text:
Join Team MSWA
Join our team of challenge fundraisers, sign up to an event with us, and raise money to support Western Australians living with all neurological conditions.
Our number one priority here at MSWA is the health and safety of our community – that's our staff, our volunteers and our loyal MSWA supporters.
We ask for your patience and understanding as we navigate through this difficult and unknown period. We trust that as a valued member of our MSWA community, you will support the additional measures taken to ensure the health and safety of everyone involved in our events.
You'll get an exclusive t-shirt to wear for your event once you've kick-started your fundraising, plus all the support and advice you need to complete your challenge AND smash your fundraising goal!
Great! Please share a few details with us here.
By clicking NEXT, you agree to send your info to Team MSWA who agree to use it according to our privacy policy. View our Privacy Policy.
The money you raise as part of Team MSWA will help support people living with over 30 neurological conditions in Western Australia. This includes people living with multiple sclerosis, Stroke, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Motor Neurone Disease and acquired Brain Injury, to name a few.
We provide direct care
Our team of experienced nursing and allied health professionals provide information and a range of services and support for people living with MS and all neurological conditions. These services include nursing, physiotherapy, counselling, occupational therapy, in-home supports and a lot more.
We support vital research
We provide funding for important research projects, to find the cause, better treatments and a cure for multiple sclerosis and all neurological conditions.
We're growing our locations
MSWA has some great expansion plans designed to bring us closer to our community, and grow our services and sites to better meet the needs of Members and Clients. Our rapid growth, paired with our ambition to be the convenient 'one-stop shop' has allowed us to build new facilities across Western Australia, including our $1.5 million MSWA Bunbury Community and Health Services Centre in the South West and our $8 million MSWA Butler Supported Accommodation and Services Facility in the northern suburbs.
"MSWA has given me my life back"
After suffering a stroke in 2009, Lyndee was living in a nursing home before moving to one of MSWA's high support facilities in Fern River. She's now among people of her own age, and receiving the support she needs to participate in activities with her loved ones – including her adored granddaughter, Lyric.
"MSWA was a godsend. The care and support I get here is just amazing. Working with the physiotherapist has helped to get some movement back in my left side, which helped with my talking, which is good because I'm a bit of a social butterfly!"
-Lyndee Aspey, MSWA Client
Watch more of Lyndee's story
What you'll get from us
As a member of Team MSWA, we'll be with you every step of the way to make sure your whole event experience runs smoothly. We'll provide you with:
An exclusive team t-shirt*
Support for your training
Fundraising advice and tips to help you hit your targets
Money-can't-buy rewards – a team tote bag, a water bottle and a cap – to help keep you motivated
*To be eligible for a t-shirt, we're asking you to raise $25 via your individual fundraising page
MSWA Albany Ride – Powered by RetraVision
MSWA are very, very excited to announce that our annual MSWA Albany Ride – Powered by RetraVision will be taking place on Saturday, 13 March 2021. So, mark the date in your calendar now!
Containers for Change
MSWA would love your support – when recycling and returning your containers. Be the Change, and support MSWA, whilst supporting the environment.
MSWA Albany Swim
MSWA are very excited to announce that our annual MSWA Albany Swim will be taking place on Saturday, 15 May 2021. So, mark the date in your calendar now!
© 2019 MSWA. All rights reserved.
You can contact the MSWA Events Team at:
Email: events@mswa.org.au


text:
'This is my boyfriend' – 5-year-old falls in love with Hercules
Alexander first realized he was gay at 5 years old thanks to a Hercules pillow set, a secret comfort he could turn to when he couldn't explain himself to his friends at school. The pillow was his "boyfriend," he says, and made the perfect companion.
By Nathan Manske Sunday, February 8, 2015
Alexander Zuccaro
Alexander Zuccaro of Tom's River, N.J., says he never really fit in on the playground. Describing himself as artistic, he says he wasn't that interested in playing sports with the boys but didn't really want to hang out with the girls either.
He recalls:
I can remember growing up always feeling strange, odd, and different, not just for being gay but being artistic as well. I never really hung out with the boys who wanted to play sports, but I didn't really want to hang out with the girls either on the swing sets. I wanted to do my own thing.
Alexander first realized he was gay at 5-years-old thanks to a Hercules pillow set, a secret comfort he could turn to when he couldn't explain himself to his friends at school. The pillow was his "boyfriend," he says, and made the perfect companion:
I remember Hercules was on my pillowcase, and I remember thinking to myself, "This is my boyfriend." And as a 5-year-old, I was making out with it. I was kissing it and holding it and thinking, "Oh, my God, my boyfriend is here with me."
By kissing my pillowcase, he couldn't talk back to me; he couldn't make fun of me or ridicule me or tell me I was wrong. It was something that was just natural, and I could just do without any problem.
This is Alexander's true LGBTQ story:
"I'm from Driftwood," a collection of "lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer stories from all over the world," appears weekends on LGBTQ Nation. For more true LGBT stories, or to share your own, visit "I'm from Driftwood."
[driftwood]
I'm From Driftwood
Lesbian couple gunned down by obsessed U.S. Coast Guard co-worker
Out singer, songwriter Sam Smith is king of the Grammys, wins 'Best New Artist'
Go for a virtual walk through the colorful Cinque Terre — that string of five charming villages along the north Italian coast.
We scoured two animal-obsessed Insta reels for the most utterly heartwarming moments.
This trans "seahorse dad" is ignoring haters to share his experiences of pregnancy & chestfeeding
Tanius Posey said some negative comments have come from trans people who think he's making them "look bad."
Almost all older LGBTQ+ Americans got vaccinated for COVID. Why?
What spurred so many queer folks to get the vaccine?
Get ready to have your heart broken by out director Lukas Dhont's "Close"
Critics are calling the Oscar-nominated film "elegant" and "drenchingly sad."
Sam Smith says they were "spat at" on the street for being non-binary
Sam Smith said they can't imagine how hard it is for trans youth based on their own experiences.
Trans model Laith Ashley co-stars as Taylor Swift's love interest in new music video
The video has been hailed as "a big moment for representation."
PHOTOS: Meet the gay men surviving in war-torn Ukraine
One of the first men I met in Ukraine was Sasha.
Fans are going nuts for Doja Cat's drag king-esque look
The rapper has repeatedly wowed fans with her campy, over-the-top Paris Fashion Week style.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
GRATA International Publications Risks associated with failure to comply with measures taken to combat the epidemic in the Russian Federation
Risks associated with failure to comply with measures taken to combat the epidemic in the Russian Federation
February and March of the calendar year are the months in which a large number of people plan their dream vacations. However, the coronavirus infection, that has seized the world in 2020, and the mainstream panic made the actions and behaviour of people still planning to travel abroad during this dangerous period highly uncertain.
The first phase of COVID-19 distribution was in February. Then all the doctors' recommendations for citizens of the Russian Federation served as guidelines, and many people were indifferent to those precautions. People relied on their strong immunity and went on holidays.
The second phase of the COVID-19 distribution coincided in time with the decree of Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin dated 5 March 2020 No 12-UM, in accordance with which citizens arriving from coronavirus insecure countries, such as China, South Korea, Italy, Iran, France, Germany and Spain shall comply with the isolation regime at home. Other constituent territories of the Russian Federation supported the practice, and on 13 March 2020, a similar government decree No 121 was adopted in St. Petersburg.
Until 18 March 2020, it had not been quite clear regarding those tourists who had arrived from countries not listed as 'dangerous'. Due to the gradually increasing panic around the world and the increase in the number of infected persons, the regulation of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated 18 March 2020 No 7 established the mandatory isolation of persons arriving from abroad. Within 14 days, these persons are also obliged to inform via hotline about their travelling outside the Russian Federation.
For failure to comply with the mandatory isolation, you may also be held liable. After calling a doctor at home and receiving a certificate of incapacity for work during a 14-day quarantine, the person signs documents on liability for violation of the quarantine.
GRATA International St. Petersburg
office.spb@gratanet.com


'Wear your heart on your tee' with our RBG unisex adult hoodie. All of our art is unique and hand-drawn with meticulous detail, and you won't find it elsewhere. 10% of profit goes to charity - for this design that is the ACLU Women's Rights Project, founded by RBG. ge.


Are you actively involved in the day-to-day operations of your business?
Do you desire a proactive forward-thinking professional helping you grow your business?
Are you comfortable with technology? Mobile, email, internet, document scanning, cloud-based environment?
Do you typically respond in a timely manner to requests from your accountant?
Do you use, or are you willing to use, QuickBooks for your accounting and bookkeeping?
If you think we may a good fit for you, let's talk! We offer a free 30 minute consultation.


Is Ridesharing Paving a New Road for Millennials?
Your days of waiting on a cab are in the past. The future is in ridesharing… a not-so new trend that has recently increased in popularity and allows users to request a car service from their smartphones as needed. Companies pioneering this industry include Uber, Lyft, Zipcar, Zimride and Get Around. While each operate under the ride-sharing umbrella, they have differences that make them distinct.
Uber is a luxury ride-sharing service that makes getting around easy for its users by being "cashless and convenient." Similar to a chauffeur service, Uber allows users to ride in vehicles ranging from a yellow cab to a BMW or Mercedes. Once you download the Uber app and become a registered user by inputting personal information, including your credit card information, your ridesharing experience becomes as simple as tapping "request a ride." From there you'll see available drivers in your area. Choose one and within seconds you'll have your driver's name, number and estimated time of arrival. You'll be notified when your driver arrives. After that, enjoy the ride to your destination without the hassle of counting exact change or fumbling through your wallet for a debit card, as all charges have automatically been billed to your existing Uber account. Since users have already inputed their payment information, there is no need to confirm payment, and tips are included in your fare.
Similar to Uber, but more casual is Lyft—easily recognizable by the signature pink mustache on the front bumper of all of its vehicles. Lyft is another ridesharing service that allows you to easily request rides after setting up an account. Differences with Lyft include urging customers to take the front seat and be friendly with drivers, as well as prompting them to pay and confirm payment at the end of their ride or within 24 hours, rather than the automatic payment feature of Uber. Although users are prompted before payments are made, payments are still deducted from the account specified at setup.
Unlike Uber or Lyft, Zipcar gives you the privilege of being your own driver. Using their website or mobile app, individual users apply and then receive a zipcard. After receiving a card, you can reserve zipcars from various places across the globe using the website or mobile app. Users can rent a car for anywhere between a couple of hours to a whole day. Once your car is reserved, simply wave your zipcard in front of the windshield and the doors will unlock. Not only do you have the convenience of driving yourself, many cities have designated parking spots for zipcars. To return your zipcar, park at the same location you picked it up and scan out the same way you scanned in—leaving the keys in the car and at least a half tank of gas. Payments for zipcars are also different, as customers choose between monthly and yearly plans or paying by the hour.
Zimride is the equivalent of modern carpooling. The service connects ridesharing with social networks to help users fill their car or find rides going the same way. Zimride can also tailor passengers and drivers to have similar interests and music tastes in its attempt to "[use] social networks to make real connections." For users booking a ride, payments are automatically deducted once they hit "book," but reimbursements are made when drivers flake or do not accept a request. Drivers must first accept passengers and complete their trip before they are paid via Paypal accounts.
Unlike the other ridesharing services, Get Around allows individuals to rent out personal vehicle for an hourly fee. Users can rent 100 percent insured vehicles, ranging from Toyotas to BMW's, by downloading the Get Around app. Many people today have more than one car and the one not being used just sits in the garage. Rather than adding more vehicles to the community, Get Around allows customers to use what's already available, while those renting out their cars make money off of an otherwise dormant vehicle.
Ridesharing has abundantly expanded transit options for travelers across the country. For most, these options mean cheaper fares and a variety of styles in which to travel. For the traditional cab industry however, ridesharing poses a serious threat. With more voluntary chauffeurs on the roads in big cities, Millennials are much more eager to engage with local drivers than traditional taxi services. This has the Taxicab, Limousine and Paratransit Association taking that threat head on by shifting the focus of ridesharing from its convenience to its safety—or lack thereof.
According to Who Is Driving You, an initiative started by the Taxicab, Limousine and Paratransit Association to emphasize safety in public transit in response to the boom in ridesharing, "these amateur drivers are not subject to screening via public agency background checks that demand fingerprints and that are run though police and FBI databases. Passengers have been assaulted yet some of these companies continue to insist their background checks are the most stringent in the industry. They aren't." Despite what the Taxicab, Limousine and Paratransit Association is saying, each ridesharing service has an area on its website stating its dedication to rider safety.
Besides safety, concerns have arisen regarding whether or not these independent services are fair to traditional taxi services. In Seattle for instance, legislation was passed that allowed the number of taxi-like vehicles on the streets to be capped at 150. Meanwhile, the same ordinance allows for 200 more taxi licenses to be granted over the next two years, raising concerns about if this legislation leveled the playing field or tipped the scales.
In spite of safety and fairness concerns, the public has been receptive to ridesharing services as an alternate means of transportation. Used correctly, companies like Uber and Lyft have more to offer than convenience. This industry allows unique job creation and the use of face-to-face social skills many of us have forgotten in the digital age.
With the creation of this disruptive service, being self-employed is easier than ever for professional drivers. They enjoy the luxuries of setting their own hours and not answering to a boss, without the hassle of owning a physical business. By actually sharing your ride with others, you cut costs and have the opportunity to meet new people, and possibly make lifelong connections. If common safety practices are exercised by both users and ridesharing companies, these services can offer a convenient and frugal experience when it comes to getting around your town.
Naja Rayne is an ambitious journalism major with a concentration in news-editorial.


text:
endless, formless ruin
Location Angell Gallery
Dates May 4 - June 1, 2019
Curator Bill Clarke
"It is the desperate moment when we discover that this empire, which had seemed to us the sum of all wonders, is an endless, formless ruin…"
— Italo Calvino: Invisible Cities (1972)
In the novella Invisible Cities, we find about fifty short impressions of mythical cities relayed to the Mongolian emperor Kublai Khan by the Italian explorer Marco Polo. Polo describes the different sensory, physical and psychological affects these cities have on their inhabitants, which have been interpreted as different aspects of one city – Venice. But, ultimately, the book is about more than a single city; rather, it raises ideas about what it means for a city to be 'home', and how we can feel either 'in possession' or 'possessed' by a place through our memories and experiences of it. Polo is the book's main narrator, but we sympathize with Khan, a man who can't rule his homeland effectively because he doesn't truly understand it.
If we're Kublai then Jessica Thalmann, in her art, is Marco. She closely observes our built environments, photographing and reconfiguring them into sculptural forms that return our attention to surfaces and textures, as well as the social and political histories, to which we've become inured. "I sometimes describe myself as a photographer masquerading as a sculptor or an architect, but maybe that suggests too much forethought," she says. "I rarely have the end results in mind when I'm shooting. The photographs are raw material; the real work begins when the hand manipulation starts."
Thalmann's eyes roam freely when making pictures, and she's expanded her imagery beyond the Brutalist concrete surfaces that shaped her earlier work by letting the natural world – and some colour – slip in. However, she imposes limitations on herself once she returns to the studio. For example, with the steel sculptures in the show, she set herself the challenge of creating freestanding forms using one cut and a single fold. "I often think of the documentary The Five Obstructions, in which Lars Von Trier and Jørgen Leth create the same short film five times, but with five different obstacles to work around each time," she explains. "I think approaching my work this way makes me more receptive to possible outcomes."
Thalmann's exhibition takes its title from two other ideas in Calvino's book: first, that cities must fall to ruin before new ones arise, and second, any structure commemorating a specific historical figure or event will eventually lose its original meaning. But, another phrase in Invisible Cities – "The eye does not see things but images of things that mean other things" – speaks more directly to the artist's practice. "Well, the camera is an extension of the eye, and photographs can be manipulated to distort the truth," she says, considering this quote. "I can capture an image with my camera, and a photograph can become more seductive than the real thing. A photograph contains both a promise and a trap." And, perhaps, the same can be said of a city. – Bill Clarke


text:
Q: Using the Timer Class with Selenium & C# I am using Selenium to login to a webpage and get to what would be that site's "homepage."  In most cases I use a call to:
IWebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver;

driver is declared much earlier, but I have it here for reference.

diver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitlyWait(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(<insert time here>);

Normally, this will be all I need and then the code will do what I want it to do.  However, in this case the login page goes through a few different "http://..." links so waiting for a page to load will not suffice, as it goes through many.  I know I need to use the Timer class to wait for the last link, but not quite sure how to use it properly.  Can someone explain how to properly use the Timer() class to get the result I want?

A: You can test timing on individual operations with a WebDriverWait object.
try
{
    var wait = new WebDriverWait(YourWebDriverInstance, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutInSeconds));
    return wait.Until(driver => driver.FindElement(By.Name("q")));
}
catch (WebDriverTimeoutException ex)
{
    // handle timeout
}

A: I have found a solution that I initially overlooked. I am posting it here for anyone who also may run into this problem in the future and finds this thread.  This code works, but its very specific and not the best solution.
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));

This will halt the thread/script from running for exactly 30 seconds. It works in my case because my internet speed is fast enough, but it is not ideal, for it is possible the pages could take more than 30 seconds to load, resulting in a crash in the code.  I am still open to suggestions if anyone has one.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Der Latumer Bruch, lokal auch Lohbruch genannt, ist ein Bruchwald- und Feuchtgebiet im Südosten der Stadt Krefeld, welches unter gleichem Namen das zweitgrößte Naturschutzgebiet der Stadt bildet (Nr. KR-001).

Der Bruch liegt am südlichen Rand des Krefelder Stadtteils Linn. Im Nordwesten grenzt das Gebiet an Oppum, im Nordosten an Gellep-Stratum, im Südwesten und Südosten liegen die Meerbuscher Stadtteile Ossum-Bösinghoven und Lank-Latum. Benannt ist der Latumer Bruch nach dem Haus Latum, einem Gutshof am Ortsrand von Lank-Latum, zu dessen Ländereien das Gebiet historisch gehörte.

Schutzgebiet

Seit 1982 steht der Latumer Bruch mit seinen Bruch- und Auwäldern, wechselfeuchten Gräben, Tümpeln und naturnahem Grünland unter Naturschutz. Zum Naturschutzgebiet zählen neben dem eigentlichen Latumer Bruch (auch Lohbruch) auch das kleinere Waldstück Der tolle Bend, die wilden Uferstreifen entlang des Stratumer Buschgrabens und des Lohbruchgrabens sowie einige extensiv landwirtschaftlich genutzte Wiesen und Äcker.

Der Latumer Bruch liegt mit dem Buersbach und dem Linner Mühlenbach im Bereich von zwei Altstromrinnen im Urstromtal des mäandrierenden Rheines (am Niederrhein Kendel genannt) und ist deshalb zusammen mit den angrenzenden Donken als Landschaftsbereich auch erdgeschichtlich und landeskundlich von Interesse. Wenn der Rhein Hochwasser führt, füllen sich die Rinnen mit hochdrückendem Grundwasser, das nicht abfließen kann. Die Rinnen dienen so als natürliche Wasserrückhalteräume auch dem Hochwasserschutz.

Zusammen mit dem angrenzenden Naturschutzgebiet Die Buersbach, dem Burg- und Stadtgrabensystem der Burg und Altstadt Linn, dem Greiffenhorstpark mit dem Linner Mühlengraben, dem Trinkwassergewinnungsgebiet Elt und dem Römersee bildet das NSG Latumer Bruch ein fast 300 ha großes Natura-2000-/FFH-Gebiet (Nr. DE-4605-301: Latumer Bruch mit Buersbach, Stadtgraeben und Wasserwerk). Weiterhin ist das Naturschutzgebiet eingebunden in den Biotopverbund Krefelder Süden.

Fachlich betreut wird das Gebiet von der Unteren Landschaftsbehörde der Stadt Krefeld, sowie von einem ehrenamtlichen Landschaftswächter und vom Naturschutzbund Deutschland (NABU).

Tier- und Pflanzenwelt
Der Bewuchs besteht in den sumpfigen Bereichen aus feuchteliebenden Bäumen und Sträuchern, insbesondere Erlen-, Pappel- und Weidenbeständen, sowie aus feuchteliebenden Gräser und Kräutern, z. B. Röhricht-, Seggen- und Igelkolbenbeständen. Charakteristische Blumen sind hier die Sumpfiris und die Sumpfdotterblume. In den Bereichen der höherliegenden Donke und Wiesen hat sich ein Magerrasen gebildet. Typisch sind hier beispielsweise die Herbstzeitlose und das Wiesenschaumkraut.

Der Latumer Bruch mit seinen Rückzugsgebieten bietet Lebensraum für zahlreiche Tiere, darunter einige seltene und bedrohte Arten. Es findet sich eine reiche Vogelfauna, hier brüten u. a. zahlreiche Wasser- und Wiesenvögel (z. B. Weißstorch) sowie andere seltene Arten (z. B. Schwarzmilan). Viele Zugvögel nutzen das nahrungsreiche Gebiet als Ruhestation. Die Feuchtbereiche sind Lebensraum und Laichgebiet für diverse Amphibien, darunter auch der Kammmolch. Unter den zahlreichen Insekten sind insbesondere der Schwarzblaue und der Große Moorbläuling sowie der Veränderliche Edelscharrkäfer  erwähnenswert.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Naturschutzgebiet in Krefeld
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Plant in the Streamside Wild Rye (Elymus lanceolatus) Species.
No children of Streamside Wild Rye (Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus) found.
Possible aliases, alternative names and misspellings for Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sect:intro}

It has long been proposed that much of the baryon number ($A$) of the Universe is condensed into the quark phase (usually called quark nuggets, QNs) during the quark-hadron phase transition~\cite{Witten84}. To survive in the hot QCD medium ($\sim$ 150 MeV), a QN of a certain size must outlive two decay processes, namely surface evaporation~\cite{evapor85} and boiling [nucleation of hadronic bubbles (HBs)]~\cite{boil89,boil91}. The former is generally very efficient when the environment is transparent to neutrinos, and the details mainly depend~\cite{evapor85} on the dynamic properties of the neutrino-driven cooling, for example the neutrino opacity. Our interest lies in the latter case, i.e., the boiling of QNs into hadrons, which is closely related to the underlying microscopic physics of the quark-hadron phase transition.

In one of the earliest studies, Alcock \& Olinto~\cite{boil89} described nucleons in terms of an ideal gas, and assumed
that the pressure in the strange-quark matter would be contributed entirely by the thermal spectrum of light particles (electrons, neutrinos, and photons). Based on the idea that if the total surface area of HBs exceeds the QN surface area, boiling would be inefficient, they found a baryon number minimum $A_{\rm boil}$ above which boiling is important, and concluded that this limit must be as high as $10^{46}$ - $10^{49}$. They have furthermore treated the surface tension of QNs, $\sigma$, as a free parameter and obtained
for it an unusually large lower limit, namely (178 MeV)$^3$, which would mean that almost all QNs could not survive boiling. Later Madsen \& Olesen~\cite{boil91} treated the hadron phase as a Walecka-type interacting neutron-proton-electron ($npe$) gas and also introduced the fermion pressure in the quark phase using the MIT bag-like model~\cite{mit84}. They found a rapid dependence of $A_{\rm boil}$ on the parameters ($\sigma, B$), where $B$ is the bag constant. They argued that QNs may survive boiling for some choice of ($\sigma, B$), and that therefore for such a case boiling is not the dominant decay process for QNs, compared to the evaporation mentioned above. In the recent work of Lugones \& Horvath~\cite{boil04}, quark pairing and the curvature energy were introduced in the quark phase and it was concluded that both boiling and surface evaporation would be suppressed by the pairing gap. The authors also argued that boiling might be unlikely for intermediate temperatures ($T < T_{\Delta} \sim 0.57\Delta$), where $\Delta$ is the pairing gap.

Clearly, the most important aspect for the boiling problem is how to treat the strong interaction between quarks (in the quark phase) and between hadrons (in the hadron phase). This will evidently affect the chemical composition of the two phases, and lead to different conclusions of the occurrence of boiling.
The aim of this work is hence to employ the hadronic and quark EOSs based on the most advanced microscopic approaches. The results should have important impacts on the conclusions reached before~\cite{boil91} based on the phenomenological nuclear many-body theory. We can also get more insight from the comparison of the calculated results using different versions of baryon interactions, that is, to achieve a better understanding on the relation between the cosmological QCD phase transition and the underlying EOS.

For the quark phase, the simple MIT bag model~\cite{mit84} used in previous studies~\cite{boil91,boil04} is actually not well justified, since it includes no interactions between quarks (quarks are asymptotically free within a large bag). Also, the model itself was originally proposed in order to treat quark confinement, therefore at any finite temperature, a more self-consistent scheme to treat thermal radiation and particle-antiparticle creation is needed. In the present study this is achieved by a fully self-consistent thermodynamic treatment of confinement, i.e., a recently developed quark mass density-dependent (QMDD) model~\cite{Peng00,Wen05}. This model has been widely used in the last few years for the structures and the viscosity of compact stars~\cite{liang08,Lug03,Zhe04,liangmn,liangraa}.

On the other hand, thanks to the rapid progress in the treatment of microscopic theories of the nuclear matter equation of state (EOS) in recent years, a detailed study of the hadron phase is by now possible, and we in the present work therefore can treat it much more accurately than in the phenomenological relativistic mean-field model used before~\cite{boil91}. We employ the parameter-free microscopic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock (BHF) approach that has been widely used for the study of dense stellar matter and neutron star properties~\cite{liang08,liang06,book,baldo,liang11,bbb,bhf02,bhf03,liang04,bhf06,liang10,bhfreport,bhf13aal,bhf13}, along with two cases of baryon interactions as inputs. They have the same nucleonic two-body potentials, Argonne v18~\cite{v18}, but different three-body forces (TBF), i.e., the phenomenological Urbana model~\cite{pheno95,pheno97}, and a microscopic TBF constructed from the meson-exchange current approach~\cite{micro89}. Both of them reproduce fairly well the saturation point of symmetric nuclear matter around the saturation density of $0.17$ fm$^{-3}$, and also fulfill the recent 2-solar-mass neutron star mass measurement~\cite{2nat,2sci}. They, however, give a very different
high-density EOS ($>0.4$ fm$^{-3}$)~\cite{liang06}. In particular, the microscopic TBF turns out to be more repulsive than the Urbana model at high densities, and the discrepancy between the two predictions becomes increasingly large as the density increases. Since the threshold of the quark-hadron transition is essentially determined by the stiffness of different hadron EOSs, we should keep in mind that the EOS from the microscopic TBF is stiffer than that of the phenomenological one. Hereafter, we refer to ``stiff EOS'' as
the one with the microscopic TBF, and to ``soft EOS'' as the one with the phenomenological TBF. Calculations are mainly done using the microscopic TBF, and results with the phenomenological TBF are presented as well in several cases for comparison.

Here we have neglected the possible appearance of hyperons and pion or kaon condensates in the hadron phase, which in general might soften the high-density EOS. How to confront them with the high-mass neutron stars is an important topic discussed frequently in recent papers~\cite{liang11,liangap,hyperonapj}. It would be straightforward to include the strangeness in the hadron phase in a subsequent study, once the controversial high-density EOS is clarified.

Let us also mention here that the subject of study of the boiling of QNs (into hadrons), in principle demands that the QCD phase transition is of first order (see for instance \cite{boil04} and references therein). Lattice QCD studies over the past years have however reached the conclusion that, for physical quark masses and a vanishing baryon chemical potential $\mu$, this transition is rather a smooth crossover than a first order phase transition \cite{Brown1990,Aoki1999,Aoki2006}.
If the Universe follows the ``standard" scenario and undergoes the QCD phase transition with only a very small $\mu$,
this would mean that QNs could not have been created and the discussion of their properties would thus be irrelevant for
the Universe that we live in. It should however be stressed here that there is room for an alternative scenario, which has been discussed in the literature~\cite{Kaempfer1986,Borghini2000,Boeckel2010,Boeckel2012}
as little inflation. In this case, the Universe follows a path with larger $\mu$ and can therefore undergo a first order phase transition as the QCD phase diagram is expected to have a critical endpoint at some finite value of $\mu$, above which the the quark-gluon plasma and hadron gas phases are separated by a first order phase transition line. The creation of QNs can hence not be ruled out and studying their properties may still be of
relevance for the physics of our Universe.

The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we establish our physical model and describe in details the numerical methods for the calculation. In section 3, numerical results are discussed. We present our main conclusions in section 4.

\section{{\bf The} Model}
\label{sect:Mod}

\subsection{Boiling of QNs}

In the hot QCD medium, the hadron gas may be energetically favored in thermal fluctuations, and bubbles of hadronic gas would nucleate throughout the volume of the produced nuggets of strange matter. This process is called ``boiling of QNs''. If boiling happens, the QN would dissolute into hadrons and disappear in the Universe.

Following the estimation using classical nucleation theory by Alcock \& Olinto~\cite{boil89}, the work done to form a bubble
of radius $r$ composed by the hadronic phase inside the quark phase is
\begin{equation}
W = - \frac{4}{3} \pi r^3 \Delta P  + 4 \pi  \sigma  r^2, \label{work}
\end{equation}
where $\sigma$ is the QN surface tension. We follow Madsen \& Olesen~\cite{boil91} and self-consistently calculate the surface tension from all
fermion species ($i=u,d,s,e$) as:
\begin{equation}
\sigma_i = \frac{3T}{8\pi}\int_0^{\infty}(1-\frac{2}{\pi}\arctan\frac{k}{m_i})\ln[1+\exp(-\frac{e_i(k)-\mu_i}{T})]kdk.
\end{equation}
where the energy $e(k)$ is given as
$e(k) = \sqrt{k^2+m_i^2}$ with $m_i$ ($\mu_i$) being the mass (chemical potential) of component
$i$. $T$ is the temperature.
$\Delta P = P_H - P_Q$ is the pressure difference between the hadron phase (with a pressure of $P_H$) and the quark phase (with a pressure of $P_Q$). Assuming that the phase transition is first order, its properties are
calculated from the the pressure difference between the two phases based on the chemical equilibrium condition:
\begin{equation}
\mu_Q(P_Q) = \mu_H(P_H) \equiv \mu \label{mu}
\end{equation}
where $\mu_Q $ and $\mu_H$ are the baryon chemical potentials for the hadron and quark phases, respectively.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm,clip=,angle=0]{fig1.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{Pictorial representation of the model. Zero chemical potential ($\mu=0$) represents that the relevant particles are thermally produced.\label{fig1}}
\end{figure}

Specifically, as illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig1}, besides the common pressures from thermal photons and neutrinos, $P_H$ is contributed by hadrons and $e^{\pm}$ pairs which will be dealt as accurately as possible here, $P_Q$ constitutes a nonthermal pressure from $u,d,s$ quarks and $e^{\pm}$ pairs. Since the pressure of the quark phase, $P_Q$, is equal to the pressure in the Universe (mainly contributed by thermal photons, neutrinos, electrons, and positrons), the nonthermal contributions of quarks and $e^{\pm}$ pairs in the quark phase balance
exactly the thermal electrons and positrons in the Universe.
This constrain is used to determine the independent baryon chemical potential, $\mu$. Clearly, $\Delta P$ comes from the pressure difference apart from the common contribution from thermal photons and neutrinos,
and can be computed from the pressure of hadron phase, $P_H$, subtracted by the pressure from thermally produced electrons and positrons:
\begin{equation}
\Delta P = P_H -  \frac{8 \pi}{3(2 \pi \hbar)^3}
 \int_0^{\infty}(\mbox{f}_{e^-}+\mbox{f}_{e^+})  k^4 /e(k)d k |_{\mu_e=0}
 \label{dp}
\end{equation}
with $\mbox{f}_i$ the Fermi--Dirac distribution
written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\mbox{f}_{e^-}(k,T) & = & \frac{1} {{\rm
exp}[(e(k) - \mu_e)/k_BT]+1}, \\
\mbox{f}_{e^+}(k,T) & = & \frac{1} {{\rm exp}[(e(k) + \mu_e)/k_BT]+1}, \label{fermi}
\end{eqnarray}
where $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant and the energy $e(k) = \sqrt{k^2+m_e^2}$ with $m_e$ ($\mu_e$) being the mass (chemical potential) of the electrons or positrons.

Whether boiling is important or not depends on the formation rate of critical bubbles, since only those bubbles with a radius greater than the critical radius will be able to grow. By maximizing $W$ in Eq.~(\ref{work}) w.r.t. $r$, the work of a critical-size bubble can be obtained as
\begin{equation}
W_c = \frac{16\pi}{3}\frac{\sigma^3}{\Delta P^2}. \label{W_c}
\end{equation}
The rate at which critical bubbles appear is then
\begin{equation}
p(T,\mu)\sim T^4 \exp(-W_c/T).
\end{equation}
If the number of bubbles becomes so small that the total surface area
of the bubbles is smaller than the bounding surface area
of a QN, boiling would be inefficient. That gives a
minimum baryon number $A_{\rm boil}$ above which boiling is
efficient~\cite{boil91}:
\begin{equation}
A_{\rm boil}\approx 7.9 \times 10^{-61} \frac{\Delta P^6}{T^6\sigma^6}\exp(16\pi\frac{\sigma^3}{T\Delta P^2}). \label{boil}
\end{equation}
Much of the microscopic physics introduced in the present work, including the quark-quark interaction, would enter in $\Delta P$ and consequently influence the physics of boiling. As will be shown later, the high powers and exponential term in Eq.~(\ref{boil}) would result in a rapid dependence on parameters ($\Delta P$, $\sigma$, $T$).

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}

\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig2.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig3.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{(Left) surface tensions $\sigma$ and (right) baryon chemical potentials $\mu$ are shown as a function of temperature $T$ for three values of the quark confining parameter $D^{1/2} = 158$ MeV, $170$ MeV, $225$ MeV in the quark phase. The microscopic TBF is employed for the hadron phase.\label{fig2}}
\end{figure}

The remaining part of this section is devoted to the calculation of $\Delta P$.
As mentioned above, assuming the phase transition is first order, calculations can be done separately for two phases. They are related by the
constraint of the common chemical potentials $\mu$ of Eq.~(\ref{mu}). In the following, theoretical models for the the hadron phase and the quark phase are illustrated, respectively.

\subsection{The hadron phase}

Let us first study the hadron phase, that is nuclear matter consisting of nucleons and $e^{\pm}$ pairs in
$\beta$-equilibrium of the following weak reactions:
\begin{eqnarray}
n     \rightleftharpoons  p+e^- + \bar{\nu}_e, \\
 e^+ + e^- \rightleftharpoons \nu_{e} +
\bar{\nu}_{e}
\end{eqnarray}
Under the condition of neutrino escape, this equilibrium can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\mu_n - \mu_p = \mu_{e^-} = -\mu_{e^+}. \label{mu_N}
\end{eqnarray}
The requirement of charge neutrality implies
\begin{eqnarray}
n_p = n_{e^-} - n_{e^+}, \label{neutral}
\end{eqnarray}
where $n_i$ is the number density of component
$i$.

The chemical potentials of the non-interacting leptons $e^{\pm}$ are obtained by solving numerically the free Fermi gas model at
finite temperature. The nucleonic chemical potentials required in Eq.~(\ref{mu_N}) are derived from the free energy density of
nuclear matter, based on the finite-temperature BHF nuclear many-body approach discussed below.

The BHF approach~\cite{book} is one of the most advanced microscopic approaches to the EOS of
nuclear matter. Recently, this model was extended to the finite-temperature regime within the
Bloch-De Dominicis formalism \cite{bloch1,bloch2,bloch3}. The
central quantity of the BHF formalism is the $G$-matrix, which in
the finite-temperature extension
\cite{book,baldo,bloch1,bloch2,bloch3} is determined by solving
numerically the Bethe-Goldstone equation, and can be written in
operatorial form as \begin{eqnarray}
  G_{ab}[W] = V_{ab} +
  \sum_c \sum_{p,p'}
  V_{ac} \big|pp'\big\rangle
  { Q_c \over W - E_c +i\epsilon}
  \big\langle pp'\big| G_{cb}[W]\:,
\label{e:g} \end{eqnarray} where the indices $a,b,c$ indicate pairs of
nucleons and the Pauli operator $Q$ and energy $E$ determine the
propagation of intermediate nucleon pairs. In a given
nucleon-nucleon channel $c=(12)$ one has \begin{eqnarray}
   Q_{(12)} &=& [1-\mbox{f}_1(k_1)][1-\mbox{f}_2(k_2)]\:,
\end{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
  E_{(12)} &=& m_1 + m_2 + e_1(k_1) + e_2(k_2)\:,
\label{e:e} \end{eqnarray} with the single-particle (s.p.) energy $e_i(k) =
k^2\!/2m_i + U_i(k)$, the Dirac-Fermi
distribution
$\mbox{f}_i(k)=\big( e^{[e_i(k) - \tilde{\mu_i}]/T} + 1 \big)^{-1}$, the
starting energy $W$, and the above-mentioned baryon interaction
$V$ as fundamental input. The various
single-particle (s.p.)
potentials within the
continuous choice are given by \begin{eqnarray}
  U_1(k_1) = {\rm Re}\!\!\!\!
  \sum_{2=n,p}\sum_{k_2} n(k_2)
  \big\langle k_1 k_2 \big| G_{(12)(12)}\left[E_{(12)}\right]
  \big| k_1 k_2 \big\rangle_A\:,
\label{e:u} \end{eqnarray} where $k_i$ generally denote momentum and spin. For
given partial densities $n_i\; (i=n,p)$ and temperature $T$,
Eqs.~(\ref{e:g}-\ref{e:u}) have to be solved self-consistently along
with the equations for the auxiliary chemical potentials
$\tilde{\mu_i}$, $ n_i = \int_k \mbox{f}_i(k) $.

Once the different s.p.~potentials for the species $i=n,~p$ are
known, the free energy density of nuclear matter
can be obtained using
the following simplified expression \begin{eqnarray}
 f_N = \sum_i \left[ \sum_{k} \mbox{f}_i(k)
 \left( {k^2\over 2m_i} + {1\over 2}U_i(k) \right) - Ts_i \right]\:,
\label{e:f} \end{eqnarray} where \begin{eqnarray}
 s_i = - \sum_{k} \Big(\mbox{f}_i(k) \ln \mbox{f}_i(k) + [1-\mbox{f}_i(k)] \ln [1-\mbox{f}_i(k)] \Big)
\end{eqnarray} is the entropy density for component $i$ treated as a free gas
with s.p.~spectrum $e_i(k)$~\cite{baldo,book}. All thermodynamic quantities of interest can then be computed from
the free energy density, Eq.~(\ref{e:f}); namely, the ``true"
chemical potentials $\mu_i\; (i=n,~p)$, internal energy density
$\epsilon_N$, and pressure $P_N$ are \begin{eqnarray}
 \mu_i &=& {{\partial f_N}\over{\partial n_i}} \:,
\\
s_N &=& -{{\partial f_N}\over{\partial T}} \:,
\\
 \epsilon_N &=& f_N + Ts_N \:,
 \\
  P_N &=& n_B^2 {\partial{(f_H/n_B)}\over \partial{n_B}}
 = \sum_i \mu_i n_i - f_N\:.
\label{e:eps} \end{eqnarray}

One can then proceed to calculate the composition of the hot $\beta$-equilibrium matter by solving Eqs. (\ref{mu_N}) and
(\ref{neutral}), together with the conservation of the baryon number, $n_n+n_p = n_B$. Then the
total energy density $\epsilon$ and the total pressure $P$ of the system
are
\begin{eqnarray}
 \epsilon_H &=& \epsilon_l + \epsilon_N\:,  \end{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
 P_H &=& P_l + P_N\:,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\epsilon_l$ and $P_l$ are the standard contributions of the leptons:
 \begin{eqnarray}
 \epsilon_{l}  & = & \frac{8 \pi}{(2 \pi \hbar)^3}
 \int_0^{\infty}(\mbox{f}_{e^-}+\mbox{f}_{e^+})  e(k) k^2 d k\:,
   \\
 P_{l} & = &\ \frac{8 \pi}{3(2 \pi \hbar)^3}
 \int_0^{\infty}(\mbox{f}_{e^-}+\mbox{f}_{e^+})  k^4 /e(k)d k\:.
 \label{eq:electroneps} \
\end{eqnarray}

\subsection{The quark phase}

We consider the quark phase as a mixture of interacting $u$,
$d$, $s$ quarks, electrons and positrons. In the QMDD model, the mass of the quarks $m_i$
($i = u, d, s$)  is parameterized
by the baryon number density
$n_B$ as follows
\begin{eqnarray}
m_i \equiv m_{i0}+ m_{\mathrm{I}}=m_{i0}+\frac{D}{n_B^z},
\label{mqT0}
\end{eqnarray}
The density-dependent mass $m_{i}$ includes two parts: one is the
original mass or current mass $m_{i0}$, the other is the interacting
part $m_{\mathrm{I}}$. The light-quark masses are very small, and we simply take $m_{u0}=m_{d0}=0$. As to the uncertain strange quark mass, a modest value of $m_{s0}=95$ MeV is chosen. In principle, the quark mass scaling should
be determined from QCD, which is obviously impossible presently. As mentioned before, we use the cubic scaling $z$ = 1/3 \cite{Pen99}, based on the linear confinement and in-medium chiral condensates. It was first derived at zero temperature \cite{Pen99} and then expanded to finite temperature \cite{Wen05}.

$D$ is the confinement parameter. From our previous work of Peng et al. 2008, we know that
it has a lower bound of $D^{1/2} = 156$ MeV, and an upper bound of $D^{1/2} = 270$ MeV.
The lower bound comes from the nuclear physics constraint, demanding that at $P=0$,
non-strange nuclear matter should be stable against decay to $(ud)$ quark matter.
This leads to the condition $E/A > M_{^{56}Fe}c^2/56 = 930$ MeV for $(ud)$ quark matter,
which gives the above-mentioned lower bound. The
upper bound can be derived from a relation between $D$ and the quark-condensate~\cite{liang08} and the known range of values for this condensate. The upper boundary of $270$ MeV is in fact a very conservative one. According to the updated quark condensate determined nowadays very precisely by lattice QCD~\cite{upqcd}, a range of ($161$ MeV, $195$ MeV) can be obtained.
Therefore in this work, we take three typical values of the confinement parameter as $D^{1/2} = 158$ MeV, $170$ MeV, $225$ MeV. The lower one ($158$ MeV) is chosen to account for the realizable case of absolutely stable strange-quark matter~\cite{liang08}, the middle one ($170$ MeV) because it satisfies the constraints from the newest lattice QCD results~\cite{upqcd}, and the large one ($225$ MeV) to study the situation in the region of the upper boundary.

The relevant chemical potentials $\mu_u$, $\mu_d$, $\mu_s$, and
$\mu_{e^{\pm}}$ satisfy the weak-equilibrium condition (we again assume that
neutrinos leave the system freely):
\begin{eqnarray}
 \mu_u- \mu_d = \mu_{e^-} = -\mu_{e^+}, ~~~\mu_d=\mu_s{\bf .} \label{weak}
\end{eqnarray}
The baryon number density and the charge density can be given as
\begin{eqnarray} \label{qmeq3}
n_B=\frac{1}{3}(n_u+n_d+n_s){\bf ,}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray} \label{qmeq4}
q_Q=\frac{2}{3}n_u-\frac{1}{3}n_d-\frac{1}{3}n_s+n_{e^+}-n_{e^-}.
\end{eqnarray}
The charge-neutrality condition requires $q_Q=0$.

In the present model, the single-particle energies depend on density and temperature via the quark masses. Based on the quasiparticle
assumption, the quark energy density can be written as ($i = u, d, s$)~\cite{liang08}
\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon_Q &=& g\sum_i \sum_{k} \sqrt{k^2+m_i^2}\,\mbox{f}_i(k,T).
\label{ass1}
\end{eqnarray}
where the statistical weight
is
$g=6$ for quarks.
From the Landau definition of the single-particle energy extended
to finite temperature, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\varepsilon_i(k)
 &=& \frac{\delta \epsilon_Q}{\delta \mbox{f}_i(k,T)}
 \nonumber \\
 &=&
    \sqrt{k^2+m_i^2}
     +g\sum_j \frac{m_j \mbox{f}_j(k,T)}{\sqrt{k^2+m_j^2}}
      \frac{\partial m_j}{\partial n_i}
 \nonumber \\
&\equiv& e_i(k)-\mu_{\mathrm{I}},
\end{eqnarray}
where $e_i(k)\equiv\sqrt{k^2+m_i^2}$\ is the usual dispersion
relation of free particles.
The extra term $\mu_{\mathrm{I}}$ can be added to the chemical
potential, so defining
\begin{eqnarray}
\mu_i^*\equiv\mu_i+\mu_{\mathrm{I}}.
\end{eqnarray}
Accordingly, the net density of the particle type $i$ is
$
n_i=g\sum_{k} \left[\mbox{f}_i(k,T)
    -\mbox{f}_{\bar{i}}(k,T)\right],$\
or, explicitly, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
n_i
= g\int_0^{\infty}
  \left\{\frac{1}{1+e^{[\varepsilon_i(k)-\mu^*_i]/T}}\right.
  \left.-\frac{1}{1+e^{[\varepsilon_i(k)+\mu^*_i]/T}}\right\}
  \frac{p^2\mbox{d}k}{2\pi^2}.
\end{eqnarray}
Inverting this equation, one determines $\mu^*_i$ as a function
of $n_i$ so that the free energy density of quarks can be given as
\begin{eqnarray}
f_q
=\sum_i
 \left[f_i^++f_i^-\right]
\label{FTtot}
\end{eqnarray}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
f_i^{\pm}
&=&
 g
 \int_0^{\infty}
 \bigg\{
 -T\ln\left[1+e^{-(\sqrt{k^2+m_i^2}\mp\mu_i^*)/T}
    \right]
\nonumber\\
&& \phantom{g_i\int_0^{\infty}\bigg\{}
 \pm\frac{\mu_i^*}{1+e^{(\sqrt{k^2+m_i^2}\mp\mu_i^*)/T}}
 \bigg\} \frac{k^2\mbox{d}k}{2\pi^2}.
 \label{FiTmum}
\end{eqnarray}
One can then determine the real chemical
potentials and pressure, according to the well-known relations ($i=u,d,s$):
\begin{eqnarray}
\mu_i = \frac{\partial f_q}{\partial n_i}, \ \
P_q     =-f_q+\sum_i\mu_in_i.
\end{eqnarray}
Solving Eqs. (\ref{weak}), (\ref{qmeq3}) and (\ref{qmeq4}), the total pressure of the system can be obtained:
\begin{eqnarray}
 P_Q &=& P_l + P_q\:,
\end{eqnarray}
after adding the contribution of the leptons $P_l$ (Eq.~(\ref{eq:electroneps})).

\section{Results and Discussion}
\label{sect:Res}

We begin in Fig.~\ref{fig2} with the surface tensions of QNs (left) and the baryon chemical potentials (right) as a function of temperature for three values of the quark confining parameter in the quark phase, and the microscopic TBF chosen for the hadron phase. During the cooling of the Universe, $\sigma$ increases, which means that QNs tend to be more bound. Also,
the larger the confining parameter, the larger the surface tension, which is reasonable because quarks interact more strongly. The baryon chemical potentials are decreasing functions with the temperature. With the increase of the confining parameter $D$, the equilibrium chemical potential $\mu$ of the two phases increases due to a larger pressure difference $\Delta P$ as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig4}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm,clip=,angle=0]{fig4.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{Pressure differences $\Delta P$ are shown as a function of temperature $T$ for three values of the quark confining parameter $D^{1/2} = 158$ MeV, $170$ MeV, $225$ MeV in the quark phase. The microscopic TBF is employed for the hadron phase. Results from the the phenomenological TBF (labelled as ``soft EOS'') is also shown for the case of $D^{1/2} = 170$ MeV.}
\label{fig4}
\end{figure}

To see the influence of the hadron EOS, results from the the phenomenological TBF (labelled as ``soft EOS'') is also shown for the case of $D^{1/2} = 170$ MeV. It is clearly
observed that a soft hadron EOS will result in a slight decrease of the pressure difference of the two phases. It has a similar decreasing effect on the equilibrium chemical potential $\mu$, but the difference is very small and can not be distinguished in Fig.~\ref{fig2}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm,clip=,angle=0]{fig5.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{Baryon densities of the two phases (left panel) and density gaps between the two phases (right panel) at chemical equilibrium are shown as a function of the temperature $T$, for two values of the quark confining parameter $D^{1/2} = 158$ MeV (solid lines) and $170$ MeV (dashed lines) in the quark phase. The microscopic TBF is employed for the hadron phase. Results from the the phenomenological TBF (labelled as ``soft EOS'') is also shown for the case of $D^{1/2} = 170$ MeV (dash-dotted lines).}
\label{fig5}
\end{figure}

More microscopically, we show in the left panel of Fig.~\ref{fig5} the baryon number densities of the two phases at chemical equilibrium. The densities in QNs always decrease with the temperature $T$, but the densities in HBs first increase with $T$ then decrease with it. Soft EOS in the hadron phase will in general lower
the baryon densities of HBs at chemical equilibrium
only slightly for each temperature $T$.
Compared with that of the hadron EOS, the effect of
the quark confining parameter $D$ is more evident.
A larger $D$ value will result in increasing baryon densities both in QNs and HBs, and also lead to a
larger density gap
between the two phases, as shown in the right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig5}. One can also notice a small decreasing effect of the soft hadron EOS on the density gap.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm,clip=,angle=0]{fig6.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{Baryon number limits $A_{\rm boil}$, above which boiling could happen, are shown as a function of the temperature $T$. The calculation is done with $D^{1/2} = 170$ MeV in the quark phase, for both the microscopic TBF (solid line, labelled as ``stiff EOS'') and the phenomenological TBF (dashed line, labelled as ``soft EOS'') for the hadron phase. The cases of $D^{1/2} = 158$ MeV and $D^{1/2} = 225$ MeV would result in $A_{\rm boil}$ values far from the baryon number of a cosmological QN, therefore they are not shown here.}
\label{fig6}
\end{figure}

For a smaller density gap between the two phases, the boiling of a QN to HBs becomes more difficult, as it is clearly demonstrated in Fig.~\ref{fig6}, where the baryon number limits $A_{\rm boil}$, above which boiling could happen, are shown as a function of the temperature $T$. The calculation is done with $D^{1/2} = 170$ MeV in the quark phase, for both the microscopic TBF and the phenomenological TBF for the hadron phase. A slightly smaller pressure difference (as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig4}), or a smaller density gap (as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig5}) in the soft EOS case (namely the case of the phenomenological TBF) will result in a larger work for a critical-size bubble, and finally lead to a lower probability of bubbles nucleation, namely a larger value of the limit $A_{\rm boil}$.

More importantly, it is found that the limit $A_{\rm boil}$ is a sharp decreasing function of the temperature $T$, as indicated by Eq.~(\ref{boil}).
With the chosen $D$ parameter, large amounts of cosmological quark nuggets between $10^2 < A < 10^{50}$ would boil around $T = 90$ MeV.
A small change of the $D$ value from 170 MeV would result in a sensitively sharp
increase
of the $A_{\rm boil}$ value, which is far from the baryon number of a cosmological QN. This is what happens in the cases of 158 MeV and 225 MeV. It means that only for a small parameter range of the confining parameter $D$, there is a chance that the QN boiling could happen very efficiently during the early stage ($T \sim $ 90 MeV) of the cooling. Otherwise, the baryon limit is irrelevant and no QNs could boil and might survive until the present time. We mention here that our calculation demonstrates an amazing coincidence of the lattice results~\cite{upqcd} just falling into the range where boiling could be important.

\section{Conclusions}

In this paper, we have renewed the study of the boiling of possible QNs during the quark-hadron phase transition of the Universe at nonzero chemical potential. For this purpose, a parameter-free microscopic BHF model extended to finite temperature is employed for the hadron phase to describe HBs, and a quark model with self-consistent thermodynamic treatment of the confinement is used to deal with the quark phase for the description of QNs. Both
phases are in beta-stable equilibrium through weak processes. The phase transition is regarded as a first-order one, in order to get the pressure difference between the two phases. Also, the important parameter of the QN surface tension is calculated self-consistently at each sets of parameters. Detailed presentations of the QN surface tension, the baryon chemical potential, as well as the pressures and the baryon densities for the two phases are shown.

We found a larger effect of the confinement parameter, than that of the hadron EOS. The baryon number limits are found above which boiling could be efficient. It turns out that only a limited range of the confinement parameter allow boiling to happen around a temperature of 90 MeV. This allowed range of the confinement parameter falls comfortably into the range
provided by lattice QCD. This therefore appears to be the favoured scenario at present.
Large numbers of QNs would boil to HNs in this case and QNs may not exist in the present Universe.
For other values of this parameter, boiling is impossible to happen, and QNs with a cosmological baryon number of $10^2 < A < 10^{50}$ could be possibly found. Future experiments of detecting dark matter can provide a crucial cross-check to this problem.

Furthermore, the importance of quark pairing gap was demonstrated in the work of Lugones \& Horvath~\cite{boil04} within the MIT model, taking into account the BCS-type of pairing for quarks. Therefore, a more proper treatment of pairing, for example using the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL), or the Polyakov-NJL model (PNJL), should be interesting. Since the NJL (or PNJL) model, not like the MIT + BCS scheme, incorporates all the symmetries known from the fundamental theory of strong interactions (i.e., quantum chromodynamics), it could improve our understanding of the boiling problem and its relation with the phase diagram of the high-density strong interaction matter.

\section{Acknowledgments}
Two of us (AL, TL) would like to thank Dr. H. Mao for his suggestions for the manuscript and his hospitality during our stay in Hangzhou. This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China Grant (Nos 2012CB821800, 2014CB845800), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 11078015, 11103015, 11225314, 11233006, U1331101), and the CAS Open Research Program of Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects under grant OP201305.

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An adult baby girl having her diaper changed by her mommy, with some very cute and fancy diapers, diaper covers and adult baby clothing.
I can pee in my diaper standing sitting, lying down. I think it just takes time. I find when I wear a diaper I have learned to have no control over wetting. I just pee and I can't hold it in, no matter what posisition I am in. I find that I just pee more often but less quantity each time.


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text:
Q: Length of an array in a variable My program selects an array based on the last letter of what the user enters and the name of the chosen array is selected. I want to find the length of the arrey that has the same name as the last leter of the word the user inputs. The letter/array selection works but the length doesn't. basicli the style of an word foot ball.
I tried this but it doesn't work:
var a = ['quasar','Quebec','quercetin']
var b = ['boron','broky','branka']
var c = ['cop','camera','controler','copito']
//i dint write all of the variables becous it woud be to long but his works as an example.
function hrat() {
  var input = document.getElementById("text").value;

  var lastChar = input.substr(input.length - 1);
  console.log (lastChar);
  console.log ((lastChar).length);
  var number = Math.floor(Math.random() * (lastChar).length);

A: I assume you want something like this.

const DATA = {
    search: {
    a: ['quasar','Quebec','quercetin'],
        b: ['boron','broky','branka'],
        c: ['cop','camera','controler','copito'],
  }
}

const getSearchEntryArray = (value) => {
    const {search} = DATA;
  const output = search[value];
  return output || [];
}

const getRandomIndex = (array) => {
    return array.length > 0 ? Math.floor(Math.random() * array.length) : -1 ;
}

const getOutput = (value) => {
    const resultArray = getSearchEntryArray(value);
  const index = getRandomIndex(resultArray);

  return resultArray[index];
}

const hrat = () => {
    event.preventDefault();

  const input_text = document.getElementById("text");

  const input = {
    _value: input_text.value,
    get lastChar() {
        return this._value.substr(this._value.length - 1);
    },
  };

  console.log(getOutput(input.lastChar));

  input_text.value = '';
}
<form onsubmit="hrat()">
  <input id="text">
  <button>Send</button>
</form>

A: What I just understand is you are taking the input of an array identifier and then check the length of that array. please correct me if I'm wrong.
var a = ['quasar','Quebec','quercetin']
var b = ['boron','broky','branka']
var c = ['cop','camera','controler','copito']
//i dint write all of the variables becous it woud be to long but his works as an example.
function hrat() {
  var input = document.getElementById("text").value;

  var lastChar = input.substr(input.length - 1);
  console.log (lastChar);

  console.log (this[lastChar].length);
  //OR
  console.log (window[lastChar].length)

var number = Math.floor(Math.random() * this[lastChar].length);


Our fashion diva -mid-week is the pretty Rita Oghide from Lagos.
She is wearing a blue dress by H&M and accessorised her look with a necklace by Kamz – I love the dress.
Here, our fashion diva is wearing a dress by H&M. She accessorised her look with a necklace by Kamz and a watch by Next – Cool.
For her final look, Rita is dressed in gown by Mango and flats by George. She accessorised her look with a gold bracelet by Kamz – Lovely..
If you want to feature as our fashion diva, please send full length pictures of yourself and a description of what you have on to our email address:fashionandstylepolice@gmail.com.
Thanks for reading. Have a lovely evening.


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Illustrative Commodity Key Questions
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Illustrative Examples for Contraceptive Implants
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Overview of Strategic Approaches that can be used in Demand Generation
Demand Generation I-Kit for Underutilized, Life Saving Commodities
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SBCC Implementation Kits > Demand Generation I-Kit for Underutilized, Life Saving Commodities > About > The Power of Demand Generation
Demand generation increases awareness of, and demand for, health products or services among a particular target audience through social and behavior change communication and social marketing techniques.
What is Demand Generation?
Demand generation increases awareness of and demand for health products or services among a particular intended audience through social and behavior change communication (SBCC) and social marketing techniques. Demand generation can occur in three ways:
Creating new users - convincing members of the intended audience to adopt new behaviors, products or services;
Increasing demand among existing users - convincing current users to increase or sustain the practice of the promoted behavior and/or to increase or sustain the use of promoted products and services;
Taking market share from competing behaviors (e.g. convincing caregivers to seek health care immediately, instead of not seeking care until their health situation has severely deteriorated or has been compromised) and products or services (e.g. convincing caregivers to use oral rehydration solution (ORS) and zinc instead of other anti-diarrhea medicines).
Demand generation programs, when well-designed and implemented, can help countries reach the goal of increased utilization of the commodities by:
Creating informed and voluntary demand for health commodities and services;
Helping health care providers and clients interact with each other in an effective manner;
Shifting social and cultural norms that can influence individual and collective behavior related to commodity uptake; and/or
Encouraging correct and appropriate use of commodities by individuals and service providers alike.
In order to be most effective, demand generation efforts should be matched with efforts to improve logistics and expand services, increase access to commodities, and train and equip providers in order to meet increased demand for products and/or services. Without these simultaneous improvements, the intended audience may become discouraged and demand could then decrease. Therefore, it is highly advised to coordinate and collaborate with appropriate partners when forming demand generation communication strategies and programs.
Who are the Audiences of Demand Generation Programs for the 13 Life Saving Commodities?
Reducing maternal and child morbidity and mortality through increased demand for and use of RMNCH commodities depends on the collaboration of households, communities, and societies, including mothers, fathers and other family members, community and facility-based health workers, leaders, and policy makers. Some of the commodities are more provider-focused in terms of demand and utilization, but all depend on care-seeking by women and families.
Key Concepts and Definitions in Demand Generation
Social and Behavior Change Communication (SBCC)
SBCC promotes and facilitates behavior change and supports broader social change for the purpose of improving health outcomes. SBCC is guided by a comprehensive ecological theory that incorporates both individual level change and change at the family, community, environmental and structural levels. A strategic SBCC approach follows a systematic process to analyze a problem in order to define key barriers and motivators to change, and design and implement a comprehensive set of interventions to support and encourage positive behaviors. A communication strategy provides the guiding design for SBCC campaigns and interventions, ensuring communication objectives are set, intended audiences are identified, and consistent messages are determined for all materials and activities.
Social Marketing seeks to develop and integrate marketing concepts (product, price, place, and promotion) with other approaches to influence behaviors that benefit individuals and communities for the greater social good.
Mass and Traditional Media
Mass media reaches audiences through radio, television, and newspaper formats. Traditional media is usually implemented within community settings and includes drama, puppet shows, music and dance. Media campaigns that follow the principles of effective campaign design and are well executed can have a significant effect on health knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
Community Mobilization
Community mobilization is a capacity-building process through which individuals, groups, or organizations design, conduct and evaluate activities on a participatory and sustained basis. Successful community mobilization works to solve problems at the community level by increasing the ability of communities to successfully identify and address its needs.
Interpersonal Communication (IPC)
IPC is based on one-to-one communication, including, for example, parent-child communication, peer-to-peer communication, counselor-client communication or communication with a community or religious leader.
Entertainment Education
Entertainment education is a research-based communication process or strategy of deliberately designing and implementing entertaining educational programs that capture audience attention in order to increase knowledge about a social issue, create favorable attitudes, shift social norms, and change behavior.
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
ICTs refer to electronic and digital technologies that enable communication and promote the interactive exchange of information. ICTs are a type of medium, which include mobile and smart phones, short message service (SMS), and social media such as Facebook and Twitter.
Advocacy processes operate at the political, social, and individual levels and work to mobilize resources and political and social commitment for social and/or policy change. Advocacy aims to create an enabling environment to encourage equitable resource allocation and to remove barriers to policy implementation.
Behavior Change Theories
Why is theory important to demand generation?
Increasing evidence suggests that demand generation interventions that are based on social and behavioral science theories are more effective than those without a theoretical base, especially when multiple theories and concepts are considered.[1] A strong theory can help design, implement and evaluate effective programs by providing an understanding of the influencing factors on behavior, the way in which behavior change occurs and potential entry points for behavior change interventions.
The key to using theory effectively is to identify one that seems to fit with the initial understanding of what currently influences behavior and social norms and to use that theory to explore in more detail the impetus for change.
A few of the theories and frameworks most often used in social and behavior change communication programming include:
Health Belief Model
Health behavior is determined by personal beliefs or perceptions about the health issue and the strategies available to improve the situation. Behavior change is influenced by: perceived severity; perceived susceptibility; perceived benefits; and perceived barriers. These perceptions can be modified by other variables, such as culture, education level, past experiences, skill, and motivation. Behavior is also influenced by cues to action, which are events, people, or things that can motivate behavior change and self-efficacy, which is the belief in one's own ability to do something.
Behavior change is a process, not an event, and a person attempting to change a behavior may follow through five stages: 1) pre-contemplation, 2) contemplation, 3) preparation, 4) action, and 5) maintenance. The stages are not linear, and people do not necessarily progress systematically from one stage to the next but rather may move back and forth between the five until maintenance is sustained.
Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior
Focuses mainly on individual decision-making as a function of (1) what you believe the consequences of a behavioral choice will be and whether those consequences are positive or negative (i.e., beliefs and attitudes about the intended behavior) and (2) what you think other people who are important to you believe about the behavior (subjective norms).
Social Learning/Social Cognitive Theory
People learn from each other through observation, imitation, and modeling. Behavior change is also determined by environmental, personal, and behavioral factors, which interact and affect each other. These reciprocal interactions help determine behavior change so a change in one factor can determine changes in the others. The outside environment is where a person can observe an action, understand its consequences, and become motivated to repeat and adopt it. In a programmatic application, this is called modeling, where the desired behavior can be demonstrated and popularized by "role models." Modeling can come from real or fictional characters depicted in mass media and on-line media.
Examines how new ideas, concepts, and behaviors spread within a community or from one community to another. The theory identifies five subgroups which define an audience's propensity to accept and adopt the innovation: 1) Innovators, 2) Early adopters, 3) Early majority, 4) Late majority, and 5) Laggards. The theory was later modified to change the focus from a persuasion approach where information was transmitted between individuals and groups to a process where information is created and shared in order to reach a mutual understanding. The rate of diffusion is related to the audience; environmental constraints and facilitators; communication system; and attributes of the innovation. These attributes include:
Relative advantage – Does the new behavior offer any advantage over the current behavior?
Compatibility – Is the new behavior compatible with current behaviors, beliefs, and values?
Complexity – How difficult is the new behavior to perform?
Trialability – Can it be tried without too much risk before making a decision?
Observability – Are there opportunities to see what happens to others who adopt this behavior?
Ideation Model
Behavior change is influenced by cognitive (knowledge, attitudes, beliefs), emotional (self efficacy), and social interaction factors (peer support and influence) as well as skills and environmental support and constraints. These elements operate synergistically and together are called ideation. The likelihood of adopting a behavior is much higher when the person has gained sufficient knowledge about it, has developed a positive attitude towards it, has talked to others about it, and feels right about doing it. The more ideational elements that apply to an individual, the greater the probability that he/she will adopt the behavior.
Social Ecological Model
The social ecological model recognizes that behaviors related to demand for care and treatment take place within a complex web of social and cultural influences. This perspective views individuals as nested within a system of socio-cultural relationships - families, social networks, communities, nations - that are influenced by and have influence on their physical environments. Within this framework, individuals' decisions and behaviors are theorized to depend on their own characteristics as well as the social and environmental contexts within which they live.
Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM)
This model emphasizes the motivating power of a perceived health threat, such as the idea that malaria is a potentially deadly disease, to which one may or may not be susceptible. If you believe (correctly or incorrectly) that you are susceptible to a serious threat, then you are motivated to act. EPPM also emphasizes efficacy, which refers to what people feel they are able to do in response to a perceived threat. For example, if you believe that using insecticide-treated bed nets can prevent malaria (response efficacy) and also believe that you can successfully use a bed net each night (self efficacy), then you are more likely to try and use a bed net to prevent malaria.
For more information on theories used for social and behavior change communication refer to the additional resources provided.
[1] Glanz, K. & Bishop, D. (2010) . The Role of Behavioral Science Theory in Development and Implementation of Public Health Interventions. Annual Review of Public Health, 30:399-418. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103604.
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Demand Generation for 13 Life-Saving Commodities: A Synthesis of Evidence Spotlights
By: szhou
Demand Generation for 13 Life-Saving Commodities: A Synthesis of the Evidence, Executive Summary
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A Manual for Integrating Gender into Reproductive Health and HIV Programs: From Commitment to Action (2nd Edition)
C-Modules: A Learning Package for Social Behavior Change Communication
Communication/Behavior Change Tools Programme Briefs No. 1 – Entertainment Education
DELTA Companion: Social Marketing
Designing for Behavior Change
Engaging Men and Boys in Gender Equality and Health [Toolkit]
How to Mobilize Communities for Health and Social Change
How to Write a Radio Serial Drama for Social Development
mBCC Field Guide: A Resource for Developing Mobile Behavior Change Communication Programs
Recent Developments in Public-Private Partnerships
Social and Behavior Change Communication for Frontline Health Care Workers
The Implants Toolkit
Theory at a Glance – A Guide For Health Promotion Practice (Second Edition)
When to Use IPC
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The Orton Gillingham Lesson Plan Package is specifically for individuals who have taken the OG Basic Language Course & is designed to make your planning time more effective and efficient.
This package serves to minimize the planning time for teachers who are already pressed for time. The lesson plans are to be used as a guide and can be tweaked where necessary to best meet the individual needs of your student(s).
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It was difficult to put a price tag on the wealth of information found in this package. We are confident that you will find it very useful as you teach your students the English language.
We welcome you and invite you to contact us should you have questions about our courses. We also encourage you to create an account with us to be updated as to what is new here at the academy.
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We do not provide certificates of completion for workshops and webinars. However, upon request we can provide a certificate for PD hours that states that you have completed a 5-Hour Lesson Planning Workshop.
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When you click on the link below, you will be directed to create an account and enroll in the course.
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We now know that Donald Tusk thinks there is a special place reserved in hell for Brexiteers.
I wholly understand his sentiment.
And let's assume for now that hell is here on earth, if you think it nowhere else.
Is this special place really reserved just for Brexiteers?
Or might the proponents of austerity, climate change deniers, those who discriminate against others and the opponents of tax justice who support growing world inequality also have special places reserved for them?
I could not help but ask.
The most important phrase Tusk used has generally been missed: he described the European Union as primarily "a peace project". This is precisely what the venal British Brexiteers do not understand, do not wish to acknowledge, and dare not think about. This peace project is not perfect, nor a promise of utopia; but it fills the first and crucial test of humane European politics; for the British it is what we require to do if we are going to fulfil a simple promise I thought we all made, every 11th November: Lest We Forget.
And unlike most projects since 1957 this one has been tested, many times.
It has resisted all attempts to destroy it, so far.
A peace project jeopardised by all the actors mentioned by Richard, they may have different objectives but are all one of one type.
If this (imperfect) project is threatened, these same actors will feel emboldened to realise their version of paradise. An Alliance from Hell.
That type is what Tusk was referring to. He should know, he resisted their push in Solidarnosk, and he certainly has no moral or diplomatic lesson to take from them.
Got a sneaky feeling its the same cohort.
Tsk. Misquoting there, Richard. It was specifically aimed at those brexiteers that had no plan. Have you seen Tusk making this speech? He seemed rather annoyed, and rightly so, at the irresponsibility of those people that have driven us to this point. And he was just wondering what that special place in hell would be, not stating he thought there was one (semantics), but many are speculating that it won't be very special at all.
More interesting was some of the other parts of Donald Tusks speech, unfortunately overshadowed, where he states categorically that there is no effective leadership for remain, and even parcels the opposition (Labour, Corbyn) in with the prime minister as being bro-Brexit to the extent of there being no hope of the UK remaining in the EU. We might not find this surprising, but I think the world and the EU have had a rude awakening as to how our dogs dinner of Westminster functions, and are actually aware how harmful a weak opposition (within the two party system) can be. It shows they are aware of the intransigence of the state here, and will likely engage on that basis.
I'll go and try and fetch you a short clip of this.
Hang on….where there any Brexisteers with a plan?
I have not spotted any….
I this link works it rather nicely sums up the response of the House.
The controversial Speaker Bercow in fine form, and the SNP's Joanna Cherry putting the record straight.
Brexiteer has been used as a bit of a catch all, so just meant it didn't include the people that voted leave – they might have been under the impression that there would be a plan. Though I must admit, many seem to not care if there is or not.
We know that Tory MPs don't actually have feelings, otherwise how could they bring in policies that not only cost the tax payer billions more to implement but leave disabled people so destitute that it is literally killing thousands of people?
Tusk has been widely misreported. His comments were not directed at Brexiteers per se but at those who promoted Brexit without having any plan for how to deliver it – i.e. BoJo, Nige, JR Toff etc.
From the reaction in the UK media, anyone would think that people who agitate for major changes to the UK constitution, its relationship with its closest friends and neighbours and the health, wealth, happiness and wellbeing of its people without defining what those changes are or how they will be brought about should be commended for their wisdom and foresight.
Personally, I think Tusk was bang on and if some people think it's not what they want to hear then sorry but it is what they need to hear.
Whilst acknowledging that Correlation does not imply causation; does anyone else think this comment by Tusk is remarkable given that Hell literally froze over this week?
safely at the end. Tusk is a pretty shrewd operator. I'm pretty sure it was aimed at the the swivel eyed who have dismissed the border question as not that important and show near or no regard for the GFA.
From the reaction today it was those very same people who paraded the maximum faux outrage. Bullseye!