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Penal Code - PEN
PART 1. OF CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS [25 - 680]
TITLE 8. OF CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON [187 - 248]
CHAPTER 9. Assault and Battery [240 - 248]
An assault is an unlawful attempt, coupled with a present ability, to commit a violent injury on the person of another.
(Enacted 1872.)
(a) An assault is punishable by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, or by both the fine and imprisonment.
(b) When an assault is committed against the person of a parking control officer engaged in the performance of his or her duties, and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a parking control officer, the assault is punishable by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, or by both the fine and imprisonment.
(c) When an assault is committed against the person of a peace officer, firefighter, emergency medical technician, mobile intensive care paramedic, lifeguard, process server, traffic officer, code enforcement officer, animal control officer, or search and rescue member engaged in the performance of his or her duties, or a physician or nurse engaged in rendering emergency medical care outside a hospital, clinic, or other health care facility, and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a peace officer, firefighter, emergency medical technician, mobile intensive care paramedic, lifeguard, process server, traffic officer, code enforcement officer, animal control officer, or search and rescue member engaged in the performance of his or her duties, or a physician or nurse engaged in rendering emergency medical care, the assault is punishable by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both the fine and imprisonment.
(d) As used in this section, the following definitions apply:
(1) Peace officer means any person defined in Chapter 4.5 (commencing with Section 830) of Title 3 of Part 2.
(2) "Emergency medical technician" means a person possessing a valid course completion certificate from a program approved by the State Department of Health Care Services for the medical training and education of ambulance personnel, and who meets the standards of Division 2.5 (commencing with Section 1797) of the Health and Safety Code.
(3) "Mobile intensive care paramedic" refers to a person who meets the standards set forth in Division 2.5 (commencing with Section 1797) of the Health and Safety Code.
(4) "Nurse" means a person who meets the standards of Division 2.5 (commencing with Section 1797) of the Health and Safety Code.
(5) "Lifeguard" means a person who is:
(A) Employed as a lifeguard by the state, a county, or a city, and is designated by local ordinance as a public officer who has a duty and responsibility to enforce local ordinances and misdemeanors through the issuance of citations.
(B) Wearing distinctive clothing which includes written identification of the person's status as a lifeguard and which clearly identifies the employing organization.
(6) "Process server" means any person who meets the standards or is expressly exempt from the standards set forth in Section 22350 of the Business and Professions Code.
(7) "Traffic officer" means any person employed by a county or city to monitor and enforce state laws and local ordinances relating to parking and the operation of vehicles.
(8) "Animal control officer" means any person employed by a county or city for purposes of enforcing animal control laws or regulations.
(9) (A) "Code enforcement officer" means any person who is not described in Chapter 4.5 (commencing with Section 830) of Title 3 of Part 2 and who is employed by any governmental subdivision, public or quasi-public corporation, public agency, public service corporation, any town, city, county, or municipal corporation, whether incorporated or chartered, that has enforcement authority for health, safety, and welfare requirements, and whose duties include enforcement of any statute, rules, regulations, or standards, and who is authorized to issue citations, or file formal complaints.
(B) "Code enforcement officer" also includes any person who is employed by the Department of Housing and Community Development who has enforcement authority for health, safety, and welfare requirements pursuant to the Employee Housing Act (Part 1 (commencing with Section 17000) of Division 13 of the Health and Safety Code); the State Housing Law (Part 1.5 (commencing with Section 17910) of Division 13 of the Health and Safety Code); the Manufactured Housing Act of 1980 (Part 2 (commencing with Section 18000) of Division 13 of the Health and Safety Code); the Mobilehome Parks Act (Part 2.1 (commencing with Section 18200) of Division 13 of the Health and Safety Code); and the Special Occupancy Parks Act (Part 2.3 (commencing with Section 18860) of Division 13 of the Health and Safety Code).
(10) "Parking control officer" means any person employed by a city, county, or city and county, to monitor and enforce state laws and local ordinances relating to parking.
(11) "Search and rescue member" means any person who is part of an organized search and rescue team managed by a governmental agency.
(Amended by Stats. 2016, Ch. 86, Sec. 224. (SB 1171) Effective January 1, 2017.)
When an assault is committed against the person of a custodial officer as defined in Section 831 or 831.5, and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a custodial officer engaged in the performance of his or her duties, the offense shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170.
(Amended by Stats. 2011, Ch. 15, Sec. 289. (AB 109) Effective April 4, 2011. Operative October 1, 2011, by Sec. 636 of Ch. 15, as amended by Stats. 2011, Ch. 39, Sec. 68.)
(a) (1) When an assault is committed on school or park property against any person, the assault is punishable by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
(2) When a violation of this section is committed by a minor on school property, the court may, in addition to any other fine, sentence, or as a condition of probation, order the minor to attend counseling as deemed appropriate by the court at the expense of the minor's parents. The court shall take into consideration the ability of the minor's parents to pay, however, no minor shall be relieved of attending counseling because of the minor's parents' inability to pay for the counseling imposed by this section.
(b) "School," as used in this section, means any elementary school, junior high school, four-year high school, senior high school, adult school or any branch thereof, opportunity school, continuation high school, regional occupational center, evening high school, technical school, or community college.
(c) "Park," as used in this section, means any publicly maintained or operated park. It does not include any facility when used for professional sports or commercial events.
(Amended by Stats. 2001, Ch. 484, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 2002.)
(a) When an assault is committed against any person on the property of, or on a motor vehicle of, a public transportation provider, the offense shall be punished by a fine not to exceed two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one year, or by both the fine and imprisonment.
(b) As used in this section, "public transportation provider" means a publicly or privately owned entity that operates, for the transportation of persons for hire, a bus, taxicab, streetcar, cable car, trackless trolley, or other motor vehicle, including a vehicle operated on stationary rails or on a track or rail suspended in air, or that operates a schoolbus.
(c) As used in this section, "on the property of" means the entire station where public transportation is available, including the parking lot reserved for the public who utilize the transportation system.
(Repealed and added by Stats. 1996, Ch. 423, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 1997.)
An assault is punishable by fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, or by both. When the assault is committed against the person of a peace officer engaged in the performance of his or her duties as a member of a police department of a school district pursuant to Section 38000 of the Education Code, and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a peace officer engaged in the performance of his or her duties, the offense shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170.
(a) When an assault is committed against a highway worker engaged in the performance of his or her duties and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a highway worker engaged in the performance of his or her duties, the offense shall be punishable by a fine not to exceed two thousand dollars ($2,000) or by imprisonment in a county jail up to one year or by both that fine and imprisonment.
(b) As used in this section, "highway worker" means an employee of the Department of Transportation, a contractor or employee of a contractor while working under contract with the Department of Transportation, an employee of a city, county, or city and county, a contractor or employee of a contractor while working under contract with a city, county, or city and county, or a volunteer as defined in Section 1720.4 of the Labor Code who does one or more of the following:
(1) Performs maintenance, repair, or construction of state highway or local street or road infrastructures and associated rights-of-way in highway or local street or road work zones.
(2) Operates equipment on state highway or local street or road infrastructures and associated rights-of-way in highway or local street or road work zones.
(3) Performs any related maintenance work, as required, on state highway or local street or road infrastructures in highway or local street or road work zones.
(Amended by Stats. 2009, Ch. 116, Sec. 1. (AB 561) Effective January 1, 2010.)
When an assault is committed against a school employee engaged in the performance of his or her duties, or in retaliation for an act performed in the course of his or her duties, whether on or off campus, during the schoolday or at any other time, and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know the victim is a school employee, the assault is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by both the fine and imprisonment.
For purposes of this section, "school employee" has the same meaning as defined in subdivision (d) of Section 245.5.
This section shall not apply to conduct arising during the course of an otherwise lawful labor dispute.
(Amended by Stats. 1993, Ch. 1257, Sec. 5. Effective January 1, 1994.)
Any person who is a party to a civil or criminal action in which a jury has been selected to try the case and who, while the legal action is pending or after the conclusion of the trial, commits an assault against any juror or alternate juror who was selected and sworn in that legal action, shall be punished by a fine not to exceed two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment, or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170.
(a) Any person who commits an assault against a member of the United States Armed Forces because of the victim's service in the United States Armed Forces shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), by imprisonment in a county jail for a period not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
(b) "Because of" means that the bias motivation must be a cause in fact of the assault, whether or not other causes exist. When multiple concurrent motives exist, the prohibited bias must be a substantial factor in bringing about the assault.
(Added by Stats. 2003, Ch. 138, Sec. 1. Effective January 1, 2004.)
A battery is any willful and unlawful use of force or violence upon the person of another.
(a) A battery is punishable by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding six months, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
(b) When a battery is committed against the person of a peace officer, custodial officer, firefighter, emergency medical technician, lifeguard, security officer, custody assistant, process server, traffic officer, code enforcement officer, animal control officer, or search and rescue member engaged in the performance of his or her duties, whether on or off duty, including when the peace officer is in a police uniform and is concurrently performing the duties required of him or her as a peace officer while also employed in a private capacity as a part-time or casual private security guard or patrolman, or a nonsworn employee of a probation department engaged in the performance of his or her duties, whether on or off duty, or a physician or nurse engaged in rendering emergency medical care outside a hospital, clinic, or other health care facility, and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a peace officer, custodial officer, firefighter, emergency medical technician, lifeguard, security officer, custody assistant, process server, traffic officer, code enforcement officer, animal control officer, or search and rescue member engaged in the performance of his or her duties, nonsworn employee of a probation department, or a physician or nurse engaged in rendering emergency medical care, the battery is punishable by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
(c) (1) When a battery is committed against a custodial officer, firefighter, emergency medical technician, lifeguard, process server, traffic officer, or animal control officer engaged in the performance of his or her duties, whether on or off duty, or a nonsworn employee of a probation department engaged in the performance of his or her duties, whether on or off duty, or a physician or nurse engaged in rendering emergency medical care outside a hospital, clinic, or other health care facility, and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a nonsworn employee of a probation department, custodial officer, firefighter, emergency medical technician, lifeguard, process server, traffic officer, or animal control officer engaged in the performance of his or her duties, or a physician or nurse engaged in rendering emergency medical care, and an injury is inflicted on that victim, the battery is punishable by a fine of not more than two thousand dollars ($2,000), by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment, or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for 16 months, or two or three years.
(2) When the battery specified in paragraph (1) is committed against a peace officer engaged in the performance of his or her duties, whether on or off duty, including when the peace officer is in a police uniform and is concurrently performing the duties required of him or her as a peace officer while also employed in a private capacity as a part-time or casual private security guard or patrolman and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a peace officer engaged in the performance of his or her duties, the battery is punishable by a fine of not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year or pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for 16 months, or two or three years, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
(d) When a battery is committed against any person and serious bodily injury is inflicted on the person, the battery is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year or imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for two, three, or four years.
(e) (1) When a battery is committed against a spouse, a person with whom the defendant is cohabiting, a person who is the parent of the defendant's child, former spouse, fiancé, or fiancée, or a person with whom the defendant currently has, or has previously had, a dating or engagement relationship, the battery is punishable by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail for a period of not more than one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment. If probation is granted, or the execution or imposition of the sentence is suspended, it shall be a condition thereof that the defendant participate in, for no less than one year, and successfully complete, a batterer's treatment program, as described in Section 1203.097, or if none is available, another appropriate counseling program designated by the court. However, this provision shall not be construed as requiring a city, a county, or a city and county to provide a new program or higher level of service as contemplated by Section 6 of Article XIII B of the California Constitution.
(2) Upon conviction of a violation of this subdivision, if probation is granted, the conditions of probation may include, in lieu of a fine, one or both of the following requirements:
(A) That the defendant make payments to a battered women's shelter, up to a maximum of five thousand dollars ($5,000).
(B) That the defendant reimburse the victim for reasonable costs of counseling and other reasonable expenses that the court finds are the direct result of the defendant's offense.
For any order to pay a fine, make payments to a battered women's shelter, or pay restitution as a condition of probation under this subdivision, the court shall make a determination of the defendant's ability to pay. In no event shall any order to make payments to a battered women's shelter be made if it would impair the ability of the defendant to pay direct restitution to the victim or court-ordered child support. If the injury to a married person is caused in whole or in part by the criminal acts of his or her spouse in violation of this section, the community property shall not be used to discharge the liability of the offending spouse for restitution to the injured spouse, required by Section 1203.04, as operative on or before August 2, 1995, or Section 1202.4, or to a shelter for costs with regard to the injured spouse and dependents, required by this section, until all separate property of the offending spouse is exhausted.
(3) Upon conviction of a violation of this subdivision, if probation is granted or the execution or imposition of the sentence is suspended and the person has been previously convicted of a violation of this subdivision or Section 273.5, the person shall be imprisoned for not less than 48 hours in addition to the conditions in paragraph (1). However, the court, upon a showing of good cause, may elect not to impose the mandatory minimum imprisonment as required by this subdivision and may, under these circumstances, grant probation or order the suspension of the execution or imposition of the sentence.
(4) The Legislature finds and declares that these specified crimes merit special consideration when imposing a sentence so as to display society's condemnation for these crimes of violence upon victims with whom a close relationship has been formed.
(5) If a peace officer makes an arrest for a violation of paragraph (1) of subdivision (e) of this section, the peace officer is not required to inform the victim of his or her right to make a citizen's arrest pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 836.
(f) As used in this section:
(2) "Emergency medical technician" means a person who is either an EMT-I, EMT-II, or EMT-P (paramedic), and possesses a valid certificate or license in accordance with the standards of Division 2.5 (commencing with Section 1797) of the Health and Safety Code.
(4) "Serious bodily injury" means a serious impairment of physical condition, including, but not limited to, the following: loss of consciousness; concussion; bone fracture; protracted loss or impairment of function of any bodily member or organ; a wound requiring extensive suturing; and serious disfigurement.
(5) "Injury" means any physical injury which requires professional medical treatment.
(6) "Custodial officer" means any person who has the responsibilities and duties described in Section 831 and who is employed by a law enforcement agency of any city or county or who performs those duties as a volunteer.
(7) "Lifeguard" means a person defined in paragraph (5) of subdivision (d) of Section 241.
(8) "Traffic officer" means any person employed by a city, county, or city and county to monitor and enforce state laws and local ordinances relating to parking and the operation of vehicles.
(9) "Animal control officer" means any person employed by a city, county, or city and county for purposes of enforcing animal control laws or regulations.
(10) "Dating relationship" means frequent, intimate associations primarily characterized by the expectation of affectional or sexual involvement independent of financial considerations.
(11) (A) "Code enforcement officer" means any person who is not described in Chapter 4.5 (commencing with Section 830) of Title 3 of Part 2 and who is employed by any governmental subdivision, public or quasi-public corporation, public agency, public service corporation, any town, city, county, or municipal corporation, whether incorporated or chartered, who has enforcement authority for health, safety, and welfare requirements, and whose duties include enforcement of any statute, rules, regulations, or standards, and who is authorized to issue citations, or file formal complaints.
(12) "Custody assistant" means any person who has the responsibilities and duties described in Section 831.7 and who is employed by a law enforcement agency of any city, county, or city and county.
(13) "Search and rescue member" means any person who is part of an organized search and rescue team managed by a government agency.
(14) "Security officer" means any person who has the responsibilities and duties described in Section 831.4 and who is employed by a law enforcement agency of any city, county, or city and county.
(g) It is the intent of the Legislature by amendments to this section at the 1981–82 and 1983–84 Regular Sessions to abrogate the holdings in cases such as People v. Corey, 21 Cal. 3d 738, and Cervantez v. J.C. Penney Co., 24 Cal. 3d 579, and to reinstate prior judicial interpretations of this section as they relate to criminal sanctions for battery on peace officers who are employed, on a part-time or casual basis, while wearing a police uniform as private security guards or patrolmen and to allow the exercise of peace officer powers concurrently with that employment.
When a battery is committed against the person of a custodial officer as defined in Section 831 of the Penal Code, and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a custodial officer engaged in the performance of his or her duties, and the custodial officer is engaged in the performance of his or her duties, the offense shall be punished by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170.
(a) (1) Except as otherwise provided in Section 243.6, when a battery is committed on school property, park property, or the grounds of a public or private hospital, against any person, the battery is punishable by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year, or by both the fine and imprisonment.
(b) For the purposes of this section, the following terms have the following meanings:
(1) "Hospital" means a facility for the diagnosis, care, and treatment of human illness that is subject to, or specifically exempted from, the licensure requirements of Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1250) of Division 2 of the Health and Safety Code.
(2) "Park" means any publicly maintained or operated park. It does not include any facility when used for professional sports or commercial events.
(3) "School" means any elementary school, junior high school, four-year high school, senior high school, adult school or any branch thereof, opportunity school, continuation high school, regional occupational center, evening high school, technical school, or community college.
(c) This section shall not apply to conduct arising during the course of an otherwise lawful labor dispute.
When a battery is committed against the person of an elder or a dependent adult as defined in Section 368, with knowledge that he or she is an elder or a dependent adult, the offense shall be punishable by a fine not to exceed two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
When a battery is committed against the person of an operator, driver, or passenger on a bus, taxicab, streetcar, cable car, trackless trolley, or other motor vehicle, including a vehicle operated on stationary rails or on a track or rail suspended in the air, used for the transportation of persons for hire, or against a schoolbus driver, or against the person of a station agent or ticket agent for the entity providing the transportation, and the person who commits the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim, in the case of an operator, driver, or agent, is engaged in the performance of his or her duties, or is a passenger the offense shall be punished by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment. If an injury is inflicted on that victim, the offense shall be punished by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year or in the state prison for 16 months, or two or three years, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
(a) Except as provided in Section 243.3, when a battery is committed against any person on the property of, or in a motor vehicle of, a public transportation provider, the offense shall be punished by a fine not to exceed two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one year, or by both the fine and imprisonment.
(a) Any person who touches an intimate part of another person while that person is unlawfully restrained by the accused or an accomplice, and if the touching is against the will of the person touched and is for the purpose of sexual arousal, sexual gratification, or sexual abuse, is guilty of sexual battery. A violation of this subdivision is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, and by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000); or by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years, and by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000).
(b) Any person who touches an intimate part of another person who is institutionalized for medical treatment and who is seriously disabled or medically incapacitated, if the touching is against the will of the person touched, and if the touching is for the purpose of sexual arousal, sexual gratification, or sexual abuse, is guilty of sexual battery. A violation of this subdivision is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, and by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000); or by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years, and by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000).
(c) Any person who touches an intimate part of another person for the purpose of sexual arousal, sexual gratification, or sexual abuse, and the victim is at the time unconscious of the nature of the act because the perpetrator fraudulently represented that the touching served a professional purpose, is guilty of sexual battery. A violation of this subdivision is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, and by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000); or by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years, and by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000).
(d) Any person who, for the purpose of sexual arousal, sexual gratification, or sexual abuse, causes another, against that person's will while that person is unlawfully restrained either by the accused or an accomplice, or is institutionalized for medical treatment and is seriously disabled or medically incapacitated, to masturbate or touch an intimate part of either of those persons or a third person, is guilty of sexual battery. A violation of this subdivision is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, and by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000); or by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years, and by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000).
(e) (1) Any person who touches an intimate part of another person, if the touching is against the will of the person touched, and is for the specific purpose of sexual arousal, sexual gratification, or sexual abuse, is guilty of misdemeanor sexual battery, punishable by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding six months, or by both that fine and imprisonment. However, if the defendant was an employer and the victim was an employee of the defendant, the misdemeanor sexual battery shall be punishable by a fine not exceeding three thousand dollars ($3,000), by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding six months, or by both that fine and imprisonment. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any amount of a fine above two thousand dollars ($2,000) which is collected from a defendant for a violation of this subdivision shall be transmitted to the State Treasury and, upon appropriation by the Legislature, distributed to the Department of Fair Employment and Housing for the purpose of enforcement of the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (Part 2.8 (commencing with Section 12900) of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code), including, but not limited to, laws that proscribe sexual harassment in places of employment. However, in no event shall an amount over two thousand dollars ($2,000) be transmitted to the State Treasury until all fines, including any restitution fines that may have been imposed upon the defendant, have been paid in full.
(2) As used in this subdivision, "touches" means physical contact with another person, whether accomplished directly, through the clothing of the person committing the offense, or through the clothing of the victim.
(f) As used in subdivisions (a), (b), (c), and (d), "touches" means physical contact with the skin of another person whether accomplished directly or through the clothing of the person committing the offense.
(g) As used in this section, the following terms have the following meanings:
(1) "Intimate part" means the sexual organ, anus, groin, or buttocks of any person, and the breast of a female.
(2) "Sexual battery" does not include the crimes defined in Section 261 or 289.
(3) "Seriously disabled" means a person with severe physical or sensory disabilities.
(4) "Medically incapacitated" means a person who is incapacitated as a result of prescribed sedatives, anesthesia, or other medication.
(5) "Institutionalized" means a person who is located voluntarily or involuntarily in a hospital, medical treatment facility, nursing home, acute care facility, or mental hospital.
(6) "Minor" means a person under 18 years of age.
(h) This section shall not be construed to limit or prevent prosecution under any other law which also proscribes a course of conduct that also is proscribed by this section.
(i) In the case of a felony conviction for a violation of this section, the fact that the defendant was an employer and the victim was an employee of the defendant shall be a factor in aggravation in sentencing.
(j) A person who commits a violation of subdivision (a), (b), (c), or (d) against a minor when the person has a prior felony conviction for a violation of this section shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years and a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000).
(a) When a person commits an assault or battery on school property during hours when school activities are being conducted, a peace officer may, without a warrant, notwithstanding paragraph (2) or (3) of subdivision (a) of Section 836, arrest the person who commits the assault or battery:
(1) Whenever the person has committed the assault or battery, although not in the peace officer's presence.
(2) Whenever the peace officer has reasonable cause to believe that the person to be arrested has committed the assault or battery, whether or not it has in fact been committed.
When a battery is committed against a school employee engaged in the performance of his or her duties, or in retaliation for an act performed in the course of his or her duties, whether on or off campus, during the schoolday or at any other time, and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a school employee, the battery is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by both the fine and imprisonment. However, if an injury is inflicted on the victim, the battery shall be punishable by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year, or by a fine of not more than two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for 16 months, or two or three years.
(a) When a battery is committed against the person of a highway worker engaged in the performance of his or her duties and the person committing the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a highway worker engaged in the performance of his or her duties, the offense shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
Any person who is a party to a civil or criminal action in which a jury has been selected to try the case and who, while the legal action is pending or after the conclusion of the trial commits a battery against any juror or alternate juror who was selected and sworn in that legal action shall be punished by a fine not to exceed five thousand dollars ($5,000), or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment, or by the imprisonment in the state prison for 16 months, or for two or three years.
(Added by Stats. 1986, Ch. 616, Sec. 3.)
(a) When a battery is committed against a sports official immediately prior to, during, or immediately following an interscholastic, intercollegiate, or any other organized amateur or professional athletic contest in which the sports official is participating, and the person who commits the offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is engaged in the performance of his or her duties, the offense shall be punishable by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
(b) For purposes of this section, "sports official" means any individual who serves as a referee, umpire, linesman, or who serves in a similar capacity but may be known by a different title or name and is duly registered by, or a member of, a local, state, regional, or national organization engaged in part in providing education and training to sports officials.
(a) It is unlawful for any person attending a professional sporting event to do any of the following:
(1) Throw any object on or across the court or field of play with the intent to interfere with play or distract a player.
(2) Enter upon the court or field of play without permission from an authorized person any time after the authorized participants of play have entered the court or field to begin the sporting event and until the participants of play have completed the playing time of the sporting event.
(b) (1) The owner of the facility in which a professional sporting event is to be held shall provide a notice specifying the unlawful activity prohibited by this section and the punishment for engaging in that prohibited activity.
(2) The notice shall be prominently displayed throughout the facility or may be provided by some other manner, such as on a big screen or by a general public announcement. In addition, notice shall be posted at all controlled entry areas of the sporting facility.
(3) Failure to provide the notice shall not be a defense to a violation of this section.
(c) For the purposes of this section, the following terms have the following meanings:
(1) "Player" includes any authorized participant of play, including, but not limited to, team members, referees however designated, and support staff, whether or not any of those persons receive compensation.
(2) "Professional sporting event" means a scheduled sporting event involving a professional sports team or organization or a professional athlete for which an admission fee is charged to the public.
(d) A violation of subdivision (a) is an infraction punishable by a fine not exceeding two hundred fifty dollars ($250). The fine shall not be subject to penalty assessments as provided in Section 1464 or 1465.7 of this code or Section 76000 of the Government Code.
(e) This section shall apply to attendees at professional sporting events; this section shall not apply to players or to sports officials, as defined in Section 243.8.
(f) Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit or prevent prosecution under any applicable provision of law.
The owner of any professional sports facility shall post, visible from a majority of the seating in the stands at all times, at controlled entry areas, and at parking facilities that are part of the professional sports facility, written notices displaying the text message number and telephone number to contact security in order to report a violent act.
(Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 261, Sec. 1. (AB 2464) Effective January 1, 2013.)
(a) Every person confined in any local detention facility who commits a battery by gassing upon the person of any peace officer, as defined in Chapter 4.5 (commencing with Section 830) of Title 3 of Part 2, or employee of the local detention facility is guilty of aggravated battery and shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail or by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years.
(b) For purposes of this section, "gassing" means intentionally placing or throwing, or causing to be placed or thrown, upon the person of another, any human excrement or other bodily fluids or bodily substances or any mixture containing human excrement or other bodily fluids or bodily substances that results in actual contact with the person's skin or membranes.
(c) The person in charge of the local detention facility shall use every available means to immediately investigate all reported or suspected violations of subdivision (a), including, but not limited to, the use of forensically acceptable means of preserving and testing the suspected gassing substance to confirm the presence of human excrement or other bodily fluids or bodily substances. If there is probable cause to believe that the inmate has violated subdivision (a), the chief medical officer of the local detention facility, or his or her designee, may, when he or she deems it medically necessary to protect the health of an officer or employee who may have been subject to a violation of this section, order the inmate to receive an examination or test for hepatitis or tuberculosis or both hepatitis and tuberculosis on either a voluntary or involuntary basis immediately after the event, and periodically thereafter as determined to be necessary by the medical officer in order to ensure that further hepatitis or tuberculosis transmission does not occur. These decisions shall be consistent with an occupational exposure as defined by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The results of any examination or test shall be provided to the officer or employee who has been subject to a reported or suspected violation of this section. Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed to otherwise supersede the operation of Title 8 (commencing with Section 7500). Any person performing tests, transmitting test results, or disclosing information pursuant to this section shall be immune from civil liability for any action taken in accordance with this section.
(d) The person in charge of the local detention facility shall refer all reports for which there is probable cause to believe that the inmate has violated subdivision (a) to the local district attorney for prosecution.
(e) Nothing in this section shall preclude prosecution under both this section and any other provision of law.
(a) Any person who commits a battery against a member of the United States Armed Forces because of the victim's service in the United States Armed Forces shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), by imprisonment in a county jail for a period not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
(b) "Because of" means that the bias motivation must be a cause in fact of the battery, whether or not other causes exist. When multiple concurrent motives exist, the prohibited bias must be a substantial factor in bringing about the battery.
Every person confined in, sentenced to, or serving a sentence in, a city or county jail, industrial farm, or industrial road camp in this state, who commits a battery upon the person of any individual who is not himself or herself a person confined or sentenced therein, is guilty of a public offense and is subject to punishment by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170, or in a county jail for not more than one year.
(Added by renumbering Section 4131.5 by Stats. 2015, Ch. 499, Sec. 4. (SB 795) Effective January 1, 2016.)
Any person who willfully and maliciously places or throws, or causes to be placed or thrown, upon the person of another, any vitriol, corrosive acid, flammable substance, or caustic chemical of any nature, with the intent to injure the flesh or disfigure the body of that person, is punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three or four years.
As used in this section, "flammable substance" means gasoline, petroleum products, or flammable liquids with a flashpoint of 150 degrees Fahrenheit or less.
(a) As used in this section, "stun gun" means any item, except a less lethal weapon, as defined in Section 16780, used or intended to be used as either an offensive or defensive weapon that is capable of temporarily immobilizing a person by the infliction of an electrical charge.
(b) Every person who commits an assault upon the person of another with a stun gun or less lethal weapon, as defined in Section 16780, shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for a term not exceeding one year, or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for 16 months, two, or three years.
(c) Every person who commits an assault upon the person of a peace officer or firefighter with a stun gun or less lethal weapon, as defined in Section 16780, who knows or reasonably should know that the person is a peace officer or firefighter engaged in the performance of his or her duties, when the peace officer or firefighter is engaged in the performance of his or her duties, shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for a term not exceeding one year, or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for two, three, or four years.
(d) This section shall not be construed to preclude or in any way limit the applicability of Section 245 in any criminal prosecution.
(Amended (as amended by Stats. 2010, Ch. 178) by Stats. 2011, Ch. 15, Sec. 297. (AB 109) Effective April 4, 2011. Amending action operative October 1, 2011, by Sec. 636 of Ch. 15, as amended by Stats. 2011, Ch. 39, Sec. 68. Amended version operative January 1, 2012, pursuant to Stats. 2010, Ch. 178, Sec. 107.)
(a) (1) Any person who commits an assault upon the person of another with a deadly weapon or instrument other than a firearm shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years, or in a county jail for not exceeding one year, or by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by both the fine and imprisonment.
(2) Any person who commits an assault upon the person of another with a firearm shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years, or in a county jail for not less than six months and not exceeding one year, or by both a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000) and imprisonment.
(3) Any person who commits an assault upon the person of another with a machinegun, as defined in Section 16880, or an assault weapon, as defined in Section 30510 or 30515, or a .50 BMG rifle, as defined in Section 30530, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for 4, 8, or 12 years.
(4) Any person who commits an assault upon the person of another by any means of force likely to produce great bodily injury shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years, or in a county jail for not exceeding one year, or by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by both the fine and imprisonment.
(b) Any person who commits an assault upon the person of another with a semiautomatic firearm shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three, six, or nine years.
(c) Any person who commits an assault with a deadly weapon or instrument, other than a firearm, or by any means likely to produce great bodily injury upon the person of a peace officer or firefighter, and who knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a peace officer or firefighter engaged in the performance of his or her duties, when the peace officer or firefighter is engaged in the performance of his or her duties, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three, four, or five years.
(d) (1) Any person who commits an assault with a firearm upon the person of a peace officer or firefighter, and who knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a peace officer or firefighter engaged in the performance of his or her duties, when the peace officer or firefighter is engaged in the performance of his or her duties, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for four, six, or eight years.
(2) Any person who commits an assault upon the person of a peace officer or firefighter with a semiautomatic firearm and who knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a peace officer or firefighter engaged in the performance of his or her duties, when the peace officer or firefighter is engaged in the performance of his or her duties, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for five, seven, or nine years.
(3) Any person who commits an assault with a machinegun, as defined in Section 16880, or an assault weapon, as defined in Section 30510 or 30515, or a .50 BMG rifle, as defined in Section 30530, upon the person of a peace officer or firefighter, and who knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a peace officer or firefighter engaged in the performance of his or her duties, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for 6, 9, or 12 years.
(e) When a person is convicted of a violation of this section in a case involving use of a deadly weapon or instrument or firearm, and the weapon or instrument or firearm is owned by that person, the court shall order that the weapon or instrument or firearm be deemed a nuisance, and it shall be confiscated and disposed of in the manner provided by Sections 18000 and 18005.
(f) As used in this section, "peace officer" refers to any person designated as a peace officer in Chapter 4.5 (commencing with Section 830) of Title 3 of Part 2.
(Amended (as amended by Stats. 2010, Ch. 178) by Stats. 2011, Ch. 183, Sec. 1. (AB 1026) Effective January 1, 2012. Amended version operative January 1, 2012, pursuant to Stats. 2010, Ch. 178, Sec. 107.)
As used in Sections 148.2, 241, 243, 244.5, and 245, "fireman" or "firefighter" includes any person who is an officer, employee or member of a fire department or fire protection or firefighting agency of the federal government, the State of California, a city, county, city and county, district, or other public or municipal corporation or political subdivision of this state, whether this person is a volunteer or partly paid or fully paid.
As used in Section 148.2, "emergency rescue personnel" means any person who is an officer, employee or member of a fire department or fire protection or firefighting agency of the federal government, the State of California, a city, county, city and county, district, or other public or municipal corporation or political subdivision of this state, whether this person is a volunteer or partly paid or fully paid, while he or she is actually engaged in the on-the-site rescue of persons or property during an emergency as defined by subdivision (c) of Section 148.3.
(Amended by Stats. 1998, Ch. 936, Sec. 3. Effective September 28, 1998.)
Every person who commits an assault with a deadly weapon or instrument or by any means of force likely to produce great bodily injury upon the person of an operator, driver, or passenger on a bus, taxicab, streetcar, cable car, trackless trolley, or other motor vehicle, including a vehicle operated on stationary rails or on a track or rail suspended in the air, used for the transportation of persons for hire, or upon the person of a station agent or ticket agent for the entity providing such transportation, when the driver, operator, or agent is engaged in the performance of his or her duties, and where the person who commits the assault knows or reasonably should know that the victim is engaged in the performance of his or her duties, or is a passenger, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three, four, or five years.
(Amended by Stats. 1987, Ch. 801, Sec. 4.)
Every person who commits an assault with a deadly weapon or instrument or by any means likely to produce great bodily injury upon the person of a custodial officer as defined in Section 831 or 831.5, and who knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a custodial officer engaged in the performance of that person's duties, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three, four, or five years.
When a person is convicted of a violation of this section in a case involving use of a deadly weapon or instrument, and such weapon or instrument is owned by that person, the court may, in its discretion, order that the weapon or instrument be deemed a nuisance and shall be confiscated and destroyed in the manner provided by Sections 18000 and 18005.
(Amended by Stats. 2010, Ch. 178, Sec. 54. (SB 1115) Effective January 1, 2011. Operative January 1, 2012, by Sec. 107 of Ch. 178.)
(a) Every person who commits an assault with a deadly weapon or instrument, other than a firearm, or by any means likely to produce great bodily injury upon the person of a school employee, and who knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a school employee engaged in the performance of his or her duties, when that school employee is engaged in the performance of his or her duties, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three, four, or five years, or in a county jail not exceeding one year.
(b) Every person who commits an assault with a firearm upon the person of a school employee, and who knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a school employee engaged in the performance of his or her duties, when the school employee is engaged in the performance of his or her duties, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for four, six, or eight years, or in a county jail for not less than six months and not exceeding one year.
(c) Every person who commits an assault upon the person of a school employee with a stun gun or taser, and who knows or reasonably should know that the person is a school employee engaged in the performance of his or her duties, when the school employee is engaged in the performance of his or her duties, shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for a term not exceeding one year or by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years.
This subdivision shall not be construed to preclude or in any way limit the applicability of Section 245 in any criminal prosecution.
(d) As used in the section, "school employee" means any person employed as a permanent or probationary certificated or classified employee of a school district on a part-time or full-time basis, including a substitute teacher. "School employee," as used in this section, also includes a student teacher, or a school board member. "School," as used in this section, has the same meaning as that term is defined in Section 626.
(a) It shall be unlawful to engage in hazing, as defined in this section.
(b) "Hazing" means any method of initiation or preinitiation into a student organization or student body, whether or not the organization or body is officially recognized by an educational institution, which is likely to cause serious bodily injury to any former, current, or prospective student of any school, community college, college, university, or other educational institution in this state. The term "hazing" does not include customary athletic events or school-sanctioned events.
(c) A violation of this section that does not result in serious bodily injury is a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars ($100), nor more than five thousand dollars ($5,000), or imprisonment in the county jail for not more than one year, or both.
(d) Any person who personally engages in hazing that results in death or serious bodily injury as defined in paragraph (4) of subdivision (f) of Section 243 of the Penal Code, is guilty of either a misdemeanor or a felony, and shall be punished by imprisonment in county jail not exceeding one year, or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170.
(e) The person against whom the hazing is directed may commence a civil action for injury or damages. The action may be brought against any participants in the hazing, or any organization to which the student is seeking membership whose agents, directors, trustees, managers, or officers authorized, requested, commanded, participated in, or ratified the hazing.
(f) Prosecution under this section shall not prohibit prosecution under any other provision of law.
Any person who shall maliciously and willfully discharge a firearm at an inhabited dwelling house, occupied building, occupied motor vehicle, occupied aircraft, inhabited housecar, as defined in Section 362 of the Vehicle Code, or inhabited camper, as defined in Section 243 of the Vehicle Code, is guilty of a felony, and upon conviction shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three, five, or seven years, or by imprisonment in the county jail for a term of not less than six months and not exceeding one year.
As used in this section, "inhabited" means currently being used for dwelling purposes, whether occupied or not.
(a) Except as provided in subdivision (f), upon the conviction of any person found guilty of murder in the first or second degree, manslaughter, attempted murder, assault with a deadly weapon, the unlawful discharge or brandishing of a firearm from or at an occupied vehicle where the victim was killed, attacked, or assaulted from or in a motor vehicle by the use of a firearm on a public street or highway, or the unlawful possession of a firearm by a member of a criminal street gang, as defined in subdivision (f) of Section 186.22, while present in a vehicle the court shall order a vehicle used in the commission of that offense sold.
Any vehicle ordered to be sold pursuant to this subdivision shall be surrendered to the sheriff of the county or the chief of police of the city in which the violation occurred. The officer to whom the vehicle is surrendered shall promptly ascertain from the Department of Motor Vehicles the names and addresses of all legal and registered owners of the vehicle and within five days of receiving that information, shall send by certified mail a notice to all legal and registered owners of the vehicle other than the defendant, at the addresses obtained from the department, informing them that the vehicle has been declared a nuisance and will be sold or otherwise disposed of pursuant to this section, and of the approximate date and location of the sale or other disposition. The notice shall also inform any legal owner of its right to conduct the sale pursuant to subdivision (b).
(b) Any legal owner which in the regular course of its business conducts sales of repossessed or surrendered motor vehicles may take possession and conduct the sale of the vehicle if it notifies the officer to whom the vehicle is surrendered of its intent to conduct the sale within 15 days of the mailing of the notice pursuant to subdivision (a). Sale of the vehicle pursuant to this subdivision may be conducted at the time, in the manner, and on the notice usually given by the legal owner for the sale of repossessed or surrendered vehicles. The proceeds of any sale conducted by the legal owner shall be disposed of as provided in subdivision (d).
(c) If the legal owner does not notify the officer to whom the vehicle is surrendered of its intent to conduct the sale as provided in subdivision (b), the officer shall offer the vehicle for sale at public auction within 60 days of receiving the vehicle. At least 10 days but not more than 20 days prior to the sale, not counting the day of sale, the officer shall give notice of the sale by advertising once in a newspaper of general circulation published in the city or county, as the case may be, in which the vehicle is located, which notice shall contain a description of the make, year, model, identification number, and license number of the vehicle, and the date, time, and location of the sale. For motorcycles, the engine number shall also be included. If there is no newspaper of general circulation published in the county, notice shall be given by posting a notice of sale containing the information required by this subdivision in three of the most public places in the city or county in which the vehicle is located and at the place where the vehicle is to be sold for 10 consecutive days prior to and including the day of the sale.
(d) The proceeds of a sale conducted pursuant to this section shall be disposed of in the following priority:
(1) To satisfy the costs of the sale, including costs incurred with respect to the taking and keeping of the vehicle pending sale.
(2) To the legal owner in an amount to satisfy the indebtedness owed to the legal owner remaining as of the date of sale, including accrued interest or finance charges and delinquency charges.
(3) To the holder of any subordinate lien or encumbrance on the vehicle to satisfy any indebtedness so secured if written notification of demand is received before distribution of the proceeds is completed. The holder of a subordinate lien or encumbrance, if requested, shall reasonably furnish reasonable proof of its interest, and unless it does so on request is not entitled to distribution pursuant to this paragraph.
(4) To any other person who can establish an interest in the vehicle, including a community property interest, to the extent of his or her provable interest.
(5) The balance, if any, to the city or county in which the violation occurred, to be deposited in a special account in its general fund to be used exclusively to pay the costs or a part of the costs of providing services or education to prevent juvenile violence.
The person conducting the sale shall disburse the proceeds of the sale as provided in this subdivision, and provide a written accounting regarding the disposition to all persons entitled to or claiming a share of the proceeds, within 15 days after the sale is conducted.
(e) If the vehicle to be sold under this section is not of the type that can readily be sold to the public generally, the vehicle shall be destroyed or donated to an eleemosynary institution.
(f) No vehicle may be sold pursuant to this section in either of the following circumstances:
(1) The vehicle is stolen, unless the identity of the legal and registered owners of the vehicle cannot be reasonably ascertained.
(2) The vehicle is owned by another, or there is a community property interest in the vehicle owned by a person other than the defendant and the vehicle is the only vehicle available to the defendant's immediate family which may be operated on the highway with a class 3 or class 4 driver's license.
(g) A vehicle is used in the commission of a violation of the offenses enumerated in subdivision (a) if a firearm is discharged either from the vehicle at another person or by an occupant of a vehicle other than the vehicle in which the victim is an occupant.
(Amended by Stats. 1994, 1st Ex. Sess., Ch. 33, Sec. 1. Effective November 30, 1994.)
(a) Except as otherwise authorized by law, any person who willfully discharges a firearm in a grossly negligent manner which could result in injury or death to a person is guilty of a public offense and shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170.
(b) Except as otherwise authorized by law, any person who willfully discharges a BB device in a grossly negligent manner which could result in injury or death to a person is guilty of a public offense and shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year.
(c) As used in this section, "BB device" means any instrument that expels a projectile, such as a BB or a pellet, through the force of air pressure, gas pressure, or spring action.
(a) Any person who willfully and maliciously discharges a firearm at an unoccupied aircraft is guilty of a felony.
(b) Any person who discharges a firearm at an unoccupied motor vehicle or an uninhabited building or dwelling house is guilty of a public offense punishable by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than one year or in the state prison. This subdivision does not apply to shooting at an abandoned vehicle, unoccupied vehicle, uninhabited building, or dwelling house with the permission of the owner.
As used in this section and Section 246 "aircraft" means any contrivance intended for and capable of transporting persons through the airspace.
Any person who willfully and maliciously discharges a laser at an aircraft, whether in motion or in flight, while occupied, is guilty of a violation of this section, which shall be punishable as either a misdemeanor by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than one year or by a fine of one thousand dollars ($1,000), or a felony by imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 for 16 months, two years, or three years, or by a fine of two thousand dollars ($2,000). This section does not apply to the conduct of laser development activity by or on behalf of the United States Armed Forces.
As used in this section, "aircraft" means any contrivance intended for and capable of transporting persons through the airspace.
As used in this section, "laser" means a device that utilizes the natural oscillations of atoms or molecules between energy levels for generating coherent electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared region of the spectrum, and when discharged exceeds one milliwatt continuous wave.
Any person who, with the intent to interfere with the operation of an aircraft, willfully shines a light or other bright device, of an intensity capable of impairing the operation of an aircraft, at an aircraft, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.
PENPenal Code - PEN


The Fine Harness horse should possess all of the elegance and refinement of the ideal American Saddlebred and its energy should be directed toward animation rather than speed. It is shown with a full mane and tail. Horses are to enter the ring at a park trot. Qualifying gaits are animated walk, park trot, "show your horse." Exception: "show your horse" is not called for in an amateur class.
Open. Open to any exhibitor. Judged on performance, presence, quality, manners and conformation.
Three-Year-Old. Open to horses three-years-old and under. Judged on performance, presence, quality, manners and conformation.
$300 Open Grand Championship. Judged 75% on performance, presence, quality and manners; 25% on total conformation. Must have qualified by having shown and been judged in any other class in this division.
Trophy, Ribbons and $85, 60, 50, 40, 35, 30, R, R..


text:
Vaani Kapoor (born 23 August 1988) is an Indian film actress and model. She made her film debut in the 2013 romantic comedy Shuddh Desi Romance, a critical and commercial success. She garnered wide appreciation for her performance and earned her several awards and nominations, including the Best Female Debut at the 59th Filmfare Awards.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


LAS Recycling Ltd is a family run business based in Lampeter. We offer an agricultural waste collection and disposal service in Lampeter and the surrounding areas. We can collect agricultural waste from farmers or you can deliver to the Lampeter site. The waste is weighed in on the weighbridge, and the farmer charged accordingly. Documentation will be provided to you as proof of appropriate disposal.
The materials may be contained within the same load but we ask that they are separated by type to enable easy disposal. We also ask that the materials are as clean as reasonably possible.
Alternatively you could hire a skip; this could be financially beneficial to you, especially if the load is particularly large. Please see details of skip hire or contact us to discuss your options.
Due to the potential harm of hazardous agricultural waste to human health and the environment, there are stricter controls on the disposal, recovery and movement of hazardous waste. These stricter controls apply to agricultural waste from 15 May 2007. This includes hazardous agricultural waste such as fuel oil, lubricating oil, sheep dip and pesticides amongst others.
If you produce hazardous waste on your farm you will have to comply with the new rules on hazardous waste. It is good practice to minimise the amount of hazardous waste that you do produce. If you need further advice get in touch with LAS Recycling Ltd, our team are happy to help.
• Know what hazardous waste you are producing - LAS Recycling can advise you on the correct form of disposal.
• Give it to someone that is authorised to handle it and make sure it is disposed of at an authorised site. LAS Recycling Ltd is licensed to dispose of various hazardous wastes. The waste should be cleaned and emptied as much as possible and the different types separated.
• Use a consignment note every time you / someone else remove hazardous waste from your farm. A consignment note describes your hazardous waste so other people know what it is and it also helps to make sure that the waste is sent to a site that can handle it. There are guidance notes to help you complete these forms.
The new controls also mean that if you produce more than 500kg of hazardous waste a year you must register your farm with the Environment Agency. Registration lasts for a year.
You can register with the Environment Agency by phoning, using the internet, e-mailing or sending a paper form. The cost for registering varies according to the method you use: internet or email is the cheapest, paper is the most expensive. LAS Recycling can register your farm with the EA for you. Please Contact Us more details.
When working out whether you produce more than 500kg of hazardous waste ignore the weight of any scrap vehicles as these do not count towards the 500kg limit.
To discuss hazardous waste and hazardous agricultural waste further, including detailed prices, please contact us.
Are you a farmer looking for a reliable agricultural waste disposal company?


text:
Di seguito la lista dei giorni festivi nella repubblica dell'Artsakh.

Note

Repubblica dell'Artsakh

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
PRIVACY AND COMPLIANCE
ANY SIZE BUSSINESS INTEGRATIONS
Barbara Ackles
UK threatens to tax 'ruthless profiteers' Facebook and Google if they don't do mor
http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/typepad/alleyinsider/silicon_alley_insider/~3/J_DJPfQ7Fvc/uk-minister-threatens-to-tax-facebook-google-over-online-extremism-2017-12
The UKs security minister said tech firms must do more against extremism. Ben Wallace criticised companies who provide encrypted messaging. He also attacked "inaction" on removing terrorist content. Wallace suggested increased taxes to fund expensive counter-terror agencies. This could reportedly take the form of a one-off "windfall tax."
The UK government is considering new taxes on large tech firms like Facebook and Google because of their alleged inaction against extremist groups. Ben Wallace, the UK's security minister, described tech companies as "ruthless profiteers" who were doing too little to help the government combat terrorists who often take advantage of their platforms. In an interview with The Sunday Times newspaper, Wallace said that law enforcement and security services were being forced to spend hundreds of millions of pounds extra to keep Britain safe because of what he characterised as an insufficient response from the tech sector. He said: "Because of encryption and because of radicalisation, the cost… is heaped on law enforcement agencies. "I have to have more human surveillance. It's costing hundreds of millions of pounds. If they continue to be less than co-operative, we should look at things like tax as a way of incentivising them or compensating for their inaction. "Because content is not taken down as quickly as they could do, we're having to de-radicalise people who have been radicalised. That's costing millions. They can't get away with that and we should look at all options, including tax." The Sunday Times suggested that the most likely way for the government to get any extra money from the tech industry would be via a one-off "windfall tax," a method used by Tony Blair's government in the 1990s to extract cash from the gas, electricity, telecoms and rail industries.
Wallace criticised the companies for their lack of co-operation with government authorities, and described their business model as "ruthless". He said: "We should stop pretending that because they sit on beanbags in T-shirts they are not ruthless profiteers. They will ruthlessly sell our details to loans and soft-porn companies but not give it to our democratically elected government." Wallace did not name any companies directly, but his criticism of poorly policed radical content is a clear reference to Google (which owns YouTube) and Facebook. The criticism of encrypted messaging is also hard to interpret as anything except a reference to WhatsApp. Wallace's boss, Home Secretary Amber Rudd, is already in a longstanding feud with Facebook over WhatsApp's end-to-end encryption, which has reportedly seen Facebook refuse point-blank to give the government backdoor access to the service. Elsewhere in the interview, Wallace said the threat from extremism is especially pressing now because ISIS's defeat in the Middle East means it will now shift its focus to terror attacks on Western countries. SEE ALSO: 'Your algorithms are doing the grooming and radicalising': MPs tore into Google, Facebook, and Twitter Join the conversation about this story » NOW WATCH: How Area 51 became the center of alien conspiracy theories
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Section 1: Market Overview Key Points Small and medium businesses (SMBs), typically defined as having fewer than 500 employees, are a major part of the U.S. economy. These firms represent 99.7% of the
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Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) for Fungal Disease Resistance.
Title: Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) for Fungal Disease Resistance.
Author: Dong, Shujie
Advisors: Rongda Qu, Committee Chair
Abstract: Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is an open-pollinated, perennial, cool-season turf and forage grass species of great economic importance. It is a major turfgrass species for home lawns in North Carolina and the transition zone states in the US mostly because of its tolerance to the summer heat. Brown patch disease is the most serious and frequently occurring disease of tall fescue, caused by a basidiomycete fungus, Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn). Gray leaf spot, induced by Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc., the asexual stage of Magnaporthe grisea (T.T. Hebert) Yaegashi & Udagawa, is becoming another important disease of tall fescue. The objectives of this research were to establish an efficient transformation system for tall fescue using Agrobacterium; to introduce disease resistance genes into tall fescue; and to study the effects of the transgenes in resistance to the two major fungal diseases. An efficient genetic transformation system, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated T-DNA delivery, was developed for tall fescue. Thirty four percent of the calli infected with A. tumefaciens were resistant to hygromycin B, the selection agent used to select/identify transformants, and the overall plant transformation frequency (the number of independently transformed plants over the number of calli infected) was about 8%. Southern analysis indicated the integration of transgenes into the plant nuclear genome and simple transgene copy patterns. The high efficiency observed was partly due to an elevated 2,4-D concentration (5 mg L-1) in the culture medium used during callus culture and co-cultivation. Inheritance studies revealed that the transgenes were transmitted to the progenies. Four genes with potential for fungal disease resistance, including: alfalfa β-1,3 glucanase AGLU1, T4 phage lysozyme, frog dermaseptin, and rice Pi9 genes, were introduced into two cultivars 'Coronado' and 'Matador' of tall fescue through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Of 29 T0 transgenic plants examined, six had a higher level of resistance to R. solani and 13 had enhanced resistance to P. grisea. The enhanced levels of resistance in most of these plants was highly significant. Five transgenic plants exhibited enhanced resistance to both fungal pathogens.
Degree: PhD
Discipline: Crop Science
URI: http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/4831


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The Magic Carpet Goes Global! Aladdin Will Make Its European Premiere in Germany
by Imogen Lloyd Webber • Oct 29, 2014
Wish granted! After opening in Japan in May 2015, hit Broadway musical Aladdin will make its European premiere in Hamburg, Germany. The tuner will begin performances in fall 2015 at The Stage Theatre Neue Flora. Disney Theatrical president Thomas Schumacher has previously revealed that a total of five international productions are in the works. Will the third be in London?
Adapted from the 1992 Disney animated film, Aladdin is the story of a street urchin who uses the help of a magic Genie to win the heart of Princess Jasmine. Directed and choreographed by Casey Nicholaw, the production features a book by Chad Beguelin, music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice and the late Howard Ashman. The Hamburg production will be cast locally in Germany and will be performed in German.
Aladdin is currently running on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theatre. The production officially opened on March 20, 2014, starring Adam Jacobs as Aladdin, Courtney Reed as Jasmine, Tony winner James Monroe Iglehart as the Genie, Jonathan Freeman as Jafar, Clifton Davis as the Sultan, Don Darryl Rivera as Iago with Brian Gonzales, Brandon O'Neill and Jonathan Schwartz as Aladdin's sidekicks Babkak, Kassim and Omar.
Of course, Aladdin is not the first Disney show to go global—discover your favorites in languages from all over here.


KLUEEE 2018 - On 15 May 2018, Koneru University announced KLUEEE result 2018 online. To check KLUEEE 2018 result and rank, students are required to enter their application number or hall ticket number. KLEEE 2018 was held in a pen-paper based as well as online mode across various Indian cities. For the convenience of candidates, a link to check KLUEEE result 2018, a link is provided in this page. Based on candidate's performance in KLUEEE 2018/JEE Main 2018/JEE Advanced 2018/State level entrance exams including EAMCET 2018, admissions will be granted to the engineering programmes of the university. KLEEE counselling rounds 2018 are expected to start from the last week of May. Candidates who have obtained the minimum qualifying marks will be issued the KLUEEE counselling call letter. Know more about KLUEEE 2018, result, counselling rounds etc. from this page.
Issue of Online Admit cards (Written) Released!
The candidates should pass Class 12 or equivalent examination with 60% and above in aggregate and 60% and above in Group subjects.
The candidates with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics (PCM) are eligible for all B.Tech programmes including Bio-Technology.
The candidates with Physics, Chemistry and Biology (PCB) are eligible for B.Tech (Bio Technology) and B.Pharmacy.
Qualifying Exam: Candidates have to clear the KLUEEE/ JEE Main/ JEE Advanced / State Level Engineering Entrance Exams across India including EAMCET and Merit in Sports/ Cultural Activities.
The candidates willing to appear in the KLUEEE can fill the application form through online mode on or before the due date. The deadline to fill the application form for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana & Other States are different.
Candidates can fill the online application form and can make payment through Debit card/Credit card/Net banking.
Candidates can obtain the KLUEEE 2018 application form from the allotted centers and submit it in person or through post along with a self-addressed envelope cover by remitting Rs.1100 by Cash or DD to be drawn in favor of KL University payable at Vijayawada on any scheduled bank and sent it to the address given below.
KLUEEE 2018 Admit Card was available from 26 April 2018 for the written test and for the online test which was held 2 May 2018. Candidates are advised to check the details like name of the students, exam center, exam dates etc. on the printed admit card.
The admit card will not be dispatched through the post to the candidates, so no correspondence in this regard will be entertained. Admit Card is an important document to be carried at the exam center.
The candidates applying for the KLUEEE should pay the application fee of Rs. 1,100. The Application fee once paid by the candidates is non-refundable. The candidates can also check the Annual Course Fee structure 2018 on this page below.
The students availing Fee Waiver/Merit Scholarships from 2nd Semester to 8th Semester are applicable only if they maintain "9 CGPA" in all Semesters.
KLUEEE 2018 Result was declared on 15 May 2018. Candidates can take admission in KL University by appearing in any of the following exams.
KLUEEE 2018 Counselling will be available from the third week of May 2018. The Applicant may also carry a copy of the application form along with them when they appear for admission counselling at KLU.
Other Certificates such as Sports/NCC/Ex-Service Men/Single Girl Child/Extra Curricular Activities (ECA) mentioned in the Application.
KLU Admit Card 2018 -Released!


Nollywood actor, Funke Akindele, and husband, Abdulrasheed Bello, have launched a new record label.
Akindele's husband, popularly known as JJC, is a singer/actor/music producer and he's expected to run the affairs of the label, Scene One Records.
The entertainment power couple unveiled the artistes signed to the new record label during their recent housewarming ceremony.
Mo'Eazy, Ruby and Pearl (members of Gemstones), MartinsFeelz and Sonorous are the first batch of artistes signed to Scene One.
"We went out to look for fresh talent and here we are today," the star of Jenifa's Diary said in her remarks.
JJC, meanwhile, revealed that the newly signed artistes are cast members of 'Industreet', a television soap opera centred around the Nigerian music industry.
Mo Eazy, who also stars in Jenifa's Diary, was formerly signed to Darey Art-Alade's Soul Muzik while Olanma Pearl Awa-Agwu was the first runner-up of MTN Project Fame West Africa.


The Accident Reporting online course | RIDDOR provides data that helps the Heath and Safety Executive to improve the UK workplace.
All employers are legally required to report work-related deaths, specific injuries, occupational diseases and other dangerous occurrences. In 2013 the RIDDOR reporting rules were updated.
COURSE OBJECTIVE | Provide the knowledge needed to comply with the latest RIDDOR regulations.
What is the real cost of an injury?
Section 1 | What is RIDDOR?
Why take the Accident Reporting online course?
In most cases, forms should be completed online via the RIDDOR webpage. However, reports may sometimes be made by telephone.
This course will provide the knowledge required to submit a report correctly and to the right timescales.
The responsible person required to make reports under RIDDOR.
On successful completion of this Accident Reporting online training course delegates will receive an echo3education completion certificate.
The certificate will be emailed once candidates have received 80% or more in the final assessment. This may be retaken as many times as required.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Le secteur de l'hydroélectricité au Viêt Nam occupe une place majeure dans l'économie du pays : sa part dans la production d'électricité était de 27,8 % en 2019 (38 % en 2018).

Le Vietnam se classe en 2021 au  mondial des producteurs d'hydroélectricité avec 1,2 % de la production hydroélectrique mondiale.

Le potentiel hydroélectrique n'est exploité qu'à moins de 90 %, mais le développement de la production hydroélectrique est très rapide : elle a été multipliée par quinze entre 1990 et 2018.

Potentiel hydroélectrique
Le potentiel hydroélectrique économiquement exploitable était évalué en 2013 par le Conseil mondial de l'énergie à , localisé surtout dans les régions du nord et du centre.

La production hydroélectrique atteignait  en 2019 : le potentiel inexploité reste donc important.

Production hydroélectrique
Selon l'International Hydropower Association (IHA), la production hydroélectrique du Viêt Nam s'est élevée à  en 2021, au  mondial avec 1,2 % de la production mondiale, loin derrière son voisin chinois : .

La production hydroélectrique se classait en 2020 au  mondial avec 1,2 % de la production mondiale.

La production nationale d'électricité hydraulique atteignait  en 2019, soit 27,8 % de la production totale d'électricité du pays.

Les variations climatiques entrainent des fluctuations importantes : la production hydroélectrique brute de 2005 est inférieure de 11 % à celle de 2003, celle de 2010 est inférieure de 8 % à celle de 2009 et celle de 2019 de 20 % inférieure à celle de 2018.

Puissance installée
La puissance installée des centrales hydroélectriques du Vietnam totalisait  fin 2021, au  mondial avec 1,2 % du total mondial et au  en Asie derrière la Chine () et le Japon (). Les mises en service de 2021 se sont élevées à , dont la centrale de Thuong Kon Tum (). Le 8ème plan de développement de l'électricité, publié en 2021, prévoit  de petite hydraulique en 2025,  en 2030 et près de  en 2045 ; il prévoit aussi d'accélérer les chantiers des grands projets, dont les extensions des centrales de Hoa Binh et Ialy en 2022, ainsi que  additionnels à la centrale de Tri An.

Les mises en service de 2020 se sont limitées à , dont Pa Hu () et Mong An (). La construction de l'extension de  de la centrale de Hoa Binh a été entamée ; elle portera la puissance de la centrale à  ; une autre extension de  sera lancée en 2021 à la centrale de Yaly.

Les mises en service de 2019 se sont limitées à . La Banque asiatique de développement a accordé un prêt pour la réhabilitation des panneaux solaires flottants sur le barrage de Da Mi et deux enchères pour  pour des panneaux solaires flottants sur les réservoirs de centrales hydroélectriques sont prévues pour 2020.

En 2017, les mises en service ont atteint , dont le projet Trung Son (), dans le district de Quan Hoa, premier projet hydroélectrique vietnamien financé par la Banque Mondiale. La centrale de Thac Mo a porté sa puissance de  à  et le projet de Thuan Hoa () a été achevé sur la rivière Mien, le long de la frontière avec la Chine.

En 2016,  ont été mis en service au Vietnam : les deux dernières turbines de  de la centrale de Lai Châu (), qui fournira environ  ; la deuxième turbine de  de la centrale de Huoi Quang () et l'aménagement au fil de l'eau de Cốc San (), tous deux situés au nord-ouest du pays.

Le Vietnam a mis en service en 2015 quatre centrales totalisant , dont la centrale de Dong Nai (), les premières turbines () de celle de Lai Châu, qui atteindra  à son achèvement, () à la centrale de Huoi Quang ( en 2016) et la centrale de Ben Chat ().

Politique énergétique
Le gouvernement vietnamien a approuvé en  la nouvelle Stratégie de développement de l'énergie renouvelable pour 2030, qui prévoit une progression de la production hydroélectrique de  en 2015 à  en 2020 (avec  de puissance installée) et  en 2030. Il est prévu d'installer  de pompage-turbinage d'ici 2020 et  d'ici 2030.

Principales centrales hydroélectriques
La plupart des aménagements hydroélectriques vietnamiens sont à buts multiples : ils contribuent à l'irrigation et à l'approvisionnement des villes en eau.

Principales centrales hydroélectriques :

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Énergie hydroélectrique
 Énergie au Vietnam


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Anthonis van den Wijngaerde, ook Antonio de Bruxelas, Antoin de la Vigne of Antonio de las Viñas genoemd (mogelijk Antwerpen, ca. 1525 – Madrid, 1571) was een Zuid-Nederlands tekenaar, bekend om zijn panoramische stadsgezichten.

Levensloop
Hij werd vermoedelijk geboren in Antwerpen. Zijn vader was mogelijk ook kunstenaar, want van 1510 tot 1522 wordt een Anton van den Wyngaerde genoemd als lid van de Antwerpse schildersgilde. Hij was vernieuwend in zijn grootschalige perspectieftekeningen, waarvan de nauwkeurigheid dankbaar benut wordt in de historische geografie. Beroemd is zijn Zelandiae descriptio (ca. 1550): een groot panorama van Walcheren op 23 bladen (samen 10,25 x 0,43 m), uitgevoerd met pen en waterverf. In de jaren 1552 en 1553 maakte hij enkele gezichten op Rome, Genua, Napels en Ancona. Later trad hij in dienst van Filips II van Spanje en nam deel aan de Spaanse veldtochten in Noord-Frankrijk in 1557. In de jaren 1558-1559 – en waarschijnlijk ook daarna – bezocht hij Engeland, waar hij onder meer panorama's maakte van Londen. Omstreeks 1561-1562 vertrok hij naar Spanje, waar hij in opdracht van koning Filips II alle belangrijke Spaanse steden op papier zette. Hij overleed tien jaar later in Madrid.

Stadsplannen
Dordrecht (1544)
's-Hertogenbosch (ca. 1544)
Amsterdam (1550?)
Utrecht (1554–58)
Sluis (1557–58)
Brussel (1558)

Literatuur
T. van Lieshout, "Stadstekenaar Anton van den Wijngaerde. In dienst van de koning." Espanje!, 2019, nr. 2, p. 78-83
R.E. Gregg, "Further insights into Anton van den Wyngaerde's working methods", in: Master Drawings, 2013, p. 323-342
Stefaan Hautekeete, "Van stad en land. Het beeld van Brabant in de vroege topografische tekenkunst", in: Met passer en penseel. Brussel en het oude hertogdom Brabant in beeld, Brussel, Dexia Bank, 2000, p. 49–51
Montserrat Galera i Monegal, Antoon van den Wijngaerde. Pintor de ciudades y de hechos de Armas en la Europa del Quinientos, 1998,
E. Haverkamp-Begemann, "The Spanish Views of Anton van den Wyngaerde", in: Master Drawings, 1969, nr. 4, p. 372-399
Bert van 't Hoff, "Une vue panoramique inconnue de Bruxelles dessinée en 1558 par Anthonis van den Wyngaerde", in: Annales de la Société Royale d'Archéologie de Bruxelles: Mémoires, Rapports et Documents, vol. 48, 1948–55, p. 145–150
Bert van 't Hoff,"Het stadsgezicht van Dordrecht getekend door Anthonis van den Wyngaerde",Historische Vereniging voor Zuid-Holland, 1957

Zuid-Nederlands kunstenaar (voor 1830)
Persoon in de Nederlanden in de 16e eeuw
16e-eeuws kunstenaar


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230104-Z-SF462-1008
A Department of Defense contractor, U.S. Air National Guard Maj. Timothy Chow, commander 146th Civil Engineer Squadron, Col. Lisa A. Nemeth, commander 146th Airlift Wing, and Col. Christopher Dougherty, vice commander 146th Airlift Wing, participate in a groundbreaking ceremony for the wing's new C-130J simulator at the Channel Islands Air National Guard Station, Port Hueneme, California, Jan. 5, 2023. The new simulator or Weapons System Trainer Reconfigurable C-130J flight simulator (also known as WST 12R) will showcase a myriad of capabilities that will separate it from other simulators across the United States. (U.S. Air National Guard photo by Staff Sgt. Michelle Ulber)
230104-F-SF462-092
U.S. Air National Guard Col. Lisa A. Nemeth, commander 146th Airlift Wing, delivers a celebratory speech marking the occasion for a groundbreaking ceremony for the wing's new C-130J simulator at the Channel Islands Air National Guard Station, Port Hueneme, California, Jan. 5, 2023. The new simulator or Weapons System Trainer Reconfigurable C-130J flight simulator (also known as WST 12R) will showcase a myriad of capabilities that will separate it from other simulators across the United States. (U.S. Air National Guard photo by Staff Sgt. Michelle Ulber)
U.S. Air National Guard Lt. Col. John Love, a religious affairs chaplain assigned with the 146th Airlift Wing, delivers an invocation prayer during a groundbreaking ceremony celebrating the beginning phases of construction for the wing's new C-130J simulator at the Channel Islands Air National Guard Station, Port Hueneme, California, Jan. 5, 2023. The new simulator or Weapons System Trainer Reconfigurable C-130J flight simulator (also known as WST 12R) will showcase a myriad of capabilities that will separate it from other simulators across the United States. (U.S. Air National Guard photo by Staff Sgt. Michelle Ulber)
230104-Z-QY689-1001
An illustrated image depicts an artist's rendering of the future building that will house a C-130J simulator at the Channel Islands Air National Guard Station, Port Hueneme, California. (Photo illustration by courtesy submission)
Hollywood Guard hosts groundbreaking ceremony for revolutionary Air National Guard C-130J simulator
Published Jan. 5, 2023
By Master Sgt. Nieko Carzis
CHANNEL ISLANDS AIR NATIONAL GUARD STATION, Port Hueneme, Calif. --
After a decade of lengthy logistical planning that bore many unforeseen impediments, including funding hurdles and a worldwide pandemic, the 146th Airlift Wing held a groundbreaking ceremony to commemorate the beginning phases of construction efforts for their state-of-the-art future C-130J simulator site on Jan. 4, 2023.
Previously scheduled for Jan. 5, the wing decided to cancel the event out of an abundance of caution for the predicted incoming unfavorable weather headed for southern California. However, rather than losing all opportunity to celebrate the occasion, the wing provided the impromptu event for personnel stationed at the 146th Airlift Wing the day before the scheduled heavy rain and winds.
As the predicted rainfall barreled toward those in attendance, the dark and looming oncoming rain clouds provided a gray backdrop for the ceremony. But even as the rain began to fall, it would not stop the small group of unwavering and faithful Airmen ready to celebrate the future first-of-its-kind Air National Guard C-130J simulator on the west coast.
The new simulator or Weapons System Trainer Reconfigurable C-130J flight simulator (also known as WST 12R) will showcase a myriad of capabilities that will separate it from other simulators across the United States, but one, if not one of the most impactful benefits for the state of California and the Air National Guard, is WST 12R's strategic placement at the Channel Islands Air National Guard Station.
According to Col. Lisa A. Nemeth, commander 146th Airlift Wing, the training opportunities gained by the addition of this simulator will be shared with the entire C-130J community, benefiting more units and providing more customizable training than any other C-130J simulator in existence.
"This is an exciting day for the 146th Airlift Wing and the state of California. Having this simulator here at Channel Islands will provide more efficient and realistic training for our aircrew, and as the C-130J Western Region simulator, it will also benefit other units from across the nation who will travel to Channel Islands for training."
Nemeth added, "WST 12R will enhance and modernize how our aircrew accomplishes its training because it's the first configurable simulator between the "HC" and "Slick J" C-130J aircraft variations that can also be rapidly configured to facilitate training for C-130J block enhancements for 6.0 and 8.1."
The term block enhancements refer to both software and hardware capability expansions that are installed to enhance the capabilities of the aircraft.
"WST 12R's block enhancements with modular, rapidly configurable options will immediately benefit C-130J flying wings, including the aircrews from the California Air National Guard's 129th Rescue Wing at Moffett Field, which operates HC-130J Combat King II aircraft," said Nemeth.
According to Col. Christopher Dougherty, vice commander 146th Airlift Wing, there are also some cost-saving benefits with the addition of the simulator plus another WST 12R capability that improves training for the wing's aerial firefighting mission.
"Based on historical data, we predict that WST 12R will significantly reduce the travel, fuel, and training traveling costs by an estimated $6.3 million annually. In addition, we're excited to gain the first-of-its-kind MAFFS (Modular Airborne Fire Fighting System) training profile. Lastly, this simulator will virtually connect to other simulators and training locations to conduct formation airdrop training over a secure network," said Dougherty.
The MAFFS mission is a partnership and joint effort between the U.S. Forest Service and the Department of Defense that began in 1971 to produce the equipment, training, and operational procedures to integrate military air tankers into a national firefighting response.
Dougherty says WST 12R will debut as the first MAFFS virtual training simulator, affording functional training scenarios for aircrew preparing to fly the aerial wildfire suppression mission.
"These training profiles will closely simulate flight, weight, and atmospheric conditions that MAFFS aircrews encounter during wildland fire suppression efforts. The new simulator will give aircrews the skills to manage emergencies with more proficiency and success, thereby improving safety and mission accomplishment," said Dougherty.


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A major step in initiation of sustained research on spices was the launching of All India Coordinated Spices and Cashew Improvement Project (AICSCIP) at Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) at Kasaragod, Kerala during 1971 by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Later the ICAR felt the need for intensifying research on spices and established a Regional Station of CPCRI at Kozhikode, Kerala during 1975, exclusively for conducting research on spices by the ICAR.
The Regional Station was upgraded as National Research Centre for Spices (NRCS) in 1986 by merging with the Cardamom Research Centre of CPCRI at Appangala, Karnataka as its regional station. The NRCS was further elevated to the present Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR) during 1995.


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