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You are reading: 15 Youtube Stars That Are Now Criminals
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15 Youtube Stars That Are Now Criminals
A_Snook Nov 17, 2017 Lifestyle, Tech
We all have our favorite YouTube stars. Whether you enjoy cooking, comedy, vlogs, makeup, or DIY, there are tons of channels out there to choose from. It's easy to see how you get lost on the website for hours! Unfortunately, like any celebrities, YouTube stars are no strangers to crime. In fact, it seems that YouTube stars get arrested even more often. Many of the people on this list run "prank" channels, coming up with more and more absurd stunts. From trespassing to vandalism, the cops have no time for pranksters, especially not those who are dumb enough to post videos of it on the internet. It is no wonder that they finally had a brush with the police! But many of the others are more sinister. Child pornography, drugs, child neglect and endangerment, and even murder haunt these YouTube personalities. Men and women, rich and poor, American and those abroad, there is nothing in common with these stars except their casual attitude toward the law. You may even watch some of these people and not even know about their dark past. This list might make you reconsider which channels you want to subscribe to on YouTube. Keep reading to learn the stories of 15 YouTubers who got arrested!
15. Vitaly Zdorovetskiy (VitalyzdTv)
via: Tubefilter.com
One of the most notorious YouTube stars (at least in the eyes of the law), Vitaly Zdorovetskiy has been arrested more than once. His first time was in 2012, when the Russian man had a bomb hoax prank go wrong. Then again in 2014 when he ran across a soccer field at the World Cup in his underwear. In 2015 and 2016 he was arrested for climbing the Hollywood Sign. Of course he films all of these stunts for his many YouTube followers, who love to see what he will come up with next. There seems to be no crime too big and no stunt too dangerous for the "Natural Born Pranksters" star.
14. Jack Gilinsky
via: Twitter
Jack Gilinsky, one half of the pop music and Vine duo Jack & Jack, landed in hot water in fall 2016. The YouTuber was arrested in LAX airport after shoplifting a sweatshirt (which he says he "forgot to pay for"). His partner Jack Johnson recorded the entire ordeal on Snapchat, first thinking it was all a joke and then realizing the seriousness of the situation, when Gilinsky was led away in handcuffs. Thousands of followers watched the saga happen live via the social media platform, even showing support via the hashtag #FreeGalinsky. He was released just a few hours after the arrest on a $5,000 bail.
13. Austin Jones
via: Billboard
By far one of the worst crimes on this list, Austin Jones was arrested on multiple counts of child pornography. The singer and YouTube personality allegedly asked two teen girls to prove they were his biggest fans by sending him sexually explicit videos over social media. He admitted to telling the girls what to wear and do, so that he knew they were only 14 and 15 years old when he was 24. Similar accusations were made against Jones before, like when he lied about his age to get girls to send him twerking videos in 2015. Get someone your own age, ya nasty!
12. Holly Piazza and Brian Chase (Rocco Piazza Vlogs)
via: YouTube
8 year old Rocco Piazza is known for doing silly stunts on his YouTube channel like snowboarding down the stairs. Earlier this year his mother Holly Piazza and her fiance Brian Chase were arrested for aiding in his biggest stunt yet. Rocco and an unnamed adult were filmed riding in a truck bed full of Orbeez (gel-filled balls) as the vehicle drove full-speed down a busy street. The pair got in trouble for both child endangerment and putting other drivers in danger when they dumped the beads onto the road. These people should think twice next time, before agreeing to (and filming) the whims of a second grader.
11. 11. Calum McSwiggan
via: ABC7 Los Angeles
The story of Calum McSwiggan's arrest is one of the weirdest on this list. The gay British YouTube star claimed a man beat him and his friends up outside a West Hollywood gay club, breaking his teeth and badly bruising him. In "retaliation", McSwiggan vandalized the other man's car. Months later, the star admitted that he caused the injuries to himself but maintains that he was attacked as part of an anti-gay hate crime. Police say that he was seen hitting himself with a prison payphone while he was being held. He now owes a $400 vandalism fine, on top of $7,000 compensation.
10. Kyle Myers (FPS Russia)
via: Business Insider
Kyle Myers, known also as FPS Russia, was recently arrested on felony drug charges. The YouTuber received a package in the mail containing a substance called butane honey oil, an extremely potent cannabis concentrate. While he was charged with possession of drug related objects and intent to distribute, the police also seized many weapons from Myers' home as well. This is the Georgia man's first arrest, though his home was raided in 2013 after one of the many explosions that his channel is known for. The same year, Myers' channel partner was found shot dead in his own home, though no arrest has ever been made for the murder.
9. Nathan Bartling (My Mate Nate)
via: Coconuts Media
Nathan Bartling, also known as My Mate Nate, seems like a generally terrible person. The California native, who was once a missionary, now lives in Thailand. This summer he was arrested for laying coins on a railroad track to be flattened and was charged with trespassing, railway obstruction, and damaging railway property. The people of Thailand are actually petitioning to kick Bartling out of their country after this, and other controversial videos. His content includes laughing while a cat fights and is stung by a scorpion and tying a cat to a hot air balloon. What is wrong with this dude?
8. Steve-O
Steve-o of Jackass fame was arrested in 2015, after staging a protest against Sea World. He climbed a 100-foot crane on Sunset Boulevard while holding an inflatable Shamu the Whale, emblazoned with the words "Seaworld Sucks!" He then set off fireworks atop the crane. When he came down, Steve-o was charged with five misdemeanors: creating a false emergency and four related to the fireworks. He was sentenced to 30 days in jail, but was released from Los Angeles's Twin Towers Correctional Facility after just 8 hours. The star had teased the stunt on his Instagram page the day before the incident. I am honestly surprised that this is the first time Steve-o has been arrested!
7. Steven Fernandez (Baby Scumbag)
via: Newsweek
Steven Fernandez proves that age is no object when it comes to breaking the law! The young YouTuber began his fame as a skateboarder but has since dabbled in music as well. In 2015, the teen was arrested for an array of sexual crimes including, sexual assault and procuring a child into lewd and lascivious acts. After his arrest, more and more teenage girls came forward telling similar stories of how he used his fame to take advantage of them. Many of his videos even show him asking girls for their phone numbers and calling them rude names when they decline. Kids these days!
6. Denisse Muniztorres (Nina Santiago/Nina Unrated)
In 2015, YouTuber Nina Santiago (whose real name is Denise Muniztorres) had a standoff with a SWAT team in her Florida home. She apparently filmed a video for her channel just moments before pointing a gun at her boyfriend, and demanding he get out of her house. Police negotiated with Santiago, closing off an entire section of her building, to get her to release her son who she was holding hostage in her home. After 6 hours, she finally surrendered and was charged with both child neglect, and aggravated assault. Police believe the video she recorded before the incident, which involved revealing intense personal details, put her in an emotional and violent state.
5. Monalisa Perez
via: WDAZ
One of the most sinister and scary entries on this list, MonaLisa Perez got in trouble with the law this summer after shooting and killing her boyfriend. Along with her late partner Pedro Ruiz, Perez planned to become YouTube famous by filming dangerous videos. Ruiz held a book in front of his chest and Perez shot him, allegedly thinking the book could stop the bullet. The woman even tweeted earlier that day that the video was "dangerous" and that the idea was "HIS . . . not MINE." The pair had a toddler together and another baby on the way, making this incident even more messed up.
4. Charles Ross (RossCreations)
via: WTSP.com
Charles Ross, also known as RossCreations, has had his share of run-ins with the law. This dude will do anything to make a prank video! Earlier this year he was arrested for grand theft, after removing a street sign that he deemed "unnecessary." In 2013, Ross was also arrested for jumping over a cop who was seated on a park bench. The worst part is he then filmed a video pleading with his half a million followers to donate money to him. The vlogger claimed he didn't have money to cover the costs of defending himself against a 3rd-degree felony. Maybe he should have thought of that before breaking the law!
3. Joel Hradecky (customgrow420)
Joel Hradecky, better known by his YouTube name customgrow420, was arrested in 2016. It was only a matter of time before this notorious Mary Jane smoker was caught by police. The most surprising part of this story, though, is that he and 2 friends were arrested for trespassing! The trio decided to explore the abandoned Vance Creek Bridge in Shelton, Washington, smoking cannibus the whole time. Even worse? Hradecky stupidly filmed the whole outing, which led not only his thousands of followers, but also the police right to him. Even his car and license plate were in the shot. Stay away from the grass, kids!
2. The Jalal Brothers
via: Superfame
Australian brothers Max, Arman, and Rebeen Jalal were arrested in 2016 for pulling a terrifying prank. Victoria counter-terrorism police put the trio in custody, after an investigation of their series of fake terrorist attack videos on their YouTube channel. Police got a warrant for their home in Melbournem after deciding that their video content was unacceptable and criminal in nature. Besides scaring members of their community, police believe that portraying terrorists the way the Jalal brothers do causes fear, anxiety, and "problematic behaviours" in their neighbours. The particular incident that led to their arrest, involved a fake drive-by shooting where they "shot" a young girl with a fake AK-47, as well as a suicide bomber hoax video.
1. Cameron Dallas
Cameron Dallas is another YouTuber and Vine star known for his pranks. In 2015, he was arrested for vandalism in his Hollywood home. In the late afternoon, cops knocked on his door to respond to a noise complaint to no answer. The prankster then allegedly threw a paint can off of his balcony, almost hitting a woman passing by below. When police arrived, they found the apartment, Dallas and his guests spattered with paint. Dallas claims the paint spattering was part of a video he was filming, and denied throwing anything off of his balcony. After spending a few hours in jail, Dallas was released on a $20,000 bail late that night.
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Die schriftliche Befragung () bezeichnet eine klassische Befragungsform der Sozialwissenschaften. Im Englischen existiert alternativ auch der Begriff Face-to-Face-Interview, da man dem Befragten häufig gegenübersitzt. Er wird im Gegensatz zum deutschen Begriff der schriftlichen Befragung nicht für Telefoninterviews verwendet. Die Begriffe sind also nicht vollständig deckungsgleich.

Erhebungsmethode
Interview

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Tetere () je řeka v Irkutské oblasti a v Krasnojarském kraji v Rusku. Je dlouhá 486 km. Plocha povodí měří 13 700 km².

Průběh toku
Protéká přes Středotunguzskou planinu. Překonává četné peřeje. Ústí zprava do Podkamenné Tungusky (povodí Jeniseje).

Přítoky
 zprava – Dželindukon

Vodní režim
Zdrojem vody jsou převážně sněhové srážky. Zamrzá v říjnu a rozmrzá v květnu.

Literatura

Řeky v Krasnojarském kraji
Řeky v Irkutské oblasti
Povodí Podkamenné Tunguzky


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Published 12th July 2019
False starts for the clean-up
Gas flares in the Delta. Pic: Mark Allen Johnson/Zuma Press/PA Images
Incompetence and corruption threaten the latest government body to be set up to tackle oil pollution
The Ogoni area of the Niger Delta is one of the world's most severely contaminated stretches of land and water, and yet no relief is in sight. Eight years ago, after publishing a comprehensive survey of the environmental damage, the United Nations Environment Programme recommended setting up a US$1 billion fund for the first five years of a project to clean-up decades of pollution caused by oil spills that could take 30 years in all. The government in Abuja has raised nearly $200 million from its own funds and from the oil companies, but relief for the people in this 404-square-mile area where so many oil pipelines and wells converge remains elusive. The levels of benzene in Ogoni people's drinking water were found by UNEP to be 900 times above World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended safe levels.
HYPREP's checkered rep
The environmental agency Abuja created has a bad record. It is even believed to be relaxing the clean-up benchmarks
The Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project (HYPREP) is only the latest iteration of Nigerian government agencies charged with using oil revenues to compensate for the effects of...
Military roadblocks
The ruling generals in the sprawling security system will try to control the transition, whatever the cost
The security structures – the rival armed and intelligence groups – that grew up under the National Islamic Front (NIF) and its successor National Congress Party regime...
BLUE LINES
THE INSIDE VIEW
Disbelief was ostentatiously suspended when heads of state gathered at the African Union summit in Niamey to proclaim a new era of cooperation with the full launching of the African continental free trade area (ACFTA) on 8 July. After winning over Nigeria, almost in extra time, the pact's promoters managed to get all the 55 member states of the union on board, except for Eritrea.
The numbers – a market of 1.3 billion people, worth an estimated US$3.4 trillion – look c...
The numbers – a market of 1.3 billion people, worth an estimated US$3.4 trillion – look compelling, but in the short term the proclamation of the ACFTA will change little but aspirations. Two realities dominate the agenda: an impressive number of political speed bumps; and the need for gradualism and painstaking commercial diplomacy.
For now, the main task will be to get the regional economic communities to work much better. Only in the East African Community has there been much convergence towards a single market in goods and services.
More diversified economies such as South Africa, Kenya and Morocco will have a greater incentive to push for cutting tariffs and opening up markets for their exports. In the case of South Africa and Kenya, they will put more pressure on the regional economic groupings that they already dominate in southern and east Africa. Morocco's market strategy is undermined by its cold war with Algeria, and Nigerian manufacturers remain sceptical about any short-term benefits from the treaty.
Running on close to empty
Shortages of fuel, electricity and bread are creating panic as the government faces a cash-flow crisis
Two weeks after the Zimbabwe government banned the use of foreign currency, the economy is reeling. Statutory Instrument 142, published without warning on 24 June, decreed that the...
SWAPO succession dilemma
The President is set for re-election in November, but a chronic failure to deliver land reform and jobs clouds the outlook
There is virtually no prospect of President Hage Geingob, Namibia's first non-northern head of state, failing to secure a second five-year term in the presidential and legislative ...
Lobbying pays off for Bourita
Rabat's charm offensive on Brussels has been bearing fruit, as the EU offers deals during the Foreign Minister's red-carpet visit
Foreign Minister Nasser Bourita had plenty of reasons to be cheerful after getting the red-carpet treatment from the European Union during his late-June visit. Morocco's foreign mi...
Air strikes risk escalation
Bombings in support of Haftar's army not only killed detained African would-be migrants but increased the prospects of ever-greater foreign involvement
When Libya's eastern military strongman, General Khalifa Haftar, launched his offensive to capture Tripoli on 4 April, he hoped for a blitzkrieg. What he got was a battle of attrit...
Roads, rails, pots and kettles
Westerners are fuelling fears about the government's appetite for Chinese loans. But their funding models are not that different
According to some of the opinion columns in its newspapers, Kenya is currently on a reckless borrowing spree in which the country has mortgaged some of its key assets – notably Mom...
After a three-year trial in which more than 2,000 victims were represented, three International Criminal Court (ICC) judges have found Jean Bosco Ntaganda, 45, also known as 'The T...
Lungu to change basic law
President Edgar Lungu's government has proposed sweeping changes to the Zambian constitution that critics say are aimed at reducing scrutiny and improving his chances of retaining ...
Asmara and Amhara
Attention is focusing once more on last November's meeting of Eritrean President Issayas Afewerki with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed one month after retired Brigadier-General...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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I would like to bag a nice bear this season,keep seing but not baggin,archery gear preferred..swap for some kind of Coues hunt, archery gear..
Interests:Trail cams, archery, rifle, shed hunting.
I could help you bag a bear. What kind of a coues opportunity are you offering?


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Q: Steps when installing a new processor I have a substantial amount of experience in IT as a software developer.  I'm used to getting my hands dirty with the internals of PCs and have replaced almost every component therein.  However, I have never built a PC from the ground up. I plan to do so soon.
My question is as follows:
What are the steps performed when installing a new processor on a new motherboard?  My components were pretty expensive and I really do not want to screw up the installation. I have purchased an i7 980x and an MSI Big Bang-XPower LGA 1366 Intel X58 SATA 6Gb/s USB 3.0 ATX Intel Motherboard. I've read that I may need to add thermal compound, flash the bios on the motherboard to support this particular processor and (I think) add a heatsink.
Any advice would be greatly appreciated.

A: As long as you don't do anything obviously bad like open up a power supply (you can be electrocuted if you touch the wrong capacitor) or wear a woolen jumper (risk of static electricity) or spill coffee on the components, there's hardly any risk of causing permanent damage. The most common and most frustrating failure mode is that you switch the system on and nothing happens.
Processors are usually sold with a heatsink and fan. ("Open box" or "OEM" packages might not be, but they're rarely cheaper anyway, at least where I live.) The bundled cooling solution ranges from acceptable to pretty good; you only need to swap it if you're planning to overclock significantly or you want an extremely quiet computer (for a merely very quiet computer, the stock cooler is probably ok).
If the processor is sold with a cooler, the two might already be affixed together, in which case you can directly attach the whole thing to the motherboard.
Otherwise you need to apply thermal paste (also known as thermal compound or thermal grease) between the processor and the heatsink. The layer of paste should be as thin as possible. The purpose is to fill in the tiny irregularities in the surface of the processor and heatsink, because air is a lousy conductor. Since it's impossible to get a perfectly smooth surface on the processor, the aim is to have part direct processor-heatsink contact and part procesor-paste-heatsink. There are tons of sites and videos about the process on the web, of varying trustworthiness; I don't have a particular one to recommend, but you might look at a few, keeping a critical mind.
If you need to flash the BIOS to support the processor, you won't be able to do it with that processor. So unless you have a motherboard that can flash a BIOS from USB without a CPU plugged in (I think a few high-end models can do this), you'll need to first plug in a supported processor.

A: Steps:

*

*Read all manuals for mobo; chip; & cooler;

*Do step 1 again;

*If you want to limit risk of static discharge, get a static-strap and use it when handling circuit boards;

*do your installs in good light (mid-day). Many components have fine print/indicators + once in the case, its a bit darker;

*make sure you count all the holes in your motherboard and you have proper standoffs for each of them.  Then screw 'em all in;

*If the manuals don't have good pictures, go online to see them in color/enlarged;6.

*Identify all connectors from case; power supply, fans, drives that you are to plug in to board.  If your assembly doesn't POST initially, figure you missed plugging one of them in.  Often, missed plugs are easier to notice if you 'sleep on it'.  Something about dreams lets your brain sift through extra data and flag that the Molex qz23 connector needs plugging somewhere;

*Make sure your keyboard, mouse and monitor are plugged in, powered up and operational before you power-up the system;

*to the extent that you are using 'left-overs' or 'spare parts', make sure they actually work before using them;

*Take a picture of your system when you are done and tell us if anything caught on fire ;)

A: To elaborate on Gilles' answer, retail CPUs generally come with thermal tape pre-applied to the heatsink, so you don't need to buy your own thermal compound unless you're installing an aftermarket cooler, or if you do need to switch CPUs. If you are, remember that you'll probably need less of the stuff than you think - you only need to fill the microscopic pores in the metal, not lubricate the surface.
The main things to remember, in addition to those discussed above: it's easiest to install components in a certain order; in particular, make sure you install the CPU and ideally the memory before you attach it to the case. ;)
Be careful when installing the heatsink - it's not always obvious (at least to me) exactly how it should be oriented from the instructions (they're usually of the graphical tab-A-in-slot-B variety), so make sure you figure that out before you try attaching it.
The most important rule is "don't force anything that doesn't seem to be going in correctly" - it's very easy to damage a CPU this way. Unfortunately, some of the old Athlon CPU heatsinks did need more force than I would have thought...
Good luck!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


October is "Physical Therapy Month" each year so we celebrate this month with the Physical Therapists (PTs). They are an integral part of creating effective aging in place environments for people in their homes, whether those people have found the home they want to remain in long-term or it's just the home they are in at the moment.
Along with Occupational Therapists (OTs) and other Health Care Professionals (HCPs), PTs understand how people move and get around in their space, challenges that their homes might present to them, and are able to evaluate and offer reasonable solutions for modifying and adapting those living environments to be safer and more effective for the occupants.
In celebrating the service of Physical Therapists this month, it's the perfect time to call attention to the Certified Aging-In-Place Specialist ("CAPS") training and designation program that educates and equips those who participate with additional knowledge on how to work with people of varying needs and requirements in their homes.
Any PTs or PTAs (Physical Therapy Assistants) – or anyone else with a health background such as a nurse, physician, discharge planner, administrator, or other healthcare professional – should seriously consider getting the training for an additional understanding of this market and to be able to help people create the solutions they need to live in their homes successfully.
An HCP is vital for designing solutions for the aging-in-place client that has some type of physical, sensory, or cognitive impairment – or when someone's age (even without obvious issues) suggests that the prudent approach is to consider a design that incorporates that possibility of limited mobility in the future.
Working alongside contractors, designers, durable medical equipment providers, architects, and other professionals, HCPs, such as OTs and PTs, are able to make sure that the clients' needs are accommodated – and not just the physical needs of the home.
Since many people have moderate to serious limitations with how they can use their homes in terms of mobility, reach, range of motion, navigation, and maneuverability, these need to be addressed to serve them well. They want their homes to be a safe refuge for them and provide the comfort, enjoyment, and accessibility they desire and deserve.
We have the opportunity to make that happen, and PTs have a very important part to play in this.
Americans, Canadians, and people around the globe are desiring to stay in their homes as they age. People like their homes, they have scores or memories and memorabilia there, and the expense and effort required to move to a care institution are not appealing to most of them.
We can help people remain in their present homes by evaluating those living spaces and suggesting necessary and reasonable improvements that can be made within a budget that they can fund. This will enhance the quality of life and help keep them safe as they continue to live and age in those homes they enjoy.
It's not appropriate for a contractor to advise clients on potential improvements when there are medical issues involved because they simply don't have the background, training, or insight to be able to determine the extent of what is going on or how those issues might change over time. The HCP, such as the PT, is such an important ally to the contractor for these situations.
Any PT – or anyone else – who would like to find out how to help people remain in their homes as they age, can find out more using the resources mentioned below.


This occurs when the paint film takes on the imprint of an object that is placed on a painted shelf, table, window sill, or countertop, for example.
Using a low-quality satin or gloss paint.
Placing objects on the painted surface before the paint has fully dried.
Use a top-quality, water-based acrylic satin or gloss paint. Low-quality water-based satin and gloss paints may have poor print resistance, particularly in warm, damp conditions. Acrylic water-based paints generally offer better print resistance than vinyl acetate co-polymer-type paints. Fully cured solvent-based paints also offer excellent print resistance.
Make sure the paint is allowed to cure for the recommended amount of time before it is put into service. Cool or humid conditions require a longer curing time.


text:
Incarcerated America
Human Rights Watch Backgrounder
Download as 192K PDF
According to the latest statistics from the U.S. Department of Justice, more than two million men and women are now behind bars in the United States.1 The country that holds itself out as the "land of freedom" incarcerates a higher percentage of its people than any other country. The human costs — wasted lives, wrecked families, troubled children — are incalculable, as are the adverse social, economic and political consequences of weakened communities, diminished opportunities for economic mobility, and extensive disenfranchisement.
Contrary to popular perception, violent crime is not responsible for the quadrupling of the incarcerated population in the United States since 1980. In fact, violent crime rates have been relatively constant or declining over the past two decades. The exploding prison population has been propelled by public policy changes that have increased the use of prison sentences as well as the length of time served, e.g. through mandatory minimum sentencing, "three strikes" laws, and reductions in the availability of parole or early release.
Although these policies were championed as protecting the public from serious and violent offenders, they have instead yielded high rates of confinement of nonviolent offenders. Nearly three quarters of new admissions to state prison were convicted of nonviolent crimes.2 Only 49 percent of sentenced state inmates are held for violent offenses.3
Perhaps the single greatest force behind the growth of the prison population has been the national "war on drugs." The number of incarcerated drug offenders has increased twelvefold since 1980. In 2000, 22 percent of those in federal and state prisons were convicted on drug charges.4
Even more troubling than the absolute number of persons in jail or prison is the extent to which those men and women are African-American. Although blacks account for only 12 percent of the U.S. population, 44 percent of all prisoners in the United States are black (Figure 1).
Census data for 2000,which included a count of the number and race of all individuals incarcerated in the United States, reveals the dramatic racial disproportion of the incarcerated population in each state: the proportion of blacks in prison populations exceeds the proportion among state residents in every single state. In twenty states, the percent of blacks incarcerated is at least five times greater than their share of resident population (Figure 2).
1 Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2002," April 6, 2003, available at: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs /abstract/pjim02.htm.
2 See Human Rights Watch, "Punishment and Prejudice," at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/usa/
3 Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Prisoners in 2001," July 2002, p. 12, available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ bjs/abstract/p01.htm.
Race, Population, and Incarceration
U.S. Population by Race
Source: U.S. Census, 2000. White and Black excludes Hispanics.
State and Federal Inmates by Race
Source: Percentages calculated from data in Table 13, Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2002," April 6, 2003. White and Black excludes Hispanics.
Ratio of Percent of Blacks Among Resident Population to Blacks Among Incarcerated Population
Black Percentage
Ratio of State Residents Black Percentage
of Incarcerated Population Ratio
Alabama 26% 61.9% 2.4
Alaska 3.5% 10.6% 3.0
Arizona 3.1% 13.3% 4.3
Arkansas 15.7% 44.4% 2.8
California 6.7% 28.7% 4.3
Colorado 3.8% 22.1% 5.7
Connecticut 9.1% 46.1% 5.1
Delaware 19.2% 63.1% 3.3
District of Columbia 60.0% 92.8% 1.5
Florida 14.6% 48.1% 3.3
Georgia 28.7% 61.7% 2.2
Hawaii 1.8% 3.9% 2.2
Idaho 0.4% 1.7% 3.9
Illinois 15.1% 62.9% 4.2
Indiana 8.4% 37.8% 4.5
Iowa 2.1% 19.7% 9.3
Kansas 5.7% 34.0% 5.9
Kentucky 7.3% 35.3% 2.2
Louisiana 32.5% 72.1% 2.2
Maine 0.5% 4.1% 7.7
Maryland 27.9% 72.3% 2.6
Massachusetts 5.4% 26.3% 4.9
Michigan 14.2% 48.9% 3.4
Minnesota 3.5% 28.5% 8.2
Mississippi 36.3% 70.5% 1.9
Missouri 11.2% 41.2% 3.7
Montana 0.3% 2.0% 6.6
Nebraska 4.0% 25.5% 6.4
Nevada 6.8% 27.3% 4.0
New Hampshire 0.7% 6.5% 8.9
New Jersey 13.6% 59.7% 4.4
New Mexico 1.9% 10.0% 5.3
New York 15.9% 54.3% 3.4
North Carolina 21.6% 61.1% 2.8
North Dakota 0.6% 3.3% 5.4
Ohio 11.5% 50.2% 4.4
Oklahoma 7.6% 31.3% 4.1
Oregon 1.6% 11.1% 6.8
Pennsylvania 10.0% 49.7% 5.0
Rhode Island 4.5% 35.9% 8.0
South Carolina 29.5% 67.2% 2.3
South Dakota 0.6% 6.9% 11.1
Tennessee 16.4% 49.0% 3.0
Texas 11.5% 36.8% 3.2
Utah 0.8% 5.9% 7.4
Vermont 0.5% 5.2% 10.3
Virginia 19.6% 61.7% 3.1
Washington 3.2% 18.1% 5.6
West Virginia 3.2% 34.9% 11.0
Wisconsin 5.7% 38.8% 6.8
Wyoming 0.8% 5.9% 7.8
National 12.3% 43.7% 3.5
Figures calculated on basis of U.S. Census Bureau data from Census 2000 on state residents and incarcerated population.
The official figures confirm what those who live in African-American communities know full well — too many blacks are behind bars, particularly black men. Indeed, nearly five percent of all black men, compared to 0.6 percent of white men, are incarcerated.5 In many states the rate is far worse. According to Human Rights Watch's calculations based on the 2000 U.S. Census, in twelve states more than ten percent of black men ages 18 to 64 are incarcerated.6 The Justice Department reports that nationwide, a similar percentage of black men in the ages 20-29 are behind bars.
The absolute level of black incarceration should be cause for national concern. But so should the striking disparity with white incarceration. Nationwide, black men of all ages are incarcerated at more than seven times the rate of white men, according to the Justice Department.7 Again, shocking as such a national average is, it masks even worse racial disparities in individual states. In thirteen states, black men are incarcerated at more than ten times the rate of white men.8 No state is free of significant disparities.
The national war on drugs has perhaps been the primary factor behind the extraordinary rates at which blacks are incarcerated. Drug offenses account for nearly two out of five of the blacks sent to state prison. More blacks are sent to state prison for drug offenses (38 percent) than for crimes of violence (27 percent). In contrast, drug offenders constitute 24 percent of whites admitted to prison and violent offenders constitute 27 percent (Figure 3).
African-Americans are arrested, prosecuted, and imprisoned for drug offenses at far higher rates than whites. This racial disparity bears little relationship to racial differences in drug offending. For example, although the proportion of all drug users who are black is generally in the range of 13 to 15 percent, blacks constitute 36 percent of arrests for drug possession. Blacks constitute 63 percent of all drug offenders admitted to state prisons. In at least fifteen states, black men were sent to prison on drug charges at rates ranging from twenty to fifty-seven times those of white men. (Figure 4 and Figure 5).
5 Department of Justice, "Midyear 2002," p. 11, Table 14.
6 Human Rights Watch, "Race and Incarceration" at: http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/ usa/race/pdf/table3.pdf
7 Data calculated from Department of Justice, "Midyear 2002," p. 11, Table 14.
8 Human Rights Watch, "Race and Incarceration" at: http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/ usa/race/pdf/table2a.pdf
Drug Offenders as a Percent of State Admissions by Race
Source: Calculated from National Corrections Reporting Program, 1996 data.
Prison Admissions for Male Drug Offenders by Race
Source: Calculated from National Corrections Reporting Program, 1996, and Bureau of Census, 2000 data.
Male Drug Offender Admissions by Race: Ratio of Black and White Rates
Rates calculated per 100,000 residents
The high and disproportionate rate of minority incarceration, particularly in the context of the war on drugs, is a grave challenge to the country. It exposes and deepens the racial fault lines that weaken the country; contradicts principles of justice and equal protection of the laws; and undermines faith among all races in the fairness and efficacy of the criminal justice system.
States have choices in the means by which to promote community well-being, protect public safety and curb the drug trade. Over the last two decades, the choice was imprisonment. Prison is, of course, a legitimate criminal sanction, but it should be used as a last resort — i.e. used only for serious crimes -- and the length of the sentence should be commensurate with the conduct and culpability of the offender. Unfortunately, too many states have opted instead for sentencing policies that mandate long sentences even for nonviolent, low-level drug offenders.
The budgetary demands of swollen prison populations at a time of fiscal crisis are currently forcing states to reconsider their sentencing policies. We believe they should examine the cost-effectiveness, fairness, and wisdom of adopting shorter sentences, eliminating mandatory minimums and increasing the use of alternatives to incarceration. Although financial pressures now compel the reassessment of sentencing policies, public officials should take the opportunity to consider the damage caused by unnecessary and excessive incarceration, and the consequences of dramatic racial disparities among those who are placed behind bars.
Extensive statistical data on prison and jail populations can be found at the Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics Web site: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/
Related Human Rights Watch Reports:
Race and Incarceration in the United States, February 2002, http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/usa/race/
Punishment and Prejudice: Racial Disparities in the War on Drugs, May 2000, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/usa/
Collateral Casualties: Children of Incarcerated Drug Offenders in New York, June 2002, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/usany/
Cruel and Usual: Disproportionate Sentences for New York Drug Offenders, March 1997, http://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/usny/
Losing the Vote: The Impact of Felony Disenfranchisement Laws in the United States, October 1998, http://www.hrw.org/reports98/vote/


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Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
Institutsleitung und -verwaltung
Institutsangehörige
AG Brecht
AG Casu
AG Chassé
AG Fink
AG Gauglitz
AG Huhn
AG Meixner
AG Peisert
AG Scheele
AG Weimar
AG Zhang
Publications of the SPECSY group
M. M. May and W. Jaegermann. Combining experimental and computational methods to unravel the dynamical structure of photoelectrosynthetic interfaces, Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 34 (2022), p. 100968. DOI:10.1016/j.coelec.2022.100968. Preprint.
M. M. May and K. Rehfeld. Negative Emissions as the New Frontier of Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction, Advanced Energy Materials, 12 (2022), p. 2103801. DOI:10.1002/aenm.202103801. Open access.
M. Kölbach, O. Höhn, K. Rehfeld, M. Finkbeiner, J. Barry, and M. M. May. The Annual-Hydrogen-Yield-Climatic-Response Ratio: Evaluating the Real-Life Performance of Integrated Solar Water Splitting Devices, Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 6 (2022), p. 4062. DOI:10.1039/D2SE00561A. Preprint. Data set.
M. Schleuning, I. Y. Ahmet, R. van de Krol, and M. M. May. The role of selective contacts and built-in field for charge separation and transport in photoelectrochemical devices, Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 6 (2022), p. 3701. DOI:10.1039/D2SE00562J. Open access.
J. Kim and M. M. May. Resta-like preconditioning for self-consistent field iterations in the linearized augmented planewave method, Electronic Structure 4 047003. DOI:10.1088/2516-1075/aca24a. Open access.
M. Löw, M. Guidat, J. Kim, and M. M. May. The Interfacial Structure of InP(100) in Contact with HCl and H2SO4 studied by Reflection Anisotropy Spectroscopy, RSC Advances 12 (2022), p. 32756. DOI:10.1039/D2RA05159A. Open access. Data set.
M. Kölbach, K. Rehfeld, and M. M. May. Efficiency Gains for Thermally Coupled Solar Hydrogen Production in Extreme Cold, Energy & Environmental Science 14 (2021), p. 4410-4417, Communication. DOI:10.1039/d1ee00650a. Open access.
A. Paszuk, O. Supplie, S. Brückner, E. Barrigón, M. M. May, M. Nandy, A. Gieß, A. Dobrich, P. Kleinschmidt, I. Rey-Stolle, and T. Hannappel. Atomic surface control of Ge(100) in MOCVD reactors coated with (Ga)As residuals, Applied Surface Science 565 (2021), p. 150513. DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.150513.
M. Kölbach, C. Özen, O. Höhn, D. Lackner, M. Feifel, F. F. Abdi, M. M. May. Counterbalancing light absorption and ionic transport losses in the electrolyte for integrated solar water splitting with III-V/Si dual-junctions, Applied Physics Letters 119 (2021), p. 083904. DOI:10.1063/5.0060700. Preprint.
2020 and earlier
Peer-reviewed and book chapters:
J. Geiger, M. Sprik, and M. M. May. Band Positions of Anatase (001) and (101) Surfaces in Contact with Water from Density Functional Theory, Journal of Chemical Physics 152(19) (2020) p. 194706. doi:10.1063/5.0004779. Green open access version.
M. M. May, H. Stange, J. Weinrich, T. Hannappel, and O. Supplie. The impact of non-ideal surfaces on the solid-water interaction: a time-resolved adsorption study, SciPost Physics 6(5) (2019) p. 58. doi:10.21468/SciPostPhys.6.5.058. Open access.
M. Mohamed, M. M. May, M. Kanis, M. Brützam, R. Uecker, R. van de Krol, C. Janowitz, and M. Mulazzi. The electronic structure and the formation of polarons in Mo-doped BiVO4 measured by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, RSC Advances 9(27) (2019), pp. 15606-15614. doi:10.1039/c9ra01092k. Open access.
M. M. May and K. Rehfeld. ESD Ideas: Photoelectrochemical carbon removal as negative emission technology, Earth System Dynamics 10(1) (2019), pp. 1-7. doi:10.5194/esd-10-1-2019. Open access.
M. M. May and M. Sprik. Water adsorption on the P-rich GaP(100) surface: Optical spectroscopy from first principles, New Journal of Physics 20(3) (2018), p. 033031. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aaaf38. Open access.
W.-H. Cheng, M. H. Richter, M. M. May, J. Ohlmann, D. Lackner, F. Dimroth, T. Hannappel, H. A. Atwater, and H.-J. Lewerenz. Monolithic Photoelectrochemical Device for 19% Direct Water Splitting, ACS Energy Letters 3(8) (2018), pp. 1795–1800. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00920. Green open access version.
M. M. May, H. Döscher, and J. Turner. High-efficiency water splitting systems, In: Integrated Solar Fuel Generators. Ed. by I. Sharp, H. Atwater, and H.-J. Lewerenz. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. Chap. 12, pp. 454–499. isbn: 978-1-78262-555-1. doi:10.1039/9781788010313-00454. Green open access version.
O. Supplie, M. M. May, S. Brückner, N. Brezhneva, T. Hannappel, and E. V. Skorb. In Situ Characterization of Interfaces Relevant for Efficient Photoinduced Reactions, Advanced Materials Interfaces 4(21) (2017), p. 1601118. doi:10.1002/admi.201601118. Green open access version.
M. M. May, D. Lackner, J. Ohlmann, F. Dimroth, R. van de Krol, T. Hannappel, and K. Schwarzburg. On the Benchmarking of Multi-Junction Photoelectrochemical Fuel Generating Devices, Sustainable Energy & Fuels 1(3) (2017), pp. 492–503. doi:10.1039/C6SE00083E. Green open access version.
O. Romanyuk, O. Supplie, T. Susi, M. M. May, and T. Hannappel. Ab initio density functional theory study on the atomic and electronic structure of GaP/Si(001) heterointerfaces, Physical Review B 94(15) (2016), p. 155309. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.94.155309. Green open access version.
O. Supplie, M. M. May, G. Steinbach, O. Romanyuk, F. Grosse, A. Nägelein, P. Kleinschmidt, S. Brückner, and T. Hannappel. Time-resolved in situ spectroscopy during formation of the GaP/Si(100) heterointerface, Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 6(3) (2015), pp. 464–469. doi:10.1021/jz502526e. Green open access version.
O. Supplie, M. M. May, P. Kleinschmidt, A. Nägelein, A. Paszuk, S. Brückner, and T. Hannappel. In situ controlled heteroepitaxy of single-domain GaP on As-modified Si(100). APL Materials 3(12), 126110 (2015). doi:10.1063/1.4939005.
O. Supplie, M. M. May, C. Höhn, H. Stange, A. Müller, P. Kleinschmidt, S. Brückner, and T. Hannappel. Formation of GaP/Si(100) heterointerfaces in presence of inherent reactor residuals, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7(18) (2015), pp. 9323–9327. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b02231. Green open access version.
M. M. May, H.-J. Lewerenz, D. Lackner, F. Dimroth, and T. Hannappel. Efficient Direct Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion by In Situ Interface Transformation of a Tandem Structure, Nature Communications 6 (2015), p. 8286. doi:10.1038/ncomms9286. Open access.
O. Supplie, M. M. May, H. Stange, C. Höhn, H.-J. Lewerenz, and T. Hannappel. Materials for light-induced water splitting: In situ controlled surface preparation of GaPN epilayers grown lattice-matched on Si(100), Journal of Applied Physics 115(11), 113509 (2014), p. 113509. doi:10.1063/1.4869121.
O. Supplie, S. Brückner, O. Romanyuk, H. Döscher, C. Höhn, M. M. May, P. Kleinschmidt, F. Grosse, and T. Hannappel. Atomic scale analysis of the GaP/Si(100) heterointerface by in situ reflection anisotropy spectroscopy and ab initio density functional theory, Physical Review B 90(23) (2014), p. 235301. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.90.235301. Green open access version.
P. Sippel, O. Supplie, M. M. May, R. Eichberger, and T. Hannappel. Electronic structures of GaP(100) surface reconstructions probed with two-photon photoemission spectroscopy, Physical Review B 89 (2014), p. 165312. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.89.165312.
A. Ramı́rez, P. Hillebrand, D. Stellmach, M. M. May, P. Bogdanoff, and S. Fiechter. Evaluation of MnOx , Mn2O3, and Mn3O4 Electrodeposited Films for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction of Water, Journal of Physical Chemistry C 118(26) (2014), pp. 14073–14081. doi:10.1021/jp500939d. Open access.
M. M. May, H.-J. Lewerenz, and T. Hannappel. Optical in situ Study of InP(100) Surface Chemistry: Dissociative Adsorption of Water and Oxygen, Journal of Physical Chemistry C 118(33) (2014), pp. 19032–19041. doi:10.1021/jp502955m. Open access. Data set.
M. M. May, O. Supplie, C. Höhn, R. van de Krol, H.-J. Lewerenz, and T. Hannappel. The interface of GaP(100) and H2O studied by photoemission and reflection anisotropy spectroscopy, New Journal of Physics 15(10) (2013), p. 103003. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/15/10/103003. Open access.
T. Hannappel, M. M. May, and H.-J. Lewerenz. Epitaxial III-V Thin Film Absorbers: Preparation, Efficient InP Photocathodes and Routes to High Efficiency Tandem Structures, In: Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: Materials, Processes and Architectures. Ed. by H.-J. Lewerenz and L. Peter. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013. Chap. 9, pp. 223–265. isbn:978-1-84973-647-3. doi:10.1039/9781849737739-00223.
F. F. Abdi, T. J. Savenije, M. M. May, B. Dam, and R. van de Krol. The Origin of Slow Carrier Transport in BiVO4 Thin Film Photoanodes: A Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity Study, Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 4(16) (2013), pp. 2752–2757. doi:10.1021/jz4013257.
H. Döscher, O. Supplie, M. M. May, P. Sippel, C. Heine, A. G. Muñoz, R. Eichberger, H.-J. Lewerenz, and T. Hannappel. Epitaxial III-V Films and Surfaces for Photoelectrocatalysis, ChemPhysChem 13(12) (2012), pp. 2899–2909. doi:10.1002/cphc.201200390. Green open access version.
M. M. May, C. Brabetz, C. Janowitz, and R. Manzke. Charge-Density-Wave Phase of 1T-TiSe2 : The Influence of Conduction Band Population, Physical Review Letters 107(17) (2011), p. 176405. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.176405. Green open access version.
M. M. May, C. Brabetz, C. Janowitz, and R. Manzke. The influence of different growth conditions on the charge density wave transition of 1T-TiSe2, Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 184(3–6) (2011), pp. 180–183. doi:10.1016/j.elspec.2011.01.001. Green open access version.
Not peer-reviewed (selection):
M. M. May. "Effiziente Erzeugung regenerativer Brennstoffe über die solare Wasserspaltung". Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 72(1) (2019), pp. 10-15.
M. M. May. "YaSoFo - Yet Another SOlar Fuels Optimizer" v1.2.11. Jan. 2021 on Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1489157.
M. M. May. "Photoelectron spectroscopy data of InP(100) surfaces in contact with water and oxygen". Oct. 2019 on Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3482982.
M.Kölbach, O. Höhn, K. Rehfeld, M. Finkbeiner, J. Barry, and M. M. May. "Data set for 'The annual-hydrogen-yield-climatic-response ratio: evaluating the real-life performance of integrated solar water splitting devices'". Sept. 2022 on Zenodo. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.7024843.
Our solar hydrogen exhibit in the Futurium has been featured in a TV show on the Kinderkanal: https://www.kika.de/schau-in-meine-welt/sendungen/sendung117584.html The bit about hydrogen is around the time 16:20. (Public TV, so it can unfortunately only be viewed from a German IP address).
The topic of negative emissions seems to get quite some media attention these days. An interview on our recent ESD paper has gone online in Deutschlandfunk. (German)
Our solar water splitting publication in ACS Energy Letters was the topic of a more in-depth article in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (German).
The popular, Cambridge-based science podcast The Naked Scientists picked up our solar water splitting publication in Nature Communications.
The Curious Mind Award of Matthias was covered by Manager Magazin and on FONA.


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Expanding and renewing a company's core business is remarkably different from optimizing it. You will learn how to handle this dichotomy through the CEL™ Program.
As a CEL™ Program participant you will learn how to clarify ideas, how to incubate and mature these ideas into businesses, and ultimately how to accelerate them to enhance company growth. You will also learn how to navigate new business projects in an organization with a highly optimized core business.
CEL™ is action learning based, meaning that you will apply your gained knowledge to a specific project in your company. This allows you to create direct value for your company throughout the program. Class structure is team based with a maximum of 10 company teams, of 2-3 participants each, working on a new business creation project for their company.
The core concepts of the program are based on the findings of cutting edge research from USA and Europe on how companies renew their core business. The program draws upon highly experienced international experts from the world's leading business schools who both teach and coach participants in how to apply what they learn to their specific projects.
For more information about CEL™: download the CEL™ fact sheet here or please send an e-mail to Program Director Jakob Holst.
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What I learned from the CEL™ Program had a significant impact both on me as a person and on my organization. The tools we were taught have been passed on and incorporated into our corporate culture.


text:
Institutional Property Advisors Brokers San Fernando Valley Apartment Asset Sale
LOS ANGELES, Aug. 29, 2022 – Institutional Property Advisors (IPA), a division of Marcus & Millichap (NYSE: MMI), announced today the sale of Addison Arms Apartments, a 57-unit apartment building in the Sherman Oaks neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. The property sold for $21.05 million, or $369,298 per unit.
"Originally constructed in 1969, the previous ownership of Addison Arms spent $2.2 million on capital expenditures to upgrade property systems, common area amenities, and 45% of the unit interiors," said IPA executive director Kevin Green. "The property's mechanical systems and building improvements that have been addressed include a new roof, new commercial air conditioning system, and upgrades to the landscaping, signage, exterior paint, leasing office, clubhouse, hallways, exterior lighting, and the addition of one accessory dwelling unit (ADU). These renovations have significantly increased the asset's value, creating an incredibly attractive property within the San Fernando Valley." Green, IPA's Joseph Grabiec, and Greg Harris represented the seller, a private Los Angeles owner, and procured the buyer, a private family.
"With easy access to the 405 and 101 freeways, both of which are within a mile of the property, Addison Arms offers accessibility to thousands of major employment centers such as West LA, Beverly Hills, West Hollywood, Hollywood, Downtown LA and Santa Monica, which are all accessible within 20-30 minutes from Sherman Oaks," added Grabiec. "Given the property's renowned location in the submarket and strong nearby demographics, including a five-mile population of 583,075 with an average annual household income of $113,220, we held a highly competitive sales process to acquire Addison Arms, which has consistently produced great returns throughout previous ownership."
Institutional Property Advisors (IPA) is a division of Marcus & Millichap (NYSE: MMI), a leading commercial real estate services firm in North America. IPA's combination of real estate investment and capital markets expertise, industry-leading technology, and acclaimed research offer customized solutions for the acquisition, disposition and financing of institutional properties and portfolios. For more information, please visit www.institutionalpropertyadvisors.com.


Gamma rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation, just like X-rays, radio waves and visible light. Like light, gamma rays are composed of photons, which behave in some ways like a particle and in other ways like a wave. Of all types of electromagnetic radiation, gamma waves have the shortest wavelength, highest frequency and most energy. Scientists have harnessed gamma waves for such purposes as killing cancer cells and understanding the universe, but they can be very dangerous tools.
Gamma rays are extremely powerful. The incredibly high-energy photons can ionise atoms they come in contact with. That means they knock electrons off the atom, leaving them as electron-deficient ions. If the atoms in question happen to be part of a cell in a living organism, this can kill the cell. Doctors aim focused beams of radiation, including gamma rays, at tumours. The high-energy radiation either directly damages the DNA of the cancer cells or creates highly reactive free radicals that in turn damage the DNA of the cancer cells, killing them.
Scientists measure gamma radiation in their attempts to understand how the universe works. The first gamma-ray telescope was carried into orbit on the Explorer XI satellite in 1961. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, gamma-ray detectors on the Vela satellite series recorded bursts of gamma rays from deep space. Scientists are still trying to determine the source of these bursts of gamma rays and hope their continued observation will reveal clues as to the origins of the universe and its rate of expansion.
These gamma ray bursts release an enormous amount of energy. Fortunately, they typically originate thousands of light years away. But scientists speculate that a gamma burst from as far away as 6,500 light years could still wreck havoc. And there is significant evidence that they already have. About 440 million years ago, about 70 per cent of all marine species disappeared in a massive extinction, and scientists think a gamma burst may have been responsible. It could happen again, eventually, but nobody should panic. The likelihood that one of these bursts could happen again during the next 1,000 years is very close to zero.
While the ability of gamma rays to kill cells by breaking down DNA has been exploited as a cancer therapy, gamma radiation can kill regular cells, too. That's why cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy get sick. Long-term exposure to low levels of radiation is associated with increased risks for cancer. Gamma radiation is teratogenic, and pregnant women exposed to gamma radiation have an increased risk for birth defects when they deliver. Acute exposure to gamma radiation, that is exposure to a high level of radiation in a short period of time, can cause immediate negative effects, including nausea, hair loss, skin burns and diminished organ function resulting from damage to cells and tissues. Exposure to a lethal dose of gamma radiation will usually kill the victim within two months.


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Poltavas konstmuseum () är ett konstmuseum i Poltava, Ukraina.

Konstmuseet invigdes 1919.

Referenser

Noter

Poltava
Konstmuseer och konsthallar i Ukraina
Museer i Ukraina
Museer invigda 1919
1919 i Ukraina