text:
\section{Introduction}
\begin{figure*}
\begin{subfigure}{0.49\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{images/RAMI-OPCUA.pdf}
\caption{RAMI4.0 IT dimension}
\label{fig:RAMIStandards}
\end{subfigure}
\hspace*{\fill}
\begin{subfigure}{0.49\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{images/IIRC-OPCUA.pdf}
\caption{IICF Model}
\label{fig:ISA95Pyramid}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{\textbf{Standardization frameworks aligned with I40 Standards}. (a)  RAMI4.0 IT (adjusted from~\cite{ramiModel}). (b) IICF Model (adjusted from~\cite{ramiirareport2017}).
OPC unified architecture (\emph{OPC UA}) standardizes machine-to-machine communication, and it is positioned at different levels in RAMI4.0 IT and IICF.
OPC UA is at the Framework level in IICF, while in RAMI4.0 IT, it is positioned at communication level and presented as a standard for the description of data management and analytic processes. Thus, the same standard is categorized differently from two standardization frameworks that target the domain of I40.} \label{fig:reference-architectures}
\end{figure*}
The dynamics of today's world impose new challenges to enterprises.
Globalization, ubiquitous presence of communication networks, new human-machine collaboration scenarios, as well as the development of complex information systems are some of the developments that provoke changes in various areas of industry and society.
In the engineering and manufacturing domains, there is currently an atmosphere of departure to a new era of digitized production.
This \emph{fourth industrial revolution} has been coined as Industrie~4.0 (I40) in Germany, while related terms, e.g., Industrial Internet, Smart Manufacturing, Industrie du Future, are used to denote similar visions.
They all describe the application of modern IT concepts in industrial contexts, e.g., Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Services (IoS), and data-driven architectures.
Following the Industry~4.0 vision, smart factories require to support intelligent human-to-machine and machine-to-machine \emph{communication}~\cite{weyer2015towards}.
To achieve this goal, components such as actuators, sensors, and CPS and their main properties require to be described not only syntactically but also semantically.
More importantly, interoperability conflicts among these components need to be resolved.
Standards and standardization frameworks have been proposed with the aim of \emph{empowering communication} within smart factories.
Standards enable the description of the properties of components, systems, and processes, as well as interactions among them.
Standardization frameworks classify, align, and integrate industrial standards according to their purposes and features.
Various standardization frameworks have been proposed all over the world by industrial communities, e.g., RAMI4.0 or IICF.
While being expressive to categorize and align existing standards, standardization frameworks may present divergent interpretations and  classifications of the same standard.
For instance, OPC UA\furl{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPC_Unified_Architecture} (OPC Unified Architecture) is classified by RAMI4.0 as a communication standard, while IICF classifies OPC UA as a data acquisition standard.
Although standardization frameworks aim to facilitate interoperability between standards, they still suffer from interoperability conflicts.
Existing approaches have tackled these challenges from various angles, including:
a) landscaping standards and standardization frameworks with focus on product life-cycles~\cite{LuMF15};
b) recognizing similarities and differences between standardization frameworks and describing mappings between areas sharing similar functions ~\cite{ramiirareport2017}.
However, these methods do not consider the meaning of properties and relations among the standards and standardization frameworks, preventing thus from a seamless integration and interoperability.
This article tackles this problem and presents a knowledge-driven approach to support semantic interoperability.
We define the problem and approach as follows:
\textbf{Problem.}
We investigate the problem of semantic interoperability between standards and standardization frameworks in the context of Industry~4.0, and identify their main interoperability conflicts and conditions for solving them.
\textbf{Approach.}
We propose a novel knowledge-driven approach that allows for the description of standards and standardization frameworks into the Industry~4.0 Knowledge Graph (I40KG).
I40KG provides building blocks for discovering new relations of smart factory standards as well as for their semantic mapping to the different standardization frameworks classifying standards world-wide.
The I40KG relies on the \emph{STO} ontology which formally describes the meaning of I40 standards, their properties and relationships.
The semantics represented in \emph{STO} are exploited for the discovery of relations between standards.
Traversing the I40KG allows for collecting known properties of existing I40 standards, as well as for uncovering relations that are not explicitly stated, e.g., a relation between AML and IEC 61499~\cite{pang2010iec}.
Moreover, the I40KG can be linked to existing knowledge graphs, such as DBpedia, facilitating the discovery of properties and relations.
We empirically evaluate the quality and accuracy of our proposed approach.
Specifically, we study the performance and accuracy of link discovery across standards and standardization frameworks.
Observed results indicate that the connectivity among standards and standardization frameworks is increased by up to 80\%, while 96\% of the discovered relations are validated.
\textbf{Contributions.}
This article extends our previous work~\cite{Grangel-Gonzalez17}, where an initial version of the I40KG is presented.
Hence, the contributions of this work can be summarized as follows:
\begin{inparaenum}
    \item A methodology to collect and integrate standards and standardization frameworks into a KG.
    \item An extension of the Standards Ontology (STO)~\cite{Grangel-Gonzalez17} to describe standards and standardization frameworks
    \item A knowledge graph for Industry~4.0 (I40KG), containing the semantic descriptions for nearly 200 standards and more than 25 standard organizations.
    \item An empirical evaluation of the quality and accuracy of the integration techniques followed during the creation of I40KG. Observed results provide evidence of soundness of the discovered relations explicitly represented in I40KG, i.e., up to 96\% of the discovered  relations are valid, and connectivity is increased by up to 80\%.
\end{inparaenum}

\section{Preliminaries}
\label{background}
Standardization frameworks classify standards in different layers according to their functions.
In this section, we present the most relevant standardization frameworks and reference architectures to this work.
Figure~\ref{fig:reference-architectures} depicts two reference architectures, RAMI4.0 and IICF, as well as the classification of existing I40 standards into layers.
It is important to note that some standards, e.g., OPC UA, may be classified at different layers within these architectures.

\subsection{The Reference Architecture Model for Industrie~4.0}
RAMI4.0 is a three-dimensional model that describes fundamental aspects of Industrie~4.0~\cite{ramiModel}.
Figure~\ref{fig:RAMIStandards} illustrates the RAMI4.0 layers and the connections between IT, manufacturers/plants and the product life cycle in a three-dimensional space.
Each dimension shows a particular part of these domains divided into different layers.
The vertical axis to the left represents the IT perspective, comprising layers ranging from the physical device (\emph{asset}) to complex functions as they are available in ERP systems (\emph{functional}) and mappings to \emph{business} models.
The horizontal axis on the left indicates the product life-cycle where \emph{Type} and \emph{Instance} are distinguished as the two main concepts.
The horizontal axis on the right organizes the locations of the features and responsibilities in a hierarchy.
The model extends the hierarchy levels defined in \emph{IEC 62264-1} by adding the concept \emph{Product} on the lowest level and the concept \emph{Connected World} at the top level, which goes beyond the boundaries of an individual factory.
Standards for smart factories are aligned with the IT layer of RAMI4.0 and located at different layers (Figure~\ref{fig:RAMIStandards}). Thus, the location of OPC UA is at the IT communication layer indicates that it standardizes data management, integration, and analytic processes.

\subsection{Standards Landscape for Smart Manufacturing Systems}
The \emph{National Institute of Standards and Technology} (NIST) has defined a landscape of standards with focus on Smart Manufacturing Systems~\cite{lu2016current}.
Two major classifications have been done in this work.
First, the classification of standards regarding three manufacturing-related life-cycles: 1) product development life-cycle standards; 2) production system life-cycle standards; and 3) business cycle for supply chain management.
Second, the classification regarding the ISA 95 manufacturing pyramid, which classifies standards into five levels, i.e., from the device to the enterprise level.
\subsection{National Smart Manufacturing Standards Architecture}
The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, in a joint effort with the Standardization Administration, created a report for defining a National Smart Manufacturing Standards Architecture~\cite{LiJTCLZ16}.
The architecture comprises three dimensions:
(1) Smart functions, which include resource elements, system integration, interconnect, and information convergence to new business models;
(2) The life-cycle, comprising design, production, logistics, marketing and sales to service; and
(3) Hierarchy levels, consisting of equipment, control, workshop, and enterprise to inter-enterprise collaboration.
Although this standardization framework is three-dimensional as RAMI4.0, the classification of the features of the standards is conducted based on different criteria.
For instance, the OPC UA standards is classified in the hierarchy level in the field level.
This situation also generates semantic interoperability conflicts between organizations that utilize OPC UA following these two divergent classifications.

\subsection{Industrial Internet Reference Architecture}
The \emph{Industrial Internet Reference Architecture} (IIRA) is a standard-based open architecture for IoT-based systems.
To support the smart industry vision, IIRA defines a generic description and representation with a high level of abstraction.
It provides a framework comprising methods to design industrial internet systems, without making specific recommendations for standards that comprise these systems~\cite{IIRA2017}.
IIRA includes the industrial internet viewpoints, i.e., business, usage, functional, and implementation.
These viewpoints provide an analysis of individual sets of IoT-based systems.
Further, the \emph{Industrial Internet Connectivity Framework} (IICF) extends IIRA to map existing standards with different functional levels.
These levels range from the physical, link, network, transport, framework, and the top level of distributed data interoperability and management.
For instance, the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (\emph{MQTT}) standard\furl{https://mqtt.org/} is mapped to the level of transport.
As can be observed, existing standards are described in various ways in these frameworks; this lack of a unified view of the classification of the standards ends up in semantic interoperability conflicts.
In this article, we devise data management techniques able to integrate standards into the I40KG.
Standards are described in I40KG using the \emph{STO} ontology and represented in a structured way.
Moreover, relationships between standards and among standards and standardization frameworks are explicitly stated, as well as their main properties and characteristics.
Further, semantics encoded in \emph{STO} enables the execution of a reasoning process that uncovers implicit relationships.
The explicit representation of these relationships allow for stating mappings  between divergent characterizations of standards w.r.t different standardization frameworks, reducing thus semantic interoperability conflicts.

\subsection{Semantic Interoperability Conflicts}
\label{sec-inter}
In this subsection, we describe the Semantic Interoperability Conflicts (SIC).
\begin{figure*}[t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{images/STOPipeline.pdf}
  \caption{\textbf{Methodology for creating the I40KG}. I40 standards are received as input and the output is a graph representing relations between standards. \emph{STO} and existing vocabularies are utilized to describe known relations between standards. A reasoning process exploits the semantics encoded in \emph{STO} to infer new relations between standards. The linking with external KGs, e.g., \emph{DBpedia}, permits the enrichment of the I40KG. }
  \label{fig:stds-pipeline}
\end{figure*}
A SIC denotes differences in modeling and characterizing a real-world concept, e.g., a standard~\cite{JirkovskyOM17}.
General semantic interoperability conflicts~\cite{bergman2006sources}, they can grouped into six main categories: 1) \textbf{Domain (SIC1)}: this interoperability conflict occurs when various interpretations of the same domain are represented. 2) \textbf{Schematic (SIC2)}: this interoperability conflict exists between data sources that are modeled using different schema. 3) \textbf{Granularity (SIC3)}: this interoperability conflict arises when various interpretations of the same domain are represented. 4) \textbf{Representation (SIC4)}: this interoperability conflict occurs when different representations are used to model the same concept.  5) \textbf{Missing Item (SIC5)}: this interoperability conflict appears whenever different items in distinct data sources are missing. 6) \textbf{Language (SIC6)}: this interoperability conflict appears whenever different languages are used to represent the data or metadata, i.e., schema.

\subsubsection{Semantic interoperability conflicts in Industry~4.0}
The semantic interoperability conflicts described in the previous section affect also the I40 domain, e.g., data integration.
In this work, we focus on semantic interoperability conflicts that occur between standardization frameworks and standards.
\textbf{Conflicts in standardization frameworks:}
We identify two main semantic interoperability conflicts impacting the ability to exchange information between standardization frameworks: 1) the categorization of same concepts and functions typically important to realize smart manufacturing is described in different layers across divergent standardization frameworks;
2) the categorization of same standards is made in distinct dimensions and layers in different standardization frameworks (cf. Figure \ref{fig:reference-architectures}).
\textbf{Conflicts in standards:}
Common semantic interoperability conflicts between standards include: 1) \textit{Homonyms}: same terms are described with distinct meanings in different standards; e.g., the term \emph{Resource} is described in \emph{ISO 15704} as: ``An enterprise entity that provides some or all of the capabilities required by the execution of an enterprise and/or business process";
whereas in \emph{ISO 10303} as: ``something that may be described in terms of a behaviour, a capability, or a performance measure that is pertinent to a given process".
2) \textit{Acronyms}: different abbreviations are used to refer to the same standard; e.g., IEC 62541 and OPC UA.
3) \textit{Synonyms}: distinct names are utilized to express the same meaning, e.g., an \emph{InternalElement} in AML describes the same meaning as an \emph{Object} in OPC UA.

\section{Related Work}
\label{relatedWork}
In this section, we describe state-of-the-art approaches related to this work.
For better understanding, we classify them into three main categories: \begin{inparaenum}[1)]
\item generic semantic data integration approaches;
\item ontology-based approaches for representing I40 standards; and finally \item techniques and methods to solve semantic interoperability conflicts among standards and standardization frameworks.
\end{inparaenum}
Generic semantic data integration approaches aim at solving semantic interoperability conflicts independently of the domain.
Collarana \emph{et al.}~\cite{CollaranaGRV0A17} introduce MINTE, an integration framework that collects and integrates data from heterogeneous sources into a KG.
MINTE implements semantic integration techniques that rely on the concept of RDF molecules to represent the meaning of data.
This approach also implements fusion policies for merging the RDF molecules and resolve semantic interoperability conflicts between the heterogeneous sources.
The aforementioned generic approaches for semantic data integration act upon structured data.
On the contrary, the I40KG is built by manually extracting the knowledge of standards and standardization frameworks from non-structured data. Additionally, specific semantic interoperability conflicts for standards and standardization frameworks are identified and taken into account when building the I40KG.
Ontology-based approaches for representing Industry~4.0 standards are concerned with the use of the semantics of ontologies to express the shared knowledge of the standards.
A framework to analyze the IoT standardization landscape is presented in~\cite{darmoisiot}.
In this work, smart manufacturing is considered as a vertical dimension of IoT.
A standard database classifying standards is defined in an abstract way, e.g., generic and domain-specific standards.
Finally, general gaps of standards and their functions related to IoT are described.
Steinmetz \emph{et al.}~\cite{steinmetz2018using} outline an ontology based approach for integrating IoT based information in I40.
The presented work discuss how industrial assets can be represented by means of an ontology.
The aim is to perform semantic integration of the data that assets generate.
The performed integration enables the communication of the assets through an IoT middleware system.
Existing ontology-based approaches for representing I40 standards suffer from several limitations.
First, no dedicated ontology is considered for semantically representing standards and standardization frameworks concepts and their associated metadata.
Second, relations between standards are identified but not modeled by means of an ontology.
The development of the I40KG is based on the semantic encoded in the \emph{STO} ontology.
The \emph{STO} ontology covers the concepts of standards and standardization frameworks as well as the metadata associated with them, which is necessary for representing the knowledge in this domain.
Existing works for solving semantic interoperability conflicts refer to the identification of standards and their alignment to a level or layer of certain standardization frameworks.
Lin \emph{et al.}~\cite{ramiirareport2017} present similarities and differences between the RAMI4.0 model and the IIRA architecture.
Based on the study of these similarities and differences authors proposed a functional alignment between layers in RAMI4.0 with the functional domains and crosscutting functions in IIRA.
Additionally, in this work, the IICF framework, which extends IIRA, outlines layers of IoT and identify standards for each one of these layers.
Furthermore, the layers in RAMI4.0 are aligned to the IICF layers.
For example, while RAMI4.0 specifies OPC UA as the core standard for connecting manufacturing products, equipment and process software, IICF also specifies OPC UA and adds other three standards, i.e., TCP/UDP/IP, TSN.
Lu \emph{et al.}~\cite{lu2016current} describe a standardization landscape for smart manufacturing systems.
The landscape is built upon relations of standards with products, production systems, and business life-cycle dimensions.
The landscape is also described in terms of standards organizations as well as types of standards acting in each of the three dimensions.
\begin{figure*}[t!]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth,height=0.3\linewidth]{images/sto_core.pdf}
  \caption{\textbf{Core classes and properties of the Standards Ontology (\emph{STO})}. Classes of \emph{STO} are depicted in blue. White classes represent reused classes from FOAF, DCTERMS, and RAMI4.0 ontologies. Reused properties are drawn in blue, e.g., \texttt{dcterms:language}. Green rectangles depicts datatype properties. Classes and properties are used to semantically describe standards and standardization frameworks in I40 scenarios.}
  \label{fig:STO}
\end{figure*}
Recent works for semantically integrating I40 related standards are presented by us in~\cite{alligatorekaw2016} and ~\cite{Grangel-Gonzalez18}.
The first approach, Alligator, combines the power of Datalog and ontologies to semantically integrate KGs while solving semantic interoperability conflicts between I40 related standards.
The second approach, SemCPS, uses probabilistic techniques to resolve existing semantic interoperability conflicts and integrate KG of I40 related standards.
Many shortcomings can be outlined by investigating aforementioned methods.
First, their focus is on identifying and classifying existing relations and semantic interoperability conflicts between standardization frameworks, e.g., ~\cite{ramiirareport2017,lu2016current,LiJTCLZ16}.
In contrast, this article provides a methodological foundation for identifying existing semantic interoperability conflicts between standards and standardization frameworks and include them as a part of the I40KG.
Second, the rest of the approaches only target the integration between the information models of the standards, e.g., \cite{HodgesGR17,alligatorekaw2016,Grangel-Gonzalez18}.
Conversely, the I40KG targets to resolve semantic interoperability conflicts not only between standards but also between standards and standardization frameworks.
The aforementioned approaches comprise several limitations to resolve semantic interoperability conflicts among standards as well as among standards and standardization frameworks.
Contrary, in this article, we provide a methodological foundation for the creation and refinement of the I40KG.
Further, a characterization of existing semantic interoperability conflicts that are common in this scenarios.
Finally, the I40KG comprises the semantic metadata of the main concepts in the domain allowing for the identification and solution of semantic interoperability conflicts.

\section{I40 Knowledge Graph creation}
\label{sec-methodology}
In this section, we present our methodology for the creation of the I40KG.
Figure~\ref{fig:stds-pipeline} shows the five steps comprising this methodology: i) Extract Information of Standards; ii) Knowledge Graph Population; iii) Knowledge Graph Integration; iv) Knowledge Graph Reasoning; and v) Knowledge Graph Interlinking.
Initially, we describe the Standards Ontology, as one of the key components used along all of the steps of our methodology.
Next, each step of the methodology is elaborated in detail.
\subsection{The Standards Ontology}
\label{ontology}
The Standards Ontology (\emph{STO}) semantically describe I40 standards as well as their relations.
In addition, the STO ontology encodes four main standardization frameworks for I40 that classify I40 standards.
\emph{STO} is modeled according to the best practices for building ontologies.
In this regard, classes and properties from well-known ontologies are reused, e.g., the \emph{PROV} ontology for describing provenance of entities; the \emph{FOAF} ontology for representing and linking documents and agents, e.g., persons, organizations; the \emph{DCTERMS} ontology for documenting metadata, such as licenses, as well as the \emph{RAMI4.0} ontology for linking standards with \emph{RAMI4.0} concepts.

\subsection{Information Extraction}
To extract information of standards, we investigated documents related to the standardization frameworks for I40.
We started by combining terms such as ``Industry 4.0'', ``Reference Architectures'', ``Standardization Landscape'', and ``Standards''.
Following the selected criteria, a list of relevant documents for standardization frameworks used to describe standards is compiled, e.g., the RAMI4.0 Model~\cite{ramiModel} and the IIRA architecture~\cite{IIRA2017}.
For each found framework, a corresponding RDF molecule with the name and URI of the framework is created and added to the I40KG.
Next, we continue with retrieving responsible organizations that publish or develop standards by using the following terms ``Standardization Organizations'', ``Industry 4.0'', ``Standards'', and ``Reference Architectures''.
These terms are introduced on various search engines and the first top ten documents are chosen for further investigation.
As a result, a list of 30 standardization organizations is compiled.
For each organization in the list, an RDF molecule with the name of the standardization organization and its URI is introduced in the I40KG.
Furthermore, to obtain more information about organizations, we used their name and search for each one of them.
In case for a specific organization an official page exists, its link is added to the respective RDF molecule.
From its official page, the acronym and the formation date are retrieved.
Additionally, if the links to Wikipedia and DBpedia exist, they are also added to the molecule.
In the next step, a list of standards that are described in the retrieved documents of the standardization frameworks is computed.
Standards are searched on the retrieved documents using the pattern ``publishing organization'' and ``numeric value'', e.g., IEC as the organization and 62541 as the numeric value.
The obtained mappings enable the link of existing standards to respective standardization frameworks.
We further investigated standardization frameworks comprising information about classifications of standards.
RAMI4.0 classifies standards according to three general dimensions, i.e., \emph{IT}, Life-Cycle and Value Stream, and the Hierarchy Level.
For example, the \emph{IT} dimension of RAMI4.0 represents a number of different layers, starting from the \emph{Asset} to the \emph{Business} layer (cf. Figure~\ref{fig:RAMIStandards}).
Furthermore, various standards are mapped to the specific layers of this dimension.
The Administration Shell concept is part of the RAMI4.0 framework.
Due to its importance for the I40 domain, we considered it as another standardization framework used to classify standards.
In this case, it delineates how standards are linked to submodels.
The submodels enclose the different functions required by a particular asset, e.g., Identification, Communication, or Engineering~\cite{ramiShellStructure}.
The Identification submodel is aligned with the \emph{ISO 29005} standard, whereas the Communication submodel with the \emph{IEC 61784 Fieldbus Profiles}.
For instance, the Engineering submodel is aligned with standards such as \emph{IEC 61360}, \emph{IEC 61987}, and \emph{{eCl@ss}}.
The step of extracting information of standards from unstructured data sources allows for representing this knowledge using the \emph{STO} ontology and encoding it in I40KG.
Hence, the conflicts \textbf{SIC1}, \textbf{SIC2}, and \textbf{SIC4}, which exist across standardization frameworks and standards, are resolved during this step.
\subsection{Knowledge Graph Population}
The population of I40KG with standards and standardization frameworks is realized according to the terminology defined in the \emph{STO} ontology.
To perform this step, we consider the concepts of RDF molecules and RDF molecule templates (RDF-MTs).
An RDF-MT is an abstract representation of the set of properties associated with an RDF class, and all links between the class with other RDF classes~\cite{EndrisGLMVA17}.
Instances of an RDF-MT correspond to RDF molecules in a KG.
The RDF-MTs describe the relations between classes in a KG and the classes from the external KGs to which it is linked.
A unique URI is defined for each name of standard to prevent the duplication of RDF molecules.
For each standard, in case many results are obtained, the maximum number of 20 documents is selected.
By following this method, a total number of 220 documents of different types are retrieved, i.e., technical reports (12), white papers (6), scientific articles (28), standard specifications (165), technical presentations (7), and technical papers (2).
The period in which these documents were published ranges from December 2002 to July 2017.
For each one of the documents, the properties of the standard RDF-MT are examined.
The obtained values are used to build one RDF molecule for each standard.
Furthermore, the mappings to the standardization frameworks are added to each RDF molecule for a respective standard.
The linking to external KGs is a common method for KG completion~\cite{Paulheim17}.
Therefore, to utilize the external knowledge, we performed a linking procedure of I40KG to \emph{DBpedia}~\cite{AuerBKLCI07}, by inspective the names of the standards.
In case that the name exists in Wikipedia, e.g., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC\_61131, it is also present in DBpedia with the same name, e.g., http://dbpedia.org/page/IEC\_61131.
Then, the property \texttt{sto:hasDBpediaResource} is used to connect a particular standard to its equivalent representation in DBpedia.
The output is a list of the RDF molecules including the mappings of standards and standardization frameworks.
The property \texttt{sto:relatedTo} describes that two standards are mentioned in one document but no explicit relation is defined. In case that explicit relations are defined, their name is encoded as in the form of respective properties.
\begin{lstlisting}[style=turtle, caption={\textbf{RDF-based description of the molecule of the OPC UA standard}}, label={lst:opcUAresource}]
@prefix sto:  <https://w3id.org/i40/sto#> .
@prefix rami: <https://w3id.org/i40/rami#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
sto:OPC_UA                a sto:Standard;
 rdfs:label               "OPC UA"@en;
 rdfs:comment             "International standard for ..."@en;
 sto:hasTag               "OPC UA"@en;
 sto:hasPublisher         sto:OPC_Foundation;
 sto:hasDeveloper         sto:OPC_Foundation;
 sto:hasDBpediaResource   <http://dbpedia.org/page/
                          OPC_Unified_Architecture>;
 sto:hasOfficialResource  <https://opcfoundation.org/
                          about/opc-technologies/opc-ua/>;
 sto:hasWikipediaArticle  <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
                          OPC_Unified_Architecture>;
 sto:isInteroperableWith  sto:AML;
 sto:integratesWith       sto:IEC_61499;
 sto:hasDomain            sto:M2MCommunication;
 sto:hasClassification    rami:Communication; sto:FrameworkLevel ;
 dcterms:license          sto:GPLv2.
\end{lstlisting}
The OPC UA standard is described with respect to relations with other standards as well as by classifying it regarding to distinct standardization frameworks~\ref{lst:opcUAresource}.
Currently, the I40KG comprises more than 200 standards and more than 25 standard organizations.
Moreover, 66 direct relations between standards are encoded as a part of the KG.
I40KG is publicly available and can be expanded by the community with interest in I40 as well as domain experts in this topic by directly accessing it on Github\footnote{https://github.com/i40-Tools/StandardsOntology}.
\subsection{Knowledge Graph Integration}
The knowledge integration step enables semantic definition of the connections between instances in I40KG to resolving interoperability conflicts.
For example, there are cases when similar standards share the same meaning but are named differently, which causes a semantic interoperability conflict \textbf{SIC1} between those standards.
This applies to the \emph{IEC 62541} standard, that is actually the OPC UA standard published by the IEC organization but known with a different name in the IEC publication.
In this case, additional properties for the RDF standard molecule of IEC 62541 are considered, e.g., available languages, the technical committee, and the stability date.
These properties are extracted from the official website of the IEC\furl{https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/21996}.
These standards, i.e., OPC UA and IEC 62541, are named differently depending on the organizations, but they refer to the same standard.
Thus, they are considered as equivalent entities and integrated into the I40KG.
\subsection{Knowledge Graph Reasoning}
One of the main motivations to create I40KG is to encode the knowledge of I40 and to study the existing relations among them.
The reasoning step is performed with the aim to unveil new knowledge from the implicitly stated relations.
\iffalse
\begin{lstlisting}[language=sparql, escapechar=@, caption={General query to retrieve standards metadata and classification}, label={lst:metadataQuery}]
PREFIX rami: <http://onto.org/rami#>
PREFIX sto: <http://onto.org/ont#>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>

SELECT DISTINCT  ?name ?classification
?standardFramework ?publisher ?license
WHERE {
    ?classification sto:isDescribedin ?standardFramework .
    ?std sto:hasClassification ?classification .
    ?std rdfs:label ?sto .
    ?std sto:publisher ?publisher .
  OPTIONAL { ?std  sto:hasTag ?tag .}
  OPTIONAL { ?std  dct:license ?license .}
  BIND(CONCAT(str(?sto)," - ",?tag) as ?name)
}
\end{lstlisting}
\fi
This step enables retrieving explicitly-defined relations in I40KG as well as those that are inferred.
For instance, relations of AML (IEC 62714) and OPC UA (IEC 62541), OPC UA (IEC 62541) and IEC 61499 are explicitly defined in the KG.
Based on this fact, the relation between AML and IEC 61499 is inferred.
The existence of this relation is checked and validated in the literature and is of importance for the domain~\cite{pang2010iec}.
Furthermore, a number of different relations between standards in the I40KG can be retrieved.
The result of this query reports on 103 relations among the standards, and 266 new relations inferred when the symmetric and transitive properties are considered by the inference process.
Several graph metrics are computed over the two graphs, i.e., original and inferred graph, respectively, to analyze the connectivity and relationships discovered during the reasoning step.
The number of edges increases from 66 to 227, indicating the discovery of the new relations among standards.
The graph density--the fraction of the number of potential connections in the graph that are actual connections--  increases slightly; it goes from 0.025 to 0.068.
This implies a slight improvement of connectivity among the standards.
Values of transitivity are augmented, i.e., from 0.12 to 0.732.
This indicates an increment of the possibility that a relation between two standards in the graph is transitive.
The clustering coefficient also increases from 0.085 to 0.389.
These results highlight an increase in the degree to which the standards with the same connections, tend to cluster together.
The inferred graph also becomes more centralized, i.e., from 0.128 to 0.237.
These findings reveal the importance of standards within the I40KG.
For instance, IEC 62541 (OPC UA) with a value of centrality of 0.8, seems to be more important than ISO 20922 with a value of 0.58.

\subsection{Knowledge Graph Interlinking}
The interlinking step enables interconnecting I40KG with KGs in the Linked Open Data Cloud (LOD)~\cite{berners2009linked}, i.e., DBpedia.
To accomplish this step, every standard in I40KG is surveyed.
A link is automatically created whenever the same instance of a particular standard exists in both KGs, in I40KG and DBpedia.
Next, by using this link, knowledge from DBpedia is extracted and added to I40KG.
During this step it is possible to discover new knowledge of standards and standard organizations.
Additionally, the knowledge can be validated based on what is encoded in I40KG.
To this end, queries are executed on DBpedia.
These queries are based on the linked instances of standards and organizations.
Finally, the I40KG is enriched with additional facts, i.e., new classes, properties and instances, which are added after the KG interlinking process.
Any DBpedia property that does not add semantic value to I40KG, e.g., \texttt{dbo:wikiPageID}, \texttt{dbo:wikiPageRevisionID}\footnote{dbo is the namespace of http://dbpedia.org/ontology/} is omitted.
\section{Evaluation}
\label{sec:evaluation}
We empirically study the quality and accuracy of the proposed KG driven approach.
Precision is used as a quality metric to evaluate our approach.
We are particularly interested in answering the following research questions:
\begin{inparaenum}[\bf {\bf RQ}1\upshape)]
\item Can a \emph{knowledge graph driven} approach allow for the discovery of valid relations among standards?;
\item Is the proposed \emph{knowledge graph interlinking step} able to discover new knowledge in terms of classes, properties, and instances?
\end{inparaenum}
In the following sections, we detail the experiments set up, results and discuss the lessons learned.
\subsection{\textbf{RQ1} - Discovering relations between standards}
To answer \textbf{RQ1}, we validate the existence and correctness of the discovered relations between standards in I40KG, against a new set of I40 documents retrieved from the Web.
Two criteria are considered to determine whether the discovered relations can be evaluated as true: 1) direct relations between standards; and 2) in case standards appeared in the same document indicating the similar goal, e.g., I40, Smart Manufacturing.
A new set of I40 documents on the Web is generated by exploring a number of various search engines, such as Google, Google Scholar, Bing, Yahoo, and Ask.
To perform the search of the 266 discovered relations, a combination of the names and tags of the standards is used, e.g., ``AML" and ``IEC 61499".
As a result, a total number of 148 documents are retrieved comprising research papers (66), white papers (8), standard specifications (17), technical reports (48), technical presentations (6), and thesis (3).
These documents are different from those employed to create I40KG.
A total number of 188 relations out of 266 new relations are validated as correct, resulting on a Precision value equal to 0.71.
Accordingly, we are able to positively answer \textbf{RQ1}.
A total of 266 new relations out of 66 initial are inferred and 188 are validated by searching into different types of documents; the method reaches a 0.71 value of Precision.
\subsection{\textbf{RQ2} -  Discovering knowledge through knowledge graph interlinking}
To measure the effectiveness of the KG approach after the linking step, the two following criteria are studied: the number of new class linkings, and the number of new properties.
These criteria are computed by considering instances of standards and standard organizations.
\begin{table}[!htbp]
\scriptsize
\caption{\textbf{Precision values for properties related to the RDF-MTs of standards and standard organizations after the KG interlinking step}.
Precision values for new class linkings, i.e., \texttt{rdf:type} and the total number of new properties after executing the KG interlinking step are reported. Instances of standards (\textbf{Std}) and standard organizations (\textbf{Org}) are examined.}
\label{tab-precision}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline
\textbf{Criteria} & \textbf{Total Std} & \textbf{Total Org} & \textbf{Precision Std} & \textbf{Precision Org}  \\ \hline
New class linkings & 93 & 108 & 0.66 & 0.90 \\ \hline
New properties & 35 & 39 & 0.97 & 0.96 \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\vspace{-4mm}
\end{table}
\begin{inparaenum}
\item \emph{Number of new class linkings}. This refers to the number of new classes that are automatically added to the instance as types.
For example, the DBpedia class \emph{Industry XML Specific Standards} is added to the AML standard as one of its types.
A possible duplicate consideration of classes is avoided, i.e., a given class is considered only once for a specific standard.
\item \emph{Number of new properties}. This refers to the number of new properties that are automatically added to each instance of a standard.
For instance, the \emph{IEC 62714} standard is enriched with the following new properties:
\texttt{dcterms:subject}, and
\texttt{dbo:yearStarted}, which are not considered in I40KG (cf. Figure \ref{fig:aml_mol_template}).
In this case, two properties are assessed for the number of new properties.
A manual inspection is performed over the obtained properties.
Any particular property which is not defined in DBpedia as an \texttt{rdf:property} is counted as a false positive.
Furthermore, whenever a property does not add value nor have a description associated, is also not considered.
\end{inparaenum}
SPARQL queries, particularly designed for each criterion, are executed on top of the enriched I40KG to materialize the results of both new classes and properties.
Table~\ref{tab-metrics} reports on the applied queries to the number of standards (73) and standard organization instances (22) which contain a link to DBpedia.
We observe from the table that new knowledge for standards and organizations is discovered.
Precision increases by up to 0.96, suggesting thus that the accuracy of the discovered relations is increased by up to 96\%.
\subsection{Effectiveness of the graph interlinking step}
To measure the quality of the generated connections in the I40KG, we evaluate the KG interlinking step.
This evaluation is important since the automatic linking of RDF KGs can be prone to different types of errors, i.e., syntactic, logical, and semantic errors.
For example, the RDF triple \texttt{sto:SCOR rdf:type dbo:Person} in DBpedia indicates that the standard SCOR is a person. Links from I4.0KG to the resource \texttt{sto:SCOR} in DBpedia also introduce this error in I4.0KG and affect the quality of the represented relations.
During the evaluation of the effectiveness of the interlinking  process, the validity of the relations is measured in terms of Precision.

\begin{figure*}[htb!]
\begin{subfigure}{0.31\textwidth}
\includegraphics[height=.73\linewidth]{images/STDMoleculeTemplate_a.png}
\caption{Initial IEC 62714 molecule}
\label{fig:molecule_template_a}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.32\textwidth}
\includegraphics[height=.72\linewidth]{images/STDMoleculeTemplate_b.png}
\caption{New connections}
\label{fig:molecule_template_b}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.33\textwidth}
\includegraphics[height=.7\linewidth]{images/STDMoleculeTemplate_c.png}
\caption{Final molecule enrichment}
\label{fig:molecule_template_c}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{\textbf{Example of the RDF molecule for the IEC 62714 (AML) standard before and after the KG interlinking step}. Figure \ref{fig:molecule_template_a} shows the basic RDF molecule of one standard in the I40KG, i.e., \texttt{sto:IEC\_62714} before the KG interlinking step. Figure \ref{fig:molecule_template_b} depicts five of the new connections, properties, instances, and literal values that are incorporated for the \texttt{sto:IEC\_62714} standard. Figure \ref{fig:molecule_template_c} illustrates the complete molecule for \texttt{sto:IEC\_62714} after the KG interlinking step.}
\label{fig:aml_mol_template}
\end{figure*}

\begin{table}[!htbp]
\scriptsize
\caption{\textbf{Precision values for properties of the RDF-MT of standard and standard organizations after the KG interlinking step}. Values of three properties are observed, i.e., \texttt{owl:sameAs} links, \texttt{dcterms:subject}, and \texttt{lingg:hypernym}.
\textbf{Precision} is computed based on the values of these properties for instances of standards (\textbf{Std}) and standardization organizations (\textbf{Org}).}
\label{tab-metrics}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|p{1cm}|p{1cm}|}
\hline
\textbf{Criteria} & \textbf{Total Std} & \textbf{Total Org} & \textbf{Precision Std} & \textbf{Precision Org}  \\ \hline
\texttt{owl:sameAs}  & 301  & 217 & 0.98 & 0.91 \\ \hline
\texttt{dcterms:subject} & 144  & 115 & 0.98 & 0.96 \\ \hline
\texttt{lingg:hypernym} & 44  & 36 & 0.61 & 0.85 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

The properties are related to the values of the instances to which they are linked.
Second, using the \texttt{rdf:type} property, standards or organizations are enriched with new class linkings.
However, there are cases when new statements are wrongly generated.
For example, the following statement: \texttt{sto:SCOR rdf:type dbo:Person} is considered as a semantic error and the value is marked as false, since the \emph{Supply Chain Operation Reference Model} \texttt{sto:SCOR} is a standard and not a person.
Similarly, in case that SCOR is classified as a model, i.e., \texttt{sto:SCOR rdf:type yago:Model}\footnote{yago, prefix of the YAGO KG: http://yago-knowledge.org/resource/} is considered as a true statement.
Consequently, the existing classification in DBpedia is correct and marked as a true positive for the interlinking step.
Values of the \texttt{dcterms:subject}, are also inspected regarding semantic errors according to its definition which describes the topic of a given resource\footnote{http://dublincore.org/usage/terms/history/\#subjectT-001}.
Based on this definition, values are observed by checking whether they correctly represent a topic or not.
A similar process is conducted for the property \texttt{lingg:hypernym}, where we checked whether the linked resource is a hypernym, i.e., a broader classification of the instance.
For instance, the standard \emph{B2MML}, which is defined as an XML implementation of the ANSI/ISA-95 family of standards, has \emph{implementation} as its hypernym.
In this case, the new link is correct, and we counted it as a true positive; otherwise as a false positive.
With respect to \texttt{owl:sameAs}, links to other instances representing the same semantics are revised.
The values of the four above properties are inspected for each enriched instance during the knowledge graph interlinking step, i.e., 103 instances of standards, and 23 of standard organizations.
Table \ref{tab-precision} reports on the computed values of Precision.

\subsection{RDF Molecule Templates}

RDF-MTs describe the relations between classes in a knowledge graph and the classes of the KGs to which it is linked.
Instances of an RDF-MT correspond to RDF molecules in a KG.
Table~\ref{tab-metrics} shows the computed Precision for the values of the properties added to the RDF-MT of standard (35) and standard organization (86) after the KG interlinking step, respectively.
Precision values for studied properties, i.e., \texttt{owl:sameAs}, \texttt{dcterms:subject}, and \texttt{lingg:hypernym} of the RDF-MT of standard and standard organizations after the KG interlinking step.
Precision is computed based on the values of these properties for instances of standards and standardization organizations.
Relations for the RDF-MTs based on these properties can be validated by up to 98\%.
Figure~\ref{fig:aml_mol_template} depicts an example of the standard RDF-MT based on the RDF molecule of the AML (IEC 62714) standard.
The left side of the figure shows the basic standard RDF-MT, exemplified with the AML standard before the KG interlinking step.
Figure \ref{fig:molecule_template_b} depicts eight of the new connections, i.e., properties, instances, and literal values that are incorporated to the standard RDF-MT, whereas Figure~\ref{fig:molecule_template_c} illustrates the standard RDF-MT after the KG interlinking step.
Only five properties are included for space reasons but the standard RDF-MT is extended with 35 additional properties to represent each standard.
Likewise, the RDF-MT for standard organizations is enriched with 88 new properties.
The graph comprises 221 RDF-MTs and 259 intra- and inter-knowledge graph links.
YAGO and DBpedia are the most utilized KGs.
As expected, two RDF-MTs, i.e., \texttt{sto:Standard} and \texttt{sto:StandardOrganization} are the source of most of the generated links.
The analysis is performed before and after the KG interlink step to study the I40KG w.r.t the connectivity and discovered relationships.
The total number of 221 RDF-MTs with 259 links are generated based on the initial 43.
Particularly, we observe that the graph density decreases, i.e., from 0.025 to 0.009, which can due to the many types of new RDF-MTs added after the KG interlinked step.
The clustering coefficient increases, i.e., from 0.072 to 0.108, indicating that the degree to which the RDF-MTs in I40KG graph tend to cluster together is increased to 33\%.
Values of transitivity are rather low and experiment a decrease, i.e., from 0.017 to 0.0057.
This result can be explained by considering that while more RDF-MTs are added, they are not connected in a transitive manner. Further, values of centralization are increased to 15\%.
As expected, the most important RDF-MTs, which are the central concepts of the I40KG are the \texttt{sto:Standard} (0.45) and \texttt{sto:StandardizationFramework} (0.41).

\section{Conclusion and Future Work}
\label{conclFutureWork}

In this article, a Knowledge Graph of Industry~4.0 related standards (I40KG) and the Standard Ontology (\emph{STO}) for the semantic description of standards and their relations are developed.
Further, a methodology for building knowledge graphs of Industry~4.0 related standards is presented.
We investigated existing reference models like RAMI4.0 and NIST, and populated I40KG with descriptions of more than 200 standards, more than 25 standardization organizations, and 100 relations between the standards.
Finally, the I40KG has been linked to existing knowledge graphs such as DBpedia and automated reasoning has been implemented to reveal implicit relations between standards as well as mappings across standardization frameworks.
We analyze both the number of discovered relations among standards and the accuracy of these relations.
Observed results indicate that both, reasoning and linking processes enable for increasing the connectivity in the knowledge graph by up to 80\%, whilst up to 96\% of the relations can be validated.
These outcomes suggest that integrating standards and standardization frameworks into the I40KG enable the resolution of semantic interoperability conflicts, empowering thus the \emph{communication} in smart factories.
We hope that this work contributes to a crucial step in realizing the Industry~4.0 vision, since it requires not only standards governing individual aspects but needs to consider semantics in the relations among standards as well as standards and standardization frameworks.
As for the future work, we envision to expand the knowledge graph of Industry~4.0 standards as well as the semantic annotations of the standards by means of the ontology.
Additionally, we aim to consider categorizations of standards available in other reference architectures.
Further, we plan to exploit the semantics encoded in the \emph{STO} ontology as well as in the I40KG to determine semantics similarities between standards based on their terms.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
This work has been partially supported by the EU H2020 funded projects PLATOON (GA No. 872592) and by the project BRIDGE-US (GA No. 01DD19005) supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany.

\printbibliography
\end{document}


text:
Esta lista compreende todos os prefeitos da cidade de São José do Rio Preto desde 1894, quando a cidade foi emancipada politicamente, até o presente. Para fazer esta lista, foram consideras as fontes do site "Quem faz história - São José do Rio Preto", até jornais envolvendo as posses e as eleições de cada período. Também foram considerados alguns dados trazidos pela tese de doutorado de Delcimar Marques Teodózio - DO SERTÃO À CIDADE. Planejamento urbano de São José do Rio Preto: dos anos 50 aos anos 2000. Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos da Universidade de São Paulo: São Carlos, 2008.

A cidade

São José do Rio Preto, atualmente, é uma cidade de 464 893 habitantes. Tem um forte polo industrial em sua região oeste, ainda que seja muito forte no terceiro setor - um porto seco, dominado pelo setor do varejo. O número atual de eleitores é de 332,5 mil, de acordo com o Diário da Região.

Durante muito tempo a cidade foi considerada apenas um bairro do município de Araraquara. Em 1855, José Antonio Saraiva, presidente da província de São Paulo, elevou-a condição de distrito de paz, que permaneceu sob administração de Araraquara até 1894.

Lista de prefeitos
Em 1894, o presidente da província de São Paulo, Bernardino de Campos, assina, em 19 de julho, a lei 294, criando o município de São José do Rio Preto. Dessa forma, a cidade era emancipada, ficando independente do município de Araraquara.

Sao Jose

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


What is Organic Blood Facial?
The Organic Blood Facial has become a highly sought-after non-surgical procedure for facial and skin rejuvenation. Similar to the 'vampire facial', this treatment uses your own blood platelets to stimulate new cell growth, helping to improve your complexion, skin texture and to restore lost facial volume. We recommend getting in touch with one of our of registered nurses to answer any questions you might have, such as 'how does the Blood Facial work' and 'What is a Blood Facial'. Below, find answers to some of our most frequently asked questions around the Eden Organic Blood Facial. Remember that we are best able to answer questions and elaborate based on our evaluation of your needs.
How does organic blood facial work?
Platelets are cells in our blood that release growth factors which help to repair damaged tissue. The clotting process activates the platelets, causing them to secrete the growth factors, which assist the body to repair itself by stimulating cells to regenerate new tissue. The use of platelet rich plasma harnesses the properties of platelets to enhance wound healing and skin rejuvenation. Organic Blood Facial has approximately 4 to 7 times the normal concentration of platelets in whole blood, and at this level has been clinically proven to provide benefits.
What is the process behind Organic Blood Facial?
Thanks to advanced technology, platelet rich plasma can be easily separated from blood through a process of centrifugation. The extracted concentrated plasma allows the body to heal faster and more efficiently.
Prior to treatment a small blood sample (8mL-32mL) is extracted from the patient. This blood is immediately placed in the centrifuge and spun for 5-9 minutes to concentrate the blood plasma. When centrifugation is complete, the blood will be separated into three layers. The platelet rich plasma is extracted from the bottom layer and then injected into the deep dermis or fat layer of your skin. It will gradually increase collagen levels, which can increase skin thickness and the overall health of the skin. Depending on the areas being treated, different amounts of plasma will need to be collected.
Recommend that client checks the amount of blood typically drawn.
Is Organic Blood Facial Therapy safe?
Organic blood facial therapy is safe and has been utilised in Aesthetic/Cosmetic Medicine for many years to rejuvenate various areas of the body, including the face, neck, décolletage and the back of hands. PRP Injection Therapy has been popular in many countries, including the UK and Japan, since 2006. It is also a popular treatment with celebrities, including Kim Kardashian and Israeli supermodel Bar Rafaeli.
The solution is generated and drawn from the patient's own body, which means it is non-allergenic and does not carry risks of disease transmission.
What facial and body areas can be treated with Organic Blood Facial Therapy?
Organic blood facial can be used in multiple areas for dermal rejuvenation. As a versatile treatment, on top of Facial Rejuvenation, this treatment can also be used to treat scarring and stretch marks and help firm saggy abdominal skin for women who have just undergone pregnancy. As mentioned above, when used in conjunction with Laser Skin Rejuvenation, organic blood facial can work to enhance anticipated results e.g. further reduction in lines and wrinkles and better skin tone and texture.
How do I know if I'm a good candidate for Organic Blood Facial Therapy?
Patients who smoke excessively or consume large amounts of alcohol may not be suitable candidates. Certain skin diseases also have to be excluded for platelet rich plasma to be effective. The overall health of the patient must also be at an optimal level. After careful analysis and consultation, the team at Eden Institute can advise on your suitability for Organic Blood Facial Therapy.
How long does Organic Blood Facial Therapy take?
Depending on the areas treated, different amounts of solution will need to be collected, however a typical treatment takes approximately 45 minutes to 1 hour, per two tubes. To give you a general idea, addressing under-eye circles may require only one tube of blood, whereas a full face or neck area may need two tubes. This can vary patient to patient and will depend on your individual characteristics and aesthetic goals. Rest assured that the team at Eden will advise you on what is appropriate and suitable.
Does it hurt? How long is recovery?
During the procedure, numbing cream or local anaesthetic can be applied in order to numb the area before injection. Depending on the area(s) treated, patients should expect to experience slight to moderate bruising, swelling and redness after the procedure, which you can conceal with clothing or makeup. Expected recovery time and the steps you can take to speed up the recovery process will be fully explained during your consultation.
What results will I see? How long does it take to show effect?
Visible improvements to skin hydration, tone and texture can be seen. Patients typically see some results two to three weeks after their first treatment. Results will continue to improve over the course of a few months.
The improvement will generally last for around a year. However, it is important to know that the results obtained with Organic Blood Facial Therapy treatment are variable dependent on each patient's unique characteristics. As with many other skin treatments, the use of appropriate medical-grade skincare complemented by light and laser therapies can further enhance the results. It is important to have realistic expectations – Organic Blood Facial Therapy results will not be as prominent as more invasive surgeries and patients with severe skin issues may not be the most suitable candidate for this procedure.
For optimum results a course of two or four treatments (depending on the severity of the initial presentation of the area) is required, spaced a minimum of eight weeks apart. A repeat procedure is recommended after one year to maintain and further enhance outcomes.
What do I need to do before Organic Blood Facial Therapy?
How much does Organic Blood Facial Therapy cost?
The price of organic blood facial therapy could be found on the "How Much does It Cost" section. Upon analysis and consultation, our professional team at Eden Institute will advise you on the recommended quantity required for desired outcomes. You may require one or more vial at each treatment depending on your concerns, and we have packages available.
To learn more about organic blood facial's cost, before-and-after images of our treatment, or to request a consultation with our team, please click one of the buttons below.


You lie? No. Barack Obama doesn't lie. He's too subtle for that. He ... well, you judge.
Herewith three examples within a single speech - the now-famous Obama-Wilson "You lie!" address to Congress on health care - of Obama's relationship with truth.
(1) "I will not sign (a plan)," he solemnly pledged, "if it adds one dime to the deficit, now or in the future. Period."
Wonderful. The president seems serious, veto-ready, determined to hold the line. Until, notes Harvard economist Greg Mankiw, you get to Obama's very next sentence: "And to prove that I'm serious, there will be a provision in this plan that requires us to come forward with more spending cuts if the savings we promised don't materialize."
This apparent strengthening of the pledge brilliantly and deceptively undermines it. What Obama suggests is that his plan will require mandatory spending cuts if the current rosy projections prove false. But there's absolutely nothing automatic about such cuts. Every Congress is sovereign.
Nothing enacted today will force a future Congress or a future president to make any cuts in any spending, mandatory or not.
(2) And then there's the famous contretemps about health insurance for illegal immigrants. Obama said they would not be insured. Well, all four committee-passed bills in Congress allow illegal immigrants to take part in the proposed Health Insurance Exchange.
But more importantly, the problem is that laws are not self-enforcing.
If they were, we'd have no illegal immigrants because, as I understand it, it's illegal to enter the United States illegally.
When Republicans proposed requiring proof of citizenship, the Democrats twice voted that down in committee. Indeed, after Rep. Joe Wilson's "You lie!" shout-out, the Senate Finance Committee revisited the language of its bill to prevent illegal immigrants from getting any federal benefits. Why would the Finance Committee fix a nonexistent problem?
(3) Obama said he would largely solve the insoluble cost problem of Obamacare by eliminating "hundreds of billions of dollars in waste and fraud" from Medicare.
That's not a lie. That's not even deception. That's just an insult to our intelligence.
If half a trillion is waiting to be squeezed painlessly out of Medicare, why wait for health care reform? If, as Obama repeatedly insists, Medicare overspending is breaking the budget, why hasn't he gotten started on the painless billions in "waste and fraud" savings?
Obama doesn't lie. He merely elides, gliding from one dubious assertion to another.
That transparent attempt to exploit Emanuel's Law - a crisis is a terrible thing to waste - failed for health care because no one is stupid enough to believe that the 2008 financial collapse was caused by a lack of universal health care.
So on to the next gambit: selling health care reform as a cure for the deficit. When that was exploded by the Congressional Budget Office's demonstration of staggering Obamacare deficits, Obama tried a new tack: selling his plan as revenue-neutral insurance reform - until the revenue neutrality is exposed as phony future cuts and chimerical waste and fraud.
Obama doesn't lie. He implies, he misdirects, he misleads - so fluidly and incessantly that he risks transmuting eloquence into mere slickness.
Slickness wasn't fatal to "Slick Willie" Clinton because he possessed a winning, near irresistible charm. Obama's persona is more cool, distant, imperial. The charming scoundrel can get away with endless deception; the righteous redeemer cannot.


text:
Condé Nast and Cadillac Celebrate the Daring 25
Condé Nast and Cadillac revealed the first ever Daring 25 at a party on Wednesday night held at the Cadillac House in New York.
By Aria Hughes on July 28, 2016
View Gallery	— 12	Photos
Cadillac has aligned itself with yet another fashion–affiliated brand.
The car company, whose name is becoming ubiquitous at fashion events, teamed with Condé Nast on the Daring 25, a list of 25 people who are doing transformative things. The honorees, who were selected by Vanity Fair, GQ Style, Architectural Digest, Bon Appétit and Wired, ranged from Jessica Koslow, the founder of popular Los Angeles eatery Sqirl, to Tracy Chou, a software engineer at Pinterest.
On Wednesday night the honorees — and other guests including Danielle Levitt, Amy Astley and Sophie and Warren Elgort — celebrated the list at the Cadillac House in TriBeCa, which was outfitted with, as expected, Cadillacs, and a light installation from artist Philippa Price, who is also a member of the Daring 25. Virgil Abloh, who landed a spot on the list, served as DJ for the night. Each member of the Daring group was profiled in a print publication, which was on hand at the party.
It's one thing to be deemed a risk taker, but when honorees were asked if they actually consider themselves one, the question caused a couple to pause.
"Did she pay you to ask me that?" responded honoree Aaron Levine, the lead men's designer at Abercrombie and Fitch. "No. I don't consider myself one. I know plenty of people who are more qualified for this list but it's very nice to be included."
"That's a complicated question to answer," said comedian W. Kamau Bell, who puts himself in precarious situations routinely for his CNN series "United Shades of America." "I guess being black in America and going outside feels like a risk sometimes. I'm a stand-up comedian so public speaking is a lot of people's fear, so maybe I am. But I don't wake up in the morning and say, 'I'm a risk taker.'"
The evening ended with a rousing performance from honoree Kamasi Washington, a jazz saxophonist, along with his band, and a random appearance from Jonah Hill.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Atlanta United reportedly in discussions with NWSL for expansion franchise
Another hint surfaces that NWSL is coming to Atlanta.
By Joe Patrick@japatrick200 Aug 23, 2019, 6:08pm EDT
Share All sharing options for: Atlanta United reportedly in discussions with NWSL for expansion franchise
John David Mercer-USA TODAY Sports
Speaking at an open supporters forum Wednesday, Portland Timbers and Thorns owner Merritt Paulson admitted that he has "commitments" from three new ownership groups to expand the NWSL over the next few years. One of those teams is reportedly Atlanta United.
Merritt Paulson spoke on Wednesday night about three groups committed to joining the #NWSL over the next two years. A source says they are Sacramento Republic, Louisville City FC and Atlanta United FC, with Sac/L'ville being the most advanced discussions.https://t.co/BVoZafiG72
— Jeff Kassouf (@JeffKassouf) August 23, 2019
Equalizer Soccer says timelines for the teams to join the league are not finalized, and that Atlanta is likely in the most preliminary discussions of the groups involved.
Earlier this summer, Darren Eales admitted in an interview with the Atlanta Business Chronicle that a women's team would be coming "sooner rather than later."
From our perspective, we haven't considered a women's team – yet...As we look to the future, given the continued growth of the women's game and women's soccer, it clearly is going to be on our radar.
In March, Atlanta United purchased 17 acres of land located adjacent to its training facility for $9.6 million (thank you Miguel Almirón) as first reported by the Atlanta Journal-Constitution.


The three-light inverted pendant from the Arden collection offers a comfortable silhouette that is both rustic and modern. A substantial frame is crafted from overscale tubing to heighten the effect. The summer linen shades with etched glass diffuser coordinates with many other Progress Lighting styles like Cherish.
One-light hanging fixture with distressed clear glass and etched opal glass. A contemporary interpretation of antique nautical lanterns. Can be used as a single piece or in multiples to obtain desired look.
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Here's How to Experience Memphis and Nashville
Ask Americans to name the music capital of the United States, and some will tell you Memphis, with its long history including Beale Street blues, Sun Studio, and Elvis Presley. Others will likely answer Nashville, citing the Grand Ole Opry, Music Row, and countless clubs. If you're trying to choose between them, this itinerary's answer is "why not both?"
You'll spend two days exploring Memphis's leading concert theaters and clubs, followed by three days in Nashville, seeing musical acts at intimate lounges, and conclude your trip with a show at the Grand Ole Opry. Both cities, however, offer much more than music. Also included in this itinerary are restaurants—both new critics' favorites and time-tested institutions. You'll stop at neighborhoods that have emerged as must-visits thanks to an influx of designers, artists, and other creative types.
Day 1 Arrive in Memphis
Day 2 Midtown's Highlights
Day 3 Next Stop: Nashville
Day 4 Germantown and East Nashville
Day 5 Book on a Later Flight
Trip Highlight
The Dive Motel & Swim Club
Be the first person you know to spend the night at Nashville's Dive Motel, where checking in feels like traveling back in time to the grooviest days of the '70s.
Trip Designer
TNVacation.com
Find everything you need to plan your Tennessee getaway at TNvacation.com. Check out hotels, restaurants, and attractions anywhere in the state you'd like to go—and explore some spots that perhaps you haven't even heard of yet. You'll even find a calendar of exciting events happening during your stay. Discover the best of Tennessee, then make your next great vacation happen on TNvacation.com.
Arrive in Memphis
Memphis's history dates back to 1819, when future president Andrew Jackson was one of its founders. While the city celebrates its bicentennial this year, the interesting part of Memphis's history for most visitors begins in the 1910s and 20s, when Beale Street emerged as the home of the blues. Memphis's impressive musical legacy was then continued by Sun and Stax studios and music greats like Elvis Presley, whose Graceland estate is a music pilgrimage for many people who visit the city.
First, however, drop off your bags at your hotel. The Hu. Hotel and Hotel Napoleon are two stylish options downtown, close to Beale Street as well as South Main, and just a few blocks inland from the Mississippi River. To the north of them, the Big Cypress Lodge is unique—a hunting and fishing lodge located inside an enormous glass pyramid that's home to Bass Pro Shops. You could also opt to stay at the Guest House at Graceland which is, like Graceland itself, to the south of most of the other sights in Memphis. But if Elvis inspired your trip, it's a must-stay; the property celebrates the man and his music through the hotel's decor, entertainment, and menu items.
After you're settled, head out for a stroll along South Main, an area where a number of new galleries, boutiques, and restaurants have opened in recent years. The Blues Hall of Fame, on South Main, celebrates blues greats like Charlie Musselwhite, Eddy Clearwater, Otis Spann, and Mavis Staples. The National Civil Rights Museum is a block away on Mulberry Street. The preserved Lorraine Motel where Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated now houses Smithsonian Institution artifacts chronicling the achievements of the civil rights movement, from the early years of slavery to today's continued civil rights work.
When you're ready for some food, Loflin Yard is a surprising oasis, serving Southern comfort favorites in a restaurant with an enormous outdoor space in the middle of the city. The Gray Canary is an upscale option in this part of town. Thanks to its handcrafted cocktails and Italian-inspired small plates, it has quickly become a favorite of the city's locals.
Not far from the Gray Canary, the historic Orpheum Theatre dates from 1928 and has been restored and expanded. Today, its events calendar includes live performances like concerts, touring Broadway shows, dances, and film screenings.
There's even more culture—and especially music—to be found nearby on legendary Beale Street, which has been a lively strip of clubs, bars, and restaurants for more than a century. Many musical giants have performed here—Louis Armstrong, Muddy Waters, B.B. King—and the music continues to this day.
Midtown's Highlights
Head east from the Mississippi today to Midtown. Like South Main, Broad Avenue has emerged in the last decade as one of the city's most exciting neighborhoods, with new designer boutiques, artists' workshops, and performance spaces. (You'll find it just beyond Overton Park, home to the Levitt Shell, which hosts some 50 free concerts each year.)
Despite the name, The Liquor Store on Broad Avenue is actually a restaurant that makes for a good place to start the day; order up a plate of biscuits and gravy (or yogurt and granola if you must) from the all-day breakfast menu. If you visit the neighborhood later in the day, drop by the Wiseacre Brewing Company to taste some of the brewery's artisanal beers at its taproom (open 4 to 8 p.m. on Thursdays and Fridays and 1 to 8 p.m. on Saturdays).
While Broad Avenue and South Main are relative newcomers among the city's most exciting neighborhoods, Cooper-Young (named after the intersection of two streets) has been Memphis's cool neighborhood for some time, and it's not interested in relinquishing its title. The area is filled with antique stores, coffeehouses, and vintage clothing stores. You'll find some of the city's best restaurants and trendiest bars here, too. Adding to the area's charm is a large stock of well-preserved and handsome houses from the early 20th century. When you're ready to refuel, the original Central BBQ location on Central Avenue serves what many locals consider the city's best barbeque.
Start this evening with dinner at the Global Café in Crosstown. This unusual international restaurant has chefs from Sudan, Syria, and Venezuela, and is managed by a chef from Mexico. You'll find an extensive menu that includes arepas, shawarma, and baklava, all excellently prepared. Afterwards, head to Hi-Tone for live music and drinks that flow until the wee hours (they close at 3 a.m.).
Next Stop: Nashville
While you may have been out late last night, the drive to Nashville won't take too long—about three hours—so you can sleep in a little before hitting the road this morning.
While Nashville is famously associated with country music, thanks in large part to the Grand Ole Opry, you'll also find rock, pop, blues, jazz, and more being performed at its many clubs and bars.
A number of hotels will put you right in the heart of the party, like East Nashville's Vandyke Bed & Beverage and The Dive Motel & Swim Club, which opened earlier this year with an over-the-top retro '70s décor, complete with disco balls and shag carpeting. The Russell, another East Nashville option, combines style with a social conscience. A portion of every room bill is donated to Nashville homeless shelters—on average, each guest stay covers the cost of food and a bed at a local shelter for 16 nights.
Check out the luxurious Germantown Inn, a 10-room boutique property in a restored 1865 home in the small but vibrant Germantown neighborhood. Or explore the recently renovated Hutton Hotel, in the West End neighborhood near Music Row.
Wherever you choose to call home in Nashville, spend this afternoon exploring SoBro (short for south of Broadway); this neighborhood has changed radically in recent years with the openings of new restaurants and stores. The Country Music Hall of Fame, which moved to its current location in 2001, and the Schermerhorn Symphony Center, which followed in 2006 across the street, were early pioneers in reshaping SoBro's character.
When you're ready for a late lunch or early dinner after exploring SoBro, Prince's Hot Chicken on Nolensville Pike has been serving its namesake dish for more than a century. The fried chicken prepared with generous amounts of peppers and other spices has become one of Nashville's signature contributions to the culinary world. While it is just a little to the south and east of SoBro, Peg Leg Porker is famous for its pulled pork, best enjoyed with a cold glass of sweet tea.
SoBro also plays host to some of Nashville's top music venues, so you should return in the evening. The Cannery Ballroom is the largest space within the Mercy Lounge complex, and it's where the biggest acts tend to be booked. Tootsie's Orchid Lounge on Broadway is an institution—many legends of country music performed here early in their careers, and you might hear tomorrow's stars when you drop in. Rudy's Jazz Room, in the nearby Gulch neighborhood, is an intimate, low-key space serving classic cocktails and New Orleans cuisine. Rudy's jazz brunches have become a local favorite.
Germantown and East Nashville
Start this morning with a visit to one of Nashville's most historic neighborhoods, Germantown. Located north of downtown and along the Cumberland River, it gets its name from the immigrants who settled here in the 19th century. While it suffered a period of decline in the 20th century, the neighborhood has reemerged thanks to its central location and historic Victorian homes, many of which are in the process of being restored.
New restaurants and stores have popped up on many of the brick-paved streets, and you may just want to wander and find your own perfect spot for lunch. You can also head just a little west of Germantown to Slim & Husky's, where you'll find artisanal pizza and local microbrews. Like the Russell hotel, this business has a social vision, using pizza to support and build communities by patronizing local suppliers, and encouraging political and civic engagement on the part of their partners, patrons, and employees.
After lunch, cross the Cumberland to explore East Nashville. East Nashville tends to have a more hipster and bohemian edge when compared with the rest of Nashville, with new restaurants helmed by young chefs and new bars serving everything from cheap beer to expensive cocktails. If you aren't staying at the Vandyke Bed & Beverage or The Dive Motel & Swim Club, drop in for a drink to get a taste of East Nashville's eclectic vibe.
A trip to Nashville wouldn't be complete without seeing a performance at the Grand Ole Opry, so get tickets for a show there on the last night of your Tennessee adventure. There's a reason why the Opry is consistently Nashville's number-one attraction: It's the most famous country music venue in the world and the site of some of the genre's most memorable performances and unforgettable moments. If you're interested in something more intimate, check out the Bluebird Café, where the songwriters behind familiar pop and country hits perform their own works.
Photo Courtesy of Daniel Rivera
Book on a Later Flight
You're supposed to leave Nashville this morning, but it's understandable if you can't tear yourself away so soon. With another day in the city, you could explore some more neighborhoods, like 12South, a lively half-mile stretch of 12th Avenue South lined with independent boutiques, bakeries, and bars.
And if you can push your flight back just a few hours, you could experience a dim sum lunch at Tansuo, a Chinese restaurant concept cooked up by Food Network's Chopped chef Maneet Chauhan, with a menu inspired by street fare and night markets. But if work and real life can't be put off any longer and you have to leave, Nashville, and Tennessee, will be waiting to welcome you back whenever you need some unforgettable music, food, and drinks in your life.
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'Avengers: Endgame' theory reveals how one Infinity Stone doomed Thanos
"An everlasting exchange. A soul, for a soul."
Jake Kleinman
There's a moment in Avengers: Endgame when Thanos almost wins. You know the one, it comes seconds before Tony Stark makes the ultimate sacrifice to save the world for the last time (for now). We've always assumed that if Iron Man didn't steal the Infinity Stones, Thanos would have snapped his fingers and wiped out all life in the universe, but a convincing new fan theory reveals why the Mad Titan never stood a chance in Avengers: Endgame.
The theory — In a Reddit post simply titled "Why Thanos Lost," Marvel fan u/Mysterious_Strain_73 lays out multiple reasons why the supervillain never stood a chance. Some of these don't exactly hold up (the theory argues that Thanos didn't know what to expect from the Avengers, but we know he's been aware of them since he first appeared in 2012's The Avengers), but one point, in particular, rings true.
"The second gauntlet, made by Iron Man, contained a different soul stone," u/Mysterious_Strain_73 writes. "As we know, the first soul stone was made from Gamora's soul, whom Thanos had a deep connection with, but the second soul stone was made from Natashas soul, whom Thanos had no connection to at all."
In other words: If the Soul Stone in Avengers: Endgame wasn't obtained by Thanos' sacrifice, could he have wielded it at all?
Black Widow and Hawkeye collecting the Soul Stone on Vormir. Marvel
Does it make sense? The rules of the Soul Stone in the Marvel Cinematic Universe are murky at best. We know the stone is kept on Vormir, a mysterious planet at the center of the universe. We also know that the only way to get it is by sacrificing someone you love. But does that mean only the person who did the sacrificing can wield it? The MCU doesn't provide an answer, but I'm going to say... Sure! Why not?
If we accept this basic premise, it actually makes Avengers: Endgame even better. The theory goes on to argue that anyone who loved the sacrificed person can use the Soul Stone. That means anyone who cared about Black Widow could be covered, which explains why several other Avengers were also able to perform a Snap.
"This is also why both Hulk and Tony were able to use the gauntlet," u/Mysterious_Strain_73 writes, "because Natashas soul deemed them worthy."
At its heart, Avengers: Endgame is a story about loss. At the start of the movie, everyone has lost something. That's what drives the remaining heroes to make one last stand against the forces of darkness. So it's fitting that in the end, the Avengers' secret ending is also loss.
Avengers: Endgame is streaming on Disney+.
Corey Stoll could have the chops to make a live-action M.O.D.O.K. work
By Mónica Marie Zorrilla
The MCU could bring back a hero from its most underrated TV show
By Dais Johnston
Ant-Man 3 interview proves Marvel is taking the wrong lesson from Jodorowsky's Dune
By Ryan Britt


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Q: Comparing the values within a specified range I am working on a program in python and need to compare that two values to see if they are within the 10% range of each other. I am not getting what code I can implement to handle this.
For example, for one item the value of fat is 100 and for the other it is 110. Now I want to check whether both of the values are within the 10% range of each other and if this condition is met I have to print something (I can do it). I just want to know what to write in the if condition of the program.
EDIT: This is what I have currently
if button_id == 'middle':
      if mydict['cholesterol'] <= 0.10*mydict1['cholesterol']:
          tkinter.messagebox.showinfo('Correct', 'You got it right')
      else:
          tkinter.messagebox.showinfo('Wrong', 'You got it wrong')

I am stuck in the second IF condition, where I have to check whether the values are within the 10% range of each other.

A: if value1 + (value1 * 0.1) >= value2 or value1 - (value1 * 0.1) <= value2:
    print("Values are within 10 percent margin")

In other words,
if value1 + 10% of value1 is greater than or equal to value2
or
if value1 - 10% of value1 is lesser than or equal to value2
Then the values are within 10% of each other.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Diamond And Silk: Ilhan Omar's Decisions Are Based On Her 'Ideology', Not The Constitution
Conservative media duo Diamond and Silk attacked Democratic Representative Ilhan Omar Thursday night, claiming she should not be in Congress. Speaking to Fox Business' Lou Dobbs, Lynnette Hardaway and Rochelle Richardson seemed to echo controversial criticism made by Judge Jeannine Pirro about Omar's 'ideology'.
Dobbs asked the pair about Omar's 'defenders'.
"I think this is disgusting, anyone that can defend her tasteless and disrespectful words and quotes that she said, she is proven to be anti-American, anti-Jewish people," Hardaway said, as usual dominating the conversation while Richardson cheered her on.
"I don't even think she does even deserves to be in our Congress, and anybody that defends her, they don't deserve to be in our Congress either," Hardaway said.
"I don't think she represents America, I don't know who she represent but it's not America," the conservative personality said.
"It doesn't look good for America. You know, we have a woman sitting there referring to some people did nothing, these are terrorists, the same people that she's trying to defend, who drove plans into our twin towers, call it for what it is, I don't know that none of them deserve to be in Congress, they make us all look bad," Hardaway said.
She was referring to comments Omar made about the 9/11 terrorists attacks, which have animated conservative media. Omar has recently received an increasing number of death threats.
"A person's ideology should not dictate the outcome of a decision. And I think that is what Omar is allowing herself to do whenever she's making decisions. She's making them based upon her ideology and not the Constitution," Hardaway said, seeming to echo comments made by Pirro who suggested that Omar could not be both Muslim and loyal to the US Constitution.
Fox News claims "the duo are not employees of the network: 'Diamond & Silk license short weekly videos to Fox Nation – they are not Fox News contributors or employees. When they appear on FNC and FBN, they do so as guests."
Watch the video above, via Fox News.
Diamond and SilkFox NewsIlhan OmarIslam


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Horse soring toolkit
1. Get the facts. Learn more about soring . Read about our undercover soring investigation at a top Tennessee stable and an earlier investigation that led to federal charges against a renowned trainer. 2. Support the Prevent All Soring Tactics (PAST) Act . Contact your federal legislators and ask...
Animal Rescue Team
How to make your yard family-friendly
Decaying logs and miniature bogs, hollowed stalks and piled rocks, nutritious pollen and leaves fallen: They're not the stuff of traditional nursery rhymes and baby showers. But if wild mothers-to-be had gift registries, these natural supplies would top the list. Though the basic elements for...
The Next Generation PZP Project
In an effort to promote and advance humane, sustainable approaches to resolving conflicts between humans and wildlife, for years, the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) has collaborated with researchers, NGOs and academic institutions, as well as federal, state and local agencies to help...
Questions and answers about immunocontraception
What is immunocontraception? Immunocontraception is a birth control method that uses the body's immune response to prevent pregnancy. Why is the Humane Society of the United States sponsoring research in immunocontraception? The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) believes that...
For horses to be spared cruel and needless deaths.
The HSUS and our vision for wild horse and burro management in the U.S.
Disaster FAQ
Current crisis Tropical Storm Barry Status update: July 13, 2019 Our Animal Rescue Team coordinated the transport of adoptable animals out of threatened areas in Louisiana in advance of the storm making landfall to increase the capacity of the community to care for an anticipated influx of displaced...
Resources for making a humane end of life decision for your horse
This list is provided as a resource for horse owners and is for informational purposes only. Please contact specific vendors for more information on their services. Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of all listings. This list is not exhaustive and is subject to change over time. The...


The swearing-in took place amid a raging controversy over the government relegating Justice Joseph to the third position in the order of seniority even though he was recommended for elevation way back on January 10, 2018.
Justice Indira Banerjee, Justice Vineet Saran and Justice KM Joseph sworn in as judges of the Supreme Court on Tuesday in order of seniority notified by the Centre.
The swearing-in ceremony started at 10.30 am in the CJI's courtroom and Justice Banerjee was the first to take oath followed by Justice Saran and Justice Joseph.
The oath was administered to the three judges by Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra in a packed courtroom in the presence of all judges, law officers and advocates, according to a PTI report.
With the three appointments, the total strength of judges in the apex court has now gone up to 25 against the sanctioned strength of 31.
While Justice Banerjee was the chief justice of Madras High Court, Justice Saran and Justice Joseph were chief justices of Orissa and Uttarakhand high courts, respectively.
His recommendation was reiterated on July 17 after the government had returned it for reconsideration by the Supreme Court collegium.
It is for the first time that the Supreme Court has three sitting woman judges — Justice R. Banumathi, Justice Indu Malhotra and Justice Indira Banerjee.
Justice Banerjee is the seventh woman judge of the Supreme Court, first being Justice Fatima Beevi, followed by Justice Ruma Pal, Justice Ranjana Desai, Justice Gyan Sudha Misra, Justice R Banumathi and Justice Indu Malhotra.


We call ourselves a nation of global professionals.
Remote Year is more than a work-travel program. Each program becomes a community of friends and colleagues who support each other along the journey and beyond.
as well as those who have already completed programs ("Citizens").
The professionals participating in a Remote Year program come from various backgrounds, industries, and nationalities. Each group is specially named — after an inspiring leader, concept, or term — with the purpose of driving a common connection and life-long bond between each individual both during and after their RY experience. Even when programs end, our customers' relationships to the Nation continue to grow and give back.
Remote Year Ambassadors regularly host information sessions in cities around the world. Join us and learn more about how you can explore the world while working.
Remote Year Communities strive to share their time, talent and treasure in order to make a Positive Impact on the communities they call home. Check out some of the projects and partnerships we're working on today.
Meet some of the wonderful people who've participated in Remote Year.


This is a refined metal push button with polished stainless surface and silver as contact material. It takes screw terminals as connectors so that it's easy to be assembled or removed on a project without soldering.
This button comes with 6 different colors: Glory Gold, Carbon Black, Dark Green, Crimson Red, Chocolate Brown, and Royal Blue.


Image courtesy of Studio Meng Strazzara: Save Madison Valley filed a land-use petition challenging decisions in favor of designs for The Madison mixed-use development.
The Seattle Hearing Examiner's Office in February partially sided with the Department of Construction and Inspections director's decision to allow construction of the six-story mixed-use development that will have a PCC Market as its ground-floor anchor tenant. It will replace the City People's Garden Center at 2925 E. Madison St., adding 82 housing units in Madison Valley.
Plans took four meetings to pass the East Design Review Board in 2017, and ended up adding increased setbacks on East Madison Street, facade changes on East Dewey Place and the addition of townhouses on the residential street to the project.
The land-use petition filed against developer Velmeir Properties and the City of Seattle asserts Deputy Hearing Examiner Barbara Ehrlichman erred in her Feb. 26 findings and decision, which followed a seven-day appeal hearing that started in December and concluded in February.
Save Madison Valley is challenging the project's height, bulk and scale, which the group claims will have adverse impacts on the neighborhood. It also means the loss of the tree canopy on the development property.
"The East Madison Street Proposal will completely and utterly change the character and aesthetics of the neighborhood," the petition states. "It is an understatement to say that the aesthetic, height/bulk/scale, traffic and other impacts will be significant and adverse to the neighborhood.
The deputy hearing examiner found that Save Madison Valley failed to meet its burden of showing the project did not comply with applicable design review guidelines. She noted multiple modifications were made to the project as requested by the EDRB that addressed height, bulk and scale.
Save Madison Valley argues the design review process violated State Environmental Policy Act requirements because the East Design Review Board's decision was not informed by SEPA review; it was not completed prior to EDRB approval in September 2017. This also limited alternative design choices during the review process, the petition states.
The group argues the hearing examiner incorrectly interpreted the review board's direction for a year-round landscape buffer of evergreen trees at the Dewey frontage, and that is not what is in the design.
Ehrlichman did find the DNS was erroneous in its threshold determination related to drainage, and that decision was reversed and remanded to SDCI for further action. The drainage report was determined to be outdated.
SMV argued in its appeal that there are at least 39 trees on the site that are significant by city standards.
Engineers have estimated the residences and PCC Market will generate 1,230 daily vehicle trips, with 244 new p.m. peak hour trips and 51 a.m. peak hour trips. The Madison will have 140 parking stalls, 70 accessible for residents from East Dewey Place and 70 for retail customers on East Madison, which is also where delivery trucks will back into a loading bay with the assistance of traffic flaggers for the life of the project.
SMV argues the hearing examiner erred in her conclusion the SDCI director had mitigated traffic impacts in its decision.
The group wants all decisions in question regarding the project's approval to be reversed and for a new, "proper design review" to be completed that is informed by the SEPA review.
Save Madison Valley has for years provided regular updates on its fight against the proposed project at savemadisonvalley.org.