text:
American LeMans Series Hot News
HPD Begins 2013 Sports Prototype Testing Program
The first 2013-spec Honda Performance Development, (HPD) ARX-03c LMP1 car – incorporating larger front tires as well as other significant performance upgrades – will test for the first time at the Motorland Aragon Circuit in Spain, November 18-20.
British team Strakka Racing will conduct this inaugural test. Strakka's ARX-03a, which achieved considerable success in this year's FIA World Endurance Championship, has been subjected to an exciting upgrade package taking it to '03c' (2013) specification. This upgrade includes wider Michelin front tires, plus new front-suspension geometry, steering configuration and bodywork.
As with its multiple race and championship-winning HPD ARX predecessors, the latest ARX-03c has been designed and developed with Wirth Research, taking full advantage of the company's renowned all-digital aerodynamic and chassis development processes. Power comes from HPD's efficient normally-aspirated 3.4-liter, V8 gasoline engine.
Strakka's regular drivers, Jonny Kane and Nick Leventis, as well as Klaus Graf – who won the ALMS LMP1 crown in a Muscle Milk Pickett Racing-run HPD ARX-03a – will be behind the wheel at the test. Graf will fill the seat vacated by Danny Watts, who will be away in Asia on Macau Grand Prix duties during the Aragon test.
The test will almost certainly be viewed with great interest by privateer teams currently competing at LMP1 level, as well as others looking to graduate to the premier class of sports prototype racing.
HPD Vice President Steve Eriksen commented: "In 2009, HPD showed the future direction of LMP1 car design by pioneering the use of large rear tires on all four wheels of its radical, championship-winning LMP1 Acura ARX-02a prototype.
"Since then, all rival LMP1 manufacturers have adopted this concept, and the 2013HPD ARX- 03c will feature this large front-tire format, along with a raft of aerodynamic and mechanical updates, boosting all-around performance."
FIA considering penalty points system
USGP: Vettel again on top in practice 2


25kVA Towable Generator Rental – MMD PowerPro 25, is available for rent in Rochester NY, Ithaca NY and the entire Western New York region from the Duke Company.
The MMD PowerPro 25 generates 25kVA / 20 kW of prime power and automatically adjusts voltage output when variable loads are applied. Equipped with sound reduction technology, this generator is suitable for a wide range of applications including powering events.
Three Phase 480V 30 Amps.


text:
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    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:fitsSystemWindows="true"
    tools:context="discounty.com.activities.DiscountCardDetailActivity"
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    <android.support.design.widget.AppBarLayout
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        android:theme="@style/ThemeOverlay.AppCompat.Dark.ActionBar"
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        <android.support.design.widget.CollapsingToolbarLayout
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            android:background="@color/colorAccent"
            app:contentScrim="?attr/colorPrimary"
            app:layout_scrollFlags="scroll|exitUntilCollapsed"
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            <android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar
                android:id="@+id/detail_toolbar"
                android:layout_width="match_parent"
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                app:popupTheme="@style/ThemeOverlay.AppCompat.Light"
                android:background="@color/colorAccent"/>

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This system includes two new upper strut mounts that replace the factory upper stut mount. The one piece mount increases the pre-load of the strut as well as increases the over all length of the strut assembly. The rear is lifted via two upper coil spring mounts. New rear 5500 series shocks are also included in the kit.
MAX. TIRE SIZE: 30 x 9.50"
This kit comes complete with front and rear bumper relocation brackets, steering extension, as well as new body blocks and hardware for a clean simple installation. No welding is required and thorough instructions are included to walk you through each step. The rear bumper relocation design retains the use of the factory receiver hitch.
MAX. TIRE SIZE: 30" x 9.50"
NOTE: You can stack BDS Suspension Lift Spacers and SMaxx Spacers in REAR ONLY!!!! DO NOT STACK IN FRONT!!!!


text:
IndyCar: Detroit Dual 1 Notebook
By Chris EstradaMay 31, 2014, 8:07 PM EDT
It was just another one of those days for Justin Wilson. One of those 'come out of nowhere and finish toward the front' days.
The Dale Coyne Racing driver started 19th on the grid this afternoon, but ultimately charged 15 spots to finish fourth in the first race of the Chevrolet Indy Dual in Detroit at Belle Isle Park.
That tied Team Penske's Will Power for the biggest position jump on Saturday; Power started 16th but was still able to capture his second win of the season.
"We just had to be quick where we needed to be, save fuel when we needed to save fuel," Wilson said. "Tough day, but you've got to play it how you've got to play it. From 19th to 4th, something was going on in that race.
"We were up and back and then up and back. The guys did great pit stops. We did quite a few of them. That gives us something to work with and we'll come back tomorrow and try and qualify a little bit better and start close to the front."
Also adding good vibes for DCR today was their Colombian rookie, Carlos Huertas, who netted an eighth-place finish for a new personal best in the Verizon IndyCar Series.
As we've written before, Huertas has been largely anonymous but still reliable. How reliable? Following today's race, Nick Yeoman of IndyCar Radio pulled out a statistic that might surprise you:
Just 3 @indycar drivers have completed all 611 laps this season @12WillPower @H3lio and @Carlos_Huertas with a solid 8th place finish today.
— Nick Yeoman (@NYeoman) May 31, 2014
Usually, when you're in that sort of company, that's a very good thing.
"The end was really tough because I had to save fuel and defend positions," Huertas said. "I had to keep turning the engine down all of the time for less power and more fuel mileage and I was still not getting the numbers.
"It was difficult because I was running in the top five but that is what it is. I am hopeful we can improve on eighth place tomorrow."
After starting 14th, Josef Newgarden was putting together a Top-5 run at the halfway point of today's race. But on Lap 37, he found the barriers in Turn 7 and was knocked out of the race with a 20th-place result.
The Sarah Fisher Hartman Racing driver took full blame for the incident, saying that he simply locked up the rear brakes before crashing.
"It's a silly mistake that cost us today," he said. "We had a great car and were doing a great job. We didn't really have any complications so days like that you want to finish strong and do a good job overall. I feel like I let everyone down, I feel bad for everyone on our team.
"They've done a great job this weekend, especially coming off of Indy with the long stretch that they've had. They've been working flat out. I hope we have a good day tomorrow. We get another chance to qualify and race so hopefully we can do a better job there and I'll try and do better for the boys."
Another competitor that had a strong day derailed was Jack Hawksworth, but instead of a wreck, it was a left-front brake rotor failure that relegated him to a 19th-place finish.
Hawksworth started third, but on the opening lap, he took second from James Hinchcliffe on the inside at Turn 3. He quickly pulled a gap on the Canadian while setting his sights on pole sitter and early race leader Helio Castroneves.
But as the yellow flew at Lap 15 for Mike Conway's single-car crash, the aforementioned rotor broke on Hawksworth's No. 98 Bryan Herta Autosport Honda.
The rookie was able to get the car back to the pits for repairs, but those ultimately knocked him four laps off the pace.
"Unfortunately, the front left brake exploded, so that was basically our day gone," he said. "We did a few more laps of running and got a bit more of a feel for the track so we can have a better day tomorrow."
Herta said he had never seen a "carbon disc failure" like what occurred on Saturday, and he hoped Sunday would bring a result more representative of their efforts.
"I feel bad for Jack and all the guys because yet again, they did not make any mistakes but somehow we still did not get a result," he said. "I'm glad we have another race tomorrow and another shot.
"We've got a great car, great team, great driver. We're ready for round two."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We have selected our outer reef locations for their variety and bottom contours, so to provide the best experience for both beginners, experienced snorkelers and children of all ages.
Our staff keep a constant watch over the snorkelling sites making sure all passengers can enjoy the amazing wildlife in perfect safety. Our snorkel supervisors are all experienced Divemasters and provide in-depth briefings on safety procedures and site orientation, so you know where to find all the 'cool stuff'.
For the beginners we offer one-on-one tuition on gear use and snorkelling techniques, a selection of buoyancy aids (foam noodles, life jackets and wetsuits) and FREE snorkel guides are available all day long to guide you through the natural maze of beautiful coral and fishes.
EVOLUTION travels to 2 of our 12 exclusive outer reef dive locations every day. With over 5 hours at the reef, there's plenty of time between dives for snorkelling and relaxation. Our certified divers can enjoy up to 3 dives per day, either guided with one of our professional Divemasters or with your own dive buddy or one we can provide for you.  Our experienced, environmentally conscious Divemasters know all the best areas at our sites, and know how to find and interact with all the amazing marine life.
Learn the secrets of the reef from our marine biologist and explore the coral gardens on a guided snorkel tour.
Enjoy the spectacular coral formations without getting wet on our semi-submersible tour with commentary and marine life identification cards.


Paying every single developer that helps in a server that is going to be developed soon. Every week of all the donations we recieve we share amongst our selves equally!
you got 5 developers? and ur looking for a lot more?
Some more info pls, what server type/rev/media so far?


Hyundai Motor and the southwestern city of Gwangju reached a landmark deal on Thursday to build a joint venture plant capable of producing 100,000 cars per year - at much lower wages than at Hyundai's other factories.
The agreement follows very rocky negotiations since the automaker tentatively agreed to join the Gwangju-led project last June. The so-called Gwangju employment plan is considered a breakthrough for Hyundai Motor to get relief from high labor costs and expand production. For Gwangju, it will create many jobs.
The two parties nearly clinched a deal in December before talks broke down over the issue of annual wage increases. Hyundai wanted no annual increases for the first five years of the plant's operation. Gwangju's city government wanted more lenient terms.
On Thursday, the two essentially agreed to suspend wage negotiations for roughly five years, or until the plant produces 350,000 cars. They left room for adjustments, though, in case of drastic changes in circumstances - such as if the plant proves to be very profitable.
The new car factory will have base capital of roughly 280 billion won ($251.7 million). The city government will be the largest shareholder with a 21 percent stake and an investment of 59 billion won.
Hyundai Motor will be the second largest shareholder with a 19 percent stake in the venture and an investment of 53 billion won. Gwangju plans to attract additional investors to the project to raise the remaining 168 billion won in capital.
Hyundai said it will not have any management rights in the joint venture but will be its major customer, deciding which models will be made there.
The new plant will be built on a 630,000-square-meter (155.6-acre) plot in the existing Bitgreen National Industrial Complex and start producing mini-SUVs from the second half of 2021. In the longer term, the plant is allowed to produce models by automakers other than Hyundai.
Hyundai said the SUVs made in Gwangju will be smaller than its compact Kona SUV, but larger than compact cars like Kia's Morning or GM Korea's Spark.
The plant is expected to hire roughly 1,000 workers as regular employees. Gwangju projects the plant will create more than 10,000 indirect jobs.
Workers at the Gwangju plant will receive on average 35 million won in annual pay on the assumption of a 44-hour week. The pay is less than half of what workers receive at other Hyundai factories.
The Gwangju government said it has prepared incentives for the workers such as tax cuts and housing support to bring their compensation closer to other Hyundai workers.
But Hyundai Motor's labor union expressed bitter opposition to the plan Thursday, calling the plan an excessive and overlapping investment by the company that will ultimately disturb the domestic auto business, which already has excess capacity. The union said the deal was an obvious attempt by Hyundai Motor to lower its overall labor costs. The management of Hyundai's union went on strike Thursday and said it will fight the deal along with the union of sister company Kia Motors.


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Creative Communication. Specialising in Graphic Design, Web Design, Photography and Motion.
Founded by Creative Director Matthew Hall, Rapid Fire offers clients a creative service that is focused around its strategy.
Rapid Fire specialises in Graphic Design, Web Design, Photography and Motion.
With a wide range of business to consumer and business to business clients and a proven track record, Rapid Fire are perfectly placed to help you present your brand to your customers.


We are located at 79 Poplar St NW in Downtown Atlanta, not far from the Tabernacle, Mercedes-Benz Stadium, State Farm Arena, the Masquerade, and Georgia World Congress Center. Look for the "Sidebar" sign right around the corner from the Georgia State University School Of Music and Rialto Center for the Arts building at the corner of Poplar and Forsyth. There are many parking garages and ample parking available near Sidebar and all over Downtown, but we strongly suggest you don't drive yourself at all if you intend to drink. Sidebar is a convenient location to use services like Uber, Lyft, Taxi, and MARTA, all of which we strongly recommend.
Keep walking until you see the SIDEBAR sign on your LEFT.
Keep walking until you see the SIDEBAR sign on your RIGHT.


text:
Home » SBA Adjusts Revenue-Based Size Standards 02.04.2002
SBA Adjusts Revenue-Based Size Standards 02.04.2002
Inflation Widens Eligibility For Agency Programs
The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) increased its revenue-based size standards for small businesses by 15.8 percent to account for inflation since 1994, SBA Administrator Hector V. Barreto announced recently. Since the size standards are used to determine whether a business is a small business for the purposes of eligibility for SBA programs, the inflation adjustments will make it possible for at least 8,600 companies to regain their eligibility as small businesses.
The new standards were published in the Federal Register on January 23, 2002, as an interim final rule with a 30-day comment period. They will become effective on February 22, 2002. For small businesses located in the September 11 presidentially declared disaster areas of metropolitan New York City and Northern Virginia, the new regulations will apply retroactively to Sept. 11, 2001.
As a result, the SBA's Office of Disaster Assistance will go back and review applications for disaster recovery loans in those areas to determine whether those that were rejected because they didn't qualify as small businesses have become eligible for assistance.
The SBA adjusts the revenue-based size standards using the chain-type price index used by the Department of Commerce to measure inflation in the economy.
Revenue-based size standards for small businesses had not been updated for inflation since 1994. Industry sectors whose size standards had been changed for other criteria that also included inflation since 1994 will be adjusted accordingly to match the new percentage.
For additional information on the new size standards, visit the SBA's Office of Size Standards Web page at www.sba.gov/size, and click on "What's New?"
For more information about all of SBA's programs for small businesses, call the SBA Answer Desk at 1/800 U ASK SBA or TDD 704/344-6640. Also visit the SBA's extensive website at www.sba.gov.
ORBIMAGE Completes Acquisition of Space Imaging; Changes Brand Name to GeoEye
CARIS and Holonics Team to Develop GeoPortal Web Services
OGC Seeks Quotations/Participation in the Geospatial One-Stop Portal Initiative 12.19.2002
DigitalGlobe and GlobeXplorer Partner to Offer QuickBird Imagery Online 4.13.04


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text:
Ви́ктор Влади́мирович Ро́вдо (; 1921 — 2007) — советский, белорусский хоровой дирижёр, педагог. Народный артист СССР (1990).

Биография
Родился 10 ноября 1921 года (по другим источникам — 23 ноября 1921 года) в Сморгони (ныне в Гродненской области Белоруссии) в семье православного священника.

В 1939 году окончил Виленскую государственную духовную семинарию, в 1951 году — дирижёрско-хоровое и вокальное отделения Литовской консерватории (класс профессора К. Кавяцкаса). Одновременно окончил медицинский факультет Вильнюсского государственного университета по специальности «хирург».

В 1951—1954 годах учился в аспирантуре Московской консерватории им. П. И. Чайковского (класс А. В. Свешникова). В 1956 году защитил диссертацию (посвящена проблемам исполнения народной песни в академическом хоре).

Совмещал аспирантскую деятельность с хормейстерской работой в Государственном академическом русском хоре СССР, Московском хоровом училище (ныне Хоровое училище имени А.В. Свешникова в составе Академии хорового искусства имени В.С. Попова), а также Оперной студии консерватории.

В 1956—1965 годах — главный хормейстер и дирижёр Государственной академической хоровой капеллы Белорусской ССР (ныне Государственная академическая хоровая капелла Республики Беларусь им. Г. Ширмы).

С 1965 года — художественный руководитель и главный дирижёр Академического хора Белорусского телевидения и радио.

С 1956 года преподавал в Белорусской консерватории (ныне Белорусская государственная академия музыки) (с 1961 года — доцент, с 1964 года — заведующий кафедрой хорового дирижирования, с 1975 года — профессор). Художественный руководитель концертного хора Белорусской академии музыки.

Активно занимался общественно-просветительской работой, выступал организатором детских праздников песни в Беларуси, многократно участвовал в качестве члена жюри различных хоровых фестивалей и конкурсов.

Составил хоровые сборники, хрестоматии по дирижированию, снял и записал в фонды радио и телевидения Беларуси более двух тысяч произведений зарубежной и русской хоровой классики, народных песен, сочинений белорусских композиторов

Умер 18 ноября 2007 года в Минске. Похоронен на Восточном (Московском) кладбище (по другим источникам — на кладбище на Запорожском шоссе в Москве).  .

Награды и звания
 Заслуженный деятель искусств Белорусской ССР (1968)
 Народный артист Белорусской ССР (1978)
 Народный артист СССР (1990)
 Государственная премия Белорусской ССР (1990)
 Премия Президента Республики Беларусь «За духовное возрождение» (1997)
 Орден Франциска Скорины (2006)
 Медаль Франциска Скорины (2001)
 Орден равноапостольной Марии Магдалины II и ІІІ степени (Польская православная церковь)
 Орден святого равноапостольного великого князя Владимира III степени (РПЦ)
 Орден преподобного Сергия Радонежского II степени (РПЦ)
 Орден святого благоверного князя Даниила Московского І, II и III степеней (РПЦ)
 Медаль князя Константина Острожского
 Кандидат искусствоведения.

Аудио
Заслуженный академический хор Белтелерадиокомпании под управлением В. В. Ровдо: Гимн Белоруссии

Память
 Именем дирижёра названа одна из улиц в городе Сморгонь.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Александр Володченко. 85-летие маэстро Виктора Ровдо // «Минские епархиальные ведомости». — № 4, 2006
 Умер Виктор Ровдо // «Новое радио». — 19 ноября 2007
 РОВДО Виктор Владимирович
 РОВДО. Моя 80-я осень...

Выпускники Литовской академии музыки и театра
Выпускники Вильнюсского университета
Выпускники Московской консерватории
Преподаватели Московской консерватории
Преподаватели Белорусской академии музыки
Кандидаты искусствоведения
Хормейстеры Белоруссии
Хормейстеры СССР
Хормейстеры России
Академические музыканты России
Академические музыканты Белоруссии
Академические музыканты СССР
Похороненные на Восточном кладбище Минска

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Each home is unique. One-size-fits-all approaches will not work. We deliver custom made products, tailored to you – your community, your culture, your one-of-a-kind property.
We offer a range of high quality window coverings. Whether you're looking for window blinds or custom window screens, we have you covered. Quality products and superior service is just what we do at Forbus.


If the $42.3 billion spent online this past holiday season has taught retailers anything, it's that capturing customers—and their dollars—online is crucial.
But online is a big place. And mobile, which can seem like an entirely different universe, looms ever larger. So where to even start if you haven't yet…started? And who should lead the charge?
The modern day merchant must have an intimate understanding of the importance of online and mobile commerce, access to a vast array of customer data, and a strategy for transforming this analytical data into winning online experiences.
In all cases, the goal is to attract and retain both new and returning customers. Whether online novices or experts, business leaders crave insight on how to accomplish this. The question is: who inside the company can embody these traits and help the CEO rule the roost? That responsibility should belong to the chief marketing officer.
A CMO should be somebody who uniquely understands marketing, merchandising, data, analytics and web design, and who can also maintain a creative, innovative organizational structure. IT tends to lean too heavily toward data for data's sake, while Sales too often relies on revenue and relationships.
Placing the CMO in charge allows for the best of both worlds. Armed with the science of data analysis and the art of consumer engagement, the CMO is well positioned to emulate merchant princes of old and join the ranks of retail royalty. A good CMO can nurture a culture of testing, measuring and learning instead of depending on guesswork and subjectivity, as well as reach out to those on the front lines of customer interactions to figure out what those customers want. The ambitious CMO knows that their company site must be more engaging than the competitions', as well as a place that customers trust, valuing the available products, services and information on offer. It also needs to be a reliable gateway to actions that grow sales beyond the initial purchase, such as cross-selling and upselling.
What's the best way to make all this happen? One word: data.
Data is crucial to online retail. It comes in many different forms, the main type being the individual behaviors of current site visitors: which search term or webpage brought them over, what time of day and day of the week they're most likely to stop by, what recent purchases they've already made onsite, what pages they visit and what product categories most interest them. All this pertinent info helps define what the "best content" is for each specific viewer. Other types include customer relationship management (CRM) data and social media data.
The aspiring CMO must then use this accumulated data to gain perspective on what customers want; analytical optimization and personalization tools will aid in this quest. Segmentation sifts through the data to find discrete groups of people with similar traits and/or interests, who can then be targeted and tested with relevant content based on site activity. Product recommendations and other offers are then provided based on what the various groups are most likely to purchase.
Product information tools give customers a deeper understanding of the product at hand—a 360-degree view of an article of clothing, or a close-up of various types of textured materials. User-generated content, like ratings, reviews or social media feedback, also aids and influences purchasing decisions. The savvy CMO uses all these methods to strike the delicate balance between intuition and analysis.
Paul Dunay is an award-winning B2B marketing expert with more than 20 years' success in generating demand and creating buzz for leading technology, consumer products, financial services and professional services organizations. He is the Global Vice President of Marketing for Maxymiser, a leader in web optimization and analytics, and author of five "Dummies" books:Facebook Marketing for Dummies, Social Media and the Contact Center for Dummies, Facebook Advertising for Dummies, Facebook Marketing for Dummies 2nd Edition and Facebook Marketing for Dummies 3rd Edition .


text:
/**
 * @file
 *
 * @data May 7, 2014
 * @author Anton Bondarev
 */

#include <sys/types.h> /* pid_t */
#include <sys/wait.h>  /* wait */
#include <stdlib.h>    /* exit */
#include <unistd.h>    /* _exit, vfork */

#include <kernel/task.h>

#include <embox/test.h>

EMBOX_TEST_SUITE("vfork() testsuite");

static void *test_vfork_first(void *arg) {
	pid_t pid;
	pid_t parent_pid;
	int res;

	parent_pid = getpid();

	pid = vfork();
	/* When vfork() returns -1, an error happened. */
	test_assert(pid != -1);

	if (pid == 0) {
		/* When vfork() returns 0, we are in the child process. */
		_exit(0);
	}

	wait(&res);
	test_assert_not_equal(pid, parent_pid);
	test_assert_equal(getpid(), parent_pid);

	exit(0);
}

TEST_CASE("after called vfork() child call exit()") {
	int res;

	/* Create new task to have single thread in vfork calling task */
	new_task("", test_vfork_first, NULL);

	wait(&res);

	test_assert_zero(res);
}

static void *test_vfork_second(void *arg) {
	pid_t pid;
	int res;
	volatile int data;

	data = 1;

	pid = vfork();
	/* When vfork() returns -1, an error happened. */
	test_assert(pid != -1);

	if (pid == 0) {
		data = 2;
		/* When vfork() returns 0, we are in the child process. */
		_exit(0);
	}

	wait(&res);
	test_assert_equal(data, 2);

	exit(0);
}

TEST_CASE("parent should see stack modifications made from child") {
	int res;

	/* Create new task to have single thread in vfork calling task */
	new_task("", test_vfork_second, NULL);

	wait(&res);

	test_assert_zero(res);
}

static void *test_vfork_third(void *arg) {
	pid_t pid;
	int res;

	pid = vfork();

	test_assert(pid != -1);

	if (pid == 0) {
		unsigned char buf[64];
		memset(buf, 0xa5, sizeof(buf));
		_exit(0);
	}
	wait(&res);

	exit(0);
}

TEST_CASE("after called vfork() child trashes own stack and calls exit") {
	int res;

	/* Create new task to have single thread in vfork calling task */
	new_task("", test_vfork_third, NULL);

	wait(&res);

	test_assert_zero(res);
}

static void *test_vfork_fourth(void *arg) {
	pid_t pid;
	pid_t parent_pid;
	int res;

	parent_pid = getpid();

	pid = vfork();
	/* When vfork() returns -1, an error happened. */
	test_assert(pid != -1);

	if (pid == 0) {
		close(0);
		close(1);
		close(2);
		/* When vfork() returns 0, we are in the child process. */
		if (execv("help", NULL) == -1) {
			test_assert(0);
		}
	}

	wait(&res);

	test_assert_not_equal(pid, parent_pid);
	test_assert_equal(getpid(), parent_pid);

	exit(0);
}

TEST_CASE("after called vfork() child call execv()") {
	int res;

	/* Create new task to have single thread in vfork calling task */
	new_task("", test_vfork_fourth, NULL);

	wait(&res);

	test_assert_zero(res);
}


After migrating a large website and setting up Elegant Theme's Divi theme, I found that all of the migrated posts had a default template set of "right sidebar". The customer was fine with there being no modification to the posts except that they did not want the right sidebar there and, instead, wanted a full-width post. Normally, I'd bring the posts template file into the child theme and find the offending code, but I wanted a sweeping database solution that would also show up in the WordPress post template section for the client to still be able to change on a post-by-post basis if needed.
As it turns out, posts that have the default template (not explicitly set) have no entry in the meta table in WordPress's database at all so it makes life a little easier for starting fresh. For those that have a few posts already set with templates but now you want to start from scratch, I'd recommend just doing a postmeta table search for posts with the _et_pb_page_layout meta_key set and remove them from the postmeta table.
The following SQL command (single command) is what did the trick for me. This will locate all posts that are posts (not pages) and that are published, then it will use their post IDs to create new entries into the post meta table to specify that they have a page layout of "et_full_width_page" (goodbye, default sidebar).


text:
Sophie Shevardnadze Has Husband Or, Boyfriend? Also, Family, Height & More
Beautiful Sophie Shevardnadzem rose to the fame after she became the producer at ABC News channel. Throughout her journey, she has not only become the producer of the news channel but also was a news anchor at RT News channel and also a show hostess. She host interviews show with a different renowned person of a different field. Well, just like she enjoys her professional career she also has a lovely personal life that she keeps up her sleeves and away from the limelight.
Date of Birth Sep 23, 1978
Nationality Georgian
Profession Correspondent
Divorced/Engaged Not Yet
Boyfriend/Dating Not Known
Ethnicity Georgian-Russian
Net Worth Under Review
Social Media Facebook, Twitter, Instagram
Children/Kids Not Yet
Height 5 Feet 6 Inches (170 cm)
Education Boston University
Siblings Mariam Shevardnadze & Nanuli Shevardnadze (Sisters), Lasha Shevardnadze (Brother)
Parents Paata Shevardnadze (Father), Nino Shevardnadze (Mother)
Beautiful Sophie Shevardnadzem rose to the fame after she became the producer at ABC News channel. Throughout her journey, she has not only become the producer of the news channel but also was a news anchor at RT News channel and also a show hostess. She host interviews show with a different renowned person of a different field.
Well, just like she enjoys her professional career, she also has a lovely personal life that she keeps up her sleeves and away from the limelight.
Is Sophie Single Or Has Husband?
As a journalist, Sophie has secured a considerable measure of news either it's of a political gathering or even about somebody's life. In any case, when the question comes to her personal life, she stays quiet. She doesn't like to uncover about her own life to the media or the audience. So, as per Sophie, she is still single.
However, even though Sophie hasn't said anything regarding her personal life to the media or in an interview, her social sites have a completely different story to tell about her romantic life.
Sophie Shevardnadze gets her hand kissed by the unknown guy on 24 May 2017 (Photo: Sophie's Instagram)
Back on 24 May 2017 when Sophie shared the picture where her hand was kissed by the unknown guy her fans and admirers were obviously surprised. Out of nowhere, she shared this picture on her Instagram with a guy who goes by the Instagram name, kirillserebrennikov. The picture is captioned as "always & forever" with a cute red heart which hints on her love life.
She also shared another picture on her Instagram where she is seen holding someone's hand and captioning it, "follow your heart."
Well by observing these two photos it seems that Sophie Shevardnadze has a boyfriend in her life and might get married soon. So it seems that she is enjoying her dating life with him.
However, the speculation may or may not be true as the journalist hasn't yet confirmed about it.
Early Age To Professional Life
Sophie Shevardnadzem was born on 23 September 1978 in Tbilisi, capital of the then Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. But later she moved with her family to Paris, France, when she was only ten years old. Her birth sign is Libra. Her grandfather was former Georgian President. According to her bio, she stands tall at the height of 5 feet 5 inches i.e., 1.69 m
Talking about her education, Sophie graduated with a cinema degree from Boston University in 2001. She also studied in the master's program in TV journalism at New York University. She also completed her secondary education and an advanced piano performance course at the Conservatoire International de Paris before going on to a master's degree in journalism at New York University.
Speaking about her profession, Sophie started her career as the producer for ABC News before becoming an exclusive New York and Paris correspondent for the Namedni show on Georgia's Imedi TV in 2005.
She also was a presenter at RT News channel which was launched in 2005. Sophie's career at RT News has seen her as studio news anchor, then show hostess on Culture Fair and Wanted which was dedicated respectively to cultural life in contemporary Russia and the country's most notable personal success stories.
Sophie also hosts interviews with politicians, diplomats and news personalities in her show, SophieCo. Back in 2017, she fronts Interview with Sophie Shevardnadze – a series of face-to-face meetings with high-level newsmakers. Sophie also co-hosts Eye Witness (Svoimi Glazami) at the Echo Moscow radio station and writes for some Russian magazines such as Bolshoy Gorodand Time Out.


text:
Accountability Citizenship
Connect with the Author
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You have to read to build the mental tools you need to tell the truth from the lies. Read lots of stuff from lots of sources. Think about what you read... maybe even write a review.
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Thinking, Fast and Slow Highlights Human Cognitive Biases
Kahneman, a research psychologist who won the 2002 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on decision-making, uses several metaphors of his own to present a fascinating look at our decision-making processes. His book, Thinking, Fast and Slow, is worth an essay in itself, and we'll cover that in more detail in a subsequent blog. For now, it is sufficient to note that Kahneman describes "systematic errors in the thinking of normal people" which his research shows are the result of "the design of the machinery of cognition rather than... the corruption of thought by emotion." He uses "System 1" to describe our fast response mechanism that relies more heavily on emotion and heuristics (models) to simplify our complex world and enable us to react in the way most likely to keep us safe. System 2, on the other hand, is slower and engages the ability to reason to a much greater extent, while still accepting inputs from emotions and cognitive models. [3]
The cognitive systems Kahneman describes are broadly shared, but at least some of the content of cognitive models, like availability and anchoring, vary based on individual and group experiences. It is like the child's toy that pushes blocks of clay through forms to create exotic shapes: the forms are the same but the color varies based on the type of clay that is put into the toy. One's level of education affords no necessary immunity to the error-inducing effects of our cognitive machinery. However, an understanding of the nature of the biases build into our systems of thought, along with conscious attention to mitigating those biases, can help.
Author of "Accountability Citizenship", Stephen P. Tryon is a former executive at e-tailer Overstock.com, a retired Soldier, and former Senate Fellow.


text:
Using an Ontology-based Approach to Build Open Assisting Tools in Foreign Language Writing
Hugo Sanjurjo-González 1 * , Héctor Alaiz-Moretón 2, Noelia Ramón 3, Belén Labrador 3, Isaías García 2
1 Department of English, Linguistics and History, University of Huddersfield, UK
2 Department of Electrical, Systems and Automatics Engineering, University of León, SPAIN
3 Department of Modern Languages, University of León, SPAIN
Published Online: 15 Sep 2019
Views: 839 | Downloads: 511
In-text citation: (Sanjurjo-González et al., 2019)
Reference: Sanjurjo-González, H., Alaiz-Moretón, H., Ramón, N., Labrador, B., & García, I. (2019). Using an Ontology-based Approach to Build Open Assisting Tools in Foreign Language Writing. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 4(2), em0099. https://doi.org/10.29333/jisem/5931
Reference: Sanjurjo-González H, Alaiz-Moretón H, Ramón N, Labrador B, García I. Using an Ontology-based Approach to Build Open Assisting Tools in Foreign Language Writing. J INFORM SYSTEMS ENG. 2019;4(2):em0099. https://doi.org/10.29333/jisem/5931
Reference: Sanjurjo-González H, Alaiz-Moretón H, Ramón N, Labrador B, García I. Using an Ontology-based Approach to Build Open Assisting Tools in Foreign Language Writing. J INFORM SYSTEMS ENG. 2019;4(2), em0099. https://doi.org/10.29333/jisem/5931
Reference: Sanjurjo-González, Hugo, Héctor Alaiz-Moretón, Noelia Ramón, Belén Labrador, and Isaías García. "Using an Ontology-based Approach to Build Open Assisting Tools in Foreign Language Writing". Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management 2019 4 no. 2 (2019): em0099. https://doi.org/10.29333/jisem/5931
Reference: Sanjurjo-González, H., Alaiz-Moretón, H., Ramón, N., Labrador, B., and García, I. (2019). Using an Ontology-based Approach to Build Open Assisting Tools in Foreign Language Writing. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 4(2), em0099. https://doi.org/10.29333/jisem/5931
Reference: Sanjurjo-González, Hugo et al. "Using an Ontology-based Approach to Build Open Assisting Tools in Foreign Language Writing". Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, vol. 4, no. 2, 2019, em0099. https://doi.org/10.29333/jisem/5931
In today's globalised world where there is a growing need for international communication, non-native speakers (NNS) from a wide range of professional fields are increasingly called upon to write specialised texts in English. More often than not, however, the linguistic competence required to do so is well beyond that of the majority of NNS. While software applications can serve to assist NNS in their English writing tasks, most of the applications available are designed for users of English for general purposes as opposed to English for professional purposes. Therefore, these applications lack the specific vocabulary, style guidelines and common structures required in more specialised documents. Necessary modifications to meet the needs of English for professional purposes tend to be viewed as representing an overly complex and expensive task. To overcome these challenges, we present a software called O-WEAA (Ontology-Writing English Assistant Architecture) which makes use of an ontology that represents the knowledge which, according to our formalisation, is required to write most types of specialised professional documents in the English language. Our formalisation of the required knowledge is based on an exhaustive linguistic analysis of several written genres. The proposed software is composed of two parts: i) a web application named Acquisition Interface Module, which allows experts to populate the ontology with new data and ii) a user-friendly, general web interface named Writing Assistant Interface Module which guides the user throughout the writing process of the English document in the specific domain described in the ontology.
knowledge acquisition knowledge representation corpus linguistics ontology classification and retrieval natural language processing
Because of globalisation, more and more people from different parts of the world are working together on projects related to their industry, economy or academic field. Most of these international relationships make use of English as a lingua franca, even in written contexts. This means that often NNS (non-native speakers) are required to write specialised documents in English and in a wide range of different areas. Some examples of such technical documents include medical abstracts, electronic product descriptions, and technical brochures. Writing such texts requires adherence to a strict set of conventions and rules, different in each domain. Achieving the competence and the proficiency required to do so is necessarily a long, complex and time-consuming process.
From our point of view, NNS have to face two main problems: first, inadequate knowledge of the English language to write acceptable texts, and second, lack of awareness of the particular conventions related to some specific domain.
Several studies have focused on the use of computer-based resources to improve the writing skills of NNS and deal with the aforementioned issues, e.g., Sullivan and Pratt, (1996), Wang et al. (2016) and Ducate and Lomicka (2008). Ideally, software must not merely assist in the writing process by offering certain guidelines concerning the genre-specific features of a particular field, but facilitate the writing task by reducing the users' amount of typing. We refer to these types of applications as software for professional writing.
In order to be useful in most circumstances, software for professional writing offers default options that allow users to write documents in English related to any topic but without providing very specific information about it. For instance, one user may wonder if technical documents have an introductory paragraph, another user may find it interesting that software includes some type of bilingual dictionary related to the specific jargon used in a particular technical document.
Another recurring problem is that any modification of the software may be a complex, and therefore expensive task; it may require a programmer to make changes in the source code or in the database schema. Modifications to include new functionalities or merely adding new entries or fields in the internal dictionary of any software for professional writing involves a technical or/and economic effort. For these reasons, it is relatively understandable that most software for professional writing tends to be a general-purpose tool that merely assists users in writing texts in English without a specific context, as it is cheap to build and may fulfil its purpose to some extent at least.
To overcome these problems, in the present study we follow an ontology-based approach. The ontology designed contains the representation of required knowledge that according to our study is suitable for writing technical documents in the English language from a Spanish native speaker's perspective. On this basis, linguistic specialists can create new writing assistants. To do that, they just have to carry out an analysis of the desired genre in order to gather the necessary linguistic information to populate (fill up) the ontology.
In order to maintain and reuse the basic structure of our ontology for each additional professional field, we present a software called O-WEAA (Ontology-Writing English Assistant Architecture). This software has two web modules:
Acquisition Interface Module allows linguistic experts to populate the ontology with new data related to any technical genre in the English language that they wish to include. These new data are added through the creation of new instances or individuals in the ontology. No technical skills are required.
Writing Assistant Interface Module is a user-friendly interface that guides the user throughout the writing process of an English document in the specific technical English domain that is described in the ontology. As words, structures and common sentences are provided, the amount of typing is substantially reduced.
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section II introduces the state of the art of software for professional writing. Section III describes the domain model of technical documents. Section IV explains components of the proposed ontology. Section V shows the implementation of the software. Finally, Section VI outlines conclusions and future directions.
OVERVIEW OF SOFTWARE FOR PROFESSIONAL WRITING
From our point of view, one of the main aims of software for professional writing is to facilitate and speed up the writing process. Currently available applications to produce texts in a particular professional field in a foreign language differ from each other in the degree of assistance offered. This degree of assistance depends on the competence of the target user in the foreign language, and on the type of text in question. Although there are several programs that aim to assist users in writing texts in English, they are of little use when the context is very precise, for instance, when it is related to some professional topic or a specific purpose.
Machine Translation Tools
Machine translation (MT) tools are one of the most widely used types of applications. Although it might seem that most of the users of machine translation tools are people that do not understand the target language, some of these users are, in fact, translators, even professionals, who hope to benefit from a machine-generated draft (García-Peñalvo et al., 2014; García and Pena, 2011). These tools are relatively easy to use, because they have a user-friendly interface that makes them visually appealing. MT tools offer good results when the linguistic context is general, and sentences are simple, short and unambiguous. However, when the communication is highly specialised, for instance in the case of a particular genre that employs very specific terminology, this type of software does not recognise the most frequent words in that field. The program employs the most common meaning and cannot deal with polysemy properly. As a consequence, the resulting translations are not always of high-quality. MT tools also fail to provide a template of the prototypical textual structure in any specific field. Internally, it is very difficult to know exactly the behaviour of commercial MT tools. They work as a black box and they do not provide scientific specifications describing their functionality. They tend to be based on billions of words, from both monolingual texts in the target language, and aligned texts consisting of examples of human translations between the two languages involved. Statistical MT techniques (e.g., word-based models, phrase-based models or tree-based models (Koehn, 2009)) are then applied to build a proper translation model. Some well-known examples of these translation tools are Google Translate and DeepL.
Dictionaries serve to assist users to find a correspondence between two words in different languages. Classical dictionaries offer equivalents and examples of use. Although there are some specific dictionaries that provide specialised terminology, none of them gives instructions about the structure of specific text types. The writing process with dictionaries is tedious and time-consuming. Some examples of general-purpose dictionaries are Collins and WordReference. On the other hand, EuroTermBank and Black's Law Dictionary are dictionaries of language for specific purposes.
Word Processing Systems
Word processing systems are not specifically designed for any translation process. However, they usually work as grammar and syntax checkers that allow users to write in any language and make corrections or suggestions on the fly or on request. Most of these tools employ text quality metrics based on collocations from corpus data (Wanner et al., 2013) or similar, in a general topic area, e.g., Microsoft Word, Grammarly Writer's Workbench and SpellCheckPlus. On the other hand, there are some advanced tools, like StyleWriter4, which take into account contextual information such as type of document, e.g. financial or scientific, as well as patterns defined by the user. Nonetheless, the users must write all the text by themselves. The software only works as a kind of proofreading device and does not provide information about the rhetorical structure of that particular text type. Like MT tools, most word processors are built for commercial purposes, and no descriptions of their internal structure are publicly available.
Writing Assistance Systems
Writing assistance systems are the more useful software when users have to write a specialised document in a very specific field and do not have a high command of the target language and/or do not know the specific guidelines in languages other than their own. Writing assistance systems are usually built as a result of collaboration between an interdisciplinary group of linguists and computer science engineers. The former decide the features that the application has to include, and the latter decide on the software necessary to meet these requirements. After a long process involving changes and adaptations to the initial design, a prototype is launched. These tools feature the highest degree of automation, together with relevant contextual information and they include rhetorical information on the structure of a specific text type. Consequently, these applications might not require a high level of competence in the target language. Writing assistance systems in a foreign language are directed towards semiautomatic text generators, e.g., Aluisio and Oliveira (1996), Oliveira et al. (2001), Aluísio et al. (2011) and Chang and Chang (2004). One of the best-known programs to assist users in writing with a specific goal is SWAN (Kinnunen et al. 2012). This tool helps scholars to identify and correct potential writing problems in their scientific papers, and is intended to aid writers with the content of a document, not only with grammar or spelling. SWAN is powered by Stanford CoreNLP (Manning et al., 2014), a suit of core NLP (Natural Language Processing) tools. The main drawback of SWAN is that it is aimed exclusively at scientific writing in English; therefore, it is not very flexible in the development of new applications. It is necessary to start a new design process to achieve that. In Narita et al. (2015) a tool designed to organise the writing structure of specialised texts is described. This tool is based on rhetorical templates extracted from a parallel corpus. Lastly, Omar et al. (2009) have developed a tool for Malaysian speakers to check their English grammar.
As can be seen in the previous classification, none of the tools provides an environment that allows users to write their own genre-specific English text with a proper structure and vocabulary. All of the categories analysed present several problems regarding the degree of automatism, the necessary knowledge about the topic, and the competence in the foreign language. Software belonging to general dictionaries and MT tools are not really assistants, but mere browsers, and require a high command of the language and of the specialised terminology because they are not designed for any specific purposes. Word processing software improves the level of automation in relation to MT tools and dictionaries, but they remain insufficient and also require a higher degree of competence in the foreign language. Finally, writing assistance systems also have an excellent degree of automation, require less knowledge of the foreign language, and may include genre-specific terminology and textual conventions. However, these systems have usually been developed to assist users in writing only one particular type of technical document and hence this software is only valid for the specific communicative goal it has been built for, e.g., scientific papers, meeting minutes, etc. No changes can be performed in order to adapt the existing software to a different writing task, and consequently these applications have a short software life-cycle. For example, if somebody wants to add a new feature to improve the application, a change of source code would be needed.
O-WEAA allows us to define main features of any type of technical documents by means of the Acquisition Interface Module. After that, this knowledge is employed as a database in a writing assistance system software called Writing Assistant Interface Module. By using this knowledge, the module is able to:
Provide relevant sections of the document, also known as rhetorical structure.
Offer prototypical examples, that we named model lines.
Give access to a semi-specialised lexicon of the document, also named glossary.
As we will show in detail in this document, our software overcomes the main disadvantages of most writing assistance systems, namely a short life-cycle and the fact that they are generally restricted to only one text type. It also reduces the required amount of typing.
The software presented here has been tested and several writing assistant versions have been developed in different domains such as scientific abstracts or technical brochures.1
DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE OF TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS
In our proposal, this process has a strong linguistic influence and is based on well-known approaches and theories accepted by the majority of the specialists in corpus linguistic research. For an in-depth, comprehensive analysis of the linguistic methods employed, see Labrador et al. (2014), where a purely linguistic analysis in the subgenre of online advertisements is described. Therefore, this knowledge extraction provides a significant scientific added-value.
Domain modelling process consists of three main steps:
The identification of professional fields where NNS are required to write in English.
The compilation of a specialised comparable corpus in that particular professional field in the native language of the speaker, in this case Spanish, and in English.
The implementation of a corpus-based analysis that includes rhetorical analysis.
Due to this strong linguistic influence, these steps must be carried out by linguistic experts with extensive experience of and familiarity with this type of analysis. Experts extract linguistic knowledge based on quantitative and qualitative statistics from annotated corpora. Three documents must be collected:
The prototypical rhetorical structure of each text type based on the most frequent sections found in the corpus. These sections are also known as moves and steps. For example, the rhetorical structure obtained for technical brochures, which was used to tag the corresponding corpus can be found in Ramón and Labrador (2015).
The list of model lines based on the most common phraseological constructions in each move and step. Users tend to employ a narrow range of constructions which seem to have become conventionalised for the expression of a particular function. These model lines are composed of plain text together with several gaps.
Three types of gaps are considered: 1) obligatory gaps, where a lexical unit in English has to be provided to replace the Spanish indication, 2) optional gaps, where one option in English is already available, but not required obligatorily, and 3) selectable gaps, which indicate that one option in English out of two given alternatives must necessarily be chosen to complete the model line. Table 1 shows an example of each type of gap.
Table 1. Types of gap to be filled by the user of the writing aid application
Type of gap
Obligatory
It has to be filled with a specific word in English
The use of (ELEMENTO) is recommended.
Word or sentence is not obligatory
The fan must be clear to work [CORRECTLY]
One choice has to be selected
The fan {SHOULD/MUST} be disconnected
The list of the most frequent technical and semi-technical lexical items extracted from the corpus, i.e., the glossary. In order to create a relevant glossary, the linguists select a list of specialised terms in Spanish that occur frequently in the corpus and whose equivalents in English may be required in the writing procedure.
THE PROPOSED ONTOLOGY
Based on this information, an ontology of eight main concepts or classes (Sanjurjo et al. 2019) was developed using Protégé software (Musen, 2015):
Context: That is the context related to a specific domain of writing (KnowledgeDomain).
KnowledgeDomain: The specific domain of writing, usually related to a professional field. It is characterised by a tag naming the specific domain, for example, "Technical brochures".
RhetoricalStructure: A class reflecting rhetorical information on the structure of one specific text type. It has a number of Sections similar to building blocks.
Section: Formed by a number of elements of the type ModelLine, each section also has a title consisting of a string.
ModelLine: A common phraseological construction that includes some elements of the type FillingGap.
FillingGap: Represents placeholders in the phraseological constructions (ModelLine), that is, places where a given set of terms can appear when writing common expressions. As described previously, there are three types of FillingGap:
ObligatoryFillingGap: this has to be filled with a specific word in English - which is modelled in the ontology.
SelectableFillingGap: one choice has to be selected from a list of terms.
OptionalFillingGap: a word or sentence which is not obligatory.
Term: Found in a glossary, it is composed of a text in Spanish, a corresponding text in English and a usage example text for the term. Terms are associated to instances of the class Glossary and are related to ObligatoryFillingGap as the words that will be shown to the user in order to fill the gap in the given ModelLine.
Glossary: A grouping of different terms deemed by the expert to occur frequently in the corpus for the domain being modelled.
Figure 1 shows the OWL class hierarchy in the Protégé software interface.
Figure 1. A screenshot of the OWL class hierarchy in Protégé
The proposed ontology is not yet useful for our purpose, i.e., that users without programming skills should be able to create their own writing assistant software. To this end, we developed O-WEEA. As mentioned before, O-WEEA consists of two modules: Acquisition Interface Module and Writing Assistant Interface Module. Figure 2 shows the architecture of the software.
Figure 2. O-WEAA: Ontology-Writing English Assistant Architecture general schema
Acquisition Interface Module
In order to be useful, the ontology must be populated with particular data of a specific domain, for example, with the terms and expressions used for writing technical brochures. To achieve that, the Acquisition Interface Module allows users to populate and/or modify the expert knowledge contained in the ontology without needing technical skills in computer science.
The module works in two different directions as shown in Figure 2 (on the green background):
It exposes the structure of concepts in the ontology to the linguistic expert in a transparent way, showing text fields, drop-down lists, clickable tags, etc., so that the expert can populate the conceptual model with the specific terms and expressions.
It inserts these terms and expressions as instances in the ontology.
A screenshot of the Acquisition Interface Module can be seen in Figure 3. In this case, the linguistic expert adds a new instance of the concept ModelLine to the ontology.
Figure 3. Acquisition Interface Module
Writing Assistant Interface Module
Previously inserted knowledge is used to assist non-native English users in writing documents in English. This is achieved by a web application named Writing Assistant Interface Module. This module exposes the terms and expressions that were stored as instances in the ontology by the linguists and inserted into a database.
O-WEAA's Writing Assistant Interface Module offers the different moves/steps (sections and subsections) which correspond to the rhetorical structure of the specialised text. First, the user chooses one of them by clicking on the list on the left-hand side of the screen (Figure 4) or moving through the arrows of the interface.
Figure 4. Drafting area of O-WEAA's Writing Assistant Interface Module
Each move/step has interactive areas that the user must complete. Most of them are simple drafting fields, but there can also be multimedia sections, e.g., to upload images. Every drafting field has the following features, as shown in Figure 4: i) section identification; ii) a selector that shows the model lines available; and iii) a drafting area where the user completes their selected model line assisted by the semi-specialised lexicon or glossary.
When the user clicks on "Sugerencias", a pop-up menu appears with the list of model lines associated with that particular move/step and their corresponding examples (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Suggestions of O-WEAA's Writing Assistant Interface Module
When a specific model line is selected by clicking on it, the model line appears in the drafting area below to be completed and edited by the user as required, as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Completing and editing the model line selected with O-WEAA's Writing Assistant Interface Module
As was explained in the Section III, three types of gaps are considered: i) obligatory, in green ii) optional, in orange, and iii) selectable, in purple. User must edit the model line by clicking on the gaps.
An example of a final document is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Final document produced with the O-WEAA's Writing Assistant Interface Module
A demo can be found at https://actres.unileon.es/demos/generadores2.
Writing in a foreign language is a particularly difficult skill to acquire, especially in professional contexts involving language for specific purposes. Developing software tools to help users to write these types of texts is one of the possible solutions. However, most of the analysed tools have proved to be useful only in a general context, or in the case of some writing assistance systems, only in one type of genre. Any modification of software implies a technical and/or economic effort, as they often work like a black box, typical in commercial software environments.
In order to overcome these inconveniences, this paper has presented an innovative tool called O-WEAA. O-WEAA has an ontology-based approach, where the ontology has been designed using a linguistic method relying on the premise that any specific domain may be characterised by a set of rhetorical, phraseological and terminological conventions (Labrador et al., 2014). As a consequence, our ontology is defined by the most common sections included in the text, a set of prototypical sentences and a Spanish-English semi-specialised glossary. The ontology designed can be reused for developing new software for professional writing in as many fields as required. All that is required is that linguists extract linguistic knowledge following the steps described in this paper. After that, any user without technical programing skills can populate and update the ontology by means of the Acquisition Interface Module developed. Furthermore, non-native English users can write their own English text using stored knowledge of ontology via Writing Assistant Interface Module.
The main contribution of this application is the use of linguistic analyses that generate knowledge instances that are later formalised into an ontology. This ontology can be populated with knowledge related to any specific genre o subgenre by any person, even if that person does not have programming skills. After that, the populated ontology can be used in our user-friendly writing assistant software module.
Future research should examine the use of O-WEAA in language-pairs other than English-Spanish. This would require some linguistic considerations to be addressed, for instance, extreme differences between grammatical structures of the languages. The possibility of automate the extraction of model lines, that is, more frequent/useful sentences, as well as automatic recognition of gap filling warrants further investigation. Finally, improving the acquisition model through the implementation of queries, functionalities or statistics may be an excellent way to obtain the most accurate knowledge structures.
This work has been supported by the Spanish Agency for Research, Development and Innovation (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness) [FFI2016-75672-R.]. At the time of writing this paper, co-author Hugo Sanjurjo-González was a doctoral student funded by the University of León, Spain.
Visit http://actres.unileon.es/ for more information↩
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