooden baptismal font. We visited a wildlife park with endangered wolves, polar foxes, reindeer, and wildcats. But the old seaports of Bergen—with its Hanseatic Museum and U.N. World Heritage wooden waterfront buildings—and Stavanger, with its lovely old cathedral, equally impressed us.
One ancient artifact perhaps best embodies our foray into Norwegian identity: an excavated Viking ship. The ship reminds us not only of the notorious violence, range, and daring of Viking raids and exploration, but of the culture's accomplishments in arts and crafts, so evident in the ship's design and the elaborate scrollwork ornamenting the prow. Norway is still like that—a land and a culture of striking contrasts and enduring beauty.
War, remembrance, and peace
By Glenda Holste, MAL '05
The last words in Norway's Resistance Museum exhibit explain the small country's huge commitment to peace and targeted international development: Aldri mer. Never again.
"I learned about what a deep effect World War II had on Norway. I saw evidence of great pride in the efforts of the resistance movement, mixed with complicated emotions toward both the Norwegians who collaborated with Germany and Norway's subsequent punishment of the collaborators. There seems to be such an awareness of the dark and complex nature of the whole episode. This introspection about the effect of war struck me as being particularly pronounced in Norway. Norway's painful experiences during World War II may in part nurture the country's commitment to finding peaceful solutions to conflict. Our group's visits to the Resistance Museum at Akershus and the Nobel Peace Center illustrated these two aspects and their role in shaping modern Norway," said Patty Park, an MAL alumna and MAL co-coordinator.
The Norwegian equivalent of the U.S. Pentagon, the military complex around Akershus Castle by the Oslo Fjord, holds the modest museum in the heart of today's bustling defense establishment. The museum building is tucked into a battlement next to where the Nazi occupiers executed Norwegian resistance fighters.
Professor Barbara West of Augsburg's education faculty took in the remembrance born of historic adversity as an occupied nation. "I was most impressed by the sense and honor of history that is communicated by most Norwegians," she said. "This was most poignantly evidenced as we toured the Resistance Museum in Oslo, where I saw first-hand many replicas and exhibits that captured the events leading to Nazi occupation of Norway during WWII. Such careful attention to detail vaulted each visitor directly into Norway's incredible transition from a peace-loving, neutral state to a forced posture of determined defiance to preserve that identity."
A short bus ride away, Oslo City Hall and the Nobel Peace Center define Norway's unique role in a global quest for peace and humanitarian vision. The grand ceremonial room where President Obama received the Nobel Peace Prize last December keeps history alive with murals of heroic scope, all by Norwegian artists of the 20th century. Outside on the day we visited City Hall, modern Norway was showing its stuff, too, in a display of cars that use little or no fossil fuel. Then. Now. Going forward but never forgetting Norway's strategic interest in peace-making.
Professor Haugen explained the strategy for choosing where and how Norway invests about 30 billion kroner a year in development. That's 3% of gross domestic product. All of U.S. foreign assistance outside of military objectives amounts to less than 0.05% of GDP. Norway sees the outreach as an investment, part of its national "branding" as well as the right thing to do. Norway is a rich country, doing good for others but with its self-interest in mind.
Comity and consensus
Then there's domestic self-interest, or the Norwegian Model. On the day we visited the Opera House in Olso, workers were striking the place—just before opening night of a big production. The object of their negotiation with management—the government—was to equalize pay between men and women workers. A strike represents a failure of negotiations in the U.S., which has a relatively small number of workers represented by unions and the bargaining process can be contentious. In Norway, a strike is more theatrical than substantial, just part of the conversation over how to distribute agreed-upon resources. Yes, Norway does things differently, we learned at HSH. The national government agency adds up to a sort of combination commerce and human resources department. Business, government, and workers are viewed as three equal entities in making the economy hum along. Gry Myklebust, a chief adviser at HSH and an attorney, put it this way: "We think it is quite important [for business] to collaborate with government and unions. Besides the cultural cohesion involved, union density in the workforce is 53% while 70% of Norwegians are covered by some kind of collective bargaining agreement. In the U.S., union density was 12.3% last year.
Call Norway's economic cooperation part of the culture that values comity above contention. Or call it the easy way to consensus.
Encore, encore!
Back in Minnesota, the buzz has begun about Norway II while in Olso, our host Professor Vetvik of DUC, reported that he's writing a book about the experience from his perspective on the partnership. Meanwhile, its pictures, e-mails between new friends and dreaming about next time.
Exploring Our Gifts — looking back over 8 years
StepUP® parents are grateful for support to students and families


Who is the sister that Jesus loves?
It's me! It's plain to see.
But wait! That's also your history.
Each precious in His sight.
You'll tell me that's not right.
To be known and read by all.
To help them hear God's call.
So I'll pick up my paper and pen.
In the gospel according to Gwen.


Heat is a form of energy that gives sensation of warmth. The SI unit of heat is joule.
In C.G.S system, the unit of heat is calorie.
Heat always flow from hotter body to colder body.
Heat changes the state of matter. For example: When ice is heated about 00C it turns into liquid and when water is heated above 1000C it changes into vapor.
Heat increases the volume of substance. When any object is heated, its volume is increased.
Heat causes thermal expansion. Because of high temperature, the body expands.
Heat increases the temperature of body. When body is heated, temperature of the body increases.
It is defined as the degree of hotness and coldness of the body. Its S.I. unit is Kelvin. The body that is hot has more temperature and that is cold has less temperature.
According to molecular theory, heat is defined as the sum of kinetic energy present in each molecule of a body.
According to molecular theory, the average of kinetic energy of molecules of the body is called temperature.
In Fahrenheit scale, lower fixed point is 32 degree Fahrenheit and upper fixed point is 212 degree Fahrenheit. The interval between lower fixed point and upper fixed point is 180.
In Kelvin scale, lower fixed point is 273k and upper fixed point is 373k. The interval between lower fixed point and upper fixed point is 100. This is SI unit of temperature.
In degree Celsius or in centigrade scale, lower fixed point is 0 degree Celsius and upper fixed point is 100 degree Celsius. The interval between upper fixed point and lower fixed point is 100.
1. It is a form of energy, which gives us sensation of warmth. 1. It is the degree of hotness and coldness of a body.
2. It is a sum of kinetic energy of all molecules present in a body. 2. It is the average of kinetic energy of all molecules present in a body.
3. It is a cause 3. It is an effect.
4. The S.I unit of heat is joule. 4. Its S.I unit is Kelvin.
5. It is measured by instrument called calorimeter. 5. It is measured by the instrument called thermometer.
It is an instrument, which is used to measure temperature of a body.
Generally, mercury and alcohol are used as thermometric substances. Mercury can measure the temperature ranging from -39 degree Celsius to 357 degree Celsius. If we need to measure the temperature below -39 degree Celsius, we should use alcohol thermometer. Alcohol thermometer can measure the temperature ranging from -117 degree Celsius to 78 degree Celsius.
Thermometer works on the principle that solid expand on heating and contract on cooling.
The temperature at which ice melts into water is called Lower Fixed Point.
The temperature in which water changes into steam is called upper fixed point.
Heat changes the state of matter. For example: When ice is heated about 0̊̊̊ C it turns into liquid and when water is heated above 100̊ C it changes into vapor.
Thermometer is an instrument, which is used to measure temperature of a body .Generally, mercury and alcohol are used as thermometric substances. Mercury can measure the temperature ranging from -39 degree Celsius to 357 degree Celsius.
Heat is a form of energy, which gives us sensation of warmth.it is a sum of kinetic energy of all molecules present in a body, it is a cause.
Temperature is the degree of hotness and coldness of a body.It is the average of kinetic energy of all molecules present in a body, it is an effect.
What is meant by heat?
Heat is the form of energy that gives us sensation of warmth.
Heat is sum of all the kinetic energy possessed by molecules of a substance.
Heat is measured in Joules (J) i.e. in SI units. In C.G.S. unit heat is measured in calorie and in F.P.S. (Foot Pound Second) heat is measured in erg.
What are the factors that affect heat energy of a substance?
The number of molecules that a substance possesses.
The average kinetic energy of the molecules of that substance.
How much the heat is supplied to raised the temperature of 100 g of water from 5°c to 90°c?( sp. heat capacity of water is 4200 jkg-1°c-1).
∴ Amount of heat suppied(Q) =?
If 50 kj of heat is transfered to 10kg of water, what is the rise in its temperature ? The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 jkg-1°C-1.
Sp. heat capacity of water (s) =4200jkg-1°c-1.
Rise in temperature (dt) = ?
Therefore , the rise in teemperature of water is 1.19°C.
How heat is cause and temperature is an effect?
In which scale, lower fixed point is 273 k and upper fixed point is 373 k?
1 calorie equals to ______.
SI unit of temperature is ______.
Heat is measured by ______.
The SI unit of heat is ______.
The average of kinetic energy of molecules of the body is _______.
A student touches a metal sink with her finger and notices that her finger feels cold. Which of the following statements explains this observation?
The student's finger was originally at a lower temperature than the sink.
Heat energy flows from the metal sink to the student's finger.
The student's finger was originally at the same temperature as the sink.
Heat energy flows from the student's finger to the metal sink.
In which of the following examples is heat transferred primarily by radiation?
A fan blows warm air around a room.
Water vapor from a shower warms the room.
A spoon held near the side of a flame gets warm.
A hot water bottle warms a person's feet.
A large container of cold water is moved from a refrigerator to a table. A hot piece of metal is placed into the water. Which of the following best describes the final temperature of the metal?
What kind of energy is heat?
What is the device used to measure heat?
Well water is warmer in the morning during winter season why?
what is freezing and boiling point of alcohol and mercury?
Any Questions on 'Introduction to Heat '?


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Home » Featured News
2012 Patent Rankings – IBM Tops Again, Google Highest Gainer
Team TechPanda Posted On January 11, 2013
It's time to count patents! It is definitely not a surprise who the leader is. Yes, it is IBM again. IBM has been producing the highest number of patents every year and topping this list for the last 20 years, according to the annual tally by IFI Claims Patent Services, published on Thursday.
Smartphone rivals fighting hard in the patent arena, Google and Apple, were the big movers with Google recording the highest growth of 170% and jumped from #65 last year to #21 this year. Last year, Apple was awarded 1,236 patents, or 68 percent more than in 2011. With that performance, Apple's rank jumped to 22nd, up from 39th in 2011.
"Google and Apple are clearly taking intellectual property very seriously, and playing to win," said Mike Baycroft, chief executive of IFI, a patent research firm.
But another Apple rival, Samsung Electronics, was granted 5,081 patents, second only to I.B.M.
Why the rush for patents?
If you are thinking why these companies churn out so many patents each year and what exactly is the big deal here is the answer – I.B.M. collected 6,478 patents last year. I.B.M.'s patent asset generates an estimated $1 billion a year in license revenue.
Of course there is reputation at stake to but how can you not notice the billions of dollars of revenue it can generate though licensing.
Top-Line Trends
The USPTO issued 253,155 utility patents in 2012, the highest annual number on record and an increase of approximately 13 percent over 2011.
All but nine companies in the Top 50 saw an increase in patent production over last year. In fact, 32 of the gainers saw double-digit or better growth.
A total of 17 U.S. based firms made the Top-50 list in 2012, the same number as in 2011 — the number of Asian firms also held steady at 26.
This year marks IBM's twentieth consecutive appearance as the list leader — receiving a record of 6,478 utility patents in 2012, up nearly 5 percent from 2011.
GE and LG are both back in the Top 10. General Electric, #9, makes its first appearance since 2002; LG, #10, makes its first since 2010.
Exceptional Gainers in Top 50
Google, +170%
Apple, +68%
Alcatel-Lucent, +59%
Hong Fu Jin Precision, +59%
Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, +59%
Research in Motion, +49%
Taiwan Semiconductor, +49%
QUALCOMM, 40%
Hon Hai Precision Industry, 33%
NEC, +32%
Sony, 33%
Toyota, 29%
Sharp, 28%
GM Global Technology, 26%
New to the Top 50
Google to #21 from #65
Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (CN) to #40 from #52 – first Chinese Company to place in Top 50.
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing (TW) to #48 from #63
Alcatel-Lucent (FR) to #49 from #68
New Tech on the Block: These Features and Apps Add Comfort and Ease to Life
Apple Falls in India: Why Indian iPhone Loyalists Are Turning
Gadget Line Up: Spanking New Gadgets and Features
Nokia Sold 4.4 Million Lumia Phones in Q4 2012
This is kinda shocking, never thought, patents were worth that much.
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text:
Q: Can aws-lex be used to build a conversation flow bot to reply with different answers based on user's input? Can aws-lex be used to build a conversation flow bot?
For example:

Thank you very much!

Reason for all this: So we have our own "dialogue builder" and "bot-service".
Our own "Dialogue Builder": is maybe similar to Amazon Connect dialogue builder, and our own "Bot-service" is similar to Microsoft bot framework. Before we were using microsoft-luis to get "intention" of a sentence while using our own dialogue builder and our own bot-service to build a conversation/dialogues flow like if a user says "yes" then go to another flow and if a user says "no" then go to different flow (can this be done in slots?) === Binary tree :)
So now we are switching from luis to aws-lex and trying to think if it is possible to just use aws-lex UI and not our (dialogue builder/bot-service) anymore. But what I am understanding is that to use aws-lex without some kind of dialogue builder we would need to write alot of if/case statements if it contains large data, right? what is your suggestion? One way would be to just use "Amazon Connect" to utilize their dialogue builder so we don't have to write alot of if statements but then if we are using dialogue builder we can just use our own (old one) dialogue builder? what do you think?
Questions:
1)Is there a way to do something like this in aws-lex or not? I tried using slots/prompts/lambda but I am not able to go to 2nd or 3rd level depth in diagram. can be done somehow?
2) Do I have to use lambda and use "switch/if conditions each time it has to change the flow  (ex: if answer is yes then reply this, and if no then reply this)?
3) If #2 is true, then is it possible for it to be used by non-developer. Even if I write if/conditions ~1k - 2k if conditions, then if a person (non-developer) tries to edit a dialogue/or-something through UI won't able to do it, right? (So does this mean that we are't really using UI of aws-lex, we are just writing "if conditions" in programming + using aws-lex "intention" to get intention, right?
4) Would it be possible to give example and show how making a flow is possible? So far using slots replies/responses don't change based on user's input. It doesn't matter if users says "no" or says "yes" it is going to reply with same path/answer. Is there a way to change reply based on user's input.
5) If #3 is not possible (non-developer) can't use aws-lex UI to make something like this, should we use custom dialogue builder which does this?
Thank you very very much!

A: It sounds like you're switching from the Microsoft Bot Framework to find a simpler solution to structured flows without entity recognition.
You may want research Microsoft's QnAMaker multi-turn ability.  It's supported in the QnA Maker online editor, but not in the bot framework SDK (yet).  They do have an example bot that uses it through the Web API.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/cognitive-services/qnamaker/how-to/multiturn-conversation
I realize this doesn't answer you Lex question, but might address your concern.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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We love to share our knowledge! We have hosted numerous students over the years, ranging from early high school to Vet Tech students to seniors enrolled at Veterinary School. Come for a single day or stay the whole summer. We can often be very flexible with schedules. However, we can only accommodate one student at time. Summer internships are very popular, and we receive applications as early as January and February each year. As these can sometimes be competitive positions, selection of qualified individuals is made in Mid April and the schedule developed after that. Students should note that our internships are unpaid positions and that students are not covered by our worker's compensation policy. Students participate at their own risk.
We are a professional business interacting with the public on a regular basis. Appearance is a part of professionalism. Please arrive dressed in clean, unwrinkled scrubs or business casual attire. Wear comfortable closed toed shoes. Jewelry should not dangle, as this can become a safety hazard when working around animals. Hair should be neat. Please also be attentive to personal hygiene! We often work in physically close contact when working with the animals.
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The doctors rarely get a chance to leave for lunch. Staff and all day interns are allowed a 30 minute lunch break. There is a break room with refrigerator and microwave if you choose to bring lunch with you, however there are many lunch establishments close by if you wish to go out.
Cell phones and personal electronic devices are prohibited in client areas. If you wish to take notes please bring good old fashioned pens and notebooks. Recording or photographing of patients is not allowed without prior permission of the pet owner and of staff at WPVC.
What will I learn and what will I be allowed to do?
Like every internship, you will get out of it what you put into it. We do not structure specific tasks for interns. We can rarely predict the types of cases we may see on any given day. We encourage interns to ask lots of questions, but we request these be saved for times when the staff is not actively engaged in communicating with clients or working intensively with patients. Observation of regular appointments, treatments and procedures (surgeries, dentistry) can give any engaged student a good overview of veterinary medicine in general practice. Depending on skill level and internship type, some students may be allowed to assist the staff during procedures. Due to OSHA regulations, however, interns are not allowed to take radiographs.
We understand that not everyone is the same. If you require accommodations for learning, please speak with our management staff about your needs ahead of your visit so that we can ensure that everyone's needs are met and we can be prepared.


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Everything You Need to Know About DC Black Label
By AJ Zender
DC Comics announced the DC Black Label line of comics, a new movement to pair the company's best talent with its most popular characters.
DC Entertainment's recent history has been promising. Rebirth has given new life to some of its most popular characters. More importantly, many fans' biggest concerns about the New 52 continuity have been assuaged. With this newfound popularity, DC has seen fit to expand on their storytelling.
DC's Young Animal has seen great experimental stories set within the main DC universe, and the new Zoom and Ink imprints look to bring our favorite heroes to a younger generation. DC Black Label will set their stories just outside the main DC continuity, though, you may have several questions about the new line. With that in mind, here's everything you need to know about DC Comics' newest imprint. What is DC Black Label?
DC Black Label's primary goal is to place the comic book industry's top talent behind the company's longest running characters. DC has plans for six miniseries at this time, with the opportunity for more down the line based on popularity. Modern industry giants like Kelly Sue Deconnick and Scott Snyder have their opportunity to shape characters like Wonder Woman and Batman. More importantly, DC Black Label's titles are meant as a modern response to the Elseworld line of previous years and, as such, these events pose no risk of imploding DC canon.
On the subject, DC publisher and artist Jim Lee stated, "Many of our perennially best-selling, critically acclaimed books were produced when we unleashed our top talent on standalone, often out-of-continuity projects featuring our most iconic characters, a prime example being Frank Miller's THE DARK KNIGHT RETURNS. Creating DC Black Label doubles down on our commitment to working with all-star talent and trusting them to tell the epic, moving stories that only they can tell with the highest levels of creative freedom."
What gets me excited about this line is the storytelling possibilities. Setting these incredible writers free to play with iconic characters only makes sense. Because they take place in an Elseworld setting, readers can experience these characters in highly concentrated doses. Free from the shackles of continuity errors, these writers can reinvent the modern mythology surrounding Superman or the Amazons. Really, that should excite any reader.
DC Black Label: The Titles
DC Black Label is set to publish six main titles at launch in August 2018. These stories will range from post-apocalyptic, paranormal mystery, to even Greek Epic myth. This means that fans of all stripes and interests can find something new to read. Here's a quick rundown of the coming titles, and just why you should be excited about these releases.
SUPERMAN: YEAR ONE by Frank Miller and John Romita Jr.
Image courtesy of DC Entertainment.
Meant to reinvent Superman's origins, SUPERMAN: YEAR ONE will show Frank Miller and John Romita Jr.'s "groundbreaking, definitive treatment" of the character. Crafted in the vein of BATMAN: YEAR ONE, this story focuses on all the important aspects of Kal-El's mythos. After his exile from Krypton, readers will follow Superman throughout his Kansas childhood and into his superheroic adulthood. All the while, SUPERMAN: YEAR ONE promises to showcase the reasons why Superman has become the most inspiring hero of all time.
Frank Miller is many things. On the one hand, he's responsible for some of the most iconic comic books ever written. His DARK KNIGHT RETURNS turned the industry on its head back in 1986, and his subsequent BATMAN: YEAR ONE faced similar fame. On the other hand, his recent politics and storytelling have been nothing short of controversial. ALL-STAR BATMAN AND ROBIN was a critical flop. As such, it may seem a strange decision to put him on a Superman title, especially one meant to celebrate his 80th anniversary. Still, the prospect of SUPERMAN: YEAR ONE is exciting. From what little we know, Miller's team seems to understand how important Superman has become. Hopefully, that leads to a story worthy of its title character.
BATMAN: LAST KNIGHT ON EARTH by Scott Snyder and Greg Capullo
Set in a seemingly dystopic America, BATMAN: LAST KNIGHT ON EARTH follows the Caped Crusader as he wakes up alone in the desert. Disoriented, Batman only knows that the villains have won. They have taken over the country and turned it into an unethical wasteland. Fighting to survive, Batman must quickly discover his new role in this dystopia. Oh, and did I mention his traveling companion? His only friend in the world is the talking severed head of his greatest nemesis, the Joker.
Scott Snyder and Greg Capullo have become definitive in the world of Batman. Their New 52 run brought the character into the 21st century in style. Most recently, their DARK NIGHTS: METAL run, while entirely bonkers, has more entertainment then I have ever experienced in the medium.
This pair knows how to write great Batman stories, and they know how to handle the weird. Also, while the Joker head may seem a strange concept, it kind of makes sense. The opportunity to have Batman and Joker alone, in dialogue, unable to fight, could provide some amazing character moments.
BATMAN: DAMNED by Brian Azzarello and Lee Bermejo
Moving from crazy to dark and gritty, BATMAN: DAMNED acts as a team-up between John Constantine and the Dark Knight. Someone has killed the Joker. However, this isn't a mystery Batman can solve with his fists. With evidence of the occult surrounding the murder, Batman turns to Constantine as an expert in the field. As he dives deep beneath Gotham City, the Dark Knight must fight to keep his sanity while meeting a new threat unlike any before.
BATMAN: DAMNED may be the DC Black Label book I'm most excited for. The subject matter alone would draw me into the story. John Constantine and Batman's encounters in the past haven't ended on entirely friendly terms, and this story will purposefully set Batman outside of his element.
However, the creative team behind this story may be one of my favorites. Brian Azzarello has written some of the grittiest and most compelling storylines in DC's history. Together with Bermejo's stunningly realistic art, they brought a compelling overview of Batman's greatest villain to readers in JOKER. Here's hoping they can bring the same loving attention to Batman and Constantine. If you have not picked up the series, don't forget to subscribe to it on ComiXology!
WONDER WOMAN HISTORIA: THE AMAZONS by Kelly Sue Deconnick and Phil Jimenez
The first Wonder Woman title in this lineup, WONDER WOMAN HISTORIA won't feature the iconic Themysciran princess. Instead, the story looks to focus on the lost history of the Amazons. In a three book saga, the story will chronicle events from throughout their history. Starting with the Amazons' creation, it will follow through their encounters with the world of man and monsters, ending with Steve Trevor's crash on Paradise Island.
Another exciting prospect for DC Black Label, WONDER WOMAN HISTORIA has the best opportunity to shape DC continuity. I haven't personally read any of Kelly Sue Deconnick's work, but her run on CAPTAIN MARVEL at the House of Ideas is considered a modern masterpiece. Also, her runs at Image with BITCH PLANET and PRETTY DEADLY have showcased her considerable talent. She's a perfect fit for this incredible story, especially paired with the high energy realism of Phil Jimenez's art.
WONDER WOMAN: DIANA'S DAUGHTER by Greg Rucka
Set 20 years in the future, WONDER WOMAN: DIANA'S DAUGHTER focuses on a tyrannical regime that has overtaken the world. With very few heroes remaining, it's up to a small band of resistance fighters to take back their rights. However, one young woman stands out amidst their forces. As the story proceeds, this woman ventures deeper into the history of their rulers, as well as her own destiny.
We know very little at this time about DIANA's DAUGHTER. The dystopian worldview should bring many new readers to the medium. However, longtime comic book fans will celebrate the return of Greg Rucka to the character. His run on the Rebirth WONDER WOMAN title had plenty of critical acclaim.
Also, his previous work on other DC characters has been nothing short of iconic. While I want a bit more info moving forward, I can honestly say that this storyline has some great potential. Setting it in a possible future will allow Rucka to focus on the impact and lasting importance of Wonder Woman's character, even if she never makes a physical appearance.
THE OTHER HISTORY OF THE DC UNIVERSE by John Ridley
Meant to bring literary storytelling to the superhero genre, THE OTHER HISTORY OF THE DC UNIVERSE promises to be a sociopolitical journey throughout the universe. Focused entirely on characters from disenfranchised groups, this story looks to chart their everyday life and struggles outside of their costumes. John Stewart, Vixen, Renee Montoya, Extraño, Supergirl, and Katana will each have a starring role in this comic. Also, as the DC tagline goes, "It isn't about saving the world, it's about having the strength to simply be who you are."
As a politically charged story, THE OTHER HISTORY OF THE DC UNIVERSE has a great deal of potential. John Ridley has made huge waves with both 12 YEARS A SLAVE and AMERICAN WAY, so the pedigree is definitely there. However, it's the viewpoint that has me excited. The opportunity for fans and new readers alike to experience a literary story of this magnitude will bring a new seriousness to the medium. More importantly, it will grant these groups the voice they deserve in a form that mythologizes the human experience.
Final Thoughts on DC Black Label
Looking through this list of titles, I think fans will be blown away. The amount of talent behind the DC Black Label is a who's who of comic book giants. Also, as a major Batman fan, both LAST KNIGHT ON EARTH and DAMNED promise an amazing storytelling experience from two of the best creative teams out there. WONDER WOMAN HISTORIA and DIANA'S DAUGHTER happily focus on the elements that make Diana the hero she has become.
THE OTHER HISTORY OF THE DC UNIVERSE promises something incredible for the disenfranchised. Also, despite Frank Miller's controversies, I truly believe that SUPERMAN: YEAR ONE will pay a great homage to the Man of Steel. DC Black Label looks to be a boon for DC Comics, so hopefully, more news comes out in the near future.
TagsBatmancomicscomic booksWonder WomanGreg CapullosupermanDCscott snyderComic BookKelly Sue DeConnickGreg RuckaFrank MillerJohn Romita Jr.Brian AzzarelloJohn ConstantinenewssuperheroLee BermejoPhil JimenezEntertainmentelseworldsBlack LabelDamnedSUPERMAN: YEAR ONEWONDER WOMAN HISTORIAWONDER WOMAN: DIANA'S DAUGHTERTHE OTHER HISTORY OF THE DC UNIVERSEBATMAN: LAST KNIGHT ON EARTHScott Ridley
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As we have indicated in previous PCS briefings, as well as the on-going public consultation on future business model for LR, a separate (but inextricably linked) consultation has been taking place in respect of Land Registry obtaining wider powers, starting with taking on responsibility for local land charges. Please find in the downloads section of this page the PCS submission to this consultation. This sets out our detailed arguments in respect of the following important principles.
PCS are not fundamentally opposed to LR taking on other areas of work, but our conclusion is that although PCS has always embraced changes that genuinely benefit customers and the public and that safeguard quality jobs for members, this current consultation exercise, does not convince us that the planned automation of Local Land Charges by Land Registry, plus the centralisation of this automated service away from Local Authorities, will benefit anyone.
In respect of taking on other wider powers, our support depends entirely upon the direction this expansion takes. For instance, we can see the potential to serve the public in a number of areas. By way of example, the introduction of a register of Landlords would enable regulation of the private rented sector and could help protect the public and consumers against rogue landlords. What is clear however is that there is a need for any new services to be provided by a skilled, independent and trusted source in the public sector – where there can be no suggestion of any conflict of interest. We believe that Land Registry Staff are perfectly placed to fulfil such a role. If however, the consultation exercise is seeking agreement and affirmation for plans to expand Land Registry in a commercial direction that is removed from the Civil Service, then PCS have considerable concerns that our neutrality would cease and that costs to the public would increase. Consequently, PCS would not support any such move.


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Front Page Politics U.S.ELECTION 2016
Trump surges in national poll amid renewed FBI probe
Hillary's huge advantage in surveys evaporates
A leading daily tracking poll, the USC Dornsife/Los Angeles Times tabulation, on Monday showed Donald Trump up by nearly 4 points over Hillary Clinton.
The result comes three days after the FBI announced it was reopening its investigation into Clinton's handling of classified information while she was secretary of state.
FBI Director James Comey, who last summer revealed that Clinton was "extremely careless" in her handling of the nation's security secrets but nonetheless did not refer charges, said new evidence had come to his attention as part of another investigation.
The FBI found a trove of 650,000 emails from the account of Clinton aide Huma Abedin on a computer owned by Abedin's estranged husband, former Rep. Anthony Weiner. The FBI is investigating Weiner on an allegation of sexting with a minor.
The USC/Times polling had Trump at 46.6 percent support to Clinton's 43.2. And while other polls still had Clinton in the lead, they showed the margin narrowing rapidly. The most dramatic shift was in the Washington Post/ABC News poll, which had Clinton up by 12 a week ago but only 1 point ahead in its latest count.
Sign the precedent-setting petition supporting Trump's call for an independent prosecutor to investigate Hillary Clinton!
The IDB-TIPP tracking poll showed Clinton up 1, and Rasmussen Reports had Clinton up 3.
"Clinton's lead shrinks to 1 point as voters react to the FBI's email bombshell," the IDB report said.
The Rasmussen survey noted the two candidates have been within 2 points or less of each other nationally all last week in a survey with a plus or minus 2.5 percent margin of error.
"In a survey less than two weeks ago but before the latest FBI announcement, 70 percent of voters said Clinton's mishandling of classified information is important to their vote for president, and 53 percent disagreed with the FBI's decision in July not to seek a criminal indictment against her," the report said.
At Hot Air, blogger Allahpundit wrote, "Trump's average in the four-way race now is the highest it's been all year.
"His previous best, the day of the first presidential debate, was 41.5 percent. His crapola performance that night plus a heap of scandal in the following weeks kept him durably below that number for a solid month – until today, when he's up to 41.6 percent and seemingly still rising.
"In any other year, for any other major-party nominee, topping out at 42 percent would be known in professional parlance as 'hot garbage' but Trump has the good fortune to be running against a candidate who is herself terrible.
"With her lead down to 3.4 points, I think this Harry Enten tweet perfectly cpatures the suspicion knowing at the pros right now: 'Whoa, Chicago Tribune writer: Democrats should tell Hillary to step aside.'"
Dornsife/Los Angeles Times poll
The blog post continued: "It's not so much that they expect Trump's surge to carry him past Clinton in the national average – although stay tuned – as that, if he narrows her lead to two points or so on the final weekend, the odds that the polls are wrong by pure chance and that Trump will pull the upset become much higher. Ten days ago, to believe he had a chance of winning, you had to believe that national polls were off by six points, a number outside the margin of error in many surveys. That would be a catastrophic miscalculation. A two-point lead, though, is within the MOE of most surveys, essentially making the race a toss-up."
Allahpundit said the FBI investigation issue suddenly has reminded voters "what they don't like about her rather than what they don't like about him."
In key battleground states, Trump was up by 7 in Georgia, 4 in Nevada and 2 in North Carolina. Clinton's once sizeable lead in Pennsylvania was down to 2 and in Colorado just 1.
In the key state of Florida, the New York Times showed Trump surging 46 percent to 42 percent.
Trump has also increased his lead over Clinton in Indiana where he is now up by 11 points, according to the latest Monmouth University Poll conducted from Thursday through Sunday.
Among Indiana voters who are likely to cast ballots in November's presidential election or who have already voted early, 50% currently support Trump and 39% back Clinton while another 4% intend to vote for Libertarian Gary Johnson.