text:
'use babel';

import { parse } from '../lib/parser';
import { lineFixture } from './utils';

describe('AtomGrammarTest Parser', () => {
  describe('Header', () => {
    const filename = 'blah.txt';
    let parser;
    let htmlParser;

    beforeEach(() => {
      const iterator = lineFixture(filename,
        '// SYNTAX TEST "source.c"',
        '#pragma once',
        '// <- punctuation.definition.directive meta.preprocessor.c',
        ' // <- keyword.control.directive.pragma',
      );
      parser = parse(iterator);
    });

    beforeEach(() => {
      const htmlFilename = 'something.html';
      const htmlIterator = lineFixture(htmlFilename,
        '<!-- SYNTAX TEST "text.html.basic" -->',
        '<TagName>',
        '<!-- <- punctuation.definition.tag.begin.html -->',
        '<!-- ^ entity.name.tag.other.html -->',
      );
      htmlParser = parse(htmlIterator);
    });

    it('should remember the filename', () => {
      expect(parser.filename).toBe(filename);
    });

    it('should parse the comment token', () => {
      expect(parser.header.openToken).toBe('//');
      expect(htmlParser.header.openToken).toBe('<!--');
      expect(htmlParser.header.closeToken).toBe('-->');
    });

    it('should parse the source declaration', () => {
      expect(parser.header.scope).toBe('source.c');
      expect(htmlParser.header.scope).toBe('text.html.basic');
    });

    it('should iterate the input lines', () => {
      expect(Array.from(parser).map(line => line.line)).toEqual([
        '#pragma once',
        '// <- punctuation.definition.directive meta.preprocessor.c',
        ' // <- keyword.control.directive.pragma',
      ]);
      expect(Array.from(htmlParser).map(line => line.line)).toEqual([
        '<TagName>',
        '<!-- <- punctuation.definition.tag.begin.html -->',
        '<!-- ^ entity.name.tag.other.html -->',
      ]);
    });
  });
});


I'm a bona fide chocoholic. My true favorite is milk chocolate with mint. Whenever I fly through Seattle, I used to grab a box of my favorite Seattle-made Chocolates Peppermint Truffle Cremes on my way through the airport. Now, I walk right past the kiosk. Here's why.
A few years ago, on a trip home, I bought a box and jumped on my flight. After dinner that night, I opened the box and took out a much anticipated, individually wrapped chocolate, bit into it…and almost broke a tooth. My truffle creme was hard as a rock. Every piece in the box was like that.
So the next morning, I called the company, explained the problem, and they apologized profusely, promised to mail me a new box of candy, and said someone from their customer service department would be giving me a call. So far, so good. Until 4 days later when the box of candy arrived. The packing slip said Peppermint Truffle Cremes, but the box said Ultimate Extra Dark Chocolate Creme. Dark chocolate is the only kind I don't eat.
So I called back. This time, the same receptionist I spoke with the first time (and he remembered me) was defensive and downright rude. He said he'd have a manager call me. No one ever did. So not only was the problem compounded by a second mistake (which isn't the end of the world…hey, we're all human and we all make mistakes), but he made it worse and I walked away an unhappy customer.
What's this got to do with you or your direct sales business? I hope it's an important lesson to you. While I was certainly an unhappy customer, I was definitely open to having the company make things right for me. Until they didn't. Had they done a great job of customer service with me, I would have become one of their greatest fans (and may have been writing this blog post to encourage you to stop by and buy a box of candy if you're ever passing through Sea-Tac Airport, instead of warning you that it might not be the best idea).
When I have an unhappy customer, I have one goal and only one goal…to make sure they walk away as happy as possible. I lead with the question, "What can I do to make you happy and turn this situation around for you?" Honestly, most people are shocked by the question and don't even know how to answer. Customers expect to have to fight for their rights in these situations because most companies don't understand the value of good customer service. For me, one unhappy customer can do more damage that 50 happy ones. So I don't care how "wrong" I have to be, I make it right if at all possible.
The next time you have an unhappy customer, look at it as an opportunity to create a "raving fan." I have several stories like that, and a few of my biggest "fans" started out as angry clients. It was the way I (and my staff) dealt with their concerns that changed everything. That doesn't mean I never get frustrated or even feel a little taken advantage of. But I take a deep breath, put myself in the unhappy customer's shoes, and give whatever I have to give to create a happy customer.
Just a little food for thought. If nothing else, the next time you're confronted by an unhappy customer, stop before you react and ask yourself how much it will cost you to find out what your customer wants and give it to them. It may cost you much less in the long run than losing a customer.


text:
Serbia Issues Rule Book on Toy Safety
Serbia has published a set of rules for toy safety to ensure a high level of protection of human health. Toys have until November 9, 2020 to conform with the new requirements.
SAFEGUARDS | Toys & Juvenile ProductsNO. 089/20
In November 2019, Serbia published its Rule Book on Toy Safety (Official Gazette of RS No. 78/2019) to lay down rules on the safety of toys and their free movement on the market. The safety requirements are modeled on Directive 2009/48/EC on toy safety (Toy Safety Directive, TSD, consolidated version to November 2019 for reference) from the European Union.
According to the definitions in the Rule Book, toys are products designed or intended, whether or not exclusively, for use in play by children under 14 years of age.
The Rule Book contains, inter alia, provisions for:
General safety, which must not endanger the health of users and third parties when toys are used as intended or in a foreseeable way by taking into account the behavior of children
Specific safety, which includes physical and mechanical properties, flammability, chemical properties, electrical properties, as well as hygiene and radioactivity requirements (Annex 2)
A specific set of restricted substances in Appendix C for toys intended for children under 36 months, or in other toys which are intended to be placed in the mouth
Exemption on the use of nickel (a carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic category 2 substance, CMR 2 substance) in toys and toy components made of stainless steel, and in toy components that are intended to conduct an electric current
Rules and conditions for affixing the Serbian mark of conformity. Further information on the Serbian mark of conformity can be found at the Serbian Ministry of Economy website
Declaration of conformity (DoC) in the Serbian language, including a color image of the toy for clear identification, and references to the harmonized standards applied or to specifications in relation to which conformity is declared (Annex 3)
Technical documentation (Annex 4)
Warnings (Annex 5)
List of Serbian and European standards for toy conformity (Annex 6)
One notable difference between the EU's TSD and Serbia's Rule Book on Toy Safety is that toys in Serbia must bear the Serbian mark of conformity. The CE mark can be used in addition to this Serbian mark of conformity. The CE mark will replace the Serbian mark of conformity from the date of entry into force of the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products (ACAA agreement between Serbia and the EU), or if this agreement is not concluded, from the date of entry into force of the Treaty of Accession of Serbia to the EU.
The Serbian mark of conformity is shown below:
The Rule Book on toy safety entered into force on November 9, 2019, and the provisions will become effective on November 9, 2020 (12 months after the date of entry into force).
Highlights of the list of safety standards for toy conformity are summarized in Table 1.
Serbian Standard
Harmonized European Standard
1 SRPS EN 71-1:2018 'Mechanical and physical properties' EN 71-1:2014+A1:2018
2 SRPS EN 71-2:2014 'Flammability'
EN 71-2:2011+A1:2014
3 SRPS EN 71-3:2018 'Migration of certain elements'
EN 71-3+A3:2018
4 SRPS EN 71-4:2014 'Experimental sets for chemistry and related activities'
EN 71-4:2013
5 SRPS EN 71-5:2016 'Chemical toys (sets) other than experimental sets
6 SRPS EN 71-7:2018 'Finger paints'
7 SRPS EN 71-8:2018 'Activity toys for domestic use'
8 SRPS EN 71-12:2017 'N-nitrosamines and Nitrosatable Substances' EN 71-12:2016
9 SRPS EN 71-13:2014 'Olfactory board games, cosmetic kits and gustative games' EN 71-13:2014
10 SRPS EN 71-14:2019 'Trampolines for domestic use' EN 71-14:2018
11 Electric toy safety:
SRPS EN 62115:2008
SRPS EN 62115 :2008/A2 :2013
SRPS EN 62115:2008/A11:2013
SRPS 62115:2008/A12:2015 Electric toy safety:
EN 62115:2005/A11:2012/AC:2013
EN 62115:2005/A11:2012
SGS offers a wide range of services to ensure that your products comply with the EU Toy Safety Directive. We offer training, safety/risk assessment, technical documentation check, labelling review, testing according to harmonized standards, SVHC screening, inspections and audits. With the largest global network of toy experts and testing facilities around the world - around 20 toy labs worldwide including 3 EU Notified Bodies (France, Germany and Netherlands), SGS is the partner to trust. Please do not hesitate to contact us for further information or visit our website.
Hingwo Tsang
Global Information and Innovation Manager
t: (+852) 2774 7420
Stay on top of regulatory changes within your industry: subscribe to SafeGuardS!
Read more articles for the Consumer Goods and Retail Industry
© SGS Group Management SA - 2020 - All rights reserved - SGS is a registered trademark of SGS Group Management SA. This is a publication of SGS, except for 3rd parties' contents submitted or licensed for use by SGS. SGS neither endorses nor disapproves said 3rd parties contents. This publication is intended to provide technical information and shall not be considered an exhaustive treatment of any subject treated. It is strictly educational and does not replace any legal requirements or applicable regulations. It is not intended to constitute consulting or professional advice. The information contained herein is provided "as is" and SGS does not warrant that it will be error-free or will meet any particular criteria of performance or quality. Do not quote or refer any information herein without SGS' prior written consent.
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China Postpones Implementation of New Non-Powered Air Purifying Particle Respirator Standard GB 2626-2019
China issued an updated version of its mandatory national standard GB 2626-2019 Respiratory Protection – Non-powered Air-purifying Particle Respirator. The implementation date of the standard was postponed by one year to July 1, 2021.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
(Redirected from Power storage)
Electric power conversion
HVDC converter station
AC-to-AC converter
DC-to-DC converter
Electric power infrastructure
Electric power system
Electrical grid
Interconnector
Electric power systems components
Ring main unit
Grid-tie inverter
Recloser
Protective relay
The Llyn Stwlan dam of the Ffestiniog Pumped Storage Scheme in Wales. The lower power station has four water turbines which can generate a total of 360 MW of electricity for several hours, an example of artificial energy storage and conversion.
Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time. A device that stores energy is generally called an accumulator or battery. Energy comes in multiple forms including radiation, chemical, gravitational potential, electrical potential, electricity, elevated temperature, latent heat and kinetic. Energy storage involves converting energy from forms that are difficult to store to more conveniently or economically storable forms.
Some technologies provide short-term energy storage, while others can endure for much longer. Bulk energy storage is currently dominated by hydroelectric dams, both conventional as well as pumped.
Common examples of energy storage are the rechargeable battery, which stores chemical energy readily convertible to electricity to operate a mobile phone, the hydroelectric dam, which stores energy in a reservoir as gravitational potential energy, and ice storage tanks, which store ice frozen by cheaper energy at night to meet peak daytime demand for cooling. Fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline store ancient energy derived from sunlight by organisms that later died, became buried and over time were then converted into these fuels. Food (which is made by the same process as fossil fuels) is a form of energy stored in chemical form.
1.1 Recent history
2 Methods
2.1 Outline
2.2 Mechanical storage
2.2.1 Hydroelectricity
2.2.2 Pumped-storage
2.2.3 Compressed air
2.2.4 Flywheel energy storage
2.2.5 Gravitational potential energy storage with solid masses
2.3 Thermal storage
2.3.1 Sensible heat thermal energy storage
2.3.2 Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES)
2.4 Electrochemical
2.4.1 Rechargeable battery
2.4.1.1 Flow battery
2.4.2 Supercapacitor
2.5 Other chemical
2.5.1 Power to gas
2.5.1.1 Hydrogen
2.5.1.2 Methane
2.5.2 Power to liquid
2.5.3 Biofuels
2.5.3.1 Aluminum
2.5.4 Boron, silicon, and zinc
2.5.5 Other chemical
2.6 Electrical methods
2.6.1 Capacitor
2.6.2 Superconducting magnetics
3 Applications
3.1 Mills
3.2 Home energy storage
3.3 Grid electricity and power stations
3.3.1 Renewable energy storage
3.4 Air conditioning
3.5 Transport
4 Use cases
5 Storage capacity
6 Economics
Recent history[edit]
In the twentieth century grid, electrical power was largely generated by burning fossil fuel. When less power was required, less fuel was burned. Concerns with air pollution, energy imports, and global warming have spawned the growth of renewable energy such as solar and wind power. Wind power is uncontrolled and may be generating at a time when no additional power is needed. Solar power varies with cloud cover and at best is only available during daylight hours, while demand often peaks after sunset (see duck curve). Interest in storing power from these intermittent sources grows as the renewable energy industry begins to generate a larger fraction of overall energy consumption.
Off grid electrical use was a niche market in the twentieth century, but in the twenty-first century, it has expanded. Portable devices are in use all over the world. Solar panels are now a common sight in the rural settings worldwide. Access to electricity is now a question of economics, not location. Powering transportation without burning fuel, however, remains in development.
Methods[edit]
Outline[edit]
The following list includes a variety of types of energy storage:
Fossil fuel storage
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
Fireless locomotive
Flywheel energy storage
Gravitational potential energy
Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (pumped hydroelectric storage, PHS, or pumped storage hydropower, PSH)
Electrical, electromagnetic
Supercapacitor
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES, also superconducting storage coil)
Electrochemical (Battery Energy Storage System, BESS)
Flow battery
UltraBattery
Brick storage heater
Cryogenic energy storage, Liquid air energy storage (LAES)
Liquid nitrogen engine
Eutectic system
Ice storage air conditioning
Molten salt storage
Phase-change material
Seasonal thermal energy storage
Solar pond
Steam accumulator
Thermal energy storage (general)
Hydrated salts
Hydrogen storage
Power to gas
Vanadium pentoxide
Mechanical storage[edit]
Energy can be stored in water pumped to a higher elevation using pumped storage methods or by moving solid matter to higher locations (gravity batteries). Other commercial mechanical methods include compressing air and flywheels that convert electric energy into kinetic energy and then back again when electrical demand peaks.
Hydroelectricity[edit]
Main article: Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectric dams with reservoirs can be operated to provide electricity at times of peak demand. Water is stored in the reservoir during periods of low demand and released when demand is high. The net effect is similar to pumped storage, but without the pumping loss.
While a hydroelectric dam does not directly store energy from other generating units, it behaves equivalently by lowering output in periods of excess electricity from other sources. In this mode, dams are one of the most efficient forms of energy storage, because only the timing of its generation changes. Hydroelectric turbines have a start-up time on the order of a few minutes.[1]
Pumped-storage[edit]
The Sir Adam Beck Generating Complex at Niagara Falls, Canada, which includes a large pumped storage hydroelectricity reservoir to provide an extra 174 MW of electricity during periods of peak demand.
Main article: Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
Worldwide, pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH) is the largest-capacity form of active grid energy storage available, and, as of March 2012, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) reports that PSH accounts for more than 99% of bulk storage capacity worldwide, representing around 127,000 MW.[2] PSH energy efficiency varies in practice between 70% and 80%,[2][3][4][5] with claims of up to 87%.[6]
At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water from a lower source into a higher reservoir. When demand grows, water is released back into a lower reservoir (or waterway or body of water) through a turbine, generating electricity. Reversible turbine-generator assemblies act as both a pump and turbine (usually a Francis turbine design). Nearly all facilities use the height difference between two water bodies. Pure pumped-storage plants shift the water between reservoirs, while the "pump-back" approach is a combination of pumped storage and conventional hydroelectric plants that use natural stream-flow.
Compressed air[edit]
A compressed air locomotive used inside a mine between 1928 and 1961.
Main articles: Compressed air energy storage and Salt dome
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) uses surplus energy to compress air for subsequent electricity generation.[7] Small scale systems have long been used in such applications as propulsion of mine locomotives. The compressed air is stored in an underground reservoir, as a salt dome.
Compressed-air energy storage (CAES) plants can bridge the gap between production volatility and load. CAES storage addresses the energy needs of consumers by effectively providing readily available energy to meet demand. Renewable energy sources like wind and solar energy have variable resources. As a result, the supplement of other forms of energy is necessary to meet energy demand during periods of decreased resource availability. Compressed-air energy storage plants are capable of taking in the surplus energy output of renewable energy sources during times of energy over-production. This stored energy can be used at a later time when demand for electricity increases or energy resource availability decreases.[8]
Compression of air creates heat; the air is warmer after compression. Expansion requires heat. If no extra heat is added, the air will be much colder after expansion. If the heat generated during compression can be stored and used during expansion, efficiency improves considerably.[9] A CAES system can deal with the heat in three ways. Air storage can be adiabatic, diabatic, or isothermal. Another approach uses compressed air to power vehicles.[10][11]
Flywheel energy storage[edit]
The main components of a typical flywheel.
A Flybrid Kinetic Energy Recovery System flywheel. Built for use on Formula 1 racing cars, it is employed to recover and reuse kinetic energy captured during braking.
Main articles: Flywheel energy storage and Flywheel storage power system
Flywheel energy storage (FES) works by accelerating a rotor (flywheel) to a very high speed, holding energy as rotational energy. When energy is extracted, the flywheel's rotational speed declines as a consequence of conservation of energy; adding energy correspondingly results in an increase in the speed of the flywheel.
Most FES systems use electricity to accelerate and decelerate the flywheel, but devices that directly use mechanical energy are under consideration.[12]
FES systems have rotors made of high strength carbon-fiber composites, suspended by magnetic bearings and spinning at speeds from 20,000 to over 50,000 rpm in a vacuum enclosure.[13] Such flywheels can reach maximum speed ("charge") in a matter of minutes. The flywheel system is connected to a combination electric motor/generator.
FES systems have relatively long lifetimes (lasting decades with little or no maintenance;[13] full-cycle lifetimes quoted for flywheels range from in excess of 105, up to 107, cycles of use),[14] high specific energy (100–130 W·h/kg, or 360–500 kJ/kg)[14][15] and power density.
Gravitational potential energy storage with solid masses[edit]
Changing the altitude of solid masses can store or release energy via an elevating system driven by an electric motor/generator. Potential energy storage or gravity energy storage was under active development in 2013 in association with the California Independent System Operator.[16][17][18] It examined the movement of earth-filled hopper rail cars driven by electric locomotives from lower to higher elevations.[19]
Methods include using rails[19][20] and cranes[21] to move concrete weights up and down, using high-altitude solar-powered buoyant platforms supporting winches to raise and lower solid masses,[22] using winches supported by an ocean barge for taking advantage of a 4 km (13,000 ft) elevation difference between the surface and the seabed.[23] Efficiencies can be as high as 85% recovery of stored energy.[21]
Thermal storage[edit]
District heating accumulation tower from Theiss near Krems an der Donau in Lower Austria with a thermal capacity of 2 GWh
Main articles: Thermal energy storage, Molten salt, and Seasonal thermal energy storage
Thermal energy storage (TES) is the temporary storage or removal of heat.
Sensible heat thermal energy storage[edit]
Sensible heat storage take advantage of sensible heat in a material to store energy.[24]
Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES) allows heat or cold to be used months after it was collected from waste energy or natural sources. The material can be stored in contained aquifers, clusters of boreholes in geological substrates such as sand or crystalline bedrock, in lined pits filled with gravel and water, or water-filled mines. Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES) projects often have paybacks in the four-to-six year range.[25] An example is Drake Landing Solar Community in Canada, for which 97% of the year-round heat is provided by solar-thermal collectors on the garage roofs, with a borehole thermal energy store (BTES) being the enabling technology.[26][27][28] In Braestrup, Denmark, the community's solar district heating system also utilizes STES, at a storage temperature of 65 °C (149 °F). A heat pump, which is run only when there is surplus wind power available on the national grid, is used to raise the temperature to 80 °C (176 °F) for distribution. When surplus wind generated electricity is not available, a gas-fired boiler is used. Twenty percent of Braestrup's heat is solar.[29]
Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES)[edit]
Latent heat thermal energy storage systems works with materials with high latent heat (heat of fusion) capacity, known as phase change materials (PCMs). The main advantage of these materials is that their latent heat storage capacity is much more than sensible heat. In a specific temperature range, phase changes from solid to liquid absorbs a large amount of thermal energy for later use.
Latent-heat thermal energy storage consists of a process by which, energy in the form of heat, is either absorbed or released during the phase-change of a phase change material (PCM). A PCM is a material with a high heat of fusion. A phase-change is the melting or solidifying of a material. During a phase change, a PCM has the capacity to absorb large amounts of energy due to its high heat of fusion.[30]
A steam accumulator is a type of LHTES system. In this case, the phase change is between liquid and gas and use is made of the latent heat of vaporization of water.
Electrochemical[edit]
Rechargeable battery[edit]
A rechargeable battery bank used as an uninterruptible power supply in a data center
Main articles: Rechargeable battery and Battery storage power station
A rechargeable battery, comprises one or more electrochemical cells. It is known as a 'secondary cell' because its electrochemical reactions are electrically reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt grid systems.
Rechargeable batteries have lower total cost of use and environmental impact than non-rechargeable (disposable) batteries. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same form factors as disposables. Rechargeable batteries have higher initial cost but can be recharged very cheaply and used many times.
Common rechargeable battery chemistries include:
Lead–acid battery: Lead acid batteries hold the largest market share of electric storage products. A single cell produces about 2V when charged. In the charged state the metallic lead negative electrode and the lead sulfate positive electrode are immersed in a dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4) electrolyte. In the discharge process electrons are pushed out of the cell as lead sulfate is formed at the negative electrode while the electrolyte is reduced to water.
Lead-acid battery technology has been developed extensively. Upkeep requires minimal labor and its cost is low. The battery's available energy capacity is subject to a quick discharge resulting in a low life span and low energy density.[31]
Nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd): Uses nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. Cadmium is a toxic element, and was banned for most uses by the European Union in 2004. Nickel–cadmium batteries have been almost completely replaced by nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries.
Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH): First commercial types were available in 1989.[32] These are now a common consumer and industrial type. The battery has a hydrogen-absorbing alloy for the negative electrode instead of cadmium.
Lithium-ion battery: The choice in many consumer electronics and have one of the best energy-to-mass ratios and a very slow self-discharge when not in use.
Lithium-ion polymer battery: These batteries are light in weight and can be made in any shape desired.
Flow battery[edit]
Main articles: Flow battery and Vanadium redox battery
A flow battery operates by passing a solution over a membrane where ions are exchanged to charge/discharge the cell. Cell voltage is chemically determined by the Nernst equation and ranges, in practical applications, from 1.0 to 2.2 V. Its storage capacity is a function of the volume of the tanks holding the solution.
A flow battery is technically akin both to a fuel cell and an electrochemical accumulator cell. Commercial applications are for long half-cycle storage such as backup grid power.
Supercapacitor[edit]
One of a fleet of electric capabuses powered by supercapacitors, at a quick-charge station-bus stop, in service during Expo 2010 Shanghai China. Charging rails can be seen suspended over the bus.
Main article: Supercapacitor
Supercapacitors, also called electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC) or ultracapacitors, are generic terms for a family of electrochemical capacitors[33] that do not have conventional solid dielectrics. Capacitance is determined by two storage principles, double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance.[34][35][36]
Supercapacitors bridge the gap between conventional capacitors and rechargeable batteries. They store the most energy per unit volume or mass (energy density) among capacitors. They support up to 10,000 farads/1.2 volt,[37] up to 10,000 times that of electrolytic capacitors, but deliver or accept less than half as much power per unit time (power density).[33]
While supercapacitors have specific energy and energy densities that are approximately 10% of batteries, their power density is generally 10 to 100 times greater. This results in much shorter charge/discharge cycles. Additionally, they will tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than batteries.
Supercapacitors support a broad spectrum of applications, including:
Low supply current for memory backup in static random-access memory (SRAM)
Power for cars, buses, trains, cranes and elevators, including energy recovery from braking, short-term energy storage and burst-mode power delivery
Other chemical[edit]
Power to gas[edit]
Main article: Power to gas
Power to gas is a technology which converts electricity into a gaseous fuel such as hydrogen or methane. The three commercial methods use electricity to reduce water into hydrogen and oxygen by means of electrolysis.
In the first method, hydrogen is injected into the natural gas grid or is used in transport or industry. The second method is to combine the hydrogen with carbon dioxide to produce methane using a methanation reaction such as the Sabatier reaction, or biological methanation, resulting in an extra energy conversion loss of 8%. The methane may then be fed into the natural gas grid. The third method uses the output gas of a wood gas generator or a biogas plant, after the biogas upgrader is mixed with the hydrogen from the electrolyzer, to upgrade the quality of the biogas.
Hydrogen[edit]
Main article: Hydrogen storage
The element hydrogen can be a form of stored energy. Hydrogen can produce electricity via a hydrogen fuel cell.
At penetrations below 20% of the grid demand, renewables do not severely change the economics; but beyond about 20% of the total demand,[citation needed] external storage becomes important.[38] If these sources are used to make ionic hydrogen, they can be freely expanded. A 5-year community-based pilot program using wind turbines and hydrogen generators began in 2007 in the remote community of Ramea, Newfoundland and Labrador.[39] A similar project began in 2004 on Utsira, a small Norwegian island.
Energy losses involved in the hydrogen storage cycle come from the electrolysis of water, liquification or compression of the hydrogen and conversion to electricity.[40]
About 50 kW·h (180 MJ) of solar energy is required to produce a kilogram of hydrogen, so the cost of the electricity is crucial. At $0.03/kWh, a common off-peak high-voltage line rate in the United States, hydrogen costs $1.50 a kilogram for the electricity, equivalent to $1.50/gallon for gasoline. Other costs include the electrolyzer plant, hydrogen compressors or liquefaction, storage and transportation.[citation needed]
Hydrogen can also be produced from aluminum and water by stripping aluminum's naturally-occurring aluminum oxide barrier and introducing it to water. This method is beneficial because recycled aluminum cans can be used as fuel to generate hydrogen, however systems to harness this option have not been commercially developed and are much more complex than electrolysis systems.[41] Common methods to strip the oxide layer include caustic catalysts such as sodium hydroxide and alloys with gallium, mercury and other metals.[42]
Underground hydrogen storage is the practice of hydrogen storage in underground caverns, salt domes and depleted oil and gas fields.[43][44] Large quantities of gaseous hydrogen have been stored in underground caverns by Imperial Chemical Industries for many years without any difficulties.[45] The European Hyunder project indicated in 2013 that storage of wind and solar energy using underground hydrogen would require 85 caverns.[46]
Methane[edit]
Main article: Substitute natural gas
Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon with the molecular formula CH4. Methane is more easily stored and transported than hydrogen. Storage and combustion infrastructure (pipelines, gasometers, power plants) are mature.
Synthetic natural gas (syngas or SNG) can be created in a multi-step process, starting with hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is then reacted with carbon dioxide in a Sabatier process, producing methane and water. Methane can be stored and later used to produce electricity. The resulting water is recycled, reducing the need for water. In the electrolysis stage oxygen is stored for methane combustion in a pure oxygen environment at an adjacent power plant, eliminating nitrogen oxides.
Methane combustion produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. The carbon dioxide can be recycled to boost the Sabatier process and water can be recycled for further electrolysis. Methane production, storage and combustion recycles the reaction products.
The CO2 has economic value as a component of an energy storage vector, not a cost as in carbon capture and storage.
Power to liquid[edit]
Power to liquid is similar to power to gas, however the hydrogen produced by electrolysis from wind and solar electricity isn't converted into gases such as methane but into liquids such as methanol. Methanol is easier to handle than gases, and requires fewer safety precautions than hydrogen. It can be used for transportation, including aircraft, but also for industrial purposes or in the power sector.[47]
Biofuels[edit]
Main article: Biofuel
Various biofuels such as biodiesel, vegetable oil, alcohol fuels, or biomass can replace fossil fuels. Various chemical processes can convert the carbon and hydrogen in coal, natural gas, plant and animal biomass and organic wastes into short hydrocarbons suitable as replacements for existing hydrocarbon fuels. Examples are Fischer–Tropsch diesel, methanol, dimethyl ether and syngas. This diesel source was used extensively in World War II in Germany, which faced limited access to crude oil supplies. South Africa produces most of the country's diesel from coal for similar reasons.[48] A long term oil price above US$35/bbl may make such large scale synthetic liquid fuels economical.
Aluminum[edit]
Aluminum has been proposed as an energy storage method by a number of researchers. The volume electrochemical equivalent of aluminum (8.04 Ah/cm3) is nearly a factor of four greater than lithium (2.06 Ah/cm3).[49] Energy can be extracted from aluminum by reacting it with water to generate hydrogen.[50] To react with water, however, aluminum must be stripped of its natural oxide layer, a process which requires pulverization,[51] chemical reactions with caustic substances, or alloys.[42] The byproduct of the reaction to create hydrogen is aluminum oxide, which can be recycled back into aluminum with the Hall–Héroult process, making the reaction theoretically renewable.[42] If the Hall-Heroult Process is run using solar or wind power, aluminum could be used to store the energy produced at higher efficiency than direct solar electrolysis.[52]
Boron, silicon, and zinc[edit]
Boron,[53] silicon,[54] and zinc[55] have been proposed as energy storage solutions.
The organic compound norbornadiene converts to quadricyclane upon exposure to light, storing solar energy as the energy of chemical bonds. A working system has been developed in Sweden as a molecular solar thermal system.[56]
Electrical methods[edit]
Capacitor[edit]
Main article: capacitor
This mylar-film, oil-filled capacitor has very low inductance and low resistance, to provide the high-power (70 megawatts) and the very high speed (1.2 microsecond) discharges needed to operate a dye laser.
A capacitor (originally known as a 'condenser') is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically. Practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e., insulator). A capacitor can store electric energy when disconnected from its charging circuit, so it can be used like a temporary battery, or like other types of rechargeable energy storage system.[57] Capacitors are commonly used in electronic devices to maintain power supply while batteries change. (This prevents loss of information in volatile memory.) Conventional capacitors provide less than 360 joules per kilogram, while a conventional alkaline battery has a density of 590 kJ/kg.
Capacitors store energy in an electrostatic field between their plates. Given a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge (+Q) to collect on one plate and negative charge (-Q) to collect on the other plate. If a battery is attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if an accelerating or alternating voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow. Besides capacitor plates, charge can also be stored in a dielectric layer.[58]
Capacitance is greater given a narrower separation between conductors and when the conductors have a larger surface area. In practice, the dielectric between the plates emits a small amount of leakage current and has an electric field strength limit, known as the breakdown voltage. However, the effect of recovery of a dielectric after a high-voltage breakdown holds promise for a new generation of self-healing capacitors.[59][60] The conductors and leads introduce undesired inductance and resistance.
Research is assessing the quantum effects of nanoscale capacitors[61] for digital quantum batteries.[62][63]
Superconducting magnetics[edit]
Main article: Superconducting magnetic energy storage
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems store energy in a magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil that has been cooled to a temperature below its superconducting critical temperature. A typical SMES system includes a superconducting coil, power conditioning system and refrigerator. Once the superconducting coil is charged, the current does not decay and the magnetic energy can be stored indefinitely.[64]
The stored energy can be released to the network by discharging the coil. The associated inverter/rectifier accounts for about 2–3% energy loss in each direction. SMES loses the least amount of electricity in the energy storage process compared to other methods of storing energy. SMES systems offer round-trip efficiency greater than 95%.[65]
Due to the energy requirements of refrigeration and the cost of superconducting wire, SMES is used for short duration storage such as improving power quality. It also has applications in grid balancing.[64]
Applications[edit]
Mills[edit]
The classic application before the industrial revolution was the control of waterways to drive water mills for processing grain or powering machinery. Complex systems of reservoirs and dams were constructed to store and release water (and the potential energy it contained) when required.[citation needed]
Home energy storage[edit]
Main article: Home Energy Storage
Home energy storage is expected to become increasingly common given the growing importance of distributed generation of renewable energies (especially photovoltaics) and the important share of energy consumption in buildings.[66] To exceed a self-sufficiency of 40% in a household equipped with photovoltaics, energy storage is needed.[66] Multiple manufacturers produce rechargeable battery systems for storing energy, generally to hold surplus energy from home solar/wind generation. Today, for home energy storage, Li-ion batteries are preferable to lead-acid ones given their similar cost but much better performance.[67]
Tesla Motors produces two models of the Tesla Powerwall. One is a 10 kWh weekly cycle version for backup applications and the other is a 7 kWh version for daily cycle applications.[68] In 2016, a limited version of the Tesla Powerpack 2 cost $398(US)/kWh to store electricity worth 12.5 cents/kWh (US average grid price) making a positive return on investment doubtful unless electricity prices are higher than 30 cents/kWh.[69]
RoseWater Energy produces two models of the "Energy & Storage System", the HUB 120[70] and SB20.[71] Both versions provide 28.8 kWh of output, enabling it to run larger houses or light commercial premises, and protecting custom installations. The system provides five key elements into one system, including providing a clean 60 Hz Sine wave, zero transfer time, industrial-grade surge protection, renewable energy grid sell-back (optional), and battery backup.[72][73]
Enphase Energy announced an integrated system that allows home users to store, monitor and manage electricity. The system stores 1.2 kWh of energy and 275W/500W power output.[74]
Storing wind or solar energy using thermal energy storage though less flexible, is considerably less expensive than batteries. A simple 52-gallon electric water heater can store roughly 12 kWh of energy for supplementing hot water or space heating.[75]
For purely financial purposes in areas where net metering is available, home generated electricity may be sold to the grid through a grid-tie inverter without the use of batteries for storage.
Grid electricity and power stations[edit]
Main articles: Grid energy storage and Battery storage power station
Renewable energy storage[edit]
Construction of the Salt Tanks which provide efficient thermal energy storage[76] so that output can be provided after the sun goes down, and output can be scheduled to meet demand requirements.[77] The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is designed to provide six hours of energy storage. This allows the plant to generate about 38 percent of its rated capacity over the course of a year.[78]
The 150 MW Andasol solar power station is a commercial parabolic trough solar thermal power plant, located in Spain. The Andasol plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy so that it can continue generating electricity even when the sun isn't shining.[79]
The largest source and the greatest store of renewable energy is provided by hydroelectric dams. A large reservoir behind a dam can store enough water to average the annual flow of a river between dry and wet seasons. A very large reservoir can store enough water to average the flow of a river between dry and wet years. While a hydroelectric dam does not directly store energy from intermittent sources, it does balance the grid by lowering its output and retaining its water when power is generated by solar or wind. If wind or solar generation exceeds the regions hydroelectric capacity, then some additional source of energy will be needed.
Many renewable energy sources (notably solar and wind) produce variable power.[80] Storage systems can level out the imbalances between supply and demand that this causes. Electricity must be used as it is generated or converted immediately into storable forms.[81]
The main method of electrical grid storage is pumped-storage hydroelectricity. Areas of the world such as Norway, Wales, Japan and the US have used elevated geographic features for reservoirs, using electrically powered pumps to fill them. When needed, the water passes through generators and converts the gravitational potential of the falling water into electricity.[80] Pumped storage in Norway, which gets almost all its electricity from hydro, has currently a capacity of 1.4 GW but since the total installed capacity is nearly 32 GW and 75% of that is regulable, it can be expanded significantly.[82]
Some forms of storage that produce electricity include pumped-storage hydroelectric dams, rechargeable batteries, thermal storage including molten salts which can efficiently store and release very large quantities of heat energy,[83] and compressed air energy storage, flywheels, cryogenic systems and superconducting magnetic coils.
Surplus power can also be converted into methane (sabatier process) with stockage in the natural gas network.[84][85]
In 2011, the Bonneville Power Administration in Northwestern United States created an experimental program to absorb excess wind and hydro power generated at night or during stormy periods that are accompanied by high winds. Under central control, home appliances absorb surplus energy by heating ceramic bricks in special space heaters to hundreds of degrees and by boosting the temperature of modified hot water heater tanks. After charging, the appliances provide home heating and hot water as needed. The experimental system was created as a result of a severe 2010 storm that overproduced renewable energy to the extent that all conventional power sources were shut down, or in the case of a nuclear power plant, reduced to its lowest possible operating level, leaving a large area running almost completely on renewable energy.[86][87]
Another advanced method used at the former Solar Two project in the United States and the Solar Tres Power Tower in Spain uses molten salt to store thermal energy captured from the sun and then convert it and dispatch it as electrical power. The system pumps molten salt through a tower or other special conduits to be heated by the sun. Insulated tanks store the solution. Electricity is produced by turning water to steam that is fed to turbines.
Since the early 21st century batteries have been applied to utility scale load-leveling and frequency regulation capabilities.[80]
In vehicle-to-grid storage, electric vehicles that are plugged into the energy grid can deliver stored electrical energy from their batteries into the grid when needed.
Air conditioning[edit]
Main article: Ice storage air conditioning
Thermal energy storage (TES) can be used for air conditioning.[88] It is most widely used for cooling single large buildings and/or groups of smaller buildings. Commercial air conditioning systems are the biggest contributors to peak electrical loads. In 2009, thermal storage was used in over 3,300 buildings in over 35 countries. It works by creating ice at night and using the ice for cooling during the hotter daytime periods.[83]
The most popular technique is ice storage, which requires less space than water and is less costly than fuel cells or flywheels. In this application, a standard chiller runs at night to produce an ice pile. Water then circulates through the pile during the day to chill water that would normally be the chiller's daytime output.
A partial storage system minimizes capital investment by running the chillers nearly 24 hours a day. At night, they produce ice for storage and during the day they chill water. Water circulating through the melting ice augments the production of chilled water. Such a system makes ice for 16 to 18 hours a day and melts ice for six hours a day. Capital expenditures are reduced because the chillers can be just 40 - 50% of the size needed for a conventional, no-storage design. Storage sufficient to store half a day's available heat is usually adequate.
A full storage system shuts off the chillers during peak load hours. Capital costs are higher, as such a system requires larger chillers and a larger ice storage system.
This ice is produced when electrical utility rates are lower.[89] Off-peak cooling systems can lower energy costs. The U.S. Green Building Council has developed the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program to encourage the design of reduced-environmental impact buildings. Off-peak cooling may help toward LEED Certification.[90]
Thermal storage for heating is less common than for cooling. An example of thermal storage is storing solar heat to be used for heating at night.
Latent heat can also be stored in technical phase change materials (PCMs). These can be encapsulated in wall and ceiling panels, to moderate room temperatures.
Liquid hydrocarbon fuels are the most commonly used forms of energy storage for use in transportation, followed by a growing use of Battery Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Other energy carriers such as hydrogen can be used to avoid producing greenhouse gases.
Public transport systems like trams and trolleybuses require electricity, but due to their variability in movement, a steady supply of electricity via renewable energy is challenging. Photovoltaic systems installed on the roofs of buildings can be used to power public transportation systems during periods in which there is increased demand for electricity and access to other forms of energy are not readily available.[91]
Electronics[edit]
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of power supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric power transmission systems they stabilize voltage and power flow.[92]
Use cases[edit]
Main article: United States Department of Energy International Energy Storage Database
The United States Department of Energy International Energy Storage Database (IESDB), is a free-access database of energy storage projects and policies funded by the United States Department of Energy Office of Electricity and Sandia National Labs.[93]
Storage capacity[edit]
Storage capacity is the amount of energy extracted from a power plant energy storage system; usually measured in joules or kilowatt-hours and their multiples, it may be given in number of hours of electricity production at power plant nameplate capacity; when storage is of primary type (i.e., thermal or pumped-water), output is sourced only with the power plant embedded storage system.[94][95]
Economics[edit]
The economics of Energy Storage strictly depends on the reserve service requested, and several uncertainty factors affect the profitability of Energy Storage. Therefore, not every Energy Storage is technically and economically suitable for the storage of several MWh, and the optimal size of the Energy Storage is market and location dependent.[96]
Moreover, ESS are affected by several risks, e.g.:[97]
1) techno-economic risks, which are related to the specific technology;
2) Market risks, which are the factors that affect the electricity supply system;
3) Regulation and policy risks.
Therefore, traditional techniques based on deterministic Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) for the investment appraisal are not fully adequate to evaluate these risks and uncertainties and the investor's flexibility to deal with them. Hence, the literature recommends to assess the value of risks and uncertainties through the Real Option Analysis (ROA), which is a valuable method in uncertain contexts.[97]
The economic valuation of large-scale applications (including pumped hydro storage and compressed air) considers benefits including: wind curtailment avoidance, grid congestion avoidance, price arbitrage and carbon free energy delivery.[83][98][99] In one technical assessment by the Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Centre, economic goals could be met with batteries if energy storage were achievable at a capital cost of $30 to $50 per kilowatt-hour of storage capacity.[83]
A metric for calculating the energy efficiency of storage systems is Energy Storage On Energy Invested (ESOI) which is the useful energy used to make the storage system divided into the lifetime energy storage. For lithium ion batteries this is around 10, and for lead acid batteries it is about 2. Other forms of storage such as pumped hydroelectric storage generally have higher ESOI, such as 210.[100]
In 2013, the German Federal government has allocated €200M (approximately US$270M) for advanced research, as well as providing a further €50M to subsidize battery storage for use with residential rooftop solar panels, according to a representative of the German Energy Storage Association.[101]
Siemens AG commissioned a production-research plant to open in 2015 at the Zentrum für Sonnenenergie und Wasserstoff (ZSW, the German Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research in the State of Baden-Württemberg), a university/industry collaboration in Stuttgart, Ulm and Widderstall, staffed by approximately 350 scientists, researchers, engineers, and technicians. The plant develops new near-production manufacturing materials and processes (NPMM&P) using a computerized Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. Its goals will enable the expansion of rechargeable battery production with both increased quality and reduced manufacturing costs.[102][103]
In 2014, research and test centers opened to evaluate energy storage technologies. Among them was the Advanced Systems Test Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin at Madison in Wisconsin State, which partnered with battery manufacturer Johnson Controls.[104] The laboratory was created as part of the university's newly opened Wisconsin Energy Institute. Their goals include the evaluation of state-of-the-art and next generation electric vehicle batteries, including their use as grid supplements.[104]
The State of New York unveiled its New York Battery and Energy Storage Technology (NY-BEST) Test and Commercialization Center at Eastman Business Park in Rochester, New York, at a cost of $23 million for its almost 1,700 m2 laboratory. The center includes the Center for Future Energy Systems, a collaboration between Cornell University of Ithaca, New York and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. NY-BEST tests, validates and independently certifies diverse forms of energy storage intended for commercial use.[105]
On September 27, 2017, Senators Al Franken of Minnesota and Martin Heinrich of New Mexico introduced Advancing Grid Storage Act (AGSA), which would devote more than $1 billion in research, technical assistance and grants to encourage energy storage in the United States.[106]
In the United Kingdom, some fourteen industry and government agencies allied with seven British universities in May 2014 to create the SUPERGEN Energy Storage Hub in order to assist in the coordination of energy storage technology research and development.[107][108]
Energy portal
Renewable energy portal
Sustainable development portal
Efficient energy use
Energy storage as a service (ESaaS)
Grid energy storage
Intermittent energy source
Hybrid renewable energy system
List of energy storage projects
Outline of energy
Power-to-X
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^ Herrman, Ulf; Nava, Paul (February 13, 2016). "Thermal Storage Concept for a 50 MW Trough Power Plant in Spain" (PDF). www.nrel.gov. NREL. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ Doetsch, Christian (November 6, 2014). "Electric Storage Devices – "Definition" of Storage Capacity, Power, Efficiency" (PDF). www.iea-eces.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ Locatelli, Giorgio; Palerma, Emanuele; Mancini, Mauro (April 1, 2015). "Assessing the economics of large Energy Storage Plants with an optimisation methodology". Energy. 83: 15–28. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.01.050.
^ a b Locatelli, Giorgio; Invernizzi, Diletta Colette; Mancini, Mauro (June 1, 2016). "Investment and risk appraisal in energy storage systems: A real options approach" (PDF). Energy. 104: 114–131. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.03.098.
^ Rodica Loisel, Arnaud Mercier, Christoph Gatzen, Nick Elms, Hrvoje Petric, "Valuation framework for large scale electricity storage in a case with wind curtailment", Energy Policy 38(11): 7323–7337, 2010, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.08.007.
^ Wald, Matthew. Green Blog: The Convoluted Economics of Storing Energy, The New York Times, January 3, 2012.
^ "Stanford scientists calculate the carbon footprint of grid-scale battery technologies". Stanford University.
^ Galbraith, Kate. Filling the Gaps in the Flow of Renewable Energy, The New York Times, October 22, 2013.
^ Aschenbrenner, Norbert. Test Plant For Automated Battery Production, Physics.org website, May 6, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
^ Produktionsforschung | Prozessentwicklung und Produktionstechnik für große Lithium-Ionen-Zellen Archived May 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg website, 2011. ‹See Tfd›(in German)
^ a b Content, Thomas. Johnson Controls, UW Open Energy Storage Systems Test Lab In Madison, Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 5, 2014.
^ Loudon, Bennett J. NY-BEST Opens $23M Energy Storage Center, Rochester, New York: Democrat and Chronicle, April 30, 2014.
^ "Senators want more than $1 billion to promote energy storage answers". pv magazine USA. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
^ SUPERGEN hub to set the direction of the UK's energy storage, HVNPlus.co.uk website, May 6, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
^ New SUPERGEN Hub to set UK's energy storage course, ECNMag.com website, May 2, 2014.
Barringer, Felicity. Green Blog: In California, a Grid Storage Mandate, The New York Times, October 1, 2010.
Baxter, Richard. Energy Storage: A Nontechnical Guide, September 10, 2005. ISBN 1-59370-027-X
Belli, Brita. 'Battery University' Aims to Train a Work Force for Next-Generation Energy Storage, The New York Times, April 8, 2013. Discusses a professional development program at San Jose State University.
Browne, Malcome W. New Hunt for Ideal Energy Storage System, The New York Times, January 6, 1988. Discusses superconducting magnetic energy storage.
Cardwell, Diane. Battery Seen as Way to Cut Heat-Related Power Losses, July 16, 2013 online and July 17, 2013 in print on July 17, 2013, on page B1 in the New York City edition of The New York Times, p. B1. Discusses Eos Energy Systems' Zinc–air batteries.
Cardwell, Diane. SolarCity to Use Batteries From Tesla for Energy Storage, December 4, 2013 on line, and December 5, 2013 in the New York City edition of The New York Times, p. B-2. Discusses SolarCity, DemandLogic and Tesla Motors.
Galbraith, Kate. In Presidio, a Grasp at the Holy Grail of Energy Storage, The New York Times, November 6, 2010.
Galbraith, Kate. Filling the Gaps in the Flow of Renewable Energy, The New York Times, October 22, 2013.
Gies, Erica. The Challenge of Storing Energy on a Large Scale, The New York Times, September 29, 2010.
Gies, Erica. Making the Consumer an Active Participant in the Grid, The New York Times, November 29, 2010. Discusses distributed generation and the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
Gies, Erica. I.H.T. Special Report: Global Clean Energy: A Storage Solution Is in the Air, The International Herald Tribune, October 1, 2012. Retrieved from NYTimes.com website. Discusses SustainX, LightSail Energy, and both adiabatic and isothermal compressed air energy storage.
Huggins, Robert. Energy storage. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010.
Kumagai, Jean. How Much Energy Storage Do You Need to Back Up the London Array?, IEEE Spectrum, July 15, 2014.
LaMonica, Martin. A Big Bet on How to Store Energy, Cheaply, June 24, 2014, Smithsonian magazine website. Retrieved from Smithsonian.com July 20, 2014. Discusses CAES, SustainX, LightSail Energy, and others.
Malewitz, Jim. Project Tests New Storage for Energy, The New York Times website, June 21, 2014, and in print on June 22, 2014, on p. A27A of the National edition.
Middlesboro Daily News. The Case For A Fifth Wheel, Middlesboro, Kentucky: Middlesboro Daily News, January 15, 1974, p. 4. Discusses research into flywheel powered autos.
Ricketts, Camille. DOE Charges Up Flywheels, Finalizes $43M Loan to Beacon Power, VentureBeat, The New York Times, August 10, 2010. Discusses Beacon Power and flywheel energy storage.
Sorkin, Andrew Ross. Storage: Clean Energy's Killer App, DealBook, The New York Times, September 30, 2010.
Sorkin, Andrew Ross. Despite Setbacks, Investor Is Bullish on Clean Technology, DealBook, The New York Times, November 29, 2012. Discusses LightSail and Khosla Ventures.
Wald, Matthew L. Green Blog: Harnessing the Sun to Store the Wind, The New York Times, December 28, 2009. Discusses CAES and Southwest Solar Technology.
Wald, Matthew L. Green Blog: Storing Energy as Ice?, The New York Times, January 27, 2010. Discusses Thermal energy storage.
Wald, Matthew L. Green Blog: ARPA-E Is Poised to Put Products on the Grid, The New York Times, April 14, 2011. Discusses: Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA-E), General Compression, CAES.
Wald, Matthew L. Can Batteries Replace Power Generators?, The New York Times, May 18, 2011. Discusses: AES Energy Storage, Long Island Power Authority.
Wald, Matthew L. Batteries at a Wind Farm Help Control Output, The New York Times, October 28, 2011. Discusses: AES Corporation, energy storage at wind farms.
Wald, Matthew L. Storehouses for Solar Energy Can Step In When the Sun Goes Down, The New York Times, January 2, 2012. Discusses molten salt thermal storage, SolarReserve, Brightsource, solar power towers.
Wald, Matthew L. Green Blog: Surplus Renewable Energy: An Update, The New York Times, February 8, 2012.
Wald, Matthew L. Green Blog: Is That Onions You Smell? Or Battery Juice?, The New York Times, May 9, 2012. Discusses vanadium redox battery technology.
Wald, Matthew L. Green Blog: Cutting the Electric Bill with a Giant Battery, The New York Times, June 27, 2012. Discusses Saft Groupe S.A.
Wald, Matthew L. Seeking to Start a Silicon Valley for Battery Science, The New York Times, November 30, 2012.
Wald, Matthew L. Arizona Utility Tries Storing Solar Energy for Use in the Dark, The New York Times, October 18, 2013, p. B1 (New York edition); also published online at NYTimes.com on October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013. Discusses BrightSource Energy, Electric Power Research Institute, Ivanpah Solar Power Facility project, and the Solana Generating Station project.
Wald, Matthew L. Catching Rays in California, and Storing Them, The New York Times, December 23, 2013 online, and in print on December 24, 2013, p. B3 of the New York edition. Discusses the California Public Utilities Commission's role in mandating the use of energy storage within that state.
Wald, Matthew L. From Harvard, a Cheaper Storage Battery, The New York Times, January 8, 2014. Discusses research into flow-batteries utilizing carbon-based molecules called quinones.
Witkin, Jim. Building Better Batteries for Electric Cars, The New York Times, March 31, 2011, p. F4. Published online March 30, 2011. Discusses batteries and lithium ion battery.
Witkin, Jim. Green Blog: A Second Life for the Electric Car Battery, The New York Times, April 27, 2011. Describes: ABB; Community Energy Storage for the use of electric vehicle batteries for grid energy storage.
Journals and papers
Chen, Haisheng; Thang Ngoc Cong; Wei Yang; Chunqing Tan; Yongliang Li; Yulong Ding. Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review, Progress in Natural Science, accepted July 2, 2008, published in Vol. 19, 2009, pp. 291–312, doi: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.07.014. Sourced from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier and Science in China Press. Synopsis: a review of electrical energy storage technologies for stationary applications. Retrieved from ac.els-cdn.com on May 13, 2014. (PDF)
Corum, Lyn. The New Core Technology: Energy storage is part of the smart grid evolution, The Journal of Energy Efficiency and Reliability, December 31, 2009. Discusses: Anaheim Public Utilities Department, lithium ion energy storage, iCel Systems, Beacon Power, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), ICEL, Self Generation Incentive Program, ICE Energy, vanadium redox flow, lithium Ion, regenerative fuel cell, ZBB, VRB, lead acid, CAES, and Thermal Energy Storage. (PDF)
G. de Oliveira e Silva; P. Hendrick. Lead-acid batteries coupled with photovoltaics for increased electricity self-sufficiency in households, Applied Energy, 178 (2016) 856-867. Retrieved on July 20, 2016.
Whittingham, M. Stanley. History, Evolution, and Future Status of Energy Storage, Proceedings of the IEEE, manuscript accepted February 20, 2012, date of publication April 16, 2012; date of current version May 10, 2012, published in Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 100, May 13, 2012, 0018-9219, pp. 1518–1534, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2012.219017. Retrieved from ieeexplore.ieee.org May 13, 2014. Synopsis: A discussion of the important aspects of energy storage including emerging battery technologies and the importance of storage systems in key application areas, including electronic devices, transportation, and the utility grid. (PDF)
GA Mansoori, N Enayati, LB Agyarko (2016), Energy: Sources, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model State, World Sci. Pub. Co., ISBN 978-981-4704-00-7
Díaz-González, Franscisco (2016). Energy storage in power systems. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118971321.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Energy storage.
Wikiversity has learning resources about Energy storage
U.S. Dept of Energy - Energy Storage Systems Government research center on energy storage technology.
U.S. Dept of Energy - International Energy Storage Database The DOE International Energy Storage Database provides free, up-to-date information on grid-connected energy storage projects and relevant state and federal policies.
IEEE Special Issue on Massive Energy Storage
IEA-ECES - International Energy Agency - Energy Conservation through Energy Conservation programme.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_storage&oldid=904865267"
Articles with German-language external links
Use mdy dates from September 2018


As part of "getting the membership involved" the committee, through Steve Clarke, have arranged for a Tenkara evening on the river Dove at Dovedale. The event will take place on the 28th June commencing at the Dovedale car park from 18.30 with an impromptu BBQ. Peter Arfield, from the Bakewell Fly fishing shop, will be giving a bank side demonstration of the Tenkara techniques for those attending. There is a limited number of spaces and a first come first served allocation will be applied. although if numbers show the potential another evening could be arranged.It would be useful if those attending had their own Tenkara set up but some equipment might be available on the night. The event is expected to run through until dusk. The cost for the evening will be £30 including the BBQ.
Working Party River Hamps. Saturday 27th April.
R. Churnet, Lords Bridge and R. Hamps. Winkhill. 12th April 2019. Upper Dove. Crowdecote.
Working Party. River Hamps. Saturday 27th April. 09.30 hrs.
London Fly Fair. Business Design Centre. Islington. London.


On Saturday the 11th of November on the advanced sailing lesson course was one of the most dangerous experiences until now.
Everything started normally as every other weekend. It was a little bit cloudy, the wind was North – West as usual and not too much. Perfect day for sailing. When we got out of the harbour, it started raining. Excitement was all over the crew, we could use more our new waterproof clothes!!!
After a while it was raining more heavily. Everybody was happy with that, because the vessel is getting washed, the scenery completely changes. Finally we reached and we moored in the island Dia. We ate, we had fun, but at some point we had to return back to Heraclion.
We knew already that the weather was going to get worse. As long as we were in the island of Dia, we couldn't feel it. Departing from Dia we put our smallest sails and decided to sail with both sails (main & genoa), the other vessel which was near (Christina) sailed only with one (genoa). Travelling with two sails in this weather is something different than with just one. Having two sails we had to broad reach instead of running as Christina did. That means also that we had to do a lot of jibes in order to reach Heraclion port.
When we were a little bit outside of Dia, it was raining cats and dogs and also the wind was a lot. As an advanced lesson crew everybody liked it. Sailing with a broad reach in this weather you are always afraid of doing an unitentional jibe or a broach. Everybody was on alert….
When Pashalis got the rudder, we didn't had to wait for long, until the error happened. A semi-broach happened and as we recovered the boat, we heard a strange noise. With a quick check we saw that the boomvang was broken.
the heraclion port, at the point as we were getting down the sails, the boom fell on the deck. Then we realized that it wasn't only the boomvang that was broken, but also the gooseneck.
Sailing with a broken gooseneck means that the boom can get out of its position at any time. If the boom were to got out at the point when we were in the mast and fixing the boomvang, We would for sure have at least one unconscious person in the sea after that. He would have been hit by the boom very severely.


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Fire crews 'chasing down' spot fire on Wright's Lake Road
Mountain Democrat
A spot fire burns along Wright's Lake Road North of U.S. Highway 50. (Provided / Cal Fire)
The Caldor Fire has burned 126,566 acres and is 12% contained, according to the latest information from fire officials.
Firefighters are battling a 700-acre spot fire in the area around Wright's Lake Road, north of U.S. Highway 50, according to Eric Schwab, Cal Fire operations section chief.
"We're currently trying to get containment on that now," Schwab said. "The west side of it and the north side of it are fairly secure right now, but again we are kind of chasing this one down. "It's spreading lateral, the winds will start to taper off tonight and I'm confident we'll get dozer lines around that."
Fire crews conducted firing operations Tuesday night south of Sly Park Road that went "better than expected," Schwab said.
"They completely closed the box. They started on both sides of the canyon on the Omo side and up off of Grizzly and burned all the way down into the Middle Fork of the Cosumnes River (Canyon) and up the other side," Schwab said.
He said hand crews were at Sly Park trying to piece that (containment effort) together Wednesday with bulldozing and back burning that will happen overnight.
"If this is successful, it will reduce the complexity of this firing operation and it will reduce the amount of time we need to be working in there," Schwab said.
There will be a change in winds over the next three days, according to incident meteorologist Jim Dudley.
"The good news is we're having a little change in the weather pattern," Dudley said. "We are going to have much decreased … in fact, it's almost going to stop southerly wind flow that's been feeding into the fire area. Southwest and west winds are going to stop and we're going to have very light winds aloft."
Fire behavior analyst Steve Volmer said that will help get a lot more resources in safely. Volmer said the very dense stands of timber, trees more than 40 inches in diameter and a lot of materials like heavy dead and down fuels have been causing control issues.
"Those dead and down materials are very receptive, they are extremely dry," Volmer said.
He said once more resources are in, they will be able to affect a lot more direct line control.
Ben Newburn, the unified incident commander for the U.S. Forest Service, said the next few days will be very critical to pushing the containment percentage up.
"We're going to be involved in some very complex firefighting activities, particularly on the east side of the fire with some of our very technical firing operations," Newburn explained.
"Then also some of the work we're doing out in the west side of the fire … you're going to see some smoke in the air, possibly, you're going to see a lot of fire equipment moving around, but let me assure you we are working together to bring a successful end to this incident.
"The next few days are going to certainly be a test of our firefighting abilities, and certainly are going to present some opportunities for us to get some solid success on the spire, and start getting some containment."
At Wednesday evening's Caldor Fire public information meeting, an evacuee asked law enforcement liaison Eric Lee how someone would get prescription medications they left in their home.
"The best way to do that is to contact the American Red Cross," Lee said. "They will be happy to be able to help you out with that and get you whatever you need."
Lee was also asked how an evacuee will know it's time they can return home. About 24,500 El Dorado County residents are currently evacuated, according to the California Office of Emergency Services.
He said public information officers will work together to get messaging coming out so people can return home once the fire has been eradicated in an area or it's no longer an emergency ingress-egress route for fire apparatus and it's safe.
The fire began south of Grizzly Flat Aug. 14 and has since burned to the north and east all the way to US 50 and Silver Fork Road. Damage assessment teams as of Wednesday night have identified 465 homes and 11 commercial buildings that were destroyed.
The Caldor Fire currently threatens 17,488 structures with about 2,900 firefighting personnel assigned to the incident.
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South Lake Fire responds to fire at Pinewood Inn
SOUTH LAKE TAHOE, Calif. – South Lake Tahoe Fire Rescue responded to a structure fire at Pinewood Inn at 11:30 a.m. on Monday Jan. 24.
Dixie Fire caused by PG&E, Cal Fire investigators say
Chief's Corner – Preparing for Safe Winter Travel in the Sierra
Alpine Chamber reports $106,447 raised in Tamarack Fire relief
Sisolak: half million home COVID tests coming to Nevada
Barton Health Advisory
Covid-19 on the rise in El Dorado Co.
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text:
BENEATH THE APPLE BLOSSOM
BY KATE FROST
Genre: Contemporary women's fiction
Publisher: Lemon Tree Press.
Four women, linked by blood ties, friendship, betrayal, loss and hope, struggle with the choices they've made and the hand that life's dealt them.
All Pippa's ever wanted is marriage and kids, but at thirty-four and about to embark on IVF, her dream of having a family is far from certain. Her younger sister Georgie has the opposite problem, juggling her career, her lover, a young daughter and a husband who wants baby number two.
Pippa's best friend Sienna has a successful career in the film world, and despite her boyfriend pressurising her to settle down, a baby is the last thing she wants. Happily married Connie shares the trauma of fertility treatment with Pippa, but underestimates the impact being unable to conceive will have on her and her marriage.
As their lives collide in a way they could never have predicted, will any of them get to see their hopes realised?
Connie stopped and looked around. She had wandered a little way off the path and was in a small grassy clearing surrounded by trees heavy with spring leaves and blossom. Not in the mood for making small talk with a stranger, she chose a spot in semi-shade out of sight of the path, leant back against the slender tree trunk and closed her eyes. A slight breeze caressed her face and every so often she got the wonderful sensation of sunlight on her. She took a deep breath and drank in the scent of damp grass and spring flowers – fresh, sweet and alive – then opened her eyes to the canopy of white against the blue sky. The apple tree was bursting with blossom like masses of white teardrops.
She had everything to live for even if it didn't feel like it right now. Life was a journey, and the best journeys were the ones that couldn't be predicted before setting off, or that weren't an easy ride to reach the destination. Right then, on a perfect spring day beneath the apple blossom, she made a pact with herself to keep loving life whatever was thrown at her. She may have suffered yet more disappointment but she could still see beauty in the world and feel at peace.
ABOUT KATE FROST
Kate Frost is a writer and author with a MA in Creative Writing from Bath Spa University where she has also taught the lifewriting course to Creative Writing undergraduates. Alongside writing articles and short stories for magazines such as New Welsh Review, The London Magazine and QWF, Kate has worked in a bookshop, a cinema, as ground staff at Edgebaston Tennis Tournament and as a Supporting Artist in the films Vanity Fair, King Arthur and The Duchess.
Kate's debut novel, The Butterfly Storm, was published in 2013 and featured on Amazon's Movers and Shakers chart. Beneath the Apple Blossom is the first book in a series and Kate also plans to release the first in a time travel adventure trilogy for children by the end of 2016.
Kate lives in Bristol with her husband, her young son and their Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, and fits in writing and publishing books around looking after – and being amused by – an energetic toddler.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/katefrostauthor/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/Kactus77
Goodreads Author Page: https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/7131734.Kate_Frost
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/katefrostauthor/
Google+ https://plus.google.com/u/0/104783514144778238847/about/p/pub
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/kate-frost-29976041?trk=hp-identity-name
Blog: http://kate-frost.co.uk/index.php/blog/
Website: http://kate-frost.co.uk/
PAPERBACK COPY OF THE BOOK
(open internationally)
http://www.rafflecopter.com/rafl/display/4be03017177/?
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Kate Frost on August 4, 2016 at 2:34 pm said:
Thanks for hosting me Judith – much appreciated!
Kate, you are more than welcome. Your work sounds wonderful.Jx
Thank you so much. x