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Bonheur du Jour Patis is French brand made by Catherine Dufossez. The designer was raised in a family with a passion for fashion since 5th generation. Clothes which are made by Catherine are made with high-quality fabrics with great taste and passion to details. The brand is famous for comfortable cuts, beautiful colors, delicate embroidery. Clothes Bonheur du Jour are perfect for every occasion and for everyday wear.


holy crap, something not overly retarded!
Well, just newbish. This is the un-fuckified versuion of the smash bomb "myeyes". In a rough beta form, that is. Not much has changed from myeyes to now, although it is slightly more tolerable.
gameplay is really nice. As for design, reminds me of 1995 pwads. releasing any more wads in the future?


text:
Joseph F. Lyon (April 23, 1825 in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania – 1902 in Elkhorn, Wisconsin) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

Biography
Lyon was born on April 23, 1825 in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania. On July 26, 1854, he married Arimathea Jones. They had three children before her death on November 7, 1872. Later, Lyon married Amelia Dodge on December 10, 1873.

Career
Lyon was a member of the Assembly in 1868. Other positions he held include justice of the peace.

References

People from Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
American justices of the peace
1825 births
1902 deaths
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Uki goshi (浮腰) je jedan od originalnih 40 džudo bacanja razvijenih od Jigora Kana. Spada u prvu grupu, Dai Ikkyo, tradicionalnog popisa bacanja, Gokyo (no waza), Kodokan džuda. Spada i u trenutačnih 67 bacanja Kodokan džuda. Kategoriziran je kao bočna tehnika, Koshi-Waza. Bio je bio poznat kao omiljeno bacanje Jigora Kana. Vrlo se često vježbao u tradicionalnim džudo dojoima.

Opis tehnike
Ilustracija
s http://www.judoinfo.com/techdraw.htm

U Uki Goshiju, tori baca ukea preko svojeg boka. Torijeva prednja noga blago blokira prednju nogu ukea i tori je početno blago postavljen bočno prema ukeu umjesto da mu je okrenuo leđa.

Video primjeri:
Damonstrirano
s http://www.judoinfo.com/video4.htm

U konteksu borbe  s http://www.jitsu-club.co.uk/forum/jitsu_techniques.asp

Povijest tehnike

Sustavi koji ga imaju
Sustavi:
 Kodokan džudo, džudo lista
Popisi:
 Kanon džuda
 Džudaške tehnike

Slične tehnike, inačice i nazivi
Hrvatski nazivi:
Lebdeći bok

Slično:
O Goshi

Vanjske poveznice
 Informacije o džudaškim tehnikama.

Džudaške tehnike


text:
Aug 6 Bald-headed stranger
Family, Listening, Personal
In 1996, shortly after I graduated from high school, my parents announced we were going on a family vacation. "After all," they pointed out (not in unison, though this dialogue certainly suggests they speak in unison, like robots or brainwashed cultists), "who knows when we'll ever get a chance to vacation, just the four of us, again?"
Twenty-two years later, we did it again.
Granted, the circumstances had changed. In 1996, we splurged on a trip to Maui. This time around, we all piled into my mother's Ford Flex, and we drove a couple hundred miles to Spokane and back for a concert: Alison Krauss & Willie Nelson (though, as it turned out, they performed only separately).
The show was great, but the road trip, as all road-trippers know, was the best part. My father's driving stresses my sister out, so he generously offered up the wheel to me, and I chauffeured us there and back. We all had a job, of course:
My mother shouted Trivial Pursuit questions: "Which of these people was not a member of the Beatles? John Lennon. Paul McCartney. Ringo Starr. Rodney Dangerfield." (Okay, that wasn't the precise question she read aloud, but I'm convinced that the Trivial Pursuit folks think way less of humans than they did thirty years ago, when the questions were about the common exports of Bolivia, or mildly complicated questions about which royal family reigned in what land and when. These days, the questions are like the above. Which of these is not a primary color? Red. Blue. Fuchsia. Yellow.)
My sister spun a Spotify playlist based on embarrassing memories (me, age five, caterwauling The Oak Ridge Boys's "Elvira" at church) or longtime favorites (Barry Manilow for Mom, John Denver for Dad) or ad-hoc suggestions, which led to things like Steppenwolf followed by Radiohead, or Patty Griffin followed by The Guess Who.
Dad bought the show tickets and covered the hotel rooms, which earned him the right to sleep most of the way to Spokane and back.
The show, of course, was terrific. We'd all seen Alison Krauss before, a few times, and she's always great. But we were really there for Willie, who is eighty-five years old and incredibly frank about his advanced age and current status: "I'm not dead yet," he sang, after which he growled, "Roll me up and smoke me when I die." He threw out a medley of his hits—"Mama, Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys," "You Were Always On My Mind," "On the Road Again," etc.—as well as some one-off tributes to his late friends. "Let's do one for Merle," he'd say, or, "How about we sing a little something for ol' Waylon."
Willie doesn't so much sing these days as speak, and all of his songs were almost covers of themselves. Which I sort of loved. The guy just does his thing, shaky old hands and all. And those shaky hands tore up his old guitar—he turned every song into a coarse solo that was mesmerizing to watch. My sister, Liz, was particularly enraptured by Willie's forearm hair, which glowed in the lights: "There's so much of it, it's like he could just fly away." Willie threw a cowboy hat into the crowd, then later threw his bandanna, after which he put on another. Then he threw that one, and put on another. Everyone laughed when he threw that one, too, and tied another.
I'd gone there hoping for "Pancho & Lefty," my favorite old Willie & Merle song, and I didn't get it—but there was nothing disappointing about that. Willie gave a great show. When the show ended, he did a lap around the stage, waving happily with both hands at the crowd; at the end of the lap, he did an encore, then left for good.
It was a relief, however, to make it home at the end of our quick trip. Between my jaunt to their home in Washington and back, and the trip to Spokane and back, I spent about sixteen hours behind the wheel of one car or another. I spent most of Sunday asleep.
But it was all worth it to hear my folks sing "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die."
Maybe in twenty years we'll do this again.
I bet Willie will still be onstage somewhere.
Aug 7 Desks analog and digital
Jul 31 The pencils of wrath

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Intl. Notebook Oct 13 2011
Deneuve shows off the best hair in French history.
We're posting scans from this issue of the British film magazine Continental Film Review for one reason—22-year-old Catherine Deneuve and her amazing, shampoo commercial hair. You can really understand why the world was so smitten with her. You also get images of Claudia Cardinale, Nadja Tiller and others, all below, October 1964.
BritainContinental Film ReviewMarina VladyNadja TillerJean-Pierre MarielleCatherine DeneuveClaudia CardinaleDany Carrelcinema
Femmes Fatales Jul 17 2010
Miss Body Hair 1960.
Promo photo of French actress Marina Vlady, née Marina de Poliakoff-Baidaroff, circa 1955. Vlady began her film career as a typical bombshell and even earned the nickname "Miss Body of 1960", but she went on to become an award-winning actress.
FranceMarina Vladysex symbol
SEARCH PULP INTERNATIONAL
The headlines that mattered yesteryear.
1942—Carole Lombard Dies in Plane Crash
American actress Carole Lombard, who was the highest paid star in Hollywood during the late 1930s, dies in the crash of TWA Flight 3, on which she was flying from Las Vegas to Los Angeles after headlining a war bond rally in support of America's military efforts. She was thirty-three years old.
1919—Luxemburg and Liebknecht Are Killed
Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, two of the most prominent socialists in Germany, are tortured and murdered by the Freikorps. Freikorps was a term applied to various paramilitary organizations that sprang up around Germany as soldiers returned in defeat from World War I. Members of these groups would later become prominent members of the SS.
1967—Summer of Love Begins
The Human Be-In takes place in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park with between 20,000 to 30,000 people in attendance, their purpose being to promote their ideals of personal empowerment, cultural and political decentralization, communal living, ecological preservation, and higher consciousness. The event is considered the beginning of the famed counterculture Summer of Love.
It's easy. We have an uploader that makes it a snap. Use it to submit your art, text, header, and subhead. Your post can be funny, serious, or anything in between, as long as it's vintage pulp. You'll get a byline and experience the fleeting pride of free authorship. We'll edit your post for typos, but the rest is up to you. Click here to give us your best shot.
Pulp art from around the web
Things you'd love to buy but can't anymore


DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The "Kaolin Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Application (Ceramics, Plastic, Pharmaceuticals & Medical, Paint & Coatings, Cosmetics, Fiber Glass, Paper, Rubber), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2019 - 2025" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.
High demand from fiberglass and fiberglass composites is expected to be one of the key factors boosting the market growth. Fuel efficiency of an average passenger vehicle in U.S. reached 25 miles per gallon in 2016 from 13.5 miles per gallon in 1975, before the introduction of CAF standards. Focus of the governments of various countries to improve fuel efficiency and reduce pollution is projected to propel the development of fiberglass market, ultimately leading to a rise in the demand for kaolin over the coming years.
Kaolin is used as a filler and coating material in the paper & pulp industry. The product increases gloss, smoothness, brightness, and paint absorbency of paper, which further improves the printability of paper surface. However, stagnant growth of the paper industry in North America region may affect the demand for kaolin products. For instance, paper industry in Canada is facing a serious challenge from electronic media as a source of entertainment and information.
Despite such challenges, rising demand for flexible packaging paper from North America and Europe food & beverage sectors is expected to have a positive impact on the paper industry over the forecast period. Thereby, resulting in a stable demand for kaolin products. For instance, in 2017, paper-based containers accounted for a sales volume of nearly 39.3 billion units in the food packaging sector of North America. Various long-term investment strategies adopted by key companies are creating a positive impact on the market growth.
Recently, BASF SE announced an investment of USD 200 million for their kaolin business. The company is aiming to achieve operational sustainability and efficiency through this strategy. Increasing investments from the manufacturers to meet the regulatory norms coupled with rising labor, energy and logistics costs have led to an increase in the prices of kaolin.
Companies including Imerys and KaMin LLC have announced an increase in the price of kaolin products in 2018, to ensure long-term sustainability in the market. Companies also take efforts to maintain strong relations with logistics partners to optimize the cost.
Maoming Xingli Kaolin Co., Ltd.
Yankuang Beihai kaolin Co. Ltd.
Longyan Kaolin Clay Co., Ltd.


text:
Speaker: High chance of complications after trauma-related amputation
NEW ORLEANS — The likelihood of complications and reoperation is very high following trauma-related amputation, according to research presented at the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists Annual Meeting and Scientific Symposium.
Saam Morshed, MD, MPH, conducted a study to explore the epidemiology of upper extremity amputation using secondary data analysis from the 2009-2012 National Trauma databank.
The data included 1,386 patients from 900 trauma centers around the United States, who underwent major upper extremity amputation following trauma. Researchers used multivariate regression models to identify predictors of adverse surgical complications, rate of reoperation and length of hospitalization.
Saam Morshed
Overall, 18% of the patients studied had surgical complications post-amputation and nearly 30% of patients underwent reoperation. Compartment syndrome and neurovascular disease were the major factors for reoperation. Pneumonia was also a major factor, as 5.52% of patients had pneumonia-related complications. About 3% of patients experienced complications due to acute kidney injury and 2.86% of patients had acute lung injury or respiratory distress syndrome-related complications.
Thrombophlebitis, severe sepsis, infection and ulceration were among the other predictors of surgical complications, as well as osteomyelitis, pulmonary embolism, graft, prosthesis and flap failure.
"Extremity trauma is becoming increasingly frequent and important," Morshed said. "Given our most recent decade of war, more than half of wounded services members evacuated from the Middle East have extremity injuries."
This research provides a baseline for further work, he said. Future initiatives include exploring hospital teaching status, geographic region and association with outcomes. – by Shawn M. Carter
Morshed. Paper F5. Presented at: American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists Annual Meeting and Scientific Symposium; Feb. 18-21, 2015; New Orleans.
Disclosure: The work was funded by the Orthopedic Research and Education Foundation.
Self-reported cognitive issues significant for people with lower limb loss
Hanger announces restatement of previously issued, unaudited financial statements


text:
Homicide: The Movie (2000) (TV)
Cast: Ned Beatty, Richard Belzer, Reed Diamond, Daniel Baldwin, Andre Braugher, Jon Seda, Michelle Forbes, Toni Lewis, Melissa Leo, Michael Michele, Isabella Hofmann, Peter Gerety, Jon Polito, Clark Johnson, Kyle Secor, Zeljko Ivanek, Giancarlo Esposito, Eamonn Walker, Max Perlich, Callie Thorne, Jason Priestley, Yaphet Kotto, Ed Begley Jr.
Director: Jean de Segonzac
Writer: James Yoshimura, Tom Fontana, Eric Overmeyer
Running Time: 96 min.
Synopsis: In this film based on the popular television series, members of the Baltimore Police Department must resolve the attempted murder of Al Giardello (Yaphet Kotto), their former commander who is trying his hand at mayoral politics. Old partners are reunited, but not without conflict. Frank Pembleton (Andre Braugher) and Tim Bayliss (Kyle Secor) try to find reasons for the shooting that put Giordello in a coma. However, Bayliss has been repressing angst, which inevitably comes to the surface.
About the Graph & Metric
DVD Talk (Jeffrey Robinson) dvd review[2/5]
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text:
Q: JQuery Select2 Item not found trigger I would like to have a callback for my select2 fields. I'm trying to display all the item name on my select2 component. But if the user just typed in the name of the item and the item is not under any option of the select input then I would like to pop up a dialog informing them if they want to add this as new item. So I was wondering if there are any sort of callback for this function. Here's what I was thinking
$('select').select2({
    onSelect: function(item) {
         if (item == null || $(this).options == 0) {
         // A dialog will prompt saying would you like to add this item?
         }
    }
});

I know syntax for this is not correct but you can the idea right? I just want to know what is the callback to determine if an item type in the select2 is not existing or better yet I want a callback to be triggered if the user type in something that is not on the select2 options.

A: Ok here you go. Below are the 2 scenarios which works to some extent:
Scenario 1:
DEMO
Enabled confirmation prompt only for click on the newtag
$('.select2').select2({
    tags: true,
    tokenSeparators: [",", " "],
    createTag: function (tag) {
        return {
            id: tag.term,
            text: tag.term,
            isNew : true
        };
    }
}).on("select2:select", function(e) {
    if(e.params.data.isNew){
        var r = confirm("do you want to create a tag?");
        if (r == true) {
$(this).find('[value="'+e.params.data.id+'"]').replaceWith('<option selected value="'+e.params.data.id+'">'+e.params.data.text+'</option>');
        }
        else
        {
            $('.select2-selection__choice:last').remove();
            $('.select2-search__field').val(e.params.data.text).focus()
        }
    }

});

Scenario 2:
DEMO
Confirmation for both click and space but tag gets added to list:
$('.select2').select2({
    tags: true,
    tokenSeparators: [",", " "]
}).on("change", function(e) {
    var isNew = $(this).find('[data-select2-tag="true"]');
    if(isNew.length){
        var r = confirm("do you want to create a tag?");
        if (r == true) {
isNew.replaceWith('<option selected value="'+isNew.val()+'">'+isNew.val()+'</option>');
        }
        else
        {
            $('.select2-selection__choice:last').remove();
            $('.select2-search__field').val(isNew.val()).focus()
        }
    }
});

You need to find some workaround for tag getting added in false case.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


You are in: Room 3b.
The Polish Armed Forces in the West were subordinated to the Polish Government in exile. They were formed largely from soldiers who escaped the fall of Poland to France in 1939-40 and thereafter evacuated to G.B.
Polish Airforce – Famously excelled in the Battle of Britain. 303 Squadron shot down more Germans than any other allied squadron. By 1945 there was 18 squadrons, both fighter and bomber.
Army – The 1st Polish Corps comprised of the 1st Polish Armoured Division and the 1st Polish Independent Parachute Brigade.
Polish forces fought in the Narvik campaign in Norway. The 3rd Carpathian Infantry Brigade took part in the siege of Tobruk in 1941.
The 1st Polish Armoured Division was formed under General Maczek. Landing in Normandy in August 1944 they closed the gap at the Falaise Pocket, capturing thousands of retreating German forces. The Division went on to liberate St Omer, Ypres, Breda and Wilhelmshaven.
The 1st Polish Independent Parachute Brigade was formed under General Sosabowski. The brigade was forced to fight in the disastrous Operation Market Garden, an attempt to cross the Rhine.
The Polish Navy was small compared to the ground forces, but fought in almost every theatre of War – arctic convoys, the battle of the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, Normandy landings.
Map of Narvik campaign 1940. Source: Boje Polskie 1939-45, Fundacja Historia I Kultura, Warsaw.


text:
Meyer & Dial (614) 340-9660
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Worthington, OH Real Estate
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Worthington is a quaint city just north of Columbus, serving as a suburb of the city. The community takes pride in its award-winning schools, variety of housing options, diverse business base, and well-preserved historic downtown district.
Worthington real estate includes a pleasant mix of historic properties and new construction homes, all of which are situated in the beautiful setting of this Columbus suburb. Residents enjoy quiet, well-maintained neighborhoods boasting lush landscaping. Homes in Worthington are primarily constructed in Colonial, traditional and Craftsman styles.
Lifestyle and Attractions
Nestled along the Olentangy River in Central Ohio, Worthington is a northern suburb of the Columbus area. The city was originally designed as a New England-style village, and was one of the earliest planned communities in Ohio. The community has since preserved the rich heritage of Worthington, boasting close-knit neighborhoods with tree lined streets, brick sidewalks and original architecture. Worthington has both a strong economic base and attractive residential lifestyle. Major employers in Worthington include AAA Ohio, Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield, Sandvik Hyperion, DLZ, Jack Maxton Chevrolet, Medvet, Mettler Toledo, and Worthington Industries.
Located in the heart of Worthington, the quaint historic district includes a mix of historic architecture and modern-day restaurants and shops. The nearby Village Green is the site for many community events and activities. The city operates more than 221 acres of parkland and natural areas, which are placed near neighborhoods to promote a pedestrian-friendly atmosphere. The city has 20 parks, all designed for different purposes and usage, in addition to several pool facilities and a community center. The Olentangy River Parklands consists of 100 acres of land with more than two miles of bike paths winding along the Olentangy River, which travels through Worthington.
Nearby Schools and Higher Education
Worthington is served by the Worthington City School District, which includes 11 elementary schools, four middle schools and two high schools. There are several private schools options in Worthington, including Griswold Christian Academy, Worthington Christian Schools, St. Michael School, and more. There are a number of colleges and universities in nearby Columbus, including Ohio State University, Columbus State Community College, Capital University, Franklin University, and more.
Worthington was planned under the leadership of a man named James Kilbourn, who formed the Scioto Company in order to purchase land west of the Allegheny Mountains. 38 original proprietors from Connecticut and Massachusetts bought 16,000 acres of land, and the first families arrived in 1803, the same year that Ohio became a state. The area now known as Worthington consisted of 8,000 acres divided into town lots for homes and businesses, surrounded by farmland, a layout true to New England's style.
In 1803, the Scioto Company voted to name the village for Ohio Senator Thomas Worthington. The village began to prosper, forming an Episcopal congregation and Masonic Lodge in 1804, and opening a post office in 1805, an academy in 1808, and a newspaper and manufacturing company in 1811. Worthington was officially incorporated as a village in 1835, and maintained a stable population through the remainder of the nineteenth century.
In 1893, the electric street railway was constructed to connect Columbus and Worthington, which turned Worthington into a suburb, as residents could work or shop in the city. By the start of World War II, Worthington had a population of 1,569, and the city saw significant growth after the war. By the year 1970, the population had reached 15,326. Worthington developed new subdivisions, businesses and schools almost annually. The completion of I-270 in 1975 brought more growth to the city, making it the successful and accessible suburb it is today.
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text:
An $85 million mansion in one of America's most expensive ZIP codes is poised to shatter the area's real-estate record — take a look inside
Taylor Borden
Dec 9, 2019, 1:47 AM
According to Mansion Global, a sprawling San Francisco-area home located in one of the country's most expensive ZIP codes just hit the market for $US85 million, making it the priciest listing in the region.
The home takes the title from 950 Lombard, which is still on the market after a price cut lowered the listing to $US40.5 million. The city's current real-estate record is $US38 million – whichever property sells first will shatter the record.
The recently-listed property, which is just north of San Francisco in Ross, sits on a five-acre lot and features a main house, a pool house, and a caretaker's house, according to the listing.
Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.
The Bay Area housing market is bleak.
As Business Insider previously reported, even tech workers (who are generally paid well) say they are being priced out. And yet, extravagant properties just keep hitting the market.
In November, an estate that spans nearly 220,000 square feet in Ross, a town just north of San Francisco, was listed for $US85 million, according to Mansion Global.
That price tag makes it the most expensive current listing in the area. It is currently priced at more than double the area's real-estate record. The home that holds the record was initially listed for $US42 million and ultimately sold for $US38 million. Another home, 950 Lombard, has been on track to break the record at its current reduced $US40.5 million asking price, as previously reported by Business Insider.
The $US85 million listing is held by Neal Ward and Glen Williams of Compass. Keep reading for a look at the five-acre property.
If the property sells for anywhere near the asking price of $US85 million, it will dwarf the current San Francisco-area real-estate record of $US38 million.
The home has nine bedrooms and 14 bathrooms. It also has four fireplaces scattered throughout the main residence.
In addition to a pool house that doubles as a guest house, there is also a caretaker's house on the property.
The sprawling outdoor area includes a terrace with a pergola, a pool deck, a tennis court, a bocce ball court, and a labyrinth.
The entire property, which covers five acres, is lined with oak and magnolia trees.
arts & culture bay area features luxury real estate most expensive homes most expensive real estate real estate ross san francisco thelife-us


text:
Titans Roll Past Casey County Rebels
By Harrodsburg Herald | December 10, 2014 | 0
Junior Will Hager went up for two of his 26 points in the Mercer County Titans 87-52 vistory over Casey County Saturday, Dec. 6.
Mercer County boys' basketball Head Coach Josh Cook picked up his first win as the man in charge of the Titans on Saturday night, as Mercer cruised to an 87-52 win over the visiting Casey County Rebels.
Things started out good for the Titans as they got out to a quick 5-0 lead. It got even better when Malik Dow slammed in an alley oop dunk to put the Titans up 7-0.
"I thought Malik played much more aggressive tonight. We need that from him every night" said Cook.
Casey County finally got their first points nearly three minutes into the game, but the Titans continued to dominate the quarter, thanks in large part to junior Will Hager, who had 13 points in the opening quarter.
"I was just taking what was open. I was trying to make the plays that my team needed, but obviously I wouldn't have been able to execute like I did without them," said Hager.
The Titans led after the first quarter 23-10.
Check out this weeks edition of the Harrodsburg Herald to read the rest of the story.


Clovis Ray was an outstanding athlete with an analytical mind.
To calculate his risk of being killed as a GI in Afghanistan, he learned that an improvised explosive device — typically a roadside bomb — was the No. 1 cause of combat deaths and that 90 percent of all firefights there began when one detonated.
The former banker and San Antonio native rated his chances of dying in Afghanistan at 14 percent.
He was killed by an IED two months after he wrote his brother. He was 34.
On this Memorial Day, the memories of the young athlete, scholar and mentor still burn in the hearts of family, old friends and comrades, who question whether his sacrifice was in vain.
The long war in Afghanistan has had a high cost. So far, 2,411 U.S. troops have been killed there. In Iraq, 4,541 Americans have perished since 2001. For both places, some wonder if there is a strategy, an exit plan or a good reason to stay.
In Afghanistan, Americans ousted al-Qaida, which planned the 9/11 attacks, "and we have stayed to ensure that neither (it) or, now, ISIS can re-establish such a sanctuary," Petraeus said.
Thomas Ricks, author of "Fiasco," a book chronicling the Iraq War, was less charitable.
"The war in Afghanistan was necessary, but we have handled it badly since the fall of Kabul at the end of 2001," he said. "The war in Iraq was unnecessary and a mistake and has resulted in greatly empowering Iran.
In Afghanistan, U.S. efforts to stabilize insecure areas in the country mostly failed from 2001 to 2017 — by spending too much money, too quickly, in a country unable to absorb it and without sufficient understanding of its people and institutions, according to recent reports by the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. Today, insurgents control 20 percent of the country and are contesting 20 percent more.
As a child, Clovis and Ed Ray had played soldier, pretending to fight in Vietnam and Cambodia, spending their days in the woods with tree limbs as rifles. It wasn't a surprise they pretended to be GIs. Both were born at Fort Sam Houston.
Their father, Bob Ben Ray Sr., a Vietnam veteran who served as an Army captain, had a dental practice in Three Rivers, Beeville and Corpus Christi.
Ed Ray said their father "was unable to hold a job for a sustainable period due to severe PTSD" and, bankrupt, moved his middle-class family into public housing in Three Rivers when the Ray twins were in second grade.
One compensation for those lean years were supportive parents, coupled with a tight-knit community.
"You were raised by the village," Ed Ray said.
During summers in the early 1990s, the twins stayed at a friend's place in the country, waking up at 5 a.m., jumping in a truck and doing field work. Wearing long-sleeved shirts against the 100-degree South Texas sunshine, the Ray boys walked behind a trailer and picked up bales of hay weighing 100 to 150 pounds, keeping pace with the truck for workdays that ran as long as 12 hours.
By their sophomore year, they were among the biggest, strongest kids on Three Rivers High School's varsity football squad. The team went deep into the playoffs their junior and senior years.
Clovis Ray also was a star student, joining math competitions. He kept spreadsheets that tracked the hours he studied, the miles he ran and books he read. He graduated fourth in his class and made the National Honor Society. Ed was in the top quarter of his class.
The Ray twins were football starters at Macalester College in Minnesota for all four years, gym rats who became famous as "wedge" specialists. They'd run downfield on kickoffs, often the first ones on the team to make contact, and throw themselves into the receiving team's blocking backs. As Macalester's leading tacklers, they often took the ball carrier down on their own.
Clovis Ray entered the Army at 32. He had wanted to join right after graduating college and nearly signed up a few years later. But he had remained a civilian in San Antonio, an investment banker who ran 13 marathons. There was something about soldiering, though, that fired his imagination and moved him to quit the bank.
He signed an Army contract without saying a word to his brother.
Those who knew him say there was an aura around Clovis Ray.
Most Americans know little of the truly dangerous jobs of blue-collar workers, the oil field roughnecks, loggers, commercial fishermen and soldiers in distant wars, said writer and documentarian Sebastian Junger, whose book "War" chronicled fighting a few years earlier and not far from where Clovis Ray's platoon was based.
"There are not enough troops over there for them to notice, and it doesn't cost enough to force a conversation," Junger said.
So far this year, two U.S. troops have been killed in Afghanistan, 11 in Iraq.
Retired Army Col. Joseph Collins, who led a National Defense University study on the strategic lessons of both wars, said the new Afghanistan strategy features more advisers at lower levels, more air support and focused diplomacy with Pakistan, something he hasn't seen before.
He said it was hard to say how long U.S. involvement would last.
Clovis Ray took over a platoon of 20 soldiers at Forward Operating Base Joyce in eastern Afghanistan. He was known for running 10 or more miles around the base's guarded interior perimeter. Outside the wire, his "Gundog" Delta Company quickly got into firefights.
Ray expressed frustration — but no concerns about his safety — in his emails.
On his last mission, at night, Ray led them up the Waygal Valley, a center of stiff insurgent resistance. On foot, he was clearing routes the platoon's armored vehicles would use.
An explosion rang out, and he crumpled.
"The platoon immediately retrieved Clovis and drove back to base, treating his wounds en route, but the loss of blood proved too great to save him," said the soldier, who asked not to be identified.
A week later, Ray was back in Three Rivers, a long line of mourners walking gingerly to his open casket.
"When the Taliban detonated the IED, he had his troops stay in the tank — there was a tank and an armored Humvee, and they were on patrol at night. He had them stay in as he was sweeping around," Ed Ray said.
In death, Clovis Ray brought people together. A scholarship established in his name has awarded $60,000 to around a dozen student-athletes who've demonstrated excellence in sports and academics.
Ed Ray believes the war in Afghanistan can't go on forever, that there must be an end. He thinks of the families thrust in turmoil when soldiers come to the front door. Families are left behind, like Clovis Ray's wife, Shannon, and his son, Dean, now 11.
But whatever else, both he and Borene, the Iraq veteran, say Clovis Ray's life as a soldier transcends the trajectory of the war.


text:
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LATA - Language and Automata Theory and Applications. The 6th International Conference on Language and Automata Theory and Applications, March 5-9, 2012, A Coruña, Spain.
The history of LATA starts in 2007. After three consecutive editions organized in Tarragona, the 4th edition (LATA 2010) took place in Trier, Germany while the 5th edition was back in Tarragona. Now it is the time for a new place to host LATA 2012, this time we go to A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
This is the group picture taken Friday, May 27, 2011.
A centenary celebration of the life and work of Alan Turing. The tutorial sessions Around the Physical Church-Turing Thesis presented by Gilles Dowek on March 6 and 7 are dedicated to this event.
The volume of proceedings published by Springer in the series of Lecture Notes in Computer Science ( LNCS volume 7183) will be available by the time of the conference.
2007, March 29-April 4, Tarragona.
The following events are taking place in Tarragona. TPNC2012, October 1-5, 2012, WSMBio2012, February 20-24, 2012, WSLST2012, January 23-27, 2012, FSFLA2011, October 31 - November 4, 2011 .
Our web pages are interoperable. This document validates as XHTML 1.0 Strict and CSS level 2.1.
LNCS 7183 is now available online. You can find information about it at http://www.springeronline.com/978-3-642-28331-4 or access the online version at http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-642-28331-4/.
LATA is a yearly conference in theoretical computer science and its applications. The organizers of the current edition are the Language in the Information Society Research Group - LYS from the University of A Coruña and the Research Group on Mathematical Linguistics - GRLMC from the University Rovira i Virgili of Tarragona.
Your paper (if accepted) will be published in the LNCS proceedings of the conference. For detailed instructions about the LNCS format, please consult: the Springer site. Download the file llncs2e.zip. All the instructions for the layout of the paper are given within (there is also an example of an article on pages 15-23 after compiling the .tex source).
According to wikipedia, in Spain, currently the only official form of the name is the Galician one, "A Coruña". Nonetheless, the Spanish form, La Coruña, is still widespread. In English the city is still sometimes known as Corunna, and archaically was called The Groyne.
This is the end of page. Liquid layout adapted for LATA 2012 by Adrian. Site design: July, 2011.


text:
The A977 is an A road in Scotland, connecting the Kincardine Bridge in Fife to the M90 motorway at Kinross.

Route
The A977 runs between the M90 junction 6 and a roundabout at the southern end of the Kincardine Bridge

Places along the route
The road passes through several villages and hamlets on its route.  Approaching from the south, it passes through Forestmill, Blairingone, Powmill, Crook of Devon, before reaching the M90.

Residents' concerns
The new Clackmannanshire Bridge has led to an increase in heavy traffic using the A977 to reach the M90 motorway providing a quicker route for North East traffic from Glasgow and the west. The road has also become a favourable route for many UK and European hauliers in recent years seeking an alternative route to avoid DSVA enforcement activities on the M9 at Stirling.  This has caused to concern among people who live in communities on the road. MSP Liz Smith raised the matter in the Scottish Parliament but was told that this was a council matter.  She has since raised the matter with Perth and Kinross Council.

A package of traffic mitigation measures was approved in February 2010.

See also
 Perth and Kinross Council
 County of Kinross
 Clackmannanshire

Notes

External links
 Fossoway Community Council

Roads in Scotland
Transport in Fife
Transport in Clackmannanshire
Transport in Perth and Kinross


Get out and ride in the Alaskan Boreal Forest! Traveling at speeds up to 30 mph, maneuver through the taiga to picturesque panoramas of the Alaska Range. Observe glacial moraines and historic archeological dig sites while navigating tree rutted trails, mountain-fed creek beds, and boggy tundra. Spend more time riding on the trail than any other Denali area off-road adventure tour. You may learn how to make fireweed tea, leave with a blueberry smile, or even chat about survival. Periodic stops are made for photography and wildlife sightings.
Tackle the terrain in a single-rider ATV or share the thrill in a multi-passenger side-by-side ATV. Trails are challenging for all experience levels.


text:
Kelenken is a genus of phorusrhacid ("terror bird"), an extinct group of large, predatory birds, which lived in what is now Argentina in the middle Miocene about 15 million years ago. The only known specimen was discovered by high school student Guillermo Aguirre-Zabala in Comallo, in the region of Patagonia, and was made the holotype of the new genus and species Kelenken guillermoi in 2007. The genus name references a spirit in Tehuelche mythology, and the specific name honors the discoverer. The holotype consists of one of the most complete skulls known of a large phorusrhacid, as well as a tarsometatarsus lower leg bone and a phalanx toe bone. The discovery of Kelenken clarified the anatomy of large phorusrhacids, as these were previously much less well known. The closest living relatives of the phorusrhacids are the seriemas. Kelenken was found to belong in the subfamily Phorusrhacinae, along with for example Devincenzia.

Phorusrhacids were large, flightless birds with long hind limbs, narrow pelvises, proportionally small wings, and huge skulls, with a tall, long, sideways compressed hooked beak. Kelenken is the largest known phorusrhacid, 10% larger than its largest relatives known previously. At  long, the holotype skull is the largest known of any bird, and has been likened to the size of a horse's skull. The tarsometatarsus leg bone is  long. Kelenken is thought to have been about  tall and exceeded  in weight. Kelenken differed from other phorusrhacids in features such as the length of its beak, in having a supraorbital ossification (a rounded edge above the eye socket) that fits into a socket of the postorbital process, and in having an almost triangular foramen magnum (the large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord enters).

Phorusrhacids are thought to have been ground predators or scavengers, and have often been considered apex predators that dominated Cenozoic South America in the absence of placental mammalian predators, though they did co-exist with some large, carnivorous borhyaenid mammals. The long and slender tarsometatarsus of Kelenken suggests that it could run faster than had previously been assumed for large phorusrhacids, and would have been able to chase down small animals. Studies of the related Andalgalornis show that large phorusrhacids had very rigid and stiff skulls; this indicates they may have swallowed small prey whole or targeted larger prey with repetitive strikes with the beak. Kelenken is known from the Collón Curá Formation, and lived during the Colloncuran age of South America, when open environments predominated, which allowed more cursorial (adapted for running) and large animals to occur. The formation has provided fossils of a wide range of mammals, with a few fossils of birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

Taxonomy

Around 2004, fossils of a phorusrhacid (or "terror bird", a group of large, predatory birds) were discovered by Argentine high school student Guillermo Aguirre-Zabala between two houses, about  from the railroad of Comallo, a small village in the north-west of the Río Negro Province in the Patagonia region of Argentina (coordinates: ). The outcrops where the specimen was discovered belong to the Collón Curá Formation. Aguirre-Zabala prepared the specimen himself, and the discovery led him to shift from studying psychology to studying paleontology and Earth science.

The specimen became part of the collection of the Museo Asociación Paleontológica Bariloche in Río Negro, where it was cataloged as specimen BAR 3877-11. Prior to the animal receiving a scientific name, the specimen was reported and discussed by the Argentine paleontologists Luis M. Chiappe and Sara Bertelli in a short 2006 article. In 2007, Bertelli, Chiappe, and Claudia Tambussi made the specimen the holotype of Kelenken guillermoi; the genus name refers to a spirit in the mythology of the Tehuelche people of Patagonia which is represented as a giant bird of prey, and the specific name honors its discoverer.

The holotype and only known specimen consists of a nearly complete skull which is somewhat crushed from top to bottom, with most of the eye sockets, skull roof, braincase, and left quadrate bone preserved, while most of the palatal bones behind the eye sockets are missing. The specimen also includes an associated left tarsometatarsus (lower leg bone of birds), a small upper portion of a foot phalanx bone (toe bone), and some indeterminate fragments. The describers concluded these bones belonged to a single specimen due to being collected together (and with no other fossils being present), because their general preservation (such as color and texture) was similar, and because they were morphologically consistent with belonging to a large phorusrhacid. The specimen possessed the most complete skull of a large phorusrhacid known at the time. Previously, such skulls were known only from the fragmentary Devincenzia and Phorusrhacos. The skull of the latter disintegrated during collection (leaving only the tip of the beak), which hampered comparison between phorusrhacid taxa of different sizes, until the discovery of Kelenken.

Evolution

In their 2007 description, Bertelli and colleagues classified Kelenken as a member of the family Phorusrhacidae, based on its enormous size, combined with its sideways compressed, strongly hooked beak (or rostrum, the part of the jaws that formed the beak), and convex culmen (the top of the upper beak). Five phorusrhacid subfamilies were recognized at the time (Brontornithinae, Phorusrhacinae, Patagornithinae, Mesembriornithinae, and Psilopterinae), though their validity had not then been confirmed through cladistic analysis, and the describers found Kelenken most similar to taxa that had traditionally been considered phorusrhacines. Features shared with phorusrhacines include that the hind part of the skull is low and compressed from top to bottom, a wide occipital table, a blunt postorbital process, and a tarsometatarsus that is similar to that of Titanis in that the supratrochlear surface of the lower end is flat. Further comparison was hampered by the lack of anatomical information about phorusrhacines.

The Brazilian paleontologist Herculano Alvarenga and colleagues published a phylogenetic analysis of Phorusrhacidae in 2011 that found Kelenken and Devincenzia to be sister taxa, each other's closest relatives. While the analysis supported there being five subfamilies, the resulting cladogram did not separate Brontornithinae, Phorusrhacinae, and Patagornithinae. In their 2015 description of Llallawavis, the Argentinian paleontologist Federico J. Degrange and colleagues performed a phylogenetic analysis of Phorusrhacidae, wherein they found Phorusrhacinae to be polyphyletic (an unnatural grouping). The following cladogram shows the position of Kelenken following the 2015 analysis:

During the early Cenozoic, after the extinction of the non-bird dinosaurs, mammals underwent an evolutionary diversification, and some bird groups around the world developed a tendency towards gigantism; this included the Gastornithidae, the Dromornithidae, the Palaeognathae, and the Phorusrhacidae. Phorusrhacids are an extinct group within Cariamiformes, the only living members of which are the two species of seriemas in the family Cariamidae. While they are the most speciose group within Cariamiformes, the interrelationships between phorusrhacids are unclear due to the incompleteness of their remains.

Phorusrhacids were present in South America from the Paleocene (when the continent was an isolated island) and survived until the Pleistocene. They also appeared in North America at the end of the Pliocene, during the Great American Biotic Interchange, and while fossils from Europe have been assigned to the group, their classification is disputed. It is unclear where the group originated; both cariamids and phorusrhacids may have arisen in South America, or arrived from elsewhere when southern continents were closer together or when sea levels were lower. Kelenken itself lived during the middle Miocene, about 15 million years ago. Since phorusrhacids survived until the Pleistocene, they appear to have been more successful than for example the South American metatherian thylacosmilid predators (which disappeared in the Pliocene), and it is possible that they competed ecologically with placental predators that entered from North America in the Pleistocene.

Description

Phorusrhacids were large, flightless birds with long hind limbs, narrow pelvises, proportionally small wings, and huge skulls, with a tall, long, sideways compressed hooked beak. Kelenken is the largest known phorusrhacid, about 10% larger than the largest phorusrhacids previously known, such as Phorusrhacos. The holotype skull is about  long from the tip of the beak to the center of the sagittal nuchal crest at the upper back of the head (a size likened to the size of a horse's skull), making it the largest skull of any known bird. The hind end of the skull is  wide. The tarsometatarsus leg bone is  long. The head height was up to , while modern seriemas reach  in height. While the weight of Kelenken has not been specifically estimated, it is thought to have exceeded .

Skull
Prior to the discovery of Kelenken, the skulls of incompletely known large phorusrhacids were reconstructed as scaled up versions of those of smaller, more complete relatives like Psilopterus and Patagornis, as exemplified by a frequently reproduced 1895 sketch of the destroyed skull of the large Phorusrhacos, which was itself based on that of Patagornis. These reconstructions highlighted their assumed very tall beaks, round, high eye sockets, and vaulted braincases, but Kelenken demonstrated the significant difference between the skulls of large and small members of the group. The holotype skull is very massive, and triangular when viewed from above, with the hind portion compressed from top to bottom. The upper beak is very long, exceeding half the total length of the skull, unlike in Mesembriornis and Patagornis, and is longer than that of Phorusrhacos. The ratio between the upper beak and the skull of Kelenken is 0.56, based on the distance between the bony nostril and the front tip. In spite of the crushing from top to bottom, the upper beak is high and very robust, though apparently not as high as in patagornithines, such as Patagornis, Andrewsornis, and Andalgalornis.

The front end of the premaxilla (the frontmost bone of the upper jaw) prominently projects as a sharp, downturned hook. Such a strong downwards projection resembles most closely the condition seen in large to medium sized phorusrhacids such as Phorusrhacos, Patagornis, Andrewsornis, and Andalgalornis, rather than the weaker projections of the smaller psilopterines. The underside of the upper beak's front portion forms a pair of prominent ridges that are each separated by a groove from the tomium, or sharp edge of the beak. These ridges are also separated from a broader central portion of the premaxilla by a longitudinal groove (the rostral premaxillar canal). Patagornis had a similar morphology on the front part of the palate. Much of the upper beak's side is scarred by small, irregular pits, which functioned as nerve exits. The hindmost two thirds of the upper beak are excavated by a prominent furrow, which runs parallel to the margin of the tomium.

The nostrils are small, rectangular, and are located in the upper hind corner of the upper beak as in patagornithines (the size and location of the nostrils is unknown in the larger phorusrhacines and brontornithines). The nostrils appear to be longer from front to back than high, though this may be exaggerated by crushing, and their hind margin is formed by the maxillary process of the nasal bone (a projection from the nasals towards the maxilla, the main bone of the upper jaw). Whether the nostrils are connected to each other at the middle (lacking a septum as in other phorusrhacids) is not discernible. The quadrangular shape of the antorbital fenestra (an opening in front of the eye socket) is clear despite it being crushed somewhat on both sides. The front border of this opening is approximately level with the hind margin of the nostril, and its lower margin is straight when viewed from the left side. Robust lacrimal bones form the hind margins of the antorbital fenestrae, and these bones were recessed in relation to the jugal bar (that formed the lower edge of the eye socket) and the outer side margin of each frontal bone (main bones of the forehead). The antorbital fenestra is proportionally smaller than that of Patagornis.

While the shape of the eye sockets may be slightly affected by compression from top to bottom, it is likely they were low, almost rectangular in shape, with a concave upper margin and a slightly convex lower border. The upper part of the eye socket is delineated by a thick, rounded edge (a supraorbital ossification), the hind part of which appears to overhang downward as seen from the side. In Patagornis, a similar structure has been suggested to be a process of the lacrimal bone, and while the connection between these is not clear in Kelenken, this structure was probably also an extension of the lacrimal. The supraorbital ossification fits within a socket formed by a part of the frontal bone that forms the postorbital process, a configuration unknown in other phorusrhacids. The lower margin of the eye socket is formed by a robust jugal bar which is very tall (larger than that of Devincenzia), and flat from side to side. The jugal bone is about four times taller than thick by the lower center of the eyesocket, and its height is greater than in other phorusrhacids.

The frontal bones appear to have been flat on their upper side. The area where the frontals would have contacted the premaxillae is damaged so that their sutures (joints between them) cannot be identified, but the sutures between the frontals and the nasals and parietals are fully fused. This fusion makes it difficult to identify how these bones were part of the skull roof, but the blunt, robust postorbital processes were probably mainly formed by the frontals. On their lower sides, each frontal forms a large depression where a jaw muscle attached. The postorbital process is separated narrowly from a robust zygomatic process, and these two projections enclose a narrow temporal fossa (opening at the temple). The postorbital process contains scars left by massive jaw muscles, parts of which invaded most of the skull roof at the level of the parietal bones. There is a well developed depression behind the zygomatic process, along the side of the squamosal bone, which corresponds to a jaw closing muscle. The subtemporal fossa further behind is broad and its back is defined by a blunt, sidewards extension of the nuchal crest.

The maxillae form an extensive palate, with the side margins being almost parallel for most of the upper beak's length, and the palate becomes wider from the front back to the region of the eye sockets. Like in Patagornis, these bones are separated at the midline by a distinct, longitudinal depression running much of their length, and along the back half of the palate, this depression is flanked by portions of the maxillae. The side margin at the back of the maxilla has a sutured contact with the jugal which is well-defined, similar to Patagornis. The part of the skull roof behind the eye sockets is flat and scarred by the development of the temporal musculature. The occipital table is very wide, like in Devicenzia, and low, which gives it a rectangular appearance when viewed from behind. The occipital condyle (the rounded prominence at the back of the head which contacted with the first neck vertebra) is round with a vertical groove that originates on its upper surface, and reaches almost to the center of the condyle. The foramen magnum (the large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord enters) is almost triangular, uniquely for this genus, and has a blunt upper apex, and it is slightly smaller than the condyle. Above the foramen magnum is a crest-like prominence, vertically extending from the edge of the foramen to the transverse nuchal crest. A fossa (shallow depression) under the condyle is not visible, differing from Patagornis and Devicenzia, whose fossae are distinct.

Leg bone

The shaft of the tarsometatarsus is somewhat slender, with an almost rectangular mid-section, similar to Phorusrhacos. The upper two thirds of its upper surface are concave, while the lower third is flatter. The tarsometatarsus has cotylae (two cup-like cavities at the upper end of the shaft) that are almost oval and deeply concave. The lateral cotyla on the outer side is smaller than the medial cotyla on the inner side, and is slightly below it. The intercotylar eminence between the cotylae is well-developed and robust, as in other phorusrhacids. Unique to this genus, there is a round tubercle on the medioplantar corner of the lateral cotyla, lower in height than the intercotylar eminence. The middle of the shaft of the tarsometatarsus is irregularly quadrangular, which is different from that of brontornithines, which are rectangular and very wide. The trochlea of the third metatarsal (the "knuckles" of the tarsometatarsus which articulated with the upper part of the toe phalanges) is much bigger than the two other trochlea (second and fourth), and projects much further down, and the fourth trochlea is larger than the second. The fourth trochlea is irregularly quadrangular, which contrasts with the rectangular trochlea of Devicenzia. The distal vascular foramen, an opening on the lower front side of the tarsometatarsus, has a centralized position, above the upper ends of the third and fourth trochleae.

Paleobiology

Feeding and diet

Phorusrhacids are thought to have been ground predators or scavengers, and have often been considered apex predators that dominated Cenozoic South America in the absence of placental mammalian predators, though they did co-exist with some large, carnivorous borhyaenid mammals. Earlier hypotheses of phorusrhacid feeding ecology were mainly inferred from them having large skulls with hooked beaks rather than through detailed hypotheses and biomechanical studies, and such studies of their running and predatory adaptations were only conducted from the beginning of the 21st century.

Alvarenga and Elizabeth Höfling made some general remarks about phorusrhacid habits in a 2003 article. They were flightless, as evidenced by the proportional size of their wings and body mass, and wing-size was more reduced in larger members of the group. These researchers pointed out that the narrowing of the pelvis, upper maxilla, and thorax could have been adaptations to enable the birds to search for and take smaller animals in tall plant growth or broken terrain. The large expansions above the eyes formed by the lacrimal bones (similar to what is seen in modern hawks) would have protected the eyes against the sun, and enabled keen eyesight, which indicates they hunted by sight in open, sunlit areas, and not shaded forests.

Leg function

In 2005, Rudemar Ernesto Blanco and Washington W. Jones examined the strength of the tibiotarsus (shin bone) of phorusrhacids to determine their speed, but conceded that such estimates can be unreliable even for extant animals. While the tibiotarsal strength of Patagornis and an indeterminate large phorusrhacine suggested a speed of , and that of Mesembriornis suggested , the latter is greater than that of a modern ostrich, approaching that of a cheetah, . They found these estimates unlikely due to the large body size of these birds, and instead suggested the strength could have been used to break the long-bones of medium-sized mammals, the size for example of a saiga or Thomson's gazelle. This strength could be used for accessing the marrow inside the bones, or by using the legs as kicking weapons (like some modern ground birds do), consistent with the large, curved, and sideways compressed claws known in some phorusrhacids. They also suggested future studies could examine whether they could have used their beaks and claws against well-armored mammals such as armadillos and glyptodonts.

According to Chiappe and Bertelli in 2006, the discovery of Kelenken shed doubt on the traditional idea that the size and agility of phorusrhacids correlated, with the larger members of the group being more bulky and less adapted for running. The long and slender tarsometatarsus of Kelenken instead shows that this bird may have been much swifter than the smaller, more heavyset and slow Brontornis. In a 2006 news article about the discovery, Chiappe stated that while Kelenken may not have been as swift as an ostrich, it could clearly run faster than had previously been assumed for large phorusrhacids, based on the long, slender leg-bones, superficially similar to those of the modern, flightless rhea. The article suggested that Kelenken would have been able to chase down small mammals and reptiles. In another 2006 news article, Chiappe stated that Kelenken would have been as quick as a greyhound, and that while there were other large predators in South America at the time, they were limited in numbers and not as fast and agile as the phorusrhacids, and the many grazing mammals would have provided ample prey. Chiappe stated that phorusrhacids crudely resembled earlier predatory dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus, in having gigantic heads, very small forelimbs, and very long legs, and thereby had the same kind of meat-eater adaptations.

Skull and neck function

A 2010 study by Degrange and colleagues of the medium-sized phorusrhacid Andalgalornis, based on Finite Element Analysis using CT scans, estimated its bite force and stress distribution in its skull. They found its bite force to be 133 Newtons at the bill tip, and showed it had lost a large degree of intracranial immobility (mobility of skull bones in relation to each other), as was also the case for other large phorusrhacids such as Kelenken. These researchers interpreted this loss as an adaptation for enhanced rigidity of the skull; compared to the modern red-legged seriema and white-tailed eagle, the skull of the phorusrhacid showed relatively high stress under sideways loadings, but low stress where force was applied up and down, and in simulations of "pullback". Due to the relative weakness of the skull at the sides and midline, these researchers considered it unlikely that Andalgalornis engaged in potentially risky behavior that involved using its beak to subdue large, struggling prey. Instead, they suggested that it either fed on smaller prey that could be killed and consumed more safely, by for example swallowing it whole, or that when targeting large prey, it used a series of well-targeted repetitive strikes with the beak, in a "attack-and-retreat" strategy. Struggling prey could also be restrained with the feet, despite the lack of sharp talons.

A 2012 follow up study by Tambussi and colleagues analyzed the flexibility of the neck of Andalgalornis, based on the morphology of its neck vertebrae, finding the neck to be divided into three sections. By manually manipulating the vertebrae, they concluded that the neck musculature and skeleton of Andalgalornis was adapted to carrying a large head, and for helping it rise from a maximum extension after a downwards strike, and the researchers assumed the same would be true for other large, big-headed phorusrhacids. A 2020 study of phorusrhacid skull morphology by Degrange found that there were two main morphotypes within the group, derived from a seriema-like ancestor. These were the "Psilopterine Skull Type", which was plesiomorphic (more similar to the ancestral type), and the "Terror Bird Skull Type", which included Kelenken and other large members, that was more specialized, with more rigid and stiff skulls. Despite the differences, studies have shown the two types handled prey similarly, while the more rigid skulls and resulting larger bite force of the "Terror Bird" type would have been an adaptation to handling larger prey.

Paleoenvironment

Kelenken was discovered in pyroclastic (rocks ejected by volcanic eruptions) outcrops belonging to the Collón Curá Formation in the southeastern corner of Comallo, Patagonia, an area covered in whitish tuffs. The area's stratigraphy had only been preliminarily studied at the time, and the age of the sediments had not been adequately determined, but compared with other fossil beds of the South American Land Mammal Age and radioisotopic dating from different areas of the Collón Curá Formation, it is estimated to date to the Colloncuran age of the middle Miocene, about 15 million years ago. The formation was accumulated in a broken foreland system characterized by several basins that were disconnected from each other. The formation is composed mainly of volcaniclastic limestones and sandstones that were accumulated in continental environments ranging from alluvial (deposited by running water) to lacustrine (deposited by lakes).

The Collón Curá Formation and the Colloncuran age of South America represent a time when more open environments with reduced plant covering predominated, similar to semiarid and temperate to warm, dry woodlands or bushlands. The open environment allowed more cursorial (adapted for running) and large animals to occur, contrasting with the earlier conditions during the late Early Miocene, with its well-developed forests with tree-dwelling animals. Forests would then have been restricted to valleys of the cordillera mountain ranges, with few tree-dwelling species. This change happened progressively during the earlier Friasian stage. The transition towards more arid landscapes would have happened simultaneously with climate changes that corresponded to the Middle Miocene Climate Transition, a global cooling event which had a drying effect on continents.

The Collón Curá Formation of Argentina has provided a wide assemblage of mammals, including at least 24 taxa such as the xenarthrans Megathericulus, Prepotherium, Prozaedyus, and Paraeucinepeltus, the notoungulate Protypotherium, the astrapothere Astrapotherium, the sparassodonts Patagosmilus and Cladosictis, the marsupial Abderites, the primate Proteropithecia, and rodents such as Maruchito, Protacaremys, Neoreomys, and Prolagostomus. In addition to the mammals that characterize sediments of this age, there are also a few fossils of birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

References

External links

Phorusrhacidae
Extinct flightless birds
Prehistoric bird genera
Miocene birds of South America
Colloncuran
Neogene Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Fossil taxa described in 2007
Prehistoric birds of South America


text:
MDA Meets to Discuss Options for Promoting Former Military Property
Members of the McClellan Development Authority met this morning with government and business leaders to discuss the possibility of abolishing their agency and turning its work over to a different group. Thanks for joining us. I'm Vanessa Croft. MDA President Phil Webb says he and others from his board have been meeting in recent weeks with officials from the chamber of commerce, the city of Anniston, and the county's economic development agency to look at other options for promoting the former military property. Webb says the discussion was started by Calhoun County License Commissioner Barry Robertson, who also serves as chairman of the Calhoun County Chamber of Commerce. Robertson says this discussion has been going on informally among local leaders for about a year. Robertson says the tone of all of the meetings so far has been positive, and that the officials he has spoken with are in agreement that the development of McClellan is the number one priority for Calhoun County. After Robertson addressed the MDA board, a motion was made to dissolve the agency and turn its work over to another group. No one on the board seconded that motion, so Robertson says no official action has yet been taken on his proposed changes. The MDA was created by the state Legislature in 2010 and charged with the economic development of McClellan, which was closed by the Army in 1999. Five of its members are appointed by the Anniston City Council, five by the County Commission, and one member is appointed by the governor. Webb says members of the county's legislative delegation have been involved in talk of restructuring the MDA, and they have promised to help pass any laws that might be needed to make the change.


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UEFA Nations League - Poland 3-0 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Lewandowski double inspires hosts - News
Poland 3-0 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Lewandowski double inspires hosts
Robert Lewandowski scored either side of setting up the second as Poland went top of Group A1.
Hghlights: Poland 3-0 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Robert Lewandowski scored in either half and set up Karol Linetty's second against ten-man Bosnia and Herzegovina as Poland went top of Group A1.
Poland vs Bosnia and Herzegovina: as it happened, reaction
Match in brief
Visiting defender Anel Ahmedhodžić is sent offGetty Images
A bright start from both sides gave way to an increasingly dangerous succession of Poland attacks after visiting defender Anel Ahmedhodžić was dismissed with 15 minutes gone, having been adjudged to have impeded Robert Lewandowski when he was clean through on goal.
Lewandowski wasted an excellent chance under little pressure, hit the post with a curling first-time effort from the edge of the penalty area and then slotted in the opener following some neat interplay. The captain then turned provider for Karol Linetty's close-range header just before half time and sealed the win with a nonchalant volley from the perceptive Mateusz Klich's precise left-wing cross.
Piotr Kozminski, Poland reporter
This has been a good run for Poland, following up an impressive win 5-1 over Finland in a friendly and a decent draw against Italy with this convincing win. Lewandowski proved he is among the best in the world but players such as Klich and Linetty are big winners from the last few games. Youngsters including Sebastian Walukiewicz and Jakub Moder also showed their skills, giving Poland fans cause for optimism.
Lewandowski celebrates his first goal in a comfortable win.Getty Images
Fedja Krvavac, Bosnia and Herzegovina reporter
The visitors lacked strength, focus and accurate passing tonight. Even with a man less, they lost the battles in midfield, did not perform and looked visibly fatigued after two tough matches, compounded by injury problems. Poland, led by Lewandowski, were simply too strong, and the Bosnians must now look to the matches ahead in their UEFA Nations League campaign.
Jerzy Brzęczek, Poland coach: "We have played three games in a row and every game has given us something positive. First of all, we got points in important matches. We used lot of players, we checked various possibilities. Is the king Lewandowski back? He is not back because he had not gone anywhere. Mateusz Klich? I have always believed in him. Sometimes a player just needs time to adjust himself. But he has always done everything he could for the national team."
Robert Lewandowski, Poland striker: "Was it a perfect game for Poland? No, definitely not. We can do better, especially with pressing. But of course we are satisfied. We did our job, got three points and did not concede any goals. I was feeling okay – I had a slight injury but it didn't bother me."
Reaction: Lewandowski on Poland win
Dušan Bajević, Bosnia and Herzegovina coach: "We played well and had a few chances but lost control after the red card. We had to replace Pjanić because he was in pain due to injury. Lewandowski showed that he is among the best players in Europe and everything he did was of high quality. The players are tired both mentally and physically. Congratulations to them for enduring it all. We do not look for excuses because it is difficult for others as well. The good thing about all this is that we gave everyone a chance and saw what we had."
Edin Džeko, Bosnia and Herzegovina forward: "Given what we saw in the first 20 minutes, we did not expect such a heavy defeat. It wasn't at all easy to play 70 minutes with a player less, but the guys gave their best. We have to move on but we expected a lot more and if we hadn't received a red card it would certainly have been different. There is no need to talk about luck and misfortune. Luck could have gone in our favour but it didn't. We have new, young players and they represent the future of this national team."
• The hosts won their first home match in the UEFA Nations League (D1 L2).
• Poland have conceded one goal or less in seven of their eight UEFA Nations League matches.
• Jerzy Brzęczek's side have won 11 of their last 15 matches (L2).
• They have lost only two of their last 15 competitive matches (W10).
• Bosnia and Herzegovina have lost six of their last eight away games.
• Miralem Pjanić became the visitors' second most-capped player outright, overtaking Emir Spahić (94).
Poland: Szczęsny; Kędziora (Karbownik 72), Glik, Bednarek, Reca; Góralski, Linetty; Jóźwiak (Bereszyński 72), Klich (Kądzior 64), Grosicki (K. Piątek 64); Lewandowski (Milik 58)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Šehić'; Kolašinac, Saničanin, Ahmedhodžić, Cipetić; Pjanić (Hadzikadunic 33), Hadžiahmetović (Hajradinović 74), Cimirot; Krunić (Milošević 74), Džeko (Prevljak 58), Višća (Gojak 58)
The Netherlands welcome Bosnia and Herzegovina on Sunday 15 November while second-placed Italy play host to leaders Poland.
© 1998-2023 UEFA. All rights reserved. Last updated: Thursday, 15 October 2020


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