text:
Do cars consume less gasoline when the tank is full?
I noticed While driving my car the fuel refills last me a lot longer when I go for the full tank over the half tank. I feel that it takes a lot longer to go through the upper half of the tank than the bottom half of the tank. I felt that keeping a full tank of gas is beneficial over the long run.
Does having air in the tank reduce the burning efficiency? Does keeping the tank full make the burning more efficient?.
gasoline fuel-tank
Anwar ElhadadAnwar Elhadad
Welcome to Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair!
that's very easy to measure: reset your distance counter when you get gas, then next time you get gas keep track of how far you drove, and how much fuel you used, do that for a few months to average things out, then compare the fuel efficiency to the amount of fuel purchased. (and in any case, that's a way of keeping an eye on the fuel efficiency of your engine, which should never change too much)
– njzk2
The trouble your assumption that the fuel gauge decreases in direct proportion to the contents of the tank. It doesn't.
– JLRishe
When you fill up, reset your trip odometer. When you fill up next time, take the ratio of the distance you travelled vs the fuel you put in (using whatever units you understand) and that's your fuel efficiency. Do this every fill-up and you'll notice right away any time your fuel efficiency changes.
– J...
You didn't specify how you measured this, but you should be able to accurately measure your fuel efficiency by filling up to the same amount you filled up to last time and comparing how far you drove with how much fuel you refilled. The gauge not representing the true percentage filled shouldn't matter in this case (as long as it always shows the same value for the same amount filled). This would however still be subject to the inaccuracy from measuring using the gauge and variation in your fuel efficiency based on driving habits and environmental conditions (for which you can average results)
– NotThatGuy
No. If anything you'll get worse gas mileage with a full tank because you're carrying a heavier load (more fuel = more weight).
What you are most likely experiencing is the top half of the tank is larger than the bottom half (in general terms). In other words, the sending unit (float level) in the gas tank most likely takes longer to traverse the top 1/2 then it does to traverse the bottom 1/2. This would make it appear you are getting better gas mileage on the top, because there is more gas in that top 1/2 than there is in the bottom.
EDIT: Criggie said in comments what I was trying to point out. When I say "top 1/2" and "bottom 1/2", I'm talking about what the gauge is reading. Not the actual 1/2 of the tank itself. This is in direct comment to what Fake Name stated about being nitpicky, as they are exactly right.
Nit picker in me wants to point out that if the "top half" contains more fuel then the "bottom half", they're not actually halves.
– Fake Name
@FakeName excellent spotting, you're right. But the gauge also doesn't necessarily represent the tank exactly, so 50% on the gauge could be a 60% full tank, etc.
– Criggie
The best way to determine the actual fuel consumption is to brim the tank, drive till nearly empty then brim the tank again.
Then you have an exact volume of fuel and a specific distance.
Repeat over three or four tanks and you will have an accurate fuel consumption figure based on your actual use.
The gauge is not linear in performance and not designed to be accurate - it is an indicator. Many gauges will gain or lose a bit on bends or going up, or down, hill. One thing that is done to hide this is to make the gauge slow to respond... Owners' manuals usually cover this by saying fill up at ¼ tank.
Also as pointed out in another answer the tanks are not designed with constant area through the depth of the tank. One reason is to avoid sloshing of fuel and picking up air; the other is that the space for the tank usually has to accommodate drive shafts or exhaust pipes etc.
Solar MikeSolar Mike
Since the gauge isn't precise, how do you know when you're "nearly empty"?
– Barmar
@Barmar well, my car will deliberately misfire when fuel is too low, and that is after the yellow warning light has come on. If you still ignore that indication then it will shut down so as not to damage the pump, as if the pump runs without fuel it destroys itself. But you have to be really smart to get to that point.
– Solar Mike
@Barmar When you brim the tank, you know how much fuel have been used since the last time you brimmed it. It's not necessary to know when it's empty. It's enough being able to tell when it's full with some consistency.
– Pere
@Barmar - what's nearly empty? Half way across a desert is very different from it's at least two miles to the filling station.
@Tim Optimist: glass is half full, pessimist: glass is half empty, Engineer: container is twice the needed size...
IF - the tank was uniform in its dimensions - vertical sides, etc., and IF - the gauge sender worked exactly in a linear manner, and IF - the gauge responded in that same linear manner, and IF - the sender sent 'tank full' message to the gauge when it was full, then the half-full shown on the gauge would be truthful.
However, none of those can be true. The tank shape depends on its location, sharing space with other components. The gauge sender and gauge itself are rudimentary, electrically, and notoriously inaccurate. The float in the tank reaches its highest point before the tank is full. That last point is the red herring. The float stays in its highest position for longer, as it cannot drop lower until some fuel has been used.
So, it appears that the gauge becomes more pessimistic once the tank is only 'half full' - which in reality is often closer to 45% full.
My bet is that this is precisely what is going on. There is a significant amount of space in the tank and filler tube after the gauge hits full and before the OP stops filling their tank. So a significant amount of fuel has to be used before the gauge moves even a tiny bit off F.
– David Schwartz
As well as the gauge staying at the top for a while, some tank geometries can be extreme enough for noticeably slower points in the scale, e.g. they get wider for a bit.
Also, the float bottoms out before the tank is completely empty, so that's why the gauge doesn't accurately tell you how much fuel there is on the bottom end of the range either. Most cars can easily get another 30-50 miles after the empty warning triggers, though maybe you don't want to put that one to the test and get stranded on the side of the road. (There tends to be some gunk buildup at the bottom you don't really want in your engine anyhow, so best to fill up when it tells you to.)
@DarrelHoffman - good point -the bottoming of the sender is as relevant as its 'topping'.
I'd say that 45% at "half a tank" is generous. Also, when talking about a "full tank", don't forget about there being gas in the fill tube, going from the side of the vehicle to the tank itself. Then there's also likely sediment in the tank, which (depending on the amount) could prevent the float from hitting actual bottom or be clogging the pump intake when low on fuel. This clog could make it seem like the tank is empty when it's just full of junk. FYI, many brands of fuel system cleaners can address this sediment, but several don't and are just the same ethanol as in most gasolines.
You are being fooled by the psychology used by car manufacturers, who've discovered that A - if the gas indicator doesn't move for a while after a full tank, it makes the driver think the car is more economic than it is and B - if empty means empty, a lot of idiots will get themselves stranded.
Therefore most car fuel gauges these days leave ~50 km as a buffer after the gauge reads empty and 15-25km before the indicator moves from full on a full tank of gas. So the top half of your gas gauge isn't measuring 50÷, but e.g. 52.5÷ and the bottom 50÷ is measuring 47.5->5==42.5÷
https://thenewswheel.com/how-your-car-measures-gas-and-why-it-lies-to-you/ https://carrating.org/driving/fuel-gauge-lies-is-there-a-liar-on-your-dashboard
With modern technology, we have the ability to tell exactly how much gas is left, but we don't. Engineer Phil Pierron, talking to Autoblog, said that customers, through surveys, have told automakers that we don't actually want to run out of gas when they hit "E" — apparently, we like having the reserve so we can panic and drive gingerly to the closest gas station.
Similarly, it apparently makes us feel good to have the needle sit on "F" for longer. Partly this is because it gives us the illusion that we are either getting better gas mileage. However, it also makes you feel like you aren't immediately burning through that tank of gas you just shelled out 40 bucks for (even though you totally are).
EugeneEugene
Do you have any references for this? I'm thinking citations are needed for these claims.
@computercarguy added
– Eugene
The CarRating.com article doesn't really count as a source, since it's more of an anecdotal article without any sources than their own experience and what they claim to be a story from someone who worked at an automaker. It makes for a great story, but it's lacking on any kind of real proof.
@computercarguy Why not? Just because they quote an anonymous source? We've just had 4 years of most of the news about a US president coming from anonymous sources and generally being treated as credible(and cited on Stack Exchange)
@computercarguy - I don't think we require as strict referencing as Skeptics.SE here. The reference itself doesn't require 100% proof, as it's a fairly subjective comment anyway. Remember, you can use your votes to show your support or otherwise without needing to jump on someone for having a slightly loose source.
– Rory Alsop
I feel that it takes a lot longer to go through the upper half of the tank than the bottom half of the tank.
Your feelings are valid so if it makes you feel better then continue doing so. That feeling is going vary from car to car and from person to person.
However, science would dictate that a heavier car causes worse fuel economy but whether or not you'll notice a savings of .2 miles per gallon is directly related to how you track that data and your consistency in doing so.
I felt that keeping a full tank of gas is beneficial over the long run.
Yes! Try not to let your tank go below 1/4 full or else your fuel pump could overheat. https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/a/61944/12029
MonkeyZeusMonkeyZeus
You can't get better MPG with a full tank. The engine simply cannot use gaseous fuel. It must be liquid or the injectors cannot correctly meter.
The top half is larger due to "Unusable Fuel"
Open up a modern fuel tank and you'll find an electric pump in there. It creates high-pressure fuel (300 KPA/45 PSI or so) to supply the fuel injectors. You'll also find some funny baffles around the pump inlet. These make it impossible to use the very last fuel in the tank. This is, in aviation terms, "Unusable Fuel".
That does a couple of things for you: it keeps crud and (heavier) water out of your fuel injectors and pump. The pump needs fuel to cool and lubricate; it'll be destroyed running dry so it makes sure there is fuel for that.
In this illustration, the green/blue border is the true 50% mark on the tank. But the brown (unusable) area impinges on the green (bottom half) area, making the upper half larger.
Of course, a real tank's shape will also be irregular due to needing to clear vehicle components. The empty/full gauge isn't sophisticated enough to account for these variations (or parking slope)... so on some cars that too will affect things.
They generally aim to have "E" be at the "unusuable fuel" line. There's a little bit of margin on unusable fuel due to splash and slosh: fuel can sometimes get over the baffles to a degree.
Harper - Reinstate MonicaHarper - Reinstate Monica
Despite the number of answers "confirming" no, I'm going to provide some outside sources that indeed show you're correct, or at least in some situations you can be - although it's not to discredit the points made, and the difference in reality is negligible, in either direction.
There are several factors that affect your gas mileage based on how full your gas tank is. This includes, but not limited to:
Size of the tank
Shape of the tank
See here, specifically point 2.:
Gas Mileage
Some will argue that because the gas tank is lighter when its low, a low tank will give the car more fuel efficiency. A lighter load does require less gasoline, but the weight of a full fuel tank is not significant. A gallon of gasoline weighs only 6.3 lbs. (for reference milk weighs 8.6 lbs. per gallon), so even in most large vehicles the total weight of a full tank is under 250 lbs. Your car may actually be less efficient when the tank is near-empty, as more air in the tank can increase fuel evaporation.
And also this Quora answer:
In theory yes but, in practice it could actual hurt your mileage.
The reason is that the fuel will slosh and can get into a rhythm that actual makes your engine work harder. Ask any trucker or farmer that hauls liquid, a full tank is easier to move than a partly full tank that is sloshing.
I'm not going to go into the opposite point as it's been well discussed, and certainly carrying less weight does increase your gas mileage. But compared to the weight of a car, a half tank of gas is well... effectively nothing. Just like the loss from evaporation or the fuel sloshing about is effectively nothing.
I think the important thing is that each of these differences, whether in favor of better gas mileage with a full tank of a half tank, are negligible
It's kind of like driving around looking for a better price on gas, you'll waste enough gas looking you won't save any money - you're better off putting your attention elsewhere.
The first link I provided gives other reasons it is beneficial to keep a full tank, and I typically fall into this line of thinking, but again, in general it's not worth the concern either way. Just don't hit empty.
TCooperTCooper
DV care to explain why? Or just an angry Anthony that doesn't like logical explanations?
– TCooper
Yes, Your car will operate normal with a full tank and not less. If you have less gas in the tank it takes more electrical energy to pump the gas to the front therefore there will be a quicker evap. and more gas used. Ever notice how long it takes for the gas gage to go down from full to half and quicker after a half tank.
juliejulie
The fuel tank is basically sealed so gas doesn't evaporate away (just into the air above the fuel, which is a relatively tiny amount). Leaving a car in a closed garage for days doesn't leave the air smelling like gasoline, or ready to explode if you lit a match. The fuel pump energy requirement is also negligible if it's a real effect, and probably more than balanced out by extra energy required to carry around the extra mass of fuel. The key effect is actually that the gas gauge isn't linear in mass or volume of fuel remaining, unlike a jetliner with a digital lbs / kg readout.
Your last sentence makes sense, but the rest..?
@Tim the last sentence is simply a restatement of the question.
– manassehkatz-Moving 2 Codidact
@manassehkatz-Moving2Codidact - obviously my point was made too subtly...
@RoryAlsop It's a simple fact that having less gas in the tank increases the amount of air in the tank which increases evaporation. It is a negligible amount of gasoline to most any consumer - obviously negligible is subjective. If you can barely afford to buy gas by the gallon, sure it matters... same for the counter arguments. I'm answering for 90%, not your edge cases.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged gasoline fuel-tank or ask your own question.
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text:
A Bridge Too Quiet
I never understood the lure of trains. Don't get me wrong. I love trains. I just can't figure out why. I mean, I was born at the dawn of the Space Age, watched Star Trek when it was still on the air and followed NASA's lunar program with diligent pride. Heck, I even majored in physics and astronomy, served on the Strasenburgh Planetarium's 40th Anniversary Task Force and created an official astronomy outreach project (AstronomyTop100.com) that received the official endorsement of the United Nations during the International Year of Astronomy in 2009.
Many were the times when I thought I was finally done with trains. But, like the mob to Continue Reading "A Bridge Too Quiet"
Posted in Western New York State of Mind Tagged 20th Century Limited, 50 Hidden Gems, Alden, Allegany County, Batavia, Belfast, Bethlehem Steel, Blasdell, Blasdell Junction, Buffalo, Caneadea, Charlie Hogan, Conrail, Crittenden, Cuba, Dansville, Dansville Hill, Delaware Lackawanna and Western Railroad, DL&W, Dunkirk, East Hill, Empire State Express, Engine 999, Erie County, Erie Railroad, Erie-Lackawanna Railroad, Filmore, GB Tower, Genesee County, Genesee River, Genesee River Railroad, Genesee Viaduct, Growing Up, Harry Benjamin, Lackawanna, Lackawanna Railroad, Lake Avenue, Letchworth State Park, Livingston County, New York Central, Niagara Falls, Nickel Plate, Phoebe Snow, Portage, Railroad, River Line, Rochester, South Buffalo, trains, Victory Avenue
The Best Little Hole House in Greater Western New York
By Chris Carosa on October 16, 2012
Our family moved to the Rochester suburb of Chili during the Christmas break of my fifth grade. There are a lot of things I can tell you about that particular transition. It's amazing what I still remember. There's the "long" (because it was written on a narrow roll of paper) letter I received from the fifth grade classmates I had left behind in Woodlawn Intermediate. There's my rediscovery of the game of chess while partaking in what was promoted as "science" class. (Apparently, "mapping" the moves – not even real chess notation – had something to do with scientific thinking.) Most relevant for this tome, however, was my new classmates' anticipation of summer.
For many youngsters in and around the Rochester area, the summer not only brought the welcome end of "pencils, books and teacher's dirty looks," but it also ushered in the Continue Reading "The Best Little Hole House in Greater Western New York"
Posted in Western New York State of Mind Tagged 50 Hidden Gems, Bob Horwath, Catarina, Delaware, Erie Canal, ESPN, Florence Brasser Elementary School, Fort Des Sables, Fort Niagara, Fort Schuyler, Greg Papas, Growing Up, Irondequoit, Jack Rabbit, Jim Papas, John Margolies, Lackawanna and Western, Monroe County, NileGuide, Parkside Diner, Peter, roller coaster, Rome, Seabreeze, Tall Maples Miniature Golf, Tom Thumb Golf, Watertown & Ogdensburg, Whispering Pines, Woodlawn Intermediate
The Solver – Rich: The Final Piece of the Puzzle
By Chris Carosa on June 7, 2012
[Previously: Roommates for Sale – Frank: The Designated Driver]
After Spike (a.k.a. "Pierce") left The Roommates (yes, there was a fifth Roommate) in 1979 to join the Marines, a rather expansive punk group which qualifies for government assistance, the boys needed a drummer. Most critics would have agreed that, even with Spike, The Roommates needed a drummer. Spike brief time with the three originals did leave three permanent marks. First, it was Spike's hidden love for martial music that set the early war-like tone of the proto-group. Second, he inspired Ted to write his first hit, the now famous folksy rag "Blond-Haired Boy from Brooklyn." Finally, Spike gave the other members something they would need to catapult them to instant fame: Continue Reading "The Solver – Rich: The Final Piece of the Puzzle"
Posted in Slush Pile Tagged Davenport, fiction, Growing Up, The Roommates, Yale
Roommates for Sale – Frank: The Designated Driver
By Chris Carosa on May 31, 2012
[Previously: Rubber Puck – Ted: Proudly Not Silent, but Just as Deadly]
Frank started his professional life as a mediocre radio personality, constantly getting fired by general manager after general manager. Fortunately, it was steady work as the only people fired more often than Frank were his (ex) general managers. Scot and Ted found Frank sleeping on a park bench late one night and invited him in for a beer. He proceeded to drain their reserve of two half kegs. It was the first time he had had beer. The two immediately noticed Frank's strange reaction to beer, and, as they soon discovered,Continue Reading "Roommates for Sale – Frank: The Designated Driver"
Rubber Puck – Ted: Proudly Not Silent, but Just as Deadly
[Previously: Meet The Roommates – Scot: The True Leader – Silent, but Deadly]
Scot first met Ted at the Winter Carnival Hockey Tournament in Montreal during the summer of 1978. Both had played on opposing teams in the finals. The two visited in the penalty box for nine minutes (two two-minute roughing penalties and a five-minute minor for fighting). Scot and Ted got along famously right from the get-go. ("Enmity is the heart of friendship," Rich was to later tell Zig Jones.) But, while Scot turned to music, Ted remained with hockey. At the peak of an impressive playoff run, the puckster received a call from Scot and joined The Roommates. Ted stunned the hockey world when he announced Continue Reading "Rubber Puck – Ted: Proudly Not Silent, but Just as Deadly"
Meet The Roommates – Scot: The True Leader – Silent, but Deadly
[Previously: The Birth of Something New]
Just who were, to borrow a phrase from Zig Jones, these "Musical Mussolinis"? Again, most of the information we have is from the Rock Waves interview, the only question and answer session the group allowed. The boys have been reluctant to discuss specifics of their past since the break, (we can only hold out hope the statute of limitations will eventually run its course).
In fact, the only quote Scot, the unquestionable founder of the band, has ever given in public was the now classic "Give me Continue Reading "Meet The Roommates – Scot: The True Leader – Silent, but Deadly"
The Birth of Something New
[Previously: Ladies and Gentlemen, Introducing The Roommates!]
Ironically, the idea to go public was Scot's. Scot has been the most private of the four, at times to the extreme. Frank went along readily, but Ted initially expressed guarded reluctance. With Scot and Ted doing most of the arranging and Frank providing cover and bail money, the proto-group soon found itself doing breakfast gigs at various New Haven coffee shops. Their first real break came in mid-September of 1978. After successfully covering some of the early rock artists at the Garbage Can Rally, ("We did it for the dart board," Scot was said to have explained mysteriously at the time), The Roommates embarked on a stint which gave them local notoriety. Working the graveyard shift at The Post Office, a local bar, the group came away with one of their most prized possessions – a 17th century solid oak library table. It was proudly displayed until just Continue Reading "The Birth of Something New"
Ladies and Gentlemen, Introducing The Roommates!
By Chris Carosa on May 3, 2012
The following is a fictitious account. Any resemblance to real people or actual events is simply a figment of your paranoid imagination. Quite simply, none of this ever happened. It is not real. For that matter, how do you even know you are real? I should know. I was voted most likely to be a cartoon character, a position I still aspire to.
Introduction to the 2012 Archival Publication
An artifact of the recently unearthed slushpile of Zig Jones, this piece comes from the early 1980's, when leisure suits breathed their last, big hair was big and a long-forgotten band topped the pop-music charts. For a brief time, every pair of ears rang with the tunes of The Roommates, every pair of lips sang the melodies of The Roommates and every pair of eyes watched, read and absorbed all that was The Roommates. Discovered by Jones, The Roommates shot to instant glory when they first appeared on the famous rock host's weekly show.
But The Roommates, inscrutable from the very beginning, left the scene just as quickly – and mysteriously – as they arrived. Indeed, the band is so thoroughly forgotten, there's not a shred of evidence of their actual existence. Wikipedia contains no reference to their greatness. Popular search engines turn up nothing. Even the Library of Congress has no work copyrighted by The Roommates (which, given their infamous anti-establishment fervor, is only to be expected).
Although crafted in the documentary style he would later become famous for, it's not clear if Jones wrote this or not. It was, however, accompanied with the only extant audio tape of Jones' once popular Rock Waves show. The clip contains The Roommates' first, and as far as we know, only appearance on the California-based syndicated program. This article will no doubt interest musicologists seeking to reveal the significant events during the still unexplained transition from disco to punk. What follows is the unedited version of the undated source document (believed to have been written in late 1984 or early1985). So, without further ado, Ladies and Gentlemen, Introducing…
The Short Ragged Life of The Roommates:
Punk Rock at its Best – and Worst
For two-and-a-half short years between the eighth and ninth decades of the twentieth century, society and culture witnessed and experienced what has been a cyclical event: the all-encompassing power of a flash of change in popular music. Each successive generation seems to have fallen under the awe-inspiring power of a musical deity, from Sinatra to Elvis to The Beatles to, most recently, The Roommates. (It is interesting to note the cycle skipped a beat in the seventies, perhaps a tribute to the formidable influence of The Beatles, and quite possibly at once both providing and explaining the reason for The Roommates' sudden and dramatic rise.) It's been over three years since they last Continue Reading "Ladies and Gentlemen, Introducing The Roommates!"
The Name "Chris"
By Chris Carosa on January 19, 2012
[This Commentary was originally submitted to appear in the January 17, 1991 issue of The Mendon-Honeoye Falls-Lima Sentinel.]
I returned to the Monday night volley ball courts of HF-L High School a week ago after a seven or eight month absence (night school can do that to you). It was an enjoyably sweaty time with lots of familiar faces and quite a few new ones. I liked the workout.
When playing on one of the back courts, I noticed the many paper basketballs and megaphones taped high on the wall. On each stood the name of a basketball player and cheerleader. I read the names of the boys and girls, looking for a Chris. (OK, OK, so I'm proud of the name my parents Continue Reading "The Name "Chris""
Posted in The Compleat Carosa Commentaries Tagged Chris, Christopher, Growing Up, Kester, Kit, Vince Lombardi Football, Volleyball
PAC-MAN – A Last Look Back
[This Commentary originally appeared in the January 10, 1991 issue of The Mendon-Honeoye Falls-Lima Sentinel.]
Just over twenty years ago, a new game began sprouting among aging pinball machines in arcades across the land. Its instant popularity helped solidify the video game market. Two things distinguished PAC-MAN from its immediate predecessors and, especially, the granddaddy of all video games – Space Invaders.
Foremost, PAC-MAN employed a novel Continue Reading "PAC-MAN – A Last Look Back"
Posted in The Compleat Carosa Commentaries Tagged Growing Up, PAC-MAN, risk aversion, Space Invaders, Video Game, Yale

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Francena McCorory
Sportlight-Babe Ruth is the first to hit 500 home runs.
Aug. 11 1929 — Babe Ruth is the first MLB player to hit 500 home runs. 1943 — Volo Song, driven by Ben White, wins the Hambletonian...
Aug. 11 1943 — Volo Song, driven by Ben White, wins the Hambletonian Stakes in the third heat. 1948 — Demon Hanover,...
Aug. 10 1900 — The first Davis Cup is held with the United States beating Britain, 3-0. 1949 — Ezzard Charles knocks...
By Graham Dunbar 7 minutes ago
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<TITLE>
Linker (PMD 4.2.5 API)
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<LINK REL ="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="../../../../stylesheet.css" TITLE="Style">

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net.sourceforge.pmd.dfa

Class Linker

java.lang.Object
  net.sourceforge.pmd.dfa.Linker

public class Linker
extends java.lang.Object

Author:

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         Links data flow nodes to each other.

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Linker(java.util.List braceStack,
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text:
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Text;

namespace ScintillaNET
{
    // Do error checking higher up
    // http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/20910/Generic-Gap-Buffer
    [DebuggerDisplay("Count = {Count}")]
    internal sealed class GapBuffer<T> : IEnumerable<T>
    {
        private T[] buffer;
        private int gapStart;
        private int gapEnd;

        public void Add(T item)
        {
            Insert(Count, item);
        }

        public void AddRange(ICollection<T> collection)
        {
            InsertRange(Count, collection);
        }

        private void EnsureGapCapacity(int length)
        {
            if (length > (gapEnd - gapStart))
            {
                // How much to grow the buffer is a tricky question.
                // Our current algo will double the capacity unless that's not enough.
                var minCapacity = Count + length;
                var newCapacity = (buffer.Length * 2);
                if (newCapacity < minCapacity)
                {
                    newCapacity = minCapacity;
                }

                var newBuffer = new T[newCapacity];
                var newGapEnd = newBuffer.Length - (buffer.Length - gapEnd);

                Array.Copy(buffer, 0, newBuffer, 0, gapStart);
                Array.Copy(buffer, gapEnd, newBuffer, newGapEnd, newBuffer.Length - newGapEnd);
                this.buffer = newBuffer;
                this.gapEnd = newGapEnd;
            }
        }

        public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator()
        {
            var count = Count;
            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
                yield return this[i];

            yield break;
        }

        IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
        {
            return this.GetEnumerator();
        }

        public void Insert(int index, T item)
        {
            PlaceGapStart(index);
            EnsureGapCapacity(1);

            buffer[index] = item;
            gapStart++;
        }

        public void InsertRange(int index, ICollection<T> collection)
        {
            var count = collection.Count;
            if (count > 0)
            {
                PlaceGapStart(index);
                EnsureGapCapacity(count);

                collection.CopyTo(buffer, gapStart);
                gapStart += count;
            }
        }

        private void PlaceGapStart(int index)
        {
            if (index != gapStart)
            {
                if ((gapEnd - gapStart) == 0)
                {
                    // There is no gap
                    gapStart = index;
                    gapEnd = index;
                }
                else if (index < gapStart)
                {
                    // Move gap left (copy contents right)
                    var length = (gapStart - index);
                    var deltaLength = (gapEnd - gapStart < length ? gapEnd - gapStart : length);
                    Array.Copy(buffer, index, buffer, gapEnd - length, length);
                    gapStart -= length;
                    gapEnd -= length;

                    Array.Clear(buffer, index, deltaLength);
                }
                else
                {
                    // Move gap right (copy contents left)
                    var length = (index - gapStart);
                    var deltaIndex = (index > gapEnd ? index : gapEnd);
                    Array.Copy(buffer, gapEnd, buffer, gapStart, length);
                    gapStart += length;
                    gapEnd += length;

                    Array.Clear(buffer, deltaIndex, gapEnd - deltaIndex);
                }
            }
        }

        public void RemoveAt(int index)
        {
            PlaceGapStart(index);
            buffer[gapEnd] = default(T);
            gapEnd++;
        }

        public void RemoveRange(int index, int count)
        {
            if (count > 0)
            {
                PlaceGapStart(index);
                Array.Clear(buffer, gapEnd, count);
                gapEnd += count;
            }
        }

        public int Count
        {
            get
            {
                return buffer.Length - (gapEnd - gapStart);
            }
        }

#if DEBUG
        // Poor man's DebuggerTypeProxy because I can't seem to get that working
        private List<T> Debug
        {
            get
            {
                var list = new List<T>(this);
                return list;
            }
        }
#endif

        public T this[int index]
        {
            get
            {
                if (index < gapStart)
                    return buffer[index];

                return buffer[index + (gapEnd - gapStart)];
            }
            set
            {
                if (index >= gapStart)
                    index += (gapEnd - gapStart);

                buffer[index] = value;
            }
        }

        public GapBuffer(int capacity = 0)
        {
            this.buffer = new T[capacity];
            this.gapEnd = buffer.Length;
        }
    }
}


text:
Dominic L. Mesi
Mesi, Dominic L, 91, of Hudson, passed away peacefully on November 17, 2016 at the Brookwood Assisted Living Facility. Dominic was born on September 25, 1925 in Buffalo, New York. He was the son of the late, Charles and Frances Mesi. Dominic was a true American hero, serving in the United States Army during World War II. He proudly received an Army of Occupation Medal, Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal, Good Conduct Medal, Phillipines Liberation Medal, World War II Victory Medal, and a Purple Heart.
Dominic later went on to work and retire as a Tour Superintendent for the Buffalo, New York United States Post Office. He would later relocate to Florida in 1989, coming from Buffalo, New York. In his spare time he enjoyed golfing, gardening and spending time with family. Dominic was a lifetime member of the VFW 6251 of Buffalo, New York, a Knight's of Columbus Honorary member, and member of the National Active and Retired Federal Employee's Association #1588.
Dominic is survived by his loving wife of 43 years, Susan Mesi; his daughter, Nicole Mesi; sisters, Frances Russo and Marie Coniglio; and numerous nieces and nephews.
A military honors service will take place on Monday, November 28, 2016 at 1:30 pm at the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida, where Dominic will be laid to rest with His fellow comrades. In lieu of flowers, the family please asks for donations to be made to Gulfside Hospice.
Florida National Cemetery - Directions
6502 SW 102nd Avenue
Bushnell, FL 33513
Schade says:
remembering Dom in the garden..
Mary and Dale Young lit a candle:
R.I.P. my old friend.
Gail and Joe says:
Lots of wonderful memories.....but LOVED his smirk! God took a very special man.
Sandy OToole says:
May you Rest In Peace with all the other angels in heaven.
Elaine Tintera says:
Our deepest condolences to the Mesi family for the loss of your loving husband and father.
Francesca Russo says:
Uncle Dom was a second father to me when I was young. Spending time at grandma Mesi ' s house where he also lived he was always there to give advice ( + play blackjack).
Ed & Kerrie Watkins says:
Sue and Nicole, we were saddened to hear of your loss. May peace and comfort find you during this difficult time.
wilma and dave says:
Dom; weloved you dearly and will miss our yearly visits.I especially enjoyed our morning discussions at the kitchen table.
Fran Novara says:
Sue so sorry for your loss, Dominic will be missed, he was a good man
Sue sorry for your loss, Dominic was a good man and will be missed
Lee and Michael says:
Dearest Susan and Nicole we wish you peace and comfort in your grief. Susan, I will always remember the fun times and smile. RIP Dom.


Here are the events for the 'Burning Country: Syrians in Revolution and War' book tour in the US and Canada. I'll update as more information comes in. Hope to see you there!
There were reports of over 100 protests. People chanted for the fall of the regime, for rebel unity, for the release of prisoners and for freedom.


text:
About the PhD programme
The PhD programme offers a stimulating and rewarding research environment.
As a PhD Research Scholar you will be a member of our faculty. You will be working closely with leading professors in your field, who have a significant impact on government policies, business practice and academic thought. You will be included in a thriving intellectual community, which enjoys a close collaboration with leading business schools worldwide.
The purpose of our three or four year, fully funded programme, is to give the scholar a deepened and broadened theoretical and methodological knowledge, alongside the experience of producing a substantial piece of original scientific work.
The doctoral education includes training, including course participation combined with carrying out independent research.
The conferral of the PhD in economics and business administration signifies expertise in a major field of study.
The majority of our PhD graduates develop an academic career, but an increasing number take on leading positions in management, consultancy or in larger organisations.
phd@nhh.no
PhD regulations
Regulations for the Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) degree
Regulations for the Doctor Philosophiae (dr. philos.) degree (PDF 200kb)
PhD Research Scholar Joel Berge Photo: Silje Katrine Robinson
PhD Programme main page
Funding your PhD
PhD Research Scholar
To become a PhD Research Scholar you need to apply for an announced scholarship. As a PhD Research Scholar you are both a student and an employee, which means that you will receive a standard contract of employment and a personnel form before your employment period commences. "PhD Research Scholar" is the official job title.
The annual salary for the PhD Research Scholar position is in 2023 500 800 NOK gross (equivalent to approximately €48 400 or US dollar 50 400). The salary ensures a fair standard of living in Norway, and is subject to Norwegian taxes and benefits, including health care provision and membership of the Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund.
PhD research scholars cannot have paid employment outside NHH during the contract period, unless approval is given by the PhD programme/your department of affiliation.
You are expected to mainly reside in Bergen during their contract period. However, you may apply to be a visiting PhD Research Scholar at another school. In such case, you need a formal approval from your department. Note that you might be eligible for "additional scholarships", please read below.
The scholarship normally lasts for a period of four years. A four-year scholarship requires the candidates to combine their studies with 25% work as a teaching and/or research assistant. This requirement averages out to less than 9 hours on a weekly basis. A three-year scholarship does not require such a commitment.
This teaching and research experience during the four-year programme, gives our PhD Research Scholars valuable teaching/pedagogical/research experience for a further academic career. As a PhD Research Scholar you will assist faculty members to:
Provide research assistance for faculty members.
Teach selected sessions at master-level courses.
Grade assignments and exams of students in the masters programmes.
Supervise master-level students' theses.
If you submit your thesis before the expiring date of the contract of employment, you will be granted a bonus of 30 000 NOK. You will receive the compensation after you have received your conferment of the PhD degree.
External PhD
You may apply for enrolment to the PhD programme if you can document external funding, from another norwegian academic institution.
Furthermore, you must be found qualified to enter our PhD programme
As an external PhD candidate you will be granted a PhD student/PhD candidate status and sign a PhD-contract with the PhD programme at NHH, but you do not have an employment contract with NHH.
Industrial and public sector PhD Candidate
The Research Council has established the Industrial and Public Sector PhD Scheme to boost research efforts and long-term competence-building for Norwegian trade and industry through the recruitment of doctoral candidates.
Under the Industrial and Public Sector PhD scheme may apply for support for a period for an employee seeking to peruse an ordinary doctoral degree. The Research council support is limited to maximum 50 per cent of total project costs. The rates are adjusted on an annual basis and may therefore change at the beginning of a new year.
Firstly, you must be found qualified to enter our PhD programme, then you and the company must apply to The Research council for funding. The company/organisation and NHH sign a common agreement prior to enrolment in the PhD programme.
Signing the PhD contract
Admission to the PhD programme is formalised in a written PhD contract signed by the PhD candidates, the supervisor(s), NHH and any external parties. Within the three first months of your studies, you and your principal supervisor or mentor need to fill out the PhD contract and submit it to the department.
The contract regulates the parties' right and obligations which includes e.g. the contract period, requirements relating to the training component, progress, milestones, and supervision-related matters.
PhD Contract (PDF 280kb)
Be assigned a principal supervisor
During the first semester, you will be appointed a principal supervisor or a mentor from the department where you are affiliated, which is formalised in the PhD contract regulated by the PhD regulations.
A supervision committee consisting of at least two members will be appointed. At least one member of the committee must be a NHH employee and at least one member should be a person not employed by NHH in a full-time position.
Supervision is one of the doctoral programme's leading educational tools. A long lasting, continuous contact with a qualified scientist is valuable for promoting the development of the PhD project
Completing the training component
The PhD candidate must normally complete and pass the training component by the fourth semester of the programme. PhD candidates are normally required to achieve no less than grade "C" (on an AF scale or equivalent) or "Pass" in any course. Courses can be retaken once.
The course load must be equivalent to a minimum of 45 credits (ECTS), and it must include training in the philosophy of science and/or ethics. The PhD candidate must normally pass the training component within the second year of the programme.
At the start of your study, your supervisor and you will select the most relevant courses for your research profile including mandatory courses for your specialisation, and list them in the PhD contract.
Any changes or additions to the contract during the period covered by the contract are to be documented by using the form "Revision to the original PhD contract". The course work-load adds up to 1.5 semester of full time. If recommended by your supervisor/department, you may enroll at PhD courses at other institutions.
Submitting progress reports
Why do I have to report on my progress?
The feedback you give through the progress reports is used to consider steps towards to better follow you up, as well as to improve the PhD programme in general. Running out of funds before submitting the thesis typically presents a major challenge for the completion of the degree, and once behind, it can be difficult to catch up. We therefore take delays very seriously and want to detect delays early in order to better support our PhD students to get on track. We want to ensure that PhD students have the necessary support and assistance every step along the way.
According to the Regulations for the PhD degree at NHH cf. § 3-2, the PhD student is obliged to submit an annual progress report by the deadline provided by the Section for Doctoral Education each year. If you started this fall, you are not expected to submit a progress report.
In your PhD agreement there is a list of milestones that are obligatory for all PhD students, in addition you might have additional individual milestones that are mandatory for you.
Mandatory milestones for all PhD students stated in the PhD agreement and the PhD regulations:
The PhD candidate must normally complete the training component within two years.
The PhD candidate must pass a mid-term evaluation (proposal defence). The proposal defence should normally be held in the third or the fourth semester.
The PhD candidate must complete a course in pedagogy (the course gives no credits) prior to submission of the thesis.
Vice rector for research may add additional obligatory milestones in case of delayed progress.
Additional milestones are specified in Part B of the PhD agreement. Failure to reach the milestones constitute a breach of the candidate's obligations.
How is my information used and who handles it?
Along with other registered information (grades, sick leaves, etc.), progress reports are the basis for annual dialogue meetings between the Vice Rector for Research (as dean of the PhD programme) and the department you belong to (as your educator and employer) focusing on each individual PhD student's progression, and when necessary, on measures for remedying delays.
Please note that the report will be available to your main supervisor, the Department (employees working with administrative support for PhD or who have leadership responsibility towards PhD education e.g. PhD coordinator) and the Office of Research Administration /Vice Rector for Research. In case of special or sensitive circumstances you do not wish to disclose in the progress report, please contact the Office of Research Administration or the PhD coordinator/Head of Department directly.
Remember that you may contact us at any time, should you have questions, suggestions or concerns!
Details of the progress report process
Step 1. Each year the PhD student, the main supervisor of the student submit individual progress reports to the Department.
Step 2. The PhD Coordinator of the different departments usually have individual meetings with the PhD students to discuss the individual progression and other matters. The department also submit individual reports on progress of each of their PhD students and any issues or measures required to the Vice Rector for Research.
Step 3.The together with the Vice Rector for Research evaluates the information from the student, main supervisor and the department and prepare overviews to be discussed with the departments. At the dialogue meeting, the progression of the first year PhD students will also be discussed even though a progress report was not submitted. At the time of the meeting, results from the courses taken the previous fall will be available, therefore the progression of the first year students will also be discussed in the dialogue meeting that usually take place in February/March.
Step 4. The Vice Rector for Research, the Office of Research Administration and the Office of Human Resources hold dialogue meetings with the six departments. At these meetings, each student's progress is assessed, and, if necessary, individual measures are implemented as needed. There is a strong focus on early detection of delays in progression and to quickly provide assistance to PhD students to get them back on track.
Holding your proposal defence
According to the PhD regulations section 3-3-, all PhD students must pass a midway evaluation (also known as "proposal defence", "paper defence" or "summer paper defence") by the fourth semester. The department is responsible for organizing the midway evaluation.
At the midway evaluation the PhD student presents a research proposal or research paper. This should include descriptions of research topics, research questions, theories and methods for the proposal/paper. The department may decide that a written draft should be submitted in advance.
In regards to the specialisation in finance, please find more information at the department's web site.
Submitting your thesis
For extended information about the process of submission of your thesis and public defence, please consult the Procedures Doctoral Examination (pdf)
When the supervisor indicates that the candidate is ready to submit his/her thesis, the candidate is requested to notify the department and the PhD Office that he/she shortly will be submitting his/her thesis. Once the thesis is submitted, it cannot be withdrawn until a final decision has been made as to whether it is worthy of a public defence for a PhD degree.
The thesis is submitted to in one pdf file to phd@nhh.no, in addition to an application for evaluation and co-authorship declarations.
Please use this application form when you submit your thesis (docx 87 kb)
There is no requirement of using any particular format.
If your PhD thesis is a collection of papers, your thesis should be written in the format given by the journal in which you have submitted/ planning to submit your papers. You select any of the journal formats used for your papers in the introductory part of your thesis.
If your thesis is a monography, you select one format given by a journal or publisher which is related to your field of research.
NHH will appoint an evaluation committee to evaluate your thesis. The evaluation committee normally have aa maximum of three months to write and submit an evaluation report of the thesis. The report states whether they find the thesis worthy of a public defense or not.
If you submit your thesis before the end date of the contract of employment, you will be granted a bonus of 30. 000 NOK. You will receive the compensation after you have received your conferment of the PhD degree.
Receiving the recommendation by the evaluation committee
The evaluation committee gives their recommendation on whether the thesis is worthy of being defended for a doctoral degree within three months. You may submit comments to their report to the vice rector for research within two weeks upon receiving the recommendation.
The vice rector for research based upon the committee's recommendation, decide whether the thesis is worthy of being defended. If the thesis is rejected, the candidate may resubmit the thesis for a new evaluation after six months, and within two years. If the committees recomends minor revisions and this is granted, the candidate is normally given three months to revice the thesis.
If your thesis is accepted for public defense, you will be asked to write an abstract in English (and Norwegian), and send it to the department of communications for use in press releases.
Defending your PhD in public
The public defence is normally organised within six months after submission of your thesis. The public defense consists of two parts; a trial lecture and a defense of your PhD thesis. Normally, they both take place on the same day.
Trial lecture
You will receive the topic of your trial lecture on email two weeks before the public defense. The trial lecture is a 45-minutes presentation on a given topic. The evaluation committee must approve the trial lecture before the public defence can take place.
Public defence
The public defence takes the form of a discussion of the thesis between the members of the evaluation committee and the candidate. There is no formal time limit for this discussion and it will be concluded when the committee is done.
The chair of the public defence starts the public defence with a brief account of the submission and evaluation of the thesis, and the approval of the trial lecture. Thereafter, the candidate give a maximum of twenty-minute uninterrupted presentation of her/his thesis, mainly presenting a brief account of the purpose, methods and results of the scientific study. Following this, the evaluation committee starts their discussion with the PhD candidate.
Conferment and receiving your diploma
As soon as possible and no later than two weeks after the public defence, the evaluation committee will submit a report to the Vice Rector for Research in which it describes its evaluation of the thesis, the trial lecture and the public defence of the thesis.
Based on the Vice Rector for Research's report that the training component, the thesis and the doctoral degree examinations have been approved, the degree of Philosophiae Doctor (PH.D.) will be conferred on the candidate. You will receive a conferment of your degree of Ph.D.
The new PhD graduates of the academic year will receive their diploma at NHHs annual graduation ceremony which is held in June together with students from the Bachelor and Master programme. There will be a reception in connection with the graduation ceremony for the PhD graduates. An invitation to the event will be sent by email to the new PhD graduates in the spring.
The new PhD graduates have the permission to wear the NHH doctoral ring and tie/jacket pin. For further information about the ring and the pin, please contact the Service Centre at NHH.
is in the forefront of knowledge within his/her academic field, and can challenge established knowledge and practice in the field
masters the field´s philosophy of science and methods
can evaluate the expediency and application of different methods and processes in research
can formulate and analyse problems
can plan and carry out research in accordance with international standards
General competence
can identify relevant ethical issues and carry out his/her research with integrity
can present and discuss own research in relevant academic forums
can lecture in his/her own academic field at the university level
PhD on Track
Resource for PhD students who are beginning their research career.


Jewel-toned tropical plants charm and bedazzles the eye on this attractive Hawaiian shirt. Tell your friends that there are animals hidden amidst the jungle foliage and watch them search through the leaves in vain to find the non-existent beasts until they give up. Hey, it's funny after a few cold beers!


text:
Q: php command is not recognized in wamp I'm working on websocket. I came across this article, and simply downloaded their file and try running it in my localhost.
https://www.sanwebe.com/2013/05/chat-using-websocket-php-socket
What I understand is, they want to sue local server's websocket server.
But I have problem in starting up the server. I'm using windows 10 with wamp 2.2. As I checked webscket is enabled in my php.ini's extention.
I followed this example to cmd the right path to start it but to no avail:
https://www.sanwebe.com/2013/05/chat-using-websocket-php-socket/comment-page-1#comment-5593
It says 'php.exe' is not recognized as an internal or external ...
I then searched online again, thus set the path to my php folder in the system's environment variable. The path is: C:\wamp\bin\php. Then I closed the cmd and relaunched. Nothing worked out. The same error shows up.
This is what I did on cmd:
1) cd C:\wamp\bin\php
2) php.exe -q C:\projects\myfolder\server.php
Please help me to connect to wamp server's websocket to run the example I've downloaded.In the console, the error shown is:
WebSocket connection to 'ws://localhost:9000/demo/server.php' failed: Error in connection establishment: net::ERR_CONNECTION_REFUSED

A: I found the answer from this site: http://rodrixar.blogspot.my/2011/07/how-to-run-php-sockets-in-wamp.html
I did the following,
1) open cmd
2) cd C:\wamp\bin\php\php5.6.19
3)php.exe -q C:\projects\mysite\server.php
4) Firewall open up and allow access for CLI
5) now connection made already..

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Tesla: Global EV Adoption Underway, Buy
November 1, 2022 by STOCKS BROWSER 0 Comments
We are buy-rated on Tesla, Inc. (NASDAQ:TSLA). Our bullish sentiment is based on our belief that Tesla is the best-positioned automaker to take advantage of the global Electric Vehicle (EV) adoption. Tesla is the world's largest automaker by market value, with a goal of accelerating the global switch to sustainable energy. While Tesla's CEO Elon Musk often overshadows the company with his famous tweets about Ukraine-Russia peace plans or weed jokes, our analysis of Tesla is strictly on the company's business.
Despite the rough quarter, we expect the company's automotive revenues to grow meaningfully towards 1H23. We expect increased gas prices will be a growth catalyst for Tesla as more people will lean towards the electric option. We believe Tesla is rearranging itself to meet the growing demand for EVs. The company has reported that it will be ramping up production in Berlin and elsewhere. Despite the current macroeconomic environment and supply chain issues, Tesla's revenue grew by 56% Y/Y. We believe Tesla's automotive gross margin, which is the percentage of profit on sales of new vehicles, is a vital metric for valuing the company. Tesla's automotive gross margin grew 27.9% growth this quarter, which is high for the auto industry. While Tesla is down 37% YTD, we believe the EV industry is still growing. We recommend investors take advantage of the pullback and enter the EV industry through Tesla stock.
Don't let Musk overshadow global EV adoption
Musk being the face of Tesla is both a blessing and a curse; it simultaneously brings the company a lot of traction but also often buries its business behind Musk's character. A lot of criticism has been aimed at Tesla's CEO, specifically at his Twitter acquisition. We've been surprised that multiple Seeking Alpha investors value the company by factoring in Musk's tweets and actions. Musk controls Tesla, but we believe his positive or negative tweets should not overshadow the core business at hand: the EV industry. The global electric vehicle market is expected to grow at CARG of 24.3% between 2021-2028.
We believe the current macroeconomic environment offers a double-edged sword for Tesla. On the one hand, it slows demand as consumer spending has weakened and more people focus on paying back their interest debt rather than buying new cars. On the other, gas prices are soaring, and we expect this to incentivize more people to shift to EVs. A gallon of gas now costs$3.99 in October 2022 (with a gallon reaching up to $6 in some states), while it cost $2.17 just a couple of years earlier, in 2020. We believe global EV adoption is underway, and Tesla stands to take the biggest piece of the pie.
The following graph shows EV Market Share.
Tesla reported 343,000 total deliveries and 365,000 vehicles produced during 3Q22, an increase from the 258,580 vehicles produced in 2Q22. Tesla's production is growing at about 42% Y/Y. We believe the company will continue to benefit from the long-term shift to electric vehicles. With facilities in Shanghai, Berlin, and Austin, Tesla has amassed considerable money and engaged in a significant global manufacturing expansion. While the competition for EVs is intensifying, we believe that it will be difficult to overtake Tesla in the near future as Tesla enjoys the "first-mover advantage."
The EV industry is becoming increasingly competitive
Tesla's stood out as America's carmaker for years now, but we believe competition is penetrating the market more seriously. Ford (F) and General Motors (GM) are among the best positioned to compete with the company towards 2025, according to John Murphy, lead auto analyst at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. The Ford Mustang Mach-E is increasingly competing with Tesla's Model Y.
We don't believe Tesla is immune to competition; instead, we believe Ford and General Motors will likely steal some customers. Yet, as the EV adoption takes place, we believe there are more than enough customers to go around over the next decade. Despite the competition, we still believe Tesla has the "first-mover advantage." We expect other car companies will be forced to spend extra on advertising to let people know they've entered the EV market, while Tesla's already made a name for itself in it.
Pumping out best-selling Models
Tesla's 3Q22 witnessed Model S and Model X reach their highest production levels in three years. Tesla delivered 18,672 Model S and Model X vehicles last quarter, the highest production since 4Q 19. Model X became the best-selling EV in the U.S. We're excited about the company's new models, Semi and Cybertruck, that were supposed to come out this year but were delayed until next year.
The following table shows Tesla's production and deliveries of its Models over the quarters.
3Q22 Report
Increased ASP will likely boost revenues
We expect Tesla will increase ASPs on its newer Models, further boosting revenues towards 2023. Tesla achieves around 88% of its revenue from its automotive segment. We believe the company will benefit from increasing ASP and allowing the increased costs and expenses to trickle down to the consumer. The price increase will likely help boost revenues, but it also leaves the company more vulnerable to competition offering better pricing. Tesla's cheapest vehicle costs around $46,000, while the upcoming Chevrolet Equinox hovers in the $30,000 range.
Battery materials constraints and more expensive and complex transportation capacity to deliver vehicles have been significant headwinds for the company. Despite this, Tesla is focused on ramping up vehicle production.
Tesla's operating income improved Y/Y to $3.7 B in 3Q22, achieving a 17.2% operating margin. Tesla noted that its operating income was affected by high ASP, growth in vehicle deliveries, and higher raw material, commodity, logistics, warranty, and expedite costs, among others.
The following graph shows Tesla's revenue by segment.
Despite Tesla being down 37% YTD, it's still outperforming its competitors, Ford Motor Co (F) and General Motors Co (GM). Over the past five years, Tesla grew around 888%, while Ford only grew about 6%, and GM dropped by about 21%. We remain bullish on the stock and believe that Tesla's best days are still ahead.
The following graphs show Tesla's performance among competitors over the past five years and YTD.
TechStockPros
On a P/E basis, Tesla is currently trading at 29.3x C2024 EPS. On an EV/Sales, Tesla is trading at 4.5x C2023 sales versus the peer group average of 5.6x. We recommend investors buy the stock now.
The following chart illustrates TSLA's valuation relative to its peer group.
Word on Wall Street
Of the 42 analysts covering the stock, 26 are buy-rated, ten are hold-rated, and the remaining are sell-rated. We share Wall Street's bullish sentiment on the stock. Tesla is currently trading at around $208. The median price target is $317, and the mean price target is $284, with a potential upside of about 37-52%. The following chart indicates the sell-side ratings and price targets.
What to do with the stock
We believe investing in Tesla is equivalent to investing in the booming EV industry. We are excited about Models 3 and Y's popularity and expect Tesla's upcoming models next year to enjoy similar popularity. Our bullish sentiment is based on our belief that despite near-term macroeconomic headwinds and chip shortages, we expect Tesla is best positioned to benefit from the global adoption of EVs. We recommend buying the pullback.


I spent last week in Guatemala as part of a partnership Churchnet has with the Convention of Baptist Churches in Guatemala. We traveled down there on Monday (my birthday). Plane trouble and a missed flight resulted in a more international day as we were rerouted through Mexico City before finally making it to Guatemala City. During the flight from Mexico City, I got to see the volcano Popocatépetl. Photos from Mexico City can be seen here.
After making it to Guatemala City, we traveled by van to Quetzaltenango, also called Xelajú. The second largest city in Guatemala, it is a nice city with mountain views and lively streets. Photos of Quetzaltenango can be seen here.
I spent two days in Quetzaltenango to lead sessions during a training conference for Baptist pastors and church leaders. I led three sessions: "Communication as Foundational," "Sermon Delivery," and "Using Social Media." My Churchnet colleague and friend Gary Snowden (Missions Mobilization Team Leader) translated for me and led two sessions on "Sharing Good News with Roman Catholic Friends." About 85 individuals participated in the conference, sparking some good interactions and Q&A times. Photos from the training conference can be seen here.
After returning to Guatemala City, we visited the Tabitha Ministry. Churchnet supports this inspiring ministry that works with women and children who live near the city dump. We met children who receive education and food there. That morning we also went to the nearby city cemetery to look out over the city dump. As buzzards flew overhead, thousands of people sorted through the trash looking for things to sell. It was a heartbreaking sight and shows the great need for groups like the Tabitha Ministry. Photos from Guatemala City can bee seen here.
Since this was my first visit to Guatemala, I got to stop by Antigua. A popular tourist destination, it features volcanoes, artisans and merchants, old ruins, and good food. I bought some stuff for family and especially enjoyed seeing the ruins of a Catholic cathedral dating back to the 17th Century. Photos from Antigua can be seen here.
As we traveled back-and-forth between the various cities, I enjoyed the landscape of Guatemala. Mostly mountains - with lots of volcanoes tossed in - it's a beautiful country. Photos from the countryside can be seen here.
I also enjoyed seeing some political signs, including billboards, painted rocks, and protest signs. This year is a presidential election year in Guatemala, so political activity is starting to increase. I saw signs for about 10 different political parties (and didn't see some for others that exist). Photos of various political signs can be seen here.
It was a great trip and I will share more memories later.


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Home / Articles / UFO News / NASA fails to learn from UFO hacker
six computer servers associated with IT assets that control spacecraft and contain critical data had vulnerabilities that would allow a remote attacker to take control of or render them unavailable.
NASA fails to learn from UFO hacker
Posted by: Jason McClellan March 29, 2011	0
Paul Martin (credit: NASA/Paul Alers)
The old saying goes, "Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me." After recent comments made by NASA inspector general Paul Martin, the finger of shame might need to be pointed in NASA's direction.
The Daily Mail quotes Martin as recently stating that NASA is "vulnerable to computer incidents that could have a severe to catastrophic effect on agency assets, operations, and personnel." The specific serious vulnerabilities are identified by Martin: "Six computer servers associated with IT assets that control spacecraft and contain critical data had vulnerabilities that would allow a remote attacker to take control of or render them unavailable."
ISS flight control (credit: NASA)
These IT security issues aren't anything new for NASA, as multiple hackers have successfully penetrated the agency's network in the past. Briton Gary McKinnon successfully hacked into several NASA and U.S. military computers during 2001 and 2002, in search of information relating to UFOs. McKinnon's work has been called the "biggest military computer hack of all time," and he is currently fighting extradition to the U.S.
Despite McKinnon's hacks bringing network vulnerabilities to NASA's attention, not enough was done to prevent hackers from penetrating their network. The Daily Mail points out that NASA computers were hacked twice in 2009:
"In May 2009, hackers caused a mission system to 'make over 3,000 unauthorized connections' to IP addresses in China, Holland, Saudi Arabia and Estonia. In addition, cyber-criminals stole 22GB of restricted data from a Jet Propulsion Laboratory computer system in January 2009."
The network penetrations by McKinnon and other hackers seem to have not been important enough to NASA to merit improved network security. Further, the recent statements made by Paul Martin seem to be an invitation to computer hackers. The statements basically say, "Here's where you can hack us, how you can do it, and what you will have access to."
Martin and his department conduct independent audits on NASA programs to "promote economy, efficiency and effectiveness." He has reportedly told NASA to perform an agency-wide IT security risk assessment and fix the vulnerabilities immediately. While response to previous hacks have apparently been ineffective, the public comments by Martin are likely to motivate the agency to reexamine their network's security.
Alien aliens computer Extraterrestrial Gary McKinnon Hacker nasa space UFO ufos	2011-03-29
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Source: (c) Kevin Tobar / EyeEm / Getty Images
Time to rewrite the textbooks
By Mark Peplow2018-08-23T14:30:00+01:00
How science corrects is an important lesson in the classroom
'Scientists are looking to rewrite the textbook', 'these results are going to require rewriting the textbooks', 'this is textbook-changing stuff'. These paeans to scientific revolution all appeared in press releases over the past few months. With the revisions arriving at such a pace, it's a wonder that textbooks aren't recalled the moment they are printed.
'Rewriting the textbooks' is one of those clichés that is liberally misapplied in science writing. But it might be appropriate for two recent examples. The first is about slime, the mixture of borax and poly(vinyl alcohol) beloved of science festivals and feared by parents with deep-pile carpets. The second example – rather more highbrow – concerns the mechanism of nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. That's unlikely to fire up the science fair enthusiasts, I admit, but it's certainly useful in pharmaceutical synthesis.
'Rewriting the textbooks' is one of those clichés that is liberally misapplied in science writing. But it might be appropriate for two recent examples. The first is about slime, the mixture of borax and poly(vinyl alcohol) beloved of science festivals and feared by parents with deep-pile carpets. The second example – rather more highbrow – concerns the mechanism of nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions (Chemistry World, August 2018, pXX). That's unlikely to fire up the science fair enthusiasts, I admit, but it's certainly useful in pharmaceutical synthesis.
In both cases, the widely accepted explanations of the chemistry involved have turned out to be wrong – perhaps not radically so, but nevertheless demonstrably incorrect. Although there's no urgent need to pulp thousands of books, it does seem entirely reasonable to update our guides at the next opportunity.
But should the revision go further than simply replacing an old fact with a new one? Cases like these provide an opportunity to show how the transition happened – and understanding that process should itself be a core part of science education.
Slime and prejudice
There are many different recipes for slime, but one of the classics includes PVA glue, containing poly(vinyl acetate) poly(vinyl alcohol), and a solution made from borax, found in some washing powders.
In July, Chemical & Engineering News ran a story about the booming popularity of slime demonstrations, accompanied by a graphic showing how the chemistry worked. Some readers then pointed out mistakes in the structure of borax and the bonding that holds slime together. Yet this was no slip of the ChemDraw pen – C&EN was simply reproducing structures that are widely depicted in teaching resources. So, rather than just make a correction, the magazine investigated further.
Borax is often called sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na2B4O7·10H2O), its tetraborate anion drawn so that each boron atom bonds to three oxygens. But the actual formula is apparently Na2[B4O5(OH)4]·8H2O, which gives the boron atoms two different coordination environments – one trigonal, the other tetrahedral.
When borax mixes with poly(vinyl alcohol), it forms cross-links between the polymer strands to produce a slimy material. These cross-links are typically shown as tetrahydroxyborate ions that form hydrogen bonds with the polymer's alcohol groups. Except that's not what happens. Instead, the slime is held together by borate esters, according to 11B NMR analysis.
Aromatic persuasion
On to the second example. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution is usually described as a two-step process in undergraduate textbooks. First, a nucleophile attacks a benzene ring with a leaving group, forming a negatively-charged Meisenheimer complex; then, in the second step, the leaving group departs. Crucially, the complex exists as a discrete entity, with both nucleophile and leaving group fully bound to a carbon atom.
Eric Jacobsen at Harvard University, US, wondered if this stepwise mechanism was generally true. His team studied three different benzene compounds with groups that would stabilise or destabilise the intermediate complex. Using some fancy NMR experiments that tracked kinetic isotope effects, they discovered that only one compound (dinitrofluorobenzene) formed the complex, due to its electron-withdrawing nitro groups and poor leaving group.
Most examples of the reaction do not feature such extremes, though, and a computational study of 120 more cases showed that fewer than 20% would form the complex. The rest involved a concerted mechanism via an ephemeral transition state, with the leaving group departing as the nucleophile arrives.
Sense and credibility
Perhaps obsessing over the difference between a Meisenheimer complex and a Meisenheimer transition state merely looks like hair-splitting. Maybe we shouldn't care how slime works, as long as it helps to enthuse young minds. And how far should we retrace the origins of each fact – do kids really need to learn about phlogiston the moment they encounter oxygen?
Unpacking these nuances may risk obscuring the nuts and bolts of the chemistry being taught. But some story-telling about how science actually evolves, alongside the bald facts, could offer wider benefits.
One of the reasons that 'rewriting the textbooks' has become such a popular trope is that it feels a bit transgressive, like violating some holy canon. This feeling arises because most people still think of science as a collection of immutable facts, rather than a mechanism for discovery. That misunderstanding can sometimes make science seem inherently fickle and even untrustworthy: a view that increasingly crops up in arguments about climate change, vaccines and other contentious topics.
Yet altering one's worldview in the face of new evidence is a strength rather than a weakness. If we can tell stories about science that illustrate why being prepared to rewrite the textbooks is a good thing, it may help to foster a wider understanding of the process of science.
I like the two cases outlined above because they illustrate how science works – through missteps, corrections, clever experiments and communication. Stories like that give students an opportunity to learn more about the journey, and not just the destination, of research. That's something worth rewriting the textbooks for.
Mark Peplow
Critical point
nucleophilic aromatic substitution
Textbook aromatic substitution mechanism overthrown
Established intermediate in nucleophilic aromatic substitution found to be a rare exception rather than the rule
How to make slime for Halloween
A guide for ghoulish gooeyness at home
The hot topics in chemistry after six years of Critical Point
In his final column, Mark Peplow gives his verdict on careers, collaboration and public engagement


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Radler ou panaché est un mélange de bière avec une autre boisson.

Patronyme
Radler (Rädler) ou Raedler sont aussi des patronymes pouvant désigner :
Antonie Rädler (1899-1991), religieuse témoin d'appariation à Wigratzbad en Allemagne
Ariane Rädler (née en 1995), skieuse alpine autrichienne
 (né en 1982), joueur polonais de football
 (né en 1944), homme d'affaires canadien
 (1917-1993), actrice américaine de Broadway
 (1844-1917), peintre de porcelaine autrichien
Karl-Heinz Rädler (1935-2020), astrophysicien allemand

Voir aussi

Homonymie de patronyme

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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