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Women In Islam Essays
Women In Islam Essays (Examples)
Unruly Women
Interracial Relationships
Women and Islam
While the Koran states clearly that women are not the equal of men (2:228, 4:34), it also sets down rules that protected women in a variety of ways. It also requires what would be called a "cooling off period" today (2:226, 65:2), and if the woman is pregnant, the waiting period must extend until the baby is born (65.6). Women who are divorced are allowed to keep their possessions after divorce (2:229). However, in various matters the husband has considerable authority, including determining how long a baby will be nursed: the husband can require that the mother nurse the child for up to two years (2:233), although they can also hire a wet nurse. If a woman's husband dies, he is required to provide for him in his will for one year (2:241), but in addition were required to provide for divorced wives (2:241).
The rules for…… [Read More]
Women in Islam This Report
In Islamic society, women can divorce at any unjust or inconsiderate act by a spouse. In addition, even remarriage is more equal in Islamic society. The Christians see remarriage as a sin but in Islamic society, women have a right to remarry as long as they meet a three-month period of abstinence.
Christians and non-Muslims continue to portray Islamic religion as a religion that has historically oppressed women. They also suggest that Islamic society puts women in a politically inferior role to men. Unfortunately, some of the stereotypes the western world follows are not based on the word of the Koran but more of the actions of men who have historically stolen their women's God-given rights. Other reasons may be that the traditional modesty rules of covering up while in open society with a burka may give an impression of female inferiority or that women hold a less prominent role…… [Read More]
Ali, Yousef (2002). Women's Political Rights: Islam, Status And Networks In Kuwait. Sociology, August.
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba (1999). Women, Property and Islam: Palestinian Experiences, 1920-1990. Middle Eastern Studies, January.
Ethical Treatment of Women in Islam
"Treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers." (from the last sermon of Prophet Mohammed) (Women in Islam)
There is a generally common perception in the West that the ethical treatment of women in Islam amounts to gender discrimination, oppression and a transgression of basic human rights. Notwithstanding the issue of the way different cultures treat women, this is not a perception that is endorsed by many within Islamic communities and it certainly does not concur with actual Islamic teachings. This can be seen for the very outset in the way that the Koran describes the creation of women. In the Holy Scriptures there is no implicit difference made in terms of status or intrinsic value between male and female. In ethical terms, while there are differences between men and women, these biological differences do…… [Read More]
Are men and women equal in God's judgment? 2003 http://www.submission.org /women/equal.html. Accessed: Jan 5, 2005.
"Harem ." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2004.
Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck and John L. Esposito, eds. Islam, Gender, and Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Hammuda Abdul-Ati The Status of Woman in Islam. http://www.jannah.org/sisters/statuswomen.html . Accessed January 6, 2005.
Repression of Women in Islam as One
Repression of Women in Islam
As one of the world's most prominent and dominant religion, Islam influences numerous nations in the world, affecting their culture and society. Examples of these Muslim nations are the dominantly Muslim societies of Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and other countries near and on the Middle East region. Islam also influences Asia, such as the Muslim nations of Malaysia, Indonesia, and southern Philippines. These nations have societies that are composed dominantly of Muslims and follow their own culture and political and social organization and norms in accordance to the Islam religion.
The Islam culture has many traditions, customs, and norms that are strictly observed by its followers, and one of these important and strict rules is that women are required to wear the veil or burka because the Koran, the holy ible of Islam, states that no part of the woman's…… [Read More]
Beyer, Lisa. "The Women of Islam." 3 December 2001. TIME Magazine: "Lifting the Veil." Vol. 158, No. 22. pp.40-7.
Lacayo, Richard. "About Face." 3 December 2001. TIME Magazine: "Lifting the Veil." Vol. 158, No. 22. pp. 28-39.
Women's Rights and the United Nations Convention that Protect Them." 1998. Raising Voices Web site. 12 December 2002 http://www.raisingvoices.org/Women'sRights.doc.
Actually, the first revelation to Prophet Muhammad was related with the message of knowledge (Adeel, 2010, 106). Therefore, the Qur'an does not limit knowledge to one sex since it's the responsibility of all Muslims to pursue knowledge in their entire life. The Qur'an specifies equal legal rights for every individual in the Islamic religion from cradle to grave. The book declares the right for men and women to enjoy full legal rights as an essential characteristic.
The status of women in Islam can also be understood from various aspects such as social, spiritual, political, and economic aspects. First, the Qur'an provides vivid evidence that women are completely equal with men in the sight of God based on their rights and responsibilities. Women have similar religious obligations with men such as daily prayers, pilgrimage, poor-due, and fasting (adawi, n.d.). Secondly, the Qur'an prohibits the social acceptance and practice of female infanticide…… [Read More]
ADEEL, G.H., 'Status of Women in Islam: A Critical Analysis on a Matter of Equality',
Message of Thaqalayn, 11/1 (2010), 101-114 http://messageofthaqalayn.com/41-status.pdf
BADAWI, J.A., 'The Status of Woman in Islam', Sultan, [web page] (n.d.)
http://www.sultan.org/books/the_status_of_woman_in_islam.pdf
Woman and Islam
Do Muslim women eally need saving?
Stengths and weaknesses
Between hee and thee: feminist solidaity and Afghan women.
Do Muslim women eally need saving? Anthopological eflections on cultual elativism and its othes.
Topic oveview and famewok
The aticle deals with the topic of 'Wa on Teoism', the wa claimed to have been launched fo libeating the Afghan women fom Taliban and an agument with anthopological pespective to deconstuct the essentially flawed epesentation of Afghan women that Wa on Teoism hetoic makes. The aticle is aimed at investigating the nuances of identity that ae essentially devoid of histoical constuction of ole of women in Afghan society. The aticle also aims to identify the pocess though which women's ole in Afghan society is not constucted on anthopological gounds but athe influenced by one's own cultue, identity, and standads of living. Thus, cultual bias is said to…… [Read More]
references: Constructions of gender in the Bush administration discourse on the attacks on Afghanistan post-9/11. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 8(1), 19-41.
Women and Islam the Image
Stereotyped depictions of Muslim culture in the media make it seem that all Muslim women live in a Harem, following orders from their tyrannical husbands. On the contrary, many Muslim cultures have afforded women equal rights in the law and in the society. The Quran does not advocate the subjugation of women by men; in fact the Quran is arguably more egalitarian than the Old Testament upon which both Judaism and Christianity are based. Some passages in the Quran can be interpreted as advocating gender equality. If the Quran has been misinterpreted by some Islamic societies then it is not the fault of Islam but of corrupt political leaders. Seeking to establish clear-cut male dominance over women, such nefarious leaders have stripped women of their innate human rights such as owning property. Those sexist practices are not part of Islam but part of political regimes that distort the religion.
Muslim…… [Read More]
Women and Islam the Western
Esposito finds that the premodernist revival movements of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries contributed to the pattern of Islamic politics that developed and left a legacy for the twentieth century. These movements were motivated primarily in response to internal decay rather than external, colonial threat (Esposito 40-41).
At the same time, many areas of the Islamic world experienced the impact of the economic and military challenge of an emerging and modernizing est beginning in the eighteenth century. Declining Muslim fortunes also reversed the relationship of the Islamic world to the est, from that of an expanding offensive movement to a defensive posture. Muslim responses to these changes ranged from rejection to adaptation, from Islamic withdrawal to acculturation and reform. Some responded by secular reform, and by the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Islamic modernist movements had also developed in an attempt to bridge the gap between tradition and modernity…… [Read More]
Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven: Yale University, 1992.
Binder, Leonard.
Islamic Liberalism. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988.
Eickelman, Dale F. The Middle East: An Anthropological Approach. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1989.
Islamic Female Oppression the Objective
The religion of Islam is very misunderstood and pervasively skewed within its true meaning and original intent by extremists in the Islamic society. Never did the prophet intend that the abuses and oppression which today's Muslim women suffer should occur. It is the conclusion of this writer that extremists exist in all religions and these are those who garner the most attention and receive the most press however, those who are moderate and who adhere to the true beliefs and meaning of the Islamic religions receive little attention and little press and even littler in the way of chances to convey the truth of this religion to the world. The abuses and oppression will continue however, it is hopeful that the ignorance surrounding the Muslim religion will eventually lose out to better dissemination of information and to more intelligent reporting backed by diligent investigation of the facts.…… [Read More]
Soares, Claire (2009) Delara Darabi: 'Oh Mother, I Can See The Noose'. The Independent UK. 4 May 2009. Online available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/delara-darabi-oh-mother-i-can-see-the-noose-1678543.html
Zahra, Sadaf (2005) Women in Pakistan -- Victims of the Social and Economic Desecration" In Defense of Marxism. 10 Oct 2005. online available at: http://www.marxist.com/women-pakistan-victims-of-desecration.htm
Ahmed, L. (1993) Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate
Yale University Press, 1993
Women's Role Women Have Always
Islamic women are now restricted from most activities, and their rights have been steadily decreasing. Her social and political as well as economic rights are all being violated everyday by unscrupulous men who have corrupted the very religion to their own advantage, and today, especially in most Arab countries, woman has become 'Awarah', or the very subject of concealment, wherein her public presence is banned; where even her very voice, must not be heard in public. (Women's Position, ole, and ights in Islam)
In India, there are only 960 women to 1000 men, a figure that when compared to the rest of the world, especially developed countries, which shows 105 women to 100 men, due to better health care for women, is quite miserable. It is in India that women are often considered to be burdens on their families, and the main reason for this is the 'dowry system', wherein…… [Read More]
Agarwal, Sita. Hindu Scriptural Sanction for the Crushing of Women. Retrieved at http://www.dalitstan.org/books/gowh/gowh6.html. Accessed on 16 March, 2005
Gender Equality. 2004. Retrieved at http://www.faithnet.org.uk/Ethics/genderequality.htm. Accessed on 16 March, 2005
John, MacArthur Jr., Women's Roles. 20 March, 2003. Retrieved at http://www.believersweb.org/view.cfm?ID=205Accessed on 15 March, 2005
Mbiti, John. The Role of women in African traditional religion. Retrieved at http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/atr-women.htm . Accessed on 16 March, 2005
Islam and Women Not a
She is warm and straightforward, considerate and humble. She is not a hypocrite or a cheat, does not speak falsely and offers good advice in a prudent way and for the general welfare. She has a word and keeps it. She is modest in appearance and in manners. She respects others as she respects herself and keeps out of matters where she is not part of. She does not sow dissension or seek out hidden faults. No matter how achieved or excellent she may feel, she does not show off. She is not oppressive, but is, instead, fair and generous. She does not delight in the misfortune of another person but endeavors to help overcome it.
The bigots who put her down have ironically benefited the ideal Muslimah. They believe that the Muslim woman or any woman should keep her mouth shut as a result of her "original sin" in…… [Read More]
Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam. Yale University Press, August 19, 1993
Al-Hashimi, Muhammad Ali. The Ideal Muslimah. International Islamic Publishing House, 1998. http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/humanrelations/womeninislam/idealmuslimah
Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf. The Voice of a Woman in Islam. Sister's Page, Islamic World Net. http://www.islamic-world.net/sister/the_voice.htm
Godlas, a. Women in Islam: Muslim Women. Islamic Studies, 2004. http://www.arches.uga.edu/~godlas/Islamwomen.html
Islamic Right and Left Any
More recently, reports have begun coming from the Middle East that women will no longer be "expected" to participate in the pilgrimage to Mecca, thereby eliminating women from the holiest rite associated with Islam. Having once done that, it would then be easy to keep women physically, mentally, emotionally isolated within any Muslim society.
Of equal concern is the way in which the Koran is interpreted to facilitate and carry acts of terrorism. The Koran does call for the defense of Islam, that should Islam be threatened, it is the responsibility of every Muslim - presumably, women too - to rise to the defense of Islam."Islamic rulings of warfare are complex, appear to be contradictory and require careful analysis. The simplistic visions of paradise for suicide preached by militant jihadist clerics defy over 1,400 years of Islamic history and wisdom. Yet those like Osama bin Laden, yman al Zawahiri, or…… [Read More]
Aboul-Enein, Y. And Zuhur, S., p. 18.
Answers.com, Zahra Kazemi, found online at http://www.answers.com/topic/zahra-kazemi, retrieved 10 January 2007
Women and Outsourcing
Women in the Major Religions
The role of women in organized religion has been an issue of discussion and debate for many years. It gained significant attention as the "women's rights" movement gathered momentum, and it has been fueled further by recent global events. After the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, interest in religious practices in Afghanistan gathered a lot of attention. That is because the recently deposed Taliban government had extremely harsh restrictions on virtually every aspects of an Afghan woman's life.
While most people realized that the Taliban held an extremely distorted view of what the life of a Moslem woman should be, many people didn't know what a more reasonable interpretation of women's role would be within Islam. In addition, little mention was given in the media to the role of women in other major religions.
This paper will look at how…… [Read More]
Arin, Canan, "Far Reaching Reforms-Legal Rights of Women in Turkey." Manushi, January, 1998, pp 12-18.
Author not available. "What the Koran Says About Women." Christian Science Monitor. December 19, 2001.
Author not available. "Women in the Church: Scriptural Principles and Ecclesial Practice, Part III." A Report of the Commission on Theology and Church Relations of the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod. September, 1985.
Author not available. "Woman's ordination: Rome's Position on Women's Ordination." Report of the Women's Ordination Conference. Accessed via the internet 2/16/02.
Islam and Politics the Islamic
There is an obvious contradiction between what we think of Muslim women and their actual life. In order to better understand them and their social and civil life, we need to understand their religion and the way of thinking for both men and women.
In the introductory chapter of the book "The war of Muslim Minds, Islam and the West," Gilles Kepel talks about the online article "Knights under the Prophet's anner," published on the Internet in December 2001 by Ayman al-Zawahiri, Al Qaeda's most valued ideologue and Osama bin Laden's mentor.
According to his statements, the explanation for the attack of September 11 on the World Trade Centre is a simple and rather nationalistic one. Jihad activists came to face the disappointing conclusion that wherever they would go, Afghanistan, osnia or Saudi Arabia, jihad activist were unable to motivate and gather up the masses in order to fight…… [Read More]
Gilles Kepel, "The War of Muslim Minds, Islam and the West," The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 2004
Bernard Lewis and Robin Wright, Laith Kubba, "Islam and Liberal Democracy: Recognizing Pluralism," Journal of Democracy 7.2 (1996) 86-89
Meria, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Journal, Volume 3, Number 1, March 1999, Article "Islam, Islamists and democracy," by Ali R. Abootalebi
Zuleyha Keskin, "Status of Women in Islam," 2005
Women in Iraq Brief History
Once the practice of Islamic worship the women of that region began to be subjected to stricter codes, from marriage to dress and the risk of honor becoming an even greater issue grew. The terrorization by the Mongols and Turks was quite different from the terror under Saddam. The Mongols and Turks utilized slavery, rape, beatings and murder. Saddam instead took on an entirely different approach. His first goal was fear coupled with violence to maintain the plans he made for the society and culture. He was less about Islam and more about self-promotion and the glorification of Iraq. This type of leader is most like Josef Stalin of the Soviet Union. One never knew when or why you might be targeted.
Following the fall of the Ba'th government, the population of women in Iraq was at approximately 60%. They are a definite majority and should be in a better…… [Read More]
"AEI - Post-Saddam Iraq Conference Series." Welcome to AEI. Web. 7 July 2010. .
Chesler, Phyliss. "Are Honor Killings Simply Domestic Violence?" The Phyllis Chesler Organization. Web. 7 July 2010. .
Coleman, Isobel. "Women, Islam, and the New Iraq | Foreign Affairs." Home | Foreign Affairs. Web. 7 July 2010. .
"Culture in Post-Saddam Iraq:: Middle East Quarterly." Middle East Forum. Web. 7 July 2010. .
Women in Middle East
Western Influence on the Lives of Islamic Women
September 11th and the war on Iraq have managed to demonize and stereotype Islam in the popular Western mind even more than its foreign nature had independently achieved. In addition to the furor over Islam spawning terrorism, renewed attention has been pointed at the supposed oppression and abuse of women in Islamic cultures, to the degree that these human rights abuses have been cited as one of the justifications for Bush's war on Iraq. However, there remains among thinking people, particularly those with cultural, religious, or ethnic ties to both Islamic and Western cultures, as to whether or not Islam has a negative impact on women's rights in the modern and historical Middle East. Because the false dichotomy between "good" Western ideals and "bad" Islamic ideals has been propagated for so long, it might surprise a Western reader…… [Read More]
Islam Rise of Islam An
It was their right and duty as loyal followers, a way they could prove their faith and their commitment to God. This mindset is one reason the Muslims under Mohammed's leadership during his conquests were so successful, as described below.
Reasons for Success
Mohammed and his followers defeated migrants and other raiding parties in part because they decided to attack and defend their holy place during the holy month of Ramadan, something that was unexpected. Among those the Muslims following Mohammed opposed included a group named the Quraysh. During the infamous battle at adr Walls, Mohammed said to his followers about to engage in battle, that "no man will be slain this day fighting against them with steadfast courage, advancing and not retreating, but God will cause him to enter Paradise." Many Muslims following the messenger Mohammed believed that God sent to them 3,000 angels the day of the conquest…… [Read More]
Akbar, M.J. The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict between Islam and Christianity.
London: Routledge, 2002.
Ali, Ameer. The Spirit of Islam: A History of the Evolution and Ideals of Islam with a Life of the Prophet. London: Christophers. 1922.
Bainbridge, William Sims and Stark, Rodney. "The Rise of a New World Religion."
Islam Gender and Family Within
adud 10)
Female Circumcision:
Female circumcision, has been a point of contention for many years with regard to Islam, as Islam or more specifically the Quran and "secret" texts of it have often been used as the sited foundation of the practice. hat is abundantly clear is that this practice in its mildest to most extreme forms predates the Quran and the Prophet Mohamed. Once again this may be an example of a situation where Mohamed observed something that he believed was hurting women and he attempted to control the practice. Though there is also evidence that this is not something Mohamed would ever have observed, as it was a secluded practice, performed by women on women and that it was not prolific within the region, where he lived and traveled.
Gollaher 44)
Leonard 168) the Quranic evidence associated with circumcision is limited to two passages. One Hadeeth discusses circumcision…… [Read More]
Abu-Hamdiyyah, Mohammad. The Qur'an: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 2000.
Badawi, Jamal. "Gender Equity in Islam" webpage at http://www.soundvision.com/info/gender/femalecircumcision.asp,2007.
Cook, Michael a. The Koran: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Cragg, Kenneth. The Mind of the Quran: Chapters in Reflection. London: Allen & Unwin, 1973.
Islam Select a Religion Is Considered to
Select a eligion
eligion is considered to be belief and acts of worship, which concentrates on worshiping a deity and gives a detailed and comprehensive outline for the way of living. It teaches the difference between good and evil, right and wrong and morality and immorality. This paper has selected Islam as the religion to be discussed.
Analysis of Christianity
Analysis of Islam
eligion plays an essential role in providing spiritual, moral and ethical guidelines to individuals in order to apply it into their daily lives (Fisher, 2005). eligion is considered to be belief and acts of worship, which concentrates on worshiping a deity and gives a detailed and comprehensive outline for the way of living. It teaches the difference between good and evil, right and wrong and morality and immorality. There are several religions in the world, which includes Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism and Taoism.…… [Read More]
Fisher, M.P. (2005). Living religions (6th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
McInerney, W. (2003). Instructor's manual with tests: Living religions (5th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Religion of Islam.(2009). Minnesota State University. Retrieved from http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/religion/islam/beliefs.html
Islamic and Christian Marriage Rights
estern world thinks of Muslim women, it is often in terms of Muslim women as an oppressed stereotypes. This includes images of women in hijabs, Turkish women in chadors and women who must be veiled in public at all times. Distorted beliefs about Islamic beliefs regarding polygamy and the subservient role of women further contribute to the stereotype that Muslim women are more oppressed than their Christian counterparts.
However, while strict laws do present limits to the public lives of many Arab and Muslim women, these stereotypes do not present a complete picture of their lives. As ethnographer Susan Schafer Davis observed, Muslim women have and continue to exert considerable influence in the private sphere of family and women's associations. This gave them much more autonomy and power than Christian women of the same era.
This paper examines the scope of a Muslim woman's authority and power within the private…… [Read More]
Al Faruqi, Lamya. 1994. Women, Muslim Society and Islam. Plainfield, IN: American Trust Publishers.
Davis, Susan Schaefer. 1985. Patience and Power: Women's Lives in a Moroccan Village. Cambridge: Schenckman Books.
Harik, Ramsay M. And Marston, Elsa. 1996. Women in the Middle East: Tradition and Change. New York: Franklin Watts.
Islam-Husain, Mahjabeen. 1997. "It's Up to Muslim Women to Reclaim Our God-Given Rights," in Islam. Jennifer A. Hurley, ed. San Diego: Greenhaven Press.
Islamic Muslim Society
Muslims are a family oriented people with religious centered traditions and government. They follow the law of Sharia based the Koran or Qur'an. The women experience a range of individual rights from dressing more liberally with colors and headscarves, to being unable to drive or dance in public. Although Westerners often paint a negative picture of Muslim culture, there are many wonderful and beautiful things to be learned of the Muslim faith and Muslim culture.
In recent times, many Muslims have adopted new ways of living, providing outsiders' access to their pursuits. From female racecar drivers to singing competitions, Muslims have grown and expanded their culture to embrace modernity and variety. The best example of this is Dubai. Dubai houses ultramodern skyscrapers and the latest in cars and fashions. Although separation of genders remains prevalent even in a more modern city like Dubai, that does not keep Muslims from enjoying…… [Read More]
Knight, K. (2006). My Muslim faith. North Mankato, MN: Cherrytree Books.
Modood, T. (2005). Multicultural politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Pohl, F. (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing.
Unfair Treatment of Women in the Muslim World
oman and Islam
Islamic religion has its established guiding teachings and principles that ensure its followers submit totally to the will of Allah for all the adherents. In effect, Islamic religion recognizes the fact that people and things around them affect their survival irrespective of their age, community, families, and the nation. The quality of life of the Muslims invariably affects the existence of the Islamic nations and religion as a whole. Muslim women are highly vulnerable to various health problems due to the strict religious ideation of most of the conditions that affect them. Islamic women as most of the women from other contemporary communities face numerous health challenges, including reproductive health problems such as increased cases of maternal death, destitution, poor access to maternal health services, and social violation of their human rights. As such, the health challenges make it necessary for the adoption of policies that recognize…… [Read More]
Agnew, Vijay. Racialized Migrant Women in Canada: Essays on Health, Violence, and Equity. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009. Print
Aswad, Barbara C, and Bilge? Barbara. Family and Gender among American Muslims: Issues Facing Middle Eastern Immigrants and Their Descendants. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996. Print
Atighetchi, Dariusch. Islamic Bioethics: Problems and Perspectives. New York? Springer, 2007. Internet resource.
Cortese, Delia, and Calderini Simonetta. Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press, 2006. Print.
According to Esposito (1999), there is often a "bitter debate" over the role of women in Muslim society (p. 688). The different role of women in different Muslim countries reflects this debate. On the one extreme, the Taliban in Afghanistan have closed women's schools because it is believed that women should not be educated and should instead serve in their "primary roles as wives and mothers," (Esposito, 1999, p. 688). Similarly fundamentalist interpretations, or misinterpretations, of Islamic law are evident in Iran, Sudan, and Algeria, as well as a few other places as well (Esposito, 1999). On the other hand, some Muslim women in Turkey and other countries eschew the veil and other hallmarks of female Muslim identity. Gender roles and norms remain one of the most contentious issues in Islam today, and this issue is also one of the reasons why Islam is both misunderstood and maligned by…… [Read More]
The Oxford History of Islam, ed. John L. Esposito (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
"Women in Islam," (2014). PBS Frontline. Retrieved online: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/muslims/themes/women.html
Women's Culture in Iran Westerners
It should be pointed out, however, that many of these issues exist for women in developed countries such as the United States.
Voices from Iran, however, also looks at aspects of Iranian women's power and influence, an issue that often receives little notice with Western scholars and activists. Iranian wives, the interviewees point out, possess a great influence over their husbands, giving them great power within their families. Among younger generations, women have made strides towards amassing greater social capital, through institutions such as education.
More than fifty percent of new college admissions, for example, are female students. After the Islamic Revolution (1978-1979), and the following war with Iraq, female college graduates began to enter emerging businesses and industries. Many women, for example, enter the publishing industry, open private medical clinics or enter artistic fields such as film. Younger women have turned to writing and graphic design. This influx has…… [Read More]
Islam and Human Rights a Critique of Contemporary Muslim Approaches
Islam and Human Rights
a Critique of Contemporary Muslim Approaches
The basic objective of this research is note the errors that are committed by Muslims in their argument of human rights in Islam or in other words to explore possible means of formulation of a more coherent alternative expression of values to point out the errors committed by Muslims in their attempt to argue the case of human rights in Islam in the hope that efforts and resources expended in that direction can be derived to a more agreeable end; which is the exploration of possible means of formulating a more coherent alternative expression of values to the so-called "Islamic human rights."
A considerable amount of literature has been produced on these issues by competent Muslim thinkers and scholars but because they either
purposefully or 2) inadvertently chose to follow almost the same style as explored in the Western tradition…… [Read More]
Hassan, Riffat, Ph.D. ( ) Are Human Rights Compatible with Islam? The Issue of the Rights of Women in Muslim Communities, University of Louisville, KY [Online available at: http://www.religiousconsultation .org/hassan2.htm
Islam 101 "Human Rights in Islam" 2005 [Online available at: http://www.islam 101. com/rights/index.Htm 'Allamah Abu Al'A'la Mawdudi at Tawid Journal 'Vol.. IV No. 3 Rajah-Ramadan 1407 ajab-Ramadahan 1407 Human Rights in Islam.]
Islam and the Clash of Civilizations
orld civilization has known in the last decades some of the most important political, economic, and in particular cultural developments of the 20th century. The era after the end of the Cold ar determined a series of events that triggered numerous conflicts around the world, from the war in Kuwait in the early 1990s, to the genocide in Rwanda, human rights abuses and apartheid in South Africa, to the escalation of the terrorist phenomenon to dimensions never attained before.
The peak of the terrorist threat was reached on September 11, 2001 when the attacks on the orld Trade Center in New York fully demonstrated the power, influence, and capacity terrorist groups can master. Along with the terrorist phenomenon, the other regional conflicts still ongoing in parts of the Middle East and Africa, point out the increased differences that exist throughout the world between different…… [Read More]
Baxter, Kylie; Akbarzadeh, Shahram. 2008. "U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East." Routledge.
Huntington. S. 1993."The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs, Summer.
Inglehart, Ronald, and Norris, Pippa. "The True Clash of Civilizations." Foreign Policy, Mar/Apr2003, Issue 135
Krishna, S. 2008. Globalization and post colonialism. Hegemony and resistance in the twenty first century. Rowman, Littlefield Publishers, New York.
Islam and Terrorism
Is Islam Somehow Correlated with Terrorism?
Background of Islam
Stereotypical Perceptions of Islam
Islam in the Media
There is a common stereotype that persists in the est that associates the Islamic faith with violence and terrorism. This mindset has been perpetuated through many individuals who base their opinions on past conflicts and influential events that have occurred in recent history. This perception has created tension between cultures that based on misunderstanding and should be corrected. Islam is the fastest growing beliefs systems in the world today and is known as one of the seven primary world religions. Yet, primarily due to violent extremist groups within the religion, Islam has been perceived by many to be a brutal religion that includes provisions for terrorism; specifically through its concept of "Jihad."
Yet the vast majority of Islamic practices are pacifist by nature. Thus it could be…… [Read More]
AFP. (2008, February 27). Major survey challenges Western perceptions of Islam. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i5ajtNJ0qTTRMBSFpYngMOjrmDbQ
Imam, M. (N.d.). The Perception of Islam and Muslims in the Media and the Responsibility of European Muslims Towards the Media . Retrieved from Cuturelink: http://www.culturelink.org/conf/dialogue/mesic.pdf
Kidd, T. (2009). American Christians and Islam: Evangelical Culture and Muslims from the Colonial Period to the Age of Terrorism. Princeton University Press.
Lostopedia. (N.d.). Syid Jarrah. Retrieved from Wikia: http://lostpedia.wikia.com/wiki/Sayid_Jarrah
Islamic Reformism Change Is the
He pioneered sweeping reforms in the Egyptian education specifically focusing on the schooling of women. (p.90) Ali Abdal aziq discusses he authority of the caliphs and argued that Islam can never constitute the legitimate basis of a nation state. He was criticized for reducing Islam to a purely spiritual system. aziq stressed that an individual Muslim community were entitled to choose their own caliph if they wanted one. That meant that a decision by any authentic Islamic society was itself by definition Islamic. (p.91) Ayatollah Khomeini revealed that it was the duty of religious leaders to bring about an Islamic state and to assume legislative, executive and judicial positions within it. This particular form of government was to be referred to as "ule of the Jurisprudent." The highest authority was to be a religious scholar who held absolute executive power and who was qualified to hold office on the basis…… [Read More]
Rippin, a. (2005) Muslims: Their Beliefs and Practices. New York: Routledge
Mernissi, F. (1992) Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World. Cambridge: Perseus Books Publishing.
Elias, J. (1999) Islam: Religions of the World. London: Routledge.
Lee, R. (1997) Overcoming Tradition and Modernity: The Search for Islamic Authenticity. Boulder: Westview.
Islam the Question of Whether
The presence of a parliament does not a democracy make.
Mernissi's assertion that the Third orld has enabled much of Arab and Muslim societies to be cut off from the philosophical underpinnings of democracy can easily explain why Islam seems incompatible with secular humanism. Arabs, "like the rest of the citizens of the third orld, have never had systematic access to the modern advances rooted in" the Enlighenment (Mernissi 46-47). Mistrust of colonial overlords has fueled an anti-estern sentiment. This also prevents democracy as a worldview from taking root, let alone democracy as a reality. The result is that people in the Muslim world are experiencing "modernity without understanding its foundations, its basic concepts," (Mernissi 47).
In the Arab world "the state and its public schools...remain the only means of creating and propagating democratic culture and educating tolerant citizens," (Mernissi 47). The goal is to interject democratic principles into teachings…… [Read More]
Berman, Paul. "The Philosopher of Islamic Terror." The New York Times. March 23, 2003.
Eickelman, Dale F. Bin Laden, the Arab "Street," and the Middle East's Democracy Deficit."
Klausen, Jytte. Faith and politics. Chapter 3 in the Islamic Challenge. Oxford, 2005.
Mernissi, Fatema. "Fear of Democracy" Chapter 3 in Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World. 2002.
Islam Is a Religion of War and
Islam is a religion of war and hatred.
One cannot highlight too much the difference amid Islam, which is plain and Islam, with a fundamentalist version. Islam is the religion of approximately one billion people, as well as is a quickly increasing faith, predominantly in Africa but also elsewhere in the globe. The United States, for instance, boasts, approximately, a million converts to Islam (in addition, an even superior number of Muslim settlers).
Islam's believers find their faith hugely appealing, for the religion possesses an internal power that is quite astonishing. As a primary figure in the Islamic Republic of Iran maintains that any Westerner who really understands Islam will desire the lives of Muslims. Far from feeling embarrassed in relation to it's being temporally the last of the three major Middle Eastern monotheisms, Muslims considered that their faith progresses on the earlier ones. In their interpretation, Judaism, as…… [Read More]
Annemarie Schimmel. Islam An Introduction. State University of New York Press, 1992.
Islam is a religion of war and hatred
Islamic Fundamentalism the Rise of
S. abruptly pulled funding from the area, leaving many former allies feeling abandoned and as if they had been misled. Many of these disenchanted warriors formed the backbone of the Taliban.
These initial members were able to prey upon the poverty that plagued Afghanistan and Pakistan and recruit numbers of young males for Islamic extremism. This was due to the fact that both countries suffered from extreme poverty and were not able to fund schools for young males. Both the Taliban and Al Qaeda built radical madrasahs offering boys an education. Since families saw the education of their children, especially their sons, as the primary way to escape from crippling poverty, they would send their sons to the madrasahs for an education. In the madrasahs, the children were steeped in Islamic fundamentalism. Part of the education focused on the resource disparity between people in the U.S. And other western countries…… [Read More]
Islam Many Muslims Are Proud
Words: 857 Length: 2 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 1466829
The doom tree is presented as a mythical eagle, an ancient idol, the river -- "a sacred snake, one of the ancient Gods of the Egyptians"(Salih).
People in this remote and stuck in time village have dreams about the past, some prophetic dreams and some other dreams that are yet to be interpreted. The efforts to reconcile modern life, represented by the city and tradition, represented by the village are seen through the lenses of religion. The villagers did not need the teachings of another preacher, and it seemed that every time when the government sent someone to bring something new in there, it was doomed to fail. On the other hand, the villagers thought they new and had everything already and this appears to be a mistake as well.
The water pump, the stopping place for the steamer, the new agricultural scheme and other symbols of the evolution of…… [Read More]
Islam Imagine You're Sitting in
And just as different divisions of Christianity are more or less fundamentalist in their interpretation of religious texts and traditions, different divisions of Islam are more or less strict. The most fundamentalist version of Islam, one that is primarily associated with Saudi Arabia, is Wahhabism. Muslims who follow this minority version of Sunni believe that they are the only true Muslims and that other branches of Islam are illegitimate (Cleveland, 2004, p.123). In some ways, the division between Wahhabism is like that between Catholics and Protestants during the eformation and Counter-reformation or that between Orthodox and eform Judaism. All major religions have internal divisions, and all major religions -- including also Hinduism and Buddhism -- can be organized along a spectrum from most conservative to most liberal.
Some followers of Wahhabi Islam have been responsible for horrific violence. There is no justification for their actions. It is true that --…… [Read More]
Cleveland, W.L. (2004). A history of the modern middle east. (3rd ed.) Boulder: Westview Press.
Jenkins, P. (2009, March 8). Dark passages. Retrieved from http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2009/03/08/dark_passages/.
Islamic Extremists an Analysis of
But it was soon forced to abandon…the Islamic purists, who U.S. officials now say are unfit to rule, as the militia began imposing its brutal version of Islamic law." The fact is, the U.S. abandoned the Taliban when it no longer served their interests to support them. yan Dawson observes that the "U.S. actively supported the Mujaheddin, of which Bin Laden and his foreign fighters were a sub-group, in a war against the Soviets. The Afghans were purchasing American weapons with Saudi oil money and receiving training from the CIA and ISI. Tim Osman as the CIA called Bin Laden, had full support of the U.S. And met with the likes of Zbigniew Brzezinski." Here was the beginning of a relationship that the U.S. hoped to be a thorn in the side of ussia. To state that the U.S. only dropped its friendship with the Taliban once it saw some…… [Read More]
Congress. United States of America Congressional Record. Washington, DC:
Government Printing Office, 2004. Print.
Corbett, James. "9/11: A Conspiracy Theory." The Corbett Report. 11 Sep 2011. Web.
8 Dec 2011.
Islam Attempting to Summarize the
The groom is required to pay a dowry to the bride, as a form of consideration, and the amount is stipulated to within the marital contract.
Interestingly, a man may marry up to four women so long as he can treat them all equally. However, a woman may only marry one man. Divorces are allowed, but are easier for a man to initiate than the female. Popular media portrays Islam as a sexist culture that requires women to such practices as veiling and seclusion. However, there is great debate within the Islamic community on whether the holy texts actually justify these practices. In the twentieth century, social reformers argues against these and other sexist traditions, including polygamy. On the other hand, many individual women are striking a balance between tradition and living an active life within traditional modesty.
Clearly, Islamic traditions play an important part in society, especially when Muslims…… [Read More]
Turner, Colin. (2006): Islam: The Basics. London: Routledge.
Waines, David. (2003): An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weiss, Bernard G. (2002): Studies in Islamic Legal Theory. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers.
Women Education and Labor Enforcement
His proposals received a strong opposition from the side of the religious leaders who were dissatisfied both with the fact that women were given the right to vote and the land reforms (idem).
After Khomeini was sent into exile, the shah's leadership, greatly supported by the U.S., became dictatorial. By choosing to put the country under an authoritarian regime with little or no real opposition, Mohammad-Reza Shah, like his father, almost a quarter of a century ago, signed his own end as a leader of ran. Some of the reforms made during those years were restoring women's rights. The Family Protection Law, passed in 1967, brought women's issues related to marriage and divorce closer to the laws of the civilized world. but, the Shah was too much obsessed with building a huge military power, proving himself to the U.S. As the pillar of stabilization in the Middle East.
ranian women…… [Read More]
Iran. Role of Women. Source: U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved: Feb 17, 2009. Available at http://countrystudies.us/iran/53.htm .
White, J.B. 2004. Money Makes Us Relatives: Women's Labor in Urban Turkey. Routledge.
The Republic of Turkey. Principles and General Objectives of Education. Retrieved: Feb 17, 2009. Available at http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/Countries/WDE/2006/CENTRAL_and_EASTERN_EUROPE/Turkey/Turkey.htm
Islam in America Shari'ah The
(Prophet Noble Drew Ali)
Ali came to Chicago in 1925 and his movement took on its greatest force here. He saw Marcus Garvey as a motivation for his own work. Ali, like Garvey preached the significance of forming unity among all the people of the African Diaspora. Marcus Garvey was particularly acclaimed as a John the Baptist who set the way for the emergence of Noble Drew Ali at Moorish Science Temple meetings. (What was the relationship between Noble Drew Ali and Marcus Garvey?)
Warith al-Din Muhammad:
Many foreign countries have exercised substantial power on the lives of American Muslims by ascertaining to increase the religious knowledge. Saudi Arabia has enhanced the image of Islam in the West. It has supported the actions of the Muslim World League -- MWL in America. Saudi Arabia has also promoted good relations with the Afro-American Muslim community. In all possibility, under foreign pressure,…… [Read More]
Women's Rights Traveling Outside One's Own Homeland
omen's Rights
Traveling outside one's own homeland will present certain challenges if not problems. It is important to realize that the world is a diverse place where many standards of action vary from place to place. This variance requires an individual wishing to navigate a culture without issue to inform himself of the cultural differences that may arise in this advancement.
The purpose of this essay is to examine the role of females in Saudi Arabia to contextualize the larger argument of the importance of knowledge in dealing with foreign cultures and scenarios. This examination will demonstrate how the culture of Saudi Arabia contributes to the general interpretations of gender role expectations and affect our own personal behavior. This essay will examine if these occurrences rest upon social class as a factor for promoting our acceptance.
Pejman (2004) described the situation for women in Saudi Arabia as complex and very…… [Read More]
Coleman, I. (2013). Saudi Arabia's Timid Flirtation With Women's Rights. The Atlantic, 16 Jan 2013. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/01/saudi- arabias-timid-flirtation-with-womens-rights/267245/
Pejman, P. (2004). Saudi Arabia: Women Say Religious Traditions Block Their Rights. The Religious Consultation., 30 Mar, 2004. Retrieved from http://www.religiousconsultation.org/News_Tracker/Saudi_women_say_religious_traditi ons_block_rights.htm
Muslim Women Women's Progress in
This suggests that while slow, progress is being made by Muslim women throughout the world, and supported by the UN.
eferences
Al Faruqi, L.L. (2005). Islamic traditions and the feminist movement. Islam101.com.
etrieved October 15, 2007: http://www.islam101.com/women/feminism.html
Cooke, M. (2000). Women claim Islam: Creating Islamic feminism through literature.
New York: outledge.
Fattah, a.A. (2006). Status of Muslim women. etrieved:
http://www.muslimedia.com/archives/movement00/wom-status.htm
Statham, P. (2004). esilient Islam: Muslim controversies in Europe. Harvard International eview, 26(3): 54.
Wyche, K.F. (2004). African-American Muslim women: An invisible group. Sex oles:
Journal of esearch, 51(1): 319.
efers to 1975 launch of "Decade for Women" program lasting 10 years in response to women's activities and networking; focus included drawing attention to injustices against women and to help women realize their power.
Cooke, M. p. vii Women Claim Islam: Creating Islamic feminism through literature.
Op cit Ibid.
Op cit Ibid, viii.
Op cit Ibid. 152
Statham, Paul. P.…… [Read More]
Retrieved October 15, 2007: http://www.islam101.com/women/feminism.html
New York: Routledge.
Misunderstood Role of Women in
A view of this event captures an incredible sea of worshippers flowing like a human river in the footsteps of the prophet Mohammed, who it is said arrived at this spot some 1400 years ago to pay homage to Abraham.
The role of the woman as it is understood through the ritual reenactments are quite different from the unequal stance which is often assumed of Muslim women today, with Hagar and Ishmael given tribute as well. Exiled to the dessert valley that would become Mecca, Hagar would give birth to the numerous Arab peoples, and would be enabled to do so by the salvation of the angel Gabriel. In many ways, this story parallels the matriarchal role of the Madonna to Christianity, who was likewise guided by an angel in a time of crisis. Islam tells that Gabriel was sent down to bring water to Hagar in the desert in…… [Read More]
AI. (1999).
Pakistan: Hounour Killings of Girls and Women. Amnesty International.Online at http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA330181999
Al-Uthaimeen, S.M.A. (2006). How to perform the ritiuals of Hajj and Umrah. Princeton University. Online at http://www.princeton.edu/~humcomp/hajjguide.html
BBC. (June 2003). Pakistan's Sharia Law Is Criticized. BBC News. Online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2958316.stm .
Policing Islamist Social Movements Many
The post-colonial state in Egypt was shaped by nationalism and nationbuilding, regionalism (pan-Arabism and pan-Islamism), contestations over legitimacy and interest-based and populist corporatism (Ayubi, 1991). More recently the focus shifted to discussions about civil society and democratization (Al-Sayyid, 1993; S. Ibrahim, 1995; S. Ibrahim (ed.), 1993; Norton (ed.), 1995; Zaki, 1995). In these works special attention has been given to Islamist organizations and their role in Egypt's 'civil society' associations (Kepel, 1985; Marty & Appleby (eds.), 1991; Stowasser (ed.), 1987; Zaki, 1995; Zubaida, 1992). Zaki, for example, contrasts the general weakness and political ineffectiveness that he attributes to the overwhelming majority of associations to the overall strength of Islamic associations (Al-Ali 2000:53)."
Feminist politics is somewhat subversive then, working through and against the state in a very candid way, but in a way that self-polices (54). That is to say in a way that remains respectful of Islamic law, which…… [Read More]
http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105452619
Al-Ali, Nadje. 2000. Secularism, Gender, and the State in the Middle East: The Egyptian Women's Movement. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Book online. Available from Questia, http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105452622.Internet. Accessed 5 May 2008. Ganji, Manouchehr. 2002. Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of Resistance / . Westport, CT: Praeger, Questia. 20 Nov. 2006 http://questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102106483. http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001188974
Gole, Nilufer. 2000. Snapshots of Islamic Modernities. Daedalus 129, no. 1: 91. Database online. Available from Questia, http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001188974.Internet. Accessed 5 May 2008. http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001228850
Humphrey, Michael. 2000. Violence, Voice and Identity in Algeria. Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ) 22, no. 1: 1. Database online. Available from Questia, http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001228850.Internet. Accessed 5 May 2008. http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102504005
Revolutionary Association of the Women
To improve the role of women, the government must take an active role in promoting educational opportunities for girls and instating vocational education programs for all women, regardless of age, to better enable them to establish some degree of economic autonomy. This will improve the economic status of Afghani families as a whole, and also ensure that women who face violence at home will not feel compelled to stay in untenable circumstances. One of the reasons women stay in bad marriages, agree to arranged marriages, or do not leave home even after coming of age is a fear of being unable to support themselves. This can serve as part of a larger agenda of educating the Afghani people in viable skills that will enable the nation to compete in the modern world.
To demonstrate the changed role of women, the government must aggressively prosecute instances of domestic violence, forced marriages…… [Read More]
Transnational Feminism Women's Culture- This
For centuries women have entered into political struggle in order to secure the livelihoods of their families and communities." What is new is the advent of women in leadership positions and political office who have incorporated women issues into their programs which offers new hope and presents new possibilities. Just as British women felt their country was full of freedom even though they did not have the right to vote there are cultures in the world that freedom within that specific society would be prison within another in the view of women.
In order for feminism to become transnational the elite women in the richer countries must be able to consider and conceive the plight of the rural women in a third world country and as well all within the feminist movement must be able within their own consciousness to cross a deep chasm in order to comprehend women of…… [Read More]
Brenner, Johanna (2003) Transnational Feminism and The Struggle for Global Justice [from New Politics, vol.9 no.2 whole 34, winter 2003) Online available at http://www.wpunj.edu/~newpol/issue34/brenne34.htm.
Grewal, Inderpal & Kaplan, Caren (2000) Postcolonial Studies and Transnational Feminist Practices San Franciso State University and University of California Berkley Online available at http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v5i1/grewal.htm.
Moghadam, Val (2005) Transnational Feminism and Afghan Women's Rights Rubrique: Femmes & Mondalisation Online available at http://www.peuplesmonde.com/article.php3?id_article=269.
Moghadam, Val (2004) From International to Transnational Organization: A Century's Feminist Journey- Against the Current Online available at http://www.solidarity-us.org/atc/109moghadam.html .
Taliban Women Motives for Female
In some ways, the men who practice violence against women and attempt to control them to the degrees that the Taliban has decreed are simply carrying out the violence and the repression that was practiced against them; though it serves no constructive purpose and is indeed highly detrimental both to women and to the country as a whole, the Taliban's action against the women is at least partially a result of the cultural psychological repression that Afghanistan has suffered for thirty years. That, and the fact that a common enemy in women makes the Taliban that much stronger in its operations and control of the government and society as a whole, can be seen as the primary psychological motives for the Taliban's treatment of women.
According to the Taliban themselves, however, their actions and attitudes towards women simply carry out strict Islamic law, and are necessary for…… [Read More]
Sengupta, Kim. "Abuse of Afghan women: 'It was my decision to die. I was getting beaten every day'." The Independent, 24 November 2006. Accessed 20 February 2010. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/abuse-of-afghan-women-it-was-my-decision-to-die-i-was-getting-beaten-every-day-425580.html .
Skaine, Rosemarie. The Women of Afghanistan Under the Taliban. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2000.
Art Forms of Islam Include
178). For example, Sakkal reports that, "The measuring system of Ibn Muqlah is based on a circle with a diameter that equals the height of the letter Alef. It controls the correct proportions of the letters by comparing them to the circle, and by diagonal dots written with the calligraphy pen" (1993:9). In his analysis of Ibn Muqla's role in the standardization of the geometrical basis of Arabic writing, Ernst, citing an early treatise, illustrates the religious significance of the circle as being an integral part of these revisions to calligraphic script: "God (glory be to the Most High) created the world in a circular form. The master Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Ali ibn al- Husayn ibn Muqla the scribe (may God have mercy on him) realized that writing could be made circular. He transmitted that method of [round] Kufic in this fashion that is now current, so that it…… [Read More]
Brown, Keith, Anne H. Anderson, Laurie Bauer, Margie Berns, Graeme Hirst and Jim Miller.
Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Boston: Elsevier, 2006.
Blair, Sheila S. And Jonathan M. Bloom. 2003. "The Mirage of Islamic Art: Reflections on the Study of an Unwieldy Field." The Art Bulletin 85(1): 152-154.
Eaton, Gai. Islam and the Destiny of Man. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press,
Gender and Islam Books the War in
Gender and Islam Books
The war in Iraq has shone attention on the plight of women in the Middle East. For many scholars, the issue of the rights of women as mandated in Islamic texts and the role of Muslim women in the contemporary Islamic world is one of the most pressing issues.
This paper examines two works that shed light in this regard -- Islam, Gender, and Social Change edited by Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and John L. Esposito and Leila Ahmed's Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate.
Both books provide a rich background of the history and modern-day context women living under the Islamic religion. The first part of this paper gives a summary of selected readings from Islam, Gender, and Social Change and of Ahmed's work. The second part then gives a critique of the works. In the final section, the paper relates…… [Read More]
Incompatibility between Islam and Human Rights
Human rights are the activities, freedoms and conditions that all human are entitle to enjoy, and these rights include economic, political, cultural and social rights. Putting differently, human rights are inalienable, inherent, indivisible and interdependent, which cannot be taken away, must be respected, and which the governments are to put in places the instrument to regulate laws and policies for human rights protection. Similarly, international human rights are the set of rules that guide the conducts of state's behaviors. Globally, countries enter into treaties to guarantee certain rights and refrain from violating these rights within their jurisdictions. (IJRC, 2016). The historical facts of human rights started from the declaration of universal human right rights in 1948, and the expressions are referred as aggregate rights of humans. The UDHR ("Universal Declaration of Human Rights") (IJRC 2016 p 1) was ratified by 48 countries with some Muslim countries such as Iran, Iraq,…… [Read More]
Role of Women in Judaism
Nor could a man repudiate the oath made by any of his female relatives." (Azeem, 1995)
VI. The ROLE of the MOTHER
Part two of the work entitled: "Women in Islam vs. Women in the Judaeo-Christian Tradition: The Myth and the Reality" states that in relation to 'mothers' from the viewpoint of the Old Testament, there are several commandments concerning the necessity for kind and considerate treatment of parents and a condemnation for those who dishonor their parents. In Islam, the mother holds a very special place and as described by the Prophet Muhammad as follows: "A man asked the Prophet: 'Whom should I honor most?' The Prophet replied: 'Your mother'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your mother'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your mother!'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your father'" (ukhari and Muslim;…… [Read More]
Hughson, G., Johnston, S.A., Bisman, D. (nd) Understanding the Three Abrahamic Faiths: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The Dunedin Jewish, Christian and Muslim Community Liaison Group.
Q&a on Islam and Arab-Americans (2001) USA Today. 30 Sept 2001 Online available at http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/islam.htm
Azeem, Dr. Sherif Abdel (1995) Women in Islam vs. Women in the Judaeo-Christian Tradition: The Myth & the Reality. Part I. Online available at http://www.themodernreligion.com/women/w_comparison_full.htm
Kingston, SM (1995) Women in Islam vs. Women in the Judaeo-Christian Tradition: The Myth & the Reality. Part II. Online available at: 10 Feb 1995 Online available at http://www.themodernreligion.com/women/w_comparison_full2.htm
Gender and Islam Religion Is
In fact in some instances women are not even treated like human beings. However, in other parts of the world Muslim women enjoy relative equality and freedom. It is important to recognize that not all Muslims are extremists or violent towards women.
Men in Islam
As it pertains to men in the Islamic world, their positions in Muslim society are significant. The Islamic religious leaders are and have been men ever since the inception of the religion. Men hold the highest positions in the Muslim faith and they still dominate positions in government in Islamic nations.
The dominance in men in Muslim society is the most prevalent in the Muslim home. As with other aspects of Islam, the amount of power or dominance that men have has a great deal to do with the nation that they live in. However for the most part Muslim men are seen as the…… [Read More]
Hekmat, Anwar. Women and the Koran the Status of Women in Islam. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1997.
Knapp, Michael G. "The Concept and Practice of Jihad in Islam." Parameters 33.1 (2003): 82+.
Tell, Carol. "The Women of Afghanistan." Social Education 66.1 (2002): 8+.
What Is the Difference Between Sunni and Shiite Muslims -- and Why Does it Matter? http://hnn.us/articles/934.html
Muslim Women in Eastern and Western Literature
The Representation of Muslim Women in Eastern and Western Literature: A Comparison
Representations of women in Middle Eastern literature represent a means by which the appreciation, perspective and overall role of women and how they are viewed by society can be determined. While some argue that literature and actually lived daily life are separate, literature serves as a measuring stick by which one can ascertain a definitive viewpoint on what the experience of being a Muslim woman is, and how such women are viewed. Literature can tell one volumes about how societies work and underscore the role that women play or don't play and how others see them. While both eastern and western literature is incredibly vast, it is possible to get a definitive sense of how Muslim women are viewed; however, it is possible to get an overall sense of certain trends that arise over and over. This paper…… [Read More]
Rufaida The Pioneer of Nursing in Islam
Future of Nursing Education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
The primary objective of this book is to provide the reader with evidence-based nursing education and practice principles. The goal of this work is to help nursing educators and nurse practitioners develop evidence-based nursing education standards and curriculum while providing nurses with effective examples of patient-centered care that is both high quality and cost effective. Patients and family members in Saudi Arabia have needs and expectations that nurses should seek to meet and fulfill. To that end, this book aims to support nurses and nurse educators.
The cultural values of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are also an important component of this work, as it is the culture of this country that supports and advances the aims of the nursing profession. This is seen in every aspect of the nursing profession -- from the earliest days of the first nursing…… [Read More]
Aldossary, A., While, A., Barriball, L. (2008). Health care and nursing in Saudi Arabia.
International Nursing Review, 55(1): 125-128.
Al-Hashem, A. (2016). Health education in Saudi Arabia. Sultan Qaboos University
Medical Journal, 16(3): e286-e292.
Religion of Islam Compatible With
No doubt, such feelings are greatly exacerbated by the current hard-line policies of the U.S. government in the Middle East,
There is a general perception in the estern world that the religion of Islam is inherently incompatible with the ideals of democracy such as individual liberties and freedom of speech. The recent controversy over the cartoons of Prophet Muhammad, published by a Danish newspaper, and the violent reaction of Muslims has further solidified the impression. A deeper look at the basic Islamic beliefs and history indicates that such a perception may be misplaced. The apparent unbridgeable gulf between Islam and modern day democratic societies can be breached if the commonalities between the two instead of their differences are highlighted.
The Internal Jihad." BBC ebsite. 2006. November 12, 2006. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/jihad_2.shtml
Is Islam Compatible with Democracy?" Oxford Analytica International. September 14, 2004. November 12, 2006. http://www.cmf.ch/transfert/_sCrans/press/INTERNATIONAL_%20Is%20Islam%20compatible%20with%20democracy_.pdf?PHPSESSID=a38d9661926c82c05cced11e8feee1a2
The Last ord:…… [Read More]
The Internal Jihad." BBC Website. 2006. November 12, 2006. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/jihad_2.shtml
The Last Word: Flemming Rose." Newsweek International. February 13, 2006 issue. November 12, 2006. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11179140/site/newsweek/
Mcnern, Ethan. "Holocaust Cartoons." The Scotsman. February 09, 2006. November 12, 2006. http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=204162006
Gender and Religion Women Are
Women are just mere followers of what the males would decide.
In Taoism
Taoism is a combination of psychology and philosophy and evolved into a religious faith in 440 CE when it was adopted as a state religion. Taoism, along with Buddhism and Confucianism, became one of the three great religions of China. Taoism currently has about 20 million followers. About 30,000 Taoists live in North America, 1,720 in Canada (http://ssd1.cas.pacificu.edu/,2005).
Taoist concepts, beliefs and practices include (http://ssd1.cas.pacificu.edu/,2005):
Tao is the first-cause of the universe. It is a force that flows through all life. "The Tao surrounds everyone and therefore everyone must listen to find enlightenment."
Each believer's goal is to become one with the Tao.
Taoists strongly promote health and vitality.
Taoists believe that the five main organs and orifices of the body correspond to the five parts of the sky: water, fire, wood, metal and earth.
Each person…… [Read More]
Buddhism." 2005. http://www.fwbo.org/buddhism.html
Buddhism and Gender Equality." 2006. http://www.faithnet.org.uk/KS4/Social%20Harmony/buddhismequality.htm
Inglehart, Ronald. 2002. "Islam, gender, culture, and democracy." International Journal of Comparative Sociology. E.J. Brill
Kohn, Livia. 2006. "Are Women in Daoism Different From Women in Chinese Society." Department of Religious Studies. Queen's University Kingston, ON Taoism."2005. http://ssd1.cas.pacificu.edu/
Women's Choice Lead a Celebate Life Remain
Women's choice lead a celebate life, remain a virgin, a rejection societal expectations? A conclusion drawn thesis question. I attaching suggested books citation. Essay 12 pages length counting citations bibliography.
Was a Women's choice to lead a celibate life or remain a virgin a rejection of societal expectations?
The role of women in the society has been widely debated throughout the history of both philosophical thought and social sciences. Women have a particular place in society since ancient times and there are clear indications, in the religious literature, that women have had specific views and opinions regarding their own place in the society. In this context, the current research discusses the choice of women to lead a celibate life or keep herself a virgin and whether this choice was a reaction to societal expectations and social pressures. The perspective of the research analysis is focused on Christian traditions from the…… [Read More]
Kung, 2001, p22-3
Karant-Nun, 2003, p10
idem, p11
Women Were Restricted in Many Ways During
women were restricted in many ways during the Suharto period (was this partly because of Suharto policies or practices -- YES this is explained in the essay) but that since that time, reforms have been undertaken to improve their status and freedom of action.
Short summary of a few statistics with regards to the country and its women rather than 'statistics' per se, augment the problem as stated above with information about the previous state of women. -- statistics are just background intro, they also include women
Why the country has been and is so interesting to study leading to argument of paper the reader is not interested in why it is interesting to you. The reader is interested only in following the theme/argument of the paper. -- this also relates to women, it's just an attention grabbing technique and doesn't take more than one sentence.
c. Specific statement of…… [Read More]
Islamic Tradition
Tales from the Thousand and One Nights and compares and contrasts them in order to reveal the depiction of women in them.
The depiction of women in the Nights is diverse in nature. On the one hand, there are many female slaves and concubines who must obey the men who own them. On the other hand, there are not fully independent but self-confident women whose courage and wit save many human lives. An example is that of Shahrazade who gathers the courage to marry the King and heal him of his insane distrust of women. This in turn saves the lives of many women.
Similarly, in the "Tales of the Hunchback," wife of Badr Ul Din Hasan, is shown to be an extremely faithful woman, who was arranged to marry a hunchback but was instead fated to marry Badr. Though Badr is transported by djinns to another place, where he…… [Read More]
In conclusion, it is easy to see that women are depicted in different ways in different tales. They do not have the strengths or weaknesses of the modern western woman but she has her own set of them.
Dawood, N.J. Tales from the Thousand And One Nights. Penguin: 1954.
Islamic Movements
Islamic movements come to dominate the political landscape of Iran and Saudi rabia in the last thirty years?
Why have democratic advances been so limited in these two countries? Is there any relationship between these two trends or are they independent of each other?
In both modern Iran and modern Saudi rabia, over the past thirty years, two fundamental forces have dominated the discourse of these nations -- that of Islamic Fundamentalism and a hatred of Western, specifically merican intrusions of 'modernity,' in cultural and political forms. In the absence of the ability to compete, technologically with the West, or culturally on a global level, these nations have turned inward, and some historians might say 'to their pasts' and attempted to create Islamic rather than secular renditions of modernity. However, because of the corresponding lack of democratic structures within these referenced traditional Islamic political modalities, and the association of the…… [Read More]
After the Islamic revolution in Iran the new political structures that were instated ensured that fundamentalist Islamic point-of-view became synonymous with the new Iran. For instance, in 1982 Khomeini insisted that Iran's courts discard all secular legal codes and base their decisions solely on Islamic regulations. (Cleveland 423) To oppose Islamic fundamentalism in Iran was not only to stand against the new regime, it was to engage in an act of heresy. Democracy was decadent, and Western, and to adopt the Western political mindset was to disastrously weaken the nation.
In this text, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam Gilles Kepel in Chapter 5 states that Iran, in the wake of the death of Khomeni, has since attempted to reform some of its strictures, instating democratic but still Islamic elections, for instance, that has created some semblance of what one might call 'democracy' in the nation. Even more recently, the arts have begun to be resurrected in Iran. There has even been a return to pre-Iranian cultural institutions, such as the presence of Western music and movies within the republic.
Likewise, nascent Saudi Arabian feminism has manifested itself as women have protested their inability to drive, or made use of mandatory 'all female' enclaves such as banks, to discuss and create sites of discussion and debate. The private/public dichotomy of female dress and both male and female behavior in both countries may hold the seeds of a kind of revolution or renegotiation of Islamic identity. But it will be a revolution on Islamic and Middle Eastern cultural terms, a negotiation rather than a revolution in the Western sense of uprooting the old entirely -- for what is Islamic in these nations is not really 'old' at all, as William Cleveland suggests. Rather, Islamic fundamentalism is more of a delicate negotiation, socially, politically, and economically, in both Saudi Arabia and Iran, in an effort for these nations to remain distinct in a world and even a region they see as increasingly dominated by American needs and influence.
Islamic and Democracy Existing Side by Side
Islamic and democracy existing side by side in Pakistan. The research proposal will revolve around factors and evidences which shows connection between the Islam and democracy. Muslims have been denied there democratic rights by their leaders claiming to follow Islamic religion thereby creating public interest of ways in which Muslims democracy in Pakistan can be upheld.
Justification of the research
It has been widely portrayed that Pakistani Islamist parties have since enjoyed widespread support only after joining pro-democracy movements, (Nadeem F. Paracha, 2013). This was evidenced in 1980s when the Jamaat-I Islamic, Maududi's party joined Benazir Bhutto in fighting dictatorship; another case is the recent one when members of the Jamaat joined Imran Khan's Movement for Justice (PTI), (Daniel Jacobius Morgan, 2013). Therefore political parties who advocates for democracy should be given much support by the Muslim and Western democrats in their quest to fight for this democracy in Pakistan…… [Read More]
Daniel Jacobius Morgan, (2013). "The complex relationship between Islamism and democracy"
NewStateman, (2012). http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/religion/2012/08/complex-relationship-between-islamism-and-democracy
David Bukay, (2007). "Can There Be an Islamic Democracy? Middle East Quarterly"
Spring. http://www.meforum.org/1680/can-there-be-an-islamic-democracy
Islam developing trade routes in Africa and Asia
Spread of Islam in Africa and Asia Along Trade Routes
The Islam religion spread in Asia and Africa mainly due to trade of such goods as spices, gold, as also due to slaves. The advantages of proximity with the greatly profitable and powerful traders of the Islam religion triggered the conversions of merchants and rulers' into Muslims. Islam spread slowly; it took centuries, but in most places where the conversion took place, people still hold on to the religion (Debrouse). This paper explores the reasons of spread of Islam religion along Asian and African trade routes, particularly centering on the success of Islam in Middle Asia.
Early Trade Connections
Since the era of Muhammad, it has been believed that trade is closely related to the religion as well as its development. Inmecca, the people of the Qurayshtribe were leaders in business. They extended their connections and influence to Syria and…… [Read More]
Women Empowerment in Iran
In order to understand the position of women in Iran as far as their roles, rights and empowerment is concerned, it is significant to understand the wider picture of the prevailing condition in the Middle East and the contrast that there is in the West. These two represent different polarities in the context of culture, perspective on women, roles assigned, rights granted and the positions that women hold in these two societies. There is a still not an in depth understanding of the lives of women in the Middle East and the roles that they are meant to play. In majority of the societies therein, women are hardly seen carrying out any meaningful role, let alone being heard. They are assigned a background role in this Muslim world and the persistent stereotypes and judgments about the social practices form a single dimensional depiction of women that rarely reflects the real…… [Read More]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I want to add two new profile fields (Facebook and Orkut, social networks), in a way that they show on the bottom line of each post.
You're really pushing your luck for support by using an "Old" version of Icy Phoenix.
This may be of some help.
It would probably be better if you experimented with the latest available public version of Icy Phoenix, as many people usually don't give support for older versions of anything?
I think that there isn't much difference between more up-to-date versions for doing what I wanna do. But of course I can be wrong.
My idea is to duplicate one of the existing fields and just change it's name and image. The problem is that I don't know what files have the iformation of these fixed profile fields. If I had it, I guess it'd b solved.
I know I'll probably have to add the fields in the user_cp_register.php and in the admin_cp_register.php (those are the only relevant files having the words "skype" and "aim" for example that I could find with the lame Windows folder search) but I know they are not the only ones to be changed. I'll have to add the information in the user file too, and the topic file, and the user view file, and so on. Has anybody ever managed to do what I'm trying to do here?
Thanks for your reply, I'll be checking the links now.
Not always the golden rule - But I think that this is the template area you need to change in viewtopic_body.tpl.
Thank you, this was a start. But like I edited above, I'll think I'll have to change the register fields too, so that the spaces can be filled with the information I need, and not just being mere copies, am I right?
Edit: For now, I'll only change the name and images of not-so-commonly-used-by-my-user fields (YahooMessenger, AIM and ICQ) to make them be the fields I want them to be (twitter, orkut and facebook). Why hadn't I thought of that before?
The only problem now is that when you click on them they still have their former functions, I mean, it's sort of useless.
Of course it's useless unless you code the .php to match/include the variables for the template functions you are trying to create.
I do strongly suggest that you upgrade to the latest Icy Phoenix, because you ARE going to find it extremely different to what you are using - And you ain't doing yourself any favours by pursuing old code and template scripts.
If I do, will it reset all the changes I've made in the scripts and design?
Just point me which are these .php files, and I think I can find my way through. Thank you.
Hardly anything is compatible between the two versions, and templates certainly are not.
Better you make a test forum with the latest - - - maybe using XAMPP on your PC to see what the differences are and how you can set your "Own" dummy upgrade prior to upgrading your live version.
I mean that IF someone was to make a MOD for this - they wouldn't waste their time making it for an older version of IP - And that's your handicap.
As for the .php files, I'm not sure if there are more than one or two involved - plus DB queries, so I'd rather not get involved with this any further.
$yim_img = ( $profiledata['user_yim'] ) ? '<a href="http://edit.yahoo.com/config/send_webmesg?.target=' .
I want the fields aim, yim and icq to behave just like the url one: Just as normal links (when people click on them, the address in the fields will open in another page).
Since I don't work with programming, please, somebody help here I bet it's a piece of cake for you guys who are into it.
Have a look at this - It may be a start for you as it includes the DB squirts etc etc for facebook etc.
Mort. this mod is discontinued. It does´nt work.
due to continuos changes on FB, theres actualy no working FB connect Mod for phpBB.
they changed the code 3 o for times in the last year on FB.
I´m trying to sort an Mod out for IP, But it´s truly difficult.
Mort. this mod is discontinued. It doesn't work.
I suspected that, but provided the link to show Codi that it's not as simple as he deems it to be - And why no-one is interested in going backwards when it comes to modding etc.
Codi! Now do you get my point?
Icy Phoenix has moved on, and it's time for you to spend some time catching up, rather than expect people to help you with "how it was done in the past".
Hay, guys, thanks for all your help. I just came to say thank you, and to let you know that I have finally managed to do what I wanted.
I just still have one little problem; the links are there all right, but only the former aim works properly (going directly to the page in [user_aim]); the former yahoo message directs to the page in [user_yim], but it has my site adress before it.
This is not a big deal, I mean, I'll let my users now that all they have to do is to take out the adress of this when they are redirected to facebook.com, but that'd be even better if I could soulve this too.
But if you guys don't wanna help me with this because of the version thing, it's ok, this is not very important, anyway.


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I coloured in the stamped image with watercolour pencil and washed over it with clean water using a small brush. I coloured in the shape on the bauble with a silver pen.
I used the colouring book image again on this tag.
I assembled the tag adding some washi tape and inked edges.
Both sides of the tag waiting to be stuck together.
I wrote my journaling on the tag and added a metal star.


text:
Light and Privacy
When you want to amp up the curb appeal, think of using a glass insert for your existing front door.
If you watch enough home improvement shows and read enough interior and exterior design tips on websites and in magazines, you sometimes end up thinking the only way to improve the curb appeal of your home or business is to flatten the whole thing and start over again.
But, as appealing as that thought might be, it's usually impractical to do so. So, instead, we look for ways to quickly and easily ramp up the curb appeal. And one way to do that is to change your doors, especially your front door. No, we're not talking about a whole new door. We're talking about cutting a chunk out of it and inserting glass. VOILA!!!! The glass inserts give you an entry that, as houzz.com says, makes a statement.
If you're hesitating because you're concerned about privacy, don't be.
Consider what Fred Albert, a writer who covers architecture and design issues, has to say:
"I don't consider myself a paranoid person. But as someone who occasionally parades around the house in a towel or cuts loose when a favorite song plays on the radio, I am very conscious of passersby (or delivery people) catching me unawares. A solid front door would solve the problem, but I appreciate the illumination and sense of welcome created by a glass door or sidelights. That's why I'm drawn to front doors that manage to provide those and offer a degree of privacy. One of the simplest ways to achieve all these things is with frosted glass."
Sandblasted, textured and stained glass all work as well, Albert says. But, he suggests leaving a small, clear hole as a safety peephole since you can't install one in a glass door.
If you want to up your curb appeal and make a statement with glass, the people to call are at Don's Mobile Glass. We've been serving the Central Valley for 55-plus years. We're the go-to people for custom glass, residential and commercial glass, glass inserts, insulated glass, windows and mirrors. We have offices in Modesto, Manteca, Turlock and Merced, so we're conveniently located. But we also come to you.
When You Decide to Bump Up That Curb Appeal, Let Don's Help!
California, Modesto Turlock Merced Manteca, Residential Glass


text:
Theosophical Order of Service, USA
A union of those who love in the service of all that suffers
Healing Network
Animal Healing Network
TOS Grant and Seed Money Applications
For the Love of Life
TOS e-Newsletters
Liaison e-Newsletters
Books and Booklets
HOPEMAKERS: Rwandan Genocide Orphans Grown Up and Leading from the Heart
General Topics:
Family and Children
They were young children in 1994 when Rwanda experienced the genocide that left 800,000 of them orphaned. In the wake of the violence, Rwanda's social structure collapsed, severely affecting schools, health care, and the economy. Meeting the basic needs of food, shelter, clothing and education overshadowed the daunting task of healing the orphaned children's traumatic memories, injuries, illnesses, and fears. UNICEF estimates that 96% of the children witnessed the massacres, and many children who survived were mutilated and raped, resulting in an unprecedented level of trauma among children.
In 2007, Lori Leyden, Ph.D., traveled to Rwanda with her team to work with orphaned genocide survivors and orphaned heads of household (children caring for other children). After Lori worked with the kids using energy psychology techniques, their trauma outbreaks were reduced by 90%, a significant relief in a situation where 200+ teenagers share a one-room dormitory. Lori uses a "train the trainer" model. She has now worked with over 550 orphans and other genocide survivors, and those young people have trained hundreds of others.
Lori Leyden (near center front) with orphan genocide survivors, Rwanda
In Lori's work, trauma healing is the first priority. There were times, though, when she wondered if it would even be possible to heal the depths of the traumas, the intrusive memories, nightmares, and sense of hopelessness that have been the daily reality since 1994 of these young people. Looking back, what struck Lori and members of her team most clearly was the resiliency and human dignity they witnessed in the kids. Lori realized that if these kids, with all the horrors they had endured, were willing to try to forgive, then there truly was a potential within all human hearts for world peace.
"Now we have hope and we know this is not our burden alone to carry. Forgiveness is so hard but we are willing now because we know we need each other." --Celestin, Student Leader representing orphan genocide survivors.
Lori and her team work to heal a student's trauma
In 2008, Lori and her team decided to include celebrations in their work. They started with birthdays. With all the kids in a big circle, Lori called out "January" and all the kids with birthdays in January were to enter the center of the circle to be sung to and celebrated. Nobody moved. "February," called Lori . . . again, nobody moved. Month after month went by until finally at "September," with the center still empty, Lori and the team realized that these kids literally did not know their birthdays. Having grown up with no loving families to mark their birthdays as important events to celebrate, "Happy Birthday" was not part of their reality.
Lori's vision extends far beyond healing the trauma, as critical and foundational as that work is. The orphans, now ages 16 to 25, are graduating high school in a country still not fully on its feet, and they find themselves with a diploma but few options for employment. Hope is still scarce. Thus, economic sustainability comes next—the young people need to be able to earn a living. Lori's model of "hand-up, not hand-out," is evolving as the first 12 young people, called "Ambassadors," have graduated her Project LIGHT program. Two Ambassadors are in college, and two have obtained driver's licenses (hard to do in Rwanda), so will be employable in professions that require driving. And all the Ambassadors are learning entrepreneurship, having launched a soap-making business. The lush landscape of Rwanda provides ample ingredients for making soap, and all 12 Ambassadors are learning all aspects of the business.
"Before I did not believe I could be an entrepreneur. Now I can start businesses in order to help myself, my community, my country and our world."
--Desire, Project LIGHT Ambassador
Lori is teaching the kids to become heart-centered leaders, with the ultimate goal of having the kids themselves take ownership of the project. Lori shares her vision:
"Imagine an international youth healing center where young people receive emotional healing and training, real opportunities for economic independence and the freedom to become heart-centered leaders. With advanced technology to have real-time interactions between these young people, students, donors and our visionary Resource Partners in the fields of education, healing arts, business and entrepreneurship."
Ultimately, Lori's vision includes Youth Healing Centers like this all over the world, easily linked with communications made possible by today's technology.
Rwandan orphans skyping with American students.
Lori's vision has captured the hearts of American children who want to help. Middle school students in Santa Barbara, California, raised money for essential humanitarian projects at the orphanage such as water storage tanks and electricity. And one young man recently gave his Bar Mitzvah gifts to Project LIGHT, a total of $6,450! Asked how Project LIGHT had inspired him, this 13-year-old related, "Genocide is one of the worst things that can happen to people. We should have already learned "never again" but it is still happening. What you are doing is helping to prevent it by helping people understand each other better and giving young people a chance to be leaders and make their way in the world. More people should know about this program because it will help a lot of people. It should be bigger than it is. That's why we need people to donate…"
Lori believes we are all "connected through our hearts' desires to love, to be loved, to live a meaningful life and to have a bright and peaceful future. When we honor our oneness and act as One Heart we can accomplish anything."
The beautiful teaching of the Dhammapada, that each person carries the light of the world within themselves, is echoed by Yvette: "You taught us to love ourselves. These lessons helped me realize I can make a difference. Happiness is for everyone. We are ready to become the Light of the World."
Yvette, Project LIGHT Ambassador
Lori calls them Ambassadors. As they go about their volunteer work of teaching what they've learned in Project LIGHT, their community now calls them "HOPEMAKERS."
Learn more about Project LIGHT, Lori's vision, and how you can help: www.ProjectLIGHTRwanda.com
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For the Love of Life Winter 2017-2018
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"Let not the fierce sun dry one tear of pain before thyself hast wiped it from the sufferer's eye. But let each burning human tear drop on thy heart and there remain, nor ever brush it off, until the pain that caused it is removed." From The Voice of The Silence ~ H.P. Blavatsky
The TOS-USA does not assume responsibility for the accuracy of statements posted. Opinions expressed in postings do not necessarily represent the opinions of TOS-USA.


What to Expect from Digital Audio in IMA. – ACC Interactive Media Arts Student Blog!
What to Expect from Digital Audio in IMA.
One of the more unique and interesting courses in the IMA course is the class called Digital Audio. This class takes the students into the world of audio design and editing, and introduces them to the tools and programs that are often used in the field.
A big portion of the class will be spent learning the basics of Adobe Audition CC. Adobe Audition is an audio-editing software that allows audio files to be imported and placed on separate "tracks" or layers, and make modifications to each individually. Students take several weeks to learn how to import, convert, edit, create, and record audio, and then export it to different required file formats in order to submit. This also includes cleaning up distorted or messy audio files, re-mixing music tracks, and even making radio commercials using voice-actors and sound effects.
Recording audio in itself is also a large portion of the class, as time is taken to practice setting up audio recording devices and audio interfaces, making microphone and cable adjustments, and ensuring the proper levels and ambiance of sound is taken into consideration. Groups also get together to record audio and then later transform it into unique stories or interesting sequences, with proper recording techniques always being considered.
Students can expect to be working in Adobe Audition a great deal of time, and by the end should have a good grasp of audio editing and acquisition. They will also be expected to hand in their work in Google Classroom as clean audio files, collect and organize all assets used in their audio files, and make good use of the spaces, locations and people around them.
No prior knowledge of any audio software or practices is required for this class, and learning opportunities are presented to students quite often during their recording and editing sessions.
This entry was posted in IMA Interactive and tagged adobe, audio, Audition, Class, Course, digital, IMA.
Hi Cameron, thank you for posting this blog post on Digital Audio. This was a well informative and very direct post related to what we learnt in the audio class last term. I think that the post could have used maybe one or two links that maybe would help a viewer or reader of this post a little more involved and interactive. Other than that, I feel like I really connected to the topic and I also think that if anyone who has used the Adobe Audition will also be able to connect to it as well. Thanks again for another post.


Turbine The heat loss from a large turbine is negligible compared to the shaft work produced. Therefore, this component can be assumed to operate adiabatically, or qi_2 = 0. With these eliminations, Eq (4.9) reduces to: w1-2 = h1 - h2, the shaft work produced by the turbine.
Even in cases where an adiabatic flow component such as a pump or a turbine is not reversible, Eq (4.12) provides a means of calculating its efficiency, or the ratio of the actual work produced or consumed to that for perfectly reversible operation.
Additional problems involving steam turbines in tandem with other components of a power generation system are Nos. 4.6 and 4.13.


Machine generated contents note: Part I. Approaching the Dialogue: 1. Methodological preliminaries; 2. Historical and cultural context; Part II. Appropaching the Argument: 3. The opening scene; 4. Dialectic in the Charmides; Part III. The Dialectical Investigation: 5. Sophrosyne and its value; 6. Sophrosyne as self-knowledge: two reformulations; 7. Possibility of self-knowledge: Critian formulation; 8. Possibilitiy of self-knowledge; Socratic formulation; 9. Return of the value question; 10. Socrates' final speech and closing scene; 11. Sophrosyne, knowledge, and the good.