text:
Trillion Dollar Infrastructure Bills Finalizes San Angelo I-14 Designation
By Sonia Ramirez-Muñoz, Nov 15, 2021
SAN ANGELO, TX –– After President Joe Biden signed the $1.2 trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill on Monday, the designation for San Angelo's first interstate highway, I-14, is now final.
According to officials, the newly designated I-14 route runs from Midland-Odessa through San Angelo across Central Texas then to Alexandria, Louisiana, Laurel, Mississippi, Montgomery, Alabama, and Columbus, Georgia before terminating at Augusta, Georgia.
I-14 will be built primarily by incrementally upgrading existing highways in each of the states. The first sections of the I-14 corridor in Texas were approved by Congress in 2015 and a 25-mile section of freeway from Killeen/Fort Hood to I-35 in Central Texas became I-14 in 2017.
The section of I-14 in West Texas will run from Midland east on SH-158 to Sterling City then on U.S. 87 through San Angelo to Brady, then on SH-190 from Brady to Killeen.
"We understand that building I-14 will require billions of dollars and many years to complete but we are on our way," said John Thompson, chairman of the I-14 Gulf Coast Strategic Highway Coalition. "The I-14 system will improve connectivity between regions, provide freight movement efficiency, link important military facilities and strategic seaports, create a high elevation alternative for coastal sections of I-10 that are prone to flooding, and spur economic development opportunities along the 1,300-mile path."
The new bill expands the Texas designation to include San Angelo and Midland-Odessa. It will also include the four north-south future interstate spurs that will connect I-14 to Interstate 10 and serve the Port of Corpus Christi, the Port of Houston, and the ports at Beaumont and Port Arthur.
I-14 will also add a north-south spur connection to the Port of Gulfport, Mississippi. Additionally, the designation includes a future interstate loop at Bryan-College Station designated Interstate 214.
One of the most significant benefits of providing interstate linkage between a dozen military facilities served by the I-14 corridor is that these connections will add to the military value of each of the installations.
Interstate-14 will better link Fort Bliss at El Paso, Goodfellow AFB in San Angelo, Fort Hood at Killeen, Fort Polk in Louisiana, Camp Shelby at Hattiesburg, Kessler AFB at Biloxi, Maxwell AFB at Montgomery, Fort Benning at Columbus, Robins AFB at Macon, Fort Gordon near Augusta and Fort Stewart near Savannah.
Texas lawmakers both at the local and national levels have been instrumental in securing the legislation that made I-14 a reality for the state.
Tom Green County Judge Steve Floyd serves as the Coalition Secretary-Treasurer and Congressman Brian Babin of Woodville has been sponsoring the bill since he began serving in 2015.
Earlier this year, it was included in a House transportation bill and became the basis of an amendment to the bipartisan infrastructure bill offered by Senator Ted Cruz of Texas and Senator Raphael Warnock of Georgia.
The I-14 designation had the support of all 10 senators and every member of the House along the corridor.
In West Texas, the I-14 corridor follows SH 158 and US 87 from Midland to San Angelo and Brady then runs east on US 190 to tie into the existing section of I-14 at Killeen.
The corridor then runs east to Bryan/College Station and Huntsville before generally following US 190 through East Texas, crossing the Sabine River on LA 8 near Fort Polk at Leesville, Louisiana.
Out-of-Control Bastrop Wildfire Threatens Homes in Previously Burned Area
Governor Announces $15.3 Million in Grants for Texas Military Communities
ME Someone, Mon, 11/15/2021 - 16:51
Another job well done by Biden. See democrats will help those in other parties and states that didn't vote for him while republicans will try to harm people they don't like and blue states in anyway they can. Remember this when you vote next.
Also, this is what Abbott calls "Biden's failing agenda" I guess he thinks helping Texas improve it's infrastructure is "failing", very telling that Abbott would call helping his own state "failing" if he thinks it might hurt Democrats. Vote Abbott OUT.
LETSGOBRANDON, Mon, 11/15/2021 - 19:34
There you go worshiping Biden again, when he really only signed his name. You're so easy to call out it's not even funny.
I'm certainly laughing.
Not worshipping, like you people compare trump to jesus. Just pointing out FACTS, contrary to republicans propaganda.
Also, I know he signed his name, it's the last thing necessary to make it law. Notice I said "democrats" when explaining that they will help everybody as opposed to republicans who try to hurt Americans they don't like.
LETSGOBRANDON, Tue, 11/16/2021 - 05:51
You're not laughing, if you are it's at your president, and his horrible sidekick Kamala, who btw is now the worst VP in history, followed by her forgetful leader Sleepy Joe Biden. HAHAHA your party is a huge FAILURE, you can tell when you reach for some link nobody here supported!!!
ConchoMan, Mon, 11/15/2021 - 20:59
As first purposed I-14 was supposed to run Lubbock through San Angelo.
No representation for San Angelo is what happened.
Look at the map carefully. Interstate highway running in the middle of nowhere. South from Odessa on 385 to I-10 is the middle of nowhere.
Big Daddy, Mon, 11/15/2021 - 23:37
Don't mean to rain on the I-14 parade.
I have lived in 3 cities in Texas that have interstates and they were and still are shitholes.
If it really even happens it will not be completed until close to 2040 and since Angelo is only 150 miles from the border, Angelo will become a major interstate for drug/human trafficking.
We think crime in Angelo is bad now it will be 100 fold then.
Careful what ya wish for.
I don't mean to be brash but, I also come from a huge city with several interstates and it wasn't a shithole. That being said San Angelo is already a shithole so why not follow suit with an interstate?
Let'sGoBrandon, Tue, 11/16/2021 - 08:35
We absolutely need more and bigger highways and way more wind turbines in this area


text:
Rev John Whittaker
Newsopinion
Not The Final Word: The story of God's death seems premature
If the odds of life supporting planets is now viewed as impossibly low to actually happen, scientists also now argue that the chance of a universe in the first place is about as close to nil as you can get
I know of many scientists who speak of the complementarity of faith and science. Conversely, I also sometimes hear the assertion that science has disproved the notion of God. It was back in 1966 that the influential American magazine, Time, ran a cover story asking 'Is God Dead?' Part of the rational for the question was that as science explains more about the universe we live is, the less need there is for a "God' to explain the origins and mechanics of our existence.
Life on earth, said the science of the day, is the result of chance and there are high odds to support the likelihood of life happening. That's the easy bit, next come the mind blowing numbers: Given there are about 1 octillion (that's 1 followed by 24 zeros) planets and that the two things needed for a planet to support life are the right type of star and the planet being the right distance from the sun, then 1 septillion (that's 1 followed by 21 zeros) planets could support life. No surprise then, that there is life on earth, as there is probably life on billions upon billions of other planets as well.
Well, that was the scientific mainstream view of the 60s. BUT and this is a big BUT, over the next half century despite massive funding and advanced equipment, no sign of life has been detected from the (allegedly) septillion other planets capable of supporting life.
The problem is that the scientific consensus of 1966 was wrong. Those simple two conditions massively understated the real number of conditions needed for life to exist. A recent article in the Wall Street Journal reports how over the years, those two factors deemed necessary to support life grew to 10, then 20, then 50 and now stand at about 200 known parameters for a planet to support life. Instead of the odds being that 1 septillion planets might reasonably be assumed to support life, that likelihood fell to hundreds of planets and then only one. Now the calculated odds for a planet to exist which is capable of supporting life are so low, that the notion it 'just happened' defies common sense. The odds of life existing are about equivalent to tossing a coin and having it come up heads 10 quintillion times in a row!
If the odds of life supporting planets is now viewed as impossibly low to actually happen, scientists also now argue that the chance of a universe in the first place is about as close to nil as you can get. For instance, new scientific discovery reveals that the value of four fundamental forces – gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear forces were determined less than a millionth of a second after the big bang. If the ratio of strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force had been out by the smallest possible fraction, say 1 in 100,000,000,000,000,000, then no stars what so ever would have ever formed.
The Wall street Journal article reports: 'Fred Hoyle, the astronomer who coined the term "big bang," said that his atheism was "greatly shaken" at these developments. He later wrote that "a common-sense interpretation of the facts suggests that a super-intellect has monkeyed with the physics, as well as with chemistry and biology ... The numbers one calculates from the facts seem to me so overwhelming as to put this conclusion almost beyond question."'
Getting our head round these numbers is mind numbing, but even once we get half way there, we are able to see an incredible insight brought to us by the men and women in white coats – that the greatest miracle defying all odds is that of the universe. Add on a planet capable of supporting life and everything that is and that has ever been points with staggering clarity to something or someone beyond itself. Now that's what I call God!
Rev'd John Whittaker
Vicar, St Mary's Hinckley
Not The Final Word

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text:
Home Opinion Loose Thoughts
Apartment development claws its way back
By JOHN KOMINICKI
Getting an apartment on Long Island is a lot like ordering a lobster.
Well, except one of them doesn't have mushy green stuff inside.
(And if it does, I suggest you don't rent it.)
No, I'm referring to the concept of "market price," which is usually what the menu says next to the lobster entrée. It's restaurant-speak for "We plan to charge you the most we possibly can."
And so it goes with apartments. If you really want one, you will have to pay the going rate. For a one-bedroom apartment built in this century that's close to a downtown and public transportation, that's around $2,200, with many at $2,500 and more.
Those numbers don't break the bank for single professionals or what's called empty-nesters, those who have sold the house and downsized. But they're awfully pricey for a young person with a starting salary from which must come necessities like car insurance and Katy Perry downloads.
Not to mention service on Atlas-sized college debt.
Which is why such an inordinate number of young Long Islanders have fled to cheaper places or are camped in with family members. It's emerged as one of the biggest challenges facing the region, with 80 percent of residents considering it a serious problem, according to a recent Long Island Index poll.
It wasn't always like that here. During the 1950s and '60s, developers built thousands of apartments on Long Island every year, guaranteeing affordable prices for retirees, single professionals and young couples saving up to buy a future home.
Building apartments was especially good business back then, thanks to cheap land and low-cost, government-backed financing. Per-acre density limits in New York City also fed the rental boom here, with apartment construction eventually reaching half the pace of new home construction – that is, one apartment for every two houses built. And they were building houses like crazy.
But then the scaremongers took over. Long Island's suburban character is at risk, they clucked. Another gray city! Ruination for our schools!
And, a bit quieter: More of those people.
The local daily picked up the banner of doom with a series called "The LI Apartment Invasion," in which it suggested that Long Island commuters "can almost see the apartment buildings following them home from New York."
That did the trick. Over the next few years, Long Island towns and villages passed a flurry of master plans limiting new apartments, and by the late 1970s, rental construction had flat-lined. Worse, the Island's apartment stock would suffer a major reversal during the condo craze of the 1980s, when more than 22,000 apartments converted to owner-occupied units.
Today, despite an ongoing boom in new apartment construction, and despite all those moved-away young people, demand far outstrips the number of available units. There are proposals to build another 25,000 units in the coming years, including significant projects in Glen Cove and Brentwood and Ronkonkoma, but it will take decades of steady construction before the market evens out.
Lobster prices, in other words, aren't going down any time soon.
TOPICS:affordable apartmentsnews
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text:
Pseudonyms, Noms de Plume, Pen Names, or Not?
By Charity Bradford, @charitybradford
Part of The Writer's Life Series
JH: One choice writers have to make when they choose to publish is whether or not to use a pen name. There's no right or wrong answer, it's just what suits that writer best. Charity Bradford visits the lecture hall today to share some advice on deciding if you need a pen name or not.
Charity Bradford has been a voracious reader ever since her 5th-grade teacher introduced her to the world of books with Where the Red Fern Grows. She soon became kindred spirits with Anne Shirley and got lost in the worlds of Card, McCaffrey, Bradbury, and Nagata. By college, she was sewing her own Starfleet uniform and developing her alter-ego as a comic book sidekick.
She lives in Northwest Arkansas with her hubby and four kids. Some of her guilty pleasures include binge watching Doctor Who and Ancient Aliens. Charity also loves Hallmark movies which led to her writing clean romance under the name River Ford.
Website | Newsletter Sign-up | Charity on Facebook | River on Facebook |
Twitter | Pinterest | Instagram
Take it away Charity...
Why are there so many ways to say, "use a name not your own?" Possibly because there are many reasons why a writer might choose to publish under more than one name. Whether you call it a pseudonym, nom de plume, or pen name is up to you.
Today we'll look at some famous authors who chose to write under a name not their own or multiple names and why. This may give you an idea of the various motivations for choosing a pseudonym. We'll also take a quick look at how you might go about choosing a pen name.
Famous Authors Who Used a Nom de Plume
Mary Anne Evans is the given name of the well-known author George Eliot. She used a man's name so people would take her writing seriously.
Stephen King wrote under the name Richard Bachman to see if his success was due to the movie Carrie or his writing skills.
It's you, but not you.
J. K. Rowling wrote her adult fiction under the name Robert Galbraith. Rowling liked having a different persona for keeping a distinction between her writing.
C. S. Lewis used at least two pen names. Before he wrote the Narnia Chronicles, he wrote poetry under the name Clive Hamilton. Later in life, he wrote a piece about the death of his wife under the name N. W. Clerk. It's been suggested he used Lewis for the Narnia Chronicles because his poetry flopped and the last pen name was to ensure some privacy during his grieving period.
Isaac Asimov started a YA space series for a planned TV show with the pen name Paul French. I've read that when he stopped being "embarrassed by them" he admitted that Paul French and Isaac Asimov were one and the same.
Agatha Christie is synonymous with murder and mystery. However, she wrote romance using the name Mary Westmacott and kept it secret for nearly twenty years. She said it was her way of allowing herself to play with a new genre.
(Here's more on using pen names as an author)
So, what can we gather from these few examples?
We can use a pen name:
to ensure we're taken seriously if the genre tends to be dominated by one gender or the other (example: a man might choose to use a woman's name to write romance)
to find validation and see if you can find success with a new name not connect to an established fan base
to cross genres and avoid irritating your readers
earlier works bombed and you need a fresh start
to protect privacy
to avoid being connected with a work you think might be controversial or embarrassing
to play around at being someone else
Another reason not mentioned in any of the above examples is to change publishers. If an author is under contract, the publisher may own rights to upcoming works. By writing under a pseudonym they can shop out that next novel for a better deal.
(Here's more on relaunching your career with a pen name)
How Do You Choose A New Name?
Let's say you decide to use a pen name, for whatever reason. How do you go about choosing one?
Here's how I did it.
Choose your "other" self wisely.
First off, when I became serious about writing in 2008, I had no intention of ever using a pen name. I mean, I worked hard on that story! Everyone needed to know it was mine. I was writing a mix of science fiction and fantasy and happily learning about writing and publishing. I put out a couple of books and then fell in love with the idea of trying to write a Hallmark-style romance.
Just like Agatha Christie, I found it freeing to play with a new genre. I could be someone else while writing. Experience different emotions and adventures than with the sci-fi. When I finished the first romance I decided I needed a pen name. Why? My husband thought it was because I was embarrassed to have written a romance. That wasn't it at all. It was so readers could find exactly what they wanted without getting frustrated or disappointed. Reading is subjective just like all other art. Having made the decision to use a separate name for romance, it was time to pick one.
I made a list of names I thought would be a good fit for me, and I googled each one of them.
Based on Google searches, I eliminated any names that were already taken by other authors, famous people, too common of a name, and various other things (ex. since I was writing clean romance I didn't want to have any "non-clean" stuff popping up when my name was searched)
I continually revised my list until I was happy with the name and it was a fairly clean slate search wise.
My romance name is sort of a personal Easter egg as well. I started writing sci-fi because I love to read and watch that genre. River happens to be the first name of two of my favorite characters of all time—River Song from Doctor Who and River Tam from Firefly. Ford is the last half of my real last name. Easy peasy.
If you decide to use a pen name, have fun with it. Make it personal. If you choose to let your readers know the real you, the reason why you chose a particular name can be another way they can connect with you.
There are many reasons why you might choose to use a nom de plume for your writing. The choice is as individual as your writing style. Make it work for you. Make it personal. Come back in April to learn about some of the pros and cons of using a pen name.
What other reasons do you think someone might choose a pen name?
About Chocolate Kisses (Eureka In Love Series)
Kerri Manning returns home with only one semester of college left. She's in pain and trying to figure out what to do with a diagnosis that will change her future. It's hard to dream of happiness, but the new guy in town manages to make her laugh. Can she take a chance he'll stick around?
Eric Hunt is an up and coming sculptor who has grown tired of his fake friends in New York City. He finds himself in the small town of Eureka Springs looking for the passion he used to have for his art. Could Kerri be the inspiration he needs?
Charity Bradford on Amazon | River Ford on Amazon
Labels: Charity Bradford, pen name, pseudonyms, The Writer's Life
MH Staight 12:40 PM EST
I've always wondered, do you submit the work to an agent under the pen name or reveal your true name?
Charity Bradford 1:26 PM EST
That would be up to you, but if things progress to a contract you would be signing that with your legal name. You have to ask yourself what the goal would be for querying with or without the pen name. Are you seeking validation for your writing separate from a well-known platform, or are you trying to avoid the embarrassment of an earlier flop? If neither of these are the case, I don't think it will matter how you query. Just stick to it until you need to discuss pen names with the agent.
Anyone have other thoughts on this?
I think I read somewhere once--not sure if it was from an agent or an author--that you should sign queries you plan to put out under a pen name "Real Name, writing as Pseudonym" (only, filled in with your names. Obviously).
I'm sure that's not the only way to do it, but it seems like a fairly simple and transparent solution. You could also send the book out under your real name and bring up a pseudonym with an agent after they take you on as a client.


A secretary was leaving the Department of Work and Pensions last Friday evening when she encountered Peter Hain, standing in front of a shredder with a piece of paper in his hand.
"Listen," said Mr. Hain, "this is important, and my secretary has already left. Can you make this thing work?"
"Excellent, excellent!" said Mr. Hain as his paper disappeared inside the machine. "I just need one copy."
An old joke, I'm afraid. Mind you, I shouldn't be the least surprised if this kind of mistake happened a lot were Hain's office to be called upon to provide evidence for any police investigation.
It may be a joke, but that hasn't stopped the Civil Service's Media Monitoring Unit quoting it as a piece of breaking news in their 14:00 summary.


text:
REP. BISHOP: It's Time For Congress To Reform The Antiquities Act
Rep. Rob Bishop Contributor
As the new Democratic chairman and top Republican on the House Natural Resources Committee, respectively, Arizona Congressman Raul Grijalva and I recently presided over a hearing examining the status of presidentially declared national monuments under the Antiquities Act, including Utah's Bears Ears and Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monuments.
I followed-up with a letter to Chairman Grijalva with a simple invitation: Let's write a national monuments reform bill together that does exactly what he said he wants during that panel.
While the hearing initially focused on two Utah monuments, it didn't take long for the whole room to realize we were confronting a deeper problem. Republicans, Democrats, and local stakeholders have all expressed frustration with the Antiquities Act. As written, the act incentivizes presidents of both major political parties to sidestep transparent democratic processes by mandating unilateral land use decisions. Consequently, voices from all sides of the political spectrum have been silenced and ignored even as generational decisions about their futures were being made behind closed White House doors.
The Antiquities Act is the law by which presidents have designated monuments ranging from Devil's Tower in Wyoming to Arizona's Casa Grande Ruins and Montezuma Castle. Rightly, some monuments enjoy overwhelming local support prior to designation. Due to a lack of a Congressional review requirement for presidential declarations, designations under the Antiquities Act can be promulgated quickly to protect against imminent threats.
That feature of speedy monument designation can also be a curse. This fact has been amply, painfully demonstrated to communities across my state. In the last few decades, presidents have outright abused the Antiquities Act in Utah. Regardless of how you feel about the areas that were designated, the fact that Presidents Clinton and Obama came in the dead of night — without any input from state or local elected officials! — and locked up millions of acres of land is outrageous. Local representation opposed the massive monuments. The livelihoods of ranchers and access for recreators was scuttled overnight, and the traditions of families with generations of responsible land stewardship were suddenly upended without due process.
The declarations were also deficient as a matter of law. The Antiquities Act sets out three criteria which govern what a legitimate monument looks like. To prevent presidential overreach, monument boundaries must be drawn to protect specific objects like structures and landmarks, can contain only objects of genuine historic or scientific interest located on federal holdings, and have to be confined to the smallest area compatible with the proper care and management of those objects. These designations failed to meet any of those most basic thresholds.
None of that mattered to these presidents. Their agendas were set in motion by well-funded out-of-state environmentalist advertising campaigns. They shut out the locals and pressed ahead despite overwhelming opposition.
In recent decades, national monuments have become politically popular for Democrats. The Antiquities Act has worked as a convenient tool to virtue signal while avoiding accountability. The bigger the monument, the better, when the goal is to satisfy outside special interests.
For this reason, Democrats largely supported the designations in my home state of Utah. Ironically though, they too became outraged when President Trump applied the Antiquities Act to reduce the monuments' boundaries as had been recommended by a recent study by the U.S. Department of the Interior. This was especially clear at the recent hearing. We had a diverse room full of people — Republicans, Democrats, and witnesses all assembled — who were indignant and spun-up with allegations of impropriety. In common these complaints all held that Presidents had failed to sufficiently consult the public.
Regardless of who holds the White House in the future, no one can seriously claim the current situation is just or leads to good lands policy. The vicious cycle of accusations and anger can be prevented if the Antiquities Act is amended to institute the basic transparency and public input requirements which already apply to all of our other major federal lands decisions.
Chairman Grijalva indicated he understood that when he said, "[w]e will continue to proceed to make sure that the transparency and the public's right to know is part and parcel of the discussion going forward. And any reforms and any legislation to try to make this situation whole is something we will be exploring in the near future."
These are encouraging words. I am hopeful the chairman converts them into action. Together, we can craft a bipartisan bill that builds basic transparency and fairness into the Antiquities Act.
Rob Bishop has represented Utah in the United States House since 2003.
The views and opinions expressed in this commentary are those of the author and do not reflect the official position of The Daily Caller.
Tags : antiquities act environment tech opinion raul grijalva rob bishop
Rep. Rob Bishop
CNN Personality Says Melania Trump, Ted Cruz Should Go Back To Their Own Countries


REGINA — Five Saskatchewan judges have reserved their decision on the constitutionality of a federally imposed carbon tax after two days of hearings in Regina.
Saskatchewan has asked the court to rule on whether a federal carbon tax is constitutional. The province contends such a levy is not because it wouldn't be evenly applied across all jurisdictions.


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caufield & shook (photographer) (515)
royal photo co. (photographer) (25)
university of louisville. school of law (19)
keystone view company (publisher) (3)
joseph & joseph (architect) (2)
american tobacco company (publisher) (1)
andrews, frank m. (architect) (1)
baker, cheryl (1)
bartlett, elaine (1)
conrado, m.e. (1)
bubley, esther (photographer) (208)
corsini, harold, 1919-2008 (photographer) (116)
rosskam, edwin, 1903-1985 (photographer) (25)
rosskam, louise, 1910-2003 (photographer) (25)
roberts, martha mcmillan (photographer) (16)
lee, russell, 1903-1986 (photographer) (13)
webb, todd (photographer) (13)
howard, james e., 1875-1956 (photographer) (12)
rotkin, charles e., 1916-2004 (photographer) (11)
sanders, walter (photographer) (11)
jefferson county (ky.) (524)
louisville (ky.) (514)
central business district (louisville, ky.) (180)
middle atlantic (138)
ohio river (108)
broadway (louisville, ky.) (67)
southeast (67)
boat & ship industry (155)
employees (142)
passengers (129)
still image (1042)
safety film negatives (479)
nitrate negatives (382)
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catalogs (7)
The U. of L. News, May 24, 1929.
Newspapers; College student newspapers and periodicals; University of Louisville--Students--Periodicals
The University of Louisville's undergraduate newspaper. The title of this publication has varied over the years, but with the exception of the period 1928-1930, when it was known as the U. of L. News, the title has always been a variation of The...
Louisville & Nashville Employes' Magazine
Railroads; Railroad employees; Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company
November 1945 issue of the Louisville and Nashville Employes' [sic] Magazine, also known as the L&N Magazine, which featured news about the company and its employees, stories about towns along its routes and industries utilizing its lines, and...
September 1961 issue of the Louisville and Nashville Employes' [sic] Magazine, also known as the L&N Magazine, which featured news about the company and its employees, stories about towns along its routes and industries utilizing its lines, and...
January 1962 issue of the Louisville and Nashville Employes' [sic] Magazine, also known as the L&N Magazine, which featured news about the company and its employees, stories about towns along its routes and industries utilizing its lines, and other...
May 1962 issue of the Louisville and Nashville Employes' [sic] Magazine, also known as the L&N Magazine, which featured news about the company and its employees, stories about towns along its routes and industries utilizing its lines, and other...
October 1971 issue of the Louisville and Nashville Employes' [sic] Magazine, also known as the L&N Magazine, which featured news about the company and its employees, stories about towns along its routes and industries utilizing its lines, and other...
Official report of the proceedings and debates in the Convention assembled at Frankfort, on the eighth day of September, 1890, to adopt, amend or change the constitution of the state of Kentucky (Frankfort, A. G. Hodges & Co. 1949). Volume I.
Law and legislation--Kentucky; Constitutions--Kentucky
Kentucky's fourth constitution is the current constitution of the state. The official report of the records and debates of the convention is a valuable resource for lawyers, judges, and historians seeking to discern the intentions of the framers of...
December 1963 issue of the Louisville and Nashville Employes' [sic] Magazine, also known as the L&N Magazine, which featured news about the company and its employees, stories about towns along its routes and industries utilizing its lines, and...
March 1963 issue of the Louisville and Nashville Employes' [sic] Magazine, also known as the L&N Magazine, which featured news about the company and its employees, stories about towns along its routes and industries utilizing its lines, and other...
February 1963 issue of the Louisville and Nashville Employes' [sic] Magazine, also known as the L&N Magazine, which featured news about the company and its employees, stories about towns along its routes and industries utilizing its lines, and...
July 1971 issue of the Louisville and Nashville Employes' [sic] Magazine, also known as the L&N Magazine, which featured news about the company and its employees, stories about towns along its routes and industries utilizing its lines, and other...
August 1939 issue of the Louisville and Nashville Employes' [sic] Magazine, also known as the L&N Magazine, which featured news about the company and its employees, stories about towns along its routes and industries utilizing its lines, and other...
The Louisville Cardinal, September 22, 1998.
The Cardinal, October 6, 1950.
June 1963 issue of the Louisville and Nashville Employes' [sic] Magazine, also known as the L&N Magazine, which featured news about the company and its employees, stories about towns along its routes and industries utilizing its lines, and other...


On Monday, May 9, 2016, the Somerville Board of Aldermen unanimously approved a proposal submitted by the member-led Affordable Housing Organizing Committee of the Somerville Community Corporation to implement stronger inclusionary zoning requirements. The vote followed a year-long campaign by AHOC to increase the inclusionary zoning rate, which will require a larger percentage of the housing units in new developments to be affordable.
Increases the inclusionary zoning rate to 20% citywide for all developments of 18 or more units. Developments of 8-17 units will be required to make 17.5% of the units affordable, and developments of 6-7 units will have the option of building an affordable unit or making a cash payment to the Somerville affordable housing trust fund.
Distributes the affordable units among households ranging from 50%-110% MFI for rental, and 80%-140% MFI for ownership.
Bases the affordable rent on all costs associated with the unit, including utilities, parking, and other amenities.
Why is this so great for Somerville?
Inclusionary zoning helps people like Martine Dreux, who left her longtime Somerville home when the cousin with whom she had lived was priced out of the city. Martine works as a health aide in Arlington, Mass., and does not have a car. So Somerville is ideal community for her.
After her move, Martine attended a series of workshops on affordable housing, and got involved with AHOC, which has been organizing to increase affordable housing opportunities in Somerville for over 10 years. The group was exploring ways to improve affordable housing options through a comprehensive zoning overhaul.
Faced with a wave of gentrification and displacement, AHOC members decided they couldn't wait for the city or developers to take action. They wanted to address the fact that the median income for Somerville renter households is just $58,510 per year, and it would take an income of $95,360 to afford the $2,384 average monthly rent in the city.
In April 2015, AHOC members began to collect signatures in support of a "citizen petition" to amend the zoning code. They collected over 500 signatures from Somerville residents in support of increasing the inclusionary zoning requirement from 12.5% to 20%, among other changes. The proposal was submitted in October 2015, went before the Planning Board in February 2016, and was enacted by the Board of Aldermen in May 2016.
In the meantime, Martine couldn't find an affordable place in Somerville, and she and her family moved to Watertown, but they weren't happy there. Last year, when her lease was about to expire, she got a call from the property manager at Maxwell's Green telling her she was eligible for an inclusionary 2-bedroom unit.
Now, thanks to AHOC's persistence despite numerous obstacles, more people will have the same opportunity as Martine. AHOC members' understand that inclusionary zoning is a critical tool for creating affordable housing for moderate and middle income families.


We have a large word document (123 pages) with approximately 15 data points per page that we need translated into an excel spreadsheet.
I need someone to help me set the following rewrite rule When this url is written: https://example/calc/123 should redirect to: https://example/calc/[fazer login para ver a URL] That's all.
I would like to extract json output into exc...output into excel from an api endpoint . A parameter in the get is changed with values in a provided excel file. Here is an example [fazer login para ver a URL] q1 will be changed according to the provided list, all results are to be in one row of excel, for each parameter variable.
I have 4 Windows Server SQL 2008 R2 application servers in my domain, a virus "[fazer login para ver a URL]" keeps returning, changing the server name, changing password for "sa" and making the server crash with a blue screen, I have tried any scanning tool or method but it keeps happening, help!!
I would like to do the optimal DG placement (solar and wind) in unbalanced distribution network (IEEE 37 bus and IEEE 123 bus).
I am looking for Payment gateway expert. PayPal and 123 payment integration. framework: Codeigniter.
Tenemos una app gratuita para el beneficio de la ciudadanía, la app permite enviar tu posición gps, vídeos, audios e imágenes directamente a la línea 123 de la policía local.
Help us create barcodes with commands within them. For example: abc<TAB>123<TAB>def where <Tab> means that it will jump to the next cell to write the next set of characters. We use this vba : [fazer login para ver a URL] and we do not want to migrate to another solution.
I need to creat rollup banner with the following measurements: 0.85m wide 2.1m tall. It should be ready for print, better illus...some example attached - I need a clean but a catchy style, it is for exhibition. In order to increase your chance to win this project please send sample design. And send your previous works. Write 123 on the top of offer.


text:
Seniors Want Independence and to Live in Familiar Surroundings
"Climbing stairs is a challenge for George Allen." Source of caption and photo: online version of the NYT article quoted and cited below.
(p. A1) WASHINGTON — On a bluff overlooking the Potomac River, George and Anne Allen, both 82, struggle to remain in their beloved three-story house and neighborhood, despite the frailty, danger and isolation of old age.
Mr. Allen has been hobbled since he fractured his spine in a fall down the stairs, and he expects to lose his driver's license when it comes up for renewal. Mrs. Allen recently broke four ribs getting out of bed. Neither can climb a ladder to change a light bulb or crouch under the kitchen sink to fix a leak. Stores and public transportation are an uncomfortable hike.
So the Allens have banded together with their neighbors, who are equally determined to avoid being forced from their homes by dependence. Along with more than 100 communities nationwide — a dozen of them planned here in Washington and its suburbs — their group is part of a movement to make neighborhoods comfortable places to grow old, both for elderly men and women in need of help and for baby boomers anticipating the future.
"We are totally dependent on ourselves," Mr. Allen said. "But I want to live in a mixed community, not just with the elderly. And as long as we can do it here, that's what we want."
Their group has registered as a nonprofit corporation, is setting membership dues, and is lining up providers of transportation, home repair, companionship, security and other services to meet their needs at home for as long as possible.
Urban planners and senior housing experts say this movement, organized by residents rather than government agencies or social service providers, could make "aging in place" safe and affordable for a majority of elderly people. Almost 9 in 10 Americans over the age of 60, according to AARP polls, share the Allens' wish to live out their lives in familiar surroundings.
(p. A18) The first village in the Washington area is expected to be on Capitol Hill. When it opens for business on Oct. 1, annual memberships will be $750 for a couple and $500 for an individual.
Among those eager to join are Marie Spiro, 74, and Georgine Reed, 78, who share a rambling house that they insist they will only leave "feet first." Between them, Ms. Spiro, an emeritus professor of art history and archaeology, and Ms. Reed, a retired designer of museum exhibits, have already endured three knee replacements and an array of other ailments.
Ms. Spiro describes huffing and puffing while grocery shopping; Ms. Reed is increasingly reluctant to visit friends across town. Both women, who are childless, would already welcome help with meals, transportation and paperwork. If they need home care, Capitol Hill Village will be able to organize that.
"I've never had to rely on other people, and I never wanted to," Ms. Spiro said. "But I'd rather pay a fee than have to ask favors."
JANE GROSS "A Grass-Roots Effort to Grow Old at Home The New York Times (Tues., August 14, 2007): A1 & A18.
(Note: ellipses added; caption for the George Allen photo is the online caption, not the different one in the print version of the article.)
"Georgine Reed, 78, right, and Marie Spiro, 74, share a Capitol Hill home and are joining a group that will help them stay there. "I'd rather pay a fee," Ms. Spiro said, "than have to ask favors."" Source of caption and photo: online version of the NYT article quoted and cited above.
Author Art DiamondPosted on April 29, 2008 Categories Health
Previous Previous post: Wal-Mart Designs Health Care Around the Needs of Consumers
Next Next post: Global Warming Hits the Arctic (But Skips the Antarctic?)


How did we get here? I'm in St Matthew's Church Grosmont. There are 15 well kept racked real ales in the corner. The room is packed. There is a small ukulele orchestra playing The Lion Sleeps Tonight on the chancel steps!
How did we get here? It's a Friday night. It's my day off. I'm away in a strange land (ok, the Yorkshire Moors) and somehow I'm in a Church of England ancient village church. We got here because they were telling us about this in the pub last night. In a different town. By "they" I mean "people who have no link to the church". "They" got me into church tonight. The "non churched". And they weren't the only ones. There have been three different groups of people telling us about how good this is going to be! None of whom are part of the church.
People who don't go to church are telling the world that The Church(TM) are a positive thing? This doesn't compute.
And everyone is so enthusiastic about the gift that the church have given them. "This is Grosmont, there's nothing to do here" is what we were told "but this is going to be excellent".


text:
Q: Trouble defining a composite game for Sprague-Grundy theorem I'm writing a blog post to explain how to use Sprague-Grundy theorem to solve various game problems, and I'm having trouble understanding myself, how we define a composite game.
Here's what I've got so far:

Sprague grundy theorem, can be ecapsulated by the following points

*

*Any position in an  impartial game can be reduced to a grundy number
  (or nimber), where a  grundry number of 0 is a losing position (that
  is if the opponent plays perfectly, you will always lose).

*Any position can evaluated as the minimum exclusive (or mex) of that
  position's child nodes. Eg a position that has child nodes with grundy
  values of 0, 1, 3 will have a grundy value of 2. A position that has
  child nodes with grundy values of 1, 2, 3 will have a grundy value of
  0.

Now, the next point I'm wanting to get at, is that a position can be split into composite positions, and the grundy number for that position be evaluated as the XOR of those  composite positions.
For example:
For a game of nim with two piles:
2 xor 1 = 3, therefore is a winning position.
1 xor 1 = 0, therefore is a losing position.
We can reach this conclusion using the mex method:
ie. the subpositions of 2,1 are:
1, 1 (0)
2, 0 (2)
0, 1 (1)
mex is 3.
However, the point of the xor method, is to make come to this conclusion without having to evaluate subpositions.
How do we define a composite position for this kind of game?

A: The "composite position" you're talking about is the "(disjunctive) sum" of games. An intuitive definition is that the sum of positions is a position in which each player can choose to make a move on any component ("summand") they choose.
A precise definition for impartial games (where the moves available don't depend on the player, just whose turn it is) like nim would be that if G and H are positions, then the set of positions you can move to from G+H is the union of the sets A and B where A is the set of all g+H (where g is a position you can get to from G) and B is the set of all G+h.
If you're interested in this material and related results, I suggest you read up on Combinatorial Game Theory (CGT), possibly on Mathematics Stack Exchange.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
/**
 * @class Ext.layout.FitLayout
 * @extends Ext.layout.ContainerLayout
 *
This is a base class for layouts that contain a single item that automatically expands to fill the layout's
 * container.  This class is intended to be extended or created via the layout:'fit' {@link Ext.Container#layout}
 * config, and should generally not need to be created directly via the new keyword.

 *
FitLayout does not have any direct config options (other than inherited ones).  To fit a panel to a container
 * using FitLayout, simply set layout:'fit' on the container and add a single panel to it.  If the container has
 * multiple panels, only the first one will be displayed.  Example usage:

 *

var p = new Ext.Panel({
    title: 'Fit Layout',
    layout:'fit',
    items: {
        title: 'Inner Panel',
        html: '<p>This is the inner panel content</p>',
        border: false
    }
});

 */
Ext.layout.FitLayout = Ext.extend(Ext.layout.ContainerLayout, {
    // private
    monitorResize:true,

    // private
    onLayout : function(ct, target){
        Ext.layout.FitLayout.superclass.onLayout.call(this, ct, target);
        if(!this.container.collapsed){
            this.setItemSize(this.activeItem || ct.items.itemAt(0), target.getStyleSize());
        }
    },

    // private
    setItemSize : function(item, size){
        if(item && size.height > 0){ // display none?
            item.setSize(size);
        }
    }
});
Ext.Container.LAYOUTS['fit'] = Ext.layout.FitLayout;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I have been hearing about this book for over two months, and was really looking forward to reading it. It started out a little slow for me, then picked up quite a bit. Reading this felt slightly like riding a train that you suddenly realize is out of control. When the story really started to move at a great speed, I felt like something awful was going on, but I couldn't look away. I can't really say to much, since there is a surprise ending, but when I finished I felt unsatisfied.
The two main characters are Rose and Odalie, and from the beginning of the story, I had trouble liking either of these women. I had trouble believing these women would be friends and roommate. While I thought this book was written very well and the story was compelling, I can't say I enjoyed reading it. Since mine is an opinion that seems to be in the minority, I wouldn't say do not read this book. Many other reviewers have liked, even loved it.
3 out of 5- well written, just didn't care for the story.
I still need to read this one. I think I'll like it because I've read some humbling reviews about it so I don't have *high expectations for it. I'll let you know!
I liked this book, but the ending drove me crazy.
Stop by if you like to see what I thought.
Won't go on to the TBR then. For me, a good book is one that is well written and has characters that I'm able to connect too.
The cover caught my eye, but based on your review, I'm not sure that I'd want to pursue this one. Sounds like an interesting concept, but since you're not raving about it, perhaps I'll pass. Great review — it definitely helps!


text:
Archive | New Music
Lil Twist – Another Message To G.O.O.D. Music
June 12, 2018 by Danny M
After dropping "Message 2 G.O.O.D. Music" last week, Lil Twist has released another diss song to Pusha T and G.O.O.D. Music.
This new track, which you can listen to below, is titled "Another Message To G.O.O.D. Music".
A few days ago, Twizzy also took to Twitter to tweet: "OG / Uncle J Prince May has called drizzy and told em to chill …. but i ain't get no call yet!"
Rupp – Depression (Feat Lil Twist)
Dillon Rupp has collaborated with Lil Twist for his new song titled "Depression".
"They left holes everywhere, shit looked like a Yeezy gown; In my hood I'm Will Smith, I'm walking 'round with Seven Pounds; Hit the block, seein' junkies fuckin' passin' needles 'round, that's depression; So Weezy came and got me, what a blessing"
If you didn't already know, Rupp is a DJ, rapper, and producer from Evansville, Indiana.
You can listen to "Depression" after the jump below. Enjoy!
Jay Jones – 4 My Dawgs
Out of nowhere, Jay Jones has released a new song called "4 My Dawgs".
There is currently no word as of right now if this track will appear on Jay's upcoming Kill Mode 2 mixtape, due to drop soon.
You can listen to "4 My Dawgs" after the jump below!
Lil Twist – Message 2 G.O.O.D. Music
June 6, 2018 by Danny M
Lil Twist has involved himself in the Drake vs. Pusha T beef by dropping a new song dissing Pusha.
In defense of his record label, Young Money, the YM Youngin' has released a diss track called "Message 2 G.O.O.D. Music".
You can view the artwork above and listen to the record after the jump below! Thoughts?
Drake – I'm Upset
May 27, 2018 by Danny M
Drake has released a new single off his upcoming album, Scorpion, that will be released in June.
The track, which you can stream after the jump below, is called "I'm Upset".
Click here to purchase it off iTunes!
Drake – Duppy Freestyle [Pusha T & Kanye West Diss]
Out of nowhere, Drake just dropped a fire new song titled "Duppy Freestyle" where he disses Pusha T and Kanye West.
This track is a response to Pusha's "Infrared" song off his new album, Daytona, that included a shot to Drizzy: "It was written like Nas but it came from Quentin."
You can listen to this dope diss record from the 6 God after the jump below! Thoughts?
YG – Big Bank (Feat Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz & Big Sean)
YG collaborates with Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz and Big Sean on his brand new single called "Big Bank".
The DJ Mustard-produced song will appear on YG's upcoming Stay Dangerous album, which currently has no release date.
You can listen to "Big Bank" after the jump below and purchase the track off iTunes here!
← Older posts	Newer posts →


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text:
\section{Introduction}

\label{sec1}

The main object of study in the present paper is the Hurwitz space $\mathbb{R}
H$ of real meromorphic functions. Its structure is substantially more
complicated than that of the classical Hurwitz space $H$ of complex
meromorphic functions. The latter space consists of pairs $(P,f)$ where $P$ is
a complex algebraic curve, i.e., a compact orientable Riemann surface and $f:
P \to \ov {\mathbb{C}}$ is a meromorphic function, i.e., a holomorphic map to the
Riemann sphere.

In applications one often encounters generic meromorphic functions, i.e.,
functions forming a dense subset $H^{0}\subset H$ which is stable with respect
to arbitrary small perturbations of functions. For complex meromorphic
functions, $H^{0}$ consists of functions with all simple {critical values}. In
other words, $H^{0}$ contains all functions $f$ whose branchings are of second
order and such that the images of all branchings under $f$ are pairwise
distinct, i.e., the critical values of $f$ are simple.

According to the basic classical results of Hurwitz \cite{Hu}, connected
components of $H$ consist of all functions of a given degree $d$ on curves of
a given genus $g$. (Such connected component is denoted by $H_{g,d}$.)
Analogously connected components of $H^{0}$ consists of generic complex
functions of a given degree $d$ on curves of a given genus $g$. (Such
connected component is denoted by $H_{g,d}^{0}$.) Obviously, $H_{g,d}%
^{0}\subset H_{g,d}$ and one can show that the difference $H_{g,d}\setminus
H_{g,d}^{0}$ has real codimension two in $H_{g,d}$ which explains why
connected components of $H$ are in $1-1$-correspondence with that of $H^{0}$.

Critical values of functions from $H^{0}_{g,d}$ provide a natural topology and
complex structure on $H_{g,d}^{0}$ (and on $H_{g,d}$ as well). The number of
functions belonging to $H_{g,d}^{0}$ with a given set of $2d+2g-2$ distinct
critical values was defined and in many cases calculated by Hurwitz in
\cite{Hu}. (Observe that $2d+2g-2$ is also the dimension of $H^{0}_{g,d}$ over
$\mathbb{C}$.) The latter number of functions is classically referred to as
the corresponding \emph{Hurwitz number}. Hurwitz numbers play important role
in modern algebraic geometry and mathematical physics.

\medskip The space $H$ is endowed with a natural involution $\tau_{H}: H\to H$
anti-holomorphic with respect to the complex structure on $H$. This involution
associates to a pair $(P,f)$ the pair $(\ov P, \ov f)$, where the Riemann
surface $\ov P$ is obtained from $P$ by substituting all local charts on $P$
by their complex-conjugates and by using $\ov f(z)=\ov {f(z)}$. The set of
fixed points of $\tau_{H}$ coincides with the space $\mathbb{R} H$ of all real
meromorphic functions.

Let us now discuss the structure of $\mathbb{R} H$. By definition, for
$(P,f)\in\mathbb{R} H$, one has that $\tau_{H}(P,f)=(P,f)$. Therefore,
$\tau_{H}$ generates an anti-holomorphic involution $\tau: P\to P$ such that
$f (\tau(p))=\ov {f(p)}$. The category of such pairs $(P,\tau)$ is isomorphic
to the category of real algebraic curves, see \cite{AG}. Under this
isomorphism, real algebraic functions correspond to morphisms of real
algebraic curves to $(\ov {\mathbb{C}}, conj),$ where $conj(z)=\bar z$.

The set of connected components of $\mathbb{R} H$ is substantially more
complicated than that of $H$, {see \cite{CR,CIR,N1,N2,N3,N4}}. (We will
discuss these components in details in \S ~\ref{sec5}.) As in the complex
case, the most important real meromorphic functions for applications are
generic ones; these functions are the main object of study here.

As in the complex case, they form an open, dense and stable with respect to
arbitrary small deformations subset $\mathbb{R} H^{0}\subset\mathbb{R} H$. But
in the real situation the definition of $\mathbb{R} H^{0}$ becomes more
involved. In particular, $\mathbb{R} H^{0}$ does not coincide with $\mathbb{R}
H\cap H^{0}$ since the closure of the latter intersection is strictly smaller
than $\mathbb{R} H$. To improve the situation, one has to define $\mathbb{R}
H^{0}$ as the the set of all real meromorphic functions whose branchings are
of the second order and for the images of these branchings, i.e., for the
critical values, one should require that

\noindent(i) critical values are distinct when they are non-real;

\noindent(ii) critical values are the images of at most two branchings when
they are real.

\smallskip In the latter case, when there are two branchings mapped to the
same real critical value, they must necessarily be interchanged by the
involution $\tau$ on $P$. Therefore, the set $\mathbb{R} H^{0}$ defined in the
above way is stable under arbitrary small deformations inside the class of
real meromorphic functions. On the other hand, $\mathbb{R} H^{0}$ is dense in
$\mathbb{R} H$. Indeed, for any given real meromorphic function, using small
perturbations symmetric with respect to $\tau$, one can achieve that all
branchings of its small perturbation will be of order two and, therefore,
belong to $\mathbb{R} H^{0}$.

Contrary to the complex case, there are many more connected components of the
space $\mathbb{R} H^{0}$ than in the space $\mathbb{R} H$ which, in the first
place, is related to the fact that $\mathbb{R} H \setminus\mathbb{R} H^{0}$
has real codimension one. To describe the topological invariants
distinguishing connected components of $\mathbb{R} H^{0}$, we have to
introduce a rather complicated combinatorial gadget which we call a \emph{park
of a real meromorphic function}. This notion is similar to the notion of a
garden introduced in our earlier paper \cite{NSW} and which describes
connected components in the space $\mathbb{R} H\cap H_{0,d}^{0}$ of real
generic rational functions. (The notion of a park is substantially more complicated.) In \cite{NS} there is a classification of a particular class of generic real meromorphic functions and now we shall present the complete classification of these functions.

\medskip The structure of this paper is as follows. In \S ~\ref{sec2} we
define a park which, as we will see later, uniquely determines the
corresponding connected component in the space of generic real meromorphic
functions. In \S ~\ref{sec3} we explain how to associate a park to an
arbitrary generic real meromorphic function. In \S ~\ref{sec4} we show that
given an arbitrary abstract park $\mathcal{P}$, we can always find a generic
real meromorphic function whose associated park coincides with $\mathcal{P}$.
Let $H(\mathcal{P})$ the space of functions corresponding to a given park $\mathcal{P}$. We show that $H(\mathcal{P})$ is connected. In \S ~\ref{sec5} we recall some basic information
about the classification of real meromorphic functions, see \cite{N1,N2,N3}
and explain how to find the connected components of the space $\mathbb{R} H$
coinciding with the sets $H(\mathcal{P})$. In \S ~\ref{sec6} we define and calculate
the corresponding Hurwitz number for $H(\mathcal{P})$. Finally, in
\S ~\ref{sec7} we explain how parks are related to the monodromy of coverings
of orbifolds.

\medskip\noindent\textbf{Acknowledgements.} During their work on this project,
the first author was supported by the project MTM2014-55812-P while the second
author was supported by the RFBR grant 16-01-00409. The third author wants to
acknowledge the hospitality and the financial support of the Higher School of
Economics during his visit to Moscow in Spring 2014.

\section{Gardens and parks}

\label{sec2}

\subsection{Orientable gardens}

A \emph{semi-garden} $S\mathcal{G}$ is a compact {connected} oriented Riemann
surface $P$ with {or without} boundary together with a collection of
\textit{chords}, i.e., non-selfinteresecting curves connecting points on the
boundary of $P$ and \textit{simple contours}, i.e., closed
non-selfintersecting curves embedded in $P$. (Connected components of the
boundary of $P$, the chords and the contours of $S\mathcal{G}$ may intersect
transversely, but can not be tangent to each other.) The set of chords and
simple contours splits $P$ into simply-connected domains called \emph{faces}.
Intersection points of chords and contours together with the endpoints of
chords are called \textit{vertices}. Vertices split the boundary of each face
into curve segments or closed curves called \emph{edges}. One additionally
requires that the end points of chords are pairwise distinct and that any
vertex which is an intersection point of chords and/or contours lies in the
closure of exactly four edges.

\medskip A semi-garden $S\mathcal{G}$ is additionally equipped with

\noindent(i) black and white colouring of the faces such that every two
neighbouring faces have different colours;

\noindent(ii) positive integers (\textquotedblleft lengths") assigned to its edges;

\noindent(iii) cyclic order on {the set of all vertices}.

\medskip Change of orientation of $P$ together with the interchange of the
black and white colours creates a new semi-garden which we call the
\emph{conjugate} of $S\mathcal{G}$.

By an \emph{orientable garden} we call a pair of conjugate semi-gardens {with
boundary}, where points of the boundary of these semi-gardens are identified
in the obvious way. Thus an orientable garden is a compact Riemann surface
$\widetilde{P}$ without boundary with an additional structure provided by a
semi-garden. Substitution of the initial semi-garden by its conjugate
semi-garden will result in the orientation-reversing involution $\nu$ of
$\widetilde{P}$ such that the quotient $\widetilde{P}/\nu$ is an orientable
surface. (A concrete separated garden is presented in Example 1 below.)

A \textit{simplest orientable garden} is the Riemann sphere with the standard
complex conjugation $\sigma$ and a given integer ``length" of the real cycle.
Now consider a pair of simplest orientable gardens $\{(\mathcal{G}_{i}%
,\sigma_{i})\vert\; i=0,1\}$ with equal lengths of their real cycles. Take the
identical isomorphisms $\phi_{i}: (\mathcal{G}_{i},\sigma_{i}) \to
(\mathcal{G}_{1-i}, \sigma_{1-i})$ and the involution $\sigma:=\phi_{i}%
\sigma_{i}$ of $\mathcal{G}_{0} \cup\mathcal{G}_{1}$.
Call the obtained structure $(\mathcal{G}_{0}\cup\mathcal{G}_{1},\sigma)$ an
\emph{oriented separated garden}.

\subsection{Non-orientable gardens}

{A \textit{symmetric semi-garden} $SS\mathcal{G}$ is a pair consisting of a
semi-garden $S\mathcal{G}$ on a Riemann surface $P$ {without cyclic
enumeration of its vertices} and an orientation-reversing involution $\tau: P
\to P$ {without fixed points} which changes the colour of the faces of
$S\mathcal{G}$ and preserves the ``lengths" of the edges. {For a symmetric
semi-garden $SS\mathcal{G}$ the cyclic enumeration of the vertices of a
semi-garden is substituted by the cyclic numeration of pairs of vertices which
are interchanged by the involution $\tau$.} }

By a \emph{non-orientable garden} we call {a symmetric semi-garden
$SS\mathcal{G},$ where all pairs of points on the boundary of $P$ which are
interchanged by $\tau$ are identified.}

Thus a non-orientable garden is a compact connected orientable surface without
boundary and with additional structure induced by a symmetric semi-garden.
Involution of a non-orientable semi-garden produces an orientation-reversing
involution of the corresponding surface whose factor by this involution is non-orientable.

A \textit{simplest non-orientable garden} is the Riemann sphere with the
antipodal involution $\tau: z\to-\bar z^{-1}$, a given integer ``length" of
the real cycle, and a given colouring of the hemispheres into which the real
cycle splits the Riemann sphere. Consider a pair of simplest non-orientable
gardens $\{(\mathcal{G}_{i},\sigma_{i})\vert\; i=0,1\}$ with equal lengths of
their real cycles. Take the identical isomorphisms $\phi_{i}: (\mathcal{G}%
_{i},\sigma_{i}) \to(\mathcal{G}_{1-i}, \sigma_{1-i})$ and the involution
$\sigma:=\phi_{i}\sigma_{i}$ of $\mathcal{G}_{0}\cup\mathcal{G}_{1}$.
The obtained structure $(\mathcal{G}_{0}\cup\mathcal{G}_{1},\sigma)$ is called
the \textit{non-oriented separated garden}.

\subsection{Parks}

A \emph{park} is a structure consisting of

\noindent(i) gardens and separated gardens;

\noindent(ii) entrances and exits;

\noindent(iii) alleys,

\noindent which satisfy additional conditions given below.

Here by an \emph{entrance} (resp. \emph{exit}) we call a point coloured white
(resp. black) and endowed with a non-negative integer called \emph{weight}. By
an \emph{alley} we call a path connecting an entrance or an exit with a face
of a garden or a separated garden.

\medskip Finally, a \emph{park} satisfies the following additional conditions:

\noindent(i) alleys connect entrances to white faces and exits with black faces;

\noindent(ii) each face has exactly one alley;

\noindent(iii) at least one alley is connected to each entrance or exit;

\noindent(iv) there exists an involution sending entrances to exits, alleys to
themselves and acting on gardens and separated gardens as their associated involutions.

Two parks are called \emph{isomorphic} if the exists a homeomorphism of the
underlying spaces preserving all the relevant structures.

\section{Park corresponding to a real meromorphic function}

\label{sec3}

Recall that a \emph{real algebraic curve} is a pair $(P,\tau)$ consisting of a
compact Riemann surface $P$ and an anti-holomorphic involution $\tau: P\to P$.
A real meromorphic function on $(P,\tau)$ is a holomorphic function $f:
P\to\ov{\mathbb{C}}$ such that for any $p\in P$, $f(\tau(p))=\ov{f(p)}$. A real
meromorphic function $f$ is called \emph{generic} if (i) all critical points
$p\in P$ have degree 2, and (ii) {if critical points $p_{1}\neq p_{2}\in P $
have the same image $z=f(p_{1})=f(p_{2})$, then $z\in\overline{\mathbb{R}}$
and $\tau(p_{1})=p_{2}$.}

\medskip Let us now associate a park to any generic real meromorphic function.

\subsection{Associated gardens}

The real cycle $\ov{\mathbb{R}}\subset\ov{\mathbb{C}}$ splits the Riemann sphere
into the hemispheres $\mathbb{C}_{+}$ and $\mathbb{C}_{-}$ with positive and
negative imaginary part respectively. We will call them resp. the \emph{white}
and the \emph{black} hemispheres.

Consider a symmetric neighbourhood of a real cycle $U\supset\ov {\mathbb{R}}$
(i.e., $\ov {U}=U$) which contains only real critical values. Its boundary
$\partial U$ consists of the contours $\mathcal{C}_{+}\subset\mathbb{C}_{+}$
and $\mathcal{C}_{-}\subset\mathbb{C}_{-}$.

Take the preimage $f^{-1}(U)$. Contracting each connected component of {the
boundary of the preimage} to a point, we obtain a finite family $\Phi$ of
{compact} connected Riemann surfaces. The preimage $f^{-1}(\ov {\mathbb{R}})$
splits each of them into simply-connected domains. {The closures of these
domains are called \textit{faces}.} Each face contains exactly one point
obtained as the result of the contraction of a {component in $f^{-1}(\partial{
U})$}. Let us colour the face white if this point is obtained by contracting of
the inverse image of $f^{-1}(\mathcal{C}_{+})$ and black if it is obtained by
contracting $f^{-1}(\mathcal{C}_{-}).$

{Contracting} each of the contours $\mathcal{C}_{\pm}$ to a point, we get a
sphere $\ov U$ with two labelled points $z_{\pm}$. The real cycle splits it
into the white and the black hemispheres. Function $f$ induces the branched
covering $\bar f$ of $\ov U$ by the family $\Phi$ which maps white faces to
the white hemisphere and black faces to the black one. Points $z_{\pm}$ will
be the only {\ non-real critical values}.

{A critical point with a real value will be called a \textit{vertex}. The
cyclic order of critical values generates a cyclic enumeration of the vertices
(or pair of vertices in the case of non-orientable gardens). Observe that
vertices lie on the union of the boundaries of faces and they divide the
boundary of each face into curve segments called \textit{edges}.} The
restriction of $f$ to any edge $r$ has no critical points and it maps $r$ in
$\ov{\mathbb{R}}.$ The degree of this restricted map, i.e., the minimal
cardinality of the preimage of a point of $\ov{\mathbb{R}}$ by $f$ is called the
{\textquotedblleft\textit{length}"} of the edge $r$.

Involution $\tau$ sends the family $\Phi$ to itself interchanging the colours
of all faces and preserving the rest of the structure.

\begin{lemma}
\label{lm1} If a surface $P\in\Phi$ is invariant under $\tau$ (except for the
colour change), then it forms a garden. The rest of components split into
pairs of separated gardens.
\end{lemma}

\subsection{Associated entrances, exits and alleys}

By an \emph{entrance} (resp. \emph{exit}) we call a connected component of the
inverse image $f^{-1}( \mathbb{C}_{+}\setminus U)$ (resp. $f^{-1}(
\mathbb{C}_{-}\setminus U)$). The weight of an entrance (resp. exit) is the
genus of this connected component. Connected component of the inverse image
$f^{-1}(\partial U)$ is a contour separating an entrance or an exit from a
face of a garden or a separated garden of the same colour. We assign to this
connected component its alley (i.e., a path) connecting the entrance/exit and
the face which it separates.

\medskip The next statement is obvious.

\begin{theorem}
\label{th1} Gardens, separated gardens, and alleys of a generic meromorphic
function $f$ form a park $\PP(f)$ which we call the park of $f$. This park is
determined uniquely up to an isomorphism.
\end{theorem}

\smallskip\noindent\textbf{Example 1.} To illustrate the two types of separate
gardens, we give an example of a generic real meromorphic function and its
associated park. Take a generic meromorphic function of degree four on
$(T,\tau),$ where $T$ is a torus and $\tau$ is an anti-conformal involution of
$T$ without fixed poins (i.e., $T/\left\langle \tau\right\rangle $ is a Klein
bottle). Observe that such a meromorphic function has $8$ {critical values}.
Its park consists of:

\noindent(i) two separated gardens: one oriented $(\mathcal{G}_{0}^{or}%
\cup\mathcal{G}_{1}^{or},\sigma)$ and one non-oriented $(\mathcal{G}_{0}%
^{nor}\cup\mathcal{G}_{1}^{nor},\tau)$;

\noindent(ii) two entrances $N_{1}$, $N_{2}$ and two exits $X_{1}$, $X_{2}$,
all four entrances/exits being of genus $0$.

\noindent(iii) Denote by $B\mathcal{G}_{i}^{or}$, $B\mathcal{G}_{i}^{nor}$ and
$W\mathcal{G}_{i}^{or}$, $W\mathcal{G}_{i}^{nor}$ the black and the white
faces of the separated gardens respectively. There are three alleys from
$N_{1}$ to $W\mathcal{G}_{0}^{nor}$, $W\mathcal{G}_{1}^{nor}$ and
$W\mathcal{G}_{0}^{or}$ and three alleys from $X_{1}$ to $B\mathcal{G}%
_{0}^{nor}$, $B\mathcal{G}_{1}^{nor}$ and $B\mathcal{G}_{1}^{or}$, one alley
from $X_{2}$ to $B\mathcal{G}_{0}^{or}$ and one alley from $N_{2}$ to
$W\mathcal{G}_{1}^{or}$.

The involution of the park sends $N_{i}$ to $X_{i}$ and%

\[
(W\mathcal{G}_{i}^{or},B\mathcal{G}_{i}^{or},W\mathcal{G}_{i}^{nor}%
,B\mathcal{G}_{i}^{nor})\rightarrow(B\mathcal{G}_{1-i}^{or},W\mathcal{G}%
_{1-i}^{or},B\mathcal{G}_{1-i}^{nor},W\mathcal{G}_{1-i}^{nor}).
\]

\medskip\noindent\textbf{Example 2.} Consider a generic rational function of
degree $3$. There is a unique topological type of such functions with four
critical values. Let us describe some topological types of real meromorphic
functions in the Hurwitz space $H_{0,3}$. There are three possibilities.
Namely, either all the critical values lie on the real cycle, or only two
critical values are on the real cycle, or, finally, there are no real critical
values at all.

A park for a generic real meromorphic function with four real critical values
consists of a garden which is a sphere with two conjugate semi-gardens being
disks with two chords. There are six faces (three white and three black), each
one with an alley to an entrance/exit of genus $0$.

A park of generic real meromorphic functions with two real critical values is
as follows. Its semi-garden consists of a disk and a chord joining two points
on the boundary. The corresponding orientable surface of the orientable garden
is a sphere. There is an alley in each face (there are four faces) ending at
an entrance/exit of genus $0$. The lengths of the three edges of each
semi-garden are $0,0$ and $1$.

Finally, a park of a generic real meromorphic function without real critical
values has a garden which is the simplest orientable garden with length $3$ of
its side. It has one entrance/exit, each one of genus $0$, joined by an alley
with the corresponding white/black face. A different park for this case may be
constructed with a simplest orientable garden, an oriented separated garden
and four entrances/exits all of them of genus $0$. The edges are three
contours of length $1$.

\medskip\noindent\textbf{Example 3.} The figure shows a park of a complicated
generic real meromorphic function from a surface of genus $7$ and with $11$
real critical values. The rectangles with labels $g=$integer, represent the
entrances/exits.

\begin{figure}[ptb]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.2]{kartinkaN.jpg}
\end{center}
\par
\vskip 1cm\caption{A semi-park generated by an orientable semi-garden on a
surface of genus $0$ with $3$ holes. (It has 5 chords, 17 edges, 5 faces, 2
entrances and 2 exits.)}%
\label{semi-park}%
\end{figure}

\section{Real meromorphic function corresponding to a park}

\label{sec4}

The main goal of this section is to prove the following result.

\begin{theorem}
\label{th2} For any park $\mathcal{P}$, there exists a generic real
meromorphic function $f$ whose park $\mathcal{P}(f)$ is isomorphic to
$\mathcal{P}$.
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
For any finite branched covering $f: P \to\ov {\mathbb{C}}$ of the Riemann
sphere $\ov {\mathbb{C}}$ by an orientable closed $2$-manifold $P$, there exists
a unique holomorphic structure on $P$ such that $f$ becomes a meromorphic
function, see \cite{K}. Analogously, for any orientation-reversing involution
$\tau: P \to P$ of an orientable closed $2$-manifold $P$ and a finite branched
covering $f: P\to\ov {\mathbb{C}}$ such that $f(\tau(p))=\ov f(p)$ for any $p\in
P$, there exists a unique complex structure on $P$ which makes $f$ a real
meromorphic function, see \cite{N2,N3}. Thus to obtain a generic real
meromorphic function realizing a given park $\mathcal{P},$ it suffices to
construct a topological model of this function.

\medskip We shall make the construction for parks with orientable gardens. The
case for non-orientable gardens is similar.

\medskip We start with a topological model of a function realizing a garden
{with $n$ vertices}. {Consider the Riemann sphere with $n$ points on its real
cycle with cyclic enumeration. The real cycle divides the Riemann sphere into
a white and a black disks. By definition, a garden is a $2$-dimensional
surface split into simply-connected {white and black} faces.} The boundary of
each face is split by labelled vertices into edges of a given integer
``length". We will construct a branched covering, {which maps any face to the
disk of the same colour and has at most one critical point inside each face}.
To obtain such a covering, it suffices to determine the mapping of the
boundary of each face to the real cycle $\ov{\mathbb{R}}$. (This mapping of the
boundary is uniquely determined by the coincidence of the enumerations of the
vertices of the face with the cyclic enumeration of points on $\mathbb{R}$
together with the coincidence of ``length" of every edge with the degree of
the mapping on this edge.)

Mappings of simplest and separated gardens are constructed similarly. By the
\emph{degree} of a face we call the degree of the resulting mapping of this
face to a disk. The latter degree will be called the \emph{degree of the
alley} related to the face under consideration.

\vspace{1ex}

Now consider a neighbourhood of the real cycle $\ov {\mathbb{R}}\subset
U\subset\ov{\mathbb{C}}$ symmetric with respect to the complex conjugation and
such {that it contains only real critical values of the constructed map}. Its
complement \textbf{$\mathbb{C}\setminus U$} splits into the {white and black}
disks $D_{+}$ and $D_{-}$. The preimage of $U$ with respect to the constructed
branched covering consists of gardens such that every face has exactly one
hole. We call them \emph{gardens with boundary}.

Now we shall construct maps corresponding to entrances and alleys starting at
them. Associate to an entrance its \emph{entrance surface} whose genus equals
to the weight of the entrance and the number of holes equals to the number of
alleys. Consider a generic covering of this surface over $D_{+}$ which maps
the boundary components corresponding to the alleys to $\partial D_{+}$ in
such a way that the degree of the (unbranched)covering equals the degree of
the alley. The number of critical points of such a covering (the latter number
being determined by the Riemann-Hurwitz formula) is called the \emph{index of
the entrance}.

The boundary points of gardens with boundary and the boundary points of
entrance surfaces are called \emph{related} if their images on $\partial
D_{+}$ with respect to constructed coverings coincide. {Now glue together the
boundary components of the alleys with the corresponding boundary components
of the gardens with boundary by homeomorphisms which identify related points.}
{Using the involution, we do the same with the exit surface.}

As a result, we obtain a branched covering with an orientation-reversing
involution whose corresponding real meromorphic function has a park isomorphic
to $\mathcal{P}$.
\end{proof}

\section{Parks as topological types of generic real meromorphic functions}

\label{sec5}

We now settle the following statement.

\begin{theorem}
\label{th:3} Two generic real meromorphic functions with isomorphic parks are
topologically equivalent. The set $H(\mathcal{P})$ of all generic real
meromorphic functions with a given (up to isomorphism) park $\mathcal{P}$ is a
single connected component in the space of generic meromorphic functions. In
other words, in the space $\mathbb{R} H^{0}$ of generic real meromorphic
functions there exists a deformation transforming one generic real meromorphic
function with a given park $\mathcal{P}$ to any other generic real meromorphic
function with the same park.
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
{We say that two generic real meromorphic functions are \textit{related} if
one can deform one to the other by means of a continuous change of real
critical values and pairs of complex conjugated non-real critical values. A
real meromorphic function defined by a disjoint union of gardens and separated
gardens is called \textit{simple}. Construction in \S ~\ref{sec4} associates
to any real meromorphic function $f$ a related class of simple real
meromorphic functions defined by gardens and separated gardens of the park of
$f$. Moreover, this related class is the same for two given functions if and
only if they have parks with isomorphic systems of gardens and separated
gardens.}

{A system of entrances and its alleys of a generic real meromorphic function
determines a set of ramified coverings with simple critical values
$\varphi_{i}:P_{i}\rightarrow D$ of degrees $d_{i}$, where $P_{i}$ is a
Riemann surface of genus $g_{i}$ with $k_{i}$ holes and $D$ is a disk.
Consider the degrees $d^{1}_{i},\dots,d^{k_{i}}_{i}$ of $\varphi
_{i}|_{\partial P_{i}}:\partial P_{i}\rightarrow\partial D$ on components
$c_{j}\subset\partial P_{i}$. It follows from \cite{N4,N2} and Chapter 3 of
\cite{N3} that any other covering $\varphi_{i}^{\prime}:P_{i}^{\prime
}\rightarrow D$ is obtained from $\varphi_{i}$ by a continuous change of
critical values if the topological types $(g_{i},k_{i}) $ and $(g_{i}^{\prime
},k_{i}^{\prime})$ respectively of $P_{i}$ and $P_{i}^{\prime}$ are the same,
the degrees $d_{i}$ and $d_{i}^{\prime}$ of $\varphi_{i}$ and $\varphi
_{i}^{\prime}$ are the same, and the degrees $d^{1}_{i},\dots,d^{k_{i}}_{i}$
and $d^{\prime1_{i}},\dots,d^{\prime k_{i}}_{i}$ on the boundary components
are the same.}

{The park of a generic real function defines the topological type
$\{(g_{i},k_{i})\}$ of the system of entrances and its alleys and the
corresponding degrees $d^{1}_{i},\dots,d^{k_{i}}_{i}$. Thus for functions with
isomorphic parks, there exists a continuous change of critical values
deforming one system of entrances and its alleys to the other. The
anti-holomorphic involution generates a continuous change of critical values
deforming one system of exits and its alleys to the other. Together with the
change of real critical values which we considered above, this generates a
continuous change of critical values transforming one real function to the
other.}
\end{proof}

\section{Hurwitz numbers}

\label{sec6}

{A Hurwitz number is, by definition, a weighted number of equivalence classes
of coverings with fixed critical values. Generic real meromorphic functions
belong to different equivalence classes if and only if they have different
topological types (i.e., non-equivalent parks). Thus it is enough to find a
Hurwitz number for any given topological type.}

{Consider the set $H(\mathcal{P})$ of all generic real meromorphic functions
with a given (up to an isomorphism) park $\mathcal{P}$. In \S ~\ref{sec4} we
constructed a decomposition of a generic real meromorphic function into a real
function defined on the system of gardens and separated gardens and a function
defined on surfaces generated by of entrances and exits with alleys. Thus the
the Hurwitz number for $H(\mathcal{P})$ is obtained by multiplication of the
Hurwitz number for the function corresponding to the gardens and separated
gardens by the Hurwitz number for the function defined on the surfaces
generated by the entrances and its alleys. (Notice that the function defined
on the surfaces generated by the entrances and its alleys determines the
function defined on the surfaces generated by the exits and its alleys.)}

{Main construction from \S ~\ref{sec4} demonstrates that the Hurwitz number
for functions corresponding to the gardens and separated gardens equals 1.
This fact means that to calculate the total Hurwitz number it suffices to
determine the Hurwitz number for the function defined on the system of
surfaces generated by the entrances and its alleys. This function, in its
turn, is a union of functions with simple critical values on surfaces $P_{i}$
of topological types $\{(g_{i},k_{i})|i=1,\dots,n\}$ and degrees $\{d_{i}%
^{j}|j=1,\dots,k_{i}\}$ on boundary components, see \S ~\ref{sec5}.}

{Collapsing the boundary components of $P_{i}$ and the boundary of the image
disk to a point, we obtain a map of the closed surface $\overline{P}_{i}$ to
the Riemann sphere which have only one non-simple critical value. The number
of its simple critical values is calculated by the Riemann-Hurwitz formula and
is equal to
\[
b_{i}=2g_{i}-2+k_{i}+\sum_{j=1}^{k_{i}}d_{i}^{j}.
\]
The Hurwitz number $H_{g_{i}}(d_{i}^{1},\dots,d_{i}^{k_{i}})$ for such a map
is equal to the Hurwitz number corresponding to the covering of $P_{i}$ over a
disk and is called a \textit{single Hurwitz number}. These numbers appear in
different areas of mathematics from moduli spaces to integrable systems and
are well studied.}

{Now the Hurwitz number for the topological type given by all entrances and
its alleys is:
\[
\frac{(b_{1}+\dots+b_{n})!}{b_{1}!\dots b_{k}!}\prod_{i=1}^{n} H_{g_{i}}%
(d_{i}^{1},\dots,d_{i}^{k_{i}}).
\]
As we explained above, this number coincides with the Hurwitz number for
general real meromorphic functions of type $\mathcal{P}$.}

\vspace{2ex}

\section{Parks and monodromy of coverings}

\label{sec7}

The traditional way to describe coverings and meromorphic functions is by
using monodromy. In the case of a degree $d$ generic meromorphic function
$f:P\rightarrow\ov{\mathbb{C}}$, the monodromy is a representation $\omega
:\pi_{1}(\ov{\mathbb{C}}\setminus\{z_{1},...,z_{n}\})\rightarrow\Sym_{d}$, where
$\{z_{1},...,z_{n}\}$ is the set of critical values, $\Sym_{d}$ is the
symmetric group of permutations of $d$ elements.
For a generic meromorphic function, $\omega$ sends each based small loop
encircling a singular value to a transposition. The monodromy tell us how the
elements of $\pi_{1}(\ov{\mathbb{C}}\setminus\{z_{1},...,z_{n}\})$ lift to the
surface $P$ and $\omega^{-1}(Stab(1))$ is isomorphic to the group $\pi
_{1}(P\setminus f^{-1}\{z_{1},...,z_{n}\})$. Two monodromy representations
correspond to topologically equivalent meromorphic functions if and only if
there exists an automorphism of $\pi_{1} (\ov {\mathbb{C}} \setminus
\{z_{1},...,z_{n}\})$ and an automorphism of $\Sym
_{d}$ sending one representation to the other. In this way, it is possible to
prove that there exists a unique topological type of degree $d$ generic
meromorphic functions on Riemann surfaces of a fixed genus (see \cite{C} and
\cite{EEHS}).

The degree $d$ generic real meromorphic functions may be described as degree
$2d$ orbifold coverings of an orbifold $D_{t,\overline{s}}$ with the
topological type of a disk, $t$ conic points of order two and $s$ corner
points of angle $\pi/2$, where $2t+s=n$ ($n$ is the number of critical
values). These coverings are given by a monodromy representation:%
\[
\varpi:\pi_{1}O(D_{t,\overline{s}})\rightarrow\Sym_{2d}%
=\Sym\{(1,w),...,(d,w),(1,b),...,(d,b)\},
\]
where there is a subdivision of the set of $2d$ elements in two classes: the
white elements $\{(1,w),...,(d,w)\}$ and the black elements
$\{(1,b),...,(d,b)\}$.

The group $\pi_{1}O(D_{t,\overline{s}})$ is a crystallographic group (may be
Euclidean or non-Euclidean) with presentation:%
\[
\left\langle x_{1},...,x_{t},e,c_{1},...,c_{s+1}|\;x_{i}^{2}=c_{i}^{2}%
=(c_{i}c_{i+1})^{2}=1;\;x_{1}\dots x_{t}e=1;\;c_{1}=ec_{t+1}e^{-1}%
\right\rangle .
\]

Since $\varpi$ is the monodromy of a generic real meromorphic function, then
it satisfies the following properties:

\noindent1. the permutations $\varpi(x_{i})$ are transpositions fixing all the
black elements;

\noindent2. the permutations $\varpi(c_{i}c_{i+1\operatorname{mod}s})$ are
either transpositions or product of two disjoint transpositions fixing all the
black elements;

\noindent3. every $\varpi(c_{i})$ is the product of $d$ disjoint
transpositions, each transposition interchanging a white and a black element.
The permutations $\varpi(c_{i})$ and $\varpi(e)$ allow us to construct the
gardens of the park of the meromorphic function under consideration. The
entrances are the orbits of the subgroup generated by
\[
\left\langle \varpi(x_{1}),\dots,\varpi(x_{t})\right\rangle
\]
acting on $\{(1,w),...,(d,w)\}$. The white faces and the corresponding alleys
are in $1-1$ correspondence with the orbits of the element $\varpi(e)$. The
face corresponding to an orbit of $\varpi(e)$ is joined with the entrance
which is the orbit of $\left\langle \varpi(x_{1}),\dots,\varpi(x_{t}%
)\right\rangle $ containing it.

The exits, black faces and corresponding alleys are obtained using the orbits
of
\[
\left\langle \varpi(c_{1}x_{1}c_{1}),\dots,\varpi(c_{1}x_{t}c_{1}%
)\right\rangle
\]
and the cycles of $\varpi(c_{1}ec_{1})$.

For instance, in the case of generic real meromorphic functions without real
critical values, Theorem 4 implies the following result in terms of monodromies:

\begin{proposition}
Let $f_{1}:$ $P_{1}\rightarrow\ov{\mathbb{C}}$ and $f_{2}:P_{2}\rightarrow
\ov{\mathbb{C}}$ two generic real meromorphic functions without real critical
values with degree $d$. Let
$$
\varpi_{i}:\pi_{1}O(D_{t,\overline{s}})\rightarrow
\Sym\{(1,w),...,(d,w),(1,b),...,(d,b)\},i=1,2,
$$
be the monodromies of $f_{1}$ and $f_{2}$ respectively. If there is a
permutation $j$ of the set $\{(1,w),...,(d,w),(1,b),...,(d,b)\}$ preserving
the black and white coloration and such that:

1. $j$ sends the orbits of the group $\left\langle \varpi_{1}(x_{1}%
),\dots,\varpi_{1}(x_{t})\right\rangle $ to the orbits of the group
$\left\langle \varpi_{2}(x_{1}),\dots,\varpi_{2}(x_{t})\right\rangle $,

2. $j\circ\varpi_{1}(e)\circ j^{-1}=\varpi_{2}(e)$ and $j\circ\varpi_{1}%
(c_{1})\circ j^{-1}=\varpi_{2}(c_{1})$,

then $f_{1}$ and $f_{2}$ are topologically equivalent.
\end{proposition}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Rayburn ist der Name mehrerer Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Rayburn (Alabama)
 Rayburn (Texas)
 Rayburn (West Virginia)
 Rayburn Township, Pennsylvania

Rayburn ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Sam Rayburn (1882–1961), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Tricia Rayburn, US-amerikanische Autorin

Siehe auch:
 Reyburn

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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text:
What are the traditional games played during Magh Bihu?
By The Assam Tribune - 13 Jan 2022 6:30 AM GMT
AT Photo
Guwahati, Jan 13: Apart from feasting, bonfires and merrymaking, Magh or Bhogali Bihu is also about celebrating the traditional games of Assam. Though it is regarded as the harvest festival or the 'festival of feast', traditional games are an intrinsic part of the celebrations.
Some of the field events of the festival among others include, 'Rosi-tona' (tug of war), 'Tekeli bhanga' (breaking a pot blindfolded), 'Godhur bostu doliuwa' (shot put), etc.
Traditionally, 'Bulbuli soraai juj' (Nightingale fight), 'Kukura juj' (Cock fight) and 'Moh-juj' (Buffalo fight), etc were an integral part of the festival, however, a few years back these games have been banned by the apex court.
In 2014, the Supreme Court had banned all kinds of animal fights and races and asked the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) to ensure that no pain or wound is inflicted upon the animals in the name of organising fights or races.
Despite the court's order calling for a ban on animal fights and race across the country, people still organise the traditional buffalo fight as a part of Bihu celebrations.
The buffalo fight has been a traditional game of the state which had received royal patronage during the Ahom rule. The traditional games are used to be organised for the amusement of the Ahom royalty.
The buffaloes are bathed, adorned and made to lock horns in the fields.
People practise and train themselves for these games and competitions. Roosters and buffaloes were also trained to fight and some people place bets on them. The game is played purely for entertainment purposes. The animal fights are an entertaining sport organised during Bhogali Bihu. The events are enjoyed by old and young alike.


text:
Yang Hyun Suk Explains the Concept for 2NE1's "Come Back Home" Music Video
by R. Jun
2NE1 recently returned with music videos for the songs "Come Back Home" and "Happy" from their newly-released second album, and YG Entertainment head Yang Hyun Suk, who also edited the videos, personally explained the concept of the "Come Back Home" video.
"Come Back Home" required a production cost of 500,000,000 won (approx. $467,000), and has a sci-fi movie vibe. In a futuristic background created by CG, the 2NE1 members straddle the real and fantasy worlds.
Yang Hyun Suk explained in an interview, "While the content of the music video may be hard to understand, if you look at it from the perspective that happiness is the most important thing in this world, the purpose of the music video should become clearer. The music video is set in a future not too far off, where people, reminiscent of the film 'The Matrix,' enjoy living in a fantasy more so than the real world."
"Even now, many people, rather than meeting with others and communicating in-person, are attached and addicted to their phones and games. I believe this has a direct relation to people's enjoyment of fantasy worlds. Even if you go to a playground, there are so many children who are on their phones, and we imagined that as time passes, this phenomenon got worse, and people craved fantasy worlds even more."
"In the music video, Sandara Park is heartbroken because the man she loves prefers to live in the fantasy world. For this reason, among others, Sandara and the other members, CL, Park Bom, and Minzy, enter the fantasy world and become warriors that destroy it, portraying the importance of reality and humanity."
Yang Hyun Suk also explained why the music video was not shot around the choreography for the song. "Up until now, 2NE1 has shot many music videos with dance, and this time, we wanted to do something different. We tried to put a lot of time and effort into great CG production, and for that we invested $467,000."
He added, "I'd be really thankful if everyone saw this music video as a new venture by 2NE1."
On the other hand, the "Happy" music video that the group shot in LA is on the opposite end of the spectrum from "Come Back Home," with bright colors and fashion, and a cute, animated feel.
2NE1 released their second album last month on February 27, after which the double titles "Come Back Home" and "Gotta Be You" took over the number one spot on Korean music charts. The second album will become available offline on March 7, and 2NE1 will have their first comeback stage on SBS Inkigayo on March 9.
Watch the two music videos here!
Yang Hyun Suk


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A SWORD forged to commemorate the 600th anniversary of Owain Glynd?r's uprising was presented to a mid Wales town yesterday.
A SWORD forged to commemorate the 600th anniversary of Owain Glynd?r's uprising was presented to a mid Wales town yesterday.
Embassy Glynd?r - an organisation dedicated to the Welsh national hero - commissioned the Prince Owain IV commemorative sword of state. It is a replica of the one handed to the Welsh warlord by the French king to mark his coronation in June 1404.
The "sword of the nation" was blessed at Pennal church before being presented to the town council near the old parliament after a procession yesterday.
The Embassy said the sword would act in place of Welsh "national treasures and symbols of statehood" lost after the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1282-83.
A spokesman for the movement said: "Edward I stole all the Welsh icons of state and it has been mooted that this may well become a sword of state.
"Today was a very important day - we've been working towards this for a long, long time."
Made by Jason Gardiner, a blacksmith from Ystradgynlais using traditional methods, it will be mounted on an oak stand.
The 44-inch long sword weighs more than eight pounds and was unveiled for private viewing on 1 May at Cardiff Castle.
Paid for by an anonymous Cardiff-based businessman for an undisclosed amount, it is modelled on the one Glynd?r wields on his seal.
On one side of the guard are the words Tywysog Cymru (Prince of Wales) 1400-16, and around the pommel is the warlord's full name "Owain ap Gruffydd Fychan".
Glynd?r established a Parliament in Machynlleth after rebelling against the king, Henry IV.
Embassy Glynd?r, set up five years ago, hopes today will become an annual Parliament Day.
Machynlleth has been chosen to provide the centrepiece of year-long celebrations across Wales for the anniversary of Glynd?r's coro-nation as Owain IV.
The weekend's events were the latest across Wales to celebrate the anniversary.
Last month, Dolgellau Town Council commemorated the setting up of a senate in the town shortly before Glynd?r proclaimed his parliament.


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All videos sourced from YouTube.
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