Former Midlands newspaper editor Don Goggin has died, aged 83.
During a newspaper career which spanned more than 30 years, he edited the Sutton Coldfield News, where he stayed for four years before being appointed editor-in-chief of its parent comany, the former West Midlands Press group, in 1971.
The group's titles also included the Walsall Observer, Solihull News and the now defunct Warley News Telephone, and he became editorial director in 1973.
Don had begun his career at the Birmingham Post in 1950, and also served as chief reporter of the Walsall Observer before taking on his first editorship.
Throughout his career he also had an interest in the training of journalists and was a member of the West Midlands Advisory Committee for the Training of Journalists, the National Council for the Training of Journalists and of the Guild of British Newspaper Editors.


A woman caused her boyfriend's ex-girlfriend to try and take her own life after posting intimate pictures of her on Instagram.
Rachel Dale, 28, discovered the graphic images on her boyfriend Alex Montgomery's phone on her birthday.
Despite deleting the pictures after eight minutes, they had already been circulated on social media.
The unnamed victim was so devastated by her personal pictures being shared that she tried to take her own life.
Dale wept as she admitted disclosing a private sexual photograph with intent to cause distress at Tameside Magistrates Court.
But she avoided jail after being given a suspended sentence.
She claimed she posted the pictures after being made redundant from her job at a clothing firm.
The court heard Mr Montgomery, 28, had a brief affair with the victim several years ago before he met Dale and she sent the photos to him.
Despite asking Mr Montgomery to delete the images the day after she sent them, he kept them on his phone.
Prosecutor Ashley Seetal said: 'The Instagram account which the images were uploaded on was a joint Instagram account used by the defendant and Mr Montgomery.
'This had been set up and was used to promote the defendant and Mr Montgomery's business which they worked together on.
'The account had 2,000 followers. These pictures were uploaded and made public, this means that the images can be seen by all 2,000 followers.
'Prior to uploading the images to Instagram, the defendant sent the victim a message and in that message she alluded to posting the pictures online and in one message she said: "they will be all over the internet tomorrow".
'The images being uploaded of a graphic and intimate area, were shared to a number of group chats and social media chats. The pictures were up for ten minutes, taken down, then immediately re-uploaded the following afternoon.
A probation report read to the court said: 'She accepts full responsibility for committing the offence and doesn't try to minimise the seriousness of the impact.
'She does indicate remorse, she said if she could turn back the clock she would, as she would prefer to deal with it in a different way. Four days prior to the offence she says she was made redundant which caused her anxiety.
'She is not sure how successful it is going to be. Whilst the victim had slept with her boyfriend, this hadn't previously played on the mind of the defendant and the two parties have little to do with each other and were at an amicable level.
Dale's defence lawyer Gavin Clarke said: 'They have a shared account due to their business with the purposes of their business together. At 7.29am she has been awoken by a number of images sent from a third party, from the victim, sent to her partner at the time.
'She sees these images, graphic and explicit images and various and she is devastated, she is mortified. She then texts the victim and pre-warns her.
'Yes, she does upload those to an Instagram profile. They are up there for 8-9 minutes. They are not up there for eight months, they are not put on a streaming site.
'They are uploaded to an Instagram account with between 1,500 to 1,600 followers. It was posted for between 8 and 9 minutes at 7.30 in the morning. In terms of how many people who have viewed those, the numbers are going to be extremely limited.
'The person who followed the account would have to be on that account at that time. They would have to be looking at that particular account. There is no preplanning, this is a spur of the moment.
'This young lady, as soon as she calmed down, she realised the error of her way and took it down, that's the end of the story.
'I accept there has been some humiliation but this is very different to revenge, this was a spur of the moment. She was going about her own business, finds this on her partners phone and reacts there and then. This was not out of revenge or some kind of hatred.
Dale was sentenced to 12 weeks, suspended for a year and was ordered to pay £200 in costs and surcharges.
She did not comment after the hearing.


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Chronic Liver Diseases Therapeutics Market
Chronic Liver Diseases Therapeutics Market to Surpass US$ 31,302 Million by 2030 - Coherent Market Insights
Published On : Feb 23, 2022
Global Chronic Liver Diseases Therapeutics Market, by Treatment Type (Antiviral Drugs, Immunosuppressant's, Vaccines, Immunoglobulin's, Corticosteroids, Targeted Therapy, and Chemotherapy), by Disease Type (Hepatitis, Autoimmune Diseases, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Cancer, Genetic Disorders, and Others), by Distribution Channel (Hospital Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies, and Online Pharmacies), and by Region (North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, and Africa), is estimated to be valued at US$ 15,184 million in 2022 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 9.5% over the forecast period (2022-2030), as highlighted in a new report published by Coherent Market Insights.
Key players operating in the market are focusing on receiving product approvals from regulatory authorities and this is expected to drive the market growth over the forecast period.
For instance, in June 2021, BeiGene, Ltd., a global biotechnology company focused on developing and commercializing innovative medicines worldwide, received an approval from the China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) for anti-PD-1 antibody tislelizumab for the first line treatment of patient with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and conditional approval for the treatment of patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), who have been previously treated with at least one systemic therapy.
Moreover, in February 2021, Dynavax Technologies Corporation, a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing novel vaccines, received European Commission (EC) marketing authorization for HEPLISAV B (Hepatitis B Vaccine) for the active immunization against hepatitis B virus infection (HBV).
Global Chronic Liver Diseases Therapeutics Market – Impact of Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic
The spread of coronavirus has negatively impacted the global chronic liver diseases therapeutics market. The markets like the U.S, India, Brazil, Russia, and other economies are suffering due to covid-19 outbreak is expected to impact on lowering the pharmaceutical growth, globally.
Due to Covid-19, the rate of hospital visits of chronic liver diseases patients has gone down subsequently the diagnosis and treatment rate has gone down.
Browse 36 Market Data Tables and 39 Figures spread through 154 Pages and in-depth TOC on "Chronic Liver Diseases Therapeutics Market"- Global Forecast to 2030, by Treatment Type (Antiviral Drugs, Immunosuppressant's, Vaccines, Immunoglobulin's, Corticosteroids, Targeted Therapy, and Chemotherapy), by Disease Type (Hepatitis, Autoimmune Diseases, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Cancer, Genetic Disorders, and Others), by Distribution Channel (Hospital Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies, and Online Pharmacies), and by Region (North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, and Africa)
To know the latest trends and insights prevalent in the global chronic liver diseases therapeutics market, click the link below:
https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/chronic-liver-diseases-therapeutics-market-4047
Key players operating in the market are focusing on the adoption of inorganic growth strategies such as mergers, collaborations, partnerships, and acquisitions, in order to strengthen their position in the global market. For instance, in January 2022, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, a leading RNAi therapeutics company collaborated with Novartis pharmaceuticals, a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical corporation based in basal Switzerland to explore targeted therapy with an aim to restore liver function.
Key Takeaways of the Global Chronic Liver Diseases Therapeutics Market:
The global chronic liver diseases therapeutics market is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 9.5% over the forecast period, owing to rising launches and regulatory approvals of products. For instance, in June 2021, Innovant, is a committed to developing, manufacturing and commercializing high quality innovative medicines for the treatment of major diseases such as cancer has announced the china National Medical Product Administration (NMPA) approval of TYVYT (sintilimab injection) in combination with BYVASDA (bevacizumab biosimilar injection) as a first line therapy for the people with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Among treatment type, antiviral drug segment is expected to account for largest market share during the forecast period.
Key players operating in the global chronic liver diseases therapeutics market include Astellas Pharma Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Plc, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Merck & Co. Inc., Novartis AG, Sanofi S.A, Pfizer Inc., Takeda Pharmaceutical, Valeant Pharmaceuticals, Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Theratechnologies Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Protagonist Therapeutics, Inc., Dicerna Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Endo International, Provectus Biopharmaceuticals Inc., and MAX BioPharma, Inc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Posted by rodney b. on May 30, 2013. Brought to you by yahoolocal.
Posted by Preston P. on September 22, 2012. Brought to you by yahoolocal.
Audio Video Connection is located at 409 Eastfield Dr, Oregon City, OR. This location is in the Rivercrest neighborhood..


31/01/2017�� This enhancement allows you to remove the feature history in a part, while retaining geometric references in the assembly. This provides a quick way to �... New Features in SOLIDWORKS 2017 � Magnetic Mates First, you define the connection points and ground face in a part or sub-assembly model. The connection points will be used to �snap� the components into position, while the ground face will be used to position the asset in the parent assembly.
2017, solidworks, solidworks, solidworks news SOLIDWORKS is a quite versatile CAD modelling software and one of its advantages is that it allows the user to create custom features. An example is the custom form tool feature that allows a designer to create a custom forming tool from a part file in a shape created to suit the designer�s needs.
3D Texture. Once the texture is applied, I�ll save my model before adding the 3D Texture. To add the 3D Texture, right-click on the solid body, and click the icon shown below.
SOLIDWORKS and CAMWorks are fully associative in all aspects including API Automation. The new Chuck and Fixture Definition feature provides the ability to use chucks and fixtures designed using SOLIDWORKS parts and assemblies or STL files for toolpath simulation and collision detection in Mill-Turn and Turning.
Adjust the settings. For each type of map you can adjust a few settings, which helps to make the appearance look more realistic. First of all, you may need to change the mapping type of the texture.


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Darkest Days, New Dawn
While Trump Tweets, Joe Biden and Kamala Harris Make History, And More History
By Penfield W. Tate III
For the GPHN
Penfield W. Tate III
The promise of a new year has many of us anxious and excited. A new beginning and opportunities await. Literally, a new world is waiting for and welcoming us in many ways. I hope 2021 presents new and wonderful opportunities and hopes for you and your family.
Our excitement is, in no small measure, a function of 2020 being one of the worst years we could have imagined. Thank goodness it's over and good riddance. A global pandemic has changed the way we live. From working remotely, to virtual meetings, virtual holiday parties and, unfortunately, virtual visits with family and friends. Restaurants are closed or have limited dining options. Millions are out of work and getting unemployment benefits. Face masks are now a way of life, as are elbow bumps and virtual hugs.
The United States has been disproportionately impacted by the number of positive cases and, unfortunately, deaths. As of late December, more than 312,000 people have died of COVID-19, and seventeen-and-a-half million people have tested positive for the virus. In Colorado alone, more than 4,300 people have died, and 307,000 have tested positive.
The disparate impacts of the disease, as reported by the Centers for Disease Control, have been pronounced and too hard to ignore. Nationally 23.2 percent of all cases and 14.2 percent of all deaths have been Latinx peoples. Similarly, 13.2 percent of all cases and 17.4 percent of all deaths have been African Americans. Those communities are, respectively, 1.7 and 1.4 times more likely to contract COVID and 2.8 times more likely to die from the disease.
Far too many people have died alone and in quarantine. We all know someone who has been infected and unfortunately, too many of us — me included — know someone who died from the disease. We need a new year and fresh start for our own health and peace of mind.
A strange state of mind
Making things worse is the highly toxic political environment. Although two vaccines are now available, with at least one more on the horizon, many simply don't trust their effectiveness or the integrity of the process leading to their development.
This distrust is higher in communities of color, where any number of weird articles and pronouncements are being circulated about the damage the vaccines will cause – including altering your DNA. If many people are not vaccinated, in addition to the need to continue mask wearing and social distancing, we will never get on the other side of this pandemic.
As I speculated in November, COVID-19 was indeed the third presidential candidate. Voters were pretty clear about the fact that their support of President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris was in large measure a result of Donald Trump's denial of and abysmal handling of the pandemic. Through Election Day, the red and swing states where Trump encouraged voters to ignore science, and health agency recommendations were taking a disproportionate hit due to COVID-19. Those swing states, and a flip in previously red Georgia, cost him the election.
Losing is a fact. Accepting a loss, as we have seen, is a strange state of mind. After numerous recounts in states, Trump lost. Despite numerous court challenges, including one to the U.S. Supreme Court that he lost, — primarily based on no evidence and wild and crazy claims — Trump still claimed the election was stolen from him. It got to the point where Republican state officials dismissed the president's crazy claims, said their elections were fair and the results final — yet he retaliated against them on Twitter.
U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell finally, reluctantly, accepted the election results and asked Trump to stop his behavior and accept the outcome, to no effect. Indeed, reports of White House screaming matches between a faction of staffers encouraging Trump to accept the loss and a faction led by convicted felon Michael Flynn (pardoned by Trump) and Rudy Giuliani (Trump's attorney) and others advocating that Trump invoke martial law to stop the transition filled the airwaves.
Although not conceding, Trump finally authorized the government to fund and facilitate the transition to the Biden Administration.
Looks like America
And the President-elect has been moving rapidly and decisively.
Not stopping at making history with the first woman, Asian American and African American in the Vice President's office — not to mention a supremely talented person at that — Biden has worked to assemble a cabinet and staff reflective of America.
■ Former General Lloyd Austin, the first African American to lead the Department of Defense
■ U.S. Rep. Deb Haaland, the first Indigenous person appointed Secretary of the Interior
■ Janet Yellen, first woman to serve as Secretary of the Treasury
■ Jennifer Granholm, Secretary of Energy (a position once held by former Colorado Attorney General Gale Norton)
■ Michael Regan, first African American to run the Environmental Protection Agency
■ Neera Tanden to run the Office of Management and Budget
■ Katherine Tai, the first Asian American to serve as US Trade Representative
■ Xavier Becerra, the first Latinx to serve as Secretary of Health and Human Services
■ U.S. Representative Marcia Fudge, an African American woman who will lead the Department of Housing and Urban Development
■ Pete Buttigieg, former presidential candidate and openly LGBTQ person, as Secretary of Transportation
■ Avril Haines, a woman to serve as National Intelligence Director
■ Linda Thomas-Greenfield, an African American woman to serve as UN Ambassador
■ Cecilia Rouse, an African American woman to lead the Council of Economic Advisors
■ Former U.S. Sen. John Kerry to serve as Special Presidential Envoy for Climate
■ Kate Bedingfield as Communications Director
■ Jen Psaki as White House Press Secretary
Giving Planet Earth some love
And, as I write, it's still before Christmas. Beyond an obvious commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion, what else do to these appointments suggest?
The President-elect has already announced that on his first day in office the U.S. will rejoin the Paris Agreement on climate. Given the strong environmental record of John Kerry, and his newly-appointed position, it is clear that global warming and its impacts will be a high priority for the Biden administration.
Additionally, Regan, the appointee to EPA, has a strong environmental background. Regan has spent much of his career addressing the impact of environmental policy on communities of color and the disproportionally negative impacts of environmental policy decisions on those communities over the years. This will clearly be a point of emphasis and a point of departure between the Biden Administration over its predecessor.
As a complement, the Haaland appointment in Interior, communicates a different emphasis on protecting and preserving U.S. lands and open space. Expect to see immediate policy changes with respect to resource drilling and explorations. A more robust partnership with state and local governments, in conjunction with Regan at EPA and with an emphasis on protecting the environment is likely.
And obviously, Haaland's appointment indicates that this administration will be more responsive and receptive to the concerns of indigenous peoples and communities. Long ignored in the push for economic development and economic independence, expect significant policy change here similar to the efforts of the Obama administration and its focus on Tribal economic development on reservations.
Buttigieg, as Transportation Secretary, clearly signals a higher priority to be placed on transit development and other alternative transportation methods. Moreover, his credentials as a progressive, indicate that this will not only be a high priority but could potentially be an area where the Biden Administration may be willing to be on the leading edge of innovation and change. The agenda here will tie into the environmental agenda.
Pandemic was the word for 2020. Change is the word for 2021.
Happy New Year. Keep staying safe.
Penfield W. Tate III is an attorney in Denver. He represented Park Hill in the Colorado House of Representatives from 1997 to 2000, and in the State Senate from 2001 to February 2003. He lives in Park Hill.
The Rich Career Of Josephine Roche $60 For 60 Nets $4,000


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'Trojan Horse' Antimicrobial Seeks to Kill Pathogens Through Direct Food Contact
By Cathy Siegner on May 9, 2014
An antimicrobial product used to disinfect and sanitize food contact surfaces in the restaurant and manufacturing industries is now being tested directly on food and has shown a "materially significant reduction" in Salmonella contamination on poultry. That's according to Hank Lambert, CEO of PURE Bioscience Inc. of El Cajon, CA, the company that created and patented its silver dihydrogen citrate (SDC) product about a dozen years ago. SDC is a colorless, odorless and low-toxicity liquid containing silver ions, citric acid, water and other ingredients. Bacteria respond to the citric acid as a food source, and the active ingredients in SDC then cause irreversible damage to the microorganism's DNA, reproductive functions stop, and the organism dies. The company claims that its product has 30-second bacterial and viral kill times and 24-hour residual protection. Salmonella is a serious problem in the poultry industry, and infection from the bacteria is a common source of foodborne illness. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates there are 1.2 million illnesses linked to Salmonella bacteria each year, with about 23,000 hospitalizations and 450 deaths. PURE® Hard Surface is registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for food surface decontamination applications, and SDC has been determined Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) for use as a biocide on food processing equipment, machinery and utensils. Besides Salmonella, the company notes that the SDC formula in PURE® Hard Surface is also effective on hazardous food pathogens such as E. coli and Campylobacter, as well as on a several types of viruses and fungi. PURE Bioscience's new product, as yet unnamed, along with test results and other information, is about to be submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Department of Agriculture for potential regulatory approval for direct food contact as a processing aid for poultry. Lambert told Food Safety News that Dr. James Marsden of Kansas State University's Animal Science and Industry faculty has tested the SDC formula on poultry and is now embarking on additional tests of the product on produce (lettuce, cilantro and spinach) and meat (beef, pork, lamb and veal). "The results showed that the combination of treatments has the potential to reduce Salmonella on raw poultry products to levels below the detection limit when SDC is included in the process," notes a company statement. Marsden will be preparing the submissions to USDA and FDA, which the company indicates would be made before the end of May. "These are specific approvals for specific food groups," Lambert explained. "We would have to go through the [Food Contact Notification] process for produce and for the other meats. We might use different applications and dilutions." PURE Bioscience has recently been repositioning itself to focus more on the food industry, said Lambert, who previously managed the food safety services business for Underwriters' Laboratories (UL) and has also worked as a food industry and consumer products executive. He joined the company as CEO this past September in order to move the new agenda forward. "I was instantly attracted and interested in a food safety solution to take antimicrobial applications in the food industry to the next level and provide an increased level of protection against the pathogens that are so persistent throughout the food industry," he said. Lambert said the next step would be arranging for pilot plant testing in USDA-inspected poultry processing plants. If everything goes well, he said that federal agency regulatory approvals could be in place by the end of the year.
Tags: poultry testing, Pure Bioscience Inc., Salmonella


2010-02-28T19:26:04-05:00https://images.c-span.org/Files/93d/292271-02-m.jpgMark Halperin talked about the book he wrote with John Heilemann about the 2008 presidential election campaigns, Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime (Harper; January 11, 2010).
He was interviewed at the Conservative Political Action Conference held February 18-20, 2010, at the Washington Marriott Wardman Park Hotel.
Mark Halperin talked about the book he wrote with John Heilemann about the 2008 presidential election campaigns, Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime (Harper; January 11, 2010).


text:
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{% load l10n %}
{% block title %} AoD | {{ title }} {% endblock title %}

{% load staticfiles %}

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{% trans 'Join to ' %} {{ community.service.title }} {% trans 'community' %}
{% trans 'Require access'%}

                        {% blocktrans %}
                       Terms..
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                <form id="CommunityMemberRequest" name="CommunityMemberRequest" action="{% url 'join_aod_support_community' %}" method="post">
                    {% csrf_token %}

                                {% trans 'Act as' %} *

                                <fieldset class="clearfix">
                                    <input type="radio" name="role" form="CommunityMemberRequest" value="1" autofocus checked/> {% trans 'Volunteer'%}
                                    <input type="radio" name='role' form="CommunityMemberRequest" value="0" /> {% trans 'Professional' %}
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                                {% trans 'Fee' %}

                                <input type="text" class="form-control" min="0" name="fee" id="fee" autocomplete="off"  maxlength="10"  autofocus placeholder="empty for free support" readonly/>

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                                <select class="selectpicker form-control show-tick"  name="currency" id="currency" data-max-options="1" data-size="5"  data-header="{% trans 'Clarify the currency for the fee' %}" data-live-search="true" role="list" title="-- {% trans 'Select the currency' %} --" disabled>
                                    <option value="-1" disabled selected>-- {% trans 'Clarify the currency for the fee' %} --</option>
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                                {% trans 'Skype id' %} *

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                                {% trans 'Free text' %}

                                <textarea class="form-control" rows="6"  maxlength="500" id="message" placeholder="{% trans 'type your thoughts (maximum 500 characters)' %}"></textarea>

* {% trans 'Required fields' %}

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Tesla stock surges after it scores 4th straight quarterly profit, paving the way to the S&P 500
Theron Mohamed
Tesla stock surged as much as 5.8% in pre-market trading on Wednesday after the company made a profit for the fourth quarter in a row.
Elon Musk's electric-car company reported $104 million in net income, a big improvement from its $408 million loss in the second quarter of 2019.
Tesla is now eligible for inclusion in the S&P 500, which promises to expand its shareholder base.
Musk also announced that Tesla will build its fourth US factory in Austin, Texas.
Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.
Shares in Tesla jumped as much as 5.8% in pre-market trading after the group posted its fourth consecutive quarterly profit for the first time ever.
Elon Musk's electric-car company reported net income of $104 million for the three months to June 30, a sharp swing from its $408 million net loss in the second quarter of 2019.
Read More:Warren Buffett isn't warning about sky-high stocks because he 'doesn't want to make people mad,' veteran investor Bill Smead says
Its automotive revenues fell 4% year-on-year to below $5.2 billion as the coronavirus pandemic weighed on car sales. However, that was more than offset by $428 million in regulatory credits, up from $111 million in the same period last year.
Tesla's four profitable quarters in a row make it eligible for inclusion in the S&P 500. Joining the benchmark index promises to expand its shareholder base given the large number of tracker funds and institutional investors that seek exposure to it.
Read More:A Wall Street expert details the hurdles that must be cleared before a bitcoin ETF is approved – and explains why other investing substitutes for the crypto fall short
The group's stock price has more than tripled this year, and traded close to its all-time high as of Wednesday's close.
Its market capitalization is approaching $300 billion, dwarfing the combined value of the "big three" US automakers – GM, Ford, Chrysler – and comfortably beating both Volkswagen and Toyota, the biggest automakers in Europe and Asia respectively.
Musk also announced on Wednesday that his company will build its fourth US factory near Austin, Texas. It will manufacture Cybertrucks and Tesla Semis in the facility, as well as Model Y and Model 3 cars for East Coast customers, he added.
BEKIJK OOK: Instant noedels kwamen in 1958 op de markt als luxeproduct, nu is het junkfood
Tesla huurt mensen in om Elon Musk te helpen met het beantwoorden van klantvragen op sociale media
Kristen Lee
Waarom dit hét ideale moment is om te innoveren als bedrijf met 50 of meer medewerkers
Dell Technologies & Intel
Zo kun je begin 2021 nog gebruikmaken van de gunstige 8%-bijtelling van 2020 bij de aankoop van een elektrische auto


Allows your website visitors to follow you on Facebook very conveniently from your website. Facebook Follow Button PrestaShop module supports Facebook faces to be displayed in an elegant block. This block displays total number of likes as well. It can be positioned anywhere on your website along with multiple layouts and color schemes.
This social media plugin is extremely easy to setup and manage. It shows total number of likes for your webpage. Facebook faces are shown only if the user is logged in. When somebody logs-in then Facebook faces of all their friends will be shown who likes your page. If the user is not logged-in, he will be requested to log-in by clicking on Like button.


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Michelle Coltrane
Michelle Coltrane's news entries:
John Coltrane's Blue World, which includes 27 minutes of previously unheard music, was recorded in 1964, a defining year for the saxophonist.
New Life For Coltrane's 'Blue World'
In December 1964, John Coltrane and his classic quartet headed in to Rudy Van Gelder's New Jersey studio to record A…
Ron Stein, Coltrane Home board president, and Michelle Coltrane hug Oct. 10 during an announcement about the Dix Hills home of Alice and John Coltrane.
Preliminary Preservation Plans Announced for Coltrane Home
The National Trust for Historic Preservation announced preliminary plans Oct. 10 for the preservation of John and Alice…


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$10 Million Investment in NYC Nurses
By Elaine Rigoli October 23, 2007 July 23, 2015
In an effort to help about 400 low-income New Yorkers enter and advance in the nursing profession, the city has created a new program called the Nurse Career Ladder Program.
Through New York's Center for Economic Opportunity, the city will help fund the students' education and training over the next four years, pledging $10 million to the program.
About $3 million is designated for the program's operations, even stretching to include things such as covering students' fees for prep-course review and exam materials, through 2011.
The RN program will enroll about 240 students, while about 160 students will enroll in the LPN program. The program has plans to recruit students through the Department of Education's adult and continuing education program, city job centers, and through referrals from community based organizations.
The remaining $7 million will be allocated to the construction of a new nursing school at Kings County Hospital.
The dean of Long Island University's nursing school, Dawn Kilts, says a new nursing school will help alleviate the "severe shortage" of nurses in Brooklyn and help improve the economic future of members of the local community.
The leaders behind this program agree that this will help to raise the living standards of low-wage workers by enabling them to learn a skill in a field that is projected to offer higher wages and future growth.
For example, about two-third of the students earn less than 130% of the federal poverty level ($26,840 for a family of four). In contrast, once the students graduate and become licensed nurses, the program guarantees employment at city hospitals. Salaries for new nurses in New York range from $37,000 to $62,000 a year, according to the Center for Economic Opportunity.
Public-Private Measures
This is not the first public initiative to address the RN shortage. In January 2007, Tennessee state health officials launched the Graduate Nursing Loan Forgiveness campaign to raise $1.4 million for a scholarship program to help RNs earn graduate degrees needed to teach nursing.
In November 2006, Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich opened the Illinois Center for Nursing to ensure that the state can educate, recruit, and retain nurses.
These measures are in line with what PricewaterhouseCoopers recommended in July 2007, when it released a report titled What Works: Healing the Healthcare Staffing Shortage. This report recommended more public-private partnerships, creating healthy work environments, and using technology as a training tool, among other ideas.
News & TrendsTips & Tricks
1 Comment on "$10 Million Investment in NYC Nurses"
Jessica Berryessa says:
As a healthcare recruiter and a native New Yorker (now living in California) I am glad to see that NYC is stepping up to the plate to serve both sides of the problem, low income and nursing shortages. They seem to be on the right path by both subsidizing the cost of tuition for the programs and building a new school.
I wish the state government here in CA would do something similar. Although they have in the past provided subsidies and scholarships to those that want to go to nursing school the problem is not the number of people wanting to be nurses. The problem is the number of accredited programs that exist in the state.
A few years back I went to nursing forum at Cal State Long Beach and heard some of the statistics about our local nursing programs. Most nursing programs only admit about 60 students per semester but the number of applications is upwards of 12 for every opening. Also adding to the problem is the fact that in Orange County there are a total of 3 RN to BSN programs making it difficult for existing nurses to advance their degree to the BSN level allowing for an increase in salary and potential to further education.
My point is if State or Federal government is going to through money at the nursing shortage that is plaguing our entire nation it should be throwing money at accrediting more programs as well as trying to attract students.


text:
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import {
  Http,
  Response,
  Headers,
  RequestOptions
} from '@angular/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Observable';
import 'rxjs/add/operator/catch';
import 'rxjs/add/operator/map';

@Injectable()
export class AppService {
  // URL to web API
  private questUrl = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/questmodel';
  private chatUrl = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/chat/'
  private requestOptions = new RequestOptions({
    headers: new Headers({
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      'X-auth-token': '1234qwerty'
    })
  });

  constructor (private http: Http) {}

  getQuests(): Observable<any> {
    return this.http.get(this.questUrl, this.requestOptions)
                    .map(this.extractData)
                    .catch(this.handleError);
  }

  getQuestsByConsumer(consumer_id: Number): Observable<any> {
    return this.http.get(`${this.questUrl}?consumer=${consumer_id}`, this.requestOptions)
                    .map(this.extractData)
                    .catch(this.handleError);
  }

  getChatMessages() {
    return this.http.get(this.chatUrl, this.requestOptions)
                    .map(this.extractData)
                    .catch(this.handleError);
  }

  sendChatMessages(user, msg) {
    return this.http.post(this.chatUrl, {user: user, msg: msg}, this.requestOptions)
                    .map(this.extractData)
                    .catch(this.handleError);
  }

  private extractData(res: Response) {
    let body = res.json();
    if ( Array.isArray(body) ) {
      return body.map((elem) => elem || {})
                .map(function (elem) {
                  if ( !Array.isArray(elem.stages) ) {
                    elem.stages = [{}];
                  }
                  if (elem.stages.length == 0) {
                    elem.stages = [{}];
                  }
                  return elem
                  });
    }
    return body

  }

  private handleError (error: Response | any) {
    // In a real world app, you might use a remote logging infrastructure
    let errMsg: string;
    if (error instanceof Response) {
      const body = error.json() || '';
      const err = body.error || JSON.stringify(body);
      errMsg = `${error.status} - ${error.statusText || ''} ${err}`;
    } else {
      errMsg = error.message ? error.message : error.toString();
    }
    console.error(errMsg);
    return Observable.throw(errMsg);
  }

}


Jen's rainbow shirt is everything.
Whoever told Joey that haircut was a great idea totally lied to her.
Man, Ben REALLY enjoys his coffee.
My fave kind of skirt! The one that makes you say CHA-CHA-CHA when you wear it!


text:
Justia Patents Hand-off ControlUS Patent for Handover method between heterogeneous wireless communication techniques and device for same Patent (Patent # 10,306,520)
Handover method between heterogeneous wireless communication techniques and device for same
Oct 16, 2014 - LG Electronics
The present invention relates to a handover method between heterogeneous wireless communication techniques and a device for same. A wireless access device is capable of: transmitting to a terminal condition information related to conditions required for the terminal to carry out a predetermined reporting action; establishing wireless connection with the terminal, when a request from the terminal due to the reporting action has been received; providing to a network controller of a core network a message according to the reporting action; receiving from the network controller context information of the terminal for establishing security and data bearers; establishing a data bearer for each data flow to be handed over by using the context information, when a request for data transmission/reception according to the handover has been received from the terminal; and receiving data from the terminal.
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This application is the National Stage filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 of International Application No. PCT/KR2014/009715, filed on Oct. 16, 2014, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/051,910, filed on Sep. 17, 2014, the contents of which are all hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
The present invention relates to mobile communication, and more particularly, to a method and device for handover between heterogeneous wireless communication technologies in a communication environment that supports a plurality of wireless networks.
Related Art
3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) is an improved version of a universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) and is introduced as the 3GPP release 8. The 3GPP LTE uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) in a downlink, and uses single carrier-frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) in an uplink. The 3GPP LTE employs multiple input multiple output (MIMO) having up to four antennas. The 3GPP LTE adopts MIMO (multiple input multiple output) having maximum four antennas. In recent years, there is an ongoing discussion on 3GPP LTE-advanced (LTE-A) that is an evolution of the 3GPP LTE.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a structure of evolved mobile communication network.
As shown in FIG. 1, an evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) is connected to an evolved packet core (EPC).
The E-UTRAN includes base stations (or eNodeBs) 20 that provides a control plane and a user plane to a user equipment (UE). The base stations (or eNodeBs) 20 may be interconnected through an X2 interface.
The radio interface protocol layers between the UE and the base station (or eNodeB) 20 may be divided by L1 (a first layer), L2 (a second layer) and L3 (a third layer) based on lower three layers of open system interconnection (OSI) standard model that is widely known in communication systems. Among these layers, a physical layer included in the first layer provides an information transfer service using a physical channel, and a radio resource control (RRC) layer located at the third layer performs a role of controlling radio resources between the UE and the base station. For this, the RRC layer exchanges a RRC message between the UE and the base station.
Meanwhile, the EPC may include various elements. FIG. 1 shows a mobility management entity (MME) 51, a serving gateway (S-GW) 52, a packet data network gateway (PDN GW) 53 and a home subscriber server (HSS) 54 among the various elements.
The base station (or eNodeB) 20 is connected to the mobility management entity (MME) 51 of the EPC through an S1 interface, and is connected to the serving gateway (S-GW) 52 through an S1-U.
The S-GW 52 is an element that operates at a boundary point between a radio access network (RAN) and a core network and has a function of maintaining a data path between an eNodeB 20 and the PDN GW 53. Furthermore, if a user equipment (UE) moves in a region in which service is provided by the eNodeB 20, the S-GW 52 plays a role of a local mobility anchor point. That is, for mobility within an E-UTRAN (universal mobile telecommunications system (Evolved-UMTS) terrestrial radio access network defined after 3GPP release-8), packets can be routed through the S-GW 52. Furthermore, the S-GW 52 may play a role of an anchor point for mobility with another 3GPP network (i.e., a RAN defined prior to 3GPP release-8, for example, a UTRAN or global system for mobile communication (GSM) (GERAN)/enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE) radio access network).
The PDN GW (or P-GW) 53 corresponds to the termination point of a data interface toward a packet data network. The PDN GW 53 can support policy enforcement features, packet filtering, charging support, etc. Furthermore, the PDN GW (or P-GW) 53 can play a role of an anchor point for mobility management with a 3GPP network and a non-3GPP network (e.g., an unreliable network, such as an interworking wireless local area network (I-WLAN), a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) network, or a reliable network, such as WiMax).
In the network configuration of FIG. 1, the S-GW 52 and the PDN GW 53 have been illustrated as being separate gateways, but the two gateways may be implemented in accordance with a single gateway configuration option.
The MME 51 is an element for performing the access of a terminal to a network connection and signaling and control functions for supporting the allocation, tracking, paging, roaming, handover, etc. of network resources. The MME 51 controls control plane functions related to subscribers and session management. The MME 51 manages numerous eNodeBs 22 and performs conventional signaling for selecting a gateway for handover to another 2G/3G networks. Furthermore, the MME 51 performs functions, such as security procedures, terminal-to-network session handling, and idle terminal location management.
Meanwhile, recently, the high speed data traffic has been rapidly increased. In order to meet such traffic increase, technologies have been introduced for offloading the traffic of UE to WLAN (Wi-Fi) or a small cell.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a network structure to which a small cell or a WLAN AP is added.
Referring to FIG. 2, within the coverage of a base station 31 for the small cell, a plurality of WLAN AP may be arranged. That is, several radio access technologies (RATs) are existed around a UE. Accordingly, the UE may distribute data traffic into the several RATs. The base station 31 for small cell may be arranged within the coverage of a macro base station such as the existing eNodeB.
As known from by reference to FIG. 2, the P-GW 53 and the HSS 54 are connected to an access authentication authorization (AAA) server 56. The P-GW 53 and the AAA server 56 may be connected to an evolved packet data gateway (ePDG) 57. The ePDG 57 plays a role of a security node for not being trusted non-3GPP network (e.g., WLAN or Wi-Fi, etc.). The ePDG 57 may be connected to a WLAN access gateway (WAG) 58. The WAG 58 may be in charge of a role of P-GW in Wi-Fi system.
In this way, when an existing mobile communication network and a heterogeneous network are coupled, handover between heterogeneous networks may be performed.
FIG. 3 is a control flowchart illustrating time delay in a control plane upon performing handover between heterogeneous networks.
As shown in FIG. 3, transmission and reception of beacon and data between an UE and an AP (WiFi AP) is performed using a wireless LAN (WiFi). That is, the UE performs wireless communication through the wireless LAN (S310).
The UE may determine handover to another wireless communication network when intensity of a transmitted and received signal becomes weak or according to a load of a transmitted and received signal (S320).
Because intensity of a signal is not changed and because there is no large change in a load of a transmitted and received signal, when communication can be continued through the wireless LAN, it is determined that the UE does not perform handover and the UE maintains communication with the WiFi AP (S330).
However, when it is impossible to maintain communication through the wireless LAN with weakening of intensity of a signal or with increase in a load of a transmitted and received signal, the UE may determine handover to another wireless communication network (S340).
When handover is determined, connection between the UE and the WiFi AP is disassociated (S341), and the UE attempts connection to a base station, for example a EUTRAN eNB for connection to a heterogeneous communication network.
When the UE receives a synchronization signal from the EUTRAN eNB and is synchronized with the EUTRAN eNB (S342), the UE transmits a random access channel (RACH) preamble to the EUTRAN eNB (S343), and the EUTRAN eNB transmits a RACH response to the UE (S344).
When random access is established, the UE requests Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection to the EUTRAN eNB (S345), and the EUTRAN eNB transmits an RRC connection setup to the UE in response thereto (S346).
The UE transmits an RRC connection setup complete message including a service request to a core network to the EUTRAN eNB (S347). Thereby, wireless network connection is established between the UE and the EUTRAN eNB, and the UE and the EUTRAN eNB maintain an RRC connection state.
As shown in FIG. 3, about 12 ms is consumed in transmission and reception of an RACH signal, and about 19.5 ms is consumed in wireless connection between the UE and the EUTRAN eNB.
The EUTRAN eNB, having received a service request from the UE transmits a service request message to the MME (S348).
When the service request is received, the MME may determine whether the UE, having requested the service is an authenticated UE and transmit an initial context setup request message including an MME UE S1AP ID, an eNBUE S1AP ID, an UE Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate, an E-RAB ID, a QoS parameter, an S-GW address, an S1 S-GW TEID, and a Security Key to the EUTRAN eNB (S349).
The EUTRAN eNB, having received the initial context setup request message sets data bearer based on context information within the corresponding message and transmits an RRC connection reconfiguration message including setup information of data bearer to the UE (S350).
When data bearer setup is complete, the EUTRAN eNB transmits an initial context setup response to the initial context setup request message to the MME (S351). Such a Non Access Stratum (NAS) message between the MME and the UE is transmitted and received through backhaul, and about 38 ms is consumed in transmission and reception of the NAS message after wireless connection is performed between the UE and the EUTRAN eNB.
In this way, upon performing handover between heterogeneous networks, time delay consumed in a control plane is about 69.5 ms. When it is assumed that communication between the UE and the EUTRAN eNB and between the EUTRAN eNB and the MME is smoothly performed and that there is no failure in transmission and reception of an RACH signal for RRC connection, such time delay may occur and be regarded as a minimum time consumed in a control plane upon performing handover.
Further, when dataflow corresponding to data bearer generated through initial context setup do not correspond with data flow in which the UE is to hand over from Wi-Fi to a cellular network, the UE should request data bearer setup of data flow to hand over to the cellular network through a public data network (PDN) connection request message to the MME. When such a procedure is performed, a time consumed in a control plane additionally increases upon performing handover between heterogeneous networks.
When a processing time between the UE and the MME and a NAS message transmission and reception time may be simplified upon performing handover, i.e., when a process of steps S348 to S351 may be shortened, time delay to be required upon performing handover will be able to also reduce.
FIG. 4 is a control flowchart illustrating time delay of a user plane upon performing handover between heterogeneous networks.
When data bearer is set, the UE may transmit UL data to the EUTRAN eNB (S410), and the EUTRAN eNB transmits the UL data to an S-GW and a P-GW (S420 and S430).
When there is no scheduling delay, as shown in FIG. 4, upon performing handover between heterogeneous networks, time delay consumed in a user plane is about 26 ms.
In short, when the UE performs handover to LTE, which is a heterogeneous network while performing communication through the wireless LAN, a time consumed in a control plane for network connection is 69.5 ms, and a time consumed in a user plane for data uplink is 26 ms, and total time delay is about 95.5 ms.
Table 1 represents quality control information (QCI) required per service.
TABLE 1 Packet Packet Delay Error Loss Resource Budget Rate QCI Type Priority (NOTE 1) (NOTE 2) Example Services
1 GBR 2 100 ms 10−2 Conversational Voice (NOTE 3) 2 4 150 ms 10−3 Conversational Video (Live Streaming) (NOTE 3) 3 3 50 ms 10−3 Real Time Gaming (NOTE 3) 4 5 300 ms 10−6 Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming) (NOTE 3) 5 Non-GBR 1 100 ms 10−6 IMS Signalling (NOTE 3) 6 6 300 ms 10−6 Video (Buffered Streaming) (NOTE 4) TCP-based (e.g. www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.) 7 7 100 ms 10−3 Voice, (NOTE 3) Video (Live Streaming) Interactive Gaming 8 8 300 ms 10−6 Video (Buffered Streaming) (NOTE 5) TCP-based (e.g , www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file 9 9 sharing, progressive video, etc.) (NOTE 6)
As shown in Table 1, because packet delay of QCI 3 is 50 ms, when following time delay occurring in current handover, packet delay requirements of QCI 3 may not be satisfied.
Further, in a case of QCI 1, 5, and 7 in which packet delay is 100 ms, packet delay requirements may not be satisfied according to a load of a wireless network or a core network and additional PDN connection request execution.
Further, a new service such as realistic communication technology and tactile Internet requiring packet delay of about 1 ms, and remote medical or remote control requiring packet delay of about 40 m requires packet delay smaller than that of an existing service.
Therefore, as described above, upon performing handover between heterogeneous networks, shortening of a delay time is required.
The present invention provides a method and device for reducing packet delay upon performing handover.
The present invention further provides a method and device for previously setting a context of at least one data flow to perform handover between network controllers between a terminal and a core network.
The present invention further provides a method and device for reporting signal intensity when performing wireless communication through a wireless LAN and previously setting a context of at least one data flow to thus perform handover.
In an aspect, a handover method includes: transmitting information about a condition in which a terminal performs a predetermined reporting action to the terminal; establishing, when a request by the reporting action is received from the terminal, wireless connection to the terminal and providing a message according to the reporting action to a network controller of a core network; receiving context information of the terminal for setting security and data bearer from the network controller; setting, when a request for data transmission and reception according to handover is received from the terminal, data bearer of each data flow to perform handover using the context information; and receiving data received from the terminal
Advantageous Effects
According to the present invention, upon performing handover, packet delay can be reduced.
According to the present invention, a method and device for previously setting a context of at least one data flow to perform handover between network controllers between a terminal and a core network are provided.
Further, the present invention provides a method and device for reporting signal intensity when performing wireless communication through a wireless LAN and previously setting a context of at least one data flow to thus perform handover.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a structure of an evolved mobile communication network.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a network structure in which a small scale cell and a WLAN AP are added.
FIG. 3 is a control flowchart illustrating time delay of a control plane upon performing handover between heterogeneous networks.
FIG. 5 is a control flowchart illustrating a reporting action of a terminal according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a control flowchart illustrating handover of a terminal according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a control flowchart illustrating handover of a terminal according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a wireless communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
A wireless device may be fixed or may have mobility and may be referred to as different terms such as a User Equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a user terminal (UT), a subscriber station (SS), and a mobile terminal (MT). Further, the terminal may be a device that can carry having a communication function, such as a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a wireless modem, and a notebook computer or may be a device that cannot carry, such as a personal computer (PC) and a vehicle mounting device. A base station indicates a fixed station that generally communicates with a wireless device and may be referred to as different terms such as an evolved-NodeB (eNB), a Base Transceiver System (BTS), and an access point.
Hereinafter, it will be described that the present invention is applied based on 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) or 3GPP LTE-Advanced (LTE-A). This is only an illustration and the present invention may be applied to various wireless communication systems. Hereinafter, LTE may include LTE and/or LTE-A.
This specification describes a communication network as an object, and a work that performs in a communication network may be performed in a process in which a system (e.g., a base station) that controls the communication network controls a network and transmits data or a work may be performed in a terminal linked to the network.
Different wireless networks may include currently known entire communication networks, and hereinafter, in the present invention, it will be exemplified that handover occurs from wireless communication using a wireless LAN to a cellular network such as an LTE communication network.
According to the present invention, in order to reduce a handover processing time and time delay according to NAS message transmission and reception, the terminal may monitor reduction of signal intensity according to a current wireless communication network and perform context pre-setup for generating data bearer before handover according to monitored signal intensity.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, for context pre-setup, a wireless access device such as the base station may control the terminal to report a wireless LAN state.
The base station enables the terminal to report a communication state of a wireless LAN, i.e., a change of a wireless communication environment to the base station. That is, the base station may determine an environment condition in which the terminal may perform a specific operation.
An action type in which the terminal should perform is that the terminal reports a state of a wireless LAN to a cellular network system, i.e., the base station (report to cellular systems), and the base station may notify the terminal of an action threshold, which is a condition for performing such an action.
An action threshold may represent a threshold value of a beacon Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) used as a condition for performing a predetermined reporting action. Such an action threshold enables a cellular network system to previously determine wireless LAN wireless signal attenuation of the terminal and may be set to a value larger than a handover trigger threshold.
When another wireless LAN access device for handover, i.e., another AP (APs to be re-associated) that can be connected to the terminal is not found at a periphery of the terminal, such a reporting action of the terminal may be performed.
Further, the base station should notify the terminal of information about a time condition that should satisfy before a reporting action is performed, i.e., T_duration meaning a time in which intensity of a signal according to a wireless LAN should represent an action threshold or less. That is, the terminal may monitor whether a signal lower than an action threshold is detected for a duration and perform a reporting action, if intensity of a receiving signal satisfies an action threshold for a duration or more.
In short, the base station should determine condition information about environment setup, such as an action type, an action threshold, and a duration and notify the terminal of the condition information. Such environment setup condition information may be changed or reset, and when the environment setup condition information is changed, the environment setup condition information should be transmitted from the base station to the terminal.
Condition information about the determined environment setup may be transmitted to the terminal using a message defined to an existing cellular system, such as an RRC connection reconfiguration message or an RRC connection release message.
Alternatively, condition information about environment setup may be transmitted to the terminal using a newly defined message.
Alternatively, according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, such condition information may be pre-setup and pre-defined between the terminal and the base station. In this case, condition information may not be signaled from the base station to the terminal.
Alternatively, according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, such condition information may be previously set by the terminal.
A terminal having condition information about environment setup of a wireless LAN state among terminals registered at a cellular communication system, but in an idle state and that perform data transmission and reception through a wireless LAN may perform a reporting action according to condition information. Further, only when a characteristic of data transmitted and received through the wireless LAN corresponds to a service sensitive to delay (e.g., realtime gaming, video live streaming), a corresponding reporting action may be performed.
When a condition according to a predetermined reporting action, i.e., when it satisfies a duration that intensity of a signal is an action threshold or less, the terminal may start a procedure notifying a cellular system that a condition for environment setup has been satisfied.
The terminal may change a duration according to a speed of the terminal, and in this case, a condition to be trigger of a reporting action for a changed duration should be satisfied. The changed duration may be represented with Equation 1.
changed duration=T_duration Xα <Equation 1>
In Equation 1, T_duration represents a duration before change, and α is a value set according to a speed of the terminal, for example may be set to a large value when a speed of the terminal is high and may be set to a small value when a speed of the terminal is low.
α may be determined by the terminal or may be transmitted with an RRC message by the base station. The base station may provide a of a speed of the terminal as a lookup table to the terminal.
As described above, when another wireless LAN access device for handover, i.e., other APs (APs to be re-associated) that may be connected to the terminal is not founded at a periphery of the terminal, such a reporting action of the terminal may be performed.
When another AP to connect is not founded at a periphery, if a received beacon RSSI is smaller than an action threshold, the terminal may report the received beacon RSSI to the base station or the MME, which is a cellular network node.
When intensity attenuation of a signal according to wireless LAN communication is detected, the terminal may report the intensity attenuation to the MME using a Non Access Stratum (NAS) protocol. The terminal may perform a reporting action using a Tracking Area Updating (TAU) procedure of an NAS message.
The terminal may be triggered and perform TAU when a received Tracking Area code (TAC) is different from a TAC in which the terminal currently has or at every TAU cycle, as in an existing case.
Alternatively, in a WLAN connection configuration, when an event that can perform a reporting action occurs in an environment change of a wireless LAN such as signal intensity attenuation, the terminal may perform TAU.
Alternatively, in a state in which a reporting action condition of such an event is satisfied, when a context valid duration is terminated or when a serving cell of the terminal is changed, the terminal may perform TAU.
When the terminal performs TAU, information that should be added for a reporting action is information (Event type) about an event type and an Estimated Hand Over time.
When a type 1 of an event type is set that "signal intensity by a wireless LAN becomes worse than an action threshold, the terminal may include "type 1" in a TAU message to transmit the TAU message to the base station.
An estimated handover time represents an estimated gap from a time point in which an event has occurred to an estimated time point in which handover is performed.
When the terminal reports such an event, the base station and the MME may recognize attenuation of signal intensity of the wireless LAN, and a cellular network may determine a serving cell, which is a location of the terminal in an idle state.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the terminal may report a signal state of a wireless LAN to the base station and the MME through an RRC message instead of an NAS message. In this case, the terminal should transmit information about an identifier of the terminal and an MME identifier for identifying the MME in a registered state at the terminal to the base station. That is, the base station may transmit a reporting message of the terminal to the MME specified by the MME identifier.
FIG. 5 is a control flowchart illustrating a reporting action of a terminal according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating context pre-setup by the UE, the base station, and the MME, when signal intensity of a wireless LAN is attenuated according to the present exemplary embodiment. Thereby, a context of the UE may be set before handover.
The EUTRAN eNB may transmit environment setup information while transmitting an RRC connection release message to the UE (S510). The environment setup information may include an action type, an action threshold, and a satisfaction duration.
That is, the EUTRAN eNB may transmit condition information in which the UE performs a reporting action of a wireless LAN state to the UE.
A cellular network between the UE and the EUTRAN eNB is not in a connection state because of RRC connection release, and the UE transmits and receives beacon and data through communication with a WI-Fi AP (S520).
While performing such communication, the UE may continue to monitor whether a beacon RSSI is smaller than an action threshold. That a beacon RSSI is smaller than an action threshold means that intensity of a signal through a wireless LAN is attenuated, and the UE may determine to report a corresponding event to the cellular network.
If a beacon RSSI is smaller than an action threshold (S530), the UE receives a synchronization signal from the EUTRAN eNB (S540) and attempts random access while transmitting and receiving a random access channel (RACH) preamble and an RACH response to and from the EUTRAN eNB (S550).
When random access is accomplished, the UE may request Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection to the EUTRAN eNB, and the EUTRAN eNB receives an RRC connection setup in response thereto and thus RRC connection between the UE and the EUTRAN eNB may be established (S560).
Such an RRC connection message may include a cause of an MO-signal.
When RRC connection is established, the UE transmits a TAU request message, which is an NAS message to an MME through the EUTRAN eNB (S570).
Such a TAU request message may include information about an event type (event type=WLAN becomes worse than action threshold) and information about event reporting of the UE such as an estimated HO time and a context pre-setup request indicator.
That is, when a request by a reporting action is received from the UE, the EUTRAN eNB establishes wireless connection to the UE and provides a message according to the reporting action, i.e., information about event reporting to a network controller, i.e., the MME of the core network.
The message according to such a reporting action may be provided to the MME according to a Tracking Area (TA) update procedure.
The MME, having received the reporting message of the UE may store an EUTRAN eNB, i.e., a cell ID that can identify a cell, for example an evolved global cell ID (EGCI) to which the UE accesses for location registration and acquire information (e.g., Access point name configuration, bearer level QoS parameter) of data stored within the MME or data in which the UE transmits and receives to and from an Wi-Fi AP through a HSS or a P-GW.
The MME, having received the TAU request message representing wireless LAN signal intensity attenuation event occurrence recognizes that at least one data flow in which the UE transmits and receives through a wireless LAN may be hand over.
Therefore, the MME transmits an initial context setup for initial context setup of the UE to the EUTRAN eNB to which the UE accesses for location registration (S580). Context information about the UE is divided into a common context and a data context corresponding to each data flow to perform handover. The common context may include an UE identifier, a KeNB, which is Security Key information, and a valid duration of a corresponding context, and the data context may include a UE Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate, an E-RAB ID, a QoS parameter, an S-GW address, and an S1 S-GW TEID. In this case, the UE identifier may use a Globally Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI), a MME Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (M-TMSI), and a SAE Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (S-TMSI) (GUTI=PLMN ID+MMEGI+MMEC+M-TMSI, S-TMSI=MMEC+M-TMSI).
That is, the EUTRAN eNB may receive context information of the UE for setting security and data bearer from the network controller.
When an estimated handover time is not included in information about reporting of the UE, the MME may randomly determine a valid duration field value. In this case, when a EUTRAN eNB to which the UE was immediately previously accessed corresponds with a currently accessing EUTRAN eNB, a valid duration value may be set to a value larger by n-times than a previous value.
When an estimated handover time is included in information about reporting of the UE, the MME may determine a valid duration field value to a value in which predetermined β (β≥0) is added to an estimated handover time.
The MME may newly start a timer for a valid duration with a preset valid duration value. That is, a timer for a valid duration is restarted.
After context information about the UE is transmitted to the EUTRAN eNB, before a valid duration is terminated, when a change occurs in information about the UE, the MME may again transmit changed information of the UE to the EUTRAN eNB. In this case, a valid duration field may not be included in the changed information. That is, information about a valid duration may not be updated and a timer for the valid duration may not be reset.
In this case, the EUTRAN eNB may store context information about the UE for a valid duration transmitted from the MME. The EUTRAN eNB may newly start the timer for a valid duration with a corresponding valid duration value.
Further, the MME, having received the TAU message transmits a TAU Accept, which is a response thereto to the UE and thus TA update is complete between the UE and the MME (S590). In this case, a context valid duration may be included in a TAU Accept message.
The UE may recognize that a context thereof is valid in the currently accessed EUTRAN eNB for a context valid duration and newly start the timer with a context valid duration value.
In this way, when a reporting action by the UE is performed, the UE and the EUTRAN eNB release RRC connection (S595). In this case, the context valid duration may be included in an RRC connection release message.
FIG. 6 is a control flowchart illustrating handover of a UE according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 illustrates a handover method when context pre-setup for shortening a handover time is performed between the UE and the MME according to a specific event occurrence condition, as shown in FIG. 5.
The UE may determine handover to another wireless communication network when intensity of a transmitted and received signal becomes weak or according to a load of a transmitted and received signal while performing wireless communication using a wireless LAN (WiFi) (S610).
When intensity of a signal is not changed and when there is no large change in a load of a transmitted and received signal, communication can be continued through the wireless LAN and thus when it is determined that the UE does not perform handover, communication may be maintained between the UE and a WiFi AP.
When handover is determined, connection between the UE and the WiFi AP is disassociated (S620), the UE attempts connection to a base station, for example a EUTRAN eNB for connecting to a heterogeneous communication network.
When the UE receives a synchronization signal from the EUTRAN eNB and is synchronized with the EUTRAN eNB (S620), and the UE transmits a random access channel (RACH) preamble to the EUTRAN eNB (S631), and the EUTRAN eNB transmits a RACH response to the UE (S633).
In an RRC connection request message, MO-data may be included as a request cause.
The UE, having determined handover may determine whether a context thereof is valid within the EUTRAN eNB to access. If a context thereof is valid, the UE should transmit an RRC connection setup complete message including an identifier (e.g., S-TMSI) thereof to the EUTRAN eNB. A service request message may be included in the RRC connection setup complete message to be transmitted to the EUTRAN eNB (S650).
Thereby, wireless network connection is established between the UE and the EUTRAN eNB, and the UE and the EUTRAN eNB maintain an RRC connection state.
The EUTRAN eNB, having received the RRC connection setup complete message determines whether the UE, having requested access has a valid context (valid context related S-TMIS) and whether an access request reason of the UE is data transmission and reception (cause=MO-data or MT-data) (S660).
That is, when a request for data transmission and reception according to handover is received from the UE, the EUTRAN eNB may determine whether context information of the UE is valid.
If the UE has a valid context and if an access request reason of the UE is data transmission and reception, the EUTRAN eNB may set an RRC connection reconfiguration, which is security setup and data bearer setup of data flow to perform handover using the holding context without reception of a message to an initial context setup request from the MME (S670).
If the UE does not have a valid context and if an access request reason of the UE is not data transmission and reception, the EUTRAN eNB, having received a service request from the UE transmits a message of the service request to the MME (S680) and awaits a message to the initial context setup request from the MME.
The MME determines whether the EUTRAN eNB, having transmitted the service request of the UE has a valid context of the UE (valid context related S-TMIS) (S690).
If the EUTRAN eNB has a valid context of the UE, the MME may not transmit an initial context setup request message but await an initial context setup response message.
When RRC connection setup with the UE is complete and when data bearer setup based on context information is complete, the EUTRAN eNB transmits an initial context setup response message to the initial context setup request message to the MME (S691).
That is, when a request for data transmission and reception according to handover is received from the UE, the EUTRAN eNB sets data bearer of each data flow to perform handover using preset context information.
After RRC connection, about 6.5 ms is consumed for setup of data bearer, and this has a delay time shortening effect of 31 ms or more, compared with 38 ms of FIG. 3. Before handover occurs, because information about a context of the UE is previously stored at the EUTRAN eNB, it is unnecessary that the MME receives a context setup request message. Therefore, delay time shortening of FIG. 6 can be performed.
FIG. 7 is a control flowchart illustrating wireless LAN report and handover of a UE according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
When the EUTRAN eNB transmits an RRC connection release message to the UE, the EUTRAN eNB may transmit environment setup information to the UE (S710). The environment setup information may include an action type, an action threshold, and a satisfaction duration.
The UE may continue to monitor whether a beacon RSSI is smaller than an action threshold and thus the UE may determine to report a corresponding event to a cellular network.
If a beacon RSSI is larger than an action threshold, the UE and the WI-Fi AP maintain an existing communication state.
When random access is established, the UE may request Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection to the EUTRAN eNB, and the EUTRAN eNB receives an RRC connection setup in response thereto and thus RRC connection between the UE and the EUTRAN eNB may be established (S750).
When RRC connection is established, the UE transmits a TAU request message, which is a NAS message to the MME through the EUTRAN eNB (S760).
The MME, having received a reporting message of the UE may store an EUTRAN eNB, i.e., a cell ID that can identify a cell, for example an evolved global cell ID (EGCI) to which the UE accesses for location registration and acquire information (e.g., Access point name configuration, bearer level QoS parameter) of data stored within the MME or data in which the UE transmits and receives to and from an Wi-Fi AP through a HSS or a P-GW.
The MME, having received a TAU request message representing wireless LAN signal intensity attenuation event occurrence recognizes that at least one data flow in which the UE transmits and receives through a wireless LAN may be hand over.
Therefore, the MME transmits an initial context setup message for initial context setup of the UE to the EUTRAN eNB to which the UE accesses for location registration (S765).
Context information about the UE may include an UE identifier, a UE Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate, an E-RAB ID, a QoS parameter, an S-GW address, an S1 S-GW TEID, a KeNB, which is Security Key information, and a valid duration of a corresponding context.
When an estimated handover time is not included in information about reporting of the UE, the MME may randomly determine a valid duration field value. In this case, when the EUTRAN eNB to which the UE was immediately previously accessed corresponds with a currently accessing EUTRAN eNB, a valid duration value may be set to a value larger by n-times than a previous value.
When information about reporting of the UE includes an estimated handover time, the MME may determine a valid duration field value to a value in which predetermined β (β≥0) is added to an estimated handover time.
After context information about the UE is transmitted to the EUTRAN eNB, before a valid duration is terminated, when a change occurs in information about the UE, the MME may transmit again changed information of the UE to the EUTRAN eNB. In this case, a valid duration field may not be included in the changed information. That is, information about a valid duration may not be updated and a timer for a valid duration may not be reset.
The EUTRAN eNB may set security setup using the received context of the UE and an RRC connection reconfiguration, which is data bearer setup of data flow to perform handover (S770).
The RRC connection environment setup message may include Discontinuous Reception (DRX) triggering information, and the UE may operate in a sleep mode according to a DRX parameter value. In an existing DRX mode, after short/long DRX is performed, when a specific time has elapsed, a status of the UE may be changed to an idle status, but the base station may set a DRX parameter such that a status of the UE is not changed to an idle status. Further, in order to minimize power consumption of the UE, it may be set that the UE operates in long DRX without short DRX. The EUTRAN eNB may notify the MME that a status of the UE is changed to an RRC connection status (RRC state transition) (S771).
Thereafter, when the UE determines handover (S780), connection between the UE and the WiFi AP is disassociated (S791), and the UE may transmit UL data to the EUTRAN eNB (S793).
The MME, having recognized that a status of the UE was changed to a RRC connection status may stop the timer for a valid duration and await an initial context setup response to an initial context setup request message from the EUTRAN eNB.
Because the EUTRAN eNB has a valid context of the UE, similar to a case of FIG. 6, the EUTRAN eNB transmits an initial context setup response message to the initial context setup request message to the MME (S795).
According to the present exemplary embodiment, upon performing handover, because a delay time consumed in a control plane is 0 ms, 26 ms consumed in a user plane becomes a total delay time of handover.
The EUTRAN eNB may determine whether to perform handover of FIG. 6 or to perform handover of FIG. 7 according to a context of the UE received from the MME, for example, a QoS parameter (e.g., QoS Class Identifier) or a valid duration.
For example, when a short delay time is required, as in a case in which packet delay is 60 ms or less or a case in which a valid duration is is or less, a delay time of a control plane can be largely shortened according to an exemplary embodiment described with reference to FIG. 7.
A base station 800 includes a processor 810, a memory 820, and a radio frequency (RF) unit 830. The processor 810 implements a suggested function, process, and/or method. Layers of a wireless interface protocol may be implemented by the processor 810. The memory 820 is connected to the processor 810 to store various information for driving the processor 810. The RF unit 830 is connected to the processor 810 to transmit and/or receive a wireless signal. The base station 800 of FIG. 8 may include the foregoing cellular base station or EUTRAN eNB.
A terminal 900 includes a processor 910, a memory 920, and an RF unit 930. The processor 910 implements a suggested function, process, and/or method. Layers of a wireless interface protocol may be implemented by the processor 910. The memory 920 is connected to the processor 910 to store various information for driving the processor 910. The RF unit 930 is connected to the processor 910 to transmit and/or receive a wireless signal. The terminal 900 of FIG. 8 may include the foregoing multi RAT UE.
The processor may include an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), another chipset, a logic circuit and/or a data processor. The memory may include a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a flash memory, a memory card, a storage medium, and/or another storage device. The RF unit may include a baseband circuit for processing a wireless signal. When an exemplary embodiment is implemented with software, the above-described technique may be implemented with a module (process, function) that performs the above-described function. The module may be stored at a memory and may be executed by the processor. The memory may exist at the inside or the outside of the processor and may be connected to the processor with a well-known various means.
In the above exemplary systems, although the methods have been described on the basis of the flowcharts using a series of steps or blocks, the present invention is not limited to the sequence of the steps, and some of the steps may be performed with different sequences from the remaining steps or may be performed simultaneously with the remaining steps. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the steps shown in the flowcharts are not exclusive and may include other steps or one or more steps of the flowcharts may be deleted without affecting the scope of the present invention.
1. A handover method performed by an eNodeB (eNB), the method comprising:
transmitting condition information to a terminal performing a predetermined reporting action when currently performing wireless communication with a wireless access device;
establishing a radio resource control (RRC) connection to the terminal when a request by the reporting action is received from the terminal and providing a message according to the reporting action to a network controller of a core network;
determining whether predetermined context information of the terminal previously stored by the eNB before the handover is performed is valid when a request for data transmission and reception according to the handover is received from the terminal;
setting a data bearer of each of a plurality of data flows to perform the handover using the predetermined context information when the predetermined context information is determined as valid without receiving an initial context setup request message from the network controller; and
receiving data transmitted by the terminal.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the predetermined reporting action comprises reporting a change of the wireless communication of the terminal; and
the condition information comprises an action threshold for comparison with both signal intensity according to the currently performed wireless communication and a duration of time during which the signal intensity should be maintained below the action threshold.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the condition information is transmitted via an RRC message.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the message according to the reporting action comprises:
event information related to reporting; and
information related to a time point during which an event has occurred and an estimated time during which handover is estimated to occur.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising releasing wireless connection with the terminal when the predetermined context information is received.
6. An eNodeB (eNB)for performing handover, the eNB comprising:
a transceiver configured to transmit and receive signals; and
a processor connected to the transceiver and configured to:
control the transceiver to transmit condition information to a terminal performing a predetermined reporting action when currently performing wireless communication with a wireless access device;
establish a radio resource control (RRC) connection to the terminal when a request by the reporting action is received from the terminal and control the transceiver to provide a message according to the reporting action to a network controller of a core network;
determine whether predetermined context information of the terminal previously stored by the eNB before the handover is performed is valid when a request for data transmission and reception according to the handover is received from the terminal;
set a data bearer of each of a plurality of data flows to perform the handover using the predetermined context information when the predetermined context information is determined as valid without receiving an initial context setup request message from the network controller; and
control the transceiver to receive data transmitted by the terminal.
7. The eNB of claim 6, wherein:
8. The eNB of claim 6, wherein the condition information is transmitted via an RRC message.
9. The eNB of claim 6, wherein the message according to the reporting action comprises:
10. The eNB of claim 6, wherein the processor is further configured to release wireless connection with the terminal when the predetermined context information is received.
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PCT International Application No. PCT/KR2014/009715, International Search Report dated May 28, 2015, 2 pages.
Patent number: 10306520
Filed: Oct 16, 2014
Date of Patent: May 28, 2019
Assignee: LG ELECTRONICS INC. (Seoul)
Inventors: Heejeong Cho (Seoul), Hyunsoo Ko (Seoul), Hyeyoung Choi (Seoul), Ilmu Byun (Seoul), Kungmin Park (Seoul)
Primary Examiner: Habte Mered
Current U.S. Class: Hand-off Control (370/331)
International Classification: H04W 36/00 (20090101); H04W 76/10 (20180101); H04W 88/06 (20090101); H04W 36/14 (20090101); H04W 84/12 (20090101);


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Of the five members of a party that included the Burke family, who left Castlebar, Ireland, to come to America, there was only one aboard the Carpathia when it crept up to its dock in New York. She was Annie Kelly, 16 years old. Her sister is Mrs. Ellen McHugh, 5509 Cornell avenue, Chicago. The others were lost. The first and second cabin women were before them and they had to hang back until these had left the ship. When it came their turn no lifeboats remained. They retreated into the deserted salons and waited with the men until the ship sank.
They were coming to Chicago to live with their uncle, Martin McDermott, 6440 North Robey street.
The first to telephone to the White Star office in Chicago was Ellen McHugh, who is a domestic. She is alone in America. For weeks, she had been planning the many good times she would have when her sister and other relatives came to Chicago.
"Nothing new" meant that the first report that included the Burkes among those lost was true and that of all the colonists from Castlebar, only 16-year-old Annie Kelly would come to Chicago.


May 14, 2013 /3BL Media/ - Boston-based publisher Houghton Mifflin Harcourt has acquired Our Boston: Writers Celebrate the City They Love, to be published on Oct. 1, 2013. The anthology, edited by Andrew Blauner, will feature original essays on the Hub by Pico Iyer, Chip McGrath, James Atlas, Charlie Pierce and Lesley Visser, among many others, as well as previously published pieces by writers including John Updike, George Plimpton, Susan Orlean, and Robert Pinsky. All proceeds from the book will be donated to The One Fund - Boston to benefit victims of the Boston Marathon bombings on April 15.
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Andrew Blauner is the founder of Blauner Books Literary Agency. He is the editor of three previous anthologies: Coach; Brothers; and Central Park, and co-editor of Anatomy of Baseball.
For nearly two centuries, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt's Trade division has published some of the world's most renowned novels, non-fiction, children's books and reference works in hardcover, trade paperback, and ebook formats. Its distinguished author list includes eight Nobel Prize winners, forty-seven Pulitzer Prize winners, thirteen National Book Award winners, and more than one hundred Caldecott, Newbery, Printz, and Sibert Medal and Honor recipients. HMH publishes such distinguished authors as Philip Roth, Temple Grandin, Tim O'Brien, and Umberto Eco, and a celebrated roster of children's authors and illustrators including Lois Lowry, Chris Van Allsburg and David Wiesner. HMH is also home to The Best American series®; The American Heritage® and Webster's New WorldTM dictionaries; Betty Crocker®, Better Homes and Gardens®, How to Cook Everything®, The Gourmet Cookbook, and other leading culinary properties; the Peterson Field Guides®; CliffsNotes; books by J.R.R. Tolkien; and many iconic children's books and characters including Curious George®, The Little Prince and The Polar Express. For more information, visit www.hmhco.com.


Part three of a series on how to pick patio covers explores why you should always opt for professional installation.
Why Should a Professional Install Patio Covers at Your Home or Business?
If you wish to install patio covers in Phoenix, you have to know what you're doing. Patio covers have to have several traits. For one thing, they have to be structurally sound, and they have to be properly placed. If you don't know what you're doing you can either damage your home, the patio covers themselves, or maybe even both. One of our customers, Janice had this problem happen to her.
Janice is on a fixed income, so she was trying to save money. She decided to buy patio covers for her home in Mesa, and wanted to save money on installation. So she ran a free classified ad got someone who claimed to be qualified, and he ended up breaking her upstairs bathroom window as well as bending one of the panels for the covers. So, in an attempt to save money, she ended up having to spend even more.
Patio covers that are professionally installed not only look great and last a long time, they are also structurally sound. So, you don't have to worry about them getting crumpled or damaged. A professional installer knows how to support them properly as well as get them secured. That last part is kind of important in Arizona. While we don't have many incidents of high winds, they can happen. During monsoon season for example, haboobs, which are basically dust storms can have sustained winds of 50 mph. And a patio cover that isn't secured properly can become a flying danger during such a storm.
So as you see, when you're making home improvements, know what you're doing. And most of all, know when to call someone in for help, like a patio cover installer.
This concludes part three of our series on patio covers. Be sure to read part one and part two as well.


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Is It A Good Time To Buy A House In Tallahassee?