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« New research from last week 15/2011
Cosmic ray contribution to global warming negligible »
New research from last week 16/2011
Posted by Ari Jokimäki on April 25, 2011
Here is the new research published last week. I'm not including everything that was published but just some papers that got my attention. Those who follow my Facebook page (and/or Twitter) have already seen most of these, as I post these there as soon as they are published. Here, I'll just put them out in one batch. Sometimes I might also point out to some other news as well, but the new research will be the focus here. Here's the archive for the news of previous weeks. By the way, if this sort of thing interests you, be sure to check out A Few Things Illconsidered, they have a weekly posting containing lots of links to new research and other climate related news. Planet 3.0 also reports new research.
Published last week:
Global river flow has decreased
The impact of climate, CO2, nitrogen deposition and land use change on simulated contemporary global river flow – Shi et al. (2011) "We investigated how climate, rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, increasing anthropogenic nitrogen deposition and land use change influenced continental river flow over the period 1948–2004 using the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) with coupled river transfer model (RTM), a global river routing scheme. The model results indicate that the global mean river flow shows significant decreasing trend and climate forcing likely functions as the dominant controller of the downward trend during the study period. Nitrogen deposition and land use change account for about 5% and 2.5% of the decrease in simulated global scale river flow, respectively, while atmospheric CO2 accounts for an upward trend. However, the relative role of each driving factor is heterogeneous across regions in our simulations. The trend in river flow for the Amazon River basin is primarily explained by CO2, while land use change accounts for 27.4% of the downward trend in river flow for the Yangtze rive basin. Our simulations suggest that to better understand the trends of river flow, it is not only necessary to take into account the climate, but also to consider atmospheric composition, carbon-nitrogen interaction and land use change, particularly for regional scales." Shi, X., J. Mao, P. E. Thornton, F. M. Hoffman, and W. M. Post (2011), Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L08704, doi:10.1029/2011GL046773.
Changes in lake area in Alaska
Mechanisms influencing changes in lake area in Alaskan boreal forest – Roach et al. (2011) "During the past ∼50 years, the number and area of lakes have declined in several regions in boreal forests. However, there has been substantial finer-scale heterogeneity; some lakes decreased in area, some showed no trend, and others increased. The objective of this study was to identify the primary mechanisms underlying heterogeneous trends in closed-basin lake area. Eight lake characteristics (δ18O, electrical conductivity, surface:volume index, bank slope, floating mat width, peat depth, thaw depth at shoreline, and thaw depth at the forest boundary) were compared for 15 lake pairs in Alaskan boreal forest where one lake had decreased in area since ∼1950, and the other had not. Mean differences in characteristics between paired lakes were used to identify the most likely of nine mechanistic scenarios that combined three potential mechanisms for decreasing lake area (talik drainage, surface water evaporation, and terrestrialization) with three potential mechanisms for non-decreasing lake area (sub-permafrost groundwater recharge through an open talik, stable permafrost, and thermokarst). A priori expectations of the direction of mean differences between decreasing and non-decreasing paired lakes were generated for each scenario. Decreasing lakes had significantly greater electrical conductivity, greater surface:volume indices, shallower bank slopes, wider floating mats, greater peat depths, and shallower thaw depths at the forest boundary. These results indicated that the most likely scenario was terrestrialization as the mechanism for lake area reduction combined with thermokarst as the mechanism for non-decreasing lake area. Terrestrialization and thermokarst may have been enhanced by recent warming which has both accelerated permafrost thawing and lengthened the growing season, thereby increasing plant growth, floating mat encroachment, transpiration rates, and the accumulation of organic matter in lake basins. The transition to peatlands associated with terrestrialization may provide a transient increase in carbon storage enhancing the role of northern ecosystems as major stores of global carbon." Jennifer Roach, Brad Griffith, Dave Verbyla, Jeremy Jones, Global Change Biology, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02446.x.
Hirantian glaciation in Iran Zagros Mountains
Stratigraphic evidence for the Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) glaciation in the Zagros Mountains, Iran – Ghavidel-syooki et al. (2011) "High-latitude Hirnantian diamictites (Dargaz Formation) and lower–Silurian kerogenous black shales (Sarchahan Formation) are locally exposed in the Zagros Mountains. The glaciogenic Dargaz deposits consist of three progradational/retrogradational cycles, each potentially controlled by the regional advance and retreat of the Hirnantian ice sheet. Glacial incisions of sandstone packages change laterally from simple planar to high-relief (< 40 m deep) scalloped truncating surfaces that join laterally forming complex polyphase unconformities that scour into the underlying Seyahou Formation. The glaciated source area was to the present-day west, in the region of the Arabian Shield, where numerous tunnel valleys have been reported. Based on a study of palynomorphs and graptolites, the glaciomarine Dargaz diamictites are dated as Hirnantian, whereas the youngest Sarchahan black shales are diachronous throughout the Zagros, ranging from the Hirnantian persculptus to the earliest Aeronian (Llandovery) triangulatus zones. The diachronism is related to onlapping geometries capping an inherited glaciogenic palaeorelief that preserved different depth incisions and source areas. Our data suggest the presence of Hirnantian satellite ice caps adjacent the Zagros margin of Arabia and allow us to fill a gap in the present knowledge of the peripheral extension of the Late Ordovician ice sheet." Mohammad Ghavidel-syooki, J. Javier Álvaro, Leonid Popov, Mansoureh Ghobadi Pour, Mohammad H. Ehsani and Anna Suyarkova, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.04.011.
Climate variability during last 800kyr
Interglacial and glacial variability from the last 800 ka in marine, ice and terrestrial archives – Lang & Wolff (2011) "We have compiled 37 ice, marine and terrestrial palaeoclimate records covering the last 800 000 years in order to assess the pattern of glacial and interglacial strength, and termination amplitude. Records were selected based on their length, completeness and resolution, and their age models were updated, where required, by alignment to the LR04 benthic δ18O stack. The resulting compilation allows comparison of individual glacial to interglacial transitions with confidence, but the level of synchronisation is inadequate for discussion of temporal phasing. The comparison of interglacials and glacials concentrates on the peaks immediately before and after terminations; particularly strong and weak glacials and interglacials have been identified. This confirms that strong interglacials are confined to the last 450 ka, and that this is a globally robust pattern; however weak interglacials (i.e. marine isotope stage 7) can still occur in this later period. Strong glacial periods are also concentrated in the recent half of the records, although marine isotope stage 16 is strong in many δ18O records. Strong interglacials, particularly in the marine isotopic records, tend to follow strong glacials, suggesting that we should not expect interglacial strength to be strongly influenced by the instantaneous astronomical forcing. Many interglacials have a complex structure, with multiple peaks and troughs whose origin needs to be understood. However this compilation emphasises the under-representation of terrestrial environments and highlights the need for long palaeoclimate records from these areas. The main result of this work is the compiled datasets and maps of interglacial strength which provide a target for modelling studies and for conceptual understanding." Lang, N. and Wolff, E. W., Clim. Past, 7, 361-380, doi:10.5194/cp-7-361-2011, 2011. [full text]
Positive feedback from atmospheric methane chemistry
Strong atmospheric chemistry feedback to climate warming from Arctic methane emissions – Isaksen et al. (2011) "The magnitude and feedbacks of future methane release from the Arctic region are unknown. Despite limited documentation of potential future releases associated with thawing permafrost and degassing methane hydrates, the large potential for future methane releases calls for improved understanding of the interaction of a changing climate with processes in the Arctic and chemical feedbacks in the atmosphere. Here we apply a "state of the art" atmospheric chemistry transport model to show that large emissions of CH4 would likely have an unexpectedly large impact on the chemical composition of the atmosphere and on radiative forcing (RF). The indirect contribution to RF of additional methane emission is particularly important. It is shown that if global methane emissions were to increase by factors of 2.5 and 5.2 above current emissions, the indirect contributions to RF would be about 250% and 400%, respectively, of the RF that can be attributed to directly emitted methane alone. Assuming several hypothetical scenarios of CH4 release associated with permafrost thaw, shallow marine hydrate degassing, and submarine landslides, we find a strong positive feedback on RF through atmospheric chemistry. In particular, the impact of CH4 is enhanced through increase of its lifetime, and of atmospheric abundances of ozone, stratospheric water vapor, and CO2 as a result of atmospheric chemical processes. Despite uncertainties in emission scenarios, our results provide a better understanding of the feedbacks in the atmospheric chemistry that would amplify climate warming." Isaksen, I. S. A., M. Gauss, G. Myhre, K. M. Walter Anthony, and C. Ruppel (2011), Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 25, GB2002, doi:10.1029/2010GB003845.
Black carbon layers in atmosphere
Free tropospheric black carbon aerosol measurements using high altitude balloon: Do BC layers build "their own homes" up in the atmosphere? – Babu et al. (2011) "First ever in-situ measurements of black carbon (BC) aerosols in the troposphere (up to 9 km) made over central India and the resulting atmospheric impact as revealed by the environment lapse rate are presented. The altitude distribution of BC showed multiple peaks; two surprisingly large peaks, one at ∼4.5 km, and another above 8 km. Associated with these, rapid decrease in the environmental lapse rate and a sharp increase in the atmosphere stability were observed, probably caused by the atmospheric warming by the BC layers. This important observation calls for extensive high altitude profiling of BC to quantify the resultant warming, increase in stability and consequent increase in BC lifetime." Babu, S. S., K. K. Moorthy, R. K. Manchanda, P. R. Sinha, S. K. Satheesh, D. P. Vajja, S. Srinivasan, and V. H. A. Kumar (2011), Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L08803, doi:10.1029/2011GL046654.
Himalayan glaciers – melting
Multi-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal Himalaya) derived from stereo imagery – Bolch et al. (2011) "Mass loss of Himalayan glaciers has wide-ranging consequences such as changing runoff distribution, sea level rise and an increasing risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). The assessment of the regional and global impact of glacier changes in the Himalaya is, however, hampered by a lack of mass balance data for most of the range. Multi-temporal digital terrain models (DTMs) allow glacier mass balance to be calculated. Here, we present a time series of mass changes for ten glaciers covering an area of about 50 km2 south and west of Mt. Everest, Nepal, using stereo Corona spy imagery (years 1962 and 1970), aerial images and recent high resolution satellite data (Cartosat-1). This is the longest time series of mass changes in the Himalaya. We reveal that the glaciers have been significantly losing mass since at least 1970, despite thick debris cover. The specific mass loss for 1970–2007 is 0.32 ± 0.08 m w.e. a−1, however, not higher than the global average. Comparisons of the recent DTMs with earlier time periods indicate an accelerated mass loss. This is, however, hardly statistically significant due to high uncertainty, especially of the lower resolution ASTER DTM. The characteristics of surface lowering can be explained by spatial variations of glacier velocity, the thickness of the debris-cover, and ice melt due to exposed ice cliffs and ponds." Bolch, T., Pieczonka, T., and Benn, D. I., The Cryosphere, 5, 349-358, doi:10.5194/tc-5-349-2011, 2011. [full text]
Methane sources and sinks 2006-2008
Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric methane for 2006–2008 – Bousquet et al. (2011) "The recent increase of atmospheric methane is investigated by using two atmospheric inversions to quantify the distribution of sources and sinks for the 2006–2008 period, and a process-based model of methane emissions by natural wetland ecosystems. Methane emissions derived from the two inversions are consistent at a global scale: emissions are decreased in 2006 (−7 Tg) and increased in 2007 (+21 Tg) and 2008 (+18 Tg), as compared to the 1999–2006 period. The agreement on the latitudinal partition of the flux anomalies for the two inversions is fair in 2006, good in 2007, and not good in 2008. In 2007, a positive anomaly of tropical emissions is found to be the main contributor to the global emission anomalies (~60–80%) for both inversions, with a dominant share attributed to natural wetlands (~2/3), and a significant contribution from high latitudes (~25%). The wetland ecosystem model produces smaller and more balanced positive emission anomalies between the tropics and the high latitudes for 2006, 2007 and 2008, mainly due to precipitation changes during these years. At a global scale, the agreement between the ecosystem model and the inversions is good in 2008 but not satisfying in 2006 and 2007. Tropical South America and Boreal Eurasia appear to be major contributors to variations in methane emissions consistently in the inversions and the ecosystem model. Finally, changes in OH radicals during 2006–2008 are found to be less than 1% in inversions, with only a small impact on the inferred methane emissions." Bousquet, P., Ringeval, B., Pison, I., Dlugokencky, E. J., Brunke, E.-G., Carouge, C., Chevallier, F., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Frankenberg, C., Hauglustaine, D. A., Krummel, P. B., Langenfelds, R. L., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Steele, L. P., Szopa, S., Yver, C., Viovy, N., and Ciais, P., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3689-3700, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3689-2011, 2011. [full text]
Greenland melted rapidly also between 1920-1960
A reconstruction of annual Greenland ice melt extent, 1784–2009 – Frauenfeld et al. (2011) "The total extent of ice melt on the Greenland ice sheet has been increasing during the last three decades. The melt extent observed in 2007 in particular was the greatest on record according to several satellite-derived records of total Greenland melt extent. Total annual observed melt extent across the Greenland ice sheet has been shown to be strongly related to summer temperature measurements from stations located along Greenland's coast, as well as to variations in atmospheric circulation across the North Atlantic. We make use of these relationships along with historical temperature and circulation observations to develop a near-continuous 226 year reconstructed history of annual Greenland melt extent dating from 2009 back into the late eighteenth century. We find that the recent period of high-melt extent is similar in magnitude but, thus far, shorter in duration, than a period of high melt lasting from the early 1920s through the early 1960s. The greatest melt extent over the last 2 1/4 centuries occurred in 2007; however, this value is not statistically significantly different from the reconstructed melt extent during 20 other melt seasons, primarily during 1923–1961." Frauenfeld, O. W., P. C. Knappenberger, and P. J. Michaels (2011), A reconstruction of annual Greenland ice melt extent, 1784–2009, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D08104, doi:10.1029/2010JD014918.
See also Jason Box's comments on this paper.
Small climatic effect of methane release from hydrates in next 100 years
Rising Arctic Ocean temperatures cause gas hydrate destabilization and ocean acidification – Biastoch et al. (2011) "Vast amounts of methane hydrates are potentially stored in sediments along the continental margins, owing their stability to low temperature – high pressure conditions. Global warming could destabilize these hydrates and cause a release of methane (CH4) into the water column and possibly the atmosphere. Since the Arctic has and will be warmed considerably, Arctic bottom water temperatures and their future evolution projected by a climate model were analyzed. The resulting warming is spatially inhomogeneous, with the strongest impact on shallow regions affected by Atlantic inflow. Within the next 100 years, the warming affects 25% of shallow and mid-depth regions containing methane hydrates. Release of methane from melting hydrates in these areas could enhance ocean acidification and oxygen depletion in the water column. The impact of methane release on global warming, however, would not be significant within the considered time span." Biastoch, A., et al. (2011), Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L08602, doi:10.1029/2011GL047222..
Permafrost melting threatens Siberian ecosystems
Dynamics of the larch taiga–permafrost coupled system in Siberia under climate change – Zhang et al. (2011) "Larch taiga, also known as Siberian boreal forest, plays an important role in global and regional water–energy–carbon (WEC) cycles and in the climate system. Recent in situ observations have suggested that larch-dominated taiga and permafrost behave as a coupled eco-climate system across a broad boreal zone of Siberia. However, neither field-based observations nor modeling experiments have clarified the synthesized dynamics of this system. Here, using a new dynamic vegetation model coupled with a permafrost model, we reveal the processes of interaction between the taiga and permafrost. The model demonstrates that under the present climate conditions in eastern Siberia, larch trees maintain permafrost by controlling the seasonal thawing of permafrost, which in turn maintains the taiga by providing sufficient water to the larch trees. The experiment without permafrost processes showed that larch would decrease in biomass and be replaced by a dominance of pine and other species that suffer drier hydroclimatic conditions. In the coupled system, fire not only plays a destructive role in the forest, but also, in some cases, preserves larch domination in forests. Climate warming sensitivity experiments show that this coupled system cannot be maintained under warming of about 2 °C or more. Under such conditions, a forest with typical boreal tree species (dark conifer and deciduous species) would become dominant, decoupled from the permafrost processes. This study thus suggests that future global warming could drastically alter the larch-dominated taiga–permafrost coupled system in Siberia, with associated changes of WEC processes and feedback to climate." Ningning Zhang, Tetsuzo Yasunari and Takeshi Ohta, 2011 Environ. Res. Lett. 6 024003 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/6/2/024003.
Ecosystem in the surface of glaciers
Alpine debris-covered glaciers as a habitat for plant life – Caccianiga et al. (2011) "Debris-covered glaciers represent a significant, increasing fraction of glaciers and can host plant life on their surface. The goal of this work was to evaluate the suitability of supraglacial debris as a habitat for plant life and to discuss its ecological and biogeographic role. The research was carried out on the Miage Glacier (Mont Blanc massif, Western Alps, Italy). Vegetation cover was sampled using a regular sampling grid, recording plant species and number of individuals in 71 plots. Detailed glaciological parameters (surface temperature, debris thickness, glacier surface velocity) were recorded or derived from published data. Relationships between vegetation and environmental variables were assessed through Generalized Linear Models, Principal Components Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis. The glacier surface hosted a high biodiversity, with 40 vascular plant species, including trees and shrubs. Plant cover was arranged along an altitude/glacier velocity gradient, whilst debris thickness as low as 10 cm could sustain plant growth on moving ice. Glacier velocity was the main physical factor affecting vegetation cover, probably through its influence on debris stability. The observed species assemblage is comparable with those of subalpine glacier forelands, but with the addition of high-altitude species. Debris-covered glaciers can provide a relatively favourable habitat for plant life wherever the glacier surface is sufficiently stable, acting as a refugium of high-altitude taxa below their altitudinal limits. Glaciers may behave as a dispersal vector for alpine plant species, which could have been important both during glacial periods and during warm stages of the Holocene." Marco Caccianiga, Carlo Andreis, Guglielmina Diolaiuti, Carlo D'Agata, Claudia Mihalcea, Claudio Smiraglia, The Holocene April 18, 2011, 0959683611400219, doi: 10.1177/0959683611400219.
Hockey stick from water temperature in Norway
A 2000 year record of Atlantic Water temperature variability from the Malangen Fjord, northeastern North Atlantic – Hald et al. (2011) "A high-resolution sedimentary record from the subarctic Malangen fjord in northern Norway, northeastern North Atlantic has been investigated in order to reconstruct variations in influx of Atlantic Water for the last 2000 years. The fjord provides a regional oceanographic climatic signal reflecting changes in the North Atlantic heat flux at this latitude because of its deep sill and the relatively narrow adjoining continental shelf. The reconstructions are based on oxygen and carbon isotopic studies of benthic foraminifera from a high accumulation basin in the Malangen fjord, providing subdecadal time resolution. A comparison between instrumental measurements of bottom water temperatures at the core location and the reconstructed temperatures from benthic foraminiferal δ18O for the same time period demonstrates that the stable isotope values reflect the bottom water temperatures very well. The reconstructed temperature record shows an overall decline in temperature of c. 1°C from c. 40 BC to AD 1350. This cooling trend is assumed to be driven by an orbital forced reduction in insolation. Superimposed on the general cooling trend are several periods of warmer or colder temperatures. The long-term fluctuations in the Malangen fjord are concurrent with fluctuations of Atlantic Water in the northern North Atlantic. Although they are not directly comparable, comparisons of atmospheric temperatures and marine records, indicate a close coupling between the climate systems. After AD 1800 the record shows an unprecedented warming within the last 2000 years." M. Hald, G. R. Salomonsen, K. Husum, L. J. Wilson, The Holocene April 18, 2011, 0959683611400457, doi: 10.1177/0959683611400457.
AMO's role significant in Northern Hemisphere's climate
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Northern Hemisphere's climate variability – Wyatt et al. (2011) "Proxy and instrumental records reflect a quasi-cyclic 50–80-year climate signal across the Northern Hemisphere, with particular presence in the North Atlantic. Modeling studies rationalize this variability in terms of intrinsic dynamics of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation influencing distribution of sea-surface-temperature anomalies in the Atlantic Ocean; hence the name Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). By analyzing a lagged covariance structure of a network of climate indices, this study details the AMO-signal propagation throughout the Northern Hemisphere via a sequence of atmospheric and lagged oceanic teleconnections, which the authors term the "stadium wave". Initial changes in the North Atlantic temperature anomaly associated with AMO culminate in an oppositely signed hemispheric signal about 30 years later. Furthermore, shorter-term, interannual-to-interdecadal climate variability alters character according to polarity of the stadium-wave-induced prevailing hemispheric climate regime. Ongoing research suggests mutual interaction between shorter-term variability and the stadium wave, with indication of ensuing modifications of multidecadal variability within the Atlantic sector. Results presented here support the hypothesis that AMO plays a significant role in hemispheric and, by inference, global climate variability, with implications for climate-change attribution and prediction." Marcia Glaze Wyatt, Sergey Kravtsov and Anastasios A. Tsonis, Climate Dynamics, DOI: 10.1007/s00382-011-1071-8.
This entry was posted on April 25, 2011 at 3:38 am	and is filed under Climate science. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Local Whanganui Stories
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Jay Kuten: Republicans claim big wins
20 Dec, 2017 4:00pm 4 minutes to read
Next week 'wettest weather in two months'
Organ specialist restoring St Paul's Church organ
Organ specialist Don Newton, right, and assistant Timothy Wagner work on the organ at St Paul's Church in Putiki. PHOTO/ANNE-MARIE MCDONALD
By: Anne-Marie McDonald
Anne-Marie McDonald is a reporter for the Wanganui Chronicle
anne-marie.McDonald@wanganuichronicle.co.nz LoveThisPaper
A "beautiful survivor" is being restored at St Paul's Church in Putiki.
Work began on restoring the church's reed organ, which is over a century old, on Tuesday.
"It's a beautiful survivor, with very little borer. It's worth the effort of restoring," organ specialist Don Newton said.
Mr Newton has come all the way from Oamaru to do the work. He's being assisted by Timothy Wagner, who has whanau connections to Whanganui.
Mr Newton said the organ was an American reed organ.
"It's basically an accordion with a keyboard and a pump that you operate with your feet. These were very cheap and very easy to mass produce, and thousands of them were brought into New Zealand.
"In colonial times, if a family had an instrument, it was one of these. They were actually cheaper than a piano."
There is a date on the organ - 1906 - but Mr Newton said that wasn't necessarily accurate. He said it was typical of American reed organs that were produced between 1880 and around 1910.
He said the St Paul's organ would not need much work to be in good order again.
"It needs a good clean. There's been no moth damage to the velvet or the leather - that could have been very serious. Mice have eaten part of the wood, but the bellows are still intact."
Mr Newton travels the country restoring organs. He specialises in pipe organs, and has 80 scattered around the country that he maintains.
Since 2011, he's been doing a lot of recovery work on organs in Christchurch, including moving organs from earthquake-damaged churches into safe storage.
Huia Kirk from the church's restoration trust said the history of the organ in relation to the church was not known. She believed it was donated to the church in the 1970s.
"It's really on its last gasp, and hasn't been played for a long time. As far as we know, no maintenance has ever been done on it."
Ms Kirk said restoring the organ was part of a big programme of restoration happening at the church, which dates from 1937. The church fundraised for five years to make the restoration possible.
So far, leaks have been fixed, there's been a new roof, new wiring, an alarm and sprinkler system installed, piles checked and the exterior painted.
"Next year we want to repaint the interior, put in new fittings for the vestry and install new toilets," Ms Kirk said.
Let farmers take 'landscape approach' to greenhouse gases - Simon Upton
Manslaughter guilty plea in Whanganui High Court
Dalvanius lives on in Patea through street piano
Ohakune residents warned to boil drinking water before use
More from Whanganui Chronicle
WHANGANUI CHRONICLE | Sport
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Excitement and heartbreak in Wellington.
WHANGANUI CHRONICLE | Business
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Rawinia Henderson standing for change in Stratford
Stratford community representative running for mayor. Made with funding from NZ On Air.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The new XPand NFC expansion pack for the XP3300 Force ultra-rugged phone is designed for workforces in the security guarding, commercial cleaning services, mass transportation, field equipment maintenance and domiciliary healthcare industries.
Sonim has launched an NFC upgrade for the XP3300 Force, the ultra-rugged hansdset that holds the Guinness World Record for the world's toughest phone.
The XPand NFC pack adds NFC tag reading capabilities to the XP3300 and is designed for workforces in the security guarding, commercial cleaning services, mass transportation, field equipment maintenance and domiciliary healthcare industries.
Sonim is building a network of partners who will provide workforce management applications compatible with the device, allowing businesses to collect real time business intelligence and monitor the quality of service delivery. Key applications are expected to include guard tour verification, proof of activity and real time attendance reporting, says Sonim, while the combination of the NFC expansion pack with the phone's two megapixel camera and LED flash will also enable teams to report critical job site damage in real time with photo evidence.
The XPand NFC is a drop-in replacement for the handset's battery cover and is the first of a range of modular expansion packs that the company plans to make available for both current and future phone models.
"The XPand system will enable Sonim to address an ever wider range of workforce management solutions – with portability, robustness and cost of ownership that traditional rugged handheld computers can't match," says the company's Sanjay Jhawar.
Sonim also offers a rugged phone with built-in NFC capabilities, the XP1301, which was launched in September 2011.


Visit Yellowstone (Mammoth Hot Springs, Old Faithful Geyser, Yellowstone Bear World), Salt Lake City, Bryce Canyon National Park, Page, Sacramento, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, Antelope Canyon (Upper Antelope Canyon).
Today we will spend the day in Yellowstone National Park. We will make our way to Idaho Falls for the night.


The second volume of the ILO World Report on Child Labour series highlights the close linkages between child labour and good youth employment outcomes, and the consequent need for common policy approaches to addressing challenges arising in countries where both child labour and youth unemployment prevail.
Hazardous work among adolescents aged 15 to 17 years is a third focus of the Report. Individuals in this critical age group, who are above the minimum working age in most countries but at the same time are still legally children, overlap the child labour and youth employment fields. Evidence is presented indicating that an alarming share of working adolescents aged 15 to 17 years are in hazardous work and therefore are child labourers.
Taken together, the evidence presented in the Report makes a strong case that the challenge of finding decent work during youth cannot be separated from the challenge of eliminating child labour earlier in the life cycle. Eliminating child labour, in other words, is a key policy goal in itself and a necessary starting point for achieving decent work for all.


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Mirjam's Dream
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Support for first-generation students
Studying at a university is often more challenging for first-generation students than for students whose parents have preceded them. First-generation students more often work alongside their studies and, on the other hand, are less involved in extracurriculum activities, less often follow an excellence program and less often study in another language." It is the dream of outgoing Vice-President of the Executive Board, Mirjam Bult, to offer these first-generation students more support and thus contribute to equal opportunities for everyone.
Mirjam: "In the university's vision, 'People First' is the most important starting point. We want to be a community where everyone feels included, at home, supported, valued and accepted and where people have as many equal opportunities as possible to realize their ambitions. Especially for the University of Twente, access to, for example, student activism, is a major priority for everyone who aspires to this. Since the start of this university, we have considered student activism an important part of the personal and social development of our students. That is why anyone who wants to do so should be able to do board work." She continues with a laugh: "Besides, student activism is genuine self-interest; our campus is run by students."
Mirjam was a first-generation student herself. "I have not felt any obstacles myself, thanks to the support and commitment of my parents and family. But there was a lot of pressure to deliver, to make it happen. Can you imagine how this works out if you don't have or feel that support in any way." It is therefore Mirjam's dream to offer these first-generation students more support. How wonderful would it be if we started together to make Mirjam's dream come true?
As from September 1st, Mirjam will become State Councilor in the Advisory Division of the Council of State. This means that she will say goodbye to the University of Twente after six years. Many would like to thank Mirjam for her commitment to our university and for her enormous involvement in the Twente academic community. At her request, we therefore set up a support fund for first-generation students. With your contribution to this fund, we jointly provide a level-playing-field for these students.
With this fund we want to support first-generation students so that they can be part of a student board or participate in an excellence programme, a study trip or an international conference. Support that these students cannot expect from their own parents. Mirjam: "This new fund gives us the opportunity to do more for first-generation students. I really appreciate your contribution to this fund!"
€50 Edwin 10-10-2021 | 11:27
€50 Anonymous 06-10-2021 | 20:55 Ik was ook een 1e generatiestudent en kan me volkomen vinden in Mirjam's redenering. Draag daarom graag bij.
€150 Stichting VU 20-09-2021 | 10:54


The idea that the heart of children with congenital heart disease that needs to be corrected, would react to ischemia differently to adults stimulated several clinical and experimental studies to evaluate the differences in children's hearts and to find methods, which could minimize myocardial injury .
This difference in behavior of the myocardium of the child in relation to the adult, in response to cardioplegic ischemia, has been attributed to varying factors such as the myocardial structure, function and metabolism [2-8].
In a comparative study of different techniques of cardioplegia employed in the hearts of neonatal pigs, the solution of blood offered a better myocardial protection, when compared to crystalloid cardioplegia both with and without calcium .
Myocardial injury after ischemia and reperfusion leads to alterations in the levels of calcium ions . As well as the calcium ions, magnesium would also be involved in ischemic myocardial injury .
Because of the subjectivity of the clinical parameters and of the invasiveness of biopsies, which are unable to reflect the aspect of the entire myocardium, the appearance of markers specific for myocardial injury such as the troponins and CK-MB mass (CKMBm) have enabled better evaluation of the myocardial damage [12,13].
The aim of this study is to analyze whether the addition of magnesium in the cardioplegic solution will affect the serous levels of troponin I and CKMB mass in children submitted to congenital heart disease corrective surgery. A secondary aim was to verify if operative factors might interfere in the levels of troponin I and CKMB mass.
In the period from January 2001 to February 2002, 259 children suffering from cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart diseases were submitted to corrective surgery in the Hospital do Coração of the Association of Sanatório Sírio in São Paulo. Of these, 28 children fulfilled the criteria established for inclusion in this study.
All the parents received a letter giving information about this work and signed a written consent form. The Research Ethics Committee of the institution approved the study.
The study was a random case controlled trial composed of two groups. Group I, with 16 children, received myocardial protection using sanguineous cardioplegia with magnesium and Group II, comprising of 12 children, sanguineous cardioplegia without magnesium.
In both groups there were children with acyanotic and cyanotic congenital heart disease, where Fallot's tetralogy (28.5%) and total atrioventricular septal valve defect (21.4%) being the most common complaints.
Eighteen of the children were male. The ages ranged from 3 to 108 months, with a mean of 32.1 months and a standard deviation of 36.4 months. The weights varied from 3.5 to 35.5 kg with an average of 11.8 kg and standard deviation of 8.4 kg.
Children with ages less than 3 months or greater than 10 years, with hemodynamic instability, severe myocardial failure in the pre-operative period and undergoing emergency surgeries were not included in the study.
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), systemic hypothermia at 26 ºC, aortic clamping and sanguineous cardioplegia were employed in all the operations.
The dose of cardioplegia was 20 mL/kg body weight and was repeated every 30 minutes with an infusion pressure of 60 to 80 mmHg. The composition of the cardioplegia was blood originating from the oxygenator perfusate, with the addition of an initial dose of 20 mEq/L potassium chlorate and subsequent doses of 15 mEq/L. In Group I 12 mEq/L of magnesium sulfate was added in the initial dose and subsequent doses. The pH, osmolarity and the concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide and sodium bicarbonate were the same as the oxygenator perfusate.
The cardioplegic system employed consisted of a mini heat exchanger connected to a shunt of the CPB circuit by a 1/4 inch tube (Figure 1).
The blood of the heart-lung machine circuit passed through a mini heat exchanger and returned to the cardiotomy reservoir by a 3/16 line until it acquired a temperature of 8 ºC, measured by a thermometer connected to the mini heat exchanger. The line that arrived in the operative field had at its end, two 3-way taps, connected to each other, which were connected to two syringes, one of 20 mL and the other of 60 mL.
The cardioplegic solution was prepared in a 20-mL syringe which contained 20 mEq/L of potassium chlorate and 12 mEq/L of magnesium sulfate. The solution with magnesium was employed in Group I. In Group II, the solution only contained 20 mEq/L of potassium chlorate. 3 mL of cardioplegic solution and aspirates of the arterial line, 47 mL of blood at 8 ºC were placed in the 60 mL syringe, giving a end cardioplegic solution of 50 mL. This end solution was infused at the aortic root after clamping and drainage of the left chamber by the right superior pulmonary vein or by means of interatrial communication when present.
Surgical correction was then performed and, after completing the atrial sutures, systemic re-heating to an esophageal temperature of 37 ºC, removal of the air from the heart chambers and recovery of the heart beats in sinusal rhythm or ventricular fibrillation were achieved. In these latter cases, electric cardioversion with 5 to 10 joules of electric shock was employed. In cases of atrioventricular block, an epimyocardial pacemaker was installed with two leads fixed on the anterior face of the right ventricle.
In patients who required vasoactive drugs, dopamine at 2 to 20 ìg/kg/min and or dobutamine at a dose of 2.5 to 10 ìg/kg/min were used. In patients with systemic arterial hypertension, the chosen drug was endovenous nitroglycerine at a dose of 0.3 to 0.5 ìg/kg/min.
The collection of samples to measure the troponin I and the CK-MB mass levels were according to the following point in the surgery: pre-clamping of the aorta; and 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after the end of the aortic clamping. These time intervals were denominated as points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively (Figure 2).
Fig. 2 - Scheme of the time intervals of collection of samples.
Analysis of the troponin I and CK-MB mass were made utilizing the chemoluminescence method with the Immuliteâ equipment (DPC-Medlab, USA), using kits of the same brand. The samples remained frozen at - 80 ºC and measurement was made during the same experiment.
The normal reference values of troponin I were considered as 1.0 ng/mL and for CK-MB mass as 5.8 ng/mL.
For the determination of troponin I and CK-MB mass in relation to operative factors, the peak value was considered, that is, the moment in which these markers reached the highest levels which coincides with the time interval 1 (1 hour after termination of the period of aortic clamping).
The operative factors were subdivided in pre- and intra-operative factors. Among the pre-operative factors the age, gender, weight, presence or not of cyanosis, presence or not of heart failure and the presence or not of pulmonary arterial hypertension were considered. The intra-operative factors were the CPB time, aortic clamping time and incision in the right ventricle.
The statistical analysis was descriptive of the 28 patients, aiming to verify the homogeneity of the groups in relation to the data which might interfere in the results of the operations. Thus, the quantitative data were summarized by means of the mean and the standard deviation. For this analysis the following tests were utilized: Fisher exact test, the student t-test, Mann-Whitney test, double factor variance analysis with repetitive measurements and multiple regression analysis.
There were no statistically significant differences related to the pre-operative characteristics: age (p=0.387; Mann-Whitney test), weight (p=0.286; Mann-Whitney test), gender (p=0.434; Fisher exact test), cyanotic and acyanotic patients (p=1.00; Fisher exact test), congestive heart failure (p=0.718; Fisher exact test), pulmonary arterial hypertension (p=1.00; Fisher exact test), thus confirming the homogeneity of the two groups.
Also there were no statistically significant differences in respect to the following intra-operative characteristics: time of aortic clamping (p=0.860; student t-test), time of CPB (p=0.818; student t-test), incision of the right ventricle (p=1.00; Fisher exact test), mean arterial CPB outflow pressure (p=0.395; student t-test) and urinal outflow during CPB (p=0.634; student t-test).
Thirteen patients (46.4%) presented with complications in the post-operative period with: use of vasoactive drugs for greater than six hours (13 patients - 46.4%); appearance of CCI (12 patients - 42.9%); use of pacemaker (4 patients - 14.2%); increased bleeding (3 patients - 10.7%); intubation for more than 24 hours (2 patients - 7.1%) and reoperation for review of hemostasis (1 patient - 3.6%).
Hospital mortality was 3.6% (1 patient). This patient suffered from Fallot's tetralogy of with severe hypoplasia of the pulmonary arterial annulus and of the infundibulum of the right ventricle. The patient presented with significant thrombocytopenia in the post-operative period, disseminated intravascular coagulation and death on the 3rd post-operative day.
In respect to the mean levels of troponin I at the time intervals 1 to 6 (pre-, 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 post-clamping hours), there were no statistically significant differences between Groups I and II (Table 1; Figure 3).
Table 1. Mean values and standard deviation of troponin I (ng/mL) according to the time intervals and the cardioplegia used.
p - described level of probability. * Student t-test for independent samples.
In relation to CK-MB mass, there were also no statistically significant differences between the groups at all the time intervals (Table 2; Figure 4).
Table 2. Mean values and standard deviation of CK-MB mass (ng/mL) according to the time intervals and the cardioplegia used.
Fig. 4 - Mean values of CK-MB mass (ng/mL) according to the time intervals and the cardioplegia used.
An univariant analysis of the effect of the operative factors on the peak of troponin I revealed that the following pre- and intra-operative factors showed an association: pulmonary arterial hypertension (p = 0.015; student t-test), time of CPB (coefficient B = 1.14; p < 0.001; linear regression), time of anoxia (coefficient B = 1.25; p < 0.001; linear regression), incision of the right ventricle (p = 0.015; student t-test).
However, by means of multiple regression it was confirmed that only cyanosis and time of anoxia revealed significant associations with the peak of troponin I (coefficient B (cyanosis) = 84.72; coefficient B (time of anoxia) = 0.92; p < 0.001 for both variables) - Figure 5.
In relation to the CK-MB mass, the univariant analysis revealed that the following pre- and post-operative factors were associated with the peak values of this marker of myocardial lesion: age (coefficient B = -1.49; p = 0.030; regression linear), weight (coefficient B = -6.43; p = 0.029), cyanosis (p < 0.001; student t-test), pulmonary arterial hypertension (p = 0.012; student t-test), time of perfusion (coefficient B = 1.62; p = 0.036; regression linear), incision of the right ventricle (p = 0.011; student t-test).
Multiple regression demonstrated that only cyanosis gave a significant association with the peak of CK-MB mass (coefficient B = 213.63; p < 0.001).
The behavior of the pediatric myocardium in relation to ischemia is different to the adult's myocardium. This fact is due to structural, functional and metabolic differences [2,7,8].
However, clinically the hearts of children are more vulnerable to ischemia, in spite of the use of cardioplegia, when compared to adults [1,14].
In this study we verified whether the addition of magnesium in the cardioplegic solution with the function of blocking the calcium channels, would have an influence on the levels of troponin I and CK-MB mass. Thus, two groups of children who underwent corrective congenital heart disease surgery received, as myocardial protection, cold sanguineous cardioplegia with or without magnesium.
The results of this study revealed that the levels of troponin I and CK-MB mass increased in both groups, without presenting with statistically significant differences. The behavior of these markers was to peak in the first hour after aortic clamping, diminishing over the subsequent 71 hours to near-normal levels. This increase suggests that despite of the cardioplegia employed, with or without magnesium, there was myocardial lesion. From this it can be inferred that the addition of magnesium in the cardioplegic solution does not give adequate protection to the myocardium.
The fact that lower levels of troponin I and CK-MB mass were not found in the group that received magnesium raises some questions. Initially, if the type of marker employed to detect the presence of myocardial lesion is considered reliable to detect myocardial damage. Troponin I and CK-MB mass are chosen due to their specifications and sensitivities. Troponin I is a cardio-specific protein, whilst CK-MB mass is considered to be a protein fraction measured by immunoassay [15-17]. However, it can be inferred that the markers utilized were not responsible for not detecting the differences between the two groups.
In respect to the vehicle of the cardioplegia, the composition of the solution might influence the preservation of the cardiac fiber [18,19].
The concentration of calcium in the cardioplegia has an important role. Accumulation of its ion in the intercellular space after a period of ischemia is associated with cellular lesions .
The utilization of a cardioplegic solution with magnesium could serve to block the deleterious effect of calcium. However, when normocalcemic or even hypocalcaemic solution is used, this benefit might not appear, specifically in hearts of children suffering from acyanogenic heart disease .
The cardioplegia used in the present study was normocalcemic, as the blood of the patient was used to fill the CPB circuit. This fact might explain why the levels of troponin I and CK-MB mass were not statistically different between the children who received cardioplegia with and without magnesium. However, this result should be considered with a certain caution. Despite of the homogeneity between the groups, the small number of patients could have prejudiced the detection of differences that by chance could exist between those who received magnesium and those who did not.
In respect to the influence of cyanosis on the levels of troponin I and CK-MB mass in relation to the type of cardioplegia utilized, probably, this could have been observed if the number of cyanotic patients was greater than the number of acyanotic patients. When we analyzed the levels of troponin I and CK-MB mass in these cyanotic patients, we found higher levels when compared with the acyanotic patients. However, in a sample with only acyanotic patients in a group and cyanotic in another, we could possibly find statistically significant differences with the use of magnesium in the cardioplegic solution.
The type of cardioplegia used is not the only factor that participates in myocardial lesions. The presence of cyanosis and ventricular dilatation provoked by the lesions that develop due to the shunt, can negatively influence the functioning of the cardiac muscle .
In this aspect we tried to verify which pre- and intra-operative factors might independently interfere in the increase of the levels of troponin I and CK-MB mass.
A positive association was evidenced between the peak of troponin I and the presence of cyanosis. This result seems to have relevance by the fact that cyanosis is an independent factor which influences the peak of troponin I and CK-MB mass, without being influenced by the pre-operative factors: gender, weight, age, presence of congestive heart failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension. This finding is confirmed by published results. Children with cyanogenic congenital heart diseases submitted to corrective surgery evolve with higher levels of troponin I and this negatively influences the post-operative evolution .
These findings reinforce the idea that the myocardium of the child with cyanogenic heart disease develops with metabolic and functional alterations. From the metabolic point of view, the levels of ATP and reserve of glycogen in the myocardial fiber are lower. Additionally, the functional behavior is prejudiced, reflecting in a greater necessity of vasoactive drugs and low post-operative output .
Thus in the same way as the pre-operative factors, we tried to evaluate if any intraoperative factors, such as the time of CPB, time of aortic clamping and incision of the right ventricle, would have an independent effect on the increase in the levels of troponin I and CK-MB mass.
In this study we found a positive correlation between the marker of myocardial lesions and the time of aortic clamping. The other intraoperative factors did not exert any effect on the peak levels of troponin I or CK-MB mass. This correlation might be useful as for prognosis in the post-operative period. Patients with lower levels of troponin I can present with a lesser need of vasoactive drugs and less myocardial failure. These data are in agreement with the results of the work by BULL et al. .
IMURA et al.  also found a correlation between the time of aortic clamping and levels of troponin I. This association is even more evident in under 1-year-old children.
KIRKLIN et al.  emphasized the importance of the influence of congestive heart disease in the pre-operative period, interfering in the evolution after corrective surgery. It is possible to see in this study, using univariant analysis, that congestive heart failure in the pre-operative period had an influence on the peak of troponin I and CK-MB mass. However, with multiple regression analysis this behavior was not verified. This leads us to believe that congestive heart failure in isolation has an effect on the peak of the markers, but on associating with other pre-operative factors this influence is reduced and cyanosis appears as the preponderant factor to affect the peaks of troponin I and CK-MB mass. Nevertheless, when we analyze the patients who presented with complications in the postoperative period, we confirmed that congestive heart failure was present in the patients who developed with higher levels of troponin I and CK-MB mass. This finding may be explained by the volumetric or pressure overload that the myocardium of children with congenital heart diseases is submitted since the intra-uterine life. This may lead to depletion of the ATP and high-energy phosphates that intensify after a period of ischemia provoked by aortic clamping .
The myocardium of a child should be considered by the surgeon as an extremely important structure. The presence of cyanosis is a factor that would have a negative influence on the myocardial function, however, it should receive adequate protection. Apart from cyanosis, the time of aortic clamping should also be considered as a potential cause of myocardial damage, in spite of the cardioplegia employed to protect it.
Future studies with a greater number of patients, different concentrations of calcium in the cardioplegia and divided in groups with similar congenital heart diseases might reveal the protective effect of magnesium, reflected by the lower levels of troponin I and CK-MB mass.
Faced with these results, we believe that the addition of magnesium to cardioplegic solutions does not interfere with the levels of troponin I and CK-MB mass in children operated on for corrective congenital heart surgery. On the other hand, the factors cyanosis and time of anoxia affected the peak of troponin I and the factor cyanosis affected the peak of CK-MB mass.
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