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As the development of science and technology enters the homes of ordinary people, of course, the rattan furniture mentioned here is not really a "vine" in the strict sense. After all, the real vines are not only rare, but the furniture made is not completely suitable for placement. Outdoors, the vines mentioned here are PE vines, which are called rattan vines. Don't think that rattan vines can't compare with real vines. In fact, rattan furniture has its incomparable point!
First of all, from the price point of view, the rattan furniture is much more affordable than the real rattan furniture. Because the number of real rattan is scarce, the price will rise, but the rattan will not, and its quantity is much more than that of the real rattan. So the price will not be very high, which gives the rattan furniture a prerequisite for entering our lives!
Secondly, in terms of color and application, the color of the rattan can be varied, and there is a lot of room for choice, but the color of the real rattan is very small, one or two. From the application point of view, the rattan furniture can not only Placed indoors, more importantly, it can be placed outdoors for a long time without fading, it will not easily corrode, but the real vine is exactly the opposite, so from these two points, it is decided that the rattan furniture is more than the sales volume or the word of mouth. Better!
Thirdly, from the style point of view, the rattan furniture is more flexible because of its flexibility, so it can be compiled into a variety of styles for people to choose. The real rattan furniture is weaker in this respect, which is also the choice of people. There is a lot of rattan furniture! So no matter what, the rattan furniture has gradually replaced the real rattan and become the mainstream outdoor product choice on the market. Just like when we go out to play, the street can be seen everywhere, outdoors. Furniture, preferred rattan furniture.


This week, I had the pleasure of joining the Electrical Safety Authority on behalf of Hydro Ottawa at Stittsville Public School for an informative electrical safety presentation.
Communicating the importance of electricity safety and conservation is critical, especially amongst our city's youth. The presentation delivered important information about how electricity works, how to stay safe around it and how to conserve at home and at school.
Every year, the Electrical Safety Authority provides these presentations to over 50,000 students across Ontario. New this year is a series of informative videos that you can watch with your kids to help promote electrical safety in your household!
Never stick a metal utensil in the toaster to retrieve a stuck items, always unplug the toaster and dump it upside down to dislodge the item.
Every month adults should test the GFCI (ground-fault circuit interrupter) outlets usually found in bathrooms to ensure they are working as they project from shocks.
Stay away from hydro lines and substations, even being too close to these areas can be dangerous as the electricity can jump up to 1 meter. If you lose something over the fence at a substation or something is stuck on a hydro wire call Hydro Ottawa and they will retrieve it for free and deliver it to your house.
If you come across a live hydro wire on the ground always stay at least 10 meters away and call 911 immediately. However, if you are in a car and a hydro wire is near or on the car stay in the car and wait for emergency staff to assist you.
Do not climb hydro poles and do not climb trees near hydro poles.
Do not play on or around the green pad mount transformers located on some front yards or in other areas of the community. If these are not properly sealed and closed they can be extremely dangerous. If you notice something exposed or damaged on these transformers call Hydro Ottawa immediately.
These are just some of the useful tips to ensure you are utilizing your electricity safely and efficiently. You can find more tips at https://hydroottawa.com/outages/safety/safety-inside and you can find coupons for a wide range of energy-efficient products https://hydroottawa.com/save-energy/residential/coupons .


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Quality reproduction padded dash used exclusively with 1969 Camaro models. Each dash is produced using urethane materials for a long lasting stock appearance and fit. All padded dashes are manufactured in the correct Madrid grain and include screws and washers for easy installation. Original mounting clips may be used from the existing dash or purchased separately. Each dash includes detailed instructions for easy installation. Officially Licensed by General Motors.


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Home Scores Bracket Rankings Stats Video History
Wayne Cavadi | NCAA.com | February 10, 2018
Watch Hopkins record second triple-double in WCU history
Mia Hopkins had 22 points, 13 rebounds, and 12 assists in Saturday's victory over Cheyney.
Have yourself a day, Mia Hopkins.
West Chester's senior forward added to the Golden Rams' history books by recording the program's second triple-double on Saturday. Hopkins led West Chester to a 98-63 victory over Cheyney at Hollinger Field House.
Hopkins, who leads the team with 8.8 rebounds per game, stuffed the stat sheet. She scored 22 points on an impressive 77-percent shooting performance, adding 13 rebounds and 12 assists. Hopkins also had eight steals, two shy of the rare quadruple-double. This assist gave Hopkins the triple-double:
Mia Hopkins to Speller! Hopkins becomes the second player in school history to record a TRIPLE-DOUBLE!! #RamsUp pic.twitter.com/2Z7VssJdG9
— WCU Athletics (@WCUAthletics) February 10, 2018
Hopkins wasn't alone in entering her name in West Chester lore on Saturday. Porcha Speller joined the 1,000-point club on a free throw in the win as well.
Everybody welcome the newest member of the Golden Rams' 1000-point club, senior Porscha Speller! Congratulations @QueenPorsch! pic.twitter.com/4AcUfT78Wm
The Golden Rams are now 19-4 this season, good for first place in the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference East Division.
Wayne Cavadi has covered all things Division II sports for NCAA.com since 2016. His work has appeared on Bleacher Report, MLB.com, AJC.com, SB Nation and FoxSports.com and in publications like The Advocate and Lindy's Sports.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Obama's Foreign Policy: 2nd Term Success or Failure?
Two distinguished scholars with opposing views will face questions from each other and the audience as they grapple with the difficult politics and policy choices confronting Barack Obama at the beginning of his new term in the White House. Will President Obama successfully chart a new course? Or were the policies of George W. Bush actually the best way forward? What is the Clinton legacy, and what are the prospects for a new one?


WHAT IS A WATERFORD SNAFFLE BIT?
A Waterford Snaffle Bit is a multi-jointed type of snaffle which has a mouthpiece made of a chain of rounded links.
The most popular type is the loose ring Waterford Snaffle, but other types are available including D-Ring, full cheek and gag type snaffles.
The Waterford Snaffle is a popular choice of bit for riders competing in show jumping, eventing, cross country and for use out hunting. It is not allowed in dressage competitions.
It is good bit to use on a horse or pony horses where extra control is needed.
The mouthpiece of the Waterford Snaffle lays across the horse's tongue creating an even pressure.
It allows a lot of freedom in the horse's mouth and it encourages the horse to mouth the bit and salivate.
This helps to relax the horse's jaw and make the horse or pony more responsive to the rider's rein aids.
As the mouthpiece of the Waterford becomes uncomfortable when the horse pulls, the horse will not usually lean on this type of bit or take a strong hold.
However some horse owners and riders dislike the Waterford Snaffle as it can be difficult to establish a good contact with the horse's mouth with a bit that has so many joints as it discourages the horse from taking the contact.
The bit action of a waterford mouthpiece is normally moderate, but can become very severe in rough hands if used with a "sawing" action. As with any bit it can only be as severe or as strong as the hands of the rider that is using it.
A Waterford Snaffle needs to be 1/4 to 1/2 an inch larger than a horse's normal bit size to fit correctly as the mouthpiece of the bit needs to curl slightly around the horse's lips to allow it to work to its full potential.
Some riders like to fit a Waterford Snaffle bit slightly a higher than normal as otherwise the linked mouthpiece drops and a horse can more easily get its tongue over the bit.
WHAT IS A NEUE SCHULE LOOSE RING WATERFORD SNAFFLE?
The Neue Schule Salox is a type of bit made by Neue Schule. It has a unique meatl composition - which is a softer warmer metal with a high copper content and an additive which maximises on oxidation. This promotes salivation in the horse's mouth, Some horse owners have found that horses that have previously only been bittable in rubber or nylon bits have been happy in the Neue Schule Salox.
WHO USES A WATERFORD SNAFFLE ON THEIR HORSE?
Show Jumping riders Nick Skelton and Liz Edgar have been seen using Waterford Snaffles and also top International and Olympic 3 day eventer Ian Stark.
Description and Advice on the use of a Waterford Snaffle Bit mouthpiece on a horse or pony.


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Home / Featured Content / Mental Health in Bhutan in regards to Gross National Happiness
Mental Health in Bhutan in regards to Gross National Happiness
The GNH Index is a measure of overall well-being within the Asian country of Bhutan.
September 20, 2019 by Commons Abundance Network Leave a Comment
By Lisinka Ulatowska
The GNH Index is a measure of overall well-being within the Asian country of Bhutan. Though Gross National Happiness involves 8 other indications of well-being, Mental health is measured under two aspects of the policy. Mental health and Physical health are measured and assessed as needs of the people on 2 separate, but fluid scales. Assessment of health and mental health are in fact slightly correlated.
Context Within NORA
GNH is significant within NORA through assessing general needs of human beings regarding health and mental health procedures. Assessing these needs of human life is difficult. But the use of subjective and objective questions that weight physical health over mental health help foster the growth of mental health through increasing access to physical health needs.
Mental and physical health are two needs that are explicitly measured as domains in the GNH index. Bhutan equates mental and physical health, but assesses them differently. Physical health is measured by assessing subjective, as well as objective measures to indicate a person's physical health status, as well as one's opinion on how their health affects them subjectively (Center for Bhutan Studies).
Hard data on measuring mental health is scarce. Most questions asked within the GNH national survey get weighted as subjective, or lower weighted, indicators. This can possibly be an effect of the needs of mental health being difficult to separate from physical well-being as objective measures of health. In addition, many aspects of mental health can only be assessed by individual introspection, making "hard" data irrelevant.
Food as a basic need can affect the mental health of the Bhutanese people: if a people's basic need for food and sustainable agriculture is not fulfilled, they will obviously be distressed. When sustainable agricultural practices in rural areas aren't sufficiently supported by government intervention, then the overall happiness of an area can decrease (Shaw). Similar observations apply to other basic human needs.
Organizational Forms
Mental health care in Bhutan is based within the committed services or sales cluster in the organizational forms section. The access of healthcare is free to Bhutanese citizens, with mental health care available at primary, government owned, hospitals and care centers. Community solidarity as well as self-reliance play a very important role in fostering mental health in any society. To the extent that GNH can foster better support for mental health via these several organizational forms, it can contribute to abundance.
Clean air, water, and nutritional food are needed to further the physical health needs as well as good mental health. Physical health is the primary factor for someone to obtain a health mind and body. Energy is also needed to foster the power needed to effectively monitor physical and mental health conditions.
Cultural artifacts and preservation of these are important to the overall mental health of the citizens of a country. It is shown that people who surround themselves with like-minded people generally are happier overall. This type of resource is intangible, but gives any culture a strong sense of identity which is important for fostering mental health through community solidarity and supportive relationships.
Spirituality is important for good mental health in regards to Bhutan especially. Many of the GNH index changes have enforced Buddhist tendencies as part of the Cultural diversity and resilience plot for schools especially. When one is in touch with the spiritual aspects of their culture, it gives one a strong feeling of acceptance in the community. This is important as we are social beings by nature, meaning that if we are isolated, our mental health is likely to suffer.
Does GNH contribute to greater mental health?
Mental Health Measured by the GNH Index
The GNH Index follows 9 core principles that are all weighted equally on the same scale measuring happiness as economic progress, rather than the production of goods. One of these measurements is labeled Psychological well-being. Psychological well-being is an important focus on happiness that many governments do not take into consideration as a measurement of progress. Bhutan attempted to measure mental health levels, as well as happiness, in the 2010 survey where they sampled 7,142 people. Fifty-five government-employed surveyors conducted the survey to effectively measure progress in happiness, as well as where happiness could be increased with government aid. This is done using the mental health portion of the GNH survey which can be found in the page on Gross National Happiness.
Using GNH to improve Mental Health Access in Bhutan
With regards to mental health access around the world, many countries feature mental health care facilities within or alongside primary health facilities such as hospitals and psychiatric rehabilitation facilities. Bhutan is no exception, and even gives the Bhutanese citizens free mental health care along with primary health facilities. Measuring the happiness levels of rural areas showed where psychological well-being was lacking. Lower levels of life satisfaction were found to be apparent in mostly rural, but some urban centers. In 1997 the King Jigme Singye Wangchuck implemented the National Mental Health Programme, which aims to merge mental health care into the primary health care system.
The government of Bhutan implemented the National Mental health program to help foster the access to mental health within the primary health care system already in place. This was in part due to GNH successfully assessing where health access was needed, especially in rural areas. Almost 90% of Bhutanes have access to health care facilities, bolstering mental health. Good physical health can lead to good mental health and vice versa (Shaw). Mental health access has also grown as the government has implemented basic training programs in mental health awareness. Access to psychotropic drugs has also lowered the numbers of mental disorders within the country extensively (Mental Health Atlas 2005). Ready access primary mental health facilities are available now at all primary level hospitals in Bhutan. The access to mental healthcare is an issue that Bhutan has recognized and is striving to continue to improve by promoting mental health awareness in ways of conservation, spirituality and community, and health care access.
Mental health issues can stem from poor physical health conditions. While Bhutan prides itself in its high human development index statistics, the rural areas run into many issues with primary and mental health care access. Personnel at Basic Health Units (BHUs) in outlying areas run into shortages in training, numbers, and technology. Only .3 licensed psychiatrists for 100,000 people exist in Bhutan (Mental Health Atlas 2005). This number has slowly increased over the years, but the lack of expertise in mental health areas causes scarcity in rural communities where volunteers run basic medical practices. Personnel may often also be computer illiterate, or in areas where electricity and medical technology are scarce. The lack of applicable data storage can cause scarcity with information the government may need to accurately assess where GNH needs to be aided.
Environmental and Spiritual Connections
Environmental preservation can be connected with a variety of needs that can strengthen well-being within Bhutan. Keeping forests preserved and waterways clean of pollutants is important for the natural health of the ecosystem, and possibly the mental health of its rural inhabitants. The survey conducted in Bhutan gave results that show a sufficiency of happiness in areas of environmental health and preservation; while in the cities, the sufficiency cutoff was not met in this area, especially with regards to water pollution (Center for Bhutan Studies). Nature in Bhutan is an important part of their cultural identity revolving around Buddhist traditions. Spirituality and nature go hand in hand in this culture. The importance of keeping a healthy environment shows as a main concern within Bhutan's political agenda (Zurick 2006). A respect for nature connects the Bhutanese with the environment and those around them.
The scarcity of transportation to outlying BHUs causes issues to arise within areas of primary and mental health access. This can be detrimental to small outlying communities with little access to treatment for depression, alcoholism , or even psychosis. The BHUs are lacking in electrical power as well as ready access to their patients that need long term treatment (Dorji 2005). The strict environmental laws concerning road building can hinder the construction of roads needed to foster the physical and mental health needs in rural areas. The lack of electrical construction leads to BHUs in extremely rural areas to ration electricity. Along with the lack of training and technology, basic logistical needs of data collection and research cannot be done in a timely manner (Glover 2006). It is possible that the strict and traditional views towards environmental preservation can hinder the production of new and helpful medical innovations that could heighten GNH.
Spirituality and community solidarity are important within the Buddhist culture that dominates Bhutan. These intangibles are seen as social factors that can promote a sense of well being through social interactions between like minded individuals. A strong sense of community in Bhutan revolves around the Buddhist religion and culture which bolsters mental health. This type of traditional mentality has influenced private school programs, and to some extent public systems as well. This strong spiritual sense has helped many assemblies form to promote spiritual as well as physical health awareness. Both sides received training in basic mental and physical health applications, spiritual and medical (Dorji. 2005). This type of education in health and spirituality can help foster growth in many areas of GNH.
This type of ingrained spirituality can also create scarcity in mental health among conservative and traditional people in Bhutan, leading to improper treatment of physical and mental disorders (Dorji 2005). The traditional medicine market in Bhutan is popular among rural families who cannot easily travel to primary facilities where treatments for long term disorders are possible. Many people also do not trust medical doctors sufficiently to divulge their feelings, or admit to symptoms of alcoholism or depression. This causes poor physical health conditions to be higher within rural communities especially in the highlands (Etsy 2006). Some people have adopted anti western culture stances, trying to protect the country from outside influences. This can hinder the free exchange of knowledge which is vital for acceptance in a community. These attitudes will not be changed by asserting the superiority of western methods, but by being ready to learn from both sides, and by patiently building trusting relationships. It is this patience that is largely lacking in the western system of medicine.
This community of people in Bhutan are trying to change the world with small steps towards becoming the first nation to measure economic progress on a scale other than money. Heightening GNH directly correlates to mental health in almost any area. Fostering the physical health access in Bhutan has greatly enhanced the levels of mental health in Bhutan (Delamothe 2006). This type of economic structure seek to measure and assess where happiness is adequate and sub-par. This causes the process to be contradictory in minor ways, fostering strengths and creating weaknesses throughout rural communities especially. Poverty and lack of development in rural Bhutan have been the focus of GNH in the recent past, however GNH and the people of Bhutan must continue to modernize health practices, access, and education to foster GNH with regards to mental health. Furthermore Bhutan must not remain static in its cultural values, and be willing to freely exchange ideas in hopes of fostering growth of needs for the people.
This post was previously published on Commonsabundance.net and is republished here under a Creative Commons license CC BY-ND 3.0.
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Filed Under: Featured Content, Health & Wellness Tagged With: bhutan, Commons Abundance Network, happiness, health, mental health
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New Research Shows How Much Food is Needed by Seabirds
An international group of scientists, including one from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), has shown that many seabirds begin to suffer when the food available for them in the ocean declines below a critical level. This level is about one-third of the maximum amount of food available historically. They have shown that this critical level is about the same for seabirds wherever they happen to be in the world. Their study – the most comprehensive ever undertaken – covers birds from the Arctic to the Antarctic and from the Pacific to the Atlantic.
The study focuses upon seabirds that feed mainly on fish like sand lance, herring, and sardines. These fish are often key species in marine ecosystems that are sometimes also exploited by humans. In the Antarctic these fish species are replaced by krill, which are like small shrimp. The researchers used data collected from 14 seabird species including puffins, penguins, gulls, terns, murres, gannets, and jaegers. Their success at producing chicks was measured over periods ranging from 15 years in some cases, and up to 47 years in others. The team related this to the abundance of their main fish food in the region around their breeding colonies.
"Especially as we 'fish down the food chain' to harvest smaller species for fish meal, we expect to see greater impacts to seabirds," noted USGS director Marcia McNutt, "It is truly astounding that so many long-term land-sea time series from around the globe could be simultaneously assembled for the same purpose, and that they all support the same scientific conclusion. This paper will be an instant classic."
"This study provides critical information to resource managers in Alaska and elsewhere in the US to ensure the long term sustainability of these species and to the societal and economic benefits they provide," said Dr. John Piatt of the USGS Alaska Science Center, a contributor to the study.
Between all the scientists working on the study, 438 cumulative years of observations were gathered, which constitutes one of the most comprehensive global databases ever assembled for a predator and its prey. Wherever they occurred in the world, the effect of low fish abundance was similar. As long as the amount of fish in the sea was greater than one-third of the maximum ever recorded, the number of chicks produced was unaffected by changes in food availability. But if the fish abundance fell below this one-third threshold, then the success at producing chicks declined.
"We were amazed by the consistency of the relationship around the globe. This suggests that we have found an important benchmark that could be used as a guide to limit the amount of fish taken from the sea in order to maintain seabird populations in the long term," said the leader of the team, Dr. Philippe Cury of the French Research Institute for Development.
The team was motivated to undertake their study by rising concerns about the effects that fishing may be having upon some of these important species in marine ecosystems. Dr. Ian Boyd of the Scottish Ocean Institute, University of St Andrews, who co-led the study said, "When combined with the effects of climate change, we need to develop better methods of setting the limits of exploitation of important marine species. This means being able to establish general guidelines that, if exceeded, will cause changes to other important components in the ecosystems. Seabirds are some of the best and most easily measured indicators we have of the health of these ecosystems and it seems sensible to use them in this context."
The team acknowledge that there is more to be done to understand whether what they have found applies more widely but they think that the rule-of-thumb "one-third for the birds" will be useful as part of wider approaches to making sure that we sustain our marine ecosystems.


That such heresy is being spoken in Texas might — might — be a sign more of us are slowly moving closer to saying those three words, to accepting the obvious.; But the slowness itself feels like a betrayal.
"How do you ask a man to be the last man to die for a mistake?" A Navy lieutenant — later, U.S. senator and secretary of state — famously asked that while testifying before a Congressional committee in 1971. This was when everyone knew the Vietnam War was a tragic mistake but those in power would not concede it. John Kerry's words got to the crux of what it means when innocent people die because other people cannot bring themselves to admit that they are wrong.


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ACCEPTED

#### According to
The Catalogue of Life, 3rd January 2011

#### Published in
Can. J. Bot. 37: 884 (1959)

#### Original name
Helminthosporium micropus Drechsler, 1923

### Remarks
null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Q: Laying out types "The Orchard Way" (When should I use a non-contentType over a ContentType?) Hi we're digging into Orchard and having a bit of trouble trying to figure out how we should architect our types within Orchard, we could hack this together but we've found that figuring out what "The Orchardy way" would be has saved us time (like using the CustomForms module to quickly make forms from our set of Parts :) )
The biggest part is "When should things be a contentType or non content Record?"
The example that's tripping us up is when we're trying to reference a contentType from a record (I understand we can do this using the ContentManager.Get passing the Id of the contentType item in).
Here's a diagram that'll easier explain what we're trying to do: http://i.imgur.com/u9GQXko.jpg
The idea is to allow users to register a list of people for a course.
We thought that for things like Nominee, Course Attendance, Course Instance etc we could have them as non-content items as they aren't created directly, the controller behind the RegisterAttendees does that.
But a Nominee has the exact same fields as the CompanyDetailsPart + PersonalDetailsPart + ContactDetailsPart so we'd like to reuse those parts + the UI to represent the Nominee (we're making use of those parts in several places). Does this mean the Nominee has to be a ContentType to make use or the parts?
I think the hangup we have for representing everything as a ContentItem is we'd need to use the ContentPickerPart to represent the relationships, which is fne but is makes us ask this question:
If I display the Nominee (which has our custom parts containing string fields, and a ContentPickerPart, it shows the ContentPickerUI automatically, can we prevent that from happening? What if in the Nominee view we want to have validation on the PersonalDetailsPart but not when it's used somewhere else?
I know this is a lot to ask about, we're reading and watching a lot of great content and I think if there's an answer for this in googleable form it'll help others quickly get a sense for how to lay things out in Orchard.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Amber Heard has successfully obtained a temporary restraining order against estranged husband Johnny Depp.
An LA judge granted the order after the 30-year-old claimed the Pirates of the Caribbean actor physically abused her several times.
A statement from Heard in support of the restraining order, claims Depp "began obsessing over something that wasn't true" and "became extremely angry", eventually throwing a phone at the actress, striking her cheek and eye.
Heard said that Depp "continued screaming at me, pulling my hair, striking me and violently grabbing my face".
Heard was seen leaving an LA courthouse with a visible bruise on the right side of her face.
The order requires Depp to stay 100 yards away from Heard until a hearing next month.
The Rum Diary star filed for divorce from her hubby of just over a year earlier this week. The announcement comes only two days after Johnny received news of his mother's passing.
Amber is said to have cited irreconcilable differences in her court documents.


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DS-U2-MT
DS-U2-MT (Kosmos 461) [Yuzhnoye]
The DS-U2-MT satellite was a Soviet scientific satellite launched as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik program. It investigated micrometeoroids and conducted gamma ray astronomy.
This satellite measured low-energy and high-energy component intensity variations of charged-particle flows, studied radiation intensity and spectral composition over a wide range, from X-ray to hard gamma radiation, and studied radiation variations and a correlation with the activity of principal meteor showers.
The satellite was launched on a Kosmos-3M from the Plesetsk cosmodrome.
Kosmos 461 reached an orbit with a perigee of 486 km, an apogee of 508 km and an inclination of 69.2°. It completed operations on 14 December 1972, and decayed from orbit and reentered the atmosphere on 21 February 1979.
Astronomy, X-ray, Gamma
Yuzhnoye
DS Bus
4 deployable fixed solar arrays, solar cells, batteries
486 km × 508 km, 69.24°
Kosmos 461 (DS-U2-MT #1) 1971-105A 02.12.1971 Pl LC-132/1 Kosmos-3M
Yuzhnoye: Small unified spacecraft
КБ "Южное": Название: Ракеты и космические аппараты Конструкторского бюро "Южное"
Further DS missions:
DS-A1
DS-K-8
DS-K-40
DS-MG
DS-MO (Opticheski)
DS-MT
DS-P1
DS-P1-I (11F620)
DS-P1-M (Lira)
DS-P1-Yu (11F618)
DS-U1-A
DS-U1-G
DS-U1-IK (Interkosmos 2, 8)
DS-U1-R
DS-U1-Ya
DS-U2-D
DS-U2-GF
DS-U2-GK
DS-U2-GKA (Oreol 1, 2 / Aureole 1, 2)
DS-U2-I
DS-U2-IK (Interkosmos 3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14)
DS-U2-IP
DS-U2-K
DS-U2-M
DS-U2-MG
DS-U2-MP
DS-U2-V
DS-U3-IK (Interkosmos 1, 4, 7, 11, 14, 16)
DS-U3-S


Born February 5, 1971, in Columbia, MO; daughter of Pat Boggs (mother), Jack Evans (father), and Melvin Boggs (stepfather); two brothers: Jay and Matt; four sisters: Lesley, Ashley (sings backup for Evans), Erin, and Allyx (born c. 1989); married musician Craig Schelske; one son: Jack Avery (born August 21, 1999). Addresses: Home--Springfield, TN; Record company--RCA Records, 1540 Broadway, New York City, NY 10036; Fan Club--Sara Evans Fan Club, P.O. Box 509, Knoxville, TN 37901 Phone: (212) 930-4000 Fax: (212) 930-4468.
Throughout her life, Sara Evans only held but one dream: to sing and compose country songs. "God put me on this earth to be a singer," said Evans, as quoted by John Meroney of American Enterprise. "It's what I love to do more than anything, and I'm going to make it." Moreover, Evans wanted to succeed by returning to the traditional country songs brought to life by legendary stars such as Patsy Cline, Hank Snow, Tammy Wynette, George Jones, and Patty Loveless, musicians Evans considered her greatest influences. During the late 1990s, an era when most aspiring country musicians turned to contemporary, pop radio-friendly tunes, Evans made her initial mark by performing country songs that looked to the past, exemplified by her 1997 debut entitled True Lies. But despite critical acceptance and a nomination by the Academy of Country Music in 1998 for best new female vocalist, True Lies made little impact. Thus, for her follow-up release, 1999's No Place That Far, Evans bowed to producers, who persuaded the artist to update her repertoire, and finally earned the popular recognition she had longed for since her childhood.
Sara Evans was born February 5, 1971, in Columbia, Missouri. She spent her early years, along with her six brothers and sisters (sister Ashley later sang backup for Evans, and sister Allyx, born around 1989, started performing with a Missouri-based band at about nine years of age), on a farm outside Franklin, Missouri, where her family raised corn, beans, tobacco, and livestock for a living. Although the family remained poor, Evans nevertheless enjoyed a happy upbringing, recalling fond memories of the stories her grandfather used to tell her about the Grand Ole Opry, the longest-lived radio show in the United States. Established in Nashville, Tennessee, on November 28, 1925, the live program brought the songs of legendary performers to homes across America and established Nashville as the undisputed center of the country music industry.
Hearing tales of the stars who graced the stage of the Grand Ole Opry struck a chord with the Evans children, and by the age of four, Evans and her two older brothers started traveling on weekends and during the summer months as the Evans Family Band. Inspired by the underlying foundation of country music, the group performed gospel and bluegrass music at festivals and church revivals. Before long, word spread of the young girl's awe-inspiring talent, leading the band to rename itself the Sara Evans Show. As the band's popularity grew, the Sara Evans Show eventually brought in about fifty dollars for each performance, but the extra money failed to uplift the family's meager income; Evans's mother once resorted to trading firewood for Levi jeans in order to give the children Christmas presents. Another unfortunate incident occurred when Evans, eight years old at the time, suffered a debilitating injury when a speeding car hit her as she crossed a highway. The accident left her with two shattered legs, cracked wrists, and countless stitches. Doctors told her she would probably walk with a limp for the rest of her life. Determined to make a full recovery, Evans spent a full year in physical therapy and healed completely, except, as she noted to Country Music, "my left leg looks a little odd. It's got this little bow in it that protrudes above the knee."
Evans longed to see Nashville since first hearing of the Grand Ole Opry and made her first trip to the city at age eleven. Accompanied by her father, Evans made the journey in order to record a single, "What Does a Nice Girl Do in the Meantime," with the song "I'm Going to Be the Only Female Fiddle Player in Charlie Daniels' Band" on the record's flip side. While the single went unnoticed, Evans continued to hold the dream of making it in Nashville. Therefore, after graduating from high school and a short stint at college, Evans returned to Nashville with serious plans of breaking into country music. "I skipped college, and had no other aspirations but to sing," Evans told Meroney. "So I came here with my older brother, started waiting tables at the Holiday Inn on Briley Parkway, and tried to meet whomever I could."
The person who inspired Evans the most was Craig Schelske, a musician from Oregon whom she would later marry. "He was a room service waiter trying to do the same thing," the singer revealed to Meroney. "We started dating, fell in love, and he asked me to go to Oregon with him and sing in his band." Evans accepted her companion's offer and spent the next three years performing with Schelske's band throughout the Pacific Northwest. For the first time in her career, Evans finally met some of the biggest names in country music as the band opened for such renowned performers as Willie Nelson, Tim McGraw, and Clay Walker. Evans earned decent money as well, usually performing six nights per week. Nevertheless, she felt that returning to Nashville would provide her with a more certain chance at success.
Upon her return to Nashville, Evans soon realized that most artists had turned away from traditional country and toward a style that appealed to a wider, mainstream audience, a transition accelerated by country superstar Garth Brooks in the early 1990s. Thus, traditional country and its use of fiddles, mandolins, and rhythm instruments (like the acoustic guitar and bass) were often replaced by a more neutral, pop sound recorded with rock and roll production elements. Progressive country revealed more complexity as well, often abandoning the use of just three chords per song in favor of more adventurous guitar work. By the mid 1990s, country music--fueled by contemporary artists--had surpassed both pop and urban contemporary formats as the number one music choice of music behind rock.
Although excited by such changes, Evans had always felt partial to the traditional style and sought out entertainment lawyer Brenner Van Meter, who by coincidence was considering leaving her law practice to manage talent, for advice. Taken by Evans's gifted singing and songwriting ability, as well as by the singer's preference to perform traditional country, she arranged for Evans to meet her husband, John Van Meter, an executive at Sony Tree Publishing Company. The couple believed that the time might be right for a gritty country singer to break into the business, and Evans accepted a job recording songs for writers to submit to major artists as potential album tracks. Soon, established songwriters were seeking out Evans's vocals to give their music a test run.
Eventually, Evans met well-known songwriter Harlan Howard, who wanted to sell his 1964 classic "I've Got a Tiger By the Tail"--written with Buck Owens, who also recorded the song--to a major female singer. Believing that Evans's voice would help to promote the song, the Van Meters invited Howard to sit in during recording. "I went in, sang the song, came out of the singing booth, and there's Harlan Howard on the couch," recalled Evans, according to Meroney. "He said, 'Are you that little girl in there singing? You're great. I've been looking for you for years to sing my music. I can't believe how country you are.' I had never even thought about it before." With Howard's help and encouragement, Evans and her management felt confident enough to approach RCA Records about her own singing career. To Evans's amazement, RCA's chairman, Joe Galante, offered the singer a contract the same day of her audition.
Evans released her debut for RCA, Three Chords and the Truth, in the fall of 1997. Produced by Pete Anderson, her first full-length album included the Howard/Owens single in addition to the understated ballad "Unopened," the Patsy Cline-inspired "Imagine That," and her own co-written "The Week the River Raged." Although the album failed to bring in substantial revenues--Chuck Eddy of Rolling Stone declared Three Chords and the Truth "Nashville's Most Unjustly ignored debut" that year--critics hailed the record and Evans a major success. "Sara Evans is so good she's scary," concluded Paul Verna for Billboard magazine. "At once a preserver of the best of country's history and a progressive writer and singer forging a timeless contemporary country sound, she invites favorable comparisons to the best country divas.... Evans is a considerable country talent." The impressive debut also led the Academy of Country Music (ACM) to nominate Evans in 1998 as the year's best new female vocalist.
Despite sluggish sales, the ACM and critical recognition helped Evans forge ahead, and the following year brought forth No Place that Far, the singer's follow-up album. Regarding her debut, most radio stations grumbled at the fact that, in addition to the record's lack of progressive tracks, Evans and Anderson had set up studio in California rather than in Nashville. Therefore, for her second project, RCA hired Nashville-based producers Norro Wilson and Buddy Cannon. Her label also encouraged the singer to collaborate with Nashville songwriters such as Tom Shapiro, Tony Martin, Billy Yates, and Mantraca Berg. "It was a difficult process," Evans told Chet Flippo in Billboard, "but I feel we did it without being too contemporary. I think it's what radio is really wanting. The song search was extremely difficult. You want songs that are country but also songs that radio will accept.... Joe [Galante] had to very gently pull me more in that contemporary direction. Because, the bottom line is, if we can't get on radio, we can't do anything. That's just the way it is right now. Eventually, it will happen. I just have to stay in that frame of mind."
The album's title-track and second radio single, written by Evans along with Shapiro and Martin and featuring the vocals of Vince Gill, travels through uplifting gospel territory as well as into depressing rural harmonies reminiscent of the Carter Family. The song became Evans's first hit, climbing to the number one position on Billboard's Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart in March of 1999. Evans's favorite song, though, was one written by Howard and Beth Nielson Chapman entitled "Time Won't Tell." "Garth [Brooks] and Trisha [Yearwood] wanted it for their duet project, but Harlan gave it to us," she revealed to Flipp. "He's always been very big about helping new artists, going all the way back to Patsy Cline. That was a great catch. It's got to be heard. That one of the greatest songs Harlan's ever written."
No Place that Far, with its stylistically varied songs, also fared well with critics. Eddy, for example, applauded Evans's ability to perform both contemporary and traditional songs. The reviewer further added, "Evans' real forte is brisk commercial stuff, mainly about women starting over: a rockabilly duet with George Jones that hints at his old Fifties white lightning; a heading-out-of-New Orleans-with-Rand McNally divorce waltz in which both the knot and (if you trust her pronunciation) the night come untied; and an album-opening hoedown where her big, brave alto yearns for a corner in Winslow, Arizona." Country music fans approved of Evans's effort as well, and the release rose to the top of the Billboard country album chart in early 1999. That same year, the musician earned additional honors as the Country Music Association (CMA) nominated her for two awards: video event of the year and the CMA's Horizon award, both for her work in 1998. After marrying Schelske, Evans made her home in Springfield, Tennessee. The couple had one son, Jack Avery, born August 21, 1999.
Started performing with older brothers as the Evans Family Band (later renamed the Sara Evans Show) at age four; recorded first single "What Does a Nice Girl Do in the Meantime?" in Nashville, TN, at age eleven; signed with RCA Records, 1996; released debut Three Chords and the Truth, 1997; released follow-up effort, No Place that Far, RCA, 1998.
Three Chords and the Truth , RCA, 1997.
No Place that Far , RCA, 1998.
October 6, 2004: Evans and her husband, Craig Schelske, welcomed the birth of their third child, Elizabeth Audrey. Source: People, November 8, 2004, p. 99.
October 4, 2005: Evans' album, Real Fine Place, was released. Source: Billboard.com, www.billboard.com/bb/releases/week_3/index.jsp, October 7, 2005.
May 23, 2006: Evans was named top female vocalist at the Academy of Country Music Awards. Source: Academy of Country Music, www.acmcountry.com/content/index.php, May 28, 2006.
American Enterprise, March/April 1998, pp. 52-57.
Billboard, October 11, 1997, p. 83; September 26, 1998, p. 32; March 6, 1999, p. 114.
Country Music, June/July 1999, p. 44.
Rolling Stone, December 1, 1998, p. 128.
"Country Singer Sara Evans Gives Birth," CDNOW, http://www.cdnow.com/cgi-bin/mserver/redirect/leaf=allstararticle/fid=16030, (October 24, 1999).
Today: theEnews, http://www.theenews.com/bms/tdn-slug82499_saraevans.html, (October 24, 1999).


© Scheer et al.; Licensee Bentham Open.
The Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) is a national, multi-site population-based supplemental HIV/AIDS surveillance project of persons receiving HIV/AIDS care. We compared California MMP data by region. Demographic characteristics, medical care experiences, HIV treatment, clinical care outcomes, and need for support services are described.
HIV-infected patients 18 years or older were randomly selected from medical care facilities. In person structured interviews from 2007 - 2008 were used to assess sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported clinical outcomes, and need for supportive services. Pearson chi-squared, Fisher's exact and Kruskal-Wallis p-values were calculated to compare regional differences.
Between 2007 and 2008, 899 people were interviewed: 329 (37%) in San Francisco (SF), 333 (37%) in Los Angeles (LA) and 237 (26%) in other California counties. Significant regional sociodemographic differences were found. Care received and clinical outcomes for patients in MMP were positive and few regional differences were identified. HIV case management (36%), mental health counseling (35%), and dental services (29%) were the supportive services patients most frequently needed. Unmet needs for supportive services were low overall. Significant differences by region in needed and unmet need services were identified.
The majority of MMP respondents reported standard of care CD4 and viral load monitoring, high treatment use, undetectable HIV viral loads and CD4 counts indicative of good immune function and treatment efficacy. Information from MMP can be used by planning councils, policymakers, and HIV care providers to improve access to care and prevention. Identifying regional differences can facilitate sharing of best practices among health jurisdictions.
Keywords: : HIV care, medical monitoring project, HIV surveillance, California..


Is Healthy Food More Expensive?
According to a new USDA study, healthy food may not be as expensive as it's often made out to be.
For cost comparison purposes, foods have traditionally been judged on a cost per calorie basis. But using a cost per calorie comparison automatically penalizes healthier, nutrient-dense options, while favoring calorie-dense and often nutrient-poor options. In other words, the way previous studies have measured cost-effectiveness skewed their results to favor unhealthy options.
Although it's cheaper to buy 100 calories of potato chips than 100 calories of broccoli, would your dollar actually be better spent on the broccoli? A team of researchers at the United States Department of Agriculture set out to tackle this question.
The research team analyzed 4,439 foods using three different cost comparison methods: cost per calorie, cost per edible gram, and price per average portion.
Although fruit and vegetables appeared more expensive when the cost per calorie method was used, a very different picture emerged when they used a cost per edible weight or cost per typical amount eaten basis.
When ranked by portion size, beef, chicken and fish were the most expensive foods, while grains were the least expensive. Fruit and vegetables were also less expensive than animal protein and "unhealthy foods" such as donuts, potato chips, and other processed items.
For example, the study found that a serving of potato chips is nearly twice as expensive as a serving of carrots. Carrots, onions, beans and potatoes emerged as particularly economical options.
I guess it is quite cheap to consume fruits and veges than fast and junk food. this is not nutritious but is useful for your body. The post is rather informative and interesting. I didn't know the price depends either on calorie or edible gram.


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Manchester United star on the Jose Mourinho half time team talk that inspired incredible comeback vs Newcastle
Mark Brus
Follow @mbrus88
Manchester United left-back Luke Shaw has explained how manager Jose Mourinho inspired his team to a comeback from 2-0 down to beat Newcastle 3-2 yesterday.
The Red Devils looked to be heading for a fifth game in a row without a win after going behind at home to Newcastle, though they did well to peg it back to 2-2 in the second half.
Still, it wasn't until a stoppage time header from Alexis Sanchez that United took the lead and claimed a vital three points to end their torrid recent run.
MORE: How Manchester United can save £19million on Jose Mourinho sack
Speaking after the game, Shaw admitted some strong words were said at half time in the dressing room.
The England international says, however, that this message spurred the team into life in the second half as they performed much better than in a calamitous opening 45 minutes.
'If I'm honest yeah 100% as soon as we came out in the second a lot of strong words were said at half time in the changing room,' Shaw told MUTV.
'I think everything of what was said was correct, 2-0 down at half time against Newcastle at home is really bad, and it helped us, it helped us we came out a new side in the second half.
'At half time, I'm there were a lot of happy people loving every moment of it, but the team spirit is very strong.
Luke Shaw on Jose Mourinho's team talk that inspired Manchester United's comeback
'The half-time team talk was very strong and it was needed and gave us a kick up the a***, the way we were much better in the second much quicker and more direct and more like the United we saw in the old days and we need to do that more and we will hopefully and we look forward to our next games.'
While there has been so much talk about Mourinho's position at Old Trafford after a disappointing start to the season, it seems clear the Portuguese still knows how to fire his team up.
As well as that, the 55-year-old's tactical decisions also worked wonders as he made some early changes to his side that had a big effect on the outcome of the match.
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Video: 'They were the lucky side that got the draw' – Jose Mourinho on disappointing late Tottenham setback


James D. McDonald, who for the past six years had made his home with his daughter, Mrs. Louis G. Raggio, 610 Abbotsford road, Kenilworth, died early last Saturday morning at the Raggio residence. Mr. McDonald, who was 79 years old, formerly was general passenger agent of the Grand Truck Western railway. Born in Toronto, Can., on August 27, 1855, Mr. McDonald enterd the service of the Grand Truck line as a messenger in 1868. He came to Chicago in 1911, becoming general passenger agent during the World war while the railroads were under federal control. He retired in 1923. Besides the daughter in Kenilworth, he is survived by a son, Charles J. McDonald of Toronto. The funeral srvices, held Monday afternoon at Scott's funeral home in Wilmette, were conducted by the Rev. E. Ashley Gerhard of Christ church, Winnetka. Burial was at Rosehill cemetery.


India's ODI skipper Mithali Raj joins former captain Saurav Ganguly and IPL franchise Rajasthan Royals in supporting the team.
Captain of India's woman ODI side, Mithali joins former captain Saurav Ganguly and IPL franchise Rajasthan Royals in supporting the team.
Mithali said, "I am excited to join the Street Child Cricket World Cup as a goodwill ambassador for Team India. As an athlete, I know the true potential that sports can play in not just changing a child's reality, but also garnering public support for children who live on the streets.


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Some view NCAA rule change as step in right direction, others foresee problems
INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. -- The NCAA opened the door for college athletes to get paid from use of their name, image and likeness in a major shift in the rules governing collegiate sports.
While some view this as a step in the right direction, others think this could lead to more problems.
What this means is that college athletes will now be able to make money from sales of jerseys, commercials and signing endorsements.
NCAA board members have asked each division to create new rules no later than January 2021.
The rule will affect 1,1000 member schools encompassing nearly 500,000 athletes.
This decision came one month after California passed a law allowing players to profit off their name which takes place in California in 2023.
"As a national governing body, the NCAA is uniquely positioned to modify its rules to ensure fairness and a level playing field for student-athletes," the association president Mark Emmert said in a statement. "The board's action creates a path to enhance opportunities for student-athletes while ensuring they compete against students and not professionals."
This decision is currently being debated whether it's a step in the right direction.
Brian Gearity, a professor of sports coaching at the University of Denver, is an advocate for college athletes getting paid.
"The idea that now we're able to let athletes be compensated for their own images like we would anyone else is a good thing," Gearity said. "Is it opening the floodgates to something else or power shifting – absolutely."
Before this new ruling, athletes did not see any profit for any type of memorabilia sold with their names on it.
New York has a similar bill to California; however, it is proposing athletes could see 15 percent of the profits.
"There's going to be bumps in the road and there's fear and anxiety and still people holding onto their power," Gearity said. "But the point is to not get distracted. The ultimate goals are this is going to be a fairer and more equitable thing."
Cody McDavis, a former Division I basketball player for the University of Northern Colorado disagrees.
McDavis said that he believes the NCAA did the right thing by making this a national ruling after California passed its law.
"What you have if only one state has this is a huge recruiting advantage," McDavis said. "But I still don't think this is a fair and equitable ruling. What happens when we have student athletes receiving more than their teammates for the same amount of work on the team? What happens when we have women that are not being paid at all but are as equally deserving as their men counterparts?"
McDavis said other sports like swimming, soccer and track could be left behind in the profits.
"We're talking about men's basketball and football here," McDavis said. "We're talking about the best athletes in those sports. The truth is, there are options for those athletes. And it's called the NFL or the NBA."
Joe Goldhammer, a professor of sports law and labor law, said this isn't the final solution.
He believes this could push athletes to a similar direction that was shot down at Northwestern University which is to create a union.
"The Devil is in the details," Goldhammer said. "The specifics of that are going to be very hard to work out and very complicated. The problem with this whole system is that it lacks equality and lacks fairness for the players. And you're going to create another level of unfairness if we're not careful. College athletes have been exploited over the years. The best thing for them is to stand up for themselves sand say what's best for them and form a labor union."


For New York City, NY and Staten Island area patients, including Rossville and Pleasant Plains, dealing with psoriasis Dr. Kurzman can help. At his practice, Dr. Kurzman offers several treatment options, including topical ointments, oral medications, and laser therapy.
Psoriasis is a medical condition which is characterized by skin cells which multiply up to 10 times quicker than usual. When underlying cells reach the skin's surface and die, the sheer number creates raised, red plaques with white scales to erupt. Psoriasis usually develops on the elbows, knees, and scalp, but it can also develop on the torso, palms, and soles of the feet. Psoriasis is an immune system condition.
Patches of red, inflamed skin. These are often covered with loose, silvery scales. They can be itchy and painful and may crack or bleed.
Fingernails and toenails may change color or become pitted. They can also crumble or detach from the nail bed.
Patches of scales or crust may form on the head.
Psoriasis responds well to several topical and systemic treatments. When less severe, salicylic acid cream, which softens the skin by causing the shedding of irritated areas, is recommend. A common psoriasis treatment is steroid cream which decreases inflammation, reduces itching, and blocks the production of cells which are overproduced. Calcipotriene, which is associated with vitamin D, has also proven to be effective, especially when combined with a topical corticosteroid cream. Coal-tar ointments and shampoos can help to slow the rapid growth of skin cells and lessen symptoms. Prescription retinoids containing a synthetic form of vitamin A can work to improve psoriasis as well. For persistent, difficult-to-treat cases, many doctors recommend Pharos Excimer Laser treatments, and when all other treatments fail, oral or injectible medications may be prescribed to treat psoriasis.
PHAROS excimer laser is a laser that delivers concentrated, narrow band phototherapy directly to psoriatic and depigmented lesions limiting exposure to surrounding healthy tissue. Continuously adjustable with constant fluence, PHAROS' infinitely variable spot size handpiece and aiming beam allow targeted treatment of affected tissue quickly, easily, and accurately while limiting exposure to healthy skin. This also means that psoriasis patients may need fewer treatments than with traditional phototherapy.


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Home » Answers to Jehovah's Witnesses » Is the Trinity a pagan doctrine?
Is the Trinity a pagan doctrine?
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Answers to Jehovah's Witnesses #12
Robert M. Bowman Jr.
Adoration of the Trinity 1511 by Albrecht Dürer,
Albrecht Dürer, Adoration of the Trinity (1511)
Summary: Jehovah's Witnesses teach that the Trinity is an apostate doctrine borrowed or adapted from pagan religious beliefs in triads of gods. However, the doctrine of the Trinity owed nothing to pagan triads of deities and was formulated by Christians on the basis of the teachings of Scripture.
This article is one of a series of articles explaining in detail the doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses and showing why those teachings are not in harmony with the facts and teachings of the Bible. For an overview, see our article on what Jehovah's Witnesses believe.
What the Watchtower Teaches
According to the Watchtower Society, "The Trinity doctrine, their concept of God himself, is borrowed from pagan sources and was developed in its present form centuries after Bible writing was completed."1 Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that belief in the Trinity arose as part of the worldwide apostasy fomented by Satan:
But Satan sowed false disciples, like weeds, in among these true followers of Jesus. Thus, as Jesus himself foretold, during the centuries after his death, false disciples appeared. These promoted apostate teachings, such as the Trinity, the idea that there are three persons in one God.2
The Watchtower's polemics against the doctrine of the Trinity have repeatedly claimed that it originated from paganism. This claim is supported by two very different arguments. Most commonly, Jehovah's Witnesses have pointed to apparent examples of divine triads, or groups of three gods, in various ancient religions as demonstrating the pagan nature of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. So, for example, a 2013 article in the Watchtower magazine compared the doctrine of the Trinity to ancient Babylonian religion:
The religious triad, or trinity, was a prominent feature of worship in Babylon. One Babylonian triad was composed of Sin (a moon-god), Shamash (a sun-god), and Ishtar (a goddess of fertility and war).3
Over the years, the Watchtower Society has quoted from a wide array of publications that agree, or that appear to agree, that Trinitarian theology originated from paganism.
Second, the Watchtower Society has blamed the influence of pagan Greek philosophy for the development of the doctrine of the Trinity. In one article, for example, the Society criticizes the term homoousios ("of one substance") in the Nicene Creed as an "unbiblical Greek philosophical term."4 Here again, the Watchtower frequently quotes from a variety of publications to marshal apparent scholarly support for their criticisms of the doctrine of the Trinity. We will examine an example later in this article.
Jehovah's Witnesses claim that their doctrine is the clear and obvious teaching of the Bible. They reject the idea that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are three co-eternal, fully divine persons. The view they espouse in place of the doctrine of the Trinity is summed up briefly in the following comment on Matthew 28:19, which Christians historically have understood to refer to the Trinity:
To be baptized as a genuine Christian and one of Jehovah's Witnesses, a person must acknowledge the supremacy of the Father, Jehovah, as well as the position and authority of God's Son, Jesus. The baptism candidate must also believe that the holy spirit is God's active force, not part of a Trinity. (Gen. 1:2) An individual who continues to believe in the Trinity cannot be baptized in symbol of a valid dedication to Jehovah God.5
The Watchtower doctrine summarized above consists of the following beliefs:
Jehovah alone is the Father, the Almighty God. He alone has always existed without beginning. Christians should pray to Jehovah the Father only, never to Christ.
Jesus Christ, before his human life on earth, existed as a created angelic being, the first and only direct creation by Jehovah God. This "firstborn son" of Jehovah was Michael the archangel.6 After Jehovah made Michael, he authorized him to make the rest of the world and the creatures in it by Jehovah's power and design. Michael's life force was transferred into the human organism of Mary's son Jesus. After Jesus died, he was re-created by Jehovah as a spirit or great angel again. Jesus Christ was and is "a god," a divine being, but not God.
There is no person called the Holy Spirit. Rather, Jehovah God has an invisible, active force that the Bible calls spirit or holy spirit. Jehovah uses this active force to exert his power and influence throughout the world.
The Watchtower's Pseudo-Scholarship on the Origins of the Doctrine of the Trinity
The Watchtower's frequent quotations present the veneer of thorough historical scholarship regarding the background and origins of the doctrine of the Trinity. However, their handling of the ancient sources as well as modern scholarly reference works is so poor and so distorted that we may fairly describe it as pseudo-scholarship. Moreover, abuse of scholarship has been a serious problem in Watchtower literature for many decades.7
The Watchtower's penchant for comparing the doctrine of the Trinity to various triads of deities in other religions is an excellent example of its shallow and misleading use of scholarship. There is absolutely no evidence whatsoever that the polytheistic religions of Babylon or other pagan nations had any influence on the development of Trinitarianism. Consider, for example, the alleged Babylonian "trinity" of Sin, Shamash, and Ishtar. These were not one God in any sense, but were viewed as three different gods. Moreover, these gods were just three among many gods in Babylonian thought. In another publication, the Watchtower actually gave this point away when discussing the origin of astrology, offering the following quotation from the Encyclopaedia Britannica:
The movements of the sun, moon and five planets were regarded as representing the activity of the five gods in question, together with the moon-god Sin and the sun-god Shamash, in preparing the occurrences on earth.8
Historically, Babylonian polytheism simply has nothing to do with the theology of the church fathers in the second, third, and fourth centuries AD. The Babylonians lived in a different part of the world two thousand years before the church fathers. Theologically, the only possible point of comparison between the Babylonian triad of Shamash, Sin, and Ishtar (the sun, moon, and earth deities) and the Christian doctrine of the Trinity (the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) is the number three, as B. B. Warfield pointed out a century ago:
Triads of divinities, no doubt, occur in nearly all polytheistic religions, formed under very various influences…. It should be needless to say that none of these triads has the slightest resemblance to the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. The Christian doctrine of the Trinity embodies much more than the notion of "threeness," and beyond their "threeness" these triads have nothing in common with it.9
The Watchtower's polemic against the doctrine of the Trinity has at least some relationship to fact with regard to the claim that the doctrine was influenced by Greek philosophy. The factual element here is that the church fathers lived in a thoroughly Hellenistic (culturally Greek) society in which Greek philosophical terms and categories were part of the way educated people thought and spoke. Everyone who participated in discussions about the nature of God did so in that context, even those whose primary language was Latin. Both Trinitarians and non-Trinitarians in the third and fourth centuries employed Greek terms. Here again, however, the Watchtower has frequently misrepresented the work of scholars in order to make it seem as though the doctrine of the Trinity substituted Greek philosophical beliefs for the biblical teachings. An interesting example is the following statement in a 2002 article:
One reference work states: "Trinitarian theology required the aid of Hellenistic concepts and categories for its development and expression."10
Here the Watchtower article does not even bother to inform the reader as to the source of this statement. It comes from a book on the history of heresy by a Christian scholar named Harold O. J. Brown. As is very often the case, the quotation cuts off the source in mid-sentence. Here is what Brown actually wrote:
It is evident that Trinitarian theology required the aid of Hellenistic concepts and categories for its development and expression, but they were the tools by means of which the implications of the New Testament were realized; they were not foreign concepts imposed upon an essentially simple message.11
Biblical Response
The doctrine of the Trinity encompasses a great deal of the subject matter of the Bible. We have already dealt with much of the relevant subject matter in our earlier articles on Christ and the Holy Spirit. We will only be giving a brief overview here.12
1. There is one God, Yahweh (Jehovah), who alone is the creator and maker of everything else.
The fundamental doctrine revealed in the Old Testament is that one God, called Yahweh (Jehovah, the LORD), created all things. "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth" (Gen. 1:1). In Isaiah, Yahweh says, "I am Yahweh, who made all things, who alone stretched out the heavens, who by myself spread out the earth" (Is. 44:24). Yahweh was not simply the architect of creation, but its only creator and maker. In contrast to the popular pagan religions of the time that credited a group of deities with making the world, the biblical prophets in Israel clearly taught that one God had made everything (see also Neh. 9:6; Ps. 102:25; Isa. 37:16; 40:25-26; 42:5; Jer. 10:16; 51:19). The New Testament affirms this basic biblical doctrine that one God "created all things" (Rev. 4:11; see also Acts 4:24; 14:15; 17:24).
On the basis of his being the sole creator of heaven and earth, the Bible insists that Yahweh is the only true God. "To you it was shown, that you might know that Yahweh is God; there is no other besides him…. Yahweh is God in heaven above and on the earth beneath; there is no other" (Deut. 4:35, 39; see also 1 Kings 8:60; Isa. 45:18-22). As Jeremiah put it, "Yahweh is the true God; he is the living God and the everlasting King…. The gods who did not make the heavens and the earth shall perish from the earth and from under the heavens" (Jer. 10:10, 11). When Gentiles came to faith in Christ, they accepted this belief in one true God as they "turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God" (1 Thess. 1:9).
Jehovah's Witnesses actually deny this biblical understanding of monotheism in their doctrine of Christ by claiming that he was a created angel who created everything else.
2. The Son, who became the man Jesus Christ, is himself eternal God.
We have already given quite a bit of attention to the Watchtower's doctrine about the person of Christ, as we should considering the centrality of Christ to the New Testament. The Watchtower erroneously teaches that Christ was God's first creature and the only creature that God made directly or immediately. After he made Christ, Jehovah supposedly empowered and instructed him to make the rest of creation as Jehovah's assistant. We examined the biblical texts that the Watchtower misuses to support this doctrine and showed that the Bible teaches no such thing. We also explained why it is erroneous to identify Jesus as Michael the archangel.
We also showed in another article that the New Testament repeatedly refers to Jesus as God (John 1:1; 20:28; Acts 20:28; Rom. 9:5; Titus 2:13; Heb. 1:8; 2 Peter 1:1; 1 John 5:20) and as "Lord," meaning Yahweh or Jehovah (e.g., Mark 1:3; Rom. 10:9-13; 1 Cor. 8:6; Phil. 2:9-11; 1 Peter 2:3; 3:13-15). For example, Paul writes:
The New Testament reveals the deity of Christ in numerous ways. We are to honor the Son just as we honor the Father (John 5:23). This means worshiping Christ along with all of the angels and redeemed peoples of the world (Heb. 1:6; Rev. 5:14), praying to Christ (John 14:14; Rom. 10:12-13; 2 Cor. 12:8-9; Rev. 22:20-21), and showing him the same "fear of the Lord" as the Old Testament says we should show toward Yahweh (Eph. 5:21; 1 Peter 3:14-16; see Prov. 1:7; Isa. 8:12-13). He is eternal or uncreated (John 17:5; Heb. 7:3), immutable or unchanging in his divine nature (Heb. 1:10-12), omnipresent (Matt. 18:20; 28:20; Eph. 4:10-11), and possesses all of the other attributes of God (Col. 2:9; Heb. 1:3). He is the King of kings and Lord of lords (Rev. 17:14; 19:16; see Deut. 10:17; Psa. 136:2-3) and the Savior of the world (John 4:42; Titus 2:13; 2 Peter 1:11; 1 John 4:14). He speaks with divine authority (Matt. 24:35; Luke 4:32; John 4:26), so that his word is the "word of the Lord" (Acts 8:25; 13:44, 48-49; 1 Thess. 4:15). He forgives sinners of all their sins (Matt. 9:1-8; Acts 5:31; Col. 3:13). Along with the Father, Christ the Son is the source of all spiritual blessings (Eph. 1:2-3; 1 Tim. 1:2; 2 John 2; Rev. 1:4). He sits on the very throne of God, ruling forever over all creation (Rom. 8:34; Eph. 1:19-22; Heb. 1:2-3, 8; Rev. 22:1, 3). When all of these aspects of New Testament teaching are considered together, the conclusion that the authors considered Jesus Christ to be God is overwhelming.
3. The Holy Spirit is a divine person distinct from the Father and the Son.
Just as there is very little in the Old Testament that refers explicitly to the Son as a divine person distinct from the Father, there is also very little if anything in the Old Testament that reveals the Holy Spirit to be a distinct divine person. In fact, the Old Testament has relatively little to say about the Spirit as compared to the New Testament. There are less than a hundred references to the Spirit in the whole Old Testament, whereas in the much shorter New Testament there are roughly 270 references to the Spirit. Most likely, the Old Testament did not speak clearly about the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as distinct persons because its focus was on teaching Israel to believe in and worship the one God who made and rules the world, a notion that cut across the grain of their polytheistic civilization.
As we saw in our article on the Holy Spirit, the New Testament provides a much richer revelation of the Holy Spirit. Just before his crucifixion, Jesus himself revealed to his disciples the existence of the Holy Spirit as a distinct divine person like himself (John 14–16). His promise concerning the coming of the Holy Spirit was fulfilled in the early church as reported in the Book of Acts (e.g., Acts 1:8; 5:32; 8:29; 10:19-20; 13:1-4; 15:28; 16:6-7; 20:28; 21:11).
This person called the Spirit or the Holy Spirit is not a semi-divine being, separate from or inferior to God. Rather, the Holy Spirit is himself God (e.g., Acts 5:3-4). Thus, the New Testament teaches that the Holy Spirit is a third divine person, alongside the Father and the Son, and yet that there is only one God.13
4. The Christianity of the New Testament is Trinitarian in structure.
As every Jehovah's Witness knows, the word "Trinity" is not in the Bible. However, the idea arises from everything that the Bible, especially in the New Testament, says about the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. We see this not just in various passages that talk about the deity of Christ or the person of the Holy Spirit, but in a pervasive pattern throughout the New Testament in which the three persons are presented alongside one another as divine. There are too many examples to list them all here; we will look at just a few of the more telling.
After his resurrection, Jesus commissioned his disciples to take the gospel to all nations, telling them to baptize people "into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" (Matt. 28:19). Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that this statement means that people are to be baptized in the name of Jehovah the Almighty, his first created angelic son, and his invisible active force. This highly implausible interpretation completely breaks down with regard to the Holy Spirit, whom the Watchtower denies is even a person. The text makes much more sense as meaning that new disciples are to be baptized in the name of the three divine persons called the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
Two passages from Paul's writings, out of the many that could be highlighted, are especially important to notice:
"Now there are varieties of gifts, but the same Spirit.
And there are varieties of ministries, and the same Lord.
There are varieties of activities, but the same God who works all things in all."
(1 Cor. 12:4-6)
"The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ,
and the love of God,
and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit, be with you all."
(2 Cor. 13:14)
In both of these passages, divine blessings are said to come from God (the Father), the Lord (Jesus Christ), and the (Holy) Spirit. The order in which the three are named doesn't even seem particularly important. In 2 Corinthians 13:14, Paul has evidently written an explicitly Christian version of the famous priestly benediction in the Old Testament:
"The Lord [Yahweh] bless you and keep you;
the Lord make his face to shine upon you and be gracious to you;
the Lord lift up his countenance upon you and give you peace."
(Numbers 6:24-26)
The apostle Peter in his first epistle invokes the names of all three divine persons in his salutation:
"…elect according to the foreknowledge of God the Father,
in the sanctification of the Spirit,
for obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ:
Grace to you and peace be multiplied."
(1 Peter 1:2)
These are just a handful of the dozens of passages in which this threefold pattern of God—Christ—Spirit or Father—Son—Holy Spirit appears (for a few more good examples, see Matt. 1:18-23; Luke 1:35; Luke 3:21-22; John 14:26; Acts 2:33; Rom. 8:9-11; Gal. 4:4-6; Eph. 1:3-14; 4:4-6; Titus 3:4-6; Heb. 2:3-4; Jude 20-21; Rev. 1:4-5). These many passages confirm that the deity of Christ and the divine personhood of the Holy Spirit are not ideas mistakenly read into isolated proof texts but aspects of the New Testament's pattern of belief.14
The doctrine of the Trinity is not a pagan doctrine in any sense. No pagan religion ever taught any doctrine that even resembles the doctrine of the Trinity except in the most superficial manner. The church fathers who developed the formal, systematic doctrine of the Trinity from the second to the fourth centuries were Christians, in some instances eventual martyrs for their faith, who were zealously seeking to uphold the teachings of Christ and the apostles in the New Testament. In formulating the doctrine of the Trinity, the early church established a view of God that was radically opposed to Greek philosophical notions about the divine. In doing so, they naturally used language and categories of their Hellenistic culture to express what the New Testament teaches. They could not do otherwise, just as we cannot avoid speaking in modern Western cultural terms (such as "relationships" or "individuals") when explaining what we understand the Bible to teach on this subject. Far from being a pagan doctrine, the Trinity is the distinctively Christian conception of God as he has revealed himself in the New Testament in the persons of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
1. Reasoning from the Scriptures (Watchtower, 1995), 204.
2. Real Faith—Your Key to a Happy Life (Watchtower, 2010), 24.
3. "Do You Appreciate Our Special Heritage?" Watchtower, 15 Feb. 2013, 9.
4. "Should You Believe in the Trinity?" Awake! Aug. 13, 2013, 12.
5. "Do You Appreciate Our Special Heritage?" Watchtower, 15 Feb. 2013, 9; the substance of this material is repeated later in the study question-and-answer part of the article (11).
6. We explain biblically why this identification of Jesus Christ as Michael the archangel is incorrect in part 7 of this series, "Is Jesus Michael the Archangel?"
7. I have discussed several examples in a series of recent articles: "S. H. Hooke: A Sumerian or Babylonian Trinity?" (2014); "Levi Paine and the Evolution of Trinitarianism" (2014); and "Lyman Abbott's Dictionary on the Trinity" (2017). These articles, among others, can be found at "Scholarly Sources Quoted Out of Content on the Doctrine of the Trinity" (Cedar Springs, MI: Institute for Religious Research). I considered additional examples in an earlier work, Why You Should Believe in the Trinity: An Answer to Jehovah's Witnesses (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1989).
8. "Fate," in Reasoning from the Scriptures (Watchtower, 1995), 144–45, quoting Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911), 2:796.
9. Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield, "The Biblical Doctrine of the Trinity," in Biblical and Theological Studies, ed. Samuel G. Craig (Philadelphia: Presbyterian & Reformed, 1968), 23 (22–59). This essay was originally published in 1915.
10. "The Paradox of Tertullian," Watchtower, May 15, 2002, 31.
11. Harold O. J. Brown, Heresies: The Image of Christ in the Mirror of Heresy and Orthodoxy (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1984), 146. The book was later published with the title Heresies: Heresy and Orthodoxy in the History of the Church (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1988).
12. Some readers may be interested in the author's multi-page resource, "The Biblical Basis of the Doctrine of the Trinity: An Outline Study" (Cedar Springs, MI: Institute for Religious Research, 2011).
13. For a much more detailed study on this subject, see Robert M. Bowman Jr., "The Personhood of the Holy Spirit in John and Acts: A Narrative Approach" (Cedar Springs, MI: Institute for Religious Research, 2014).
14. See further Robert M. Bowman Jr., "Triadic New Testament Passages and the Doctrine of the Trinity," Journal of Trinitarian Studies and Apologetics 1 (Jan. 2013): 7-54.
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Agata Wierzbowski, a solicitor at the Consumer Action Law Centre and the Community Legal Centre Fellow of 2014/2015, recently released The Lawyering for Change Report. Agata was hosted by La Trobe Law School while she completed initial research for the project in early 2015.
The Lawyering for Change Report examines how community legal centre lawyers can best use their legal cases to achieve both justice for their clients and social change for their communities. Drawing on interviews with lawyers and thinkers across Australia, as well as the UK, USA, Canada, and South Africa, the report suggests seven best practice principles of strategic lawyering for community legal centres.
As part of her research, Agata created a blog – Keeping Them Honest – to record her research, interviews, and discussions with lawyers and thinkers.
The Community Legal Centre Fellowship is an annual grant provided to a community lawyer to research an issue relevant to the legal sector and the broader Victorian community, and offered by the Victorian Law Foundation.
A Bigger Role for the Victorian Government in Relation to Insecure Work?


text:
Nigel Charman
Nigel Charman entered the GSM+D at the age of 17 in 1976 and left with a Graduate diploma in 1980.
Nigel then spent 25 very enjoyable years freelancing in London. Much of his time was spent in London's West End, shows including Pirates of Penzance, Song and Dance, On Your Toes, Miss Saigon, Martin Guerre and finally Saturday Night Fever. During that time he also enjoyed a successful freelance orchestral career working from time to time with all five symphony orchestras based in London, many chamber orchestras and contemporary ensembles and smaller groups.
In the 90's he started working additionally in the London recording scene. Highlights were many film scores for Jerry Goldsmith including Total Recall, Malice, Medicine Man, Ghost and the Darkness and Fierce Creatures. He also worked for Michael Kamen, which included the film Baron Munchausen and recording and concert projects featuring David Sanborn and Eric Clapton. Other projects were for Henry Mancini (including the film Son of the Pink Panther), Chuck Gerhardt (Readers Digest recordings), and Lorrie Morgan's "Merry Christmas from London".
Nigel joined the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in 2004. In 2006 Nigel participated in the PASIC in Austin where his association with the Joyful Noise Drum Company began.
Joyful Noise Snare Drums
Family / Artists /
Jim Richley


text:
Q: defining base frequency, multiplier and divisor for dynamic clock manager I am using a Spartan 6 xilinx FPGA, I managed to get it all working, changing the multiplier and divisor parameters at runtime. DCM_CLKGEN I use.
My real oscillator is 66.6 MHz, but with PLL_BASE, I can change it.
As we need a clock frequency from 1 to 100MHz, I am wondering, what base frequency would I take? I set it to 40MHz, just to choose something, that seemed nice....
FREQUENCYout = FREQUENCYbase * MULTIPLIER / DIVISOR
I made a simple spreadsheet to see how different multipliers and divisors convert the base frequency, some divisors on the column headers, some multipliers on each row, so I get a matrix of possible outcome frequencies. Although not for every frequency (It would get bulky). I can't believe trial and error is the way to define those parameters, but surprisingly, I don't find much information on the net about it.
The divisor and multiplier have to be integers (no floating points), otherwise I could just choose "any" multiplier, and calculate a divisor, by completing the equitation.
summary:

*

*question 1: base frequency for a wide range of output frequencies.

*question 2: a general way of working for defining the multiplier and divisor.

A: ok, I know it is primary school mathematics, but I need it every now and then. So I made a quick tool to see if there exists a Divisor and a Multiplier integer (lower than 255 for my application) for a required frequency, or in the neighbourhood of that particular frequency.
it is a public google spreadsheet https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ApVM5P9BGwI_dFIwVFdmZHJYX3RVbDBjNVV1YTZsM1E&usp=sharing#gid=3


Brian David Josephson, best known for his pioneering work on superconductivity and quantum tunnelling and awarded for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 for his prediction of the Josephson effect.
Josephson became interested in philosophy of mind in the late sixties and, in particular, in the mind–body problem, and is one of the few scientists to argue that parapsychological phenomena (telepathy, psychokinesis and other paranormal themes) may be real.
Josephson became involved in the mid-seventies with a group of physicists associated with the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory at the University of California, which used ideas from quantum physics, particularly Bell's theorem and quantum entanglement, to explore issues such as action at a distance, clairvoyance, precognition, remote viewing and psychokinesis.
Josephson has expressed support for the idea that water has a memory, since attending a conference at which French immunologist Jacques Benveniste first proposed it.
He also supported the idea that cold fusion could work (original work of Martin Fleischmann).
David Joseph Bohm was an American scientist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum theory, neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind. He contributed to the Manhattan Project with his "scattering calculations (of collisions of protons and deuterons)".
Bohm was keenly aware of various ideas outside the scientific mainstream. In his book Science, Order and Creativity, Bohm referred to the views of various biologists on the evolution of the species, including Rupert Sheldrake. He also even knew the ideas of Wilhelm Reich.
Contrary to many other scientists, Bohm did not a priori exclude the paranormal. Bohm temporarily even held Uri Geller's bending of keys and spoons to be possible, prompting warning remarks by his colleague Basil Hiley that this might undermine the scientific credibility of their work in physics. Martin Gardner reported this in a Skeptical Inquirer article, and also critiqued the views of Krishnamurti, whom Bohm had encountered in 1959 and had many subsequent exchanges with. Gardner said that Bohm's view of the interconnectedness of mind and matter (on one occasion summarized as "Even the electron is informed with a certain level of mind") "flirted with panpsychism".
Rupert Sheldrake is an English author and he worked as a biochemist and cell biologist at Cambridge University from 1967 to 1973 and as principal plant physiologist at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics until 1978. He investigated auxins, a class of phytohormones that plays a role in plant vascular cell differentiation, and published a number of papers related to the topic.
Sheldrake proposed that through "morphic resonance", various perceived phenomena, particularly biological ones, become more probable the more often they occur, and that biological growth and behaviour thus become guided into patterns laid down by previous similar events. As a result, he suggested, newly-acquired behaviours can be passed down to future generations (even nonlocal) − a biological proposition akin to the Lamarckian inheritance theory.
In 1994, Sheldrake proposed a list of Seven Experiments That Could Change the World, subtitled "A do-it-yourself guide to revolutionary science". He encouraged lay people to conduct research and argued that experiments similar to his own could be conducted with limited expense. Seven Experiments contained the seed of Sheldrake's next book, Dogs That Know When Their Owners Are Coming Home (1999), which covered his research into proposed telepathy between humans and animals, particularly dogs. Sheldrake suggests that such interspecies telepathy is a real phenomenon and that morphic fields are responsible for it.
Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations for classical mechanics. Newton made seminal contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for the development of calculus.
Of an estimated ten million words of writing in Newton's papers, about one million deal with alchemy. Many of Newton's writings on alchemy are copies of other manuscripts, with his own annotations. Alchemical texts mix artisanal knowledge with philosophical speculation, often hidden behind layers of wordplay, allegory, and imagery to protect craft secrets. Some of the content contained in Newton's papers could have been considered heretical by the church (yes!).
Wilhelm Reich was an Austrian psychoanalyst, a member of the second generation of analysts after Sigmund Freud. The author of several influential books, most notably Character Analysis (1933), The Mass Psychology of Fascism (1933) and The Sexual Revolution (1936), Reich became known as one of the most radical figures in the history of psychiatry.
It was shortly after he arrived in New York in 1939 that Reich first said he had discovered a biological or cosmic energy, an extension of Freud's idea of the libido. He called it "orgone energy" or "orgone radiation," and the study of it "orgonomy." In 1940 he began to build insulated Faraday cages, "orgone accumulators," that he said would concentrate the orgone. The earliest boxes were for laboratory animals. The first human-sized, five-foot-tall box was built in December 1940, and set up in the basement of his house. Turner writes that it was made of plywood lined with rock wool and sheet iron, and had a chair inside and a small window. The boxes had multiple layers of these materials, which caused the orgone concentration inside the box to be three to five times stronger than in the air, Reich said.