text:
An Extended Newtonian Theory for Gravitational Bound Systems
Independent Work, Miami, FL, USA.
Abstract: A physical fundament was derived to support the empirical correction to the balance between the force given by Newton 2nd law and Newton gravitation introduced previously by the author to account for the perihelion precession of Mercury. An equation was obtained that coincided in sign and magnitude with the Einstein perihelion shift when the 3rd law of Kepler was used to express the orbital period in term of the semi-major axis and the same level of accuracy was demanded. Other more accurate equations for the intrinsic perihelion shift were obtained that resulted in a relative deviation of about 1% or less.
Keywords: Celestial Mechanics, Newtonian Gravitation, Newton's 2nd Law, Theory of Relativity, Perihelion Precession, Cosmology
Subject Areas: Applied Physics, Classical Physics, Modern Physics, Special Theory of Relativity, Theoretical Physics
Alternative theories to the Einstein General Theory of Relativity (GTR) that fully account for the intrinsic (two- body problem) perihelion precession of Mercury can be found in the literature. Few examples are: The development of a modified relativistic theory of gravitation with focus on the Mach's principle [1] ; The generalization of the Einstein Special Theory of Relativity (STR) to an acceleration field [2] ; The Maxwellian Gravity theory, where use is made of gravitational Lienard-Wiechert potential and gravitational Thomas precession in the relativistic version of Maxwell-Heaviside's toy model vector theory of gravity [3] ; The use of the momentum conservation law, the relativistic variation of mass and the relativistic variation of time (using the gravitational redshift factor) as the components of the total precession [4] .
The present work derives a fundament to the empirical correction to the balance between the force given by Newton 2nd law and Newton gravitation introduced previously by the author to account for the intrinsic perihelion precession of Mercury. An equation is obtained that coincided in sign and magnitude with the Einstein perihelion shift for the same level of accuracy. Also more accurate equations for the perihelion shift are obtained that result in a relative deviation of about 1% or less.
The fundament introduced in this work is based on the concept of Newtonian acceleration, length contraction and time dilation and it results in an acceleration equation which differs from the Newtonian one by just a power of the ubiquitous Lorentz factor. Because of this, the equation of motion is very simple and can have a beneficial impact on the computational efficiency of, for example, relativistic many-body problems.
The motivation of this paper is to provide a physical fundament to the results empirically obtained in reference [5] , to make a correction to the sign of the perihelion shift equation reported in [6] and to show that proper equations for the intrinsic perihelion shift can be obtained using the extended Newtonian theory presented here.
2. Extended Newtonian Theory for Gravitational Bound Systems
The one dimensional Newtonian acceleration for an observer at rest with the 'fixed stars' can be expressed as
which it can be written as
Note that it is assumed that the space and time length do not depend on the relative velocity of the observers and that the time flows at the same rate always while the space displacement depends intrinsically on the speed-time profile of the moving body.
The Newtonian force is then written as
where the prime indicates an observer at rest with the moving body.
If the concept of "fixed stars" is not good enough one can always refer it to the center of the Galaxy, Cluster, or of the Universe in question.
The Michelson-Morley experiment result along with the Lorentz-Fitzgerald transformation, and Einstein special theory of relativity support the concept of the apparent time dilation and length contraction given by
. Time dilation , v is the speed of the moving reference frame and c is the speed of light in vacuum and length contraction.
Substituting those relations into Equation (1),
So the force measured in a frame at rest with the "fixed stars" can be written as:
Note that here it was used 3 space-time points with one space-time interval contraction/dilation (one interval boost). However the concept of acceleration requires 2 space-time intervals contraction/dilation (two successive-interval boosts) to relate the 3 space-time points in question.
Considering another reference frame moving with a velocity v with respect to the prime reference frame, the following is written (two successive interval boosts):
Substitute into Equation (1):
So the force measured in a frame at rest with the "fixed stars" is written as:
The Newtonian acceleration (Equation (1)) in 3 dimensions is written as
In gravitational bound systems where the moving object is revolving around a very massive body or around the center of mass of the system, the direction of the moving body in question is continuously changing, it is assumed then that the length contraction happens in the 3 Cartesian directions, and assuming that the speed of the gravitational interaction is the same as the speed of light in vacuum, the following holds for two successive interval boosts:
When the above equations are substituted into Equation (3), Equation (2) is reproduced.
Note that Equation (2) was obtained assuming that the body of interest was initially at rest, if the body were initially moving and slowing down to a rest state, one could think that the exponent of the multiplier of the Newtonian acceleration should be −3 instead of +3 which could suggest that the sign of the exponent depends on the local (Newtonian) acceleration. However when this dependence was implemented in the numerical solution of the time-dependent two-body problem, no significant perihelion shift was obtained for Mercury. This suggests that the sign of the exponent could be an indication of a separate effect (e.g. the expansion/contraction of the system in question: star systems (e.g. solar system, birth/explosion and death/implosion of stars), galaxies (e.g. Milky way), the universe in question (ours), etc.).
It could be worthy as mentioned before in [6] to perform experiment to determine n from in gravitational bound systems involving high speed moving bodies.
3. The Intrinsic Perihelion Precession
The balance between the force given by Newton's 2nd law and the Newtonian gravitation in polar coordinates using −3 (instead of +3) as the exponent of the multiplier of the Newtonian acceleration (Equation (2)) was obtained in reference [6] for the solar system, that Equation generalized for an arbitrary exponent is written as
The solution of Equation (4), noting that the multiplier of b represents a small perturbation, is expressed in terms of a Fourier series as [7]
From which the following equations are obtained:
Neglecting the terms containing 2nd and higher power of and using trigonometric identities:
(5c)
For n = −3,
(5f)
It is notified that Dr. Roy [8] called my attention on that in reference [6] , the sign in front of (Equation 5(f)) was in error which changed the sign of the reported perihelion shift, Equations (5a)-(5f) are the results of a further review.
Substituting into Equation (4) and comparing coefficients of : expanding into series up to the linear term: .
The angle between two succeeding perihelion is written as:
The precession of the perihelion per revolution is:
The precession of the perihelion per orbital period is Neglecting the mass of the planets in comparison to the mass of the Sun:
The Einstein GTR result of the precession per revolution is given by [9] which when expressed per orbital period is,
In reference [6] it is reported that the absolute value of Equation (7) is the same as that of the Equation (8) when the orbital period is expressed in terms of the semi-major axis through the 3rd Kepler law. So .
For n = +3,
(5g)
Substituting it into Equation4, passing the denominator of Equation (5g) to the left-hand side, neglecting the terms containing 2nd and higher power of , using trigonometric identities, passing back to the right-hand side all terms no belonging to the left-hand side of Equation (4), and equating the coefficients of , the following is obtained:
Substituting the expression for , the following quartic polynomial equation is obtained:
Making the substitution a quadratic equation is obtained:
As A is much smaller than B and C and the root of interest is close to 1 the quartic term is dropped to get:
Neglecting the 1st term in the numerator and the 2nd term in the denominator:
Using series expansion
Then the perihelion shift based on Equation (12) is which is identical to the Einstein perihelion shift equation when the 3rd law of Kepler is used.
It is noted that when Equation (11) is substituted back into Equation (9) for verification, the left-hand side becomes zero if the terms containing 2nd and higher power of are neglected which is consistent with the accuracy level used to obtain .
Mercury perihelion shift using MS Excel, results in 48.57634, 43.20905, and 42.98185 for calculations based on Equations (9), (10) and (12) respectively.
Due to the very small value of the A coefficient it was suspected that the results based on the quartic equation could be affected by the number of precision-digits used in MS Excel 2010. Table 1 shows the perihelion shift
Table 1. Intrinsic Mercury perihelion precession in arcsec/century.
for Mercury using the different approximations described here. The 1st column is the number of precision-digits set in the code editor of Maple 18. The other columns show the results of the perihelion shift based on the indicated equation number. From that table it can be seen that when the perihelion shift calculation is based on the quartic approximation (Equation (9)) it is needed about 20 precision-digits to obtain reliable results however the quadratic equations yield accurate results for even 10 digits. Note that the difference between the results based on Equation (12) and the one based on Equation (9) is about 0.45 "/cy (~1% relative deviation) while with respect to the results based on Equation (10) the difference is about 0.23 "/cy (0.5%).
The values of and used in Table 1 were taken from reference [6] .
A fundament is derived to support an empirical correction to the balance between the force given by Newton 2nd law and Newton gravitation introduced previously. The fundament is based on the concept of Newtonian acceleration, length contraction and time dilation, and it results in an acceleration equation which differs from the Newtonian one by just a power of the ubiquitous Lorentz factor.
An equation is obtained (from the polar coordinate-equation of motion) that coincides in sign and magnitude with the Einstein perihelion shift when the 3rd law of Kepler is used to expressed the orbital period in term of the semi-major axis and the same level of accuracy is demanded.
Other more accurate equations for the intrinsic-perihelion shift are obtained that result in a relative deviation of about 1% or less.
I would like to thank Dr. M. Krizek for his valuable comments and suggestions.
Cite this paper: Quintero-Leyva, B. (2016) An Extended Newtonian Theory for Gravitational Bound Systems. Open Access Library Journal, 3, 1-6. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1102678.
[1] Brans, C. and Dicke, R.H. (1961) Mach's Principle and a Relativistic Theory of Gravitation. Physical Review, 124, 925.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.124.925
[2] Note, M. (1985) The Special Theory of Relativity in a Gravitational Field. International Journal of Fusion Energy, 3.
[3] Behera, H. and Naik, P.C. (2003) A Flat Space-Time Relativistic Explanation for the Perihelion Advance of Mercury. arXiv:astro-ph/036611v1.
[4] Biswas, A. and Mani, K.R.S. (2005) Simulation Model for Anomalous Precession of the Perihelion of Mercury's Orbit. CEJP, 3, 69-76.
[5] Quintero-Leyva, B. (2015) On the Intrinsic Precession of the Perihelion of Mercury. Open Access Library Journal, 2, e2239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102239
[6] Quintero-Leyva, B. (2016) On the Intrinsic Precession of the Planets of the Solar System. Open Access Library Journal, 3, e2554.
[7] Bergmann, P.G. (1976) Introduction to the Theory of Relativity. Dover Publications, Inc., New York.
[8] Roy, R. (2016) Personal Communication. Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
[9] Einstein, A. (1916) The Foundation of the Generalized Theory of Relativity (Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitatstheorie). Annalen der Physik, 354, 769-822.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.19163540702


The MSU-Notre Dame rivalry is one of historic importance that has disappeared over the past 40 years. The two Midwest powers have met 95 times but just once since their 1979 NCAA tournament game, won by Magic Johnson and the Spartans en route to the national championship. The only meeting since came Dec. 3, 2014 as part of the Big Ten/ACC Challenge, with Notre Dame squeaking out a 79-78 overtime win in South Bend. MSU went on to its seventh Final Four under Tom Izzo that season. Tum Tum Nairn and Gavin Schilling are the only Spartans remaining from that team, while four Irish players — seniors Bonzie Colson, Matt Farrell, Martinas Geben and Matt Gregory — were on the roster, with only Geben playing in that last meeting.
Thursday will be 12 days since Miles Bridges sprained his left ankle against Stony Brook in MSU's last home game. The 6-foot-7 sophomore forward sat out the PK80 opener against DePaul, then played 17 foul-plagued minutes with six points and eight rebounds off the bench against Connecticut. Bridges returned to the starting lineup against North Carolina on Sunday, posting 11 points and five rebounds while playing a mostly heady, below-the-rim game. Junior Matt McQuaid, who started two games for Bridges, strained the arch of his foot against UConn but gutted out 22 minutes with seven points against UNC. The Spartans' wing options are limited if McQuaid can't go again, though coach Tom Izzo is hopeful junior forward Kenny Goins can return from a knee injury soon, perhaps as early as Thursday.
MSU is coming off a season-high 24 turnovers in Sunday's 63-45 win over No. 11 North Carolina in the PK80 Victory Bracket championship. The Spartans have committed 16.5 turnovers per game, from 17 in a loss to No. 1 Duke to a season-low eight against Connecticut. Their starters have committed 70 of the team's 99 turnovers, including 17 for forward Jaren Jackson Jr., 16 for point guard Cassius Winston and 14 for forward Nick Ward. Bridges has 11 despite missing a game. They are going against a Notre Dame team that doesn't force many turnovers (11.8 per game) but also doesn't give the ball up (8.7 turnovers).
Colson has been a dominant force inside this season, rated the top player in college basketball efficiency by Sports-Reference.com (38.8) while averaging team highs with 20 points and 10.5 rebounds in six games. The 6-foot-6 Colson owns a 7-foot wingspan, which has allowed the third-team AP Preseason All-American to total 14 blocks and 11 steals on defense. He will present another significant defensive challenge for MSU's 6-11 freshman Jackson, who already has matched up with Duke's Marvin Bagley III and North Carolina's Luke Maye.
Winston's improved defense is a big reason MSU's three opponents at the PK80 combined to shoot below 30 percent overall and from the 3-point arc. The sophomore helped hold North Carolina's Joel Berry II to 2-for-11 shooting Sunday, with the Tar Heels' star finishing with seven points and hitting an end-of-half 3-pointer for nearly half of those. Winston will be challenged against Farrell, who was the MVP of both the Legends Classic and Maui Invitational after averaging 19.4 points, 5.4 assists and making 48.2 percent of his 3-point attempts in the five games. The 6-1 Farrell averages 17.5 points, 2.3 rebounds and 4.3 assists this season, while shooting 45 percent from the floor. The 6-foot Winston also is coming off an MVP performance at the Phil Knight Invitational, where he had 45 points and 20 assists in three games.
MSU expects a capacity crowd for Thursday's game, so fans are advised to arrive early because of the enhanced security protocol when entering Breslin Center.


text:
Army Corporal Edward DePasque
As a corporal in Korea, Edward DePasque readied howitzer shells for loading, shot flares to guide troop movement at night and even did a stint as a cook.
Edward DePasque was born in his parents' home on 36th and Francisco in Chicago. He was one of nine children; two died as infants. His mother, Victoria Marino, was from Salerno and his father, Giovanni, from the Abruzzi region of Italy.
DePasque's parents grew a vegetable garden to keep their large family fed, using free tomato plants provided by the Campbell Soup Company. The close-knit family worked in the garden, jarring tomato sauce and making their own sausage, pasta and ravioli. "In those days we would go out and pick dandelions and make dandelion wine out of the flowers," DePasque recalls. They also made barrels of red wine. At the young age of 6, DePasque's job was to push down the fermenting grapes as they rose to the top.
DePasque attended Burroughs Grade School and Kelly High School, and worked for the railroad until he was drafted into the Army, reporting for active duty in October 1951. "I don't think my mother was too happy about it, but I figured, it's a job," he explains. "They call you and your duty is to go help your country."
He completed 16 weeks of basic maneuvers at Camp Chaffee, Ark., specializing in artillery and becoming a fire direction specialist. After a short furlough, DePasque boarded a Liberty ship in Seattle and headed across the Pacific.
The voyage to Pusan, Korea, took eight days, with DePasque working KP duty because "I heard I would get plenty to eat." Recalling the mood and the camaraderie on the ship, he says, "People in those days were willing to go and if you were called for duty to fight, you didn't put up a fuss about it."
DePasque was part of the 999th Field Artillery Battalion, based near the 38th Parallel. His unit had 18 155mm self-propelled howitzers, each typically having an eight-man crew. The powerful guns were capable of shooting a 95-pound shell 12 miles. Fuses were put on shells according to the different operations. If they were targeting troops coming up a hill, a particular fuse was put on so the shell exploded above the troops, raining down shrapnel. Cpl. DePasque's job was to ready the shells to load into the breech of the cannon.
Forward observers searched for the enemy and relayed the target information to the guns. Most often, DePasque's unit covered the Marines, who preferred to make night raids. DePasque shot flares, carried by parachutes, over or under the target, depending on the wind, to light the way for the foot soldiers. He recalls a frigid New Year's Eve, when the wind blew the flares back over their position, lighting up the sky. Luckily, the enemy did not see them. "We froze half to death," DePasque chuckles, "but they did not shoot."
DePasque's unit moved between the front, middle and rear positions, depending on the need, but were usually three to four miles behind the front lines. Sometimes fighting persisted around the clock if the North Koreans and Chinese were making a big push. "You didn't want the enemy to know where you were, so when you did shoot, you had to get rid of them so they wouldn't shoot back at you," according to DePasque.
Occasionally there was a lull in fighting, but the soldiers were always ready. "We were called upon because we could move out so fast," DePasque says. "We could go to another position or we could strike the enemy." He saw many wounded soldiers and too many deaths. "You feel bad," he says. "Who's next?"
DePasque carried a .30-caliber carbine. "That saved your life," he says. "Sometimes the enemy broke through the lines. They're out to kill you. They blew their bugles and we knew they were coming, but the Marines generally fought them off."
The snowy, mountainous terrain was treacherous, with temperatures often falling below zero. "It was rough … a rough country," he recalls. In the forward position, he was too busy to think about the cold. When they could, the soldiers took turns resting. "You would wrap yourself in a sleeping bag and crawl under a tank sometimes and that's where you sleep," he says.
Even worse were the torrential rains that lasted for a week or more. The tank engines were always running and sometimes the soldiers stood on top to dry off from the engine's warmth. "You're constantly wet and you always had to take care of your feet," he explains. "You would wring out your socks and put them on your body to dry them out."
DePasque manned the big guns for three months before becoming a cook. He told the mess sergeant, "Hey Sarge, you're always complaining about the cooks, make me a cook." When asked if he could cook, DePasque replied, "Yea, I'm from a good Italian family, we had to learn how to cook."
The cooks prepared three meals a day for 150 soldiers, wherever they were. If they were in the front position, food was brought up to them. If they were there for several days, DePasque brought the kitchen up. The kitchen moved often, according to need, and could be loaded up and on its way 25 minutes after getting the call. Breakfast was usually bacon, eggs and toast, and always coffee. Lunch and dinner meals included chicken or turkey and, DePasque recalls, "We had a lot of hamburger meat."
Food came up from Seoul every day. If the truck couldn't make it, they ate K rations. "We never let a guy go hungry," says DePasque. The 30-gallon pot of "cowboy coffee" constantly brewed. The water was kept boiling and grounds were continuously added. Occasionally they even had ice cream. "Summertime, you wouldn't get it," says DePasque, "because they used all the ice for the bodies of the Marines to preserve them."
When in the rear position, DePasque received care packages from home that included salami and cheese. "I would invite all the Italian guys and make pizza," he says. "Everybody's your friend when you're the cook." The soldiers bought beer from the PX to go with the pizza. "You gotta have some pleasure," DePasque notes.
After one year in Korea, DePasque completed his service at an Army base in Joplin, Mo., and returned to Chicago when he was discharged in 1953. He married in 1955 and has two daughters and three grandchildren.
A widower since 1990, DePasque is retired from a sheet metal career, enjoys traveling around the country and spending time at his cabin in Colorado, and remains active with the American Legion. His daughters live nearby and they all continue the family tradition of making homemade Italian sausage and pasta dishes.
Last fall, DePasque made the Honor Flight to Washington, D.C., and would recommend it to any veteran. "They really take care of you," he says.
Reflecting on his time in Korea, DePasque says, "It was an honor to serve our country."
TAGS: Edward DePasque

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Apartment capacity up to two persons (and child) consists of one bedroom with double size bed, and extra bed in living room for one person. Kitchen has cooker, fridge, dishes, bathroom is with shower cabin. Outside is big terrace with outdoor furniture. Also, it has air condition, Wi_Fi, TV SAT, parking.
Apartment capacity up to five persons, consists of two bedrooms with double size bed, and extra bed for one person in living room. Kitchen has cooker, fridge, dishes. Bathroom is with shower cabin. Outside is terrace with outdoor furniture. Apartment has internet, air-condition, SAT TV , parking place.


This Spacious 3 BR Home features Hdwd Floors, floor-to-ceiling Stone Fireplace, Den/Office, Eat-in Kitchen & MB Suite with Luxury Bath - Double Bowl Vanity, Whirlpool Tub & Separate Shower. Full Unfinished Bsmt plus Concrete Crawl, 1st Floor Laundry Area does NOT include W/D - Dryer Hook Up is Gas Only. Dogs only on case by case basis. Photos are from a previous listing.


He believes that perfume is much more than a simple scent. It not only gives a chance to make a mark in someone's memory but also enables the wearers to change moods of the ones around them. 'Do good, feel good' is Caroline Scheufele's creative vision for the Chopard Happy Collection.
"We feel lots of synergies with the traditions of India, but also with the new India. That's why we plan to be present in a selection of all distribution channels, the classical luxury retails, Duty-free stores and also the best and most visioning E-customers." Patrizio Stella candidly spoke about their launch in India when Luxurylaunches was presented with a fabulous opportunity to interview him last week in Mumbai.
Sonam Kapoor Ahuja is the brand's new fangirl and has confessed to it in her latest post on social media. It is, 'So happy to be part of Chopard Parfums' journey to sustainability, the rose and lemon ingredients are naturally sourced products that feel light and fresh against my skin. Which gives me that fresh happy feeling when I wear the fragrance'.
Luxurylaunches – Chopard Parfums is branded as Natural Perfumery, what makes it unique and why the branding?
Patrizio Stella – Just as Chopard has resolved to use 100% ethical gold in producing all its watches and jewelry, it likewise wishes for its fragrance range to mark a new stage on its journey to sustainability.
Chopard "Journey to a sustainable luxury" began in 2013 and immediately set itself as long-term program focused on responsible sourcing of materials and a determination to help people in the luxury supply chain goods who are all too often overlooked. In 2016 Chopard starts developing fragrances of the highest quality, placing at the heart of its creations the finest natural ingredients, in alignment with ethical and sustainability principles.
In close collaboration with Swiss Fragrance House Firmenich, Chopard Parfums has selected a network of committed and reliable partners, with whom interact directly, that guarantee responsible production. Involving growers, artisans, and communities in its journey, Chopard aims to create a virtuous circle, which safeguards artisanal work and the precious raw materials that are the core of its olfactory project.
In a nutshell, we defined our Perfume philosophy as Luxury Naturals Perfumery, since we're a blend of the richness, tradition, and glamour of the renown worldwide Jeweller, together with the attention to the best gifts that nature can offer and that must be treasured and enhanced. It's all about lands, hands, and communities.
What according to you makes a perfume worth wearing?
In our view, a perfume is much more than a simple scent. It is the first way people spot you're around, it is your chance to stay in their memory, it must tell about your values, but it also has the incredible gift to change your mood in a second. High quality, cultivated with care and passion, full of colours, genuine, never a neutral. This is Chopard recommended menu for perfumes. And most important, it must tell who you are.
What are the challenges that are faced while using natural ingredients in the fragrances and How do you overcome them?
The main challenge for Chopard Parfums is our choice to place luxury naturals at the heart of our creations. We aim to employ ethical and entirely traceable luxury natural ingredients issued from sustainable sourcing. By doing that we wish to support the local farmers, artisans and communities involved in the production of such precious ingredients.
To reach this challenging objectives, we have engaged in a close collaboration with fragrance house Firmenich, the recognized industry leader in sustainability (Ecovadis Gold Rating), who provides the richest palette of responsibly sourced natural ingredients through the Naturals Together Program of sustainable excellence.
Can you tell us more about the Chopard Happy Collection?
philosophy is realised through a collection of luxury scents crafted from the most uplifting and treasured natural ingredients.
Nature is amazingly rich in feel-good scents and Felicia Roses and Lemon Dulci can be defined a sensory ode to the joie de vivre inspired by nature's infinite beauty. A selection of precious natural ingredients and essential oils known to generate uplifting emotions through their scent.
In line with the Maison Chopard's philosophy, at the heart of the two Eaux de Parfum are the most pristine and premium raw materials, responsibly sourced across the world through the Firmenich Naturals Together™ sustainability program.
Happy Chopard bear the signature of perfumer Dora Baghriche, chosen by Caroline to express her fresh vision of luxury perfumery. Dora, inspired by the values of a bohemian generation of young women, selected her natural essences and blended them with innovative ingredients.
Lemon Dulci delivers an extraordinarily uplifting "shot" of powerful citrus and leaf energy, Felicia Roses, with light-heartedness and exuberance, fill the heart with optimism and self-love.
Finally, Caroline's magic touch has given life to the two jewelled bottles whose design recalls the cut of precious and colorful gems.
How do you look upon India as your market for the perfumes?
It is an honour for us to finally approach the Indian market, not only because of its huge size, but mostly because of its millennial traditions of scents and perfumes. In Chopard Parfums philosophy, high quality ingredients are the only reason to be. Likewise in India, everything recalls traditions, lands, expertise, colors and images. And that's all what our Perfumery meant to be.
We feel lots of synergies with the traditions of India, but also with the new India. That's why we plan to be present in a selection of all distribution channels, the classical luxury retails, Duty free stores and also the best and most visioning E-customers.
Who is the typical Chopard Parfum customer?
Chopard Parfums customers are woman and men with strong personalities. A new generation of customers sensitive to environement, across ages and genders in search of thoughtful, creative and inspiring luxury.
Which is Chopard's top-selling fragrance?
We have the luck to carry very different fragrances, each addressing a specific clientele. That's why our customers chose, within our High End Collections, Vétiver d'Haiti and Miel d'Arabie as the two mostly appreciated fragrances, while both Lemon Dulci and Felicia Roses are best sellers within our younger and more colourful range of Happy Chopard line.
Patrizio Stella with the team of Beauty Concepts.
We love traditions, but we also love to think we're "sons of our times" and therefore we try to exploit at best all fruits of modernity. For Chopard Parfums it is key to reach a perfect integration between online and offline. It helps us better reach all our customers with a particular skew to younger generations. Our brand strategies are tuned to be spelled down on digital tools, on top of our beautiful and inspirational "brick and mortar" installations. In a nutshell, we plan to invest on the digital channels (thru creative digital-native marketing materials) to enrich our Branding experience, but we also expect that our customers will buy online our fragrances through different platforms (Brand e-commerce, pure e-retailers, e-platforms of our retail customers). There's only one world, and we want our customers to experience it all.


Posted on 16 September 2014 by Emma Logan.
For those new to the wonderful world of vaping, the early days can be a little daunting. Not only do you need to pick your way through a minefield of hardware and e-liquids, you also have to contend with a dizzying amount of jargon.
Never fear, JAC is here to help as always. Below is our list of the 10 most common bits of vaping terminology you should be aware of.
This one's easy. ADV stands for All Day Vape, or that one e-liquid you'd be happy to vape forever. Not all e-liquids will fall into this category; some stronger flavours are best as a mid-morning pick-me-up, other more mellow flavours are better just after dinner. An ADV is a flavour that hits all the right notes and can be enjoyed from breakfast till bedtime.
Propylene Glycol. A clear, colourless liquid which is the base ingredient of many e-liquids. Viscous, but not as thick as VG. Used for its efficient delivery of flavour and throat hit. Often also commonly found in asthma inhalers. A mix of PG and VG is used in all of JAC Vapour's e-liquids in order to offer the best balance of flavour, throat hit and vapour.
Vegetable Glycerine. Another clear, colourless liquid also commonly used as a base in many e-liquids. VG is thicker than PG, and naturally sweet. It is used for its impressive vapour production, but doesn't transmit flavour or throat hit as well as PG.
The act of minimising, or cutting out completely, the vapour exhaled after taking a draw from your device. This can be achieved in a number of ways, and the kit or e-liquid used can have a big effect on your success. For a guide to stealth vaping, take a look at our Stealth Vaping article. Essential for those situations where billowing clouds of vapour needs to be avoided.
The heart of the vape kit, the atomiser is what vaporises the e-liquid and produces the vapour. Powered by a battery, this wire coil acts like heating element and works in much the same way as the filament in a light bulb. Also commonly referred to as simply a 'coil'.
A standard housing for an atomiser, particularly when using smaller, 'cigalike' style batteries such as our V3i range. These cartridges hold the atomiser, which is fed e-liquid by a layer of saturated wadding. The terms 'cartidge' and 'atomiser' have been mashed together, leaving us with 'cartomizer', or 'carts' for short.
The unit of measurement used to describe resistance. Different coils (or atomisers, see above) have different levels of resistance – which has a big effect on the amount of vapour produced by your device. In simple terms, the lower the ohm, the higher the resistance. Higher resistance means that power is passed across the coil less easily, resulting in more heat and vapour being generated. Too much heat and you can lose taste. Resistance isn't the only factor in vapour production, but it's useful for new users to have some idea of how it affects performance. For more information, take a look at our Tanks Help Guide.
Not all batteries are created equal – some give you just that little bit extra control. Variable Voltage batteries (or Twist in the case of our 510 range) allow the user to adjust the power output (from 3.3v to 4.8v). This added flexibility is great for finding the sweet spot that's just right for each user.In combination with which coil is selected, a VV battery can have a big effect on vapour production and throat hit.
Two common names for the tobacco cigarettes so many of our customers choose to leave behind.
An alternative to the cartomizers discussed above. Tanks are another delivery mechanism, which house the atomiser necessary for vapour production. Tanks tend to be at least semi-transparent (hence the 'clearo' part), and usually hold a great deal more e-liquid than a cartomizer. Instead of wadding, tanks use lengths of wicking material to feed the coil. Most tanks also allow the user to swap out the coil when it has been exhausted (after around 10 fills or so, on average), with a wider range of resistances available (see Ohm above).
As always, if you hear or read something that doesn't make sense to you simply ask us – our customer service team will be sure to help!


CARSON, Calif. — It was hardly a coronation for Cecilia Braekhus, the women's pound-for-pound champion who was being showcased against Kali Reis on Saturday in the first women's boxing match broadcast in the 45-year history of HBO.
Braekhus retained her IBF-WBA-WBC-WBO welterweight titles by winning a unanimous decision over the ex-middleweight champion in a bout that got increasingly difficult for her as time wore on.
Reis dumped Braekhus with a sharp right in the seventh round, and hurt her several times after that, but it was not enough to overcome the early lead that Braekhus built. She was quicker, and a better boxer, and that played with the judges.
The official scores were 97-92 and 96-93 twice, as Braekhus improved to 33-0 and potentially set up big fights with super middleweight champion Claressa Shields and UFC featherweight champion Cris "Cyborg" Justino, who watched from ringside.
Braekhus was clearly quicker and opened the fight by popping a jab in Reis' face repeatedly and controlling the distance. Reis was having trouble getting her punches off, or so it seemed, as Braekhus was piling up the points by jabbing and occasionally coming behind it with a right.
It was all part of the plan, though, said Reis, who dropped from middleweight to welterweight for the opportunity to compete for Braekhus' belts.
That isn't likely to be the last time they see each other. The crowd at the StubHub Center lustily booed the decision and drowned out Braekhus' post-fight interview with HBO's Max Kellerman until she said she'd give the crowd what it wanted.
That will put off fights against Shields and Cyborg, among others for a while. Cyborg attended because she'd sparred with Braekhus and has been campaigning for the bout. She told Yahoo Sports at ringside Saturday that she has two more fights on her UFC contract and that when that is done, she'll go into boxing with the hope of challenging Braekhus.
Reis, though, summed up the thoughts of most with her post-fight comments following the historic bout. It was another indication of another crack in the glass ceiling that women boxers have been fighting against.


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Early Detection of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Using Exhaled Breath Markers
Michael McCulloch at Pine Street Foundation
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in women. Early diagnosis is the most important step toward reducing morbidity and mortality from epithelial ovarian cancer. Our laboratories have developed preliminary data suggesting that exhaled breath condensate may provide an important source of biomarkers diagnostic of ovarian cancer. Our primary hypothesis is that using patients with epithelial ovarian cancer can be readily distinguished from both healthy controls and endometriosis or polycystic ovarian syndrome controls, using solely analysis of exhaled breath condensate. We propose this distinction can be made using both sophisticated chemical analysis (GC/FT-ICR MS) and a biological method (canine scent detection).
This study, a collaboration between the University of Maine and the Pine Street Foundation in San Anselmo, Calif., is using specially trained dogs and a chemical test to analyze women's breath samples with the goal of identifying biological markers (biomarkers) that could be used to diagnose ovarian cancer. The researchers had previously tried to identify biomarkers in breath samples that could be used to diagnose breast and lung cancer. The researchers wanted to enroll 30 volunteers. The Call to Action for this study was sent to Army of Women members on July 21, 2010. The researchers were able to close enrollment on August 6, 2012, after the Army of Women provided them with 55 women who were interested in participating in the study.


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Practical information. Social security, finding a job, and even how to deal with dying. Your rights and responsibilities as a consumer. Comments about prices and service. Full articles, tips, and snippets of information from our staff writers.
Au revoir to plastic bags in France
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If you are a Tarif Bleu EDF client in your home, then at some point over the first six months of 2016 you'll be receiving a confusing invoice (if you haven't already), detailing a supplementary fee on your contract for the period from July 23rd 2012…
It's official: women do bulk of housework in France
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Who can retire when, time is on their side
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You're at the head of the queue. You state your destination to the driver of the cab at the front – and he refuses to take you (too short a distance, maybe). He's in the wrong and you can tell him so. Only exception: you can be told to take the…
Is it really a bargain?
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How to be a good neighbour in France
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BPCA provides measures to help Var flood victims
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Bank card scam - What next?
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EHIC/CEAM Play the right card!
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Retrieving lost objects
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Of doctors, fees and delivery dates
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Tim Giago: Tribes should include all their citizens
There are 213 enrolled Numunuu (Comanche) residing in the State of New Mexico, according to California attorney Dennis G. Chappabitty, himself a Comanche. He was in Albuquerque last week as the Project Facilitator to discuss the work in progress on the new Comanche Nation Constitution.
The work on the new Constitution has been ongoing for more than two years and the people of the Comanche Nation, whether residing in New Mexico, California, Oklahoma or any other state in the union have a say in how the Constitution will be worded.
The "Public Hearing Process" was held on the beautiful campus of the Southwest Indian Polytechnic Institute in Albuquerque. The fact that only 20 of the 213 citizens of the New Mexico Comanche community showed up for this most important meeting caused some in attendance to talk about the apathy that has plagued the Comanche Nation voters over the past several years.
The new definition of "Citizen of the Comanche Nation" to replace "Tribal Member of the Comanche Nation" caused some attendees to admit that they found the new wording difficult because they had spent most of their lives referring to themselves as "tribal members." Said one in attendance, "But I guess I can get used to calling myself a citizen of the Comanche Nation because I think it has a better ring to it than tribal member plus it points out that we are citizens of our own Nation."
Mr. Chappabitty described the old 19-page Constitution as being pretty frayed and dog-eared from it use and misuse over the many years of its existence. The new 34-page Constitution hopes to include many new addition and interpretations along with correcting those portions of the old Constitution that badly needed upgrading, updating and total revision.
This appears to be a process that is taking place in many parts of Indian country. The Rosebud Sioux Tribe in South Dakota is another Indian nation restructuring its Constitution. The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma just had provision approved that the Secretary of the Interior will no longer have a say in what goes into their Constitution, which was a major step forward from the days when the Bureau of Indian Affairs had nearly total control over the Cherokee government.
It is a lesson to me that Indian nations such as the Comanche consider all of their people as citizens of their Nation. No matter where they reside they are still permitted to engage in the political processes of the Nation. Among many tribes, including most of them in South Dakota, once a person moves from the reservation they abdicate their right to vote or to run for office. They are not allowed to become involved in planning the budget that includes health, education and the welfare of tribal members. And yet, when it comes to determining the monetary allocations requested by the tribe from the federal government, all tribal members are counted whether they live on or off of the reservation. The higher the body count, the higher the funding.
In other words, once you leave a reservation, say the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, you become a non-citizen. Even those Lakota residing in Rapid City, the birthplace of the famous warrior Crazy Horse, are still considered as "off the reservation." And if you move back to the reservation in order to run for office, you must prove residency of one year before your name can be placed on the ballot.
Before Tom Short Bull, now president of the Oglala Lakota College, challenged the law that said if you were born off the Pine Ridge Reservation you would not be considered an enrolled member of the tribe, many Lakota were listed as "non-enrolled" and were thus ineligible for many tribal benefits. When Short Bull decided to run for the presidency of the tribe, he challenged his "non-enrolled" status in tribal court and won.
As I listened to the citizens of the Comanche Nation, now residing in New Mexico, discuss revisions to their Constitution, I became more convinced than ever the many other Indian nations that prevent their people living off of the reservation from participating as full citizens, to follow the example of the Comanche Nation and to give back the rights to all of its citizens that were taken from them by the non-Indian bureaucracy.
After all, a United States citizen living in Belgium does not lose his right to vote, but merely votes on an absentee ballot, the same way the citizens of the Comanche Nation residing outside of Oklahoma vote. I believe it is high time all Indian nations change their constitutions to include all of their citizens. (I have a new email address and it is najournalist@msn.com)
Tim Giago is an Oglala Lakota born and raised on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. He was a Nieman Fellow at Harvard in the Class of 1991. He was the founder and publisher of Indian Country Today newspaper and the founder and first president of the Native American Journalists Association. His latest book "Children Left Behind, The Dark Legacy of the Indian Missions," is now available at: order@clearlightbooks.com. The book just won the Bronze Star from the Independent Publishers Awards. He can be reached at najournalist@msn.com.
More Tim Giago:
Tim Giago: Hollywood dashes hopes of 'Wounded Knee' (8/6)
Tim Giago: Honeymoon is over for California tribes (7/30)
Tim Giago: Modern Indian heroes compiled in book (7/23)
Tim Giago: Media errors in 'State of Native Nations' (7/9)
Tim Giago: Columnist disparages Native people (7/2)
Tim Giago: Pine Ridge still needs a hand up (6/25)
Tim Giago: The great horse of the Pawnee Nation (6/18)
Tim Giago: Indians still the most misunderstood (6/11)
Tim Giago: The theft of the sacred Black Hills (6/4)
Tim Giago: Clear and present danger to sovereignty (5/28)
Tim Giago: Rich tribes still not helping poor ones (5/21)
Tim Giago: Standing ground against 'Dropout Nation' (5/14)
Tim Giago: Indian prophecies and medicine (5/7)
Tim Giago: Help the poorest county in America (4/30)
Tim Giago: Honoring those who died at Washita (4/23)
Tim Giago: Mainstream media ignores the real issues (4/16)
Tim Giago: Racism and hypocrisy over Imus (4/11)
Tim Giago: Kill the Indian and save the child (4/9)
Tim Giago: The dark legacy of boarding schools (4/2)
Tim Giago: Tribes continue to surrender sovereignty (3/26)
Tim Giago: Venezuela steps up for Indian nations (3/19)
Tim Giago: Cherokee Nation votes out Freedmen (3/12)
Tim Giago: Oglala Lakota Tribe still struggling (3/5)
Tim Giago: A view from South Dakota, the 'red' state (2/26)
Tim Giago: 'Chief Illiniwek' does his last dance (2/19)
Tim Giago: Greed is the new God in Indian Country (2/12)
Giago discusses 'dark legacy' of boarding schools (2/5)
Tim Giago: Writing helped heal wounds of abuse (1/29)
Tim Giago: How many others will die over Iraq? (1/22)
Tim Giago: Apache journalist opens doors in media (1/15)
Tim Giago: Newspaper fills gap in South Dakota (1/8)
Tim Giago: Recognize an Indian hero in the new year (1/2)
Tim Giago: Christmas and Lakota traditions (12/25)
Tim Giago: Sen. Johnson never wanted the spotlight (12/18)
Tim Giago: The 1890 massacre at Wounded Knee (12/11)
Tim Giago: R-word just as insulting as the N-word (12/4)
Tim Giago: Mainstream media lacking in accuracy (11/27)
Tim Giago: Thanksgiving - A holiday of the imagination (11/22)
Tim Giago: State stifling growth on reservations (11/20)
Tim Giago: Taking stock of Election Day 2006 (11/13)
Tim Giago: Few roles for Indians in Hollywood (11/6)
Tim Giago: Freedom of the press has a chance (10/31)
Tim Giago: Important election day for South Dakota (10/24)
Tim Giago: White media ignores Indian contributions (10/17)
Tim Giago: Termination a dirty word in Indian Country (10/10)
Giago: Domestic violence from a male perspective (10/3)
Tim Giago: Culturecide started with innocent children (09/19)
Tim Giago: Indian people mark 500 years of terrorism (9/11)
Tim Giago: Lawsuit challenges church on abuse (9/6)
Chukchansi Tribe continues disenrollment campaign
Editorial: New York must collect reservation taxes


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29 September 2019–5 December 2020
Melvin Edwards: Crossroads
Baltimore Museum of Art, Maryland, USA; Ogden Museum of Southern Art, New Orleans, Louisiana and Fisher Museum at the University of Southern California, USA
'Crossroads' is a touring solo exhibition by Melvin Edwards which opened at Baltimore Museum of Art, Maryland and travelled to Ogden Museum of Southern Art, New Orleans, Louisiana and Fisher Museum at the University of Southern California (2019–2020). The exhibition charts Edwards' engagement with Africa and highlights the importance of the continent to the development of American art.
Edwards, who is descended from a West African blacksmith, has been exploring his African roots since the early 1970s. After attending a major arts festival in Lagos, Nigeria in 1977, his work became increasingly connected to African art and culture. Edwards has made ties with many African countries including Nigeria, Ghana, Zimbabwe and has had a home in Senegal for nearly 20 years.
'Crossroads' presents 18 works from the artist's celebrated 'Lynch Fragments' series alongside a selection of larger sculpture and the room-size installation 'Agricole'. By exhibiting works from 1980 to the present day, the exhibition documents Edwards' travels within the continent and explores the wider social and cultural history of the period.
'Crossroads' is curated by Christopher Bedford, BMA Dorothy Wagner Wallis Director and Katy Siegel, BMA Senior Programing and Research Curator and Thaw Chair at Stony Brook University.
Baltimore Museum of Art, Maryland (29 September 2019–12 January 2020)
Ogden Museum of Southern Art, New Orleans, Louisiana (8 February–6 July 2020)
Fisher Museum at the University of Southern California (8 September–5 December 2020)
Object Lessons: Melvin Edwards
Sculpture Magazine Download
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Melvin Edwards
Melvin Edwards is celebrated for his distinctive sculptures and three-dimensional installations created from welded steel, barbed wire, chain and machine parts. While the artist's formal language clearly engages with the...


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911uk.com - Porsche Forum : View topic - Driver training in the North?
911uk.com Forum Index > CAT Driver Training & Fasttrack Porsche Tours > Driver training in the North?
Posted: Tue Oct 02, 2018 12:32 pm Post subject: Driver training in the North?
Can anyone recommend a driver training outfit that operates in the North?
Posted: Tue Oct 02, 2018 12:55 pm Post subject: Re: Driver training in the North?
Might need to clarify that a wee tad old chap ....!
Posted: Tue Oct 02, 2018 2:11 pm Post subject: Re: Driver training in the North?
Posted: Tue Oct 02, 2018 3:51 pm Post subject: Re: Driver training in the North?
Give Carlimits a call. They are based in the south but do hold days at other circuits. I spent a day with them at Easingwold and it was superb. 6 students and 2 instructors, theory, practical exercises in all aspects of cornering, braking and general car control, and track time.
Thanks I'll give them a call.
If your in Scotland, I'm sure Knockhill does it.
Posted: Thu Oct 11, 2018 12:33 pm Post subject: Re: Driver training in the North?
If you haven't made your decision yet, I'd like the opportunity to chat through your objectives for training. Be good to discuss the benefits for venturing 'south' to our location, if you'll give me the option. Let me know if you'd like to talk on the phone or by email.