I absolutely LOVE the hair I've received sooo many compliments!! It's full and bouncy I'll definitely be a returning customer. The communication from the seller was awesome!
The Hair Came Really Fast & Communication Was Good. The Bundles Was Full & True To Length.
I love this hair soooo much! The hair shipped fast, I ordered it on a Tuesday and got it the same week on Friday. The curl pattern is beautiful and it kept its texture after the being co-washed and deep conditioned. The hair does have a smell but it can be fixed with a good wash. It's extremely soft and true to length. I installed all the bundles and the closure and it's really full. I've had the hair in for almost a day and a half now and it's holding up great. No tangling in the nape area or anything. Easy maintenance as well, all I use to keep it tame is water and foam. I also keep a spray bottle on me just to keep it from becoming frizzy. Another plus is that Bella kept in touch with me the whole time and made sure everything was great. Overall the hair was most definitely worth the price and I will be ordering again soon. I'll update again in a few weeks!
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Ernest Anthony Zeches
Ernest Anthony Zeches passed away peacefully in his sleep August 5, 2020, at his home in Tucson, AZ. He was born in Morris, Minnesota, to Ernest M. and Augusta (Klug) Zeches on March 30, 1932.
Ernie was a Korean War veteran, serving 4 years in the US Air Force. Upon discharge , he attended Marquette University, then transferred to the University of Minnesota where he earned his BBA degree in Finance and Accounting in 1958. Following graduation, he was employed as an Auditor & Supervisory Analyst for the Federal Home Loan Bank Board of Chicago. He began a successful career in the Savings and Loan industry, serving as Vice-President and President of several S&L Institutions, continuing as a realtor, business owner and work in both State and Federal Banking.
He married the love of his life, Margaret Irene Rogers, in 1956. Together they were blessed with six children. He often said his greatest achievement was his family. He was very proud of them and loved them deeply.
Ernie was a gifted high school athlete and an avid sportsman: a life-long field and game hunter from childhood, a trout fisherman, golfer, and huge fan of football and basketball teams, especially the Green Bay Packers.
In 2017, he became a proud dual citizen of Luxembourg as part of that country's Reclamation of Luxembourgish Citizenship through his Zeches family line: his great- grandfather Michel Zeches emigrated to Minnesota in 1858.
Ernie is survived by Margaret, his wife of 63 years and their loving children: Patricia Wood; Kathleen (George) Jelich; Mary (Terence) Moore; Ann Zeches; and Robert (Charley) Zeches. Grandchildren: Krystal (Nereo) Bravo, Ashley and Laura Jelich; Christopher, Connor and Rachael Moore; Sean and Elizabeth Labor; and Lola, Genevieve and Devon Zeches. Great-grandchildren: Natalia and Santiago Bravo, and many nieces and nephews. He was pre-deceased by his son, William Ernest Zeches, and by his parents and two brothers, James and Robert Zeches.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Jupiter Hotels has added three hotels to achieve a new multi branded portfolio, taking its collection of owned and managed properties from 26, up to 29 across the UK.
The new purchases completed last week, will see all three hotels join Jupiter Hotels' growing portfolio with immediate effect, remaining under the established Mercure and Holiday Inn brands.
Jupiter Hotels purchased Holiday Inn Darlington and Holiday Inn Dumfries in a move which sees them once again achieve a multi branded property portfolio of mid-market hotels in the UK. The four-star 78-bedroom Mercure Sheffield Parkway Hotel was also purchased by Jupiter Hotels, taking their Mercure branded compendium up to 27 properties in the UK.
Commenting on the recent purchases, CEO of Jupiter Hotels Shane Harris said: "The purchase of these three new hotels is a very positive move for us, representing an increase of over 10% in the size of our portfolio and establishing us once again as a multi brand leader in the midscale hotel segment.
In October 2015, Jupiter Hotels were acquired by the joint venture between Thailand's Singha Estate, a public real estate company, and FICO Holding, a subsidiary of FICO Group also based in Thailand. The three new hotel purchases announced this week mark the first stage in a bid for Jupiter Hotels to double their portfolio of hotels within a two-year period, a strategy outlined by the new owners following the acquisition.
Holiday Inn Darlington is a convenient modern hotel on the A1 motorway based outside Darlington town centre and 17 miles from Durham Teesside Airport. The property features 80 bedrooms as well as five airy and well-equipped conference rooms, restaurant & bar and a complimentary heath & fitness centre.
Holiday Inn Dumfries is located next door to Easterbrook Hall and a short 10-minute drive from the market town of Dumfries. The hotel features a number of Standard and Executive rooms as well as a collection of Suites, all with modern finishes including power showers and a pillow menu, free Wi-Fi and ample workspaces. The hotel is also well situated for meetings and events, able to host up to 80 delegates in three, flexible air-conditioned meeting rooms.
Mercure Sheffield Parkway is a modern four-star hotel located just four miles from Sheffield city centre. The hotel's spacious 84 bedrooms come well equipped with free Wi-Fi throughout. The Foundry Restaurant & Bar provides a choice of modern cuisine and extensive meeting and event spaces can cater up to 150 guests at a time.


The Veterans Mail-O-Graphic Tournament was held for the first time in 2012. It is planned for the Week of Veterans Day, This tournament is a fundraiser to raise money to support bowling at the Grand Rapids Veterans Home. There is no prize money associated with this Tournament, as the entire entry fee is collected to be donated to the Grand Rapids Veterans Facility. The tournament has 4 divisions, and the winner of each division will have their name added to the Plaque that will be on display at the Association office.
Check out the current results here.


Poor free-throw shooting down the stretch hurt the Varsity Boy's Basketball team in their game against Morenci Monday night at home. The Redskins trailed by a score of 34-36 going into the 4th quarter, then, when the game came down to fouls and free-throws, Morenci hit theirs and we failed to convert. The final score was Clinton 48, Morenci 60. Scoring for the Redskins were Steven Fortney (20), Justin Felts (10), Austin Fauser (6), Keegan Degner (4), Collin Stapnowski and Jared Lancaster (3 each), Mitchell Drabicki (2).


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John Dewey (1859—1952)
John Dewey was a leading proponent of the American school of thought known as pragmatism, a view that rejected the dualistic epistemology and metaphysics of modern philosophy in favor of a naturalistic approach that viewed knowledge as arising from an active adaptation of the human organism to its environment. On this view, inquiry should not be understood as consisting of a mind passively observing the world and drawing from this ideas that if true correspond to reality, but rather as a process which initiates with a check or obstacle to successful human action, proceeds to active manipulation of the environment to test hypotheses, and issues in a re-adaptation of organism to environment that allows once again for human action to proceed. With this view as his starting point, Dewey developed a broad body of work encompassing virtually all of the main areas of philosophical concern in his day. He also wrote extensively on social issues in such popular publications as the New Republic, thereby gaining a reputation as a leading social commentator of his time.
Life and Works
Ethical and Social Theory
Critical Reception and Influence
1. Life and Works
John Dewey was born on October 20, 1859, the third of four sons born to Archibald Sprague Dewey and Lucina Artemesia Rich of Burlington, Vermont. The eldest sibling died in infancy, but the three surviving brothers attended the public school and the University of Vermont in Burlington with John. While at the University of Vermont, Dewey was exposed to evolutionary theory through the teaching of G.H. Perkins and Lessons in Elementary Physiology, a text by T.H. Huxley, the famous English evolutionist. The theory of natural selection continued to have a life-long impact upon Dewey's thought, suggesting the barrenness of static models of nature, and the importance of focusing on the interaction between the human organism and its environment when considering questions of psychology and the theory of knowledge. The formal teaching in philosophy at the University of Vermont was confined for the most part to the school of Scottish realism, a school of thought that Dewey soon rejected, but his close contact both before and after graduation with his teacher of philosophy, H.A.P. Torrey, a learned scholar with broader philosophical interests and sympathies, was later accounted by Dewey himself as "decisive" to his philosophical development.
After graduation in 1879, Dewey taught high school for two years, during which the idea of pursuing a career in philosophy took hold. With this nascent ambition in mind, he sent a philosophical essay to W.T. Harris, then editor of the Journal of Speculative Philosophy, and the most prominent of the St. Louis Hegelians. Harris's acceptance of the essay gave Dewey the confirmation he needed of his promise as a philosopher. With this encouragement he traveled to Baltimore to enroll as a graduate student at Johns Hopkins University.
At Johns Hopkins Dewey came under the tutelage of two powerful and engaging intellects who were to have a lasting influence on him. George Sylvester Morris, a German-trained Hegelian philosopher, exposed Dewey to the organic model of nature characteristic of German idealism. G. Stanley Hall, one of the most prominent American experimental psychologists at the time, provided Dewey with an appreciation of the power of scientific methodology as applied to the human sciences. The confluence of these viewpoints propelled Dewey's early thought, and established the general tenor of his ideas throughout his philosophical career.
Upon obtaining his doctorate in 1884, Dewey accepted a teaching post at the University of Michigan, a post he was to hold for ten years, with the exception of a year at the University of Minnesota in 1888. While at Michigan Dewey wrote his first two books: Psychology (1887), and Leibniz's New Essays Concerning the Human Understanding (1888). Both works expressed Dewey's early commitment to Hegelian idealism, while the Psychology explored the synthesis between this idealism and experimental science that Dewey was then attempting to effect. At Michigan Dewey also met one of his important philosophical collaborators, James Hayden Tufts, with whom he would later author Ethics (1908; revised ed. 1932).
In 1894, Dewey followed Tufts to the recently founded University of Chicago. It was during his years at Chicago that Dewey's early idealism gave way to an empirically based theory of knowledge that was in concert with the then developing American school of thought known as pragmatism. This change in view finally coalesced into a series of four essays entitled collectively "Thought and its Subject-Matter," which was published along with a number of other essays by Dewey's colleagues and students at Chicago under the title Studies in Logical Theory (1903). Dewey also founded and directed a laboratory school at Chicago, where he was afforded an opportunity to apply directly his developing ideas on pedagogical method. This experience provided the material for his first major work on education, The School and Society (1899).
Disagreements with the administration over the status of the Laboratory School led to Dewey's resignation from his post at Chicago in 1904. His philosophical reputation now secured, he was quickly invited to join the Department of Philosophy at Columbia University. Dewey spent the rest of his professional life at Columbia. Now in New York, located in the midst of the Northeastern universities that housed many of the brightest minds of American philosophy, Dewey developed close contacts with many philosophers working from divergent points of view, an intellectually stimulating atmosphere which served to nurture and enrich his thought.
During his first decade at Columbia Dewey wrote a great number of articles in the theory of knowledge and metaphysics, many of which were published in two important books: The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy and Other Essays in Contemporary Thought (1910) and Essays in Experimental Logic(1916). His interest in educational theory also continued during these years, fostered by his work at Teachers College at Columbia. This led to the publication of How We Think (1910; revised ed. 1933), an application of his theory of knowledge to education, and Democracy and Education (1916), perhaps his most important work in the field.
During his years at Columbia Dewey's reputation grew not only as a leading philosopher and educational theorist, but also in the public mind as an important commentator on contemporary issues, the latter due to his frequent contributions to popular magazines such as The New Republic and Nation, as well as his ongoing political involvement in a variety of causes, such as women's suffrage and the unionization of teachers. One outcome of this fame was numerous invitations to lecture in both academic and popular venues. Many of his most significant writings during these years were the result of such lectures, includingReconstruction in Philosophy (1920), Human Nature and Conduct (1922), Experience and Nature(1925), The Public and its Problems (1927), and The Quest for Certainty (1929).
Dewey's retirement from active teaching in 1930 did not curtail his activity either as a public figure or productive philosopher. Of special note in his public life was his participation in the Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Against Leon Trotsky at the Moscow Trial, which exposed Stalin's political machinations behind the Moscow trials of the mid-1930s, and his defense of fellow philosopher Bertrand Russell against an attempt by conservatives to remove him from his chair at the College of the City of New York in 1940. A primary focus of Dewey's philosophical pursuits during the 1930s was the preparation of a final formulation of his logical theory, published as Logic: The Theory of Inquiry in 1938. Dewey's other significant works during his retirement years include Art as Experience (1934), A Common Faith(1934), Freedom and Culture (1939), Theory of Valuation (1939), and Knowing and the Known(1949), the last coauthored with Arthur F. Bentley. Dewey continued to work vigorously throughout his retirement until his death on June 2, 1952, at the age of ninety-two.
2. Theory of Knowledge
The central focus of Dewey's philosophical interests throughout his career was what has been traditionally called "epistemology," or the "theory of knowledge." It is indicative, however, of Dewey's critical stance toward past efforts in this area that he expressly rejected the term "epistemology," preferring the "theory of inquiry" or "experimental logic" as more representative of his own approach.
In Dewey's view, traditional epistemologies, whether rationalist or empiricist, had drawn too stark a distinction between thought, the domain of knowledge, and the world of fact to which thought purportedly referred: thought was believed to exist apart from the world, epistemically as the object of immediate awareness, ontologically as the unique aspect of the self. The commitment of modern rationalism, stemming from Descartes, to a doctrine of innate ideas, ideas constituted from birth in the very nature of the mind itself, had effected this dichotomy; but the modern empiricists, beginning with Locke, had done the same just as markedly by their commitment to an introspective methodology and a representational theory of ideas. The resulting view makes a mystery of the relevance of thought to the world: if thought constitutes a domain that stands apart from the world, how can its accuracy as an account of the world ever be established? For Dewey a new model, rejecting traditional presumptions, was wanting, a model that Dewey endeavored to develop and refine throughout his years of writing and reflection.
In his early writings on these issues, such as "Is Logic a Dualistic Science?" (1890) and "The Present Position of Logical Theory" (1891), Dewey offered a solution to epistemological issues mainly along the lines of his early acceptance of Hegelian idealism: the world of fact does not stand apart from thought, but is itself defined within thought as its objective manifestation. But during the succeeding decade Dewey gradually came to reject this solution as confused and inadequate.
A number of influences have bearing on Dewey's change of view. For one, Hegelian idealism was not conducive to accommodating the methodologies and results of experimental science which he accepted and admired. Dewey himself had attempted to effect such an accommodation between experimental psychology and idealism in his early Psychology (1887), but the publication of William James' Principles of Psychology (1891), written from a more thoroughgoing naturalistic stance, suggested the superfluity of idealist principles in the treatment of the subject.
Second, Darwin's theory of natural selection suggested in a more particular way the form which a naturalistic approach to the theory of knowledge should take. Darwin's theory had renounced supernatural explanations of the origins of species by accounting for the morphology of living organisms as a product of a natural, temporal process of the adaptation of lineages of organisms to their environments, environments which, Darwin understood, were significantly determined by the organisms that occupied them. The key to the naturalistic account of species was a consideration of the complex interrelationships between organisms and environments. In a similar way, Dewey came to believe that a productive, naturalistic approach to the theory of knowledge must begin with a consideration of the development of knowledge as an adaptive human response to environing conditions aimed at an active restructuring of these conditions. Unlike traditional approaches in the theory of knowledge, which saw thought as a subjective primitive out of which knowledge was composed, Dewey's approach understood thought genetically, as the product of the interaction between organism and environment, and knowledge as having practical instrumentality in the guidance and control of that interaction. Thus Dewey adopted the term "instrumentalism" as a descriptive appellation for his new approach.
Dewey's first significant application of this new naturalistic understanding was offered in his seminal article "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896). In this article, Dewey argued that the dominant conception of the reflex arc in the psychology of his day, which was thought to begin with the passive stimulation of the organism, causing a conscious act of awareness eventuating in a response, was a carry-over of the old, and errant, mind-body dualism. Dewey argued for an alternative view: the organism interacts with the world through self-guided activity that coordinates and integrates sensory and motor responses. The implication for the theory of knowledge was clear: the world is not passively perceived and thereby known; active manipulation of the environment is involved integrally in the process of learning from the start.
Dewey first applied this interactive naturalism in an explicit manner to the theory of knowledge in his four introductory essays in Studies in Logical Theory. Dewey identified the view expressed in Studies with the school of pragmatism, crediting William James as its progenitor. James, for his part, in an article appearing in the Psychological Bulletin, proclaimed the work as the expression of a new school of thought, acknowledging its originality.
A detailed genetic analysis of the process of inquiry was Dewey's signal contribution to Studies. Dewey distinguished three phases of the process. It begins with the problematic situation, a situation where instinctive or habitual responses of the human organism to the environment are inadequate for the continuation of ongoing activity in pursuit of the fulfillment of needs and desires. Dewey stressed inStudies and subsequent writings that the uncertainty of the problematic situation is not inherently cognitive, but practical and existential. Cognitive elements enter into the process as a response to precognitive maladjustment.
The second phase of the process involves the isolation of the data or subject matter which defines the parameters within which the reconstruction of the initiating situation must be addressed. In the third, reflective phase of the process, the cognitive elements of inquiry (ideas, suppositions, theories, etc.) are entertained as hypothetical solutions to the originating impediment of the problematic situation, the implications of which are pursued in the abstract. The final test of the adequacy of these solutions comes with their employment in action. If a reconstruction of the antecedent situation conducive to fluid activity is achieved, then the solution no longer retains the character of the hypothetical that marks cognitive thought; rather, it becomes a part of the existential circumstances of human life.
The error of modern epistemologists, as Dewey saw it, was that they isolated the reflective stages of this process, and hypostatized the elements of those stages (sensations, ideas, etc.) into pre-existing constituents of a subjective mind in their search for an incorrigible foundation of knowledge. For Dewey, the hypostatization was as groundless as the search for incorrigibility was barren. Rejecting foundationalism, Dewey accepted the fallibilism that was characteristic of the school of pragmatism: the view that any proposition accepted as an item of knowledge has this status only provisionally, contingent upon its adequacy in providing a coherent understanding of the world as the basis for human action.
Dewey defended this general outline of the process of inquiry throughout his long career, insisting that it was the only proper way to understand the means by which we attain knowledge, whether it be the commonsense knowledge that guides the ordinary affairs of our lives, or the sophisticated knowledge arising from scientific inquiry. The latter is only distinguished from the former by the precision of its methods for controlling data, and the refinement of its hypotheses. In his writings in the theory of inquiry subsequent to Studies, Dewey endeavored to develop and deepen instrumentalism by considering a number of central issues of traditional epistemology from its perspective, and responding to some of the more trenchant criticisms of the view.
One traditional question that Dewey addressed in a series of essays between 1906 and 1909 was that of the meaning of truth. Dewey at that time considered the pragmatic theory of truth as central to the pragmatic school of thought, and vigorously defended its viability. Both Dewey and William James, in his book Pragmatism (1907), argued that the traditional correspondence theory of truth, according to which the true idea is one that agrees or corresponds to reality, only begs the question of what the "agreement" or "correspondence" of idea with reality is. Dewey and James maintained that an idea agrees with reality, and is therefore true, if and only if it is successfully employed in human action in pursuit of human goals and interests, that is, if it leads to the resolution of a problematic situation in Dewey's terms. The pragmatic theory of truth met with strong opposition among its critics, perhaps most notably from the British logician and philosopher Bertrand Russell. Dewey later began to suspect that the issues surrounding the conditions of truth, as well as knowledge, were hopelessly obscured by the accretion of traditional, and in his view misguided, meanings to the terms, resulting in confusing ambiguity. He later abandoned these terms in favor of "warranted assertiblity" to describe the distinctive property of ideas that results from successful inquiry.
One of the most important developments of his later writings in the theory of knowledge was the application of the principles of instrumentalism to the traditional conceptions and formal apparatus of logical theory. Dewey made significant headway in this endeavor in his lengthy introduction to Essays in Experimental Logic, but the project reached full fruition in Logic: The Theory of Inquiry.
The basis of Dewey's discussion in the Logic is the continuity of intelligent inquiry with the adaptive responses of pre-human organisms to their environments in circumstances that check efficient activity in the fulfillment of organic needs. What is distinctive about intelligent inquiry is that it is facilitated by the use of language, which allows, by its symbolic meanings and implication relationships, the hypothetical rehearsal of adaptive behaviors before their employment under actual, prevailing conditions for the purpose of resolving problematic situations. Logical form, the specialized subject matter of traditional logic, owes its genesis not to rational intuition, as had often been assumed by logicians, but due to its functional value in (1) managing factual evidence pertaining to the problematic situation that elicits inquiry, and (2) controlling the procedures involved in the conceptualized entertainment of hypothetical solutions. As Dewey puts it, "logical forms accrue to subject-matter when the latter is subjected to controlled inquiry."
From this new perspective, Dewey reconsiders many of the topics of traditional logic, such as the distinction between deductive and inductive inference, propositional form, and the nature of logical necessity. One important outcome of this work was a new theory of propositions. Traditional views in logic had held that the logical import of propositions is defined wholly by their syntactical form (e.g., "All As are Bs," "Some Bs are Cs"). In contrast, Dewey maintained that statements of identical propositional form can play significantly different functional roles in the process of inquiry. Thus in keeping with his distinction between the factual and conceptual elements of inquiry, he replaced the accepted distinctions between universal, particular, and singular propositions based on syntactical meaning with a distinction between existential and ideational propositions, a distinction that largely cuts across traditional classifications. The same general approach is taken throughout the work: the aim is to offer functional analyses of logical principles and techniques that exhibit their operative utility in the process of inquiry as Dewey understood it.
The breadth of topics treated and the depth and continuity of the discussion of these topics mark theLogic as Dewey's decisive statement in logical theory. The recognition of the work's importance within the philosophical community of the time can be gauged by the fact that the Journal of Philosophy, the most prominent American journal in the field, dedicated an entire issue to a discussion of the work, including contributions by such philosophical luminaries as C. I. Lewis of Harvard University, and Ernest Nagel, Dewey's colleague at Columbia University. Although many of his critics did question, and continue to question, the assumptions of his approach, one that is certainly unique in the development of twentieth century logical theory, there is no doubt that the work was and continues to be an important contribution to the field.
3. Metaphysics
Dewey's naturalistic metaphysics first took shape in articles that he wrote during the decade after the publication of Studies in Logical Theory, a period when he was attempting to elucidate the implications of instrumentalism. Dewey disagreed with William James's assessment that pragmatic principles were metaphysically neutral. (He discusses this disagreement in "What Does Pragmatism Mean by Practical," published in 1908.) Dewey's view was based in part on an assessment of the motivations behind traditional metaphysics: a central aim of the metaphysical tradition had been the discovery of an immutable cognitive object that could serve as a foundation for knowledge. The pragmatic theory, by showing that knowledge is a product of an activity directed to the fulfillment of human purposes, and that a true (or warranted) belief is known to be such by the consequences of its employment rather than by any psychological or ontological foundations, rendered this longstanding aim of metaphysics, in Dewey's view, moot, and opened the door to renewed metaphysical discussion grounded firmly on an empirical basis.
Dewey begins to define the general form that an empirical metaphysics should take in a number of articles, including "The Postulate of Immediate Empiricism" (1905) and "Does Reality Possess Practical Character?" (1908). In the former article, Dewey asserts that things experienced empirically "are what they are experienced as." Dewey uses as an example a noise heard in a darkened room that is initially experienced as fearsome. Subsequent inquiry (e.g., turning on the lights and looking about) reveals that the noise was caused by a shade tapping against a window, and thus innocuous. But the subsequent inquiry, Dewey argues, does not change the initial status of the noise: it was experienced as fearsome, and in fact was fearsome. The point stems from the naturalistic roots of Dewey's logic. Our experience of the world is constituted by our interrelationship with it, a relationship that is imbued with practical import. The initial fearsomeness of the noise is the experiential correlate of the uncertain, problematic character of the situation, an uncertainty that is not merely subjective or mental, but a product of the potential inadequacy of previously established modes of behavior to deal effectively with the pragmatic demands of present circumstances. The subsequent inquiry does not, therefore, uncover a reality (the innocuousness of the noise) underlying a mere appearance (its fearsomeness), but by settling the demands of the situation, it effects a change in the inter-dynamics of the organism-environment relationship of the initial situation–a change in reality.
There are two important implications of this line of thought that distinguish it from the metaphysical tradition. First, although inquiry is aimed at resolving the precarious and confusing aspects of experience to provide a stable basis for action, this does not imply the unreality of the unstable and contingent, nor justify its relegation to the status of mere appearance. Thus, for example, the usefulness and reliability of utilizing certain stable features of things encountered in our experience as a basis for classification does not justify according ultimate reality to essences or Platonic forms any more than, as rationalist metaphysicians in the modern era have thought, the similar usefulness of mathematical reasoning in understanding natural processes justifies the conclusion that the world can be exhaustively defined mathematically.
Second, the fact that the meanings we attribute to natural events might change in any particular in the future as renewed inquiries lead to more adequate understandings of natural events (as was implied by Dewey's fallibilism) does not entail that our experience of the world at any given time may as a whole be errant. Thus the implicit skepticism that underlies the representational theory of ideas and raises questions concerning the veracity of perceptual experience as such is unwarranted. Dewey stresses the point that sensations, hypotheses, ideas, etc., come into play to mediate our encounter with the world only in the context of active inquiry. Once inquiry is successful in resolving a problematic situation, mediatory sensations and ideas, as Dewey says, "drop out; and things are present to the agent in the most naively realistic fashion."
These contentions positioned Dewey's metaphysics within the territory of a naive realism, and in a number of his articles, such as "The Realism of Pragmatism" (1905), "Brief Studies in Realism" (1911), and "The Existence of the World as a Logical Problem" (1915), it is this view that Dewey expressly avows (a view that he carefully distinguishes from what he calls "presentational realism," which he attributes to a number of the other realists of his day). Opposing narrow-minded positions that would accord full ontological status only to certain, typically the most stable or reliable, aspects of experience, Dewey argues for a position that recognizes the real significance of the multifarious richness of human experience.
Dewey offered a fuller statement of his metaphysics in 1925, with the publication of one of his most significant philosophical works, Experience and Nature. In the introductory chapter, Dewey stresses a familiar theme from his earlier writings: that previous metaphysicians, guided by unavowed biases for those aspects of experience that are relatively stable and secure, have illicitly reified these biases into narrow ontological presumptions, such as the temporal identity of substance, or the ultimate reality of forms or essences. Dewey finds this procedure so pervasive in the history of thought that he calls it simplythe philosophic fallacy, and signals his intention to eschew the disastrous consequences of this approach by offering a descriptive account of all of the various generic features of human experience, whatever their character.
Dewey begins with the observation that the world as we experience it both individually and collectively is an admixture of the precarious, the transitory and contingent aspect of things, and the stable, the patterned regularity of natural processes that allows for prediction and human intervention. Honest metaphysical description must take into account both of these elements of experience. Dewey endeavors to do this by an event ontology. The world, rather than being comprised of things or, in more traditional terms, substances, is comprised of happenings or occurrences that admit of both episodic uniqueness and general, structured order. Intrinsically events have an ineffable qualitative character by which they are immediately enjoyed or suffered, thus providing the basis for experienced value and aesthetic appreciation. Extrinsically events are connected to one another by patterns of change and development; any given event arises out of determinant prior conditions and leads to probable consequences. The patterns of these temporal processes is the proper subject matter of human knowledge–we know the world in terms of causal laws and mathematical relationships–but the instrumental value of understanding and controlling them should not blind us to the immediate, qualitative aspect of events; indeed, the value of scientific understanding is most significantly realized in the facility it affords for controlling the circumstances under which immediate enjoyments may be realized.
It is in terms of the distinction between qualitative immediacy and the structured order of events that Dewey understands the general pattern of human life and action. This understanding is captured by James' suggestive metaphor that human experience consists of an alternation of flights and perchings, an alternation of concentrated effort directed toward the achievement of foreseen aims, what Dewey calls "ends-in-view," with the fruition of effort in the immediate satisfaction of "consummatory experience." Dewey's insistence that human life follows the patterns of nature, as a part of nature, is the core tenet of his naturalistic outlook.
Dewey also addresses the social aspect of human experience facilitated by symbolic activity, particularly that of language. For Dewey the question of the nature of social relationships is a significant matter not only for social theory, but metaphysics as well, for it is from collective human activity, and specifically the development of shared meanings that govern this activity, that the mind arises. Thus rather than understanding the mind as a primitive and individual human endowment, and a precondition of conscious and intentional action, as was typical in the philosophical tradition since Descartes, Dewey offers a genetic analysis of mind as an emerging aspect of cooperative activity mediated by linguistic communication. Consciousness, in turn, is not to be understood as a domain of private awareness, but rather as the fulcrum point of the organism's readjustment to the challenge of novel conditions where the meanings and attitudes that formulate habitual behavioral responses to the environment fail to be adequate. Thus Dewey offers in the better part of a number of chapters of Experience and Nature a response to the traditional mind-body problem of the metaphysical tradition, a response that understands the mind as an emergent issue of natural processes, more particularly the web of interactive relationships between human beings and the world in which they live.
4. Ethical and Social Theory
Dewey's mature thought in ethics and social theory is not only intimately linked to the theory of knowledge in its founding conceptual framework and naturalistic standpoint, but also complementary to it in its emphasis on the social dimension of inquiry both in its processes and its consequences. In fact, it would be reasonable to claim that Dewey's theory of inquiry cannot be fully understood either in the meaning of its central tenets or the significance of its originality without considering how it applies to social aims and values, the central concern of his ethical and social theory.
Dewey rejected the atomistic understanding of society of the Hobbesian social contract theory, according to which the social, cooperative aspect of human life was grounded in the logically prior and fully articulated rational interests of individuals. Dewey's claim in Experience and Nature that the collection of meanings that constitute the mind have a social origin expresses the basic contention, one that he maintained throughout his career, that the human individual is a social being from the start, and that individual satisfaction and achievement can be realized only within the context of social habits and institutions that promote it.
Moral and social problems, for Dewey, are concerned with the guidance of human action to the achievement of socially defined ends that are productive of a satisfying life for individuals within the social context. Regarding the nature of what constitutes a satisfying life, Dewey was intentionally vague, out of his conviction that specific ends or goods can be defined only in particular socio-historical contexts. In theEthics (1932) he speaks of the ends simply as the cultivation of interests in goods that recommend themselves in the light of calm reflection. In other works, such as Human Nature and Conduct and Art as Experience, he speaks of (1) the harmonizing of experience (the resolution of conflicts of habit and interest both within the individual and within society), (2) the release from tedium in favor of the enjoyment of variety and creative action, and (3) the expansion of meaning (the enrichment of the individual's appreciation of his or her circumstances within human culture and the world at large). The attunement of individual efforts to the promotion of these social ends constitutes, for Dewey, the central issue of ethical concern of the individual; the collective means for their realization is the paramount question of political policy.
Conceived in this manner, the appropriate method for solving moral and social questions is the same as that required for solving questions concerning matters of fact: an empirical method that is tied to an examination of problematic situations, the gathering of relevant facts, and the imaginative consideration of possible solutions that, when utilized, bring about a reconstruction and resolution of the original situations. Dewey, throughout his ethical and social writings, stressed the need for an open-ended, flexible, and experimental approach to problems of practice aimed at the determination of the conditions for the attainment of human goods and a critical examination of the consequences of means adopted to promote them, an approach that he called the "method of intelligence."
The central focus of Dewey's criticism of the tradition of ethical thought is its tendency to seek solutions to moral and social problems in dogmatic principles and simplistic criteria which in his view were incapable of dealing effectively with the changing requirements of human events. In Reconstruction of Philosophyand The Quest for Certainty, Dewey located the motivation of traditional dogmatic approaches in philosophy in the forlorn hope for security in an uncertain world, forlorn because the conservatism of these approaches has the effect of inhibiting the intelligent adaptation of human practice to the ineluctable changes in the physical and social environment. Ideals and values must be evaluated with respect to their social consequences, either as inhibitors or as valuable instruments for social progress, and Dewey argues that philosophy, because of the breadth of its concern and its critical approach, can play a crucial role in this evaluation.
In large part, then, Dewey's ideas in ethics and social theory were programmatic rather than substantive, defining the direction that he believed human thought and action must take in order to identify the conditions that promote the human good in its fullest sense, rather than specifying particular formulae or principles for individual and social action. He studiously avoided participating in what he regarded as the unfortunate practice of previous moral philosophers of offering general rules that legislate universal standards of conduct. But there are strong suggestions in a number of his works of basic ethical and social positions. In Human Nature and Conduct Dewey approaches ethical inquiry through an analysis of human character informed by the principles of scientific psychology. The analysis is reminiscent of Aristotelian ethics, concentrating on the central role of habit in formulating the dispositions of action that comprise character, and the importance of reflective intelligence as a means of modifying habits and controlling disruptive desires and impulses in the pursuit of worthwhile ends.
The social condition for the flexible adaptation that Dewey believed was crucial for human advancement is a democratic form of life, not instituted merely by democratic forms of governance, but by the inculcation of democratic habits of cooperation and public spiritedness, productive of an organized, self-conscious community of individuals responding to society's needs by experimental and inventive, rather than dogmatic, means. The development of these democratic habits, Dewey argues in School and Society andDemocracy and Education, must begin in the earliest years of a child's educational experience. Dewey rejected the notion that a child's education should be viewed as merely a preparation for civil life, during which disjoint facts and ideas are conveyed by the teacher and memorized by the student only to be utilized later on. The school should rather be viewed as an extension of civil society and continuous with it, and the student encouraged to operate as a member of a community, actively pursuing interests in cooperation with others. It is by a process of self-directed learning, guided by the cultural resources provided by teachers, that Dewey believed a child is best prepared for the demands of responsible membership within the democratic community.
5. Aesthetics
Dewey's one significant treatment of aesthetic theory is offered in Art as Experience, a book that was based on the William James Lectures that he delivered at Harvard University in 1931. The book stands out as a diversion into uncommon philosophical territory for Dewey, adumbrated only by a somewhat sketchy and tangential treatment of art in one chapter of Experience and Nature. The unique status of the work in Dewey's corpus evoked some criticism from Dewey's followers, most notably Stephen Pepper, who believed that it marked an unfortunate departure from the naturalistic standpoint of his instrumentalism, and a return to the idealistic viewpoints of his youth. On close reading, however, Art as Experience reveals a considerable continuity of Dewey's views on art with the main themes of his previous philosophical work, while offering an important and useful extension of those themes. Dewey had always stressed the importance of recognizing the significance and integrity of all aspects of human experience. His repeated complaint against the partiality and bias of the philosophical tradition expresses this theme. Consistent with this theme, Dewey took account of qualitative immediacy in Experience and Nature, and incorporated it into his view of the developmental nature of experience, for it is in the enjoyment of the immediacy of an integration and harmonization of meanings, in the "consummatory phase" of experience that, in Dewey's view, the fruition of the re-adaptation of the individual with environment is realized. These central themes are enriched and deepened in Art as Experience, making it one of Dewey's most significant works.
The roots of aesthetic experience lie, Dewey argues, in commonplace experience, in the consummatory experiences that are ubiquitous in the course of human life. There is no legitimacy to the conceit cherished by some art enthusiasts that aesthetic enjoyment is the privileged endowment of the few. Whenever there is a coalesence into an immediately enjoyed qualitative unity of meanings and values drawn from previous experience and present circumstances, life then takes on an aesthetic quality–what Dewey called having "an experience." Nor is the creative work of the artist, in its broad parameters, unique. The process of intelligent use of materials and the imaginative development of possible solutions to problems issuing in a reconstruction of experience that affords immediate satisfaction, the process found in the creative work of artists, is also to be found in all intelligent and creative human activity. What distinguishes artistic creation is the relative stress laid upon the immediate enjoyment of unified qualitative complexity as the rationalizing aim of the activity itself, and the ability of the artist to achieve this aim by marshalling and refining the massive resources of human life, meanings, and values.
The senses play a key role in artistic creation and aesthetic appreciation. Dewey, however, argues against the view, stemming historically from the sensationalistic empiricism of David Hume, that interprets the content of sense experience simply in terms of the traditionally codified list of sense qualities, such as color, odor, texture, etc., divorced from the funded meanings of past experience. It is not only the sensible qualities present in the physical media the artist uses, but the wealth of meaning that attaches to these qualities, that constitute the material that is refined and unified in the process of artistic expression. The artist concentrates, clarifies, and vivifies these meanings in the artwork. The unifying element in this process is emotion–not the emotion of raw passion and outburst, but emotion that is reflected upon and used as a guide to the overall character of the artwork. Although Dewey insisted that emotion is not the significant content of the work of art, he clearly understands it to be the crucial tool of the artist's creative activity.
Dewey repeatedly returns in Art as Experience to a familiar theme of his critical reflections upon the history of ideas, namely that a distinction too strongly drawn too often sacrifices accuracy of account for a misguided simplicity. Two applications of this theme are worth mentioning here. Dewey rejects the sharp distinction often made in aesthetics between the matter and the form of an artwork. What Dewey objected to was the implicit suggestion that matter and form stand side by side, as it were, in the artwork as distinct and precisely distinguishable elements. For Dewey, form is better understood in a dynamic sense as the coordination and adjustment of the qualities and associated meanings that are integrated within the artwork.
A second misguided distinction that Dewey rejects is that between the artist as the active creator and the audience as the passive recipient of art. This distinction artificially truncates the artistic process by in effect suggesting that the process ends with the final artifact of the artist's creativity. Dewey argues that, to the contrary, the process is barren without the agency of the appreciator, whose active assimilation of the artist's work requires a recapitulation of many of the same processes of discrimination, comparison, and integration that are present in the artist's initial work, but now guided by the artist's perception and skill. Dewey underscores the point by distinguishing between the "art product," the painting, sculpture, etc., created by the artist, and the "work of art" proper, which is only realized through the active engagement of an astute audience.
Ever concerned with the interrelationships between the various domains of human activity and concern, Dewey ends Art as Experience with a chapter devoted to the social implications of the arts. Art is a product of culture, and it is through art that the people of a given culture express the significance of their lives, as well as their hopes and ideals. Because art has its roots in the consummatory values experienced in the course of human life, its values have an affinity to commonplace values, an affinity that accords to art a critical office in relation to prevailing social conditions. Insofar as the possibility for a meaningful and satisfying life disclosed in the values embodied in art is not realized in the lives of the members of a society, the social relationships that preclude this realization are condemned. Dewey's specific target in this chapter was the conditions of workers in industrialized society, conditions which force upon the worker the performance of repetitive tasks that are devoid of personal interest and afford no satisfaction in personal accomplishment. The degree to which this critical function of art is ignored is a further indication of what Dewey regarded as the unfortunate distancing of the arts from the common pursuits and interests of ordinary life. The realization of art's social function requires the closure of this bifurcation.
6. Critical Reception and Influence
Dewey's philosophical work received varied responses from his philosophical colleagues during his lifetime. There were many philosophers who saw his work, as Dewey himself understood it, as a genuine attempt to apply the principles of an empirical naturalism to the perennial questions of philosophy, providing a beneficial clarification of issues and the concepts used to address them. Dewey's critics, however, often expressed the opinion that his views were more confusing than clarifying, and that they appeared to be more akin to idealism than the scientifically based naturalism Dewey expressly avowed. Notable in this connection are Dewey's disputes concerning the relation of the knowing subject to known objects with the realists Bertrand Russell, A. O. Lovejoy, and Evander Bradley McGilvery. Whereas these philosophers argued that the object of knowledge must be understood as existing apart from the knowing subject, setting the truth conditions for propositions, Dewey defended the view that things understood as isolated from any relationship with the human organism could not be objects of knowledge at all.
Dewey was sensitive and responsive to the criticisms brought against his views. He often attributed them to misinterpretations based on the traditional, philosophical connotations that some of his readers would attach to his terminology. This was clearly a fair assessment with respect to some of his critics. To take one example, Dewey used the term "experience," found throughout his philosophical writings, to denote the broad context of the human organism's interrelationship with its environment, not the domain of human thought alone, as some of his critics read him to mean. Dewey's concern for clarity of expression motivated efforts in his later writings to revise his terminology. Thus, for example, he later substituted "transaction" for his earlier "interaction" to denote the relationship between organism and environment, since the former better suggested a dynamic interdependence between the two, and in a new introduction to Experience and Nature, never published during his lifetime, he offered the term "culture" as an alternative to "experience." Late in his career he attempted a more sweeping revision of philosophical terminology in Knowing and the Known, written in collaboration with Arthur F. Bentley.
The influence of Dewey's work, along with that of the pragmatic school of thought itself, although considerable in the first few decades of the twentieth century, was gradually eclipsed during the middle part of the century as other philosophical methods, such as those of the analytic school in England and America and phenomenology in continental Europe, grew to ascendency. Recent trends in philosophy, however, leading to the dissolution of these rigid paradigms, have led to approaches that continue and expand on the themes of Dewey's work. W. V. O. Quine's project of naturalizing epistemology works upon naturalistic presumptions anticipated in Dewey's own naturalistic theory of inquiry. The social dimension and function of belief systems, explored by Dewey and other pragmatists, has received renewed attention by such writers as Richard Rorty and Jürgen Habermas. American phenomenologists such as Sandra Rosenthal and James Edie have considered the affinities of phenomenology and pragmatism, and Hilary Putnam, an analytically trained philosophy, has recently acknowledged the affinity of his own approach to ethics to that of Dewey's. The renewed openness and pluralism of recent philosophical discussion has meant a renewed interest in Dewey's philosophy, an interest that promises to continue for some time to come.
a. Primary Sources
All of the published writings of John Dewey have been newly edited and published in The Collected Works of John Dewey, Jo Ann Boydston, ed., 37 volumes (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967-1991).
Dewey's complete correspondence has know been published in electronic form in The Correspondence of John Dewey, 3 vols., Larry Hickman, ed. (Charlottesville, Va: Intelex Corporation).
An authoritative collection of Dewey's writings is The Essential Dewey, 2 vols., Larry Hickman and Thomas M. Alexander, eds. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998).
b. Secondary Sources
Alexander, Thomas M. The Horizons of Feeling: John Dewey's Theory of Art, Experience, and Nature. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987.
Boisvert, Raymond D. Dewey's Metaphysics. New York: Fordham University Press, 1988.
Boisvert, Raymond D. John Dewey: Rethinking Our Time. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
Bullert, Gary. The Politics of John Dewey. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1983.
Campbell, James. Understanding John Dewey: Nature and Cooperative Intelligence. Chicago and La Salle: Open Court, 1995.
Damico, Alfonso J. Individuality and Community: The Social and Political Thought of John Dewey. Gainesville, FL: University Presses of Florida, 1978.
Dykhuizen, George. The Life and Mind of John Dewey. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1973.
Eames, S. Morris. Experience and Value: Essays on John Dewey and Pragmatic Naturalism.Elizabeth R. Eames and Richard W. Field, eds. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2003.
Eldridge, Michael. Transforming Experience: John Dewey's Cultural Instrumentalism. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1998.
Gouinlock, James. John Dewey's Philosophy of Value. New York: Humanities Press, 1972.
Hickman, Larry. John Dewey's Pragmatic Technology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.
Hickman, Larry A., ed. Reading Dewey: Interpretations for a Postmodern Generation. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998.
Hook, Sidney. John Dewey: An Intellectual Portrait. New York: John Day Co., 1939; New York: Prometheus Books, 1995.
Jackson, Philip W. John Dewey and the Lessons of Art. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
Haskins, Casey and David I. Seiple, eds. Dewey Reconfigured: Essays on Deweyan Pragmatism.Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999.
Levine, Barbara. Works about John Dewey: 1886-1995. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996.
Rockefeller, Steven C. John Dewey: Religious Faith and Democratic Humanism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.
Schilpp, Paul Arthur and Lewis Edwin Hahn, eds. The Philosophy of John Dewey, The Library of Living Philosophers, vol. 1. La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1989.
Sleeper, Ralph. The Necessity of Pragmatism: John Dewey's Conception of Philosophy. New York: Yale University Press, 1987.
Thayer, H. S. The Logic of Pragmatism: An Examination of John Dewey's Logic. New York: Humanities Press, 1952.
Tiles, J. E. Dewey. London: Routledge, 1988.
Welchman, Jennifer. Dewey's Ethical Thought. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.
Richard Field
Email: rfield(at)nwmissouri.edu


text:
Q: Remain at the same vertical coordinate when loading more data in Vue.js I have a load more button which loads more data to a component. However, after pressing the load button the user is scrolled at the bottom of screen since the load more button is also located at the bottom of the screen.
The user has to scroll up to see the loaded content. Is there any way to make the user to remain at the same vertical coordinate when pressing the button?

A: One solution if you like to scroll to original position where the Load More button locates:

*

*uses ref to mark the related VNodes (scrolling Container ref=container and the anchor ref=test)

*when Load Button is pressed, get current button position

*After new content is loaded, call scrollTo method to scroll to the position it got in Step 2 inside nextTick callback

new Vue ({
  el:'#app',
  data () {
    return {
      rows: Array.from({length: 100}).map((_, index) => index),
      current: 5,
      currentCoords: {top: 0, left: 0}
    }
  },
  computed: {
    computedRows: function () {
      return this.rows.slice(0, this.current)
    }
  },
  methods: {
    loadMore: function () {
      this.currentCoords.top = this.$refs.test.offsetTop
      this.currentCoords.left = this.$refs.test.offsetLeft
      this.current += 15
      this.$nextTick(() => {
        this.$refs.container.scrollTo(this.currentCoords.left, this.currentCoords.top - 10)
      })
    }
  }
})

{{row}}

            <button ref="test" @click="loadMore()">Load More</button>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Most Pervasive Problems in 야짤
It's an intriguing issue, why use rubber?
To start with, I suppose it's excellent to start with what's rubber?
Rubber is a natural substance, made from the sap on the rubber tree. It's gathered, and taken care of, rolled flat into sheets and then "vulcanised" which basicly signifies they insert sulphur and cook it in an oven!
Why make clothing from it?
Properly, Why don't you! It's similar to another product, it can be sewn, but more likely it's 야짤 glued with each other to create clothes. The glues utilised are really sturdy, as robust as the material it's bonding collectively. Rubber used to be found as an "underground" substance to make outfits from, for fetishists only truly, but now it's finding additional mainstream, it's frequently used in Movie and television to either Express "technology"or "futurism" or perhaps "fetishism".
An example of rubber being used in films extensively will be The Matrix Trilogy. The majority of Trinity's clothing in that was produced by Reactor Rubberwear (www.rubber.com.au) as loads of the Matrix was really filmed in Australia.
So appear on, why would I don it?


Description: Organization operates farmers' markets in Marin, Alameda and San Francisco counties. Presents programs, directions and applications for vendors.
Document management, imaging and distribution. Eight locations throughout the Bay Area.
Information on current ferry service and advocacy of expanded public transit ferry services.
Electronic tax return filing and problem resolution services.
Offers clothing, shoes, tattoos, piercings, and smoke shop. Locations in San Jose and Sunnyvale.
Video games and more for lease, rent or profit share in the San Francisco Bay Area.


text:
Avonte Maddox has had an wild rookie season. He sat on the bench for the first three weeks of the season and since then has played everywhere.
Thanks to a plethora of injuries in the secondary this season, the rookie fourth-round pick from Pittsburgh has played three completely different positions: safety, nickel cornerback and now outside cornerback.
And he's played all three extremely well.
So on Thursday morning, I asked defensive coordinator Jim Schwartz if he's coached a player like Maddox before, one who has been so versatile and so good this early in his career. And, how do they figure out where to put Maddox long-term?
His answer was interesting:
Yeah, he reminds me of Cortland Finnegan. I had Finny early, first couple years in his career in Tennessee. Came in and played nickel, and then moved outside to corner. Could switch back and forth. He was a good tackler. He had speed. Similar size, toughness. Finnegan didn't play safety for us, but he played safety in college, so he had a lot of those same kind of attributes, like I just got done talking about with Malcolm, and one of his strengths is he can play so many positions.
I don't look at it as a problem with Avonte. We'll figure out what's best for him, what's best for us, over the course of his career, but that flexibility is very helpful from a defensive standpoint.
The comparison to Finnegan is high praise from Schwartz, who was well into his tenure as the Titans' defensive coordinator when they drafted the undersized Finnegan in 2006. These days, Finnegan is probably more well-known for his on-field antics, including his fight with Texans great Andre Johnson in November of 2010, when he finally got under the skin of the normally-reserved receiver.
But Finnegan was a heckuva player too. He started all 16 games his second season and in 2008, he was named to the Pro Bowl and the All-Pro team. His best years were in 2008 and 2009, when he had 10 interceptions. Only five players had more in that short span: Charles Woodson, Nick Collins, Asante Samuel, Ed Reed and Darrelle Revis.
Finnegan lasted 10 seasons in the NFL, playing in 133 games with 111 starts, and had 18 career interceptions. Not a bad career for a seventh-round pick. And it wouldn't be a bad career for Maddox either. They have a lot more in common than just their versatility.
Take a look at the tale of the tape:
chart-finnegan-maddox.png
The Eagles have plenty of time to figure out where Maddox should play long-term. He won't turn 23 until March, so he's still a young player who has already shown the versatility of a veteran.
But he's been very good this season. Maddox has played in 12 games with eight starts and has two interceptions, four passes defensed, a forced fumble and 32 tackles.
As for the Finnegan comparison? Maddox was just 10 years old when Finnegan was drafted in 2006, so he's heard of Finnegan but isn't extremely familiar with his work. But he has watched plenty of undersized corners.
"I used to watch guys, in high school and college, like Brent Grimes (5-10), Desmond King (5-10) last year," Maddox said. "I would just watch a lot of smaller guys. Tyrann Mathieu (5-9), guys like that. So I can be able to see where I fit at in the league and see how they get it done."
Maddox is definitely getting it done so far. Maybe in a few years there will be some shorter kids watching him to learn the tricks of playing in the league.
Several Eagles might play their final game with the team on Sunday
Eagles have a lot of questions about Peters' future and no real answers
Sproles, Jeffery and Ertz highlight 10 crazy Eagles stats this week
Eagles have only themselves to blame for their predicament
The latest on Jason Peters' status vs. Redskins


In Indian politics, 365 days is a long time. Much can happen in that span and much did in 2004. There was never a dull moment. Be it Shining India being trampled under in a sari stampede or the Best Bakery being the worst of brutalities.
The fourth year of the new millenium was culturally reflective in nature. There seemed to be more looking before than after. The mood, however, was one of commendation what with so many jubilees, anniversaries and celebrations.
Bollywood produced no clear winners or losers. It is hard to name the best movie or actors of the year. The dream merchants came up with bold experiments like never before, though the themes were largely spin-offs from Hollywood hits, says Saibal Chatterjee.
The variety of themes that Bollywood addressed in the year 2004 was unprecedented. The upshot wasn't. As always, Mumbai cinema delivered more misses than hits during the year even as several big-ticket productions did manage to garner bumper collections.
Have you got your hands on the bestsellers of 2004, asks Priyanka Singh after browsing through Chandigarh's bookstores.


text:
About RIVMA
RIVMA Updates
Job Seekers, Welcome to RIVMA Career Center
Avets is a 24-hour Emergency and Specialty Hospital located in Monroeville, PA is looking for a full-time or part-time ER DVM to join our team.
As a long-standing provider of quality emergency and specialty veterinary care, Avets was one of the first 15 hospitals in the country to earn the designation of a VECCS Level 1 emergency and critical care facility. Practicing quality medicine and compassionate care for patients, families, and referring veterinarians in our community is and has remained our focus. We believe that our one hospital model, which creates an environment where specialists collaborate openly as a team, allows us to best serve the needs of our patients and clients. Our specialists work alongside each other making medical and patient care decisions together.
Professional Points of Interest:
Direct influence working alongside each other, to build, advance and continue to grow our emergency and specialty service offerings.
Access to our in-house state of the art diagnostic and monitoring equipment, including Esprit ventilator, high flow oxygen unit, point-of-care and diagnostic ultrasounds, continuous renal replacement therapy and therapeutic plasma exchange, CT/MRI, endoscopy and laparoscopy, telemetry and full in-house laboratory, including ABL blood gas, co-oximetry, and coagulation monitoring.
Access to advanced veterinary emergency and specialty resources across the country as a member of Compassion-First Pet Hospitals.
Personal Points of Interest:
Avets is close to both Pittsburgh's city neighborhoods and more remote living options. Whether you like to explore historic museums, charming cultural districts, or local breweries, you'll never be far away from all that our city has to offer. If hiking and spending the day on the river or slopes is more your style, the beautiful Laurel Highlands region offers a wide range of outdoor activities. In recent years, both The Economist and Forbes Magazine have noted that Pittsburgh's affordable standard of living, top-notch health care facilities and cultural attractions combine to make it one of America's most livable cities.
We would love to learn more about you and show you around our city!
Please send a CV to: Keri Patton, keri.patton@compassionfirstpets.com
or Corey Korinko, Hospital Director, korinko@avets.com
About Compassion-First Pet Hospitals
Avets is a proud member of the Compassion-First Pet Hospitals' family of highly respected specialty and emergency veterinary hospitals across the United States. We value individuality and innovation at the practice level while recognizing the power and promise of collaboration.
Internal Number: AVETS ER DVM
About Avets
Looking for qualified candidates to fill openings in a variety of private and corporate practices across the US. This may include, DVM/VMD of all levels of experience, as well as technicians, assistants, administrative and customer service team members.
Connections working at Avets
RIVMA Scientific Seminar
Veterinarian of the Year Award
Animals Best Friend Award
Scientific Seminar Details
Spay/Neuter Assistance Program
Companion Animal Foundation
Animal Welfare Groups
Veterinary House Calls
Rabies Clinics
Animal Abuse Information
How to Surrender your Pet
Advertise in RIVMA Newsletter
Sponsor the Scientific Seminar
Purchase an Exhibitor's Booth


text:
Year 6 World Roundup (Franjo: A Journeyman Story – Mini-sode 145.5.5.5)
My annual look around the world of football.
< Mini-sode 145.5.5
The small shopkeeper's bell on the door "Ding-a-ling"s as I step into Perk de l'Abre Sec, my favourite little café on Rue des Carrières, just down the road from Stade l'Abbé-Deschamps. The young café owner behind the counter beams as I step in from the blistering Summer heat and rushes out to set my usual table. "Bonjour, Monsieur Franjo!" He says, dropping cutlery all over the table in his haste. I chuckle.
"Bonjour, Louis. I've got someone meeting me here in a little while. Point them in my direction when they get here, will you?"
"Of course!" Louis practically shouts as he scrambles across the gingham tablecloth to collect the spilt cutlery, "Who are you meeting? I'll show them over as soon as they arrive!"
"You'll know when you see him." I smile as I take my seat. Louis nods sheepishly, picks up the remaining cutlery and scurries back behind the counter to prepare my usual.
It's nice to be recognised sometimes. Last year I was able to walk around Auxerre with complete anonymity. A few people would come over to take a selfie or whatever after we avoided relegation, but that was about it. This Summer's completely different though. The whole of Auxerre knows my name and most of them know my face. I get stopped on the way to the corner shop, I get stopped on my way to training. It's nice. I can see why it'd get on your nerves after a while, but for now I'm enjoying it. And I'm definitely enjoying the VIP treatment I'm getting at Perk de l'Abre Sec.
I unsheathe my laptop from it's case, blow the dust off the lid and open it on the table as Louis places my white sugarless coffee and already-cut-up-and-buttered croissant on the table in front of me. I thank him politely and open up a browser to begin my annual look around the world of football.
It's 3 on the spin for José "Manager of the Year" Mourinho's Red Devils in the new top division in Europe, the Premier League and in a display of remarkable consistency United finished with the exact same number of points and goal difference as last year, while Ancelotti's Arsenal have done their very best to emulate Chelsea's total from last season but fell short by 2 goals. Still, it was a close title race between those 2 with Pochettino's Spurs and Emery's Chelsea not far behind. Ernesto Valverde's Liverpool finished in a Europa League spot while City struggled once again. The Citizens sacked Javi Gracia in February and I'm absolutely delighted to note that they gave Interim boss Lee Carsley until at least the end of the Season. The ex-Ireland international is an actual childhood icon of mine and one of the main inspirations behind "The Franjo Mould", so it pleases me no end to see him in such a great position.
Carsley's old club Everton finished just below the European places again under Pioli, but to be honest I'm just glad they're out of the habit of nearly getting relegated every season. While Mazzarri's Watford slid 5 places to finish 12th this season, they actually won the EFL Cup and grab the last Europa League spot. Marco Silva took his recently promoted Swansea team all the way up to 11th and missed out on all the fun of the final day relegation scrap, where Stevie Crawford's Derby could've leapfrogged up to 3 sides with a win over the Swans but were sent straight back down with a draw, sparing the blushes of Rob Page's Sunderland and Terry Boyle's Hull, either of whom could very easily have dropped down themselves. Alex Neil's Brighton and Hove Albion side had their 4 year top flight spell ended with time to spare, while former Premier League Champions Leicester City finished bottom of the pile thanks to a calamitous combination of management from Giovanni van Bronckhorst, Matt Goodwin and John Kennedy. I'm also not sure how much of a coincidence it is that the Foxes have capitulated in the season following the retirements of stalwarts Kasper Schmeichel, Christian Fuchs and Jamie Vardy.
In the Premier League Players' Team of the Season, Golden Glove winner David de Gea is the first on the team sheet. Courtois and Butland of Chelsea and Arsenal were the closest things the Spaniard had to competition but in the end they were both a long way off. In defence Tottenham's Toby Alderweireld makes it in for the 3rd consecutive season and Chelsea's Laporte makes it 5 appearances in a row. They're joined by Team of the Year noobies Mário Fernandes of United and Ben Davies of Spurs. City's De Bruyne is back in midfield to make it 5 years out of 6 and even though he was consistently one of the League's best players in terms of rating, assists and Player of the Match awards, everyone still disagrees on how his name should be pronounced. KDB's team mate Isco also makes the cut with United's Paul Pogba and Spurs' top assister and Footballer of the Year Delle Alli. Harry Kane's unlucky to miss out after banging in 20 goals for Tottenham but he was left out for West Ham's Jonathan Calleri, who was the League's top goalscorer and Paulo Dybala, who was widely accepted as the best player in the league, which is backed up by his Players' Player of the Year award.
My "Managerial Move of the Season" award goes to Brian McDermott, who brought Portsmouth up to the Championship last season, jumped ship at Christmas for the QPR job and leapfrogged both his old club and Sheffield Wednesday with a final day win that sealed his new side's survival on goal difference. Incredible. But look at me focussing on Championship relegation, coming up to the top flight next year are Ryan Giggs' Middlesbrough, who end a 5 year spell in the Championship, Norwich, who appointed David Wright after Chris Hughton was made Ireland manager and Gareth Ainsworth's Fulham, who've been down for 3 years and actually didn't have a prayer of promotion before he was swiped from Millwall in April. Under Gareth, Fulham immediately ended former gaffer Stanimir Stoilov's horrible 3 month winless streak and went unbeaten for the last 10 games to sneak in via the playoffs.
Last time Real Madrid won the title I was optimistically dragging my suitcase onto a Katowice-bound flight after going the season unbeaten with Angrense. That feels like an absolute lifetime ago but at last they lift the La Liga title once again. Marcelino deserting them to take the Spain job was probably the best thing that could've happened for Madrid, who gave former Real and Man City coach Rodolfo Borrell his first job as Manager after he impressed as interim boss. He looks very, very good.
Borrell's side only lost once in the league under him to title rivals Barcelona, but in the end Manager of the Year Jürgen Klopp's Catalonians were edged by a single point. Didier Deschamps' Atleti were disappointing and ended up 9 points behind Barça in 3rd, the lowest they've finished since 2016, while Bilbao recovered well after Guillermo Amor's poor first season in charge to finish in the final Champions League spot. Rubén Baraja's Valencia and Zinedine Zidane's Villarreal also recovered from bad seasons to finish in the Europa League spots with Marcelo Gallardo's Sevilla. Zizou's been picked up by Juve since, but we'll come to that in a bit.
The one year that Real Madrid win the title, the Team of the Season actually seems curiously Galactico-less, but never mind. Marc-André ter Stegen won the Goalkeeper of the Year award and a place in the Team of the Season with team mates Sergi Roberto and 35 year old Gerard Piqué, who's still somehow putting in top class performances despite having all the pace of a broken down pedalo sailing majestically down a scenic country road. They're joined in defence by Real's Raphaël Guerreiro and Raphaël "5-inclusions-in-a-row" Varane. Atletico Madrid's Saúl earns his second inclusion in a row in midfield for his league-high 14 assists with teammate Koke, while the pair are flanked by Barcelona's Rafinha and Neymar. 34 year old Player of the Season Leo Messi makes the cut for the 6th year in a row and is joined by former Valencia sharpshooter Simone Zaza, who was the league's top scorer.
Presumably you were thinking the same thing I was after the last Bundesliga season: Bayern Munich could really do with a bigger lead at the top. Thankfully Manager of the Year Diego Simeone and his side obliged and celebrated their literal decade of unbroken Bundesliga dominance by finishing 8 points clear of Thomas Tuchel's Dortmund, who were back in 2nd place above Roger Schmidt's Bayer Leverkusen. Dare I say it though below the bottom 3, the Bundesliga was borderline interesting this year. Ralph Hasenhüttl's Köln and Sergiy Rebrov's Mönchengladbach both reclaimed Europa League places after a couple of years out along with Markus Babbel's Leipzig, Peter Stöger's Mainz were agonisingly close to their own surprise European place and even though André Schubert's Schalke and Bruno Labbadia's Stuttgart both slid a fair way down the table, their declines were nothing compared to Hamburg, who absolutely fell apart in Markus Gisdol's 6th season in charge and survived relegation by the skin of their teeth via the playoff after finishing 7th last year.
The 2021/22 Bundesliga season must have been directed by M Night Shyamalan because in the mother of all twist endings, the Team of the Year, especially in defence, is dominated by Bayern Munich players. Sorry, I'm getting all sarcastic and bitter but I'm just so fucking bored of Bayern Munich. Why can't they just be shit? Even if it's just for a year? One day I'll go into the Bundesliga and take them down, mark my words. Anyway, where was I… Right, so Dortmund's £18M Summer signing Bernd Leno earned himself a place between the sticks in the Players' Team of the Year, while Bayern's entire back 4 made it into the team too. That's Benjamin Henrichs, Mats Hummels, Jérôme Boateng and David Alaba. Thomas Müller also makes it in, because obviously and alongside him is Footballer and Players' Player of the Year Leon Goretzka. Kai Havertz and Emil Forsberg both get a place for the 3rd straight year while Hertha's Lars Stindl backs up lone striker and the League's top scorer Michael Mohammed of Bayer.
Sticking with my point about boring teams, thank you Antonio Conte. Thank you so much. When you headed back to Turin I thought that it was the end of any notion of variation in Serie A. I thought that Juve would be back at the top for years on end, but this season they slumped to 4th place, the lowest they've finished in 11 years. Manager of the Year Ramón Diaz took AC Milan charging back to the top for their 2nd title win in 3 years, closely followed by Spalletti's Roma and Vincenzo Italiano's Fiorentina. Juve have since installed club legend Zizou in an attempt to change their fortunes. He's had relative success in La Liga with Real and Villarreal, but he really stunk up the Premier League with City, so it's going to be interesting to see how he does. Oleg Luzhnyi's Inter and Claude Makélélé's Napoli retained their Europa League places along with surprise package Genoa, who were masterminded up to 7th by Managers' Manager of the Year Andrea Stramaccioni and it's also worth mentioning that Lazio have finally managed to scrape their way back up to Serie A at the 2nd time of asking by finishing 7th in Serie B and qualifying through the play offs.
Juve's defensive 5 of Goalkeeper of the Year Gerónimo Rulli, Nacho, Alex Sandro, William Carvalho and Defender, Player and Fans' Player of the Year Leonardo Bonucci all made the Team of the Season alongside Martín Montoya of the Champions Milan. In midfield, Midfielder and Foreign Player of the Year Marcelo Brozovic of Inter got in with Roma's Lucas Torreira, who they swiped from Sampdoria in the Summer for a mere £7M. Up front are Italian Player of the Year Accursio Bentivegna and Striker of the Year and Top Goalscorer Duván Zapata, both of Milan, as well as Roma's Mo Salah.
Now then. Here we go. My new stomping ground, Ligue 1. That's still quite strange to think about. José Barros and his Monaco side are the new kings of France after dethroning Pep's PSG to end the Parisians' 3 year stranglehold on the division. Roberto Mancini… My palms get slightly sweaty as I read through more and more of the Managers I'll be facing in the coming season… Roberto Mancini's Marseille swiped the last Champions League spot from Jocelyn Gourvennec's Lyon, who have to settle for a Europa League place with Michel Der Zakarian's Bordeaux, who knocked us out of the French Cup 10th round this year, and Yves Bertucci's Guingamp. At the other end of the table Frédéric Hantz's Nantes, which has a nice ring to it, Alaixys Romao's Lille and Denis Renaud's Saint-Etienne all fell away after good showings in the previous season, with the latter 2 clubs only just avoiding relegation. Saint-Etienne actually had to beat Olivier Frapolli's Lens on the final day to sneak past them on goal difference. Lens then went on to get absolutely hammered by AC Ajaccio in the playoff, resigning them to Ligue 2, where they'll be joined by Jean-Marie Huriez's Bastia and Fabien Mercadal's Montpellier, a side that I was quite heavily linked to earlier in the season. We won't meet any of those 3… This year at least.
The Ligue 1 XI of the Season is comprised almost exclusively of Monaco players. There's Goalkeeper of the Season Sergio Rico, defenders Almamy Touré, Daniele Rugani and José Giménez, midfielders Fabinho and Thomas Lemar, Kylian M'Bappé and winner of the Best Player and Star of the Season awards Bernardo Silva. PSG make up the numbers with Toni Lato, Mateo Kovacic and Florin Andone, although oddly there's no room for the League's top goalscorer or assister, which was Lyon's Yussuf Poulsen and PSG's Gelson Martins respectively.
It was a year to remember in the Europa League for Jason Tindall's Bournemouth, who matched fellow English side Arsenal in getting to the Quarter Finals where they were knocked out on penalties by eventual finalists Inter, who were in turn beaten at the Red Bull Arena in Leipzig by Sporting Lisbon, who finished 4th in this year's Liga Nos. The final itself was actually godawful. An incredibly cagey match with few chances that was decided by a goal from Brazilian Léo Jabá in the 73rd minute.
The Champions League was won by Bayern, who really know how to get on my tits today, don't they. They fought past Juve, Manchester United and Spurs to face Chelsea, who had an arguably much tougher run to the final of Barcelona, Paris Saint-Germain and Dortmund. The final was very similar to the Europa League final though. Not much action, chances at a premium. At least 3 goals were scored at the San Siro though with Andrea Belotti's opener immediately cancelled out by Mauro Icardi, but Bayern got the decider before half time through André Silva.
I said last year that I felt like I was knocking on the door. With a season in the company of the likes of Pep Guardiola, José Barros and Roberto Mancini ahead, that door's been flung right open.
Mini-sode 145.5.5.5.5 >
Author wtfranjoPosted on May 10, 2018 May 20, 2018 Categories Franjo - A Journeyman StoryTags aj auxerre, angrense, auxerre, fc, FC Höllviken, fm 17, fm 2017, fm17, fm2017, football, football manager, football manager 17, football manager 2017, franjo, gieksa, gks katowice, Höllviken, journey, journey man, journeyman, katowice, liechtenstein, man, manager, santos, santos fc, sc angrense, sport clube angrense
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text:
As open-top continental tourer, the 16M is exceptional
by Hilton Holloway
Ferrari says the Scuderia Spider 16M is the highest performance Spider that it's ever made. Like the fixed-head F430 Scuderia, this car also incorporates what Ferrari calls 'F1-derived' technology. This is also a limited edition (499 units) production run. The '16M moniker' refers to Ferrari's 16 F1 Constructors World Championships, the latest of which was achieved in 2008.
Although the 16M is derived from its fixed-head predecessor, Ferrari has taken the Scuderia concept even further. Despite the additional body strengthening, the 16M is 80kg lighter, tipping the scales at an admirable (for a car of this size and sophistication) 1340kg. Much of this has been achieved by a major overhaul of the double wishbone suspension as well as new dampers and a new steering box. It even gets titanium springs and wheel bolts, a measure of the 16M's extreme engineering brief. Further weight was shaved back by using new materials for the bumpers, diffuser and aerodynamic undertray.
It's powered by the same 503bhp version of Ferrari's 4.3-litre V8 found in the fixed-head, but has undergone an extra tweak in the form of redesigned pistons which also allow for a higher compression ratio. 80 per cent of the engine's torque (which peaks at 473lb ft at 5250rpm) is now on tap from 3000rpm. The engine drives the F1-SuperFast2 six-speed transmission, which can execute shifts in a claimed 60 milliseconds via the steering wheel paddles, an effective auto setting for the transmission works well in combination with occasional manual selection.
Helping keep the 16M on the road is the F1-Trac traction control system and the E-Diff intelligent differential. The driver can select five basic 'characters' for the 16M via the Manettino. The driver can scroll through the settings, from wet conditions, through good-road holding and track-driving. The car's electronic safety net can be progressively disabled, with the CT setting allowing oversteer at maximum power and CST taking away everything but the E-Diff's efforts. The basic damping set-up is also switchable for slightly better comfort.
What's it like?
The 16M is capable of being surprisingly civilised and surprisingly aggressive. With the fabric roof down ( an admirably simple and compact design) and travelling at up to 85mph, (above which the in-cabin buffeting is bit too much) the 16M is engaging, if a little boisterous, but entirely useable over many hours. You won't step out shaken and stirred.
However, when given its head, the 16M is a very loud, hardcore experience. Under hard acceleration, resonators in the intake manifold switch over to deliver the most extraordinary, howling, moaning engine noise. Full bore acceleration is also brutal and brutally effective (60mph can come up in just 3.7secs). There's not much that could keep up with a 16M driven by a very committed driver. The carbon ceramic brakes fitted to the 16M (with six-pot pistons at the front) are superb, and significantly more positive and more powerful than the standard F430 Scuderia set-up.
The driver is in for a treat. The carbon-shell seats are first rate, and the fat wheel (which is trimmed in suede, leather and carbon fibre) is perfectly judged. Contact points are very important in a car like this. Oddly enough, the right-hand drive 16M might have a more comfortable driving position because the driver's left leg can be extended right down into the footwell. On the left hooker, the left foot rest is on the inner wheel arch. Extensive use of carbon fibre trim (the whole door trims and peppered around the interior) also works well. There's also some beautiful engineering detail, with the door pull and release worthy of carful examination.
Ultimately, the 16M and the 430 Scuderia are quite different machines. The 16M is a more committed, brutally effective machine, with a more aggressive engine response and better brakes. But while it makes impressively smooth progress on good roads, it's disturbed by the potholes and broken surfaces typical in the UK. While I'd happily use this car day-to-day in, say, France or Switzerland, in the UK it would more of handful and rather better as a pure track day car.
The 430 Scuderia, with its stiffer body, has slightly more accurate steering, a better ride on UK roads and the engine is not as manic in its delivery. Overall, as a day-to-day car, it suits the UK roads better than the 16M. But there's no doubt that as open-top continental tourer, the 16M is an exceptional machine.
Steelydan 12 July 2009
Re: Ferrari Scuderia Spider 16M
No. I want the gaffer-taped RS6 and the lesbians.
aceman 12 July 2009
Topkat wrote:
I want one!! :-)
We all want one!
REALZEUS 7 July 2009
bomb wrote:
Correct, it did. But, back in the real world, it was 3.3 seconds per lap, of Silverstone, slower than the RS6!
And you call a track "the real world"? I am the first that calls upon track performance but it's hardly your average real life environment. At any rate, this argument was about straight line performance and even a C63 defeated the RS6, let alone a full bore supercar like a hardcore Ferrari!


Recording In Secret: Invasion Of Privacy Or Freedom Of The Press?
In California, if you record someone without obtaining that person's permission, it's an invasion of privacy, and it's always against the law. Or is it?
Are there legal exceptions to the state's invasion of privacy law? That's the question that will be answered when the State of California prosecutes two antiabortion activists on felony invasion of privacy charges.
On March 28, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra revealed the charges against David Robert Daleiden and Sandra Merritt, who are accused of video-recording fourteen people connected to Planned Parenthood without their consent in Pasadena, San Francisco, El Dorado, and Los Angeles.
An anti-abortion group based in Irvine posted some of the video online and claimed that Planned Parenthood is involved in selling fetal tissue.
The video and the accusation incited threats of violence against Planned Parenthood facilities in several locations.
Now, legal observers across the state are divided regarding the strength of the prosecution's case against Daleiden and Merritt.
WILL THE STATE BE ABLE TO CONVICT DALEIDEN AND MERRITT?
Robert Weisberg, a law professor at Stanford, told the Los Angeles Times that the state should be able to convict the two defendants.
He said the state appears to have the evidence it needs to win the convictions. Claiming that the videos were made "in the public interest to expose some very bad activity imputed to the victims here — well sorry, you can't do that" in the state of California, according to Weisberg.
But former federal prosecutor Rory Little, now a UC Hastings law professor, believes the case is somewhat more complex.
A right to privacy is part of the California's state constitution. For decades, California has provided extensive privacy protections beyond those offered by most other states.
While many have successfully sued for invasion of privacy in California's civil courts, invasion of privacy has rarely been prosecuted in the criminal courts.
In 1998, the California Supreme Court determined that even the news media could be held liable – in civil cases – for recording anyone who is not a public figure without that person's consent.
Horatio Mihet is the chief litigation lawyer for the Liberty Counsel, which is representing Sandra Merritt.
He confirmed to the Los Angeles Times that the defense will contend Merritt and Daleiden were exercising their First Amendment rights as journalists.
The defense will also argue that the prosecution of Merritt and Daleiden is motivated by politics rather than by a desire for justice.
However, "Even citizen journalists have to comply with criminal statutes," according to Loyola law professor Laurie Levenson, a former federal prosecutor.
"That is the bottom line," she told the Times. Professor Levenson added, however, that the case is "not a slam dunk" for prosecutors.
"This is really an important case in that it will help to define the boundaries for the confidentiality of organizations and the tactics that can be used in contentious issues like abortion," she said.
WHAT MAKES THIS PROSECUTION PARTICULARLY COMPLICATED?
Motive is going to play a big role in the case. Merritt and Daleiden were not trying to blackmail anyone or obtain a profit from making the recordings.
Because their goal was political – an effort to move public opinion regarding the abortion issue – the case is far more complicated than a straightforward criminal act motivated by profit.
"Invasion of privacy" is a general category in California law that covers a number of illegal activities that include "peeping," eavesdropping, using a concealed device to record another person's body or undergarments, or using a hidden camera to record someone in a private area such as a dressing room, changing room, or bathroom.
In California, in most cases, a criminal invasion of privacy charge is a misdemeanor, punishable upon conviction by up to six months in jail and a fine of up to $1,000 for first-time offenders.
For a second or subsequent violation, an offender can be sentenced to up to a year in jail and a fine of up to $2,000.
WHY ARE THE ALLEGED CRIMES BEING CHARGED AS FELONIES?
Daleiden and Merritt are being prosecuted for felonies, however, because they used phony driver's licenses and fake identities to gain access to the Planned Parenthood officials they recorded.
Anyone who is charged in Southern California with criminal invasion of privacy will need to discuss his or her legal rights and options with a skilled Long Beach criminal defense attorney.
In an editorial published on March 30th, the Los Angeles Times – no friend of the antiabortion movement – argued that charging Daleiden and Merritt with felonies is a "disturbingly aggressive" move by the state.
What's clear is that Daleiden and Merritt were not seeking personal gain. Whether you agree with them or not, they've sacrificed rather than profited from their actions, and they now face the possibility of years in prison.
A Long Beach criminal defense attorney can help anyone in Southern California who is charged with peeping, eavesdropping, or illegally recording another person or persons – without regard to any ostensible motive.
The outcome of the case against Daleiden and Merritt will be closely watched by legal observers across the nation.
The case could establish legal precedents, and a conviction is almost certain to be appealed.
For now, if you are recording or taping anyone in the state of California for any reason whatsoever – and if you are not a law enforcement officer with a warrant – the best strategy is to obtain a signed consent form from everyone involved.
Otherwise, you could find yourself on the wrong end of a civil lawsuit or even a criminal prosecution for the invasion of privacy.