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Justia Patents With Coagulometer For Agglutination, Clotting, Or Prothrombin, Or For Particle (e.g., Cell, Etc.) Counting, Or Volume Or Characteristics DeterminationUS Patent for Collapsible container for measuring particles in a sample fluid Patent (Patent # 5,770,152)
Collapsible container for measuring particles in a sample fluid
Nov 18, 1996 - Aradigm Corporation
A device and method for the detection of small particles in a fluid. The device is a collapsible sample container having a opening which is covered, at least in part, by a porous membrane having a plurality (e.g., 100) of pores therein having a pore diameter equal to or smaller than the diameter of the particles to be detected (e.g., 01. to 100 microns). A means for collapsing the container to extrude the liquid sample through the membrane pores is provided along with a means for detecting pressure during the extrusion. The size and number of particles in the liquid is calculated by relating the extrusion pressure required to a pre-calibrated standard. When a constant pressure is applied the rate at which fluid is extruded decreases as the pores of the membrane become clogged with particles. The greater number of particles in the sample tested the greater the number of pores which will become clogged with particles which causes an increase in the amount of time or pressure needed to extrude a given volume of the sample through the porous membrane. The number of pores per unit area and pore size can be varied depending on the probable size and concentration of the particles in the liquid be tested.
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The invention relates generally to devices and methods for detecting small particles in a fluid and particularly to a device and method for determining if a liquid includes particles as well as information about the size and concentration of particles in a liquid.
Devices which measure and count particles in a fluid are well known. Such devices are employed, for example, by semiconductor wafer manufacturers to monitor the extent of airborne particulate matter in a clean room. Pharmaceutical manufacturers employ such devices for the detection and control of foreign particles. To a lesser extent of accuracy, smoke detectors also measure particle concentration.
One method of particle detection is the light blockage particle counting, or light obscuration, method. Light obscuration sensors work on the principle of the casting of a shadow onto a photodetector as a flow of particle-laden fluid is directed through a light beam generated by an incandescent lamp. A more sensitive method is the light scattering method. As a particle passes through a light beam, the particle scatters light. For a stationary particle, the amount of scattered light is a function of the particle size, the wavelength and intensity of the incident light, and the difference between the light scattering properties of the particle and the surrounding medium. A laser source may be used to generate the light beam and the scattered light is sensed by a detector which provides readable signals indicative of particle size.
One device and method for particle detection is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,286, issued Apr. 30, 1991 to Petralli which includes a plurality of sample regions. A sensor body has internal walls which define spaced apart sample regions, with each sample region having an inlet port and an exhaust port. An aggregate sample flow is divided into partial flows which are directed from the inlet port to the exhaust port of an associated sample region. A light source, typically a laser, is positioned to project an incident beam along a light path which intersects each of the partial sample flows through the sample regions. Particles contained within the partial sample flows scatter light as the particles pass through the incident beam. The light from a sample region is directed to a photodetector which provides a signal corresponding to the sensed light. Particle detection in each sample region is operationally independent of the others, but the information is combined to provide a total particle count of the aggregate sample flow. Alternatively, the apparatus may be utilized to provide simultaneous particle detection of separate sources of particle-bearing gas. For example, adjacent clean room areas may be monitored channelling separate sample flows directly into separate inlet ports of adjacent sample regions.
Such devices and method generally require (1) and light source, (2) a photodetector, (3) a means for interpreting the photodetector signals and (4) the presence of particle which absorb or deflect light. The present invention endeavors to provide a device and method for the detection of small particles which does not require 1-4 above.
A device and method for the detection of small particles in a fluid is disclosed. The device is comprised of a sample container which may be collapsible having a opening which is covered, at least in part, by a porous membrane having a plurality (e.g., 100) of pores therein having a pore diameter equal to or smaller than the diameter of the particles to be detected (e.g., a pore diameter in the range of 01. to 100 microns). A means for collapsing the container or applying pressure to its contents to extrude the liquid sample through the membrane pores is provided along with a means for detecting a quantity such as time, force and/or pressure during the extrusion. Alternatively, the amount of pressure applied by a device is set at a given level without the need to measure a parameter. At a very basic level the invention makes it possible to determine whether or not a sample fluid contains any particles i.e., provides a "yes" or "no" answer regarding whether particles are present. At another level the invention determines not only the presence of but information on the size and/or concentration of particles in the liquid relating the quantity measured such as extrusion pressure or time required to a pre-calibrated standard. When a constant pressure is applied the rate at which fluid is extruded decreases as the pores of the membrane becomes clogged with particles. The greater the concentration of particles in the sample tested the greater the number of pores which will become clogged with particles causing an increase in the amount of time, force or pressure needed to extrude a given volume of sample through the porous membrane. The number of pores per unit area, pore size, or porosity can be varied depending on the probable size and concentration of the particles expected to be in the liquid being tested.
An object of the invention is to provide a device and method for determining whether a sample fluid includes small particles.
Another object of the invention is to provide a device and method which can easily, and economically make accurate measurements of the size and concentration of small particles in a liquid.
An advantage of the invention is that it can detect the presence of and/or measure the size and concentration of particles which are invisible to detection or at least not readily detectable via a light source and photodetector.
A feature of the invention is that the number of pores per unit area, pore diameter, and porosity can be varied as needed for any particular situation.
Another object is to provide a series of sample containers which are connected and which have pores of the same size on the membrane of any individual container and which have the same or slightly different pore sizes, porosity, and/or pore density on the membrane of different containers.
Another advantage is that the invention is capable of detecting very small particles at very low concentrations using only a small amount of sample fluid.
Another feature of the invention is that different quantities such as time, pressure and force during extrusion through the membrane are pre-set or are measured and compared to a pre-calibrated standard to determine particle size and concentration.
These and other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure in combination with drawings wherein like numerals refer to like components throughout.
FIG. 1 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a sample container;
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a sample container;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a particle detection device of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the sample container;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a plurality of sample containers linked together;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing a theoretical relationship between the speed of an extruder and time;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing a theoretical relationship between the amount of fluid remaining and time;
FIG. 8 is an extrusion profile graph for a placebo or particle free sample;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing ana extrusion profile for three particle free solutions;
FIG. 10 is a graph showing an extrusion profile for a 0.01% solution of 0.5 micron particles;
FIG. 11 is an extrusion profile for a 0.1% solution of 0.5 micron particles;
FIG. 13 is an extrusion profile for a 0.01% solution of 1.0 micron particles;
FIG. 16 is an extrusion profile for a sample containing approximately 53,000 2.0 micron particles;
FIG. 17 is an extrusion profile for a sample containing approximately 5,300 2.0 micron particles; and
FIG. 18 is an extrusion profile for a sample containing approximately 530 2.0 micron particles.
Before the present device and method of detecting particles is described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular methodology, devices, containers and formulations described, as such methods, devices, containers and formulations may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims.
It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a formulation" includes mixtures of different formulations, reference to "an assay" includes one or more assays, and reference to "the method of detection" includes reference to equivalent steps and methods known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to describe and disclose specific information for which the reference was cited in connection with.
The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such publications by virtue of prior invention.
An embodiment of the invention can operate as follows. First, a liquid sample containing small particles is placed in a collapsible container (see FIGS. 1 and 2) wherein the container includes an opening. Second, the opening of the container is covered, at least in part, by a porous membrane containing a known pore density and pore diameter which diameter is believed to be equal to the mean diameter of the particles in the liquid. Third, an extruding member is forced against the container (see FIG. 3) to extrude the liquid sample through the pores of the membrane. Fourth, a quantity such as the pressure, force and/or time required for extrusion are measured. Fifth, the measured quantity is analyzed and/or compared against pre-calibrated values in order to determine if particles are present in the liquid and/or the concentration of particles of a given size in the liquid.
Any increased pressure, force and/or time needed to extrude is caused by clogging of the pores thereby indicating the presence of particles in the liquid. The greater the concentration of particles of a diameter equal to or greater in diameter than that of the pores the greater the clogging and the greater the increase in force, pressure and/or time needed to extrude the liquid through the membrane. If no difference is observed there may be no particles present. However, the test can be repeated with a membrane having pores with a smaller diameter and/or lower pore density. If the membrane becomes completely clogged the test can be repeated with a membrane with larger pores and/or a higher pore density.
It is important that the concentration of many types of solutions such as pharmaceuticals be precisely known. The concentration can be accurately set when a solution is created by precisely measuring out the amount of solvent and solute. However, the concentration can change over time if the solute begins forming crystals. It is often very difficult to determine the size or concentration of crystalline particles present in a solution. The amount of solute needed to form the crystals may be sufficiently small such that the decrease in concentration due to the crystal formation may not be detectable by conventional means. The present invention is useful not only in detecting if crystals have formed but can be used to detect the size and concentration of crystals formed. Further, such information can be used to determine the decrease in solute concentration caused by the crystal formation.
In addition to determining whether crystals form in a solution and the size and concentration of crystals the present invention can determine presence of or the size and concentration of any particles present in a liquid such as contaminants. Conventional methods may not be able to detect such contaminants for reasons such as (A) the particles are translucent and are being measured by a detector which is only activated when a particle blocks the transmission of light (B) the particles reflect light in a manner which distorts detection; (C) the particles are too small for detection by conventional means; and (D) the particles are present in too small of a concentration for detection by conventional means.
The terms "porous membrane", "membrane" and the like are used interchangeably herein to describe a material that has a plurality of pores or openings therein. The material is preferably disposable so that in the method of the invention it is used for a single test event and then discarded. It may be comprised of a rigid or flexible substance and is preferably flexible and thin e.g., 5 to 200 microns or more preferably 10 to 50 microns with a tensile strength which can vary significantly and is preferably over 5,000 psi more preferably 10,000 to 50,000 psi. The pores in the membrane are determined based on the size and the number of particles in the test fluid and may be in the range of 0.1 to 100 microns in diameter. The pores in any particular membrane are preferably all substantially the same diameter (.+-.50 to 100%) and shape (either cylindrical or conical). A membrane may include any number of pores but generally includes at least ten pores and preferably includes 10 to 10,000 pores over an area of 1 sq. mm to 1 sq. cm. The porosity of the membrane is the percentage of the area of the membrane which is covered by holes or pores. Thus a 50% porosity means that 50% of the membrane is open due to holes and 50% is membrane. Membranes may have porosities as high as 85%. However, it is difficult to produce membranes of such high porosity while maintaining regularity in pore size and shape. Thus, membrane of the invention generally have a porosity of less that 10%.
The term "carrier" shall mean a liquid, flowable, material which is preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient material which a drug is suspended in or more preferably dissolved in. Preferred carriers include water, ethanol, saline solutions and mixtures thereof with pure water being preferred. Other carriers can be used and include solvents.
The term "measuring" describes an event whereby one or more quantities are measured during the extrusion of a fluid through a porous membrane. The quantity measured may be any quantity which can be directly or indirectly related to the presence of particles in the fluid such as time, pressure, force or a combination of two or more parameters. By relating the measured quantity during extrusion to a precalibrated value it is possible to deduce the size and concentration of particles in the fluid tested.
The term "monitoring" event shall mean measuring a quantity over a period of time e.g., before, after or during extrusion.
The term "placebo" is used herein to describe a carrier without any particles, e.g., pure water.
DISPOSABLE SAMPLE CONTAINER
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a sample container 1 of the invention which is shaped by a collapsible wall 2. The container 1 has an opening covered by a flexible, porous membrane 3 which is covered by a removable layer 4. The membrane 3 may be rigid and may protrude upward in a convex configuration away from the formulation 5 i.e., the membrane need not be planar as per the membrane of FIG. 4. When the layer 4 is removed the wall 2 can be collapsed thereby forcing the sample fluid 5 (which is preferably a liquid) through the flexible porous membrane 3.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a more preferred embodiment of a container 1 of the invention. The container is shaped by a collapsible wall 2. The container 1 includes an opening which leads to an open channel 6 which channel 6 includes an abutment 7 which is broken upon the application of force created by sample fluid 5 being forced from the container. When the abutment 7 is broken the sample fluid 5 flows to an area adjacent to the flexible porous membrane 3 and is prevented from flowing further in the channel 6 by a non-breakable abutment 8. The bottom portion 9 of the wall 2 may act as a piston and be slidably movable in the container.
It should be noted that it is possible to carry out the invention without the use of any of the containers of the type shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5. The method can be carried out with the use of a porous membrane wherein the porous membrane is placed over an opening of a device and the device is configured so that pressure can be applied to a liquid sample contained in an area adjacent the opening covered by the porous membrane. However, such a configuration has a disadvantage of requiring that the container portion be thoroughly cleaned after each use.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the container 1 in use. The wall 2 is being crushed by a mechanical component such as the piston 24 shown in FIG. 3. The piston may be driven by a spring 22, or compressed gas. Alternatively, a motor connected to gears can translate the electric motor's circular motion to a cam which crushes the container. The sample fluid 5 is forced into the open channel 6 (breaking the abutment 7 shown in FIG. 2) and against and through the membrane 3. Once the piston 24 has been forced against the sample container wall 2 the container is emptied and used containers are shown to the left in FIG. 3.
The device 40 of FIG. 3 is preferably a hand-held, portable device which is comprised of (a) a device for holding at least one but preferably a number of sample containers, and (b) a means for forcing the contents 5 of a container 1 (on the package) through a porous membrane 3. The device further includes (c) a means for measuring one or more quantities such as the force, time or pressure during extrusion of the fluid 5 through the membrane 3 or measuring a related parameter such as the rate of speed of the extruder over time or the amount of fluid extruded over time. A vibrating means 45 may be positioned sufficiently close to the fluid or membrane such that when activated it aids preventing small particles from accumulating together. The vibrating means is particularly useful when the sample includes a high concentration of very small particles. Such particles may move easily through the pores if separated but accumulate and cause clogging without vibration. The device preferable includes a means for holding and moving one sample container 1 after another into a release position so that a new package is positioned in place for each release and a source of power 43 e.g., conventional batteries.
The device for holding each sample container may be nothing more than a narrow opening created between two outwardly extending bars 42 and 82 or may include additional components for moving new sample containers into position such as one or more wheels, sprockets or rollers notably mounted on the end(s) of such bars. The rollers may be spring mounted so as to provide constant pressure against the surface(s) of the package. The device may also include a transport mechanism which may include providing drive power to the roller(s) so that when they are rotated, they move from one container after another into a drug release position. The power source 43 driving the roller(s) is programmed via the microprocessor 26 to rotate the rollers only enough to move from one container 1 to the next. In order to use the device 40, the device 40 must be "loaded," i.e., connected to a sample container having a fluid which is preferably a liquid therein. The entire device 40 is preferably self-contained, light weight (less than 1 kg preferably less than 0.5 kg loaded) and portable. The power source 43 is preferably in the form of standard alkaline batteries. Two 9 volt batteries could supply energy needed to extrude fluid and move one sample container after another into a release position.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the sample container of the type shown within FIG. 2. However, in the embodiment of FIG. 4 the porous membrane 3 is convexed outward in a raised fashion 80. The container may include a removable cover as per FIG. 1 which could protect the contents from being disturbed during storage or transport. Further, the container could include an opening which would allow the user to place a fluid sample in the container. In some situations it will not be possible to readily determine the size or concentration of the particles within the fluid. In such situations it may be desirable to include sample fluid within a large number of different containers which are linked together as shown within FIG. 5. In FIG. 5 the containers with their collapsible walls 2 are interconnected via an interconnecting means 46 so that the containers can be tested one after another as shown in FIG. 3. In such a configuration the porous membranes 3 will have pores of a different size and/or a different pore density. For example, the pore size could begin as a rather large pore size and move towards a smaller pore size in order to gather data on a quantity such as the amount of pressure, force or time needed to extrude the test fluid through the pore membrane when the pore membrane was being varied with respect to its pore size. The collapsible walls 2 are preferably designed such that when the walls are collapsed against the membrane 3 the entire contents of the container is forced through the porous membrane 3. Thus, it is not desirable for the walls to crumple in an irregular fashion leaving pockets of solution in a partially emptied container 1.
Although the containers can be of any size (e.g., one liter) they are generally constructed so a to include a relatively small amount of sample fluid such as an amount in the range of 10 to 10,000 microliters, more preferably about 100 to 1,000 microliters. Thus, the invention can be carried out with an extremely small amount of sample being tested. Further, once the sample is extruded through the porous membrane 3 the sample can be recovered if desired. Thus, the present invention provides a non-destructive method of analysis.
Because a large number of pores are included in the porous membrane the fluid can be extruded using a relatively low pressure i.e., a pressure in the range of 50 to 600 psi, more preferably 100 to 500 psi. Further, the invention is useful in connection with a wide range of different sample fluids and can include testing gases. More preferably the invention is used to test liquid fluids which have a viscosity in the range of about 25% to 1000% of the viscosity of water.
In some situations it may be desirable to vibrate the porous membrane so as to aid in distributing the particles over the surface of the membrane. For example, vibrations might be applied in an amount in the range of 575 to 32,000, preferably 1,000 to 17,000 and more preferably 2,000 to 4,000 khz. Such vibrations distribute smaller particles which might accumulate and thereby prevent movement through the pores thus allowing for blockage to occur only when the particle size exceeds the size of the pore.
The membrane can have any thickness, but to operate at reduced pressure the membrane generally has a thickness in the range of about 5 to 200 microns or more preferably 10 to 50 microns. The membrane preferably has a tensile strength above about 5,000 psi and may be in the range of 10,000 to 50,000 psi.
In one embodiment of the invention the container includes a bottom wall portion which is slidably positioned within a cylindrical container. Thus, the bottom of the container slides upward in the cylindrical portion and the rate of movement of the bottom piston portion decreases as particles within the test fluid clog the porous membrane. The rate of decrease in the speed of movement is related to a standard or an algorithm in order to determine the concentration and size of particles within the test fluid. More specifically, the greater the rate of decrease in speed in terms of slowing the progress of the bottom portion of the container the greater the concentration and/or size of the particles within the test fluid.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing a theoretical relationship between time and the speed of an extruder which is either collapsing a collapsible wall 2 of a container 1 or moving a piston or other portion of the container in a manner so as to extrude fluid from the container. As shown in FIG. 6 by line "a" the speed of extrusion remains constant over time if the fluid present within the container does not include particles which are clogged by the pores of the membrane 3. However, when the fluid 5 includes particles in a relatively low concentration the speed of the extruder moving at the contents of the container out of the container begins to decrease over time. The slope of the line "b" becomes steeper over time as more and more particles clog the pores of the membrane. As shown in the line "c" the speed of the extruder can decrease such that it becomes zero at about the point when all material has been extruded from the container. As shown in line "d" the speed of the extruder has become zero prior to a time when all of the contents of the container has been extruded. The line "e" shows a situation where the fluid contains a relatively high concentration of particles which are sufficiently large to clog the pores. Thus, the speed of the extruder decreases on a rather rapid slope over time it becomes zero substantially before all of the fluid 5 within the container 1 has been extruded.
FIG. 7 shows a graph demonstrating a theoretical relationship between the amount of the fluid remaining in the container relative to the time of extrusion. As shown on the line "a" the amount of fluid decreases linearly over time. Such a slope indicates that the fluid does not contain any particles which clog the pores of the membrane. Thus, the rate of extrusion is constant. However, with a sample fluid containing a small concentration of particles sufficiently large to clog the pores the rate of the amount of fluid extruded over time is slower as shown by the line "b". As the concentration and/or size of the number of particles in the fluid increases the rate of decrease of fluid in the container becomes slower over time as shown by line "c" and still slower as shown by line "d". Finally, if the fluid contains a sufficiently high concentration of particles of sufficiently large size clogging will occur relatively quickly and almost none of the fluid will be extruded through the membrane as shown in line "e".
Referring to both FIG. 6 and 7 it can be seen that in certain situations it is desirable to include the sample fluid within additional containers and rerun the test if it is desirable to obtain information indicating something more than the fluid does contain particles. Specifically, in FIG. 6 when the results "d" or "e" are obtained and the speed of the extruder slows to zero before all of the fluid is extruded the test should be rerun with a membrane having a higher pore density or pores of a larger diameter. The same is true with respect to the results shown by the line "e" in FIG. 7. Alternatively, if the results shown by line "a" of FIG. 6 are obtained the test should be rerun with a membrane with smaller diameter holes and/or a lower pore density--the same is true with respect to the results shown by line "a" within FIG. 7.
The following Examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to carry out the method of the invention and utilize the device of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to insure accuracy with respect to numbers used (amounts, pores diameter and sample volume, etc.) but some experimental errors and deviation should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts or parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees centigrade at about 20.degree. C., and pressure is at or near atmospheric.
The sample containers of the type shown in FIG. 2 were prepared wherein the porous membrane included pores having a pore diameter in the range of about 1.8 to 2 microns. In each case the container was filled with a formulation volume of about 45 microliters and the membrane included approximately 215 holes which were positioned in five rows with each row containing approximately 40 to 50 holes. The membrane had a thickness of approximately 0.0096 inches, a length of approximately 0.2 inches and a width of approximately 0.1 inches. The container was filled with pure water and a force of approximately 420 psi was applied. The results are shown in FIG. 8 wherein the position of the piston is measured over time. As can be seen in FIG. 1 the piston moves in a substantially linear manner with the amount of piston movement over time being relatively constant. In FIG. 8 piston movement comes to a halt after slightly more than 1.8 seconds. At this point the container has been completely emptied. The experiment was completed three additional times with pure water and the results are shown in FIG. 9. The extrusion profiles shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 demonstrate that the solution either does not contain any particles or contains particles which are sufficiently small in size relative to the pore size of the membrane so as to not interrupt flow.
Containers of the type described in Example 1 were prepared. The containers were filled to a volume of 45 microliters with water containing different concentrations of polystyrene beads having a diameter of about 0.5 micron. In a first set of experiments five separate containers containing 0.01% of polystyrene beads of a diameter of 0.5 micron were extruded by the application of force of approximately 420 psi. The results obtained are shown in FIG. 10. Due to the small size of the beads relative to the size of the pores the extrusion profile remains substantially linear. Similar results were obtained when the concentration of the beads was increased to 0.1% beads in pure water. Using such a sample five separate extrusions were tested and the results are shown in FIG. 11. The percentage amount of beads was increased to 1.0% and five additional extrusions were made with five different containers. The results obtained are shown in FIG. 12.
Additional containers were prepared as per Examples 1 and 2. The containers were filled with 45 microliters of differing concentrations of polystyrene beads as per Example 2. Specifically, the concentration of the beads was 0.01%, 0.1% and 1%. However, for Example 3 the size of the beads was increased to 1.0 micron. The extrusion profile for the concentration at. 0.01% is shown in FIG. 13. The extrusion profile at 0.1% is shown in FIG. 14 and the extrusion profile using a sample with beads present in an amount of 1.0% is shown in FIG. 15. Even though the size of the beads is smaller than the pore size the beads clogged the hole significantly at 0.1% shown in FIG. 14 and have a significant effect on clogging the holes as shown in FIG. 15 when present in a concentration of about 1%.
Containers of the type described in Example 1 were prepared. Sample formulations placed in the containers were prepared as per Examples 2 and 3. However, the size of the polystyrene beads was increased to approximately 2.0 microns. In a first group of containers 2.0 micron beads were added in an amount of approximately 530 beads for FIG. 16, approximately 5,300 beads for FIG. 17 and approximately 53,000 beads for the profile shown in FIG. 18.
Results such as those shown in FIGS. 8-18 can be used to calibrate a standard against which an unknown sample can be compared. Further, combinations of different size beads at varying concentrations can also be prepared to develop different extrusion profiles to be used for calibration purposes. In the examples wherein profiles shown in FIGS. 8-18 were generated the containers included water with polystyrene beads. However, the water can be substituted for other carriers and the polystyrene beads substituted with other particle components of varying sizes and shapes. When carrying out tests it is preferable to compare any actual samples tested with calibrated results obtained using the same carrier liquid and the same approximate size, shape and concentration of particles.
The instant invention is shown and described herein in which is considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments. It is recognized, however, that the departures may be made therefrom which are within the scope of the invention and that obvious modifications will occur to one skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure.
1. A device for measuring a size or number of particles in a sample fluid, comprising:
a container for holding the sample fluid to be tested, the container having an opening therein and a wall collapsible by an application of force;
a porous membrane having a plurality of pores therein, wherein the pores have a diameter in a range of 0.1 to 100 microns
a fluid connection between the container opening and the porous membrane;
a means for forcing the sample of fluid through the porous membrane by applying force to the collapsible wall of the container;
a measurement component which measures a quantity selected from a group consisting of: (a) time needed to extrude the sample of fluid through the porous membrane wherein the time is measured by a timing means; (b) pressure needed to extrude the sample of fluid through the porous membrane wherein the pressure is measured by a pressure detection means; and (c) force needed to extrude the sample of fluid through the porous membrane wherein force is measured by a force measurement means; and a detection means for relating the measured quantity to the size and number of particles in the sample fluid.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the porous membrane includes at least ten pores.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein the pores are present in a pore density of 10 to 10,000 pores per 1 sq. mm to 1 sq. cm.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein said detection means comprises:
a microprocessor having a look-up table or an algorithm stored in a memory, for relating the measured quantity to the size or number of particles in the sample.
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Assignee: Aradigm Corporation (Hayward, CA)
Inventors: Jeffrey A. Schuster (Oakland, CA), Peter M. Lloyd (Oakland, CA), Igor Gonda (San Francisco, CA), David Cipolla (Belmont, CA)
Primary Examiner: Jill Warden
Assistant Examiner: Sharidan Carrillo
Attorney: Bozicevic and Reed LLP
Current U.S. Class: With Coagulometer For Agglutination, Clotting, Or Prothrombin, Or For Particle (e.g., Cell, Etc.) Counting, Or Volume Or Characteristics Determination (422/73); 422/681; 422/8213; 422/101; Particle Count Or Volume Standard Or Control (e.g., Platelet Count Standards, Etc.) (436/10); Clotting Or Clotting Factor Level Tests (436/69); Sedimentation Rate Or Hematocrit (436/70); Measurement Includes Change In Volume Or Pressure (436/148); Liberation Or Purification Of Sample Or Separation Of Material From A Sample (e.g., Filtering, Centrifuging, Etc.) (436/177); Including Use Of A Solid Sorbent, Semipermeable Membrane, Or Liquid Extraction (436/178); 73/6171; 73/6172; 73/6173; 73/86364; 73/86462; 73/86481
International Classification: G01N 700;


text:
Iran's Web Spying
By Pamela Geller - on June 22, 2009
If the mad mullahs crush dissent…….what will become of those freedom fighters and citizen journalists who beamed those messages, tweets, pics and reportage, without which the world would never have known of the brutal oppression and violence of Islam?
Iran's Web Spying Aided By Western Technology WSJ
…………..in confronting the political turmoil that has consumed the country
this past week, the Iranian government appears to be engaging in a
practice often called deep packet inspection, which enables authorities
to not only block communication but to monitor it to gather information
about individuals, as well as alter it for disinformation purposes,
according to these experts.
The monitoring capability was provided, at least in part, by a joint venture of Siemens AG, the German conglomerate, and Nokia Corp., the Finnish cellphone company, in the second half of 2008, Ben Roome, a spokesman for the joint venture, confirmed.
The "monitoring center," installed within the government's telecom
monopoly, was part of a larger contract with Iran that included
mobile-phone networking technology, Mr. Roome said.
"If you sell networks, you also, intrinsically, sell the capability
to intercept any communication that runs over them," said Mr. Roome.
The sale of the equipment to Iran by the joint venture, called Nokia
Siemens Networks, was previously reported last year by the editor of an
Austrian information-technology Web site called Futurezone.
The Iranian government had experimented with the equipment for brief
periods in recent months, but it had not been used extensively, and
therefore its capabilities weren't fully displayed — until during the
recent unrest, the Internet experts interviewed said.
"We didn't know they could do this much," said a network engineer in
Tehran. "Now we know they have powerful things that allow them to do
very complex tracking on the network."
UPDATE: Nokia/Siemens issues a statement concerning the WSJ report that it provided Iran with censoring technology. Read their statement is here.
Recent media reports have speculated about Nokia Siemens Networks' role in providing monitoring capability to Iran. Nokia Siemens Networks has provided Lawful Intercept capability solely for the monitoring of local voice calls in Iran. Nokia Siemens Networks has not provided any deep packet inspection, web censorship or Internet filtering capability to Iran.
Meanwhile, if you own their stock, sell it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Nick Webster
British woman arrested in Dubai: abused widow 'willing to withdraw complaint' against Laleh Shahravesh
Widowed Samah Al Hammadi tells The National she was subject to 'vile' abuse by British-Iranian mother
Laleh Shahravesh, pictured with daughter Paris, was arrested at Dubai airport.
A widow who says she was the victim of "vile" online abuse from her late husband's ex-wife said she is willing to withdraw the complaint against her.
Samah Al Hammadi alleges she was subject to "constant harassment and abuse" from British-Iranian mother, Laleh Shahravesh.
The 42-year-old Tunisian, who lives in Dubai, sent a statement to The National after Shahravesh's arrest in the emirate made headlines in the UK.
Ms Al Hammadi married the former husband of Ms Shahravesh - Pedro Manuel Coreia Dos Santos - after his divorce. She says a torrent of hateful and mocking comments were made against her on social media after that.
She and Mr Dos Santos filed a police case in Dubai against Ms Shahravesh- who lives in the UK - in February 2017.
Mr Dos Santos died of a heart attack last month aged 51.
One of the last messages he tearfully gave me before his death was that he deeply loved his daughter. I am willing to withdraw this case to honour my husband's love for his daughter
Samah Al Hammadi
"I would like to clarify that both my late husband and I had been facing constant harassment and verbal abuse from Ms Laleh Shahravesh over the past few years," said Ms Al Hammadi.
"She has used vicious abuse and offensive language to harass both of us, causing us extreme distress and mental torment.
"I have been a resident of the UAE for the past 15 years and never before in my stay here have I faced the kind of aggressive abuse that Ms Shahravesh subjected us to.
"In these circumstances, my husband and I were forced to file a case with Dubai Police to seek protection against her extremely vile actions.
"Even after the death of my husband, Ms Shahravesh continued to tarnish my husband's reputation on social media with offensive messages and posts."
Dubai Police said Ms Shahravesh was arrested when she travelled to Dubai with her daughter on March 10, due to the outstanding warrant. Ms Shahravesh said she was in the city for his funeral.
Officers said she is not being held in custody but she remains in Dubai and her case is being examined by prosecutors. Suspects usually have their passport held by the authorities.
"At this time of grief, all I seek is to mourn in peace without having to go through the added distress of dealing with offensive behaviour," Ms Al Hammadi said.
"I am pursuing this case because I believe it is my duty to honour my late husband and protect him from further defamation. One of the last messages he tearfully gave me before his death was that he deeply loved his daughter. I am willing to withdraw this case to honour my husband's love for his daughter."
Ms Shahravesh, who lives in London, was charged with cyber crimes for posting offensive remarks about Ms Al Hammadi on social media.
Among the comments she made, in Farsi, was translated as "I hope you go under the ground you idiot. Damn you. You left me for this horse".
A second comment said "you married a horse you idiot."
The internet really can bring out the worst in people
UAE employee sacked and deported for 'celebrating' Christchurch attacks
Cybercrime to remain an expensive foe with more waging battle over email in 2019
Ms Shahravesh could face punishment of two years in jail and a substantial fine if found guilty in court over the social media posts.
Ms Shahravesh told British media she made the comments after discovering her former husband had remarried.
"I had no idea he was getting married again, and so soon after our own marriage broke down," she said.
"I reacted badly. I lashed out and wrote two unpleasant comments about his new wife on his Facebook page.
"I know I shouldn't have. I should have behaved better, but I felt angry, betrayed and hurt."
Dubai Police said officers attempted to resolve the issue last month without pursuing the case further, but that Ms Al Hammadi would not drop her complaint.
"The British woman, who has never been held in police custody, confirmed that she did make the offending statements," a police spokesman said.
"Dubai Police attempted to reconcile the parties. However, the surviving complainant refused to withdraw her complaint.
"In accordance with due process the matter was then transferred to the Department of Public Prosecution.
"The British Embassy was informed of the matter and is in contact with the British woman."
US shot down Iranian drone close to US ship in Strait of Hormuz: Trump


text:
XMM-Newton sees 'hot spots' on neutron stars
Thanks to data from ESA's XMM-Newton spacecraft, European astronomers have observed for the first time rotating 'hot spots' on the surfaces of three nearby neutron stars.
This result provides a breakthrough in understanding the 'thermal geography' of neutron stars, and provides the first measurement of very small-sized features on objects hundreds to thousands light-years away. The spots vary in size from that of a football field to that of a golf course.
Neutron stars are extremely dense and fast-rotating stars mainly composed of neutrons. They are extremely hot when they are born, being remnants of supernovae explosions. Their surface temperature is thought to gradually cool down with time, decreasing to less than one million degrees after 100 000 years.
XMM-Newton sees hot spots on neutron stars
However, astrophysicists had proposed the existence of physical mechanisms by which the electromagnetic energy emitted by neutron stars could be funnelled back into their surface in certain regions. Such regions, or 'hot spots', would then be reheated and reach temperatures much higher than the rest of the cooling surface. Such peculiar 'thermal geography' of neutron stars, although speculated, could never be observed directly before.
Using XMM-Newton data, a team of European astronomers have observed rotating hot spots on three isolated neutron stars that are well-known X-ray and gamma-ray emitters. The three observed neutron stars are 'PSR B0656-14', 'PSR B1055-52', and 'Geminga', respectively at about 800, 2000 and 500 light-years away from us.
As for normal stars, the temperature of a neutron star is measured through its colour that indicates the energy the star emits. The astronomers have divided the neutron star surfaces into ten wedges and have measured the temperature of each wedge. By doing so, they could observe rise and fall of emission from the star's surface, as the hot spots disappear and appear again while the star rotates. It is also the first time that surface details ranging in size from less than 100 metres to about one kilometre are identified on the surface of objects hundreds to thousands light-years away.
X-ray image of the neutron star 'PSR B0656-14'
The team think that the hot spots are most probably linked to the polar regions of the neutron stars. This is where the star's magnetic field funnels charged particles back towards the surface, in a way somehow similar to the 'Northern lights', or aurorae, seen at the poles of planets which have magnetic fields, such as Earth, Jupiter and Saturn.
"This result is a first, and a key to understand the internal structure, the dominant role of the magnetic field treading the star interior and its magnetosphere, and the complex phenomenology of neutron stars," says Patrizia Caraveo, of the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (IASF), Milan, Italy.
"It has been possible only thanks to the new capabilities provided by the ESA XMM-Newton observatory. We look forward to applying our method to many more magnetically isolated neutron stars," concludes Caraveo.
However, there is still a puzzle for the astronomers. If the three 'musketeers' are predicted to have polar caps of comparable dimensions, why then are the hot spots observed in the three cases so different in size, ranging from 60 metres to one kilometre? What mechanisms rule the difference? Or does this mean some of the current predictions on neutron stars magnetic fields need to be revised?
The result, by Andrea De Luca, Patrizia Caraveo, Sandro Mereghetti, Matteo Negroni (IASF) and Giovanni Bignami of CESR, Toulouse and University of Pavia, is published in the 20 April 05 issue of the Astrophysical Journal (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ, vol. 623:1051-1069).
Patrizia Caraveo, IASF, Milan, Italy
E-mail: pat @ mi.iasf.cnr.it
Norbert Schartel, ESA XMM-Newton Project Scientist
Tel: +34 91 8131 184
E-mail: norbert.schartel @ sciops.esa.int
XMM-Newton overview
Observations: Seeing in X-ray wavelengths
So, how did everything start?
What are 'dark matter' and 'dark energy'?
Observations: Seeing in the gamma-ray wavelengths
1546 views 3 likes
What is the Universe made of?
ESA's 'rapid reaction force'
ESA is hot on the trail of Geminga


text:
Richard Falco
Coordinator of Multimedia Journalism
State University at Stony Brook, B.A.
falcor@sacredheart.edu
Richard Falco is the President of Vision Project, an organization dedicated to the development of documentary photography, investigative journalism, film and education. For the past thirty years he has worked as a photographer, filmmaker, and journalist. As a photographer has had assignments on four continents in over thirty-five countries and has worked for many major magazines, including: Time, Newsweek, Geo, Life Magazine, New York Times, US News & World Report, to name a few.
In addition to teaching photography, photojournalism, journalism and multimedia at Sacred Heart in both the undergrad & graduate programs, Prof. Falco has taught at the New School for Social Research, SUNY, and the School of Visual Arts, and directs all of Vision Project's educational programming.
Mr. Falco has published 4 books: Medics: A Documentation of Paramedic in the Harlem Community, To Bear Witness/September 11, Hunger and Rice in Asia, and Witchcraft: Ancient Traditions Alive in Salem. He is the director of the films, Crossroads: Rural Health Care In America and Holding Back The Surge and the Executive Producer of the films, Dorothea's Tears: The State of Mental Health Care in America and Josie: A Story about Williams Syndrome. An award winner at the Society of Publication Designers, his work has been exhibited in New York and abroad. Exhibitions include: Corcoran Gallery, Washington, DC; Here is New York: International Center of Photography, NY; Nikon Galleries, Tokyo; New York Historical Society, NY, and others.
Another aspect of his work focuses on corporate/industrial photography and executive portraiture. He has worked for many international and national corporations such as: American Express, Bayer, Capital One, Chase Manhattan Bank, Citibank, Exxon, Ford, General Electric, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Intel, Lockheed Martin, Microsoft, Pfizer, Prudential Securities, Siemens Corporation, SONY, the World Health Organization, and Yale University .
Rick Falco The Photographic Image
Holding Back the Surge
To Bear Witness
Hunger and Rice
Project Music
Indonesian Dance


text:
Q: How to evaluate this sum $\sum_{k=1}^{n}{n \choose k}(-2)^k\cdot \frac{1-2^{-k}}{k}$ I would like to work out this integral
$$\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{\left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)^{2n+1}}\large\frac{dx}{1+x^2}$$
Let start with $x=\tan(u)$, $u=\arctan(u)$
$dx=\sec^2(u)du$
$$\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\frac{\sec^2(u)}{(1+\tan^2(u))\left[\sqrt{1+\tan^2(u)}+\tan(u)\right]^{2n+1}}du$$
trig identity: $1+\tan^2(x)=\sec^2(x)$
$$\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\frac{du}{[\tan(u)+\sec(u)]^{2n+1}}$$
notice that $$\frac{1}{(\tan(u)+\sec(u))^{2n+1}}=\cos(u)\frac{(\sin(u)-1)^{n}}{(\sin(u)+1)^{n+1}}$$
$$\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\cos(u)\frac{(\sin u-1)^{n}}{(\cos u+1)^{n+1}}du$$
We do another sub: $v=\sin(u)$, $du=\frac{1}{\cos v} dv$
$$\int_{0}^{1}\frac{(v-1)^{n}}{(v+1)^{n+1}}dv$$
We still can further simplify this integral by sub: $y=v+1$, $dv=dy$
$$\int_{1}^{2}\frac{(y-2)^n}{y^{n+1}}dy$$
Applying binomial theorem
$$\frac{(y-2)^n}{y^{n+1}}=\sum_{k=0}^{n}{n \choose k}(-2)^ky^{-1-k}$$
$$\sum_{k=0}^{n}{n\choose k}(-2)^k{\int_{1}^{2}y^{-1-k}dy}=\sum_{k=1}^{n}{n\choose k}(-2)^k{\int_{1}^{2}y^{-1-k}dy}+\int_{1}^{2}y^{-1}dy$$
$$\sum_{k=1}^{n}{n \choose k}(-2)^k\cdot \frac{1-2^{-k}}{k}+\ln 2$$
I am stuck with this sum. Evaluating sum it is something I find it quite difficult.
I was checking on Harmonic number I got part of the answer:
$$\sum_{k=1}^{n}{n \choose k}(-2)^k\cdot \frac{1-2^{-k}}{k}+\ln 2=\sum_{k=1}^{n}{n \choose k}\frac{(-2)^k}{k}-\sum_{k=1}^{n}{n \choose k}\frac{(-1)^k}{k}+\ln 2$$
$$\sum_{k=1}^{n}{n \choose k}\frac{(-2)^k}{k}+H_n+\ln 2$$

A: Through the substitution $x=\sinh t$ the original integral becomes
$$ \int_{0}^{+\infty}\frac{\cosh t}{1+\sinh^2 t}e^{-(2n+1) t}\,dt=\int_{0}^{+\infty}\frac{dt}{e^{(2n+1)t}\cosh t}\stackrel{t\mapsto \log u}{=}\int_{1}^{+\infty}\frac{2\,du}{u^{2n+1}(u^2+1)} $$
related to the Laplace transform of $\frac{1}{\cosh t}$. By letting $u\mapsto\frac{1}{v}$ we get
$$ \int_{0}^{1}\frac{2v}{v^2+1}\cdot v^{2n}\,dv = 2\int_{0}^{\pi/4}\left(\tan\theta\right)^{2n+1}\,d\theta=\int_{0}^{1}\frac{2v}{v^2+1}\left[(v^2+1)-1\right]^n\,dv$$
(so our function of $n$ is positive, decreasing and log-convex) or
$$ (-1)^n \log(2)+\sum_{k=1}^{n}\binom{n}{k}(-1)^{n-k}\int_{0}^{1}2v(v^2+1)^{k-1}\,dv $$
or
$$ (-1)^n \log(2)+(-1)^n \sum_{k=1}^{n}\binom{n}{k}(-1)^k \frac{2^k-1}{k} $$
which essentially is a binomial transform. Since $\frac{2^k-1}{k}=\int_{1}^{2}w^{k-1}\,dw$, the previous line equals
$$(-1)^n \log(2)+(-1)^n \int_{1}^{2}\frac{-1+(1-w)^n}{w}\,dw $$
or
$$ \frac{H_{n/2}-H_{(n-1)/2}}{2}=\frac{\psi((n+2)/2)-\psi((n+1)/2)}{2}=\sum_{m\geq 0}\frac{1}{(2m+n+1)(2m+n+2)} $$
or (assuming $n\in\mathbb{N}^+$)
$$ (-1)^n \sum_{k>n}\frac{(-1)^{k+1}}{k}. $$

A: Hint.
$$
(1-x)^n = \sum_{k=0}^{n}{n \choose k}(-1)^k x^k
$$
and
$$
\int (1-x)^n dx = \sum_{k=0}^{n}{n \choose k}(-1)^k \frac{x^{k+1}}{k+1}
$$

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The Tygart Valley Regional Jail - Tucker, located in the city of Belington, in Tucker County, West Virginia is a medium to maximum-security facility.
Correctional officers in Tygart Valley Regional Jail - Tucker are armed with mace and trained to use physical force to protect themselves, visitors and inmates from violence.
All of the men and women being held in the Tygart Valley Regional Jail - Tucker are either awaiting trial or have been sentenced in the Tucker County Court System and been sentenced to one year or less.
The Tygart Valley Regional Jail - Tucker also houses inmates arrested by this county's municipal police departments.
This facility, known as "Tygart Valley Regional Jail - Tucker" is also known as West Virginia Regional State Jail, Tygart Valley Regional Jail - Tucker , Tygart Valley Regional Jail - Tucker , West Virginia, Tucker.


Oliver Knussen and Maurice Sendak.
In Oliver Knussen's 60th birthday year this new multimedia performance brings to life the beloved and iconic illustrations by Maurice Sendak, mixing live performance with interactive projection.
Directed, designed and with video design by Netia Jones, accompanied by the Britten Sinfonia conducted by Ryan Wigglesworth, the cast includes Claire Booth, Susan Bickley, Graeme Danby, Christopher Lemmings, Graeme Broadbent, Lucy Schaufer, Jonathan Gunthorpe and Susannah Andersson.
With love, and thanks, to Maurice Sendak. This performance would not have been possible without his support, generosity and collaboration.


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Small colourful, shaped kite in postcard size with line and two tails.And YES. IT REALLY DOES FLY.The original paper tis..


What Skills & Certifications Should You Acquire a Financial Degree?
What Skills and Certifications Should You Acquire to Make a Financial Degree More Marketable After Your Graduation?
Immediately after graduation, the accounting and finance certifications are validations of your skill set and a big leap towards your career goals. Continued learning is also essential to ensure you stay abreast of the latest best practices, techniques, technological advancements and market trends. Here are some of the best certifications in accounting.
Depending on your career plan, resources, specialization choices, and eligibility here you can choose your certification. These have different prerequisites in terms of educational background, experience, and examinations taken to be finally added on to your resume.
All of them provide you with a well-defined skill set meant to ensure you are industry ready and have the required skill sets.
Take a look at these three corporate accounting certifications oriented to give your resume and career a boost.
• Certified Management Accountant sponsored by IMA.
For a career as a financial analyst, these five certifications are globally recognized for financial and banking services.
• Certified Internal Auditor validated by IIA for managers and audit experts.
These two certifications are for accountants with IT careers.
Growth opportunities abound with the scaling up of certification. The process of certification allows you to touch base with new developments and revises what you have not practised on for ages.
Certification may not give you a salary advantage. It can keep you in the race and increase possibilities for you.
Certification is no guarantee of a job. It cannot guarantee you have the skills required for the job on hand.
Certification is not the criteria of selection. Skill is when it comes to the final assessment. Performance is the only consideration.
If you have the inclination towards a career in the financial field, then a financial analyst certified course is a good choice for you.


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text:
Tylopilus P. Karst. (goryczak) – rodzaj grzybów z rodziny borowikowatych (Boletaceae). W Polsce występuje 1 gatunek, a na świecie około 130 gatunków o potwierdzonym statusie.

Systematyka i nazewnictwo
Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Tylopilus, Boletaceae, Boletales, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi.

Synonimy naukowe: Leucogyroporus Snell, Phaeoporus Bataille, Porphyrellus E.-J. Gilbert, Rhodobolites Beck, Rhodoporus Quél. ex Bataille.

Polską nazwę podał Krzysztof Kluk, do piśmiennictwa mykologicznego wprowadził F. Błoński w 1888 r.

Charakterystyka
Grzyby kapeluszowe o dużych lub średnich owocnikach. Kapelusz matowy, w czasie wilgotnej pogody lepki. Rurki oraz pory po uszkodzeniu zmieniają kolor na szaroróżowawy.

Niektóre gatunki
 Tylopilus balloui (Peck) Singer 1947
 Tylopilus brunneus (McNabb) Wolfe 1980
 Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst. 1881 – goryczak żółciowy
 Tylopilus formosus G. Stev. 1962
 Tylopilus nigricans (Pat. & C.F. Baker) Singer 1947

Nazwy naukowe na podstawie Index Fungorum. Obejmuje on wszystkie gatunki występujące w Polsce i niektóre inne. Uwzględniono tylko gatunki zweryfikowane o potwierdzonym statusie. Nazwy polskie według Władysława Wojewody.

Przypisy

Borowikowate

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Most of us when we get loaded down with work or start coming up against a deadline typically hunker down and work non-stop, until we get the work accomplished. And like myself, I imagine many of you find that the tasks took longer than you thought and you feel completely drained at the end of the accomplishment. If we would all just listen to our bodies own natural regulatory signals, we would be better off.
When you need a break, your body sends you clear signals, including fidgetiness, hunger, drowsiness and loss of focus. But if you're like most people, you override them. Instead, most of us find artificial ways to pump up our energy: caffeine, foods high in sugar and simple carbohydrates, and your body's own stress hormones - adrenalin, noradrenalin and cortisol.
Relying on these hormones for energy prompts the state we all know as "fight or flight." It's great for escaping danger, and terrible for long term performance. In fight or flight, people become less capable of thinking clearly and reflectively, more emotionally volatile, and burn down their energy at a rapid rate.
The counterintuitive secret to great, sustainable performance is to work like a sprinter. What I mean by that is, working with high intensity, uninterrupted focus, for periods no longer than 90 minutes, and then taking a break to renew and refuel.
It can be a challenge if not impossible for most people in most companies to work in a series of uninterrupted sprints, so let me challenge you instead to try a smaller experiment.
For the next week, take on your most challenging task first thing in the morning, for 60 to 90 minutes, uninterrupted. Then take a break. You'll be amazed at how much your capacity to get things does increases and feel better at the end of the day as well..
Do you have any tips for increasing your capacity without increasing your time at work?


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text:
Are we on for another bull run - Budatha
Home » Business » Are we on for another bull run
Are we on for another bull run
Posted in Business By admin On March 9, 2015
The FTSE 100 is rallying. Patrick Collinson asks if this is the start of a bull run, or is a bear market lurking with intent
As recently as 10 July, the FTSE 100 share index was languishing at 4,127, trading volumes were at record lows and there was a widespread feeling that the first green shoots had withered. Since then it has topped 4,600 and sales of investment funds to small investors have taken off. The Investment Management Association says net retail sales in June rocketed to £2.5bn, from £128m in the same month last year, while investment Isa sales hit a six-year high.
An investor confidence report published today by Lloyds TSB says "the tide is turning" and that inflows from its private banking clients into shares have risen for the first time.So is this the start of a bull run, or is it no more than a "sucker's rally"?
The bull case
Ted Scott, equity strategy chief at F&C which runs around £100bn in assets, believes the UK's economic recovery will be slow and fragile. But the price-earnings ratio of shares – a key measure of value – is 13.5, which assumes a 20% recovery in profits in 2010. That, he says, looks cheap against a long-term trading range of between 12.5 and 18. "If this is the first leg of a bull market, it will become apparent that we are past the worst. By the time it is obvious, the market will be a lot higher," he says.
Jeremy Smith, manager of Neptune UK Equity, is also confident about a recovery in share prices rather than the UK economy. He is convinced the next great investment story is the Chinese consumer, and that the beneficiaries will not only be global stocks such as oil and mining conglomerates – which loom large in the FTSE 100 – but also consumer brand companies such as British American Tobacco and Unilever.
At Fidelity, where Tom Ewing runs the £400m UK Growth trust, there is more gloom about Britain's economic prospects. But a third of the profits of FTSE 100 companies are made overseas and Ewing has high hopes for Chinese demand for products made by UK-listed companies, such as drinks group Diageo. He's just back from a trip to Shenyang, a city north-east of Beijing, where two private housing developments are going up with a total floor space greater than London's Canary Wharf.
"It can seem bleak here, but there is a lot to be optimistic about. The news from China is unambiguously positive. And don't think you have 'missed it' because the FTSE has risen; it has only retraced part of the 40% fall it suffered last year," he says.
The bear case
Our favourite doomster, David Kauders of Kauders Portfolio Management, was a lone voice warning the colossal build-up of consumer and bank debt would bring disaster. Today he's no less pessimistic.
"It's perfectly normal for stockmarkets to rally for long periods in a bear market," he says. "The rally rarely retraces all the lost ground, while the downturns are steep and sudden." He says there will be no real recovery while households and companies are repaying more debt than they are borrowing. "The idea that there is a new bull market is fanciful."
Many big City investors think the recent rally will soon run out of steam. Barclays says equities are close to fair value with "choppier seas" ahead.
Bob Doll, chief investment officer for global equities at BlackRock, which runs $1.4tn (£854bn) in equities, says: "Investors are still cautious, evidenced by the amount of cash on the sidelines. And while second-quarter earnings reports are positive, they are largely the result of aggressive cost-cutting."
He says markets could be unnerved by worse-than-expected inflation data or a slide in consumer spending once fiscal stimulus programmes dry up.
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Points That Every Business Should Know About Merchant Cash Advance
New Internet Marketing Business
Internet Business Training is Often Neglected


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text:
Q: Adding Jest to vanilla JS (depends on JQuery and other vanilla js) I'm trying to set up jest testing for a huge legacy vanilla js files that is consantly calling global variables as well as JQuery. All those dependencies are not imported, they are added to the HTML via <script> tags. Obviously, on a basic Jest set up, when I run the code that tests a specific file, all I see are error messages of "xxx is undefined".
I have tried the following but have come up short:
fileToTest.js
SomeGlobalVariable.hello();

AMillIoinOtherCallsToGlobalStuff.hey().whatsup();

$(document).ready(() => {
    AnotherMillionCallsToGlobalStuff();
});

function theOneIWantToTest(){
    const a = Big("0"); // When running the test file, jest can't see Big.js library
    return false;
}

module.exports = {
    theOneIWantToTest
};

fileToTest.test.js
    const viewOrder = require('../js/fileToTest');

    describe("fileToTest.js", () => {

        describe("theOneIWantToTest", () => {
            it("return true", () => {

  expect(theOneIWantToTest()).toBeFalsy();
            })
        });
    });

What have I tried to achieve this? Well:
jestSetUpFiles.js
Defined all global variables here and mocked functions.
jest.config.js
Trie to add here all the scripts that are appended via
const config = {
    setupFiles: [
        "./node_modules/big.js/big.js",
        "./frontend/js/jquery-1.9.1",
        "./frontend/js/jquery-ui.js",
        "./frontend/js/jquery.dialogify.js",
        "./frontend/js/tappy.js",
        "./jestSetUpFiles"
    ],
    testEnvironment: "jsdom"
};

module.exports = config;

I tried to add Big.js which is a library that theOneIWantToTest uses directly in the code, but it didn't work. When I try to run the test, it complains it can't find Big. So I tried loading it direclty on jestSetUpFiles, such that:
/*
* Loading non mocked libraries because jestSetUpFiles did not work
* */
const Big = require("./node_modules/big.js/big.js");

But obviously that doesn't work, because then the code would have to access it such that Big.Big().
Not sure what else to try. Any ideas?


text:
Q: Calling Protected constructors of a class in c#
Possible Duplicate:
How to call protected constructor in c#?

I searched for a solution of my problem.
Actually I don't know if it is possible or not. Please help me.
namespace namespace1
{
    namespace namespace1a
    {
        public class classa
        {
            protected classa(string i) //protected constructor
            {
                //Do something
            }
            public classa() //public constructor
            {
                //Do something
            }

        }
    }

    namespace namespace1b
    {
        public class classb
        {
            classa i = new classa(); // calls public constructor of classa

            classa j = new classa("hi"); //Invalid. How to call the protected constructor of classa
        }
    }
}

I want to call the protected constructor of "classa" from "classb", How to do that? Please help me.

A: If

*

*classa and classb are in the same assembly

*You are authoring both class

*You are trying to protect classa's constructor.

then you can declare the constructor as protected internal instead.

A: You can use reflection to get a reference to the constructor you want to invoke from the type's metadata:
var ctor = typeof(classa).GetConstructor(BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance, null, new[] { typeof(string) }, null);

Once you have a reference to the constructor you can invoke it, passing in the arguments you want to give the constructor as an array of objects:
var instance = (classa)ctor.Invoke(new object[] { "Chicken butt" });

That being said, the constructor is probably protected for a reason and using reflection to circumvent encapsulation of a type's members is generally not a good idea.

A: A safe way to do this would be to add a proxy class that inherits from classb with a public constructor taking a string.  The protected contract is well-defined.
class bproxy : classb
{
     public bproxy(string x) : base(x) {...}
}

An alternative is to use reflection.  Quite honestly I don't recommend doing this because when an author sets a constructor as protected, it's intended to only be used by itself and derived classes.  You are also tightly coupled to a "contract" that is not explicitly defined.
That being said, this should work for you though it will break as soon as the author changes the non-guaranteed part of the contract (USE AT YOUR OWN RISK):
var constructor = typeof(classa).GetConstructors(BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
var b = constructor.First().Invoke(new object[] {"hi"});

A: It is not possible unless classb derives from classa. Protected makes the constructor visible only to the class itself and every class that derives from classa.
Take a look here: Protected C#

A: Your question is a duplicate of this one.

except for deriving from classa, reflection is a usefull option (by quering the constructors of the tpye, and then running the suitable one, as explained in one of the answers in the link provided)


text:
'Facing Stigma' with Evan Van Nostrand
"I was born in South Korea, and at 10 months old I was put up for adoption. I was adopted by my parents, and had a great childhood growing up in Long Island, NY. Then September 11th happened when I was 14 years old, and a lot of us on the Island were impacted. On my way back from school that day, my dad met me at the bus stop very emotional and out of character. I'll never forget him telling me that my mother and little sister were in lower manhattan that morning, and he had yet to hear from them. When they finally arrived home later that night, I remember us all hugging in the driveway, and I had this thought in the back of my head that I never wanted myself or anybody else to experience anything like that again. At that point I knew I wanted to join the military at 14 years old. I also felt very grateful for the opportunity I was given to grow up here in the United States, so I always had this debt of gratitude to join the military and serve the country that afforded me that opportunity. When I was a senior I had to force my mom to sign the papers because I was only 17. I graduated high school June 26th, and on June 27th I was on a plane to Parris Island for Marine boot camp. I was eventually assigned to my infantry unit at Camp Lejeune to the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines. I showed up there in January of 2006, and then got deployed to Iraq in July of that same year. We were stationed in Habbaniyah, Iraq between Fallujah and Ramadi. Marine forces had just cleared out Fallujah and Ramadi, and pushed the remaining forces right into Habbaniyah. Our unit was tasked with cleaning up the remnants of those forces who had fled from those locations. That first deployment I was hit by four roadside bombs in five weeks. I had a lot of brain damage and lower back problems after going through that, but I was fortunate enough to be awarded 2 purple hearts on two separate occasions. I didn't start dealing with any issues until later on in my career, but a lot of that centered around the fact that I never addressed them earlier.
I eventually deployed again, and overall I did four deployments in five years. The last of which was to Marjah, Afghanistan the birth place of the Taliban. I lost some good friends on that deployment, and at that point I think it just became too much. When I came home from that deployment I knew I wasn't right. I tried to put myself on another deployment back to Afghanistan, but my Sergeant Major refused and put me on limited duty. I got put on a medical evaluation board shortly after, and was found unfit for duty and recommended for medical retirement. I was medically retired on September 11th of 2012. When I got out of the military it was tough because I wanted to be a Marine for life. I was looking for jobs after that, but everywhere I went they were requiring a college degree. Around that same time, my friend invited me to a University of Alabama football game to help cheer me up. A lot of people at the game were thanking me for my service and asking me what it was like over there, and it really made me feel good about my service. I started school at the University of Alabama in January of 2013, and my first few months there I got the pat on the back and thank you for your service all the time. It makes you feel good and you don't think about all the negativity or bad things that happened. Once that started wearing off, I started to notice that it was hard for me to relate to these kids that were so much younger. I found myself lost in a city where I didn't truly know anybody, and drinking or using illicit substances every night. I started thinking about what I had lost in the Marines, and shortly after found myself with these suicidal ideations. I was twenty pounds lighter than I was in the military from all of the drugs and alcohol. I went back to school after Christmas break, and tried to make it through what was my third semester. However, I returned home from a bender one night and put out a few texts stating I needed help. I was literally about to take my own life, when one of my Marine friends busted through the door to stop me from doing it.
I finally called the hotline and they brought me to the VA, where I did a 45 day inpatient stay at the hospital in Tuscaloosa. I got clean during that time, and had the opportunity to deal with my PTSD symptoms and survivors guilt. I was doing a lot of group counseling and cognitive processing therapy while I was there. I started feeling better, but after being released I still wasn't quite sure where to go from there. I still had three years of undergrad to go after my release, and it wasn't until my last year that I finally started to get my life turned around. I had a friend who wanted to know how I felt about being a volunteer strength coach for the Alabama football team. He thought I'd be a good candidate based off my military background, so I came and volunteered for a year. I hid everything I had gone through from everybody up to that point, except my friend and our head strength coach. Finding a purpose and getting this job is what saved my life. Having an affect on young men, and helping them to transform has been an awesome experience. Being around these football players everyday, and getting to do what I do is everything. It reminds me that I went through all that stuff for a reason. I wouldn't be able to teach these guys about perseverance or fighting if I didn't go through the stuff I went through. After winning the National Championship last year, I remember sitting in the locker room with my head in my hands, and just being in utter disbelief at how I got to this point. When I talk to people about my experiences, I always make sure to touch on the stigma surrounding the military mindset. A lot of guys have a hard time letting the military go, and they let that define them. The military defines your background, but it doesn't define your future. I'm fortunate to have been able to adapt, and find who I wanted to be outside of the military."
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I thoroughly enjoyed reading "Should Writers Use They Own English" by Vershawn Ashanti Young. Coming from a Lebanese household, I resonated…
Walking a long road
While I am walking through a shitty part of town, I must remember to differentiate where I am from who I am.
Even when you're at your worst.


text:
http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Fridge/AmericanBeauty
Fridge / American Beauty
Create New - Create New - Analysis FanficRecs FanWorks Haiku ImageLinks PlayingWith Quotes Recap Synopsis Timeline
Fridge Brilliance
Lester Burnham = Humbert Learns.
The beer scene. Lester and Carolyn make out in the living room, but before it progresses to sex, he almost spills his beer and she stops everything to chide him for it, and he utterly blows up at her for being so materialistic. Needless to say, the mood is killed. The fact that neither of them could just set the beer aside and go back to making love neatly spelled out everything wrong with their marriage.
At the end of the film, Carolyn was coming home with the absolute intention of murdering Lester. However, upon arriving home, she found him already dead in the same manner she had intended to kill him. In that moment, she realized the difference between the satisfying, cathartic revenge and subsequent freedom she had been imagining and the reality: that a man she had once loved, and still cared for, had had his life taken away and that she would never have the chance to reconcile or repair anything. This is why she ends up wailing on the floor, clutching her husband's shirts. Perhaps if it had come down to it, Carolyn would have realized this on her own and stopped herself from killing him...but before she could have that revelation, someone took it from her. In short, Carolyn's moment of discovering her husband's body was her more brutal, violent version of the revelation Lester had in the kitchen when he realized that Angela was a vulnerable young girl and that he was on the verge of doing something terrible that he could never take back. Lester needed only to imagine how terrible it would be to take advantage of Angela in order to stop himself. Carolyn never had the chance to stop it but must live with the consequences anyway.
Fridge Horror
Assuming, of course, Frank gets caught, but if he ever did, what would happen to Barbara? The woman is a shell, incapable of any thought for herself, if Frank ever left, since Ricky was booted...what would happen to her?
There is bound to be a large police investigation, and it won't take long for them to find the video of Jane and Ricky discussing killing Lester - such an incriminating tape could so easily be used against them as evidence and in the original script, it was probably the tape that sealed their conviction - the camera was turned off before they confirmed to each other that they were joking. They will probably also find Ricky's stash of cannabis, which will work against him too. Their only hope is if Frank owns up or they find his bloodied shirt - both unlikely (the latter is easily disposed of).
I doubt she was like that before the marriage. It takes a lot of effort, but even women who have been brutally abused (as is implied to have happened with Barbara) can make a recovery from the harm done to them. She'll undoubtedly have trauma issues for the rest of her life, but she's not irrecoverable.
It is highly likely that, if Frank were to get caught and hauled off, his wife would "come out of her shell", with the lack of the constantly dominant and likely oppressing presence of his. It might take time, but she'd turn out okay.
Almost all of the rest of the cast have a reason to have committed Lester's murder and all of their dirty laundry is going to come out in the ensuing criminal investigation.
On first sight years ago it seemed that the reason Frank did it was either because he was rejected or that he still believed Lester was gay and had hurt Ricky, just liked younger boys. Just realized it was because he couldn't let Lester live after the kiss, because it meant that someone knew Frank was closeted.


text:
Department of Organizational Psychology
Study in the Department of Organizational Psychology
Birkbeck's Department of Organizational Psychology is the longest-established department of its kind in the UK and a leading provider of education in organizational psychology and related fields. We pride ourselves on our inclusive, critical and flexible approach.
Our academics are active field researchers with expertise highly relevant to our current rapidly changing organisational environments. Examples are worklife balance, diversity and inclusion, wellbeing at work and decision-making.
We offer a range of programmes designed to equip students to make a positive difference to organisations and their people and we welcome students from diverse backgrounds and educational experiences to join and enrich our community.
Why study here?
Find out why people choose to study organizational psychology at Birkbeck.
Our postgraduate programmes
We specialise in postgraduate education designed to make a difference to the world of work.
BSc Business Psychology
Discover our flagship undergraduate course, which can be studied full-time or part-time.
Full programme list
View a full list of all the programmes that we offer at undergraduate, postgraduate and MPhil/PhD levels.
Find out how to apply for any of our courses, including details about work experience, personal statements and supporting documents.
Our MPhil/PhD programmes train you to conduct research of a high academic standard and to make original contributions to the subject. The major component is the preparation of a substantial research thesis.
We offer online experience and taster days and a virtual tour, so you can get to know Birkbeck and its staff remotely.
Contact our staff if you require specific course advice not available on our pages, or if you wish to contact possible PhD supervisors.
If you're an international student wishing to study at Birkbeck, find out about our entry requirements, English language ability and how to apply.
Birkbeck offers a range of services to current students, including disability support, financial support and academic support.
Find out how the academic calendar at Birkbeck works.
Ten reasons to choose Birkbeck
Discover the benefits of studying with us.
Study Organizational Psychology at Birkbeck
Meet our Head of Department, Professor Almuth McDowall, who shares the history and ethos of the Department of Organizational Psychology.
View a list of all our courses


It is important that your personal or business laptop remain functional and efficient and Binovia works to ensure that the technology you currently have continues to function properly. We offer laptop computer repair services at our computer repair locations in Omaha, Chino and throughout the country. Our superior customer support will reassure you that Binovia technicians will have your laptop repaired and running quickly. To ensure that your irreplaceable data is not lost, make sure to look at our offsite data backup services.


1.4 The figure 1.4 shows a simplified version of a car or motorcycle suspension system. The input $u$ is the displacement of the road with respect to a reference (you may say unevenness of the road) and $y$ is the displacement of the body of the car. Obtain the transfer function $Y(s)/U(s)$ of the system.
1.5 The figure 1.5 shows a inverted pendulum system. Assume that the mass of the inverted pendulum is $m$ and is evenly distributed along the length of the rod. Input of the system is $u$ and output is $\theta$. Assuming that the angle $\theta$ is small, derive mathematical models of the system in the forms of differential equations, transfer functions, and state-space equations.
1.6 Obtain a state-space representation of the mechanical system shown in figure 1.6, where $u_1$ and $u_2$ are the inputs and $y_1$ and $y_2$ are the outputs.


Look at those long legs! I should be napping right now, since you are… But I had to take ten minutes to write to you. Today was a big day little guy – you now have a real belly button! While changing your diaper this morning, I discovered the rest of your umbilical cord had fallen away. What a beautiful belly button! We sent grandma a photo to show off your little belly.
Your daddy and I have had quite the week – somehow we both got very sick, but you, little guy, you stayed 100%! the pediatrician says breastfeeding helps keep you well. Good thing you love to nurse.
You also got your first real bath today! No more sponge baths for you! Your daddy and I loved how happy and calm you were in the water (in our kitchen sink!) one day you'll be amazed that you ever fit in there.
I'm so proud of you bman. Youre beginning to lift your head on your own and discovering that you can roll onto your side – you even scooted all the way up your daddy's chest on your own today.
Were settling into a night time routine too – we facetime with Grandma and grandpa, give you a bath, then read a book, then you nurse while we listen to lullabies and then we go to sleep. Only normally you don't fall asleep right away and want to play for the next two hours. That's okay, were still learning.
I love you bman. And even though this has been a rough week while your mom and dad try to get well, we've so loved spending time with you – just watching you grow and loving all over you.
Tonight your Uncle Brett and Aunt Taylor come to visit! And Sunday your Aunt Gina will be here to hang out and capture photos of you. A big week ahead!


text:
eHDF Builds Microsoft Cloud Competency Through LiveRoute Acquisition
Monday, 6 August 2018 Press Release ehdf
eHosting DataFort (eHDF), the region's leading Cloud Infrastructure, Managed Hosting and Security Services Provider, today announced that it has acquired LiveRoute, a leading Cloud Solutions Provider in the Middle East. This acquisition is aligned with eHDF's strategy to accelerate the growth of its Cloud business and strengthen its portfolio by including LiveRoute's Public Cloud offerings based on Microsoft Azure, Office 365 and Microsoft SharePoint. The strategic acquisition will also allow eHDF to provide managed services to customers having distributed workloads which could be hosted either On-premise, Public Cloud hosted internationally or on a locally hosted Data Centre within the UAE.
LiveRoute, established in 2008, has grown significantly over the last decade with an impressive list of customers from different industry verticals. As a Microsoft Gold partner, LiveRoute provides customers consultancy, design, Cloud deployment, migration and support services to transition them smoothly to the Cloud. Apart from providing Office 365 and SharePoint, the company expanded its services to include Microsoft Azure as well in 2017.
"By acquiring LiveRoute, eHDF will gain access to key end-users who are making progress in their Cloud journeys and focusing on Microsoft application workloads. LiveRoute, on the other hand, will gain access to key infrastructure services offered by eHDF, such as Hosting, Managed Security Services, Disaster Recovery, amongst others," said Yasser Zeineldin, CEO of eHosting DataFort and General Manager of LiveRoute.
"This well-timed and strategic acquisition of LiveRoute, complements both our business models with respect to Public Cloud and Microsoft application workloads. eHDF's investment in compute infrastructure and footprint of top-tier Data Center facilities in the country will enable LiveRoute's client base the option of using Managed Hosting, Private and Hybrid Cloud services. With this acquisition, eHDF will continue to expand its Public Cloud portfolio and will be better positioned to help regional enterprises invest in digital platforms and new business models," Mr. Zeineldin added.
According to Gartner, spending on Public Cloud services in the Middle East and North Africa region is expected to reach $2 billion by 2020. Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) will exhibit the highest growth rate. The growth in PaaS and SaaS are indicators that migration of application and workloads from on-premises data centers to the Cloud, as well as development of Cloud ready and Cloud native applications, are fueling growth in this space. Software vendors will continue to shift investments from on-premises license-based software to Cloud-based offerings.
LiveRoute will continue to operate as an independent legal entity. This acquisition will open new doors for both LiveRoute and eHDF, wherein they will be able to cross-sell Cloud services to their customers. For eHDF, the acquisition is the latest step in the company's efforts to expand beyond its core Cloud Infrastructure Services.
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eHosting DataFort Pre-empts Increasing Data Centre Needs; Invests AED 20 Million in UpgradeseHosting DataFort Makes Strong Inroads in Security Management With its New Cyber Defense CentreeHosting DataFort to Showcase Enhanced Cloud Infrastructure Services at Cloud MENA 2017eHosting DataFort Achieves The Acclaimed PCI-DSS CertificationeHosting DataFort and Symantec Host an Exclusive Seminar on Cyber Security


text:
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;

internal static partial class Interop
{
    internal static partial class SspiCli
    {
        [DllImport(Interop.Libraries.SspiCli, SetLastError = true)]
        internal static extern int LsaGetLogonSessionData(ref LUID LogonId, out SafeLsaReturnBufferHandle ppLogonSessionData);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub