text:
Express Handlebars Change History
=================================

1.0.3 (2014-09-05)
------------------

* Fixed issue with namespaced partials dirs not actually being namespaces.
  ([#76][] @inerte)

[#76]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/76

1.0.2 (2014-09-05)
------------------

* Fixed `engines` entry in `package.json` to Node `>=0.10` to reflect this
  package's requirements. ([#78][])

[#78]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/78

1.0.1 (2014-08-08)
------------------

* Fixed bug where rendered content was only be returned if a layout template was
  being used. Now a layout-less render will actually return content. ([#73][])

[#73]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/73

1.0.0 (2014-08-07)
------------------

* __[!]__ Renamed to: `express-handlebars`. ([#65][])

* __[!]__ Rewritten to use Promises instead of `async` for asynchronous code.
  ([#68][]) This resulted in the following public API changes:

  * `loadPartials()` --> `getPartials()`, returns a Promise.
  * `loadTemplate()` --> `getTemplate()`, returns a Promise.
  * `loadTemplates()` --> `getTemplates()`, returns a Promise.
  * `render(file, context, [options])`, returns a Promise.

* `partialsDir` can now be set with an array of objects in the following form to
  support namespaced partials: ([#70][] @joanniclaborde)

      { dir: 'foo/bar/', namespace: 'bar' }

* Added support for Handlebars' `data` channel via `options.data`. ([#62][])

* Added `compileTemplate()` hook for the pre/post compile process, this also
  supports returning a Promise. ([#39][], [#41][])

* Added `_renderTemplate()` hook that supports returning a Promise.
  ([#39][], [#41][])

* Upgraded all dependencies, including Handlebars to 2.x. ([#59][])

* Added `graceful-fs` dependency to support large numbers of files to avoid
  EMFILE errors.

* Reduced complexity of cache code.

* Updated examples to each be self-contained and have `package.json` files.

[#39]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/39
[#41]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/41
[#59]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/59
[#62]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/62
[#65]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/65
[#68]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/68
[#70]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/70

0.5.1 (2014-08-05)
------------------

* __[!]__ Last release before `v1.0` which will have breaking changes.

* Improved `extname` docs in README and added example. ([#30][] @Crashthatch)

* `extname` can now be specified _without_ the leading `"."`.
  ([#51][] @calvinmetcalf)

[#30]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/30
[#51]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/51

0.5.0 (2013-07-25)
------------------

* Added `loadTemplates()` method which will load all the templates in a
  specified directory. ([#21][])

* Added support for multiple partials directories. This enables the
  `partialsDir` configuration property to be specified as an *array* of
  directories, and loads all of the templates in each one.

  This feature allows an app's partials to be split up in multiple directories,
  which is common if an app has some shared partials which will also be exposed
  to the client, and some server-side-only partials. ([#20][])

* Added runnable code examples in this package's "examples/" directory.
  ([#22][])

* Improved optional argument handling in public methods to treat Express
  `locals` function objects as `options` and not `callback` params to the method
  being invoked. ([#27][])

[#20]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/20
[#21]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/21
[#22]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/22
[#27]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/27

0.4.1 (2013-04-06)
------------------

* Updated `async` dependency to the latest stable minor version: "~0.2".

0.4.0 (2013-03-24)
------------------

* __[!]__ Removed the following "get" -> "load" aliases which kept in v0.2.0 for
  back-compat:

    * `getPartials()` -> `loadPartials()`
    * `getTemplate()` -> `loadTemplate()`

  This is the future version where these aliases have been removed.

* __[!]__ Renamed `lib/express3-handlebars.js` -> `lib/express-handlebars.js`.

* Exposed `getHandlebarsSemver()` function as a static property on the
  `ExpressHandlebars` constructor.

* Rearranged module exports by moving the engine factory function to `index.js`,
  making the `lib/express3-handlebars.js` module only responsible for exporting
  the `ExpressHandlebars` constructor.

0.3.3 (2013-03-22)
------------------

* Updated internal `_resolveLayoutPath()` method to take the full
  `options`/locals objects which the view is rendered with. This makes it easier
  to override. ([#14][])

[#14]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/14

0.3.2 (2013-02-20)
------------------

* Transfered ownership and copyright to Yahoo! Inc. This software is still free
  to use, and is now licensed under the Yahoo! Inc. BSD license.

0.3.1 (2013-02-18)
------------------

* Updated README with info about `options.helpers` for `render()` and
  `renderView()` docs. ([#7][])

[#7]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/7

0.3.0 (2013-02-18)
------------------

* Added support for render-level helpers, via `options.helpers`, to the
  `render()` and `renderView()` methods. Handlebars' `registerHelper()` function
  now works as expected and does not have to be called before the
  `ExpressHandlebars` instance is created. Helpers are now merged from:
  `handlebars.helpers` (global), `helpers` (instance), and `options.helpers`
  (render-level) before a template is rendered; this provides flexibility at
  all levels. ([#3][], [#11][])

* Added `handlebarsVersion` property which is the version number of `handlebars`
  as a semver. This is used internally to branch on certain operations which
  differ between Handlebars releases.

[#3]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/3
[#11]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/11

0.2.3 (2013-02-13)
------------------

* Fixed issue with naming nested partials when using the latest version of
  Handlebars (1.0.rc.2). Previous versions require a hack to replace "/"s with
  "."s in partial names, and the latest version of Handlebars fixes that bug.
  This hack will only be applied to old versions of Handlebars. ([#9][])

[#9]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/9

0.2.2 (2013-02-04)
------------------

* Updated README with the public method renames which happened v0.2.0.

0.2.1 (2013-02-04)
------------------

* `extname`, `layoutsDir`, and `partialsDir` property values will now reference
  the values on the prototype unless an `ExpressHandlebars` instance is
  constructed with config values for these properties.

* Improved clarity of method implementations, and exposed more override "hooks"
  via new private methods: `_getPartialName()`, `_renderTemplate()`, and
  `_resolveLayoutPath()`.

0.2.0 (2013-02-01)
------------------

* __[!]__ Renamed methods prefixed with "get" to "load" for clarity:

    * `getPartials()` -> `loadPartials()`
    * `getTemplate()` -> `loadTemplate()`

  Aliases for these methods have been created to maintain back-compat, but the
  old method names are now deprecated will be removed in the future. ([#5][])

* All paths are resolved before checking in or adding to caches. ([#1][])

* Force `{precompiled: false}` option within `render()` and `renderView()`
  methods to prevent trying to render with precompiled templates. ([#2][])

[#1]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/1
[#2]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/2
[#5]: https://github.com/ericf/express-handlebars/issues/5

0.1.2 (2013-01-10)
------------------

* Tweaked formatting of README documentation.

0.1.1 (2013-01-10)
------------------

* Added README documentation.

0.1.0 (2013-01-07)
------------------

* Initial release.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In a world that can seem standardized with a common way for all; the greatest challenge to face can be finding enjoyment in your difference. What is a difference? I believe that a personal difference can be a unique trait that a person possesses that is expressed along their journey of life. I have learned that our difference does not have to be our medical issues or the way we may look; our difference can be the way that we handle our person while encountering the lessons of life. We were each born with personal instincts for our survival and through each experience; we receive the gift to learn how we handle the situation and how we may learn from it. We are all able to learn from another person but we will never be able to be another person.
Enjoy your difference! Go forth and discover the person you are meant to be!


text:
import torch
import math

#######################################################################################################################################################################

def unpad_input(out_, in_, indices):
    out_[:,:] = in_[indices[:],:]

def pad_input(out_, in_, indices):
    out_[indices[:],:] = in_[:,:]

def unpad_mask(out_, in_, indices):
    out_[:] = in_.flatten()[indices[:]]

#######################################################################################################################################################################

def generate_mask(attention_mask, heads, pad=False, fuse_mask=True):
    seqlen = attention_mask.sum(dim=1).float().cpu()
    if pad == False:
        seqlen[:] = ((seqlen[:] + 16 - 1) / 16).floor()*16
        seqlen[seqlen < 16] = 16
        seqlen = seqlen.int()
        ntokens = seqlen.sum().item()
    else:
        batch = attention_mask.shape[0]
        maxseqlen = attention_mask.shape[1]
        seqlen.fill_(maxseqlen)
        seqlen = seqlen.int()
        ntokens = batch * maxseqlen

    padded_mask = attention_mask.clone()
    for i in range(len(seqlen)):
        padded_mask[i,:seqlen[i]] = 1
    indices = torch.nonzero(padded_mask.flatten(), as_tuple=False).flatten()

    if pad==False and fuse_mask == True:
        mask = torch.zeros([ntokens], device="cuda", dtype=torch.float16)
        unpad_mask(mask, attention_mask, indices)
        mask = (1 - mask) * -10000.0
    elif pad==False and fuse_mask == False:
        padded_mask = (padded_mask.unsqueeze(1) * padded_mask.unsqueeze(2)).unsqueeze(1).half().repeat(1, heads, 1, 1)
        indices_mask = torch.nonzero(padded_mask.flatten(), as_tuple=False).flatten()
        mask = torch.zeros([len(indices_mask)], device="cuda", dtype=torch.float16)
        unpad_mask(mask, padded_mask, indices_mask)
        mask = (1 - mask) * -10000.0
    elif pad==True and fuse_mask == True:
        mask = -10000.0 * (1 - attention_mask).half().view(-1)
    elif pad==True and fuse_mask == False:
        mask = -10000.0 * (1 - (attention_mask.unsqueeze(1) * attention_mask.unsqueeze(2))).unsqueeze(1).half().repeat(1, heads, 1, 1).view(-1)

    return indices, mask, seqlen, ntokens

#######################################################################################################################################################################

class PadInput(torch.autograd.Function):
    @staticmethod
    def forward(ctx, input, indices, batch, maxseqlen, hidden, ntokens):
        ctx.save_for_backward(indices)
        ctx.hidden = hidden
        ctx.ntokens = ntokens
        ntokens = batch*maxseqlen

        output = torch.zeros([ntokens,hidden], device="cuda", dtype=torch.float16)
        pad_input(output, input, indices)

        return output[:ntokens]

    @staticmethod
    def backward(ctx, grad_output):
        indices, = ctx.saved_tensors

        grad_input = torch.zeros([ctx.ntokens,ctx.hidden], device="cuda", dtype=torch.float16)
        unpad_input(grad_input, grad_output, indices)

        return grad_input[:ctx.ntokens], None, None, None, None, None

#######################################################################################################################################################################

class UnpadInput(torch.autograd.Function):
    @staticmethod
    def forward(ctx, input, indices, batch, maxseqlen, hidden, ntokens):
        ctx.save_for_backward(indices)
        ctx.hidden = hidden
        ctx.ntokens = batch*maxseqlen

        output = torch.zeros([ntokens, hidden], device="cuda", dtype=torch.float16)
        unpad_input(output, input, indices)

        return output[:ntokens]

    @staticmethod
    def backward(ctx, grad_output):
        indices, = ctx.saved_tensors

        grad_input = torch.zeros([ctx.ntokens,ctx.hidden], device="cuda", dtype=torch.float16)
        pad_input(grad_input, grad_output, indices)

        return grad_input[:ctx.ntokens], None, None, None, None, None

#######################################################################################################################################################################


This is a pretty easy pie to do with the kids and it also looks pretty...BONUS!
Mix the cream cheese and sugar until smooth and creamy.
Add the sour cream and vanilla and mix until combined.
Arrange the berries on top.
Chill for at least 8 hours until filling sets.


This large rectangle Jamie Joseph ring of misty moss aquamarine has a mesmerizing presence. Its intriguing color and depth contrast with its dramatic size. Polished smooth to reveal the natural characteristics of the stone this ring has an earthy vibe. Set in a bezel of 14K yellow gold it is centered on Jamie's sterling silver tapered X band. This stone is believed to release anxiety as well as help the wearer focus on success.


Austmine is excited to be hosting our Meet the Miners session on Day 1 of our Austmine 2019 Conference and Exhibition.
Our Meet the Miners event will foster closer collaboration between miners and METS, opening up dialogue around current operational issues, key initiatives and project requirements. Through direct engagement with senior management, our members will better understand the business fundamentals and operational factors driving decision making at projects around the world. This provides an avenue to gain insights into the supply needs and requirements of major miners and their current priorities for implementation of innovative procedures and solutions on site, potentially saving time down the track in the procurement process. This is an unparalleled opportunity for Austmine members to establish and develop relationships with mining companies attending the conference.
We will be bringing 12 miners to this event which will include local and international mining companies. The format will consist of three groups of four mining companies, each sitting at a table with a facilitator. You will be separated into 1 of the 3 groups and will have fifteen minutes at each table, meeting all four miners over the course of the hour. These groups will be running simultaneously.
Lia Walker, Operational Improvement, Freeport-McMoRan Inc.
This event is only open to Austmine members who have registered for the Austmine 2019 Conference and Exhibition. Places are limited to one attendee per company, with a total of 96 places available. If you would like to attend please email nicole.colomb@austmine.com.au to confirm your registration.
Austmine's Meet the Miners events have established a reputation for being central to facilitating industry communication and bridging the gap between miners and METS in the Australian mining industry. We hope that you can join us at the conference to experience this first-hand.


Ahiqize meaning is to catch or take something from and the definition of a ahiqize is a word that expresses action or a state of being. Ahiqize vary by type, and each type is determined by the kinds of words that accompany it and the relationship those words have with the verb itself.
Ahiqize definition can find in Ahiqize Facts - Do Ahiqize and Like Ahiqize terms.
What Is The Meaning Of Ahiqize ? Ahiqize Noun ~ a book of synonyms, often including related and contrasting words and antonyms..
Ahiqize Verb ~ the part of speech that expresses existence, action, or occurrence.


text:
Q: Python argparse: Insert blank line between help entries When using argparse, passing --help to the program generates help text. Unfortunately, it's hard to read because there are no blank lines between options. Here's an excerpt to illustrate:
optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -u FILENAME, --up-sound FILENAME
                        The sound to play when the network comes up. Default:
                        "/path/to/some/sound/file.wav"
  -d FILENAME, --down-sound FILENAME
                        The sound to play when the network goes down. Default:
                        "/path/to/some/other/sound/file.wav"
  -p EXECUTABLE, --player EXECUTABLE
                        The program to use to play sounds. Default: "play"
  -s, --silent          If specified, network_monitor.py will not play any
                        sounds.
  -c, --no-clear-screen
                        If specified, screen will not be cleared (nor extra
                        blank lines added) before network_monitor.py runs.
  --version             show program's version number and exit

Notice that in some cases, such as between -p and -s or between -c and --version, it is difficult to tell at a glance which help text applies to which option. There should be a blank line between entries. For example:
  -p EXECUTABLE, --player EXECUTABLE
                        The program to use to play sounds. Default: "play"

  -s, --silent          If specified, network_monitor.py will not play any
                        sounds.

How can I accomplish this? Several other questions recommend using argparse.RawTextHelpFormatter. The problem with that is that if I use it, I have to write my own logic to wrap the help text as the raw text help formatter does no formatting. The obvious answer would be to append '\n\n' to the end of the help text and use the default formatter. But inexplicably, newlines get stripped.
What's the way forward here? I'm using Python 3.4.

A: poke's approach is good.  Note that RawTextHelpFormatter also modifies this method, simplifying it to:
def _split_lines(self, text, width):
    return text.splitlines()

poke's method could be tweaked to give you more control
class BlankLinesHelpFormatter (argparse.HelpFormatter):
    # add empty line if help ends with \n
    def _split_lines(self, text, width):
        lines = super()._split_lines(text, width)
        if text.endswith('\n'):
            lines += ['']
        return lines

With this:
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='A description',
    formatter_class=BlankLinesHelpFormatter,
    epilog='Epilog line',
    )
parser.add_argument('-u', '--up-sound', metavar='FILENAME',
    help='The sound to play when the network comes up. Default:"%(default)s"\n',
    default="/path/to/some/sound/file.wav")
# note \n in above help
parser.add_argument('-d', '--down-sound', metavar='FILENAME',
    help='The sound to play when the network goes down. Default:"%(default)s"',
    default="/path/to/some/other/sound/file.wav")
parser.add_argument('-s','--silent', action='store_true',
    help='If specified, network_monitor.py will not play any sounds.')
parser.add_argument('positional', nargs='*', help='positional argument')
parser.print_help()

displays:
usage: stack29484443.py [-h] [-u FILENAME] [-d FILENAME] [-s]
                        [positional [positional ...]]

A description

positional arguments:
  positional            positional argument

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -u FILENAME, --up-sound FILENAME
                        The sound to play when the network comes up.
                        Default:"/path/to/some/sound/file.wav"

  -d FILENAME, --down-sound FILENAME
                        The sound to play when the network goes down.
                        Default:"/path/to/some/other/sound/file.wav"
  -s, --silent          If specified, network_monitor.py will not play any
                        sounds.

Epilog line

For reference, the default _split_lines is:
def _split_lines(self, text, width):
    text = self._whitespace_matcher.sub(' ', text).strip()
    return _textwrap.wrap(text, width)
    # self._whitespace_matcher = _re.compile(r'\s+')

This removes final \n and reduces all interior whitespace to one blank.

A: You can create your own help text formatter that does this. Note that this requires you to be very specific to the implementation detail of the argparse.HelpFormatter. So consider this warning that is included in every help formatter type description:

Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.

Once we ignore that, creating our own help formatter that adds a blank line between the entries is very simple:
class BlankLinesHelpFormatter (argparse.HelpFormatter):
    def _split_lines(self, text, width):
        return super()._split_lines(text, width) + ['']

And that's it. Now when you create the ArgumentParser object while passing
formatter_class=BlankLinesHelpFormatter to the constructor, blank lines will appear between each argument in the help text.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
S.O.S. Save Our Sitcoms
Everybody Hates Chris and My Name Is Earl Raise Network Hopes of a Comedy Revival
A decade ago, in the heyday of Seinfeld and Friends, the idea that the sitcom genre might need assistance from a couple of unorthodox comedies on also-ran broadcast networks would have been, well, a joke. But today, with the networks' humor landscape looking particularly bleak, tremendous interest—and a lot of marketing energy—is being focused on two new shows, NBC's My Name Is Earl and UPN's Everybody Hates Chris, as possible elixirs for an ailing institution.
"Especially for the younger audiences right now, there is just an association that sitcoms equal stale or stupid," says NBC Entertainment President Kevin Reilly.
Both Earl (about a smalltime crook who wins a lottery and resolves to right his past wrongs) and Chris (Chris Rock's comic look at his tough childhood) seem devoted to bucking those perceptions.
For a start, both shows rely on a single-camera style, which involves one camera shooting nearly every day and produces a movie-like effect, instead of the traditional four-camera, once-a-week, live-studio-audience sitcom setup. Single-camera TV comedy does not have a great track record; two recent platforms for the style are Scrubs and Arrested Development, both ratings-challenged.
UPN President Dawn Ostroff says a combination of factors has limited the number of single-camera shows even making air: "Some people think they are too expensive and don't want to get into them. Some think they don't have anything to pair with it because it's such a different art form. And some think it's hard for them to be successful because they don't do well in the aftermarket."
Because of these hurdles, NBC's Reilly says single-camera shows are "perceptually handicapped" before they even start. "Every time a single-camera show fails, they are put in a cooler for two more years at that network: 'See, they don't work.' Believe me, between Earl and Chris, there are a lot of people cheering them on, because there are a lot of writers who would like to write them and they want the networks to have the confidence to program them."
Not that the executive producers of Earl and Chris, Greg Garcia and Ali LeRoi, respectively, see themselves as responsible for anything beyond their own scripts. Both Garcia, former executive producer of Yes, Dear, and LeRoi, a longtime Rock collaborator, decline to weigh in on the state of TV comedy ("Show runners who do," says Garcia, "always sound like idiots"). But they spoke freely to B&C's Ben Grossman about their shows, how they got to air and what their own expectations are for these comedies that so many in the industry will be monitoring closely this fall.
Goal: Quirky But Sweet
Greg Garcia, e
xecutive producer, My Name Is Earl (NBC)
Fox decided against making this show. Why?I pitched the idea to Fox in fall 2003, and some people felt that it wasn't a series, based on my pitch. But maybe my pitch wasn't any good. I thought it was a series, so I went off and wrote the script, which had more of a story than my pitch did. And when I gave them that script, the same people said it was a series. They liked it and kicked it up to the upper level, to people like [then Fox Entertainment President] Gail Berman and [then Chairman of Fox Television] Sandy Grushow, and the decision was made to not do it. I know that the press likes to ask Fox about passing on Everybody Hates Chris and Earl, but networks pass on stuff all the time. You usually do get passed on by multiple networks. That's normal. They pass on a lot of bad stuff as well.
But Fox wasn't the only network that passed on this show, was it?
I was basically told during that development season that everybody passed. As far as I was concerned, it was dead. I was trying to figure out how to make it a movie, because I really liked the concept and the character. But at the same time I was still running Yes, Dear, so I didn't really have time to do anything movie-wise. And the next thing I know, a year later, NBC is interested. Once I figured it was dead, I finally did come up with a way that I thought I could make it a movie, and now I think that's the way I'm going to end the series. I just hope it's not very soon.
This doesn't look much like a typical NBC sitcom, does it?
I just hope it's a good show. I don't know if people turn on NBC and say, "That's not like their other shows so I'm not going to watch it." Where would you put it? I guess the argument is, it's more of a Fox show, but I think it's a good show and it doesn't matter that it's not like something else on NBC.
What was the inspiration for the show?
I have no idea. I wish I had a good story, I'm thinking about making one up. I just went on vacation with my wife's family in North Carolina and decided I was going to come up with a new show, and this is what I came up with. I honestly have no idea where it came from. Let's be honest: I was in North Carolina, so I was definitely around a lot of Earls.
Was Earl designed as a single-camera comedy just to stand out?
No. This idea had to be single-camera, and it wasn't because I was sick of four-camera shows. The way this is set up, these guys are going to be out and moving around; it has to be single-camera. I did a four-camera show for Fox this year [called Fugly], and it didn't get shot, so I wasn't trying to stay away from four-camera shows. With some of the single-camera shows, it's kind of hard to latch onto a character. I think sometimes, by design, some of the shows are quirkier and perhaps they don't go for the big emotional stuff all the time. On this show, we are going to go for emotional storylines and hopefully have some sweet moments at the end.
How has production gone so far?
I knew we were in business when we started and our first shot was a one-legged woman with a shotgun.
No Lessons, Just Laughs
Ali LeRoi, e
xecutive producer, Everybody Hates Chris (UPN)
This is being called by many the best pilot of the fall season. Have expectations for this show been raised too high already?
Yes and no. I am absolutely thrilled that they expect the things they expect, and I absolutely hope that that's what happens.
From a work standpoint, we didn't plan to get this much attention, so we figure we'll just do the best work we can and whatever comes from it comes from it.
We can't try to respond to press, critics or the various entities that think we represent this or that. Chris [Rock] and I just have some ideas, and we try to take the funniest ones and get them down on paper and up on the screen.
So can you give Joey and NBC a run?
They have at least 20 million more homes. Everybody that watches UPN would have to watch the show in order for us to beat Joey. It's not a fair comparison. Will we be a better show for UPN? I certainly hope so, but it's not the same playing field. I hope that we can be for UPN what South Park was for Comedy Central: a real breakout hit that gives them a higher profile and maybe draws a different sort of talent to the network. That would be cool. But are we gonna beat Joey? C'mon, let's get real.
The spotlight around this show has been focused on Chris Rock. Are you comfortable being the man behind the scenes?
That's fine with me. It's so cool. Chris and I worked together for years. I'm not a guy out seeking to be the front man and get accolades. I don't care if anyone ever says my name. You know who I want to say my name? [Viacom Co-President] Les Moonves. That's who I want saying my name. I want him to say, "I love that Ali LeRoi. Let's keep him and get him more shows and get him more money." If nobody else has anything good to say about me, I don't care. I just want Les Moonves to say my name.
How different is writing for network television from writing for films or premium cable?
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text:
\section{Introduction}Electric and magnetic fields generated by arbitrarily moving point charges are a fascinating topic where relativistic physics meets classical electrodynamics. In particular, accelerated point charges are the generators for almost all electromagnetic radiation, such as that emitted by oscillating electric dipoles, synchrotrons, or free electron lasers. As is well known, the electric field $\mathbf{E}$ of an arbitrarily moving point charge $q$ can be found with the help of Li\'enard-Wiechert potentials and has the explicit form \cite{landau1971classical,jackson1971classical}

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
    \mathbf{E}\left(\mathbf{r},t\right) &= q \left\{\rule{0cm}{0.8cm}\right. \frac{\mathbf{R}-R\boldsymbol{\beta}}{\gamma^2 \left(R-\mathbf{R}\cdot\boldsymbol{\beta}\right)^3} + \\
    & \hspace{2cm} + \frac{\mathbf{R}\times\left[\left(\mathbf{R}-R\boldsymbol{\beta}\right)\times\dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right]}{c \left(R-\mathbf{R}\cdot\boldsymbol{\beta}\right)^3} \left.\rule{0cm}{0.8cm}\right\}_{t'}
\end{split}
\label{eq:Efield}
\end{equation}

\noindent where the three-dimensional vector $\mathbf{R}$ is the spatial part of the four-dimensional null-vector

\begin{equation}
    \left\{ c (t - t'), \mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_0(t') \right\}.
    \label{eq:nullvector}
\end{equation}

\noindent This null-vector defines the retarded time $t'<t$ via

\begin{equation}
    t - t' = \frac{R}{c} = \frac{\left\vert \mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_0(t') \right\vert}{c}
    \label{eq:retardedtime}
\end{equation}

\noindent at which the right hand side of equation \eqref{eq:Efield} has to be evaluated. Here, $\mathbf{r}_0(t)$ is the particle's trajectory as a function of time $t$. Furthermore, the symbol $\boldsymbol{\beta}(t)=c^{-1}d\mathbf{r}_0(t)/dt$ is the particle's velocity divided by the speed of light $c$, $\gamma$ is the usual Lorentz factor $\gamma = 1/\sqrt{1-\beta^2}$, and a dot denotes differentiation after time. For finding the electric field at a given position $\mathbf{r}$ and time $t$, one has firstly to solve the retarded time equation \eqref{eq:retardedtime}, and then secondly to evaluate the right hand side of \eqref{eq:Efield} at time $t'$, which is typically a numerically demanding task.

Another way of visualizing an electric field is to use electric field lines -- continuous lines tangential to the electric field vector. Visualization of field lines can help in better understanding complex field configurations generated by non-trivial particle trajectories, and knowledge of field lines can also be used to estimate the electric field strength, due to the interconnection between local field line density and field strength as embodied by the zero divergence of the electric field in source-free space. Thus, the question how to efficiently calculate and draw field lines for arbitrarily moving point charges has been repeatedly considered in the literature \cite{tsien1972pictures,ohanian1980electromagnetic, jefimenko1994direct,bolotovskiui1997force,singal2011first,datta2016b,franklin2019electromagnetic}.  Here, we present an efficient and relatively simple way of how to find and draw electric field lines of an arbitrarily moving charge by deriving a compact auxiliary equation for a unit vector pointing from the retarded position of the charge to a specific field line position. We then find analytic solutions of the problem for several important cases.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{ElectricFieldlinesSchematic.png}
\caption{A point charge moving along an arbitrary trajectory $\mathbf{r}_0(t)$ (red solid line) generates an electromagnetic field throughout space. The field at any given position $\mathbf{r}$ at time $t$ originates from the charge when it is at retarded position $\mathbf{r}_0(t')$. Green circles are lines of constant retarded time $t'$. The vector $\mathbf{R}=c(t-t')\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}$ is the spatial part of the null-vector of eq.~\eqref{eq:nullvector} which connects the space-time events $\left\{c t',\mathbf{r}_0(t')\right\}$ and $\left\{c t,\mathbf{r}\right\}$, so that $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}$ is a unit vector.}
\label{fig:Fig1}
\end{figure}

\section{Arbitrary motion} Let us describe a field line at time $t$ by a parametric three-dimensional curve $\mathbf{p}\left(s\right)$ which is parametrized by the variable $s$. Along all its positions, it has to be parallel to the electric field vector, which means that it has to obey the differential equation

\begin{equation}
    \frac{d\mathbf{p}\left(s\right)}{ds} \propto \mathbf{E}\left[\mathbf{p}\left(s\right)\right].
    \label{eq:fieldlineparametric}
\end{equation}

\noindent Taking into account the non-trivial form of the electric field as given by eq.~\eqref{eq:Efield}, finding analytic solutions to this equation seems to be a formidable task. Note that any Cartesian position $\mathbf{r}$ can geometrically be referenced to the retarded position $\mathbf{r}_0(t')$ by $\mathbf{r} = \mathbf{r}_0(t') + \mathbf{R}(t')$, where $t'$ is the retarded time of the particle's position when it contributes to the electric field at position $\mathbf{r}$, see also figure \ref{fig:Fig1}. In particular, this holds true also for positions $\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{p}(s)$ on a field line. Our core idea is to use the retarded time $t'$ to parametrize a field line, by setting $s=t'$. Thus, the time $t'$ has a double meaning: it denotes the retarded time $t'$ \emph{and} it parametrizes the field line, and we find for the field line positions the relation

\begin{equation}
    \mathbf{p}(t') = \mathbf{r}_0(t') + \mathbf{R}(t') = \mathbf{r}_0(t') + c(t-t') \hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}(t')
    \label{eq:pdef}
\end{equation}

\noindent where we have used the fact that the length of the vector $\mathbf{R}(t')$ is $c(t-t')$, so that the vector $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}(t')$ on the right hand side of eq.~\eqref{eq:pdef} is a unit vector pointing from the retarded position $\mathbf{r}_0(t')$ of the point charge to a position $\mathbf{p}(t')$.
Now, let us consider eq.~\eqref{eq:fieldlineparametric}. Because we require that vector $d\mathbf{p}/ds\equiv d\mathbf{p}/dt'$ and vector $\mathbf{E}$ have only to be parallel at all positions $\mathbf{p}(t')$, we can choose any proportionality factor in eq.~\eqref{eq:fieldlineparametric} between these two vectors. Let us thus set $d\mathbf{p}/dt'$ equal to $-c\gamma^2 R^2 \left(1-\hat{\mathbf{R}}\cdot\boldsymbol{\beta}\right)^3 \mathbf{E}/q$ so that we find the field-line determining equation

\begin{equation}
    \frac{d\mathbf{p}\left(t'\right)}{dt'} = c \left(\hat{\mathbf{R}}-\boldsymbol{\beta}\right) + \gamma^2 \mathbf{R}\times\left[\left(\hat{\mathbf{R}}-\boldsymbol{\beta}\right)\times\dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right]
    \label{eq:peq}
\end{equation}

\noindent where a hat over a vector symbolizes normalization (unit vector). Now, by inserting eq.~\eqref{eq:pdef} into the last equation, we find the following auxiliary equation for the unit vector $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}(t')=\hat{\mathbf{R}}$

\begin{equation}
    \frac{d\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}}{dt'} = \gamma^2 \left[ \left( \hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}} - \boldsymbol{\beta} \right) \times \dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \right] \times \hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}.
    \label{eq:lambda}
\end{equation}

\noindent This equation is the core result of our paper: When we can solve this equation and determine $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}(t')$ for all times $t'<t$, then we can use eq.~\eqref{eq:pdef} to find the full field line. Thus, $t'$ plays the role of a line parameter and does not have to be found \emph{a priori} from an implicit retarded time equation such as eq.~\eqref{eq:retardedtime}, as has to be done when calculating the electric field. The final condition of eq.~\eqref{eq:lambda}, i.e. the direction $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}(t'=t)$, defines into which direction a field line starts from a point charge at time $t$.

Although we cannot present a general solution of eq.~\eqref{eq:lambda} for an arbitrary motion $\mathbf{r}_0(t')$, we consider in the next chapters several important and quite general cases for which analytical solutions can be found.

\section{Rectilinear motion}
Let us assume that the velocity and acceleration are all the time co-linear, i.e. $\dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\parallel \boldsymbol{\beta}$. In that case, our auxiliary equation for $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}$ simplifies to

\begin{equation}
    \frac{d\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}}{dt'} = \gamma^2 \left( \hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}} \times \dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \right) \times \hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}} = \gamma^2 \left[ \dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}} - \hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}} \left( \dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}} \cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}} \right) \right]
    \label{eq:lambdarecti}
\end{equation}

\noindent Multiplying both sides with unit vector $\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$ leads to an equation for the component $\lambda_\parallel = \hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}$ of $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}$ parallel to the constant direction of motion,

\begin{equation}
    d\lambda_\parallel = \frac{1 - \lambda_\parallel^2}{1-\beta^2}d\beta
    \label{eq:lambda_para}
\end{equation}

\noindent This equation can be integrated and has the solution

\begin{equation}
    \lambda_\parallel = \frac{n_\parallel + \beta}{1+n_\parallel \beta}
    \label{eq:lambda_para_sol}
\end{equation}

\noindent where $n_\parallel$ is an integration constant. For a $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}$-component $\lambda_\perp$ that is orthogonal to the direction of motion, we can find a similar equation by multiplying both sides of eq.~\eqref{eq:lambdarecti} with a unit vector perpendicular to $\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$. This results in

\begin{equation}
    d\lambda_\perp = - \frac{\lambda_\perp \lambda_\parallel}{1-\beta^2}d\beta = - \frac{\lambda_\perp \left(n_\parallel + \beta\right)}{\left(1+n_\parallel \beta\right)\left(1-\beta^2\right)}d\beta
    \label{eq:lambda_perp}
\end{equation}

\noindent which can also be explicitly integrated and has the solution

\begin{equation}
    \lambda_\perp = \frac{n_\perp}{\gamma\left(1+n_\parallel \beta\right)}
    \label{eq:lambda_perp_sol}
\end{equation}

\noindent with a second integration constant $n_\perp$. By adding $\lambda_\parallel^2$ and $\lambda_\perp^2$ together, one can check that $n_\parallel^2+n_\perp^2=1$ so that the integration constants are the components of a unit vector $\hat{\mathbf{n}}$. Putting all together, this leads to the compact result

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
    \hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}} = \frac{\hat{\mathbf{n}} + (\gamma-1) (\hat{\mathbf{n}}\cdot\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}) \hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}} + \gamma\boldsymbol{\beta} }{\gamma(1+\boldsymbol{\beta}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}})}
\end{split}
\label{eq:lambdares}
\end{equation}

\noindent Inserting this expression into eq.~\eqref{eq:pdef} and after some algebraic transformations, one finds the result for the electric field line itself as

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
    &\mathbf{p}\left(t'\right) = \mathbf{r}_0(t') + c(t-t') \boldsymbol{\beta}(t') +\\
    &\qquad + c(t-t')\left[\frac{(\gamma^{-1}-1)(\hat{\mathbf{n}}\cdot\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}) \hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}} + \hat{\mathbf{n}}}{\gamma\left(1+\hat{\mathbf{n}}\cdot\boldsymbol{\beta}\right)}\right]_{t'}
    \label{eq:final}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent Here, $\boldsymbol{\beta}$ and $\gamma$ in the square bracket are evaluated at time $t'$. Please note that the expression $\mathbf{r}_0(t') + c(t-t') \boldsymbol{\beta}(t')$ in the above equation would represent the position of the moving charge \emph{if} it would continue to move uniformly with its instantaneous velocity $\dot{\mathbf{r}}_0(t')=c\boldsymbol{\beta}(t')$ from its position $\mathbf{r}_0(t')$ at time $t'$. Thus, the vector in the second line of eq.~\eqref{eq:final} points from this virtual position to the field line position corresponding to $t'$.

The found expression for $\mathbf{p}\left(t'\right)$ gives an explicit parametric representation of a field line at time $t$, where the parametric variable is the retarded time $t'$. For finding a particular field line, one first defines $\hat{\mathbf{n}}$ and then traces the line for decreasing values of $t'$ starting from $t'=t$.

To better understand the physical meaning of the unit vector $\hat{\mathbf{n}}$,
let us check eq.~\eqref{eq:final} against the well-known case of a point charge moving uniformly with velocity $\dot{\mathbf{r}}_0=c\boldsymbol{\beta}$. For this case, the electric field reads

\begin{equation}
\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r},t) = \frac{q \gamma \Delta\mathbf{r}}{\left\{\gamma^2 (\Delta\mathbf{r}\cdot\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}})^2 + \left[\Delta\mathbf{r}-(\Delta\mathbf{r}\cdot\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}) \hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\right]^2\right\}^{3/2}}
\label{eq:efielduniform}
\end{equation}

\noindent where we have used the abbreviation $\Delta\mathbf{r} = \mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_0(t')-c(t-t')\boldsymbol{\beta}$. This expression describes an isotropic electric field which is "squeezed" by a factor $\gamma^{-1}$ along the direction of motion. Thus, if a field line is directed along unit vector $\hat{\mathbf{n}}$ in the particle's rest frame, it will point along direction

\begin{equation}
\hat{\mathbf{n}}' = \frac{(\gamma^{-1}-1)(\hat{\mathbf{n}}\cdot\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}) \hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}} + \hat{\mathbf{n}}}{\sqrt{1-(\hat{\mathbf{n}}\cdot\boldsymbol{\beta})^2}}
\label{eq:unitvecuniform}
\end{equation}

\noindent in the observers' lab frame. Comparing eq.~\eqref{eq:unitvecuniform} with eq.~\eqref{eq:final} shows that eq.~\eqref{eq:final} indeed describes straight field lines along directions $\hat{\mathbf{n}}'$ starting from the instantaneous position $\mathbf{r}_0(t')+c (t-t')\boldsymbol{\beta}$ of the uniformly moving charge at time $t$, and that $\hat{\mathbf{n}}$ in eq.~\eqref{eq:lambda} is the starting direction of the field line within the rest frame of the moving charge. To summarize, eq.~\eqref{eq:final} describes the field line position as pointing from the virtual position $\mathbf{r}_0(t')+c(t-t')\boldsymbol{\beta}$ into the direction of the squeezed unit vector in the charge's rest frame. Thus, if $\beta=\text{const.}$, this direction is also constant and the field lines are straight lines originating from the virtual position at time $t$ of the charge.

In what follows, we consider several special case of rectilinear motion and calculate images of the corresponding field lines. All numerical calculations for the figures in this paper have been done with \textsc{Mathematica}, and the code can be found at Ref.~\cite{mmaprogram}. Animated GIFs for all the discussed examples below can be found at Ref.~\cite{movies}.

\subsection{Uniformly accelerated motion} As a first application of eq.~\eqref{eq:final} we consider the well-known classical example of a uniformly accelerated charge which is at rest at time zero, then (relativistically) accelerates along the (horizontal) $x$-direction with constant acceleration to the speed $c/\sqrt{2}$ within one unit of time, and then continues to move uniformly with that constant velocity. For such a motion, the particle's $x$-position as a function of time is given by

\begin{equation}
    x_0(t) =\begin{cases} 0, & \mbox{if } t \leq 0 \\ c\left(\sqrt{1+t^2}-1\right),  & \mbox{if } 0<t\leq 1 \\ c\left(\sqrt{2}-1+(t-1)/\sqrt{2}\right),  & \mbox{if } t>1 \end{cases}
    \label{eq:accelerated}
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{ElectricFieldLines2.png}
\caption{Electric field (density plot) and electric field lines (red) for an accelerated point charge. Its position along the horizontal axis ($x$-axis) is given by eq.~\eqref{eq:accelerated}. The shown picture refers to time $t=4$, and the unit of length is chosen in such a way that the numerical value of the speed of light is one. The coloring encodes the decadic logarithm of the electric field amplitude $\vert\mathbf{E}\vert$ in arbitrary units. Here, we show field lines that start, in the particle's rest frame, from its position at angles $\phi=15^\circ$ to $\phi=360^\circ$ with respect to the horizontal axis in steps of $15^\circ$.}
\label{fig:Fig2}
\end{figure}

\noindent Fig.~\ref{fig:Fig2} shows the electric field lines overlaid with a density plot of the decadic logarithm of the electric field amplitude for the time $t=4$. As can be seen, eq.~\eqref{eq:final} nicely reproduces the field lines of the static charge at large distances and those of the uniformly moving charge at small distances from the particle, with the acceleration-related transition zone in between.

\subsection{Bremsstrahlung} The second example considers the opposite situation: A uniformly moving charge (uniform speed $c/\sqrt{2}$) starts to decelerate at time zero with constant deceleration so that it stops moving at time one. Now, its position is given by

\begin{equation}
    x_0(t) =\begin{cases} c t/\sqrt{2}, & \mbox{if } t \leq 0 \\ c\left(1 +t/\sqrt{2} - \sqrt{1+t^2}\right),  & \mbox{if } 0<t\leq 1 \\ c\left(1+1/\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{2}\right),  & \mbox{if } t>1 \end{cases}
    \label{eq:decelerated}
\end{equation}

\noindent The resulting field lines and electric field for $t=4$ are presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:Fig3}. Although the motion of the charge is a simple time-reversal of the first example, the field lines and electric field look significantly different, which is, of course, a direct consequence of the retarded time effect.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{ElectricFieldLines3.png}
\caption{Same as Fig.~\ref{fig:Fig2} but for a decelerating charge, the horizontal position of which is described by eq.~\eqref{eq:decelerated}. Shown is a snapshot for time $t=4$.}
\label{fig:Fig3}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Oscillating charge}

As a third and last example for rectilinear motion we consider a charge which oscillates with angular frequency $\omega$ and amplitude $a$ along the vertical direction. Thus, its vertical position is given by

\begin{equation}
    y_0(t) = a \sin{\omega t}
    \label{eq:oscillating}
\end{equation}

\noindent so that $\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}=\hat{\mathbf{y}}$ and $\beta=a\omega\cos{\omega t}/c$. The resulting field lines and electric field for the numerical values $\omega=\pi$ and $\omega a/c = 0.8$ are presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:Fig4} for $t=0$.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{ElectricFieldLines4.png}
\caption{Same as Fig.~\ref{fig:Fig2} but for an vertically oscillating motion, see eq.~\eqref{eq:oscillating}, with oscillation angular frequency $\omega=\pi$, and oscillation amplitude $a$ chosen in such a way that the maximum value of $\beta=\omega a/c$ is equal to 0.8. Shown is a snapshot at time $t=0$. Shown are field lines that start, in the particle's rest frame, from its position at angles $\phi=10^\circ$ to $\phi=350^\circ$ with respect to the horizontal axis in steps of $20^\circ$.}
\label{fig:Fig4}
\end{figure}

\section{Planar motion}

Remarkably, the expression of eq.~\eqref{eq:final} was already presented by Arutyunyan in the eighties of the last century, see refs.~\cite{arutyunyan1985force,arutyunyan1986electromagnetic,arutyunyan1992equivavlent}. There, it was claimed that it is valid also for non-rectilinear motions such as that of a charge in a synchrotron. Unfortunately, this is not true because its derivation was based on the assumption that $\boldsymbol{\beta}\parallel\dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$ so that the term with $\boldsymbol{\beta}\times\dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$ in eq.~\eqref{eq:lambda} drops out. In the next sections we consider two cases of planar motion (motion confined to a plane) where this is no longer true, but where we can still find analytical solutions to eq.~\eqref{eq:lambda}.

\subsection{Free electron laser}

Let us consider the motion of a point charge in a free electron laser~\cite{hopf1976classical,colson1977one,brau1996undulator}: A point charge moves with constant speed $c \beta_0$ along the $x$-direction and wiggles along the orthogonal $y$-direction with arbitrarily time-dependent velocity $c \beta_\perp(t)$. Thus, we now have

\begin{equation}
    \boldsymbol{\beta}(t) = \beta_0 \hat{\mathbf{x}} + \beta_\perp(t) \hat{\mathbf{y}}
\end{equation}

\noindent and

\begin{equation}
    \dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}}(t) = \dot{\beta}_\perp(t) \hat{\mathbf{y}}
\end{equation}

\noindent In what follows, we consider always field lines in the plane of motion so that  $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}$ lies in the $xy$-plane. Let us denote the angle between $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}$ and the horizontal $x$-axis by $\psi(t)$ so that $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}\times\dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}} = \dot{\beta}_\perp \cos\psi(t) \hat{\mathbf{z}}$ where $\hat{\mathbf{z}}$ is a unit vector pointing out off the $xy$-plane. Also, we have $\boldsymbol{\beta}\times\dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}} = \dot{\beta_\perp}(t) \beta_0 \hat{\mathbf{z}}$. Taking into account that $d\psi/dt'$ equals the modulus of $d\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}/dt'$ we find

\begin{equation}
    \frac{d\psi}{dt'} = \frac{\dot{\beta}_\perp(t')}{1-\beta_0^2 - \beta_\perp^2(t')} \left( \cos\psi - \beta_0 \right) .
\end{equation}

\noindent This equation can be solved analytically and has the explicit solution

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
    \psi(t') &=\; 2\arctan\Bigg\{\frac{1}{\zeta} \tanh\bigg[\frac{1}{2} \artanh\left[\gamma_0\beta_\perp(t')\right]- \\
    &-\frac{1}{2} \artanh\left[\gamma_0\beta_\perp(t)\right] + \artanh\left(\zeta \tan\frac{\phi}{2}\right)\bigg] \Bigg\}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent where $\phi$ is the final angle of $\psi(t')$ at time $t'=t$, and where we have introduced the abbreviations

\begin{equation}
\zeta=\sqrt{\frac{1+\beta_0}{1-\beta_0}}    \quad \text{and} \quad \gamma_0=\sqrt{1-\beta_0^2}.
\end{equation}

\noindent Knowing the solution for $\psi$, the unit vector $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}$ is given by

\begin{equation}
    \hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}(t') = \left\{\cos \psi(t'), \sin \psi(t') \right\}
\end{equation}

\noindent which, when inserted into eq.~\eqref{eq:pdef}, solves the problem of finding a parametric description for the electric field lines. The found expressions are valid for an arbitrary transverse motion described by $\beta_\perp(t)$. Let us consider the special case of a harmonic transverse oscillation with frequency $\omega$. Then, the particle's trajectory is described by

\begin{equation}
    \mathbf{r}_0(t) = c \beta_0 t \hat{\mathbf{x}} + \frac{c \beta_\perp}{\omega} \sin(\omega t) \hat{\mathbf{y}}.
    \label{eq:wiggling}
\end{equation}

\noindent Let us consider the following numerical values: $\omega=\pi$, $\beta_0 = 1/\sqrt{2}$ and $\beta_\perp = 0.1$. Thus, the particle moves uniformly with $1/\sqrt{2}$ light speed along the horizontal axis while oscillating with maximum 0.1 light speed vertically. The resulting field lines and electric field are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:Fig5}. One nicely sees that regions of strong transverse field-line orientation (with respect to the line of sight from the particle) and thus field line density correspond to regions of large electric field strength.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{ElectricFieldLines5.png}
\caption{Same as Fig.~\ref{fig:Fig2} but for a wiggling motion as described by eq.~\eqref{eq:wiggling}. Shown is a snapshot at time $t=0$ in the $xy$-plane.}
\label{fig:Fig5}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Synchrotron}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{ElectricFieldLines6.png}
\caption{Electric field lines and electric field amplitude for a circularly moving point charge (indicated by the green line) at 0.6 light speed. Here, the unit of length is 1~km, and the radius of the circular motion is 0.1~km. High field intensities coincide with strong bunching of electric field lines, demonstrating nicely the tight connection between field intensity and field line density.}
\label{fig:Fig6}
\end{figure}

The last considered example refers to the motion of a point charge in a synchrotron \cite{winick1978synchrotron,hofmann2004physics,hannay2005electric,novokhatski2011field,patterson2011simplified}: a motion with uniform speed around a circle with radius $a$ and angular frequency $\omega$. Thus, the time-dependent coordinate of the particle is described by

\begin{equation}
    \mathbf{r}_0(t) = a \left( \cos\omega t \; \hat{\mathbf{x}} + \sin\omega t \; \hat{\mathbf{y}} \right)
\end{equation}

\noindent so that the constant modulus of $\boldsymbol{\beta}$ is $\beta = a\omega/c$ and the constant modulus of $\dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$ is $\dot{\beta} = \omega\beta = a\omega^2/c$. Let us denote the angle between $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}$ and $\mathbf{r}_0$ by $\psi$. Then we find the determining equation for $\psi(t')$ from eq.~\eqref{eq:lambda} as

\begin{equation}
    \frac{d\psi}{dt'} + \omega = \gamma^2\left(\dot{\beta} \sin\psi -\beta \dot{\beta}\right)
\end{equation}

\noindent where the $\omega$ on the left side comes from the uniform rotational motion of $\mathbf{r}_0$.  After replacing $\dot{\beta}$ by $\omega\beta$ and subtracting on both sides $\omega$, can be rewritten into

\begin{equation}
    \frac{d\psi}{dt'} = \gamma^2\omega\left(\beta \sin\psi - 1\right)
\end{equation}

\noindent Again, this equation admits an analytical solution which reads

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
    &\psi(t') =\; 2 \arctan\bigg\{\beta-\\
    &\frac{1}{\gamma}\tan\left[\frac{\gamma \omega (t'-t)}{2}+\arctan\left[ \gamma \left(\beta-\tan\frac{\phi}{2}\right) \right] \right] \bigg\}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent where $\phi$ now is the final value of $\psi(t')$ for $t'=t$.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{ElectricFieldLines7.png}
\caption{Same as Fig.~\ref{fig:Fig6} but for a circularly moving point charge at 0.9 light speed.}
\label{fig:Fig7}
\end{figure}
Now, with the solution for $\psi(t')$ at hand, the unit vector $\hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}$ is given in Cartesian $(x,y)$-coordinates by

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
    \hat{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}(t') = \left\{\cos\left[\omega t' + \psi(t')\right], \sin\left[\omega t' + \psi(t')\right] \right\}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent which again solves the full problem. As a numerical example, let us first consider the case of charge moving with 0.6 light speed around a circle of $a=100$~m. Thus, we find for the angular frequency a value of $\omega = 0.6\;c/a \sim 1.8\cdot10^6~$s$^{-1}$, which corresponds to an oscillation period of $\sim3.5$~\textmu s. The resulting field line structure and electric field are presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:Fig6}. For comparison, we consider also a travel speed of $0.9\;c$, which corresponds to an angular frequency of $\omega = 0.9\;c/a \sim 1.8\cdot10^6~$s$^{-1}$, or an oscillation period of $\sim2.3$~\textmu s. The field line structure and electric field for this case are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:Fig7}. Although both figures \ref{fig:Fig6} and \ref{fig:Fig7} look qualitatively similar, one can see how the field line structures develops a more pronounced shock-wave structure for velocities closer to the speed of light.

\section{Conclusion}

We have presented an elementary derivation of a differential equation, eq.~\eqref{eq:lambda}, the solution of which leads to a simple description of electric field lines for an arbitrarily moving charge. We have presented several analytical solution of this equation for a quite broad class of cases. Even if one cannot find analytical solutions to eq.~\eqref{eq:lambda}, its simplicity should make numerical integration straightforward. Thus, it provides a powerful tool for visualizing the electric field structure generated by a point charge moving along arbitrarily complex and relativistic trajectories.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We a grateful to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for financial support via projects A14 (SFB 937) and A05 (SFB 755).
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Desiree N. Annis is a 21 year old Museum Studies student at Arizona State University with a lot on her plate. When she's not running three different blogs, interning in a museum, in class or working at her day job, she can usually be found drinking coffee and researching the decorative arts for pleasure or researching material culture with Asia Arts Phoenix as a side project. She intends to follow up her BA with an MA/PhD, and fully reserves the right to call herself Dr. D.N.A.
Yes and no. This summer I interned with the Tucson Museum of Art, and I'm currently still helping them with a few things, but the museum is in another city. So I'm working with them, but not in the museum. In addition to that, one of my Professors just asked me to help work on ASU Art Museum's Japanese Manuscript collection by doing some research with Asia Arts Phoenix. I also recently applied for a Visitor Services job at my school's Art Museum — and I haven't heard back yet. I don't know if my schedule is what they need.
But right now I work part-time at ASU Gammage Theater. I'm a Floor Manager, which is a lot of fun, because I interact with so many different people, and when I'm lucky I get to see parts of the shows. Last year I saw Beauty and the Beast on stage — and this year I get to work The Lion King, which is going to be amazing.
a PhD or two as well.
I have three! One of my youngest museum memories was when I was living in Singapore. My mother took me to a museum, and we saw a student-copy of the Mona Lisa. At the time, my father was on a business trip to Paris, and she explained he would go see the real Mona Lisa in the Louvre. I just found it to be incredibly fascinating and beautiful.
When I was older, a junior in High School, I met a graduate from a college I wanted to apply to. April was incredibly wonderful about my enthusiasm for just about everything…and when I found out she worked in an actual museum, I said, "Wait, you can do that? That's a thing people can do?" Working in a museum sounded like the best idea ever.
Then my freshman year of college, I finally took my first Art History class, and got a job as a Special Collections and Archives student assistant. There was a moment where I was holding an illuminated Dutch Book of Hours in my hands beside my Professor, and that confirmed it for me.
I run three blogs, so between the three, I have about 138,000 followers. My most popular blog is simply "Asian History". But my museums blog is called The Museologist. I had actually taken that one down and restarted it fresh. But I've had my blogs since roughly 2010 onwards.
This varies between my blogs: The Museologist is about museums, art, art history, whatever I'm currently working on. I like to post other people's thoughts and articles, but also to discuss my own take on things. For Asian History, I reblog anything from West Asia to East Asia, culture, history, current events, etc.
And lastly, US History Minus White Guys (while the name usually draws a laugh) is an important project for me. I'm Mexican American, and I live in Arizona. There's been a lot of attempts to get rid of Mexican/Latino studies in my state, preventing kids from learning about our history. And I realized that I knew very little about it myself. So I decided to make a blog that would be nothing but that, in order to learn more about American History and all the things I wasn't taught, and that my state's Government wanted to stop teaching. Knowledge is power.
This is going to sound bizarre, but I'm pretty sure the last exhibit I saw was part of a front for a cult. To back track a little, I went to visit San Francisco with a friend, and insisted we go see the Asian Art Museum (which was amazing!). As we left, we wandered down Market Street, and ran across a very odd building front with a "Museum" sign, and I absolutely had to go in, it was really very weird. I'm fairly certain The International Art Museum of America is, in fact, tied to a cult. I don't mean that in a "Oh, I didn't like it, it seemed odd," sort of way. I mean 90% of the artwork is by a man who claims to be the third reincarnation of the Buddha, and we were told we couldn't go into certain rooms. It was free, and the labels were unintentionally quite hilarious, but it's not really a quality museum. There's no humidity monitors, or anything to track temperature, half of the pieces are placed over crushed blue velvet…it's someone's very earnest attempt to create what they think a museum is supposed to look like.
Three books, all from the Asian Art Museum: A Curious Affair: the Fascination between East and West, Awash in Color: French and Japanese Prints, and 1616: The World in Motion. I'm sitting in on a Professor's East/West graduate seminar, so I brought them to class to show the other two students.
Love it! I have twelve younger cousins with a thirteenth on the way, so I definitely am used to seeing it. Personally I like National Treasure better, though. I understand lots of people don't like films like Indiana Jones, National Treasure, The Mummy, Night at the Museum, etc. because they're "not realistic" and their jobs "aren't like that" but that's what makes it fun. It gets people interested, and we're all totally aware that mummies won't come to life and you definitely won't squeeze lemon juice on the Declaration of Independence. I think most people know that, and like these movies anyways. Which is great, because it means family and friends turn to me and ask, "Wait, they're not supposed to do that, right? What's it really like? But what do you really do?" and that's a big opening for talking about it.
Does the Museum have a Research Library in it? I feel like that would affect my choice. As much as I love museums, I love reading. Research is incredibly enjoyable for me — I pile up with notes and post-its, and when it's my own books — scribbles in the margins. I don't think I could choose one without the other to have to spend the rest of my life in! That's already one of my fears: I panic if I think I'm going to get locked into a building overnight.
Accessibility. In a word, it's incredibly difficult to appeal to everyone, especially when the people working in your field know very little about the general populace's background or life experiences. I was lucky to have a professor to allow me to tackle this problem by comparing museums to comic conventions like San Diego Comic Con. The idea that museums couldn't be as beloved or widely popular in their culture niche needs to be tossed out.
So does the idea that museums are for a specific type of person — which I think will be much harder to do. It's not easy getting into this field to begin with, never mind attempting it without as many as the privileges as the people before you had. Museums are incredibly important for communities; they need to remain open to the people in them. Whatever might be said about millennials, I think we have the unique ability to do just that — because our expectations, drive, motives, and ideas are completely attuned to a much broader and more diverse sense of community. We've been exposed to much more in a globalized digital world, and this is the community we participate in. Once people start using that to their advantage, I think that museums will find that renewing their cultural relevance doesn't mean having to create an unwelcoming institution for the general populace.
Thanks for participating in Meet a Museum Blogger, Desiree!
In case you missed it, Desiree blogs at Asian History, The Museologist, and US History Minus White Guys.
Do you have additional questions for Desiree regarding her profile above? Feel free to start a conversation in the comments below or reach out to her directly on Twitter at @MissMuseo. Please use the #MuseumBlogger hashtag. TY!
Tags: Arizona State University, Asian History, Desiree N. Annis, museum studies, National Treasure, The Museologist, US History Minus White Guys. Bookmark the permalink.
My interview with the Museum Minute.


While we all were known to this fact since quite a time now, the makers of GOT broadcasted an amazing teaser that suspiciously hints at many plots of the upcoming season.
The teaser unfolds with an ice engulfing statute of a direwolf, the sigil of House Stark. Later, we see the ice move forward and freeze all over a dragon statue, the sigil of House Targaryen.
And if that wasn't enough,the big flames engulf a lion statue, the sigil of House Lannister.
In previous season, we saw Stark and Targaryen houses joining their forces to fight against the whitewalkers. While, Cersei Lannister was all safe in the south of Westeros with the one and only Jaime, deserting her as well as riding up north.
The audience got all sure on Jon's true parentage and it was finally revealed that he is a valid legatee to the throne.
The teaser seemed rather interesting as it featured a dragon freezing over as they are usually the portrayal of fire.
In the previous season finale, the Night King was seen riding on the undead dragon Viserion as he breaks down a part of the wall with the deadly White Walker army who marched down south.
Well, it clearly seems like that in this season the battle shall be between the Lannisters vs Starks and Targaryens.
Game Of Thrones will premiere with six episodes this time from April 2019. This will be the last season of the show.


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Upcoming Meets - Local
Listed at the bottom of this page are the National and Worlds.
August and September will be Rest Period from any Running Activity for SFOWGIK !!! Unlike me August was a FAT LOADING period. September will be general fitness with no high impact on hip, knee or ankle joints. Weights, yoga, P90X, swim, and bike will be the activities.
July 19 - Aug 1 - Senior National State Games , Cleveland, OH ---- Finally some hardware to speak about. Set the 55-59 age group NATIONAL RECORD FOR 50 METERS time of 6.74 into a -2.2 m/s negative wind. Gold in both the 200 and 400 meter dashes. Silver in the 100 meter dash and the 4x100 meter relay.
July 21 - GA State Games - Marietta, GA - No GO
July 11-14 - USATF Masters Outdoor Championships - Kansas - No Go - Don't want a 2008 re-occurrence.
June 22 - Golf Coast Assoc. Masters Championship
June 22 - Alabama Stat Games - Samford T&F in Hoover, AL - Tragedy strikes Injury delay Alabama Gold Medal for grandson, Colt.
June 8 - USATF FL Association Open & Masters Championships - Ansin Sports Complex, Miramar, FL.
June 1&2 - USATF GA Association Open & Masters Championships - Emory University
May 25 - USATF Southwest T&F Championship, SMU Baton Rouge, LA - A No Go for me.... Colt's Visit
May 24 - BAYTAF Classic - University of South FL, Tampa - No Go: G-Pop trip to see Colt Allen Davis 1 month old.
May 18 - USATF Florida Association Open/Master Championship
100 Meter in 12.31 Gold - At the last minute the organizers combine a Youth event. When you know in advance that's fine. But to change the format without notice was not cool. They had issues with Open/Masters proper ages and had to reseed the events which took 2 extra hours. Originally I was in with the faster masters which was perfect, just the right competition. On the reseed it was myself plus 2 guys from the 60+ age group. As Coach Cliff said on the ride home, I looked like I wanted to prove to the officials that they made a mistake to seed based on age not based on time.
400 & 200 did not happen due to the delays and with S.Florida at this time of the year, the afternoons are always a chance of rain and/or lighten. Well at 4 PM just 5 minutes before the 400 meter start, Lighten Warning and Rain. Thus getting up at 5 AM to pick up coach at 6:15 to be at the track by 7:30 for the running events to start at 8:30 was for NOT !!!! 12 hours for a track day to only get the 100 Meters in the wrong heat is just one for the BOOKS !!
I want to leave this day on this note: On Wednesday May 15, my 56th birthday was a fun day at the Breaker's West Golf Course for the 19th Ed Morse MDA Charity Golf Event. We are BLESSED to be able to do such a great sport when there are others much less fortunate then us. As I left the golf outing, I was walking out next to a boy age 8 who is inflicted with Muscular Dystrophy. Looking down I admired his sneakers and watching him walk with some difficulty just caught my emotions. We fist pumped and I told him to have a great time at camp and as I walked away ........... We are BLESSED !!
April 26 - 119th Penn Relays at Franklin Field, University of Pennsylvania
100 Meter in 12.45 Bronze - Just coming off a pulled Hamstring on 4/2/2013 Thank you Dr. Rodman
4x100 Meter Relay - Silver Medal by Houston Elite 50* team
March 22-23 - USATF Masters Indoor Championship
60 Meter 8.03 Stood straight up coming out of the blocks and Karen's said "What was That?"
200 Meter 26.xx Bronze Medal
400 Meter 59.40 Bronze Medal... Lesson Learned - Never give up the Pole at the Break.
March 16, 2013 - University of Miami
100 Meter 12.62 and 200 Meter 25.74
March 14, 2013 - FIU Felsberg Invitational
400 Meter -DNF (Did Not Finish) After 50 Meters out of the Blocks forgot to breath for the next 80+ meters and completed the body of oxygen and had to stop at 300 meters.
Dream List of Events for Master's Track & Field Events:
I will maintain two list of events in this section: Major Meets which may be meets I hope to participate and Local meets that may not be so Local which I hope to have on my Dream List of events. Hope to see you on the TRACK !!!
Japanese TV Stars - The USA Men's Master Relay Team of Craig Davis, Tom Jones, Marty Krulee and Oscar Payton perform in the Hoko-Tate reality competition TV Show. Watch the show on my Welcome home page.
Fuji TV's "Hoko Tate" (Spear and Shield), a variety show that stages real-world challenges mostly for laughs, such as pitting a team of 11-year-old boys against a team of 55-year-old men in physical contests.
MAJOR TRACK MEETS:
Indoor Master's Track & Field Championship
Landover, Maryland @ Prince George's Sports Complex http://www.usatf.org/groups/Masters/championships.asp
Penn Relays
Franklin Field-University of Pennsylvania
Click Here for Penn Relays Web Site
July 18-21,2013
Outdoor Masters Track & Field Championship
National Senior Games
http://www.nsga.com
World Maters Games
http://www.torino2013wmg.org
October16-27, 2013
World Masters Athletics Championship
http://www.wma2013.com


Triple cheese is the crossing of Barney's Blue Cheese with the powerful Original Cheese (Skunk#1 phenotype), created over many generations of selections and backcrossing to give this amazing strain. Triple Cheese is everything the Barney's team wanted to create and more. But wait, it gets better; this plant is easy to grow and produces dense buds with a remarkable blueberry and Old Cheese taste. The undisputable dank cheese flavour dominates this strain, and packs a punch.
Received fast very good product thanks Linda team!


Sour Cherry Flavour Jelly Beans - These gourmet jelly beans are a nice dark cherry colour with a tasty sour flavour. Very easy to chew being not too hard or too big. Plus being a jelly bean you get a decent amount in each bag.
sugar, glucose syrup, water, modified maize starch, acid (malic acid, fumaric aicd, citric acid), flavourings, glazing agents (beeswax, carnauba wax, shellac). Vegetable oil (coconut), colour: E120.


Learn about Carriage Hill Kennels and meet the team!
Carriage Hill Kennels is proud to offer a state-of-the-art facility with friendly, highly-trained staff to look after your pets every need. We offer you the peace of mind you need while giving your pet all the love and attention it deserves.
Founded in 1961, Carriage Hill, is family owned and operated, and was created by dog and cat lovers for dog and cat lovers. Carriage Hill features spacious indoor/outdoor kennel runs, an attentive staff and personalized grooming services. We subscribe to the highest pet industry standards in the care of your pet, including the Pet Care Services Association and National Dog Groomers Association of America Code of Ethics.
We are very proud of our fully insured licensed facility and enjoy showing it off. Please take a moment to look through our site. You will see that Carriage Hill is the most experienced boarding, grooming, training and swimming facility on the North Shore.
Chris Cocallas began working at Carriage Hill in 1966 on a part-time basis to learn the family business. By 1971 Chris was a full-time employee and one of the most sought after and popular groomers on the North Shore. Among his many professional achievements, Chris has competed and placed in the Midwest Dog Grooming Contest in 1978 and 1979. Chris was born and raised on Chicago's North Shore. His stellar reputation in the profession is due largely in part to his family's high moral ethics and professional work standards taught to him by his parents.
Chris's love for animals extends beyond the walls of Carriage Hill. His respect and dedication for both people and animals have led to his involvement with several community organizations. One such group, The Dogs with Disabilities Service Dog Association has been a recipient of puppies donated by Chris to be trained as service dogs to work with disabled patients in need. Chris works professionally with the Glenview Police Animal Control Unit, Lambs Farm and other local organizations assisting with the housing and care of lost and stray dogs.
Chris is a registered breeder of AKC (American Kennel Club) Labrador Retrievers since 2000 and Labradoodles since 2005. Chris operates his breeding practice, named Dominator Labs, which has produced both qualifiers and champions for the AKC Field Trial National Championship.
Francine began her career at Carriage Hill in 1966. She briefly left the family business to attend Taylor University in Upland, Indiana where she earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Sociology in 1975. Francine's management of the Carriage Hill business and clients are just part of her professional responsibilities. Francine is the Master Design Stylist for Carriage Hill. Francine meets with each client personally to determine the most effective and beneficial grooming method for each dog. Francine's passion is training dogs. She counsels pet owners on behavioral and emotional issues and concerns. Francine has been training and observing animal behavior for over 40 years. In her professional career Francine has counseled hundreds of clients.
Bob Barnes has been with Carriage Hill since 2000 as Business Manager. Bob's responsibilities include, management of finances, supervision of kennel operations, management and training of staff, ensuring the building is immaculately maintained and all guests' needs are being met. Bob studied at Colorado Christian University in Lakewood, Colorado where he majored in business.
Bob is also a breeder of English Springer Spaniels and professionally trains dogs specializing in swimming retrieval. Bob's professional affiliations include Trout Unlimited and Pheasants Forever.
Jackie Czarnik has been with the Carriage Hill family for over 15 years. She is responsible for the day to day office management, client relations, customer communications and appointment scheduling. Jackie maintains the client profiles and records of all customers to ensure that all specific and special requests for each pet are met.
Both now married, with children of their own, Chris and Francine supervise all operations of Carriage Hill, along with Francine's son Bob. The entire Cocallas family and their experienced, dedicated staff, believe that pet care requires a special abiding love for our animal visitors. At Carriage Hill, your pet is a valued part of our family.


Angel investors are busy. They tend to have a lot of irons in the fire, and asking them to drop everything to get on your deal will most likely be a dealbreaker. Angel investors want to make sure that they have the right team of fellow investors in place, and that takes time. "I would much rather bring in my colleagues who may also want to invest," says Barbara Clarke, social entrepreneur and angel investor with Astia, on whose board I sit. "It's good for the startup, and it's good for me."
Clarke takes on her investments as any good economist would: with an eye toward the big picture and the outcomes that can and should result from the interaction of deal term sheet components. You need to understand these components before you decide to approach any angel investor.
1. Be creative with your term sheet.
A term sheet is your opportunity to disclose what your business is about and what you need and want in a partnership with an investor. Make sure it is unique. Over the course of many years of counseling entrepreneurs, I have seen my fair share of term sheets. Sometimes I feel as if there are few distinctions from one founding team's term sheet to another. How do angels tell the difference? "I think sometimes startups think, 'Oh, I'll just take what I've seen my friends do and use that to build my own agreement,'" says Clarke. Chances are what happened with your friend's company is not what should happen with yours.
Angels want to make sure they are protected. They will scrutinize your term sheet to ensure that you are who you say you are, that your company is what you say it is, that you own the legal rights to IP and the ability to use that IP as stated in your business plan. Keep the basic components of a term sheet, but don't assume that another firm's terms are right for you.
2. Include all the numbers.
There is more to a term sheet than meets the eye. "As an economist, the way I view a term sheet is like an equation where you have variables including an interest rate variable, a discount variable, and you have a time variable, and I really feel like nobody has looked at how those things work together," says Clarke. Take the time to figure out how these variables work together. Clarke suggests running various scenarios that take the impact of discount on interest rate, of interest rate on discount, and each scenario in given time periods. Don't rely just on round numbers. Give some thought to economic terms that make sense for you and make sense for your potential investors.
Numbers are important, but angel investors will also be looking to you to acknowledge how you cover the things that can go wrong. "I look for information such as, is there a board position, how am I informed about what's going on going forward, and what information is disclosed," says Clarke. And make sure to spell out what is property of your business and what are your personal assets.
Make sure you think through multiple scenarios. For example, what if your startup is acquired sooner rather than later, before investment is converted? Will your investors get a multiple of their money, or will they be able to convert prior to sale? Think through these options, even if far reaching, and spell it out. And be sure to follow up on any unanswered questions; it's a great way to establish a relationship.
4. Understand that angel investing is a team sport.
Angel investors tend to be a cross-section of domain and industry expertise. When they are reviewing potential group investments, each angel brings a specific set of questions and perspectives to the table. "The best startups take advantage of the multiplier effect," says Clarke. Though an individual angel's investment is not substantial in the broader scope of a startup's angel investment, the founding team should consider the perspectives that each angel may bring to the table, account for those interests in the term sheet, and take advantage of that expertise as the founder is building out the agreement.
For example, an economist investor like Clarke will focus on the numbers and the interactions between different financial scenarios, while an investor with a legal background may be focused on what is and is not included in the declarations included in the term sheet. Having seen interactions between angel groups, I can assure you that each investor relies on the expertise and input from other investors to cover personal blind spots. If something is missed or misrepresented in your term sheet, it will be disclosed through the angel investor group's dialogue about the opportunity you are presenting to it.
5. Do not rush the decision-making process.
Although it is important to keep momentum in your fundraising round, angel investors are not going to rush on the basis of an unfounded urgency. "I am personally turned off by deals that have this false sense of urgency," says Clarke. "For first-timers, who expect to close their deal really quickly, to expect that an angel drop everything to jump on a deal is not realistic."
Given the wealth of deal flow, your desire to rush matters may be the reason an investor needs to pass on your deal. Educate yourself on how long it takes to fundraise, and plan your timing and deadline accordingly.


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Biografia
Pietro Mazzone (detto 'o romano) nacque a Napoli il 13 febbraio 1868. Dotato di una voce calda e ben modulata, nel 1892 fu il primo (e forse l'unico) interprete della prima versione, intitolata 'O mare e ba, della famosa canzone 'O marenariello, scritta da Diodato Del Gaizo e musicata da Salvatore Gambardella, la quale ebbe riscontri assai modesti. Nel 1893 Gennaro Ottaviano, utilizzando la stessa musica di Gambardella, creò un nuovo testo letterario, realizzando la versione del brano ancor oggi conosciuta.

Tra la fine del secolo e i primi del Novecento Mazzone trovò lavoro fisso esibendosi come cantante in piccole trattorie di Pozzuoli e Napoli, insieme con il chitarrista Walter Fugazza, detto 'o figlio d'a signora, grazie al quale imparò a suonare la chitarra.

Il 24 aprile 1910, grazie ai fratelli Americo e Vincenzo Esposito, titolari della casa discografica Phonotype, Pietro Mazzone fu il primo posteggiatore della storia ad incidere un disco a 78 giri: Stornelli montagnoli 1ª e 2ª parte e A malignità d'e femmene/A lusinga d'o piscatore. L'ottima performance discografica fece diventare il cantante, insieme con Elvira Donnarumma, Giuseppe Godono, Roberto Ciaramella e Diego Giannini, una delle punte di diamante della Phonotype. A partire da allora egli incise oltre cento brani tra canzoni napoletane d'autore e popolari, con le più famose case discografiche del tempo, quali la Pathé e la Favorite Record. Esemplare fu la sua versione, al maschile, del canto di prostituzione So' Bammenella 'e copp' 'e Quartiere di Raffaele Viviani.

Tra il 1912 e il 1919 Mazzone partecipò a numerose audizioni di Piedigrotta, presentando sempre brani di successo, scritti da firme illustri quali Libero Bovio, Ernesto Murolo, Gaetano Lama e Rodolfo Falvo.

Nel 1924 Mazzone ritrovò l'amico chitarrista Fugazza, con il quale ritornò ad esibirsi in trattorie di second'ordine. Continuò la sua attività fino alla fine degli anni venti, dopodiché alcuni acciacchi al cuore lo obbligarono al riposo assoluto, fino alla sua morte, avvenuta il 31 maggio 1934.

Il nipote Antonio Mazzone, in arte Nino Fiore, è stato uno dei cantanti partenopei più popolari in Italia e all'estero, attivo soprattutto negli anni sessanta e settanta.

Gruppi e musicisti della Campania

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Community / Experience / Information Technology / Legal / Snippet / Thought
The chilling effect Peter Thiel's battle with Gawker could have on Silicon Valley journalism
Vivek Wadhwa, Fellow, Arthur & Toni Rembe Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University
Gawker infringes on privacy and publishes tabloid-like stories that damage reputations. It is one of the most sensationalist and objectionable media outlets in the country. It also has not been kind to me. So it's not a company that I would expect to be defending. But I worry that the battle that billionaire Peter Thiel has clandestinely been waging against it will be damaging to Silicon Valley by furthering distrust of its motives.
For better or worse, Gawker is entitled to the same freedom as any other news outlet. If it crosses the line, as it likely did with wrestler Hulk Hogan, the courts should deal with it. Silicon Valley's power brokers should not get involved because they have access to resources that rival those of governments. They can outspend any other entity and manipulate public opinion.
Silicon Valley has more than an unfair advantage; its technologies exceed anything that the titans of the industrial age had. These technologies were built on the trust of the public — and that is needed for an industry that asks customers to share with them with literally every part of their lives. This enormous influence should come with restraint and an understanding that those with power will be scrutinized — sometimes unfairly and unjustly.
What some may find particularly troubling is that Peter Thiel is on the board of Facebook — which has become the world's most influential media platform. Facebook decides what news a billion people will see and controls a significant portion of the traffic to leading news websites. Publications' entire businesses can be wiped out based on a change in its algorithm. Thiel is also chairman of the board of security firm Palantir Technologies, which provides intelligence data to the CIA and FBI, and an investor in many other powerful technology firms.
There is almost no chance that any of Thiel's companies will use their technology to target his opponents and dissenters. But Thiel's activism only increases concerns at a time when Facebook is under fire for having a perceived liberal bias. And there is only a temporary hiatus in the battles between the FBI and Apple over security and privacy. Silicon Valley doesn't need another dark cloud hanging over it, yet one seems to be developing.
It's not just journalists who are affected, the culture of the technology industry is at stake too. Silicon Valley prides itself on openness, diversity, and freedom of thought and expression. You can be competing one day and cooperating on another. Criticism is accepted and dissent is expected. It's rare to read a story such as this where a prominent figure went to great lengths to silence an adversarial voice.
Other than Gawker's tech website, Valleywag, which was shut down this year, there are few publications in Silicon Valley that will confront its tech moguls and overhyped start-ups. Witness the ethical breaches committed by Theranos; lives were put at risk. Yet it took an exposé by John Carreyrou of the Wall Street Journal to uncover its corruption. And he had to withstand ugly threats by the company's lawyers.
Technology businesses should be focused on their credibility and building trust by making their executives more accessible to journalists, not battling media organizations.
As Nick Bilton wrote in Vanity Fair, the valley's system "has been molded to effectively prevent reporters from asking tough questions. It's a game of access, and if you don't play it carefully, you may pay sorely. Outlets that write negatively about gadgets often don't get prerelease versions of the next gadget. Writers who ask probing questions may not get to interview the CEO next time he or she is doing the rounds. If you comply with these rules, you're rewarded with page views and praise in the tech blogosphere. And then there's the fact that many of these tech outlets rely so heavily on tech conferences." Investor Jason Calacanis added, "If you look at most tech publications, they have major conferences as their revenue. If you hit too hard, you lose keynotes, ticket buyers, and support in the tech space."
Technology is the industry of disruption — and that makes people wary. There is growing anxiety everywhere over what will be next to change. As it becomes a greater part of the economy, checks and balances are needed more than ever. The risk is that Thiel's attempt to quash a reprehensible publication will only weaken what little exists.
TaggedArthur & Toni Rembe Rock Center for Corporate GovernanceFellowGawkerjournalismNick BiltonPeter Thielsilicon valleyspeaking threadsStanford Universitythe speaking threadsvivek wadhwa
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