To Whitehall with both Sir Williams, thence by water, where I saw a man lie dead upon Westminster Stairs that had been drowned yesterday. To the Temple, and thence to Mr. Phillips and got my copy of Sturtlow lands. So back to the 3 Tuns at Charing Cross, and there met the two Sir Williams and Col. Treswell and Mr. Falconer, and dined there at Sir W. Pen's cost, and after dinner by water to Cheapside to the painter's, and there found my wife, and having sat a little she and I by coach to the Opera and Theatre, but coming too late to both, and myself being a little out of tune we returned, and I settled to read in "Mare Clausum" till bedtime, and so to bed.
"myself being a little out of tune"
I presume he means: 'myself being in a bit of a sour mood'. A very nice phrase - which I can sympathise with. Another example of how Sam's day-to-day experiences so neatly reflect our own.
"and thence to Mr. Phillips and got my copy of Sturtlow lands"
I'm a little confused here. Is there a connection with what Sam mentioned in his diary entry for sunday 21 July 1661?
I do believe it means, Luffe can now work the Land, but Sam is in Legal ownership [haveing the updated copy], but he can not lease it to a higher guzumpter, as the the man has legal use of lands [until death doth come] as long as he pays his interest & abides by the rule of the day, wheres as modern renter can be terminated on minor infractions of the common law, and no sense of long term security ???
"myself being a little out of tune" I love it.
"The executors had no trouble about the Stirtloe land, which was sold immediately in 1661 to the tenant to pay debts."
From Dirk's entry "the Bish: of Cap-Verde now going in the fleete to bring over our new Queene:"
"dead upon Westminster Stairs that had been drowned yesterday"
So much about a society can be gleaned by these edge effects, not just *what happens* but *how people react to it.* A dead man, who has been there for a day, is something to remark, but only on a par with a visit to the opera and theater.
I suppose that they left him there so that he could be identified, and his family could come and collect his body.
They couldn't mention it on the evening news, or put his picture on the internet. This was probably the standard operating procedure.
Isn't it likely that the body washed onto the stairs during the night after having been in the water since the man fell in and drowned the previous day? Pepys makes his observation from the water as he is traveling by boat in the morning. The presence of the body probably was not then generally known. I doubt that it had been deliberately left there for a day.
How did Pepys know that the man drowned yesterday or even that he drowned?
"out of tune" Curious whether he means flat or sharp of perfect mood?


Experience the most decisive conflict of the Second World War through the eyes of the Imperial Japanese Navy and United States Navy. Starting today, the Naval Historical Foundation will publish tweets from the perspective of the men and machines that fought the pivotal battle over 70 years ago.
This new project follows the example used by the History Press's dramatic retelling of the Titanic disaster. Each tweet will follow the day to day, minute-by-minute account of the Battle from the perspectives of both the United States Navy (#USN) and Imperial Japanese Navy (#IJN). Gain keen insight into the minds of the men who planned and executed the battle. Tweets are based off of primary document, archival research, and battle photographs. Each tweet is as historically accurate to the time of the actual event as possible. Events occur as if it was May and June 1942 in the Central Pacific. Relive history and truly make it come alive on your computer screen, phone, or tablet! All you need is a twitter account!
Each hashtag (#) at the beginning of the post will designate the person, ship, battlegroup, etc. that is speaking. Think of it as a character in the narrative of the entire battle. Throughout the conflict, you will see tweets from famous figures such as #AdmNimitz (Admiral Chester Nimitz, USN), #AdmYamamoto (Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, IJN), and Enterprise's Scouting Squadron Six, #VS6.
We encourage you to follow along and interact with us @NHFTweetsMidway and the main NHF Twitter handle @usnavyhistory. Put yourself in their shoes. What would you do? Could you turn the tide of war like the U.S. Navy did in 1942? Tweets will begin TODAY and end on 7 JUNE. Help us make this a successful and insightful social media experience!
Join the Fight @NHFtweetsMidway today!
All tweets are researched and written by the Naval Historical Foundation.


text:
Lazaridis prepares rival bid for BlackBerry as mass layoffs begin
BlackBerry co-founder Mike Lazaridis has increased his stake in the embattled Canadian smartphone maker and has engaged the services of a major investment bank, as the first workers were made redundant in the company's latest round of layoffs.
The Globe and Mail is reporting on early job losses as part of the company's massive restructuring program, which will see 40% of the company's workforce or around 4500 jobs cut.
The company is retrenching 300 employees from its headquarters in Waterloo, Ontario, with cuts also already taking place in the company's international subsidiaries in recent weeks.
Meanwhile, Reuters reports Lazaridis now controls 8% of the company, up from the 5.7% he held at the end of 2012, with the tech entrepreneur also engaging the services of investment bank Goldman Sachs and private equity firm Centerview Partners ahead of a possible bid.
Lazaridis, along with fellow chief executive Jim Balsillie, stepped down from the helm of the smartphone giant in January 2012 following weeks of speculation about a change in management team in favour of current chief executive Thorsten Heins.
The resignation came after the company announced delays to smartphones running its new touchscreen-based Blackberry 10 operating system, which did not end up shipping until a year later.
His fellow chief executive, Jim Balsillie, notoriously criticised Apple over its app store model in 2010, creating a popular perception the company's management team was out of touch.
"You don't need an app for the web. We believe you can bring the mobile to the web, but you don't need to go through some kind of control point," Balsillie said.
In August, Blackberry announced the creation of a special five-member committee to look at possible sale options for the embattled smartphone maker, with directors hoping to wrap up any sale by November.
A consortium led by Prem Watsa's Fairfax Financial Holdings, which owns nearly 10% of the company, has signed a letter of intent to buy BlackBerry for $US4.7 billion, although there is a possibility the company could be broken up with Canadian foreign investment laws reducing the likelihood of a serious foreign bid.
The sale comes amid quarterly losses of nearly $US1 billion, large layoffs, slow sales of its Z10 smartphones and ongoing delays to the release of its BBM messenger app for iOS and Android.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
@echo off
cls

paket.exe restore
if errorlevel 1 (
  exit /b %errorlevel%
)

packages\build\FAKE\tools\FAKE.exe build.fsx %*

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Printed on simili-japon paper. Edition likely of 100. Signed, dated and numbered in pencil. The sheet cleaned, and backed; with a stain in the lower left margin. Otherwise in good condition with fresh colors. Priced according to its condition.


text:
News: Nottingham College students win Young Creative Awards
Nottingham College students win Young Creative Awards
Four Nottingham College students are winners in the 2021 Nottingham Young Creative Awards. Plus 10 students are Highly Commended by the judges. Our students have been successful across different creative categories.
They are studying on a range of courses, including:
3D Design and Architecture
The four winning students are:
Leanne Platt, aged 18: Design and Architecture 16-18 age category
Weronika Szymczak aged 17: Fashion and Textiles 16-18 age category
Tawana Tongoona aged 17: Theatre 16-18 age category
Bekithemba Ncube aged 18: Visual Arts 16-18 age category
The winning students will receive cash prizes, plus special showcase and development opportunities.
The 10 Highly Commended students are:
Design and Architecture - Aminah Shujahat and Ethan Marshall
Fashion and Textiles - Avelyn Hawthorn Brownlee and Halima Mahmood
Film - Claudia Vaccarini
Graphic Design- Maddy Horrigan
Photography - Leah Handley and Abbie Wall
Theatre - Elizabeth Bacon and Louis Barnes-Cupit
The awards give young people across the city the chance to be recognised for their creative talents.
Shape your future with a Nottingham College course
If you're feeling inspired and want to shape your future, we're ready and waiting to help you build it. You can apply now for courses starting in September at Nottingham College.
Find out more about applying online
Design and Architecture winner Leanne
Leanne's lamp which includes three spiral shades, a structure made of pipes and a concrete base
Leanne is on a Level 3 3D Design and Architecture course.
She said: "I was really excited when I found out I had won, and it has definitely boosted my confidence.
"I'm really grateful to be able to put this on my CV. It will be really beneficial when trying to get design work experience.
"I have a conditional offer for Nottingham Trent University to study Architecture in September. My course has prepared me well for going to university. It's provided me with skills that I will be able to take with me."
Fashion and Textiles winner Weronika
Weronika's sleeveless top, inspired by winter with a large snowflake pattern and white base
Weronika is on a Level 3 Fashion and Textiles course. She said: "As soon as I found out I was shortlisted I couldn't believe it! It was like a dream come true.
"Knowing that the judges loved my project and saw something special in it means so much to me! I truly appreciate it. It gave me the confidence and motivation that I needed to carry on with improving my fashion design and sewing.
"This opportunity will definitely help me in the future and will look great on a CV. I heard about the competition from my Textiles teacher and I'm so glad I decided to give it a go!"
Theatre winner Tawana
Tawana Tongoona outside the College's City Hub campus
Level 3 Acting student Tawana's winning entry was an acting monologue. He played the character of a son having a one-to-one conversation with his father. In the piece, the son stands up to his father about not letting him have opportunities in life.
Tawana said: "Teachers at Nottingham College, and at the drama group I go to outside college, said to just grab opportunities when you can. So I just went for it!
"But when I found out my name was on the winners list, it was a shock at first and just like a massive buzz!
"I'm going onto a Level 4 Performing Arts course at Nottingham College in September.
"I've found that you get offered loads of opportunities here. You'll always have something to do in acting, and that's the best part about my college course!"
Visual Arts winner Bekithemba
Bekithemba's entry Chaos and Viewpoint:2020 riots, mostly in black and white plus red and orange accents, in a piece made up of shards of different pictures including of buildings.
Young Creative Awards said: "Bekithemba won for his emotive series of collages, inspired by Black Lives Matter protests in 2020. The judges agreed Bekithemba's entry was dynamic, responsive, and important – a great example of what contemporary art does."
Congratulations to all the winners and Highly Commended students! You can also see more from them on the Nottingham Young Creative Awards Instagram account.
 About the Young Creative Awards
Nottingham's annual Young Creative Awards – sponsored by CarShop and Serif – is now in its 12th year. The awards are open to anyone aged 11 to 24 who lives, studies or works in Nottingham, across 11 categories.
This story was updated on 29th June 2021 to include one more Highly Commended student.
22nd June 2021 (4:26 PM)


I woke up last night around 2 am after it started raining. It was pouring down in buckets. In addition, the sound of hail pelting the air conditioning window units made a slight clatter.
Of course, none of this was a surprise. We've been seeing weather reports for days warning us that some heavy storms were on the way, with possible tornadoes.
According to those people who talk about weather all the time, they are expecting wet, warm weather this week. Then it will transition to cold, gloomy weather next week.
The only reason I mention this is that we have a tendency to get the occasional storm that knocks down branches and floods neighborhoods on occasion. It might happen, it might not. Whatever. Just aware we may have the occasional nasties.


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Strategic insulation in the torso, shoulders, bicep, and hood minimizes core heat loss, while a synthetic grid along the back and arms provides maximum breathability and wicking performance, even under a pack. This symbiotic combination of materials balances heat loss through convection, while strategically preventing over-heating during exertion under load.
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Polartec® Power Grid™ is made with a unique grid construction that maximizes breathability and wicking. By utilizing it in areas frequently covered by load bearing equipment, the Javelin Insulator provides warmth while minimizing the dangers of sweat during cool weather activity.


Perhaps one of the most amazing games in soccer history, both men's and women's, ends in a shootout, with the USA coming out on top.
Boxx had her first shot saved, but the Brazilian keeper moving to early off the line, perhaps the same call made on Hope Solo in regulation time, at least the referee was consistant. Boxx stepped up and slotted the retake into the upper corner. The rest of the Americans were all on target: Lloyd, Wambach and Rapinoe all scored and Ali Krieger got the game winner.
Daiane, the Brazilian defender who scored the own goal, had her penalty saved by Solo. What a tough game it was for the defender. I wonder if the Brazilian coach should have put her in the first five to even take a penalty.


HE IS ONE OF NIGERIA'S BRILLIANT ACADEMIC. His name is BENJAMIN OLU AKANDE, a Nigerian born Naturalized American who arrived United States from Nigeria over 3 decades ago is search of higher education, greater knowledge and excellence in academic. Today, Akande's educational contribution on topical issues is being sought after by many institutions due to his world-acclaim understanding of success, especially how to overcome obstacles to become a victor. He has been appointed Senior Adviser to the Chancellor and Director of the Africa initiative, at Washington University with effective from today April 1, 2018.
In a Press Statement received by Naija Standard by Erika Ebsworth-Goold in charge of media for Washington University, it states that Akande is an American academic and professor. The release says that Akande is to lead Africa initiative at Washington University, a new position that will help guide university's involvement in Africa.
Corroborating this view, the statement confirms that with an eye toward strengthening and expanding Washington University in St. Louis' efforts in Africa, Chancellor Mark S. Wrighton has appointed Akande as senior adviser to the chancellor and director of the Africa initiative, effective April 1.
Wrighton states: "Africa is going to be far more important in this century, growing dramatically in population and economic strength, and we have to be positioned as a university to prepare our students for the challenge. We also need to provide opportunities for our faculty to increase their knowledge of and involvement in these issues. Plus, we will continue to contribute to helping U.S. corporations in ways that will be important economically.
Akande, a Nigerian-born American, has built a career on African research, teaching and learning with a unique passion for a life-changing political economy across Africa. In Akande's words: "This is a mission that is extremely powerful and one that transcends St. Louis to the world and into Africa. My role will be to harness all the research, teaching and entrepreneurship that is already happening at Washington University and bring it all together so we can have the power of impact.
For the records, Akande remains the first ever African to lead Liberal Arts College in United States of America being a former 21st president of Westminister College in Fulton, Missouri.


Microsoft confirmed rumors that it is going to drop cookie files that are basic for global online ad market, told AdAge, citing its own reliable sources within the company.
According to the periodical, instead of cookies Redmond will use similar technology that will store all valuable user data on Redmond's servers.
Moreover, Microsoft has reportedly started developing the system, which acts like device identifier and stores data that resembles cookie files, with an exception of being within Redmond's ecosystem. Files have to be connected to Internet Explorer and Bing.
There is, however a possibility that the corporations may pass the data to the third parties.
"Microsoft believes going beyond the cookie is important. Our priority will be to find ways to do this that respect the interests of consumers. We have nothing further to share," – stated Microsoft's spokeswoman.


text:
Ciaran Lavery performs To Chicago in an intimate music session
Clive Morgan, Multimedia editor / assistant editor
Clive Morgan
It's not very often that you hear someone singing about parking tickets and street lights in a romantic way.
But that is exactly what Northern Irish singer-songwriter Ciaran Lavery does on his fun Windy City-inspired ballad, To Chicago.
The track, which is performed in an exclusive music session above, begins with the lines, "I love you baby 'til the parking ticket runs out. Until the lights in the street are bright as the stars…"
The song is the first single to be taken from Lavery's latest album Sweet Decay, his first since his Northern Ireland Music Prize winner Let Bad In in 2016. and it is a record filled with emotions and honesty.
Recorded with an array of Irish musicians who have performed with Hozier and James Vincent McMorrow among others, the LP sees Lavery expanding his musical horizons as he explores the human condition in all its guises, including mental health.
Hailing from the village of Aghagallon, which is 20 miles south of Belfast, Lavery was a member of the Belfast alt-country act Captain Kennedy for seven years, before going solo.
His solo career saw Lavery independently release Not Nearly Dark in 2013, which was followed by the albums Let Bad In and Sea Legs.
Through each album the singer developed his own unique, atmospheric sound, which is brought to the fore even more on Sweet Decay.
Describing the songs on the album, Lavery explains that they are "what I would call emotional baggage".
"A lot of what I write about is based on memory or lack of at times," he adds.
"Often I find myself stewing over things that happened in the past and if by chance they happen to rhyme then I know I'm already onto a winner.
"I enjoy writing the kind of lyrics that can either make a listener vulnerable or even uncomfortable.
"[The songs on the album] will either repeatedly hit you in the chest or completely miss the target. There is no real in-between here.
Very few of the songs, if any, miss the target as his streaming figures show. The song Shame has amassed almost 40 million streams on Spotify alone.
And this is all thanks to the passion for music that Lavery credits his family for.
"My mother was an accordion player in the local all-female choir, and my father was a whistling milkman so I've been surrounded by music for the best part of my life," he said.
"I'm a passionate person, I think it's healthy to be. I remember picking up the Neil Young record Are you Passionate? and immediately answering, yes.
"I've never questioned it ever since. And pursuing music is a whole lot easier than pursuing dreams or bad habits."
Before music took hold, Lavery had other slightly more revealing career aspirations as a child.
"When I was six or seven years old, I used to tell everyone that I was going to be a stripper," he said, "but that hasn't worked out for me, so I guess music will have to do for now."
The album Sweet Decay is out April 13.
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As entrepreneurs sometimes we're our own worst enemies.
The very thing that can make us, can also break us.
I'm talking about your ability to start new things. To take initiative. To experiment and to defy the odds.
Yes, you're a pioneer, a visionary and a basket case all at the same time!
This "gift" if you will, can be used to make millions. It can impact society in profound ways. You could even help influence culture.
…but it can also destroy you if you don't understand it.
One of the most destructive forces I believe entrepreneurs wrestle with is the same force that empowers them to do great things.
I know I've asked myself this a million times. Every time I start a new blog, a new online venture or decide on a new "direction" for my business.
I feel like such an idiot at times. I look at people who have stuck to the same thing for 10, 15 and 20 years and think, Man, if I could just be like them and focus on ONE thing, then I could succeed.
But that's an unhealthy thought. It's unwise to compare ourselves to others. And even more foolish to wish we were like someone else.
Yes, we must be true to ourselves… our crazy, ADD, entrepreneurial selves!
When we embrace who we are then, and only then, are we able to operate in our unique ability.
But, here's the catch, we can't do it alone. Believe me, I know. For the last 6 years I've tried to work as a freelancer. A one-man show who did it all! I studied the craft of copywriting until I became good enough to make over $125/hr.
I thought that was cool, considering that was much more than I ever made as an employee.
But yet, I've driven myself bonkers over the last 6 years too if I'm honest! I'm constantly starting new things. Like the time I started my city's first hyperlocal media website "on the side" during my first year freelancing.
During this time I was trying to learn the ropes of freelance copywriting and for some reason I thought it was a good idea to also launch a hyperlocal site! It was cool. I had fun. The first week after I launched I got an email from the mayor inviting me for coffee. I then sat down with every city council member after that. I met all the mayor players in town (political, business and spiritual leaders).
But it was not profitable and it was distracting me from making money as a copywriter. So I gave the website away to a friend (I also had moved away for a time so it didn't make sense to continue it).
The reason I share that story is just to give you one example (of many) of my compulsion to start new things.
And after years of going back and forth as I ask myself, "Am I a freelancer or an entrepreneur?" I'm finally convinced I'm more of an entrepreneur than a freelancer.
So now I have to figure out how to make the transition from making money as a freelancer to making money as an entrepreneur.
If I don't, I fear I'll destroy myself in the process by not being true to myself.
If so, stick with me. I'm on a journey out of that quadrant and into the business owner (aka entrepreneur quadrant). I plan to share lessons learned along the way here. And I hope to learn from you too!


text:
Il Jacksonville Skyway è una monorotaia che serve la città di Jacksonville, nello Stato della Florida. Possiede 8 stazioni e si sviluppa in sopraelevata per un totale di 4 km. È gestita dalla Jacksonville Transportation Authority (JTA).

La monorotaia venne aperta nel 1989, composta all'epoca da tre stazioni tutte situate a Downtown. Nel 1997 la monorotaia venne rinnovata ed estesa verso nord fino a Rosa Parks, mentre nel 2000 fu estesa verso sud, presso Kings Avenue.

Il servizio
La monorotaia Jacksonville Skyway è attiva regolarmente solo durante i giorni feriali, con frequenze che variano dai 3 minuti delle ore di punta ai 6-8 minuti delle ore di morbida. La monorotaia è anche a tariffa zero.

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Monorotaie negli Stati Uniti d'America

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


First base was the only real spring training battle the Yankees had coming into camp, and it's a fight that's going the distance.
Through 16 games entering Wednesday's contest against the Astros, Greg Bird is batting .342/.479/.658. He is 13-for-38 with three homers, three doubles and 10 walks to nine strikeouts.
In 13 games, Luke Voit is batting .294/.385/.676. He is 10-for-34 with four homers, one double and five walks to nine strikeouts.
The Yankees have to pick one to be their first baseman and send the other one to Triple-A because their roster (with 13 pitchers) doesn't support a first base/DH-only bench player.
But the decision has been delayed because of the back injury that has sidelined Aaron Hicks until at least April 4. It might not be longer than that, since the Yankees don't consider it a long-term injury, but it does give them a little more time to decide which player they have to disappoint with a demotion.
"With Hicks out, there's more playing time to go around, conceivably, and with the DH and first base, I think you have some flexibility there if we go with both of them," manager Aaron Boone said Wednesday. "So whether one's playing first one day and the other is DH'ing or things like that, they're both in the lineup.
Again, this is a solution that only works for a few short days. So how to choose between Voit (the incumbent) and Bird (the challenger)?
"I look at it as we have two impact players," Boone said. "And there's no doubt in my mind where both of those guys are right now.
"Bird's been a different guy this year. He's been the guy we've been waiting on. He looks that part right now. But then Luke has come in and picked up where he left off last year.
They say that usually these things work themselves out -- one player gets hurt or one player clearly outperforms the other. It hasn't happened that way this spring. Both Voit and Bird came to camp to win the job, and they have played like it.
And that is a place where Boone and the Yankees have to choose between two players who are performing at their best. It can be an envious place considering the alternatives, but it's also a place that forces one player to eventually accept that he lost the fight.


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Jessica was awarded with the perpetual Godolphin Trophy by special guest presenter Michael Owen alongside presenter Ed Chamberlin at an event hosted by the British Horseracing Authority (BHA).
She was also presented with a cheque for £40,000, of which £20,000 will be shared amongst the staff at Musley Bank, part of £120,000 in prize money which was awarded on the evening by sponsors Godolphin.
Jessica also landed the Leadership Award on the night for her rapid progress to become assistant trainer since joining the team at Richard Fahey Racing in May 2011.
As well as managing day to day duties including rotas, allocating staff to go racing and managing veterinary visits Jessica keeps in close contact with the office and 75 staff who help make the yard run so efficiently.
Her positive, friendly attitude and astute manner and natural management skills have always shone through and she has worked hard to hone her skills in managing, motivating and mentoring the staff to get the best out of everyone.
"The panel's job was as tough as ever with some inspiring stories of dedication, commitment and hard work amongst this year's finalists.
"Jessica's achievement in being named Employee of the Year should not be underestimated.
The other category winners on the night were: Adrian Stewart of David Lougnane Racing who took the David Nicholson newcomer award; Petra Sebestikova of Luca Cumani's Bedford House Stables who was successful in the Rider/Groom category; Sarah Taylor of Mickley Stud who landed the Stud Staff award and William Reddy, whose years of service with the Johnson Houghton family earned him the Dedication to Racing award.
Also honoured were John and Jackie Porter, formerly of the Injured Jockeys' Fund, who landed the Rory MacDonald Community award for their work at Lambourn's Oaksey House.
The winner of the David Nicholson Newcomer Award received £2,000, with the same amount going to their yard or stud, while two runners-up received £1,000 each, with the same amount for their yard. She also wins a five-day educational trip to Dubai to learn more about the country's racing, culture and customs. The prize includes a return flight and five nights' accommodation.


When it comes to the transfer market, Real Madrid are simply one of the best in the business. According to a report from Calciomercato, Real Madrid are preparing move for Ajax midfielder Frenkie de Jong.
When it comes to the transfer market, Real Madrid are simply one of the best in the business. Spanish source claim that Real Madrid have joined the hunt for Ajax midfielder Frenkie de Jong.
Barcelona need to strengthen their defense in the summer. The reports in Spain suggested that Barcelona want Ajax defender Matthijs de Ligt.
Justin Kluivert is a target for Manchester United in January. According to the football transfer rumours in British media, Manchester United are linked with surprise move for Ajax winger Justin Kluivert.
It's no secret that AC Milan are interested in Ajax's midfielder Donny van de Beek. But who isn't? AC Milan are eyeing move for Ajax midfielder Donny van de Beek, according to the football transfer rumours in Dutch media.
Ajax centre-back Matthijs de Ligt has emerged as a surprise target for Barcelona in the winter transfer window. Barcelona will look to sign Ajax centre-back Matthijs de Ligt, according to the football transfer rumours in Dutch Media.


text:
You are here: Home / News / Bridgeville Woman Faces Drug Charges Tied To Prescription Painkiller Scheme
Bridgeville Woman Faces Drug Charges Tied To Prescription Painkiller Scheme
September 30, 2015 By Tim McNellie
30mg Roxycodone pills. Photo by Babypat/CC-BY-SA 3.0
A scheme to obtain prescription painkillers has a Bridgeville woman facing drug charges, along with three alleged co-conspirators.
According to the Tribune-Review, two Pittsburgh-area physician assistants had been writing dozens of unauthorized prescriptions for narcotic painkillers. Some of those scripts were written for the Bridgeville woman and her son, who lives in Carnegie:
The group acquired a total of 2,890 oxycodone pills, 240 hydrocodone pills and 330 pills of the anti-anxiety drug lorazepam this way, and they made three unsuccessful attempts to get prescriptions filled for 180 more oxycodone and 90 clonazepam anti-anxiety pills.
The Pennsylvania Attorney General's office announced the charges last week.
That news came about a week after the Bridgeville Police Department posted an image on Facebook of crushed up oxycodone found on a shoplifting suspect.
The incidents weren't related, but the timing is indicative of the ongoing prescription painkiller problem facing cities and towns across the country.
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Heroin use has increased across the US among men and women, most age groups, and all income levels. Some of the greatest increases occurred in demographic groups with historically low rates of heroin use: women, the privately insured, and people with higher incomes.


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Die Embrithopoda sind eine ausgestorbene und bisher wenig untersuchte Säugetiergruppe, die vom ausgehenden Paläozän bis zum späten Oligozän vor etwa 60 bis 24 Millionen Jahren lebten. Sie gehören zu den Afrotheria und sind näher mit den Rüsseltieren und Seekühen verwandt. Das hauptsächliche Verbreitungsgebiet war Afrika zusammen mit der damals verbundenen Arabischen Halbinsel und das westliche Eurasien, wobei hier bisher nur Funde aus der Türkei und aus Rumänien bekannt sind. Der bedeutendste und am besten dokumentierte Vertreter ist Arsinoitherium, welches erstmals Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts im Fayyum entdeckt wurde. Bis in die 1970er Jahre galt Arsinoitherium auch als einziges Mitglied der Embrithopoda, erst dann wurden nach und nach weitere Gattungen und Arten entdeckt. Rekonstruktionen zufolge lebten die Vertreter der Embrithopoda an den Rändern von Seen und Sümpfen.

Merkmale

Die Embrithopoda waren eine wenig formenreiche Gruppe, deren Vertreter bis auf die terminale Form Arsinoitherium weitgehend nur anhand von Zahn- und Schädelfundmaterial bekannt ist. Spezielle Merkmale liegen hier in einem Gebiss mit unreduzierter Zahnanzahl, so dass die vollständige Bezahnung der frühen Höheren Säugetiere mit 44 Zähnen bestand. Die Zahnreihe war geschlossen und nicht durch ein Diastema unterbrochen. Zudem wiesen sie mit Ausnahme der frühesten Vertreter sehr hohe (hypsodonte) Zahnkronen auf. Weiterhin besaßen die Molaren zwei querstehende Zahnschmelzleisten auf der Kauoberfläche, sie waren also typisch für Huftiere bilophodont gestaltet. Die Lophodontie bei den Embrithopoda wurde aber nicht durch Leisten zwischen den vier Haupthöckern eines Molars (Para- und Metaconus auf der Wangenseite sowie Proto- und Hypoconus (Pseudohypoconus bei den Tethytheria) auf der Zungenseite; jeweils bezogen auf die oberen Molaren) erreicht. Vielmehr verschoben sich bei den Embrithopoda der Para- und Metaconus von der Wangen- Richtung Zungenseite, während sich die dortigen Höcker reduzierten. Auf der Wangenseite entstanden wiederum aus zwei Nebenhöckern (Para- und Mesostyl) zwei größere Höcker, die sich dann über Leisten mit dem Para- und Metaconus verbanden. Die Leisten zwischen den wangen- und zungenseitigen Höckerstrukturen werden bei den Embrithopoda daher auch mit Präpara- und Prämetacrista bezeichnet und als Pseudolophen ("Pseudoleisten") angesehen. Das unterscheidet die Embrithopoda auch von den Huftieren und den übrigen Tethytheria, bei denen die höckerverbindenden Leisten durch das Proto- und Paraloph gebildet werden. Aufgrund der etwas anders gearteten Struktur geht man bei den Embrithopoda von einer "Pseudolophodontie" aus.

Im übrigen Skelettbau zeigt vor allem Arsinoitherium eine äußerlich nashornähnliche Gestaltung mit einem langen und kräftigen Körper, säulenartigen, kurzen Beinen und fünfstrahligen Vorder- und Hinterfüßen. Der Schädel wies zwei charakteristische, knöcherne Hornpaare auf, von denen das vordere sehr groß war und komplett aus dem Nasenbein gebildet wurde. Das hintere kleine saß auf dem Stirnbein auf. Die Ausbildung von Blutkanälchen auf den Hörnern gibt an, dass sie ursprünglich von Haut überzogen waren. Einzelne Schädelreste von frühen Formen wie Stylolophus und Palaeoamasia weisen darauf hin, dass diese keine Hörner ausgebildet hatte. Stammesgeschichtlich frühe Vertreter wie Stylolophus besaßen vermutlich ein Körpergewicht von 20 bis 128 kg, das wenig modernere Palaeoamasia brachte rund 275 kg auf die Waage. Arsinoitherium als der jüngste Angehörige erreichte mit wohl 1,5 bis 2,4 t Lebendgewicht gewaltige Ausmaße.

Paläohabitat und Paläobiologie

Die Embrithopoda bewohnten die Regionen nördlich und südlich des ehemaligen Tethys-Ozeans. Bekannt sind sie von Funden aus der Türkei, Rumänien und weiten Teilen Afrikas. Die bedeutendsten und bisher umfangreichsten Reste stammen aber aus dem Fayyum in Ägypten. Die Tiere zeigen eine typische Anpassung an einen schweren Körperbau mit sehr langen oberen Beinabschnitten (Oberam- und Oberschenkelknochen) und kurzen unteren, wodurch das Kniegelenk an den Hinterbeinen sehr tief lag und eine kurze Schrittlänge impliziert. Die Füße waren extrem plantigrad ausgebildet, noch stärker als bei heutigen Elefanten. Die nicht verwachsenen Lendenwirbel geben aber einen schwach entwickelten Beckengürtel an, während die Struktur der Halswirbel anzeigt, dass der Schädel meist hoch gehalten wurde. Dadurch waren die Embrithopoda und vor allem Arsinoitherium wohl an ein semi-aquatisches Leben angepasst. Die Tiere lebten in Sumpflandschaften, wo sie gelegentlich an Land auf Nahrungssuche gingen. Da Fossilien von unter anderem Palaeoamasia in Kohlelagen gefunden wurden, welche in sumpfigen Milieu entstanden, kann eine derartige Lebensweise auch für frühere Formen angenommen werden.

Systematik

Äußere und Innere Systematik

Die Embrithopoda werden in die Säugetiergruppe der Paenungulata eingeordnet und innerhalb dieser genauer in das Taxon der Tethytheria. Die Tethytheria schließen die heute lebenden Vertreter der Elefanten und der Seekühe ein, die somit die nächsten rezenten Verwandten der Embrithopoda darstellen. Dadurch sind die Embrithopoda der Überordnung der Afrotheria zuzuweisen, einer der vier Hauptlinien der Höheren Säugetiere, die allerdings ein molekulargenetisch definiertes Taxon darstellen.
Stellte Charles W. Andrews die Embrithopoda anfänglich, 1906, noch in die systematische Nähe der Schliefer, zeigten spätere Untersuchungen eine Verwandtschaft mit den Elefanten und Seekühen auf. Die Stellung innerhalb der Tethytheria wird unter anderem durch einige Schädelmerkmale angezeigt, etwa der nach hinten verlängerte Mittelkieferknochen, der das Stirnbein kontaktiert. Dieses Merkmal vereint auch die Seekühe und die Rüsseltiere und gilt als Charakteristikum der Tethytheria. Ähnliches kann zu den hinteren Zähnen gesagt werden, die bei den Tethytheria durch die Reduktion des Ectoloph, einer Schmelzleiste an der Zahnaußenseite, nicht mehr selenodont wirken, wie es noch bei den Schliefern und einigen anderen Paenungulata der Fall ist. Die genaue Stellung innerhalb der Tethytheria ist aber in Diskussion. So sehen einige Forscher die Embrithopoda als Schwestergruppe der Sirenen oder der Rüsseltiere beziehungsweise als Stammgruppe der Tethytheria. Andere wiederum platzieren sie in die Nähe der Phenacolophidae. Teilweise werden die Phenacolophidae, die unter anderem Phenacolophus und Minchenella aus dem Paläozän des östlichen Asiens enthalten, als die urtümlichsten Mitglieder der Embrithopoda eingestuft. Dies wurde in der Vergangenheit häufig angezweifelt mit Hinweisen auf eine fehlende Untermauerung dieser Ansicht, Untersuchungen zur Mikrostruktur des Zahnschmelzes zeigen, dass die Phenacolophidae nicht zu den Embrithopoda gehören. Mitunter gelten die Phenacolophidae als eher basale Gruppe innerhalb der Tethytheria, die Struktur der Mahlzähne könnte auch für eine nähere Beziehung zu den Laurasiatheria, speziell den Unpaarhufern sprechen.

Innerhalb der Embrithopoda werden sechs Gattungen mit acht oder neun Arten unterschieden. Die innere Gliederung bereitet bisher Schwierigkeiten. Ursächlich verantwortlich dafür ist das nur spärlich überlieferte Material. Demnach liegen von drei Gattungen (Stylolophus, Palaeoamasia und Arsinoitherium) sowohl Reste des oberen und unteren Gebisses vor, weitere zwei Gattungen (Namatherium und Hypsamasia) sind nur über obere Gebissreste bekannt, eine weitere Gattung (Crivadiatherium) nur über untere. Dadurch sind die Vergleichsmöglichkeiten eingeschränkt und die Beziehungen zueinander können nur lückenhaft rekonstruiert werden. Das sehr urtümliche Stylolophus wird an der Basis der Entwicklung der Embrithopoda gesehen, wofür unter anderem die geringe Kronenhöhe der Zähne und einzelne spezielle Zahnmerkmale sprechen. Die Gattung wird in die monotypische Familie der Stylolophodae gestellt. Die Gliederung der übrigen Gattungen ist nicht eindeutig. Einige Forscher bevorzugen eine Aufteilung in zwei Familien, die Palaeoamasidae und die Arsinoitheriidae, was auch zwei Studien aus den Jahren 2018 und 2021 bestätigen. Die Palaeoamasidae sind auf Eurasien beschränkt und stellen stammesgeschichtlich frühe Mitglieder der Gruppe, während die Arsinoitheriidae in Afrika und auf der Arabischen Halbinsel, die damals mit dem Kontinent eine Einheit bildete, verbreitet waren und die stammesgeschichtlich jüngeren Formen einschließen. Beide Gruppen unterscheiden sich in der Größe der Tiere allgemein, dem Grad der Hypsodontie der hinteren Backenzähne und der Intensität der Ausbildung einer dritten Lophe auf dem letzten Molaren. Eine phylogenetische Untersuchung aus dem Jahr 2016 unterstützt hingegen die Zuweisung in eine Familie, die Arsinoitheriidae, die dann mit den Palaeoasaminae und den Arsinoitheriinae zwei Unterfamilien vereint. Problematisch ist die Stellung von Namatherium, das in seiner Erstbeschreibung unter Einbeziehung zahlreicher Schädelmerkmale als nahe verwandt mit Arsinoitherium betrachtet wurde. Die phylogenetischen Untersuchungen aus dem Jahr 2016 sehen es aber aufgrund zahnmorphologischer Charakteristika als Schwestertaxon zu den übrigen Vertretern der Embrithopoda (mit Ausnahme von Stylolophus, das damals noch nicht bekannt war). Dagegen plädieren die Studien aus den Jahren 2018 und 2021 wiederum für eine Nahverwandtschaft mit Arsinoitherium.

Überblick über die Familien und Gattungen der Embrithopoda
Insgesamt werden sechs Gattung mit acht bis neun Arten unterschieden, einige weitere Arten sind bisher unbeschrieben. Die hier vorgestellte Gliederung folgt Gheerbrant et al. 2021:
 Ordnung: Embrithopoda Andrews, 1906
 Familie: Stylolophidae Gheerbrant, 2021
 Stylolophus Gheerbrant, Schmitt & Kocsis, 2018
 Familie: Palaeoamasidae (auch Palaeoamasiidae) Sen & Heintz, 1979
 Palaeoamasia Ozansoy, 1966
 Hypsamasia Maas, Thewissen & Kappelmann, 1998
 Crivadiatherium Radulesco, Iliesco & Iliesco, 1976
 Familie: Arsinoitheriidae Andrews, 1904
 Namatherium Pickford, Senut, Morales, Mein & Sanchez, 2008
 Arsinoitherium Beadnell, 1902

Stammesgeschichte
Die Embrithopoda besitzen eine relativ lange stammesgeschichtliche Vergangenheit, die im ausgehenden Paläozän vor rund 60 Millionen Jahren begann. Ihr Ursprung und evolutionäre Geschichte sind weitgehend noch ungeklärt. Die Verteilung des Fossilmaterials mit den palaeoamasinen Formen am nördlichen und den arsinoitheriinen Formen am südlichen Rand des Tethys-Ozeans führte anfänglich zur Diskussion eines sowohl eurasischen wie afroarabischen Ursprung mit jeweiligen anschließenden Auswanderungsereignissen. Die Tatsache, dass die jüngsten Vertreter der Palaeoamasidae und die ältesten der Arsinoitheriidae sich zeitlich überschneiden, lässt aber eine direkte Herkunft letzterer aus ersteren zweifelhaft erscheinen. Demnach muss die Aufspaltung der Embrithopoda wesentlich weiter in der Vergangenheit liegen, wofür wiederum auch die paläobiogeographische Verbreitung der beiden Verwandtschaftsgruppen spricht. Generelle Entwicklungstrends innerhalb der Embrithopoda sind in der allgemein massiven Körpergrößenzunahme und der Umgestaltung der Backenzähne von niedrigen zu hohen Zahnkronen zu finden.

Die bisher stammesgeschichtlich ursprünglichste Form liegt mit Stylolophus aus dem Ouled-Abdoun-Becken in Marokko vor und datiert in das Untere Eozän. Das relativ kleine Tier mit einer Molarenreihe von 4 cm Länge besaß bereits die typischen Backenzähne mit zwei Leisten, die Zahnkronen waren aber noch relativ niedrig. Die Schädel ist über ein fragmentiertes Stück dokumentiert. An diesem sind noch keine Hörner erkennbar, allerdings treten vergrößerte Stirnhöhlen auf, die möglicherweise als Vorstufen der Hornausbildung angesehen werden können. Sowohl das hohe Alter als auch die urtümlichen Merkmale von Stylolophus können als Hinweis darauf gewertet werden, dass die Embrithopoda in Afrika entstanden und sich erst später über die Tethys nach Norden ausbreiteten. Der ehemalige Ozean trennte damals die eurasische von der afrikanischen Festlandsmasse.

Vom Nordrand der Tethys konnte allerdings der fossil bisher älteste Nachweis der Embrithopoda erbracht werden. Es handelt sich um Hypsamasia aus der Uzunçarsidere-Formation im Haymana-Polatlı-Becken in der Nähe von Ankara im zentralen Anatolien. Die stratigraphische Position dieser fossilreichen Gesteinsbildung wird aufgrund von Begleitfunden wie dem Huftier Hilalia aus der Gruppe der Pleuraspidotheriidae mit dem ausgehenden Paläozän angenommen, allerdings ist die genaue Einstufung in Diskussion. Hypsamasia ist nur anhand weniger Oberkieferbackenzähne bekannt, die deutlich hochkronig sind (hypsodont). Gegenüber Hypsamasia war Palaeoamasia mit seinen eher niederkronigen (brachyodonten) Backenzähnen noch markant urtümlicher gestaltet. Zudem erreichte es nicht die Ausmaße seines Verwandten, der zweite Molar wurde durchschnittlich 2,9, der dritte 4 cm breit. Die Typusfundstelle umfasst die Eski-Çeltek-Formation in der Nähe von Amasya in der nördlichen, zentralen Türkei. Diese gehört dem Ypresium des Unteren Eozäns an, was anhand eines dünnen foraminiferenhaltigen Bandes dicht über der eigentlichen Fundschicht angezeigt wird, weiterhin auch durch die Anwesenheit des mit Hilalia verwandten Parabunodon. Bisher ist Palaeoamasia von etwa rund einem halben Dutzend Fundstellen in der Türkei bekannt, so unter anderem aus Bultu-Zile und Çiçekdag, ebenfalls beide Türkei. Zahnfunde aus Boyabat an der türkischen Schwarzmeerküste gehören in den Übergang vom Eozän zum Oligozän und repräsentieren die bisher jüngsten Funde der Embrithopoda in Eurasien. Das gesamte Fundmaterial von Palaeoamasia umfasst nur rund ein Dutzend Reste von Unterkiefer- über Oberkieferfragmenten bis hin zu Schädelteilen. Die Erhaltung des Schädeldaches der beiden bekannten Schädel lässt vermuten, dass bei Palaeoamasia noch keine knöchernen Hörner ausgebildet waren. Crivadiatherium wiederum zeigte deutlich modernere Merkmale gegenüber Palaeoamasia und Hypsamasia, die sich unter anderem in stärker molarisierten Prämolaren niederschlagen. Auch war es insgesamt größer und besaß einen zweiten Molar von etwa 4,8 und einen dritten von 5,5 cm Länge. Entdeckt wurde die Gattung, der wenigstens zwei Arten zugewiesen werden können, in der Hateg-Depression im westlichen Teil Rumäniens. Das Alter der Fundstelle ist nicht vollständig geklärt, liegt aber zwischen Unterem Oligozän und Mittlerem Eozän.

In Afrika sind die Embrithopoden erst wieder im Mittleren Eozän vor rund 49 Millionen Jahren mit Namatherium belegbar. Dieses ist bisher nur anhand eines Teilschädels aus der Nähe von Black Crow im Sperrgebiet von Namibia überliefert. Es zeichnet sich durch einen einfacheren Zahnbau mit wenig molarisierten vorderen Backenzähnen aus, die hinteren waren stärker hochkronig als bei den eurasischen Embrithopoden. Allerdings erreichte Namatherium nicht die Ausmaße der späteren Embrithopoden Afrikas, was sich an der Länge der Molarenserie von etwa 11,6 cm zeigt. Ob die Gattung bereits Hörner trug, ist aufgrund der Erhaltung des Schädels nicht zu beantworten, einige anatomische Merkmale im Bereich der Nase weisen aber darauf hin. Den bekanntesten und am häufigsten überlieferten Vertreter stellten die Embrithopoda mit Arsinoitherium, der vom Oberen Eozän bis zum Ende des Oligozän über weite Teile des heutigen Afrika verbreitet war. Insgesamt sind mehr als 47 Individuen überliefert. Das Skelett ist nahezu umfassend untersucht, es gibt aber kein vollständig artikuliertes Skelett. Es ist zudem der größte Angehörige der Embrithopoda, dessen hinteren beiden Molaren 7,7 beziehungsweise 7,4 cm in der Länge maßen, die gesamte Molarenreihe wurde bis zu 23 cm lang. Zudem waren die Backenzähne extrem hypsodont und erreichten bis zu 13 cm Kronenhöhe. Herausragend sind die Funde des Fayyum in Ägypten dessen Ablagerungen in die Zeit des Oberen Eozän und des Unteren Oligozän vor 40 bis 30 Millionen Jahren datieren. Eine ähnliche stratigraphische Reichweite haben die Reste von der ebenfalls bedeutenden Fundstelle Dor el Talha in Libyen. Weitere obereozäne Funde stammen aus Tunesien und dem Oman auf der Arabischen Halbinsel, welche damals mit Afrika eine Landmasse formte. Aus dem Unteroligozän reihen sich weiterhin Funde von Malembe in Angola und von der Fundstelle Chilga in Äthiopien ein. An letzterem Fundplatz konnte zudem bisher unikat die größere der zwei beschriebenen Arten von Arsinoitherium erkannt werden. Der bisher jüngste Nachweis von Arsinoitherium und damit auch der Embrithopoda stammt aus Lothidok im nordwestlichen Kenia. Er datiert in das Obere Oligozän vor 27 bis 24 Millionen Jahren, umfasst bisher aber nur einen isolierten Backenzahn. Nach bisheriger Erkenntnis starben die Embrithopoda demnach noch vor dem Beginn des nachfolgenden Miozän aus, Funde aus dieser Zeit sind nicht bekannt. Ihr Ende könnte mit den gravierenden Änderungen im Übergang vom Oligozän zum Miozän einhergehen, als durch die Schließung der Tethys eine Landbrücke nach Eurasien entstand und so ein großer Faunenaustausch zwischen diesen beiden Kontinentalmassen einsetzte. Im Gegensatz zu den eher konservativen Embrithopoda erlebten andere ursprünglich endemisch afrikanische Tiergruppen wie etwa die Rüsseltiere eine umfassende Diversifizierung und besiedelten erfolgreich Eurasien.

Forschungsgeschichte
Ursprünglich waren die Embrithopoda nur aus dem Fayyum in Ägypten bekannt, wobei alle Funde zur Gattung Arsinoitherium gehörten, das gleichzeitig das häufigste und am besten untersuchte Mitglied der gesamten Ordnung darstellt. Diese waren zuerst im Übergang vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert entdeckt worden, als der britische Geologe Hugh John Llewellyn Beadnell erstmals die Ablagerungen des Fayyum-Beckens untersuchte und dort auf Fossilien stieß. Nachdem sich ihm Charles William Andrews angeschlossen hatte, konnten ab 1901 weitere Funde geborgen werden, so unter anderem Riesenschlangen wie Gigantophis oder Rüsseltiere wie Barytherium und Moeritherium. Unter den Funden befanden sich auch Reste eines bis 3,4 m langen Säugetieres mit zwei knöchernen Hornpaaren auf dem Schädel, das 1902 von Beadnell die wissenschaftliche Bezeichnung Arsinoitherium erhielt. Weitere Arbeiten vor Ort erfolgten etwa zur gleichen Zeit durch den deutschen und österreichischen Forscher Eberhard Fraas und Richard Markgraf, die ebenfalls Funde von Arsinoitherium erbrachten. Im Jahr 1907 führte dann das American Museum of Natural History unter Leitung von Henry Fairfield Osborn eine große Expedition in die Fayyum-Region durch und entdeckte dabei wenigsten sechs vollständige Schädel von Arsinoitherium. Bis weit nach der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts waren sowohl die Gattung Arsinoitherium als auch die gesamte Ordnung der Embrithopoda nur aus dem Fayyum bekannt. Erst ab den 1980er Jahren wurden in weiteren Bereichen des afrikanischen Kontinentes zusätzliche Funde entdeckt, so im nördlichen Teil, etwa Libyen und Tunesien, in Angola im südwestlichen Afrika und in Ostafrika, etwa Äthiopien und Kenia. Um die Jahrtausendwende konnte diese fast panafrikanische Verbreitung dann durch Fossilien von der Arabischen Halbinsel erweitert werden.

Bereits 1966 waren Zahnreste aus der Eski-Çeltek-Kohlemine in der nördlichen Türkei der neuen Gattung Palaeoamasia zugewiesen worden, die aufgrund der Gestaltung der Oberkiefermolaren aber als Mitglied der Chalicotheriidae und so innerhalb der Unpaarhufer stehend aufgefasst wurde. Weiteres und aussagekräftigeres Fundmaterial führte 1979 zur Einordnung in die Embrithopoda. Dort bildeten sie eine eigene Unterfamilie, die Palaeoamasinae, die den Arsinoitheriinae gegenüberstand, allerdings nicht als deren direkter phylogenetischer Vorfahre angesehen wurde. Nur wenige Jahre zuvor war mit Crivadiatherium ein weiteres Mitglied der Embrithopoda aus Rumänien beschrieben worden, das in systematischer Nähe zu Palaeoamasia steht. Diesen Funden folgten weitere der gleichen Gattung in den 1980er Jahren. Damit war gezeigt, dass die Embrithopoda ursprünglich wesentlich weiter verbreitet waren und von Afrika bis zum westlichen Eurasien vorkamen. Ende der 1990er wurde Hypsamasia in der Zentraltürkei entdeckt. Da sich nun auch eine höhere Formenvielfalt innerhalb der Embrithopoda herausstellte, wurde im gleichen Zuge die Unterfamilie der Palaeoamasinae auf Familienebene angehoben, da diese bisher nur in Eurasien nachgewiesenen Vertreter sich deutlich von den afrikanischen Embrithopoden unterschieden. Dies ist aber nicht allgemein anerkannt. Im Jahr 2008 wurde das im südwestlichen Afrika aufgefundene Namatherium als ein naher Verwandter von Arsinoitherium und als ein stammesgeschichtlich älterer Vertreter der afroarabischen Embrithopoda wissenschaftlich eingeführt. Die bisher urtümlichste Form erhielt im Jahr 2018 mit der Gattung Stylolophus ihre wissenschaftliche Anerkennung. Funde sind aus Marokko überliefert.

Nur wenige Jahre nach der Erstbeschreibung von Arsinoitherium, 1904, verwies Andrews die Gattung zuerst in die Gruppe der Amblypoda, in der damals unter anderem auch die Dinocerata und Pantodonta standen. Noch im gleichen Jahr verwarf er diese Verwandtschaftsbeziehung und kreierte das Taxon Barypoda, dessen Name eine Referenz auf die kräftigen Gliedmaßen von Arsinoitherium darstellt. (im selben Zug führte Andrews die Barytheria ein, in welche er Barytherium, einen frühen Vertreter der Rüsseltiere, verwies und gruppierte diese mit den Amblypoda). Barypoda erwies sich darauf folgend als präokkupiert, da Ernst Haeckel diese Bezeichnung bereits 1866 für einige Beuteltiere verwendet hatte. Aus diesem Grund benannte Andrews seine Barypoda im Jahr 1906 in Embrithopoda um. Der Name setzt sich aus den griechischen Wörtern ἐμβριθής (embrithēs "schwer" oder "gewichtig") sowie πους (pous, "Fuß") zusammen und hat demzufolge die gleiche Bedeutung wie Barypoda. Der Namenswechsel wurde in der Fachzeitschrift Nature veröffentlicht, in seinem im gleichen Jahr erschienenen umfassenden Werk A descriptive catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayum, Egypt konnte Andrews die Bezeichnung Embrithopoda nur in einer Fußnote erwähnen.

Literatur
 Ozan Erdal, Pierre-Olivier Antoine und Sevket Sen: New material of Palaeoamasia kansui (Embrithopoda, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Turkey and a phylogenetic analysis of Embrithopoda at the species level. Palaeontology, 2016 doi: 10.1111/pala.12247
 Kenneth D. Rose: The beginning of the age of mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2006, S. 1–431 (S. 265–267)
 Sevket Sen: Dispersal of African mammals in Eurasia during the Cenozoic: Ways and whys. Geobios 46, 2013, S. 159–172

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Säugetiere
Ausgestorbenes Säugetier
Mammalia


text:
Return to Castle Wolfenstein é um jogo de tiro em primeira pessoa desenvolvido pela Gray Matter Interactive (singleplayer), Nerve Software e Splash Damage (multiplayer), produzido pela id Software, e publicado pela Activision em 19 de novembro de 2001 para Microsoft Windows. Posteriormente, teve ports lançados para PlayStation 2, Xbox, Linux e Macintosh. O jogo serve como ambos remake e reboot da série Wolfenstein.

História
O jogo se passa na Europa ocupada pelos nazistas, em 1943. O protagonista B.J. Blazkowicz, soldado do exército dos Estados Unidos, e outro agente (batizado "Agent One" no Xbox e Mac) foram enviados para investigar um projeto de Heinrich Himmler, a Divisão Paranormal da SS. Porém os dois são capturados e presos no castelo Wolfenstein (baseado no castelo real de Wewelsburg). Agent One é morto durante um interrogatório por um torturador, mas Blazkowicz consegue matar o soldado guardando sua cela e prepara sua fuga. Após fugir, o jogador deve continuar investigando a Divisão Paranormal, que envolve experimentos com biotecnologia, ressureição de cadáveres e armas secretas. Apenas as duas primeiras missões tem ligação direta com Wolf 3D (envolvendo a fuga do castelo e soldados zumbis).

Wolfenstein 3D fora banido na Alemanha, e para evitar o mesmo com Return to Castle Wolfenstein, a id fez adaptações ao lançar no país: não há citações explícitas ao Terceiro Reich, a suástica é substituída por duas águias formando um "W", e se combate uma facção chamada "Lobos", comandadas por Heinrich Höller.

Desenvolvimento

Portes
Em 2002, o jogo teve portes lançados para Linux e Macintosh. Em 2003, teve portes lançados para PlayStation 2 e Xbox, chamados de Operation Resurrection e Tides of War, respectivamente.

Código fonte
O código fonte de Return to Castle Wolfenstein e Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory foram liberados sob a licença GNU em 12 de agosto de 2010.

Filme
Em 2002, um filme de Return to Castle Wolfenstein foi anunciado, mas pouca informação foi disponibilizada após o anúncio. Em 2005, através de uma entrevista da IGN, foi discutido com membros da id Software que o filme ainda estava nos estágios iniciais. Em 3 de agosto de 2007, a Variety confirmou que o filme seria escrito e dirigido por Roger Avary e produzido por Samuel Hadida. O filme tem sido descrito como uma mistura de Bastardos Inglórios e Capitão América: O Primeiro Vingador.

Recepção

Return to Castle Wolfenstein recebeu críticas favoráveis. Na Metacritic, obteve nota 88/100 baseado em 32 avaliações, e na GameRankings obteve 86.75% baseado em 50 avaliações. Tom Bramwell da Eurogamer o chamou de "uma digna adição aos jogos shoot 'em ups da id Software. O singleplayer está entre mediano e bom, é razoavelmente longo, mas o jogo realmente faz por merecer ao ser lançado junto com um multiplayer de primeira classe."

Controvérsia
Em março de 2008, o Departamento de Estado dos Estados Unidos publicou um relatório para o Congresso, "Anti-semitismo Global Contemporâneo", que descreveu Return to Castle Wolfenstein como "um jogo anti-Semita" sem qualificações. O relatório mencionou um artigo escrito no New York Times sobre a recente introdução de "protagonistas nazistas" no mercado de jogos online, referindo-se especificamente a Day of Defeat e Wolfenstein.

Todd Hollenshead, CEO da id Software na época do artigo original, afirmou:

Prêmios
O jogo foi nomeado por Sherman Archibald, John Carmack, e Ryan Feltrin para a categoria "Excelência em Programação" no Game Developers Choice Awards de 2002.

PC Gamer US premiou o jogo como o "Melhor Jogo Multiplayer" em 2001. Os editores escreveram, "Nenhum outro FPS recompensa esse nível de teamplay, ou é, felizmente, tão livre de cheaters.

Ver também
 Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory

Wolfenstein
Jogos para computador
Jogos eletrônicos da id Software
Jogos de tiro em primeira pessoa
Jogos eletrônicos de 2001
Jogos eletrônicos da Activision
Jogos para Linux
Jogos para macOS
Jogos para Windows
Jogos para Xbox
Jogos para PlayStation 2
Jogos eletrônicos com zumbis
Ganhadores do Interactive Achievement Awards
Jogos eletrônicos comerciais com código fonte disponível gratuitamente
Jogos eletrônicos com antagonistas femininas
Jogos eletrônicos da Splash Damage
Jogos eletrônicos ambientados em castelos


Attwood's famous ProForm folding fishing seat remains one of the marine industry's most popular seats since its introduction over a decade ago.
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Secures backrest in down position; no more vinyl straps and snaps.
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Marine grade fabric is UV stable and weather resistant.
Minimized to reduce cost and water absorption yet provide comfort.


Strawberry CottageSelf-cateringPicture book pretty Strawberry Cottage nestles in the tiny hamlet of Rydal mid-way between Ambleside and Grasmere in the very heart of the Lake District.
The surrounding area is perfect for walking and rambling amid some of Lakeland's finest scenery - the footpaths to the Fairfield Horseshoe pass the door, as does the Rydal Round with its much loved 'coffin trail' along the fell side to Grasmere. An easy stroll will bring you to beautiful Rydal Water and beyond to Loughrigg Terrace and Loughrigg Fell.
Wordsworth lived in Rydal until his death in 1850. His home and gardens are open to the public just a stone's throw away up the hill whilst there is a good pub with bar food just a short walk from this very traditional cottage.
Accommodation: Strawberry Cottage is the middle house in a row of three cottages and the porch enters into a cosy beamed sitting/dining room (wood/coal burning stove, TV, DVD, video, CD/radio). The kitchen offers a good range of equipment and has back door to the rear yard.
Stairs from the sitting room access the two attractive bedrooms - one double and one twin - both with washbasins. Modern bathroom has bath with power shower over, basin and wc.
Strawberry Cottage has fitted carpets and comfortable furnishings, electric storage heaters in addition to the stove, and many personal touches to make you feel really at home.
Outside: Charming front garden mostly of lawn with mature shrubs and a very pleasant outlook. Garden bench. The garden is enclosed but is open plan with the cottage next door. Small rear yard. Off road parking for one car in front of the cottage. Pub 300 yards, Ambleside centre approx 2 miles.


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Mayor Rahm Emanuel says Chicago needs another 9 million people - at least if they go back home after they give us their money. Yesterday he gave a speech on the importance of tourism to the city and its economy, and touted the boost in visitors from 40 million when he took office to 46 million a year today. Now he wants to pump it to 55 million by 2020, projecting it will translate into 30,000 new jobs.
The second part of Rahm's initiative kicks in later this month with the launching of "an international competition to light the city at night. The competition will seek entries from artists, architects, planners and designers from around the world. It will begin with the river and extend throughout the city and activate Chicago at night, allowing tourists more opportunities to enjoy the city and presenting another reason for people to visit Chicago."
I love competitions as much as the next guy, but I can't help wondering why Emanuel doesn't just pick up the phone and call in Chicago's extraordinary lighting designers. It's not like our city is somehow bereft of striking architectural lighting. Somewhere along the way, Rahm must have noticed the way the floodlit Wrigley Building has anchored Michigan Avenue for the better part of a century, or how the tops of such landmarks as the Hancock Center, 900 North Michigan, the Wrigley clock tower and now even the Hotel Intercontinental shine with nocturnal color that actually changes in hue throughout the year.
There's no shortage of local talent. Perhaps the most spectacular lighting transformation of any Chicago building was John David Mooney's transformation of Mies van der Rohe's IBM Building - with David Davies as production manager - deploying 5,000 floodlights to make each of 7,200 windows an individual pixel in an enormous dynamic canvas of geometric color. Chicago theatrical lighting design firm Schuler Shook has also had a hand in creating striking exterior illumination, including that for the original Chicago Water Tower. Architect Helmut Jahn has worked with lighting designer Yann Kersalé to create color-shifting illuminations for his Deutsche Post building in Germany.
Rather than private buildings, however, Rahm seems to be placing an emphasis on lighting public infrastructure, which falls within the sweet spot of another Chicago designer, Tracey Dear, who rescued the grubby decrepitude of the pavilion designed by Zaha Hadid for the Burnham Plan Centennial with beautiful nighttime lighting.
Dear's debut project was actually a colorful illumination of 11 bridges across over a mile of the Chicago river. Imagine the procession of those lit bridges showing up in one of those aerial shots that have become the hallmark of Sunday/Monday night football broadcasts.
Then there's Luftwerk, whose show SHIFT just closed at the Cultural Center, and whose 2012 installation Luminous Field, transformed Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate sculpture in Millennium Park in mesmerizing patterns of color.
In yesterday's press release, Emanuel united his two initiatives under "the Elevated Chicago" banner, and his use of the world "Elevated" leads me to something I've been proposing - to absolute silence - for years. Wabash Avenue has traditionally been considered the problem child of the Loop because of its falling beneath the shadow of the Loop L. Most recently, the Chicago Loop Alliance, in partnership with Civic Artworks - has been soliciting ideas for their campaign, How Would you improve Wabash Avenue?
To me, the primary answer has always been obvious. Stop trying to ignore the L and start looking at it. Ultimately, the Loop L is not just historic infrastructure - it's the largest piece of sculpture in Chicago. Take the time to look at the pillars, girders, trusses and struts, and you'll find amazing, intriguing and - yes - beautiful webs of form. It's like an enormous Richard Serra, with delicacy and detail added in.
This isn't just a tourist thing. It's about countering the drear cold darkness of winter in the city, and bringing out the best in its architecture and infrastructure even at night. Yes, Chicago - it's schools and government institutions - need bread, desperately, but no city survives without the circuses that give the heightened sense of life that makes people want to live there.
During the day, it's pretty easy to see the L's potential but right now at night, it's lost in the shadows, a great, unending blob of darkness that casts Wabash down into the gloom.
Let Mooney or Dear or Kersalé loose on it. Let them light it up in all its exquisite detail, and - I guarantee you - Wabash at night will become one of Chicago's premier attractions, drawing tourists to its glow like bugs to a zapper.
I completely agree with your thoughts regarding Wabash Ave, and there are long dormant opportunities like this all over Chicago. There are three relatively inexpensive items that can transform the image of a place – signs, lighting and overall color (paint is cheap compared to other big ticket urban design strategies).
The Loop L could be a wonder – keep banging that drum!
The thing I love most about Wabash (my favorite downtown street) is its relative lack of redevelopment - there are probably more 19th Century buildings on that street than in the rest of the Loop combined. There is a vibrant, urban grit to the street that is gone from most of the rest of downtown and its forest of soulless, sanitized office buildings. Repaint the L girders and restore the stations, sure, but "improve" the street too much and soon we'll see a lot more senseless teardowns done to make way for even more condo towers.
What would actually top it off, Is maybe reviving the illuminated Channel 7 transmitter. THAT was SUCH a wonderful sensation during the mid-late 10960's.
I don't think the mayor is saying "Screw submissions from local firms"... I think he's simply asking for international submissions so that we can get outside of our own provincial (and oftentimes overdone/lame) mindset when it comes to recent architectural projects.
Aside from maybe one or two proposals, Chicago is clearly lagging behind other global cities when it comes to innovative modern structures proposed/built in the last five years (yes, I realize the crash had a devastating effect).
We need outside input to bring us up to speed. That's not to say a local firm can't get it done, but the proof is in the putting. Collaborative thought, even if it's done via competitive bidding, is a powerful thing. Let it run it's course and see what happens.
How about lighting the water intake cribs in the lake with some iconic sculptural or just imaginative illuminations.
Better idea. Let's light up the city's million potholes, so not only will there opportunities for lighting architects to really be challenged, but tourists will be amazed at the sheer number of potholes and also at the way we spend our money on stupid things.


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The General Out Of His Labyrinth
First published October 2018 in Prospect Magazine
Filed Under: Essays, Reporting
ON September 13, Spain's Congress of Deputies voted to expel the bones of General Francisco Franco from his Catholic-pharaonic tomb at the Valley of the Fallen. Not much longer would the great dictator be allowed to repose inside a vast basilica with black marble floors, flanked by chapels dedicated to the patron saints of his army, navy and air force, beneath a simple plate that bears his name but not his rank.
Zen And The Art Of The World's Deadliest Motorcycle Race
First published June 2017 in The New Yorker
Filed Under: Essays, Reporting, Travel
ON the morning of June 7, a few spectators gathered by the side of the narrow country road that runs through Ballig, a tiny hamlet on the Isle of Man. They waited quietly, listening for engine noise against the pastoral sounds of birdsong, the wind in the trees, a murmuring stream under an old stone bridge. Then a high-performance motorcycle blasted past, at such concussive velocity that it might have been a missile.
Saloons Of New York
First published January 2017 in The Independent
Filed Under: Reporting, Travel
THERE are still a few bars in New York that started serving long before Trump Tower was built, before Prohibition came and went, before the United States even became an independent republic.
First published November 2016 in Etihad Inflight Magazine
Filed Under: Interviews, Reporting, Travel
WHAT'S your favourite cloud? Perhaps it's one of the stranger formations. Altocumulus lenticularis, maybe, which settles in spooky hoops over high mountain peaks like an alien mothership. Or it could be the simple, humble cumulus, also widely known as the "fair weather cloud". Surely everyone loves those puffy cotton balls that seem to morph into friendly and familiar shapes – elephants, teapots, diving bells – while you gaze at them against a backdrop of blue sky.
The Fall And Rise Of Onagawa
First published March 2016 in The New Yorker
FIVE YEARS after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, the port of Onagawa has a craft beer bar, an artisanal coffee house, a Spanish tile factory, and a workshop where electric guitars are carved from local cedar, all laid out along the new Seapal Pier shopping precinct, at the town's own Ground Zero. None of these were here before March 11, 2011, when the quake sent a wave of almost fifteen meters through Onagawa Bay and over the waterfront – destroying more than seventy percent of the town's buildings and killing about eight percent, or one in twelve, of its residents.
Spain and Cervantes
First published April 2016 in The Boston Review
Filed Under: Books, Essays, Reporting, Travel
On a recent Saturday morning, I caught The Cervantes Train from Madrid's Atocha Station. Don Quixote greeted me on the platform. He was dressed pretty much as described in the novel that made him immortal: a lesser nobleman of La Mancha from the early seventeenth century, passing for a knight in flimsy (cardboard) armor, and carrying the (padded foam) lance with which he tilts at windmills.
The Underwater Indiana Jones
First published February 2016 in Etihad Inflight Magazine
ON December 5, 2015, Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos announced that the long-lost San José treasure galleon had been found at last, some 307 years after it was sunk by English warships off his country's Caribbean coast. The vessel was carrying a fortune when it went down – bullion, coins and gemstones en route from the mines of the New World to the coffers of Spain's King Phillip V and his French ally Louis XIV.
Travel And The Movies: Shooting On Location
First published February 2016 in Aspire Magazine
Filed Under: Film, Reporting, Travel
ON a recent visit to Morocco, I had a touch of déjà vu. It was my first time in the country, my first sight of the capital, Rabat, and the Kasbah of the Udayas. But walking up the outer staircase of that 12th-century fortress, a vivid image came to mind – a lucid memory of a silver car flying down these same steps, through the air, in the opposite direction. "Maybe you've seen Mission Impossible: Rogue Nation?" asked my guide Aziz Goumi. Oh yeah, I thought.
A Better Nation: Scotland's Referendum
First published September 2014 in The Boston Review
EDINBURGH smells of sea salt and brewer's yeast. The Scottish capital is a touristy city, pretty as a snow globe and selling the most superficial brand of Scottishness at its romantic, historic center – toffee, whisky, tartan, bagpipes. Beyond the well-preserved world heritage sites of its gothic Old Town and neo-classical New Town, it is also a prosaic modern conurbation, ringed with affluent suburbs such as Craiglockhart, and comparatively deprived housing schemes in neighbourhoods like Niddrie and Craigmillar, which still suffer from some of the gang and drug problems that blighted them badly in the 1980s.
Scotland's Future Floods
First published July 2013 in The Glasgow Herald
Filed Under: Reporting
IN an independent Scotland, the rain would keep falling regardless. Whether we vote yes or no in next year's referendum, the nation's future will likely be at least as wet as its recent past, and probably much more so. The best educated guesses are now suggesting that the floods to come will alter our landscape and our way of life to a vastly greater extent than any constitutional sea change.


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3D Repo is creating 3D Virtual Reality visualisations to help simulate driverless vehicle routes as part of a £100 million government backed research project.
Led by TRL, the project is part of the Smart Mobility Living Lab, located in Greenwich, London. The Living Lab provides a real-life environment where connected and autonomous vehicles can be developed, evaluated and integrated with the local community.
3D Repo's software combines with the latest virtual reality headsets, so enabling visitors to the Living Lab to explore the local transport environment from the convenience of an 11th floor office. Designed to showcase advances in 3D visualisation techniques, the simulator offers the potential for developing and testing autonomous mobility services, including communication, physical, digital, vehicle and control centre infrastructure.


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Home / News / Auto Shows
Small Is The New Big: Mercedes Bringing B-Class, A-Class To U.S.
Kurt Ernst September 14, 2011 Comment Now!
With fuel prices remaining high, the appeal of full size SUVs and sedans is beginning to waver. American buyers are embracing the idea of small, fuel-efficient but well-appointed cars like never before, a trend that Mercedes-Benz hopes to capitalize on in the coming years.
Despite having mixed success with previous small car offerings (like the 190E), the current C-Class has been a hit for the German automaker. Mercedes-Benz believes the time is right to extend the range of small cars sold here, including models previously excluded from U.S. sales.
Over the next few years, American customers will get to choose from the Mercedes B-Class (although not the B-Class E-Cell Plus extended range electric vehicle) compact, the A-Class subcompact and a new range of C-Class offerings, which will begin production in Tuscaloosa, AL in 2014.
The first B-Class compact to makes its way to the United States will be a tall wagon, as shown at the Frankfurt Auto Show. It's set to debut here in 2013, and will feature a four-cylinder turbo engine with direct injection and start-stop technology, paired with a seven speed automatic transmission for maximum fuel economy.
A sliding second row seat and a folding front passenger seat will give the B-Class wagon maximum flexibility for hauling passengers or cargo.
2012 Mercedes-Benz B-Class
Eventually, the B-Class range will include a small SUV and even a compact sedan patterned after the Mercedes-Benz CLS four-door coupe. Expect the B-Class vehicles to offer class-leading technology and safety systems, something buyers have come to expect from Mercedes-Benz across all price points.
Going smaller, the A-Class hatchback has been confirmed for U.S. sales as well. The concept version, shown in Frankfurt, is said to be nearly production ready, and to maximize manufacturing efficiency, the A-Class will share most of its drivetrain with the B-Class.
Expect to see a range of engine options, including a 210-horsepower four-cylinder mated to a dual-clutch gearbox.
Details on fuel economy and pricing are yet to come, but Mercedes has made it clear that it wants an extended product range to encompass more price points than ever before. Could a compact Mercedes be in your future? The company is hoping the answer is yes.
[The Car Connection]
High-Res Gallery: 2012 Mercedes-Benz B-Class
2011 Frankfurt Auto Show 2012 Mercedes-Benz B-Class Auto Shows Frankfurt Green Mercedes-Benz News Small subcompact
Kurt Ernst - Contributor
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Lewis Chessman found in drawer expected to raise £1m at Sotheby's auction
The Lewis Chessman could raise 1m at auction after being discovered in a draw (Photo: Getty Images)
Published: 07:28 Tuesday 02 July 2019
A medieval chess piece which had been missing for nearly 200 years is likely to raise £1m at an auction later today (Tuesday 2 July).
The Lewis Chessman, discovered in an Edinburgh family drawer, is part of a hoard of 93 objects discovered on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides.
Sotheby's auction house is due to sell the piece at auction on Tuesday 2 July with it predicted to sell at a whopping £1m.
Bought for a fiver
The treasure has spent the last two centuries hiding in the drawer of an Edinburgh family after their grandfather, an antiques dealer, bought the piece for just £5 in 1964.
Unaware of its significance, the 8.8cm piece of crafted walrus ivory was passed down to his family, who have looked after it for 50 years.
While the significance of the piece was not always known, the family "treasured" it, reported the BBC.
The owner's late mother believed it "almost had magical qualitiies".
Symbol of European civilisation
Believed to be made in Scandinavia, most likely Norway, experts call the chessmen an "important symbol of European civilisation".
Found buried in a sand dune on the Isle of Lewis in 1831, their discovery and their origin has been shrouded in mystery.
The chessmen are among the biggest draws at the British Museum and the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh.
Around 80 pieces of the hoard are in the British Museum with 11 in the National Museum of Scotland, however one knight and four warders - men with a helmet, a shield and a sword - are missing from the four combined chess sets.
John Byrne inspires launch of Oscars-style event celebrating 'Scottish talent and creativity'
They have also appeared in popular culture, most notably as inspiration for part of the plot for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.
"Jaw dropped"
Sotheby's expert Alexander Kader, who examined the piece for the family in order to ascertain its worth, said his "jaw dropped" when he realised what the family had in their possession.
He said: "We get called down to the counter and have no idea what we are going to see. More often than not, it's not worth very much.
""I said, 'Oh my goodness, it's one of the Lewis Chessmen'."
Want to join the conversation? Please register or log in to comment on this article.
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Future Scotland
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Hager propose innovative solutions for energy management, safety and home automation for individual housing, tertiary and professional buildings.
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Two rice plasma membrane intrinsic proteins, OsPIP2;4 and OsPIP2;7, are involved in transport and providing tolerance to boron toxicity, 2014, Planta.
The role of water channel proteins and nitric oxide signaling in rice seed germination, 2007, Cell Res.
Influence of low air humidity and low root temperature on water uptake, growth and aquaporin expression in rice plants, 2012, Plant Cell Physiol.
Members of rice plasma membrane intrinsic proteins subfamily are involved in arsenite permeability and tolerance in plants, 2012, Transgenic Res.


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Using the aXon mobile sales app upSell Pharma & Medical Engineering, you increase your turnover by combining multi-channel sales with e-commerce, knowledge portal, sales control and social marketing.


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Quiz: Name all 44 players to feature under Jurgen Klopp in the FA Cup
Ahead of Liverpool's fourth-round clash with West Brom on Saturday night, can you name every player to feature under Jurgen Klopp in the FA Cup?
The Reds take on Alan Pardew's Baggies as they bid for their most successful run in the tournament since Klopp took over in 2015.
Over the past two seasons the German has failed to steer Liverpool into the fifth round, losing out to West Ham and Wolves in 2015/16 and 2016/17 respectively.
Despite losing to Swansea City in the Premier League on Monday night, the hosts remain heavy favourites to progress, with Klopp likely to name a strong starting lineup.
That wasn't the case in previous campaigns, with a host of unlikely faces turning out.
But can you name all of the players to feature for Klopp's Liverpool in the FA Cup over the past two-and-a-half years?
There are 44 to guess – can you get at least 30? Try our quiz below.
Tags FA Cup, Jurgen Klopp


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Q: Why is the ternary operator defaulting to true I have the following bit of code:
const production = process.env.PRODUCTION
console.log(production)

const corsOptions = {
    origin: production ? 'https://myproductionurl' : 'http://localhost:3000',
    credentials: true
}

console.log(corsOptions)

app.use(cors(corsOptions))

When I run this code the first console.log is returning false as desired however the second console.log statement is returning the production URL as if the variable is true.
Not sure why this is if someone spots something then please let me know!
Furthermore, if I remove the ternary and URLs to test what's going on then i will get origin: false in the corsOptions which is stumping me even more!

A: Environment variables are always strings, unless they aren't set in which case they will be undefined.
If it is logging false, then you have set it to the string "false" which is a truthy value.
You can test for that explicitly:
production !== 'false' ? 'https://myproductionurl' : 'http://localhost:3000',

… although you should probably write a test that is more robust than that such as:
const isProduction = () => {
    const env = process.env.PRODUCTION;
    if (!env) return false;
    if (env === "false") return false;
    return true;
}

and then
isProduction() ? 'https://myproductionurl' : 'http://localhost:3000',

A: Update your ternary logic
const env = process.env.PRODUCTION
console.log(env)

const corsOptions = {
    origin: env == "production" ? 'https://myproductionurl' : 'http://localhost:3000',
    credentials: true
}

console.log(corsOptions)

app.use(cors(corsOptions))

A: Because all environment variables are strings. And string that is false does not have boolean value of false, therefore the ? just see string that contains some characters => therefore resolving it as true.

const production = 'false'
const productionBool = false
console.log(production)

const corsOptions = {
    origin: production ? 'https://myproductionurl' : 'http://localhost:3000',
    originBool: productionBool ? 'https://myproductionurl' : 'http://localhost:3000',
    credentials: true
}

console.log(corsOptions)

You can resolve it i.e. by (String(production).toLowerCase() === 'true')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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407 Bills Should Not Be Allowed As Voter I.D.
Doug Ford's 407 Data Scandal proves bills can't be used legitimately
TORONTO – Multiple media outlets have published reports of Conservative operative Snover Dhillon allegedly stealing data from the 407.
Typically, any verified piece of information that shows proof of address can be used as identification in the Ontario election.
Given that Doug Ford and the Conservatives have still not come clean on whether this information is in their possession, Ontario Liberals are asking Elections Ontario to not allow 407 bills to be used as voter identification.
"Letting someone vote for Doug Ford with only a 407 bill is like letting a teen into a nightclub with a fake I.D.," said Liberal Campaign Co-Chair Deb Matthews. "That's why Ontario Liberals wrote to Elections Ontario asking for 407 bills to be excluded from the democratic process due to the reports that dozens of Conservative Candidates potentially benefitted from stolen data."
Equally as worrying is the possibility that the stolen 407 ETR data is potentially still being used right now by the Conservative Party to help them in the provincial election. Mr. Ford has had an opportunity to act and has failed miserably.
We're asking him – again – to do the right thing and immediately take the following steps:
Call in the OPP to conduct a province-wide investigation of these nomination practices
Purge all Conservative databases of any illegally obtained data.
Fire all candidates with links to the data breach and Snover Dhillon's nomination services.
Invite a similar investigation by Elections Ontario to reassure the public that the integrity of the general election will in no way be compromised.
Disclose all party ties to Snover Dhillon and the full results of all internal party investigations into nomination practices.
Mr. Ford indicated that he is ready and willing to do everything in his power to rid the rot from his party. But he has rejected an external probe of this matter in the past. Given the gravity of these allegations, complete honesty and full transparency is the only option available to Mr. Ford.
Until Ford does this, we believe the 407 bills should not be used as proof of identify in this provincial election.
Read the Ontario Liberals' Letter to Elections Ontario


Put the ground pork in a food processor and process until fine, add the ginger, onion, mace or nutmeg, paprika and cardamon and continue processing.
Add the egg whites and cornstarch and process again until it is fine and smooth.
Transfer in a bowl, add the peppers, seasonings and toss gently until well mixed.
Brush a loaf pan mold or aluminum foil with butter. Fill up mold with the mix, cover with foil or wrap the meat mixture in aluminum foil and roll tightly.
Steam for about an hour or until cooked. Let cool and chill.
Slice into serving portions. Plate and decorate as desired.


A gift card to Cinemark is a gift card to the movies. They have their own version of IMAX – XD and XD3, or Extreme Digital and the Extreme Digital Experience. They always aim to make the movie going experience better, and better, for the love of the movies they show and the experience of the movie lovers who visit. A gift card to this movie theater chain might sound like the perfect gift for any movie lover.
If you've seen all the current movies and want to treat yourself to something else, take your Cinemark gift card value and trade that Cinemark gift card for cash. We here at EJ Gift Cards are where to sell Cinemark gift cards because we make the process easy. Bring us all your unused gift cards and we'll make you an offer for them based on the market price. There is no limit on the number of cards you can exchange, nor is there a value requirement. Once you sell your Cinemark gift cards to us, we will deposit your money into your PayPal account.
There's no reason to have the hard-earned money your loved ones have given you go to waste on something you don't want. It doesn't matter if you just want the money to put into your savings, or as a means to treat yourself to something else, you should use the money however you want to. We make the process easy through our Cinemark gift card buy back scheme. Don't keep an unused gift card in your wallet. It's okay not to want to spend the money on going to the movies if you want it for something else. Your loved ones gave you the money to treat yourself with – if what you want to treat yourself is something other than a movie, you need to trade in your Cinemark gift card for money you can use.


Customers who love to play tug-of-war with their dogs are going to love Multipet's new Tongue and Tail Stretchers. True to their name, each toy can be pulled from each end. Available in an assortment of three animals: alligator, snake, and lizard. From the rubber tug ring to the assorted textures and fabrics, Tongue and Tail Stretchers bring a unique spin to the tug toy category.


Little Feat played to a sold out crowd last Thursday at The Kent Stage in Kent Oh. Playing songs from their latest cd "Rooster Rag" as well as their old time favorites. The new songs were Rooster Rag, A chair falling down,Ragtop down and Jamaica will break your Heart. Some of the past hits were Time loves a hero, Dixie Chicken,Willin and Oh Atlanta.


Lay each folded bag flat, front side up. Layer fabric, ribbon and/or paper scraps into small collage; fuse (see below) or glue in place. If desired, add stickers, glue on photos, paper cutouts or buttons and add stencilled or stamped motifs. With marker(s), write on labels, draw faux stitch lines, dots or designs.
Lay fusible web, backing side up, on pattern(s); trace along cutting lines. Cut out just outside cutting lines; fuse to wrong side of fabric. Cut out along cutting lines. Peel off backing; fuse fabric to paper.


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Q: Hierarchy Tree Traversal (Laravel/PHP) I have to fetch all left and right nodes of a specific parent node. This is my database table structure.
Schema::create('user', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->id();
    $table->string('code')->unique();
    $table->string('parent_code');
    $table->enum('position', ['left', 'right', 'root']);
});

$users= User::where('parent_code', $account->code)->where('position', 'left')->get();
$collect = new Collection();
do {
    foreach ($users as $item) {
        $level = User::where('parent_code', $item->code)->get();
        foreach ($level as $lvlitem) {
            $collect->push($lvlitem);
        }
    }
    $users = $collect;
} while (!$users->isEmpty());

I tried to loop from my parent to its nodes but it seems like the deeper it goes the longer it will take.
Is there a better way to traverse the tree?

A: I would suggest to use already created and tested package for things like that.
And i also can recommend this package for nested tree: https://github.com/lazychaser/laravel-nestedset