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European Journal of Public Health
Changes in diabetes care introduced by a Chronic Care Model-based programme... Changes in diabetes care introduced by a Chronic Care Model-based programme in Tuscany: a 4-year cohort study
Determinants of maternal and paternal empowerment: exploring the role of... Determinants of maternal and paternal empowerment: exploring the role of childhood adversities
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Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Telemedicine to Evaluate Diabetic Retinopathy... Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Telemedicine to Evaluate Diabetic Retinopathy in a Prison Population
Infectious Diseases Society of America Position Statement on Telehealth and... Infectious Diseases Society of America Position Statement on Telehealth and Telemedicine as Applied to the Practice of Infectious Diseases
Use of telemedicine in the European penitentiaries: a 2015 survey: Violetta... Use of telemedicine in the European penitentiaries: a 2015 survey: Violetta Andriolo
Microenvironment Eradication of Hepatitis C: A Novel Treatment Paradigm Microenvironment Eradication of Hepatitis C: A Novel Treatment Paradigm
Use of telemedicine in the European penitentiaries: current scenario and best practices
European Journal of Public Health, Feb 2017
Gualano, Maria R., Bert, Fabrizio, Andriolo, Violetta, Grosso, Marco, Minniti, Davide, Siliquini, Roberta
Gualano, Maria R.
Bert, Fabrizio
Andriolo, Violetta
Grosso, Marco
Minniti, Davide
Siliquini, Roberta
Background: Telemedicine has demonstrated to improve access and quality of health services in underserved area, curtailing the costs, therefore its application to the delivery of health care in prison would be desirable. Little is known about its use across European penal institutions. Our study aimed to assess the state of telemedicine within the European jails. Methods: To maximize data availability, we used two different approaches. A bottom-up approach was used by gathering information directly from prison directors of every single penal establishment of the 28 European members. A top-down approach was used to collect information from persons involved in prison administration or project leaders at national level. In both approaches questions were sent by mail. Results: Information gathered directly by contacting prison directors and/or persons in charge come from all the 28 EU members. In total, we contacted 211 prison directors and 116 persons in charge, with a total response rate of 67%. We have found that telemedicine, as additional healthcare delivery model, is used only in 11 countries, especially among members of Northern and Western Europe. Only Romania showed to have a pilot project for a nationwide program of telemedicine. Conclusions: Telemedicine services among European penitentiaries appear still poorly developed. Given the numerous and demonstrated advantages of this technology, it would be desirable to implement its utilization in penal healthcare and to integrate it in the routine services, as benefit not only for prison environments but also for the whole community of each country.
https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article-pdf/27/1/30/10301773/ckw145.pdf
Use of telemedicine in the European penitentiaries: current scenario and best practices Maria R. Gualano 0 Fabrizio Bert 0 Violetta Andriolo 0 Marco Grosso 1 Davide Minniti 2 Roberta Siliquini 0 0 Department of Public Health, University of Torino , Via Santena 5 bis, Torino, 10126 , Italy 1 Radiology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Citta` della Salute e della Scienza , Torino , Italy 2 Local Health Unit , ASL TO 3, Piedmont , Italy 25 Consensus Conference. Integrated path to take care for the person in chronic complex and advanced conditions in need of palliative care. A model of clinical governance for the development of Local Networks of Palliative Care. Florence, 27 June, 2015. Available at: http://progettodemetra.it/index.php/it/consensus-document-recommendations-2015/file 27 Bremner KE, Krahn MD, Warren JL, et al., An international comparison of costs of end-of-life care for advanced lung cancer patients using health administrative data. Palliat Med 2015;29:918-28. Introduction rison health is a critical public health issue in many Countries, Psince ?It is increasingly being recognized that good prison health is good public health? (Dr. Nata Menabde Deputy Regional Director, WHO Regional Office for Europe) and a very large number of inmates requiring health assistance is registered worldwide.1 The confinement in jails is burdened with several problems, especially for health and financial sectors. The recent growth of inmate population aggravates both, and unfortunately, as reported by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe,2 prison overcrowding is a common problem for most of the European penitentiary administrations. According to the report issued by the Council of Europe on 29 April 2014, European States are still failing to significantly reduce it.3 Overcrowding is a risk for mental and physical health of prisoners, and at the same time, it makes harder to guarantee a proper healthcare for every inmate. This is damaging for both the prison environments and the whole community since the prisoners, who are healthy on entry, have a considerable risk of leaving prison with HIV, tuberculosis, drug problem or poor mental health.4,5 Many diseases have a higher prevalence within the prison environment in comparison to the general population, especially infectious diseases and mental disorders.6?14 Consequently, the demand for care is considerably greater than it is for the general population. In the UK and in Belgium, prisoners require medical consultations, on average, three-four times more often than a demographically equivalent population in the community.15 However, despite the healthcare given to prisoners should be equivalent to that obtained outside prison, currently the majority of prisoners receive a standard of health care very far below the one afforded to patients in the community or hospital, with the risk to increase the rates of morbidity and mortality in the prison population.16?18 Several barriers need to be overcome in health care delivery to prisoners related to numerous logistical and practical problems in providing care to people who have lost their liberty. When treatment of prisoners is provided by the public health service, often it is necessary the transfer of patients from penitentiary to public hospitals and this could be problematic and increase the health expenditure for logistic and public safety reasons, in a context already characterized by a shortage of resources.19?21 Therefore, it seems desirable to improve the quality of prison healthcare without increase the costs. Telemedicine is a possible solution to facilitate the delivery of health care services where the cess was otherwise problematic.22 As reported in literature, the main benefit of telemedicine is the great potential to provide cost-effective, high quality and accessible health care services.23,24 In the penitentiary setting, telemedicine can be also used when inmates have doubtful health issues, by providing a quickly and inexpensively second opinion from experts.25 This avoids additional costs such as transportation and security measures achieving good satisfaction among the users.9,26,27 Innovative models were explored in order to ensure the provision of health assistance while containing the costs. Telemedicine highlighted promising results.28?30 In the USA, for instance, use of telemedicine started in July 1997 with pulmonary, orthopaedics, diabetic, and dermatology offerings, and currently telemedicine is a key part of an integrated and successful health care system for inmates.29?34 In Europe this should be recommended, as problems of health and shortage of resources in prisons were described on the last report of the European Prison Observatory.35 To review and monitor the benefits of telemedicine at national and regional level, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Observatory for e Health (GOe). GOe have already conducted two global surveys about e-Health and telemedicine in Europe. Albeit the utilization of telemedicine in traditional delivery settings is growing,36 nothing is known about its utilization in the European prisons. Namely, this survey was intended to inspect the number of European countries currently using telemedicine services to support healthcare delivery. Methods Data collection process information from different persons in charge of prison healthcare at national level. The approaches are explained in the flowchart illustrated in figure 1. At local level, for every country we sought e-mail addresses of each single penitentiary using the most commonly used search engines (Google, Yahoo), by typing the following keywords: ?e-mail address OR list [name of country]? ?prison ?, ?penitentiary?, ?jail?; ?list of prisons/penitentiaries[name of country]?; ?correctional facilities [name of country]?. Additionally, when the penitentiary e-mail could not be retrieved, we sought another source of information was used. At national level, we sought the e-mail address of the person in charge on the official websites of Ministry of Justice and Penitentiary System, when available, as well as on the official website of the WHO-Europe section for prison health and different European associations and organizations. Furthermore, in all remaining cases, the responsible of the prison sanitary system, ministry of Health or Justice, or the main supervisor of official associations were also contacted by e-mail. Investigation and data extraction The interview was sent by e-mail and it was structured as follows: ??Do you have implemented a telemedicine service in the prisons of your Country??? (or whether do you intend to implement a telemedicine system) and if yes, ??What kind of telemedicine services do you have? Please describe it at best.?? Data collection and extraction was performed by AV under the supervision of MRG and FB. Information on the number of penitentiaries, the contact persons, the type of answers (telemedicine service yes/no) and the type of service if available were retrieved. To have a telemedicine service was defined as: ?the use of medical information exchanged from one site to another via electronic communications to improve a patient?s clinical health status?.37The types of service includes: teleradiology, telecardiology, teledermatology, telepsychitary and every possible specific field of application. Data were reported for each European Union (EU) area, according the United Nation Statistic Division division. To maximize the availability of the data we used two different and complementary approaches. We used a bottom-up approach, by searching for e-mail addresses of every single penal establishment of the 28 European Countries, and by asking for information directly to the prison director. A top-down approach was used to collect Results The data were collected for all the 28 EU members. From November 2014?April 2015, a total of 327 contact persons answered the interview questions, with a response rate of 67%. Of these, 211 were directors of prison establishments and 116 person in charge at national level. For Eastern Europe, we have answers from 17 persons in charge and 33 directors of penitentiaries, with a response rate of 71 and 55% respectively. For Western Europe, we have found 38 persons in charge and 47 directors of prison establishments, with a response rate of 89 and 83%. A total of 81 person in charge and 102 directors of prison were reached for Northern Europe (response rates 59 and 69%, respectively). For Southern Europe, 32 persons in charge and 29 directors of prison answered, with a response rate of 69 and 72%, respectively. Finally, only 11 of the 28 countries in the EU declared to use telemedicine services as healthcare delivery method for penitentiaries (figure 2). Among these users, Romania is the only country that reported to have a nationwide program of telemedicine for its use within the correctional facilities, even if at the moment it is a pilot project. Respondents from all the remaining 16 countries have declared they did not have these kind of services. Among them, only three have stated their interest in telemedicine implementation for the future. About the utilization of these services, several differences emerge among the users, but the common point is that all the projects are isolated and independently established by single initiative. The most commonly service is teleradiology (five countries have it) followed by telepsychiatry and tele-ECG, used by four countries. Just two countries use teledermatology, and one has teleassistance for diabetes care (table 1). Some of the responders gave spontaneously further information about their own experience in utilization of telemedicine services, and the best experiences are reported in the following paragraph. Best practices Among the users, we hereby report some of which stand out for best practices. For instance, within the Korydallos prison, in Greece, it has been referred a well-organized and multiservice application of telemedicine. There is an ophthalmological suite, a dental suite and a microbiology laboratory, a two-bed intensive care facility and a pharmacy. Everything is connected through routers and switches to the nearby hospital, to have real-time contact with medical staff. In France, 18 telemedicine applications have been surveyed in prisons. Among these, seven are active, 11 are currently in phase of activation. Among these 18 applications, 8 are in psychiatry, 7 in dermatology, 4 in cardiology, 4 in diabetes, and there are also applications dedicated to the treatment of infectious diseases, addictions and orthopaedic issues (one application can take care of several pathologies/specialties). Within the Dordrecht prison, in the Netherlands there is a project of teledermatology since 2008. It started at the beginning as a pilot project and after the pilot year, teledermatology is now an integral part of the medical services in Dordrecht prison. After several meetings with providers of telemedicine, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) department and the provider of GP care, it has been decided to include this type of care through the Forensic Medical Society Utrecht (FMMU). The firm KSYOS, an accredited provider of telemedicine, supplies its products to the FMMU and this is in turn supplier to the detention centre. In the run up to the start, KSYOS gave training to GPs and nurses. These were mainly use the camera, the quality of the photos, the loading of photos and fill in the consultation form. An economic assessment and a survey among practitioners and detainees to evaluate the financial impact of teledermatological consultation in comparison to the regular visit to the dermatologist revealed its manifold advantages, In Romania, we have observed the only project made at national level to the implementation of telemedicine as a nationwide prison healthcare service. After it has been recognized the advantages of using the telemedicine services in order to improve the National Prison System, it was planned to start a pilot project, as follows. The project started in the North-West region, and continued involving the Southeast one with Bucharest. The development of this project has been structured in three major steps: Planning, Project starting, Project sustainment. The planning step consisted in: 1a. Elaboration of business and financial impact: Objective analysis of the current situation regarding the actual medical care system form, telecommunication infrastructures, legislation and the target group (inmates). 1b. Choosing technology: Evaluation of the available tools and services of telemedicine and the choice of the most advantageous in the light of the needs which emerged from the above analysis. 1c. Telecommunication services negotiation: Evaluation of the leasing or purchasing option for the technological tools, and choice of the telecommunication services provider. The starting of the project foresaw the following elements: 2a. Training of the medical staff: After the preliminary assessment, we proceeded with the training of medical staff in the Prison Hospital for being able to work with telemedicine. For this, in each unit involved in this project, ??implementation teams?? have been formed, made by the medical staff (doctors and nurses) and Information Technology (IT) specialists. They collaborated directly with American specialist, such as the Foundation Health Through Walls, the Plastic Surgery Clinic from The University Hospital Saint Elizabeth - Nebraska and others, with both theoretical and material support 2b. Institutional support: Coordination of the involved units by a local leader in medicine care, with the possibility of developing other applications (distance training, continuous training of medical staff) 2c. Data gathering and evaluation: Screening of health status of prisoners. A correct evaluation can help to calibrate the project and to assess its efficacy in the long term. The next step was aimed to identify the necessary issues to sustain the project in the long run: the project maintenance coordination, the continuous medical staff training, the permanent development of technical support, standard improvements, protocols and guides in telemedicine field. For preventing situation of emergency due to lack of specialists in some medical domains, it has been asked and obtained the support of the Emergency Unit from the Emergency County Clinic Hospital Ta?rgu ? Mures, connected with all the involved units. Discussion This survey aimed to assess the utilization of telemedicine health services among the European penitentiaries. As shown by our results, there is still a poor utilization of telemedicine services in the European penitentiaries, despite its potential benefits and the technical maturity of the various applications. Where projects are active, they are on small-scale, not integrated into routine of healthcare system, and then the global offer is highly fragmented. We could observe a complete absence of common European guidelines. When telemedicine policies exist, they are more related to promote and regulate the telemedicine services designated to serve general population, with only mentions about its use in prisons. In the view of these findings, we can make some remarks. First, it would be recommendable to create a net of communication among the users. A common database, accessible for all, could be created, in order to record all the data concerning utilization of the services. This would also allow users to compare experiences and exchange information. Furthermore, it would be advantageous to draw the attention in monitoring systematically the services, revealing strengths and weaknesses, in order to modify and improve them according the feedback received by the users. Since the use of telemedicine in prison appears a source of undoubted and manifold advantages, it is therefore substantial to understand what could be the possible barriers that obstacle its widespread application. Not surprisingly, to capitalize on the potential of ICTs is also a WHO recommendation for Member States.22 One first step suggested is to creation national agencies to coordinate telemedicine and eHealth initiatives, ensuring they are appropriate to local contexts, costeffective, consistently evaluated, and adequately funded as part of integrated health service delivery. Ultimately, telemedicine projects should strengthen, rather than compete with, the other health services. Besides the most common benefits cited, as improved security, personnel safety, costs savings, and access to specialists, the most common barriers observed were costs of technology, resistance from medical personnel, lack of staff technical expertise, and difficulties coordinating services. It is meaningful reasoning about the causes. Despite the great potential could have the use of certain new technology, with an emerging new approach the healthcare community may be reluctant to introduce the change and to adopt novel practices. As regards the costs, according to an analysis made by the American Pew Charitable Trust, three factors in particular are driving up state prison health-care costs: aging inmates, a prevalence of physical and mental illness and the costly nature of delivering health care to a prison?s inmates. Moreover, when detainees are deemed to be a danger of public risk, security has to be provided during the transfer at the civilian hospital where they are sent. In addition to the costs of security personal, this could mean to provide contentious practices such as handcuffing or shackling prisoners to their hospital beds, practices condemned to be ?inhuman and degrading? by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT). We have also to take into account that ensuring proper healthcare within the prison environment is essential not only for ethical and for human rights, but also for the health of the whole community. Prisoners come from and usually return to the community. People already infected with?or at high risk of?disease, which moves to penitentiary institutions and back into civil society without effective treatment and follow-up, increase the risk of the spread of communicable diseases both within and beyond the penitentiary system. People with mental illness, which in prisons is one of the most frequent diseases, could be of danger for the community if it does not receive an appropriate treatment. As above-mentioned, moving prisoners for health care consultations and for minor treatment have implications: it is expensive, it should be dangerous for public safety, and it can discourage the continuity of care for the inmates. For these reasons telemedicine approaches to consultation and minor treatment it should be suggested, also in the light of the favourable results reported by several studies upon it. These telemedicine-enabled care delivery models have the potential to reduce the costs of healthcare, improve its quality, and attenuate professional shortages. However, a lot of work remains to do before the benefits of telemedicine-based care delivery models could be enter as routine services in the healthcare system. Change is intrinsically risky, but it is of primary importance to take the risk when this means have the opportunity to create innovations that lead to higher quality and more cost-effective prison medical assistance. This assumes greater relevance considering that health care problems in prison are topical not only for penitentiary systems in European countries but also for the whole community. In this framework, it would be desirable to strengthen initiatives among the health practitioners, in order to improve knowledge on this topic and overcome the factors that are obstacles for a widespread use of telemedicine technology. Penitentiaries health must be an integral part of the public health system of any country. Acknowledgements This survey was made possible thanks to many contact points from all the 28 Countries who generously gave their time in answering to the questions sent. Special thanks to Mauro Palma from European Council for Penological Co-operation, for having helped us with very relevant contact details, and to Dorin Muresan from Romania, Effi Lambropoulou from Greece and Michel Westra from The Netherlands, for having provided detailed and exhaustive insights. Conflicts of interest: None declared. Key points Telemedicine in European penitentiaries is still poor developed. Nevertheless, some examples of good practices exist but they should be strengthened. Efforts are worth to be done to encourage its use for the delivery of health care in prison settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The European Journal of Public Health, Vol. 27, No. 1, 35?41 The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. All rights reserved. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckw139 Advance Access published on 10 September 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Determinants of maternal and paternal empowerment: exploring the role of childhood adversities Maaret Vuorenmaa1, Nina Halme2, Marja Kaunonen1,3, Pa? ivi A? stedt-Kurki3, Marja-Leena Pera? la? 2 Background: Childhood adversities are known to increase the life-long risk of negative life events and health problems. Less is known about how childhood conditions affect parental empowerment, which is crucial to family well-being and resources. This study aimed to find out how parents? own childhood adversities predict maternal and paternal empowerment, and how these predictors differ between mothers and fathers. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional. The sample consisted of mothers (n = 571) and fathers (n = 384) of children aged 0?9 years in Finland. Parents were selected using stratified random sampling in 2009. Parental empowerment was measured by the Generic Family Empowerment Scale. Eleven types of childhood adversity were inquired about. Associations were examined by linear regression analysis, and empowerment was predicted by multiple linear regression. Results: Childhood adversities had a negative effect on parental empowerment. The effect was more significant on maternal than paternal empowerment. Adversities were particularly associated with parents? confidence in managing their children in everyday life. Parental empowerment of both mothers and fathers was affected significantly by their parents? mental health problems and serious conflicts within their families during childhood. Financial difficulties, parents? unemployment and bullying at school affected maternal empowerment. Conclusions: Early recognition of adversities and appropriate intervention may help to increase present and future well-being and prevent long-term difficulties of each family member. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction his study aimed to explain how childhood adversities are associated Twith parental empowerment. Several studies have shown that childhood experiences affect later life in many ways and that unfavorable circumstances may have detrimental effects throughout the lifespan.1?4 Adverse childhood experiences are common: Between 40 and 60% of children have experienced one adversity, and about onethird have experienced two adversities or more. The most often reported adversities in families are financial concerns, conflicts, parents? divorce and parents? alcohol and mental health problems.4?8 School is also an important life context in childhood, and school experiences may have long-term consequences for well-being. Bullying at school is a prevalent problem across the world.9 Results of previous studies indicate that parents? poor mental health and alcohol abuse as well as their divorce, serious conflicts and economic hardships, are associated with increased risk of various mental health problems2 and physical illnesses5,10 in adulthood. Chronic anxiety, depression, substance abuse2,7 and higher morbidity from cardiovascular disorders, obesity and cancer2,5 are associated with childhood adversities. In addition, there is evidence that parents? long-term unemployment and somatic illness are associated with reduced self-rated health among offspring as adults.11 Furthermore, the risk of being bullied at school is increased by individual characteristics such as obesity,12 but also by family conflicts,13 parents? mental health problems14 and financial difficulties.15 Bullying is also known to increase the risk of depression, chronic anxiety15 and low self-esteem16 in adulthood. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 World Health Organization. Health in prisons, A WHO guide to the essentials in prison health; Copenaghen , 2007 . Aebi MF , Delgrande N. SPACE I - Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics: Prison populations . Survey 2013 . Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2015 . Council of Europe Directorate of Communications [Internet]. Strasbourg . Committee of Ministers; Press release - Prison overcrowding persists in Europe''; 2014 ( June 2015, date last accessed) . Available at: http://tinyurl.com/gnso4nf Garcia-Guerrero J , Marco A . Overcrowding in prisons and its impact on health . Rev Esp Sanid Penit 2012 ; 14 : 106 - 13 . Cocco F. Amped from Mirror [Internet]. London: MGN Ltd; 2014 Apr 29 [2015 Jun]. Available at: http://ampp3d.mirror.co.uk/ 2014 /04/29/six-problems -faced-bythe-european-prison-system/ Brinded PM , Simpson AI , Laidlaw TM , et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in New Zealand prisons: a national study . Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2001 Apr; 35 : 166 - 73 . Corrado RR , Cohen I , Hart S , et al. Comparative examination of the prevalence of mental disorders among jailed inmates in Canada and the United States . Int J Law Psychiatry 2000 ; 23 : 633 - 47 . Diamond PM , Wang EW , Holzer CE , et al. The prevalence of mental illness in prison . Adm Policy Ment Health 2001 ; 29 : 21 - 40 . Blaauw E , Roesch R , Kerkhof A . Mental disorders in European prison systems. Arrangements for mentally disordered prisoners in the prison systems of 13 European countries . Int J Law Psychiatry 2000 ; 23 : 649 - 63 . 10 Joukamaa M. Psychiatric morbidity among Finnish prisoners with special reference to socio-demographic factors: results of the Health Survey of Finnish Prisoners (Wattu Project) . Forensic Sci Int 1995 ; 73 : 85 - 91 . 11 Rasmussen K , Storsaeter O , Levander S. Personality disorders, psychopathy, and crime in a Norwegian prison population . Int J Law Psychiatry 1999 ; 22 : 91 - 7 . 12 Birmingham L , Mason D , Grubin D. Prevalence of mental disorder in remand prisoners: consecutive case study . BMJ 1996 ; 313 : 1521 - 4 . 13 Brooke D , Taylor C , Gunn J. Point prevalence of mental disorder in unconvicted male prisoners in England and Wales . BMJ 1996 ; 313 : 1524 - 7 . 14 O 'Brien M , Mortimer L , Singleton N , et al. Psychiatric morbidity among women prisoners in England and Wales . Int Rev Psychiatry 2003 ; 15 : 153 - 7 . 15 Feron JM , Paulus D , Tonglet R , et al. Substantial use of primary health care by prisoners: epidemiological description and possible explanations . J Epidemiol Commun Health 2005 ; 59 : 651 - 5 . 16 Smith R. Prisoners : an end to second class health care ? BMJ 1999 ; 318 : 954 - 5 . 17 UK. Health Advisory Committee for the Prison Service . The Provision of Mental Health Care in Prisons. London: HAC , 1997 18 Willmott Y. Prison nursing: the tension between custody and care . Br J Nurs 1997 ; 6 : 333 - 6 . 19 International Centre for prison studies . Prison Health and Public Health: The integration of Prison Health Services. Report from a conference . London: International Centre of Prison Studies; 2004 ; Available on: http://www. prisonstudies.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/prison_health_4.pdf 20 Harris G. Telemedicine in federal prisons . Telemed Today 1999 ; 7 : 29 - 32 . 21 The Pew Charitable Trust . Report: State prison health care spending . United States: The Pew Charitable Trust and John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation ; July 2014 . Available at: http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/ 2014/07/08/state-prison -health-care-spending 22 World Health Organization. A health telematics policy in support of WHO's HealthFor-All strategy for global health development . Geneva: WHO Group Consultation on Health Telematics , 1998 23 De Waure C , Cadeddu C , Gualano MR , et al. Telemedicine for the reduction of myocardial infarction mortality: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of published studies . Telemed J E Health 2012 ; 18 : 323 - 8 . 24 Zawada ET , Jr, Herr P , Larson D , et al. Impact of an Intensive Care Unit Telemedicine Program on a Rural Health Care System . Postgrad Med 2009 ; 121 : 160 - 70 . 25 Brunicardi BO . Financial analysis of savings from telemedicine in Ohio's prison system . Telemed J 1998 ; 4 : 49 - 54 . 26 Doarn CR , Justis D , Chaudhri MS , et al. Integration of Telemedicine Practice Into Correctional Medicine: An Evolving Standard. J Correct Health Care 2005 ; 11 : 253 - 70 . no. 27 Brecht RM , Gray CL , Peterson C , et al. The University of Teas Medical Branch Telemedicine Project: findings from the first year of operation . Telemed J 1996 ; 2 : 25 - 35 . 28 Ellis DG , Mayrose J , Jehle DV , et al. A telemedicine model for emergency care in a short-term correctional facility . Telemed J E Health 2001 ; 7 : 87 - 92 . 29 Larsen D , Stamm BH , Davis K , et al. Prison telemedicine and telehealth utilization in the United States: state and federal perceptions of benefits and barriers . Telemed. J E Health 2004 ; 10 Suppl 2 :S-81-9. 30 Nelson EL , Zaylor C , Cook D . A comparison of psychiatrist evaluation and patient symptom report in a jail telepsychiatry clinic . Telemed J E Health 2004 ; 10 Suppl 2 : S54 - 9 31 Manfredi L , Shupe J , Batki SL . Rural jail telepsychiatry: a pilot feasibility study . Telemed J E Health 2005t; 11 : 574 - 7 . 32 Watson R , Stimpson A , Hostick T. Prison health care: a review of the literature . Int J Nurs Stud 2004 ; 41 : 119 - 28 . 33 Maculan A , Ronco D , Vianello F. European Prison Observatory Prison conditions in Italy Prison in Europe: overview and trends Rome: Antigone editor, 2015 . 34 Ryu S. Telemedicine: opportunities and developments in member states: report on the second global survey on eHealth 2009 (Global Observatory for eHealth Series , Volume 2 ). Health Inform Res 2012 ; 18 : 153 - 5 . 35 Leonard S. The development and evaluation of a telepsychiatry service for prisoners . J Psychiatric Mental Health Nurs 2004 ; 11 : 461 - 8 . 36 World Health Organization. Global Observatory for eHealth. Global Survey data available online . Available at: http://who.int/goe/data/en/ 37 American Telemedicine Association. Available at: http://www.americantelemed.org/ about-telemedicine/what-is-telemedicine 1 School of Health Sciences, Nursing Science, Finnish Doctoral Education Network in Nursing Science , University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere , Finland 2 National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki, Finland 3 School of Health Sciences, Nursing Science, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland and Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Science Center, Tampere, Finland Correspondence: School of Health Sciences, Nursing Science, Finnish Doctoral Education Network in Nursing Science , University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere , Finland, Tel: + 358 40 1901457 , Fax: + 358 3 3560127 , e-mail: maaret.vuorenmaa[at]uta.fi
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Gualano, Maria R., Bert, Fabrizio, Andriolo, Violetta, Grosso, Marco, Minniti, Davide, Siliquini, Roberta. Use of telemedicine in the European penitentiaries: current scenario and best practices, European Journal of Public Health, 2017, 30-35, DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw145


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Australian marine reservoir effects: a guide to ∆R values
Ulm, Sean (2006) Australian marine reservoir effects: a guide to ∆R values. Australian Archaeology, 63. pp. 57-60.
View at Publisher Website: http://search.informit.com.au/documentSu...
[Extract] Radiocarbon ages obtained on contemporaneous terrestrial and marine samples are not directly comparable. Samples grown in marine environments exhibit older apparent radiocarbon ages caused by the uptake of carbon which has already undergone radioactive decay through long residence times in the deep ocean. Variation in 14C activity in marine environments, although related to changes in atmospheric activity, depends greatly on local and regional factors, such as hinterland geology, tidal flushing and terrestrial water input. Such factors are highly variable and can introduce uncertainties of up to several hundred years into dates obtained on marine samples in some parts of the world.
These issues have received much attention in Pacific archaeology where determinations on marine samples are routinely scrutinised (e.g. Anderson 1991; Spriggs and Anderson 1993) and major resources have been devoted to resolving regional marine reservoir correction factors (e.g. Dye 1994; Petchey et al. 2004; Phelan 1999). In Australia, however, only very limited investigations have been conducted despite routine dating of marine and estuarine shell (e.g. Bowman 1985; Bowman and Harvey 1983). For nearby areas regional offsets of up to 400 years have been documented (Petchey et al. 2004), highlighting a key problem in a country where marine shell from open coastal sites is routinely dated.
As a first approximation it is common practice in Australia to correct marine dates for marine reservoir effect by simply subtracting a generalised factor of 450±35 years to make them comparable to coeval terrestrial (e.g. charcoal) samples. This correction value was calculated by Gillespie in the 1970s (see Gillespie 1975; Gillespie and Polach 1979; Gillespie and Temple 1977). Since that time several studies have suggested the possibility of significant deviations in regional marine reservoir signature from this generalised value (e.g. Hughes and Djohadze 1980; Murray-Wallace 1996; Ulm et al. 1999; Woodroffe et al. 1986:75, 77; Woodroffe and Mulrennan 1993).
In the last two decades researchers have gained a much more sophisticated appreciation of the complexity of global marine carbon reservoirs. One of the most significant innovations was the development of a global model of surface marine 14C activity that enabled the calibration of radiocarbon dates obtained on marine samples, including the ability to account for regional differences from the global model with the input of a regional offset value, expressed as a ΔR value (Stuiver et al. 1986). Reimer and Reimer (2001, 2006) subsequently summarised all of the available global ΔR values in a world wide web database. In this paper, I briefly discuss the principles of marine reservoir correction before presenting a guide to regional and subregional Australian ΔR values extracted from the Reimer and Reimer (2006) database and Ulm (2002).
21 HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY > 2101 Archaeology > 210102 Archaeological Science @ 100%
95 CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING > 9505 Understanding Past Societies > 950503 Understanding Australias Past @ 50%
96 ENVIRONMENT > 9611 Physical and Chemical Conditions of Water > 961104 Physical and Chemical Conditions of Water in Marine Environments @ 50%
Last 12 Months: 4

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I don't need the tags myself, so haven't entered the raffle, but they sound fab. I remember my parents back in the day spending hours and hours sewing on labels the weekend before we started a new school year.
It's usually a bit of both pen and labels. This looks like a great giveaway – thanks for linking it to #kcacols and hope to see you again this weekend.
My mum used to label everything – now I think it's a great idea!
The iron on label from the supermarket always come off so don't work very well. Replacing missing uniform items because the label is lost can be very costly. These labels sound like the perfect solution.


Don't remember listening to 'Believe' 26 times in a row after that breakup? Spotify does.
Spotify loves to make lists, and recently gave a global rundown of the year's most-streamed artists, topped by Rihanna and Drake. It's latest recap is more personal, however. The "Year in Music" page shows your top songs, artists and genres, first played song, top artists by season and total minutes of music listened to. It then summarizes all of it by showing the total number of songs and artists you played, and produces a playlist of songs it thinks you'll want to hear next year. If you're satisfied with your musical cred, you can share a snapshot of it across your various social networks (below). That way, your friends can see all the times you listened to Taylor Swift and Adele ... oh, wait.


In the meantime, I am getting ready for my fourth move of the year... yes you heard me right.. I'm moving.. again -_-. Luckily it's still in the same city and it's not too terribly traumatic. This time though, I get to fulfill my dreams of traveling. I can't wait to start that after a time. In the meantime, wish me luck. I'm on my brand new adventure. It's my time to shine in RL. xoxo.


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A pack of 10 Oral sryinges (without needles) suitable for the administration of medicines and outher liquids.


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Introduction The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C. probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced in about the mid-third century B.C., and a great civilization developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. The coastal areas of the island were controlled by the Portuguese in the 16th century and by the Dutch in the 17th century. The island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in 1983. Tens of thousands have died in the ethnic conflict that continues to fester. After two decades of fighting, the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) formalized a cease-fire in February 2002 with Norway brokering peace negotiations. Violence between the LTTE and government forces intensified in 2006 and the government regained control of the Eastern Province in 2007. In January 2008, the government officially withdrew from the ceasefire, and has begun engaging the LTTE in the northern portion of the country.
Paleolithic human settlements have been discovered at excavations in several cave sites in the Western Plains region and the South-western face of the Central Hills region. Anthropologists believe that some discovered burial rites and certain decorative artifacts exhibit similarities between the first inhabitants of the island and the early inhabitants of Southern India. Recent bioanthropological studies have however dismissed these links, and have placed the origin of the people to the northern parts of India. One of the first written references to the island is found in the Indian epic Ramayana, which described the emperor Ravana as monarch of the powerful kingdom of Lanka, which was created by the divine sculptor Vishwakarma for Kubera, the treasurer of the Gods. English historian James Emerson Tennent also theorized Galle, a southern city in Sri Lanka, was the ancient seaport of Tarshish from which King Solomon is said to have drawn ivory, peacocks and other valuables. The main written accounts of the country's history are the Buddhist chronicles of Mahavansa and Dipavamsa.
Sri Lanka had always been an important port and trading post in the ancient world, and was increasingly frequented by merchant ships from the Middle East, Persia, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and other parts of Southeast Asia. The islands were known to the first European explorers of South Asia and settled by many groups of Arab and Malay merchants. A Portuguese colonial mission arrived on the island in 1505 headed by the Lourenço de Almeida the son of Francisco de Almeida. At that point the island consisted of three kingdoms, namely Kandy in the central hills, Kotte at the Western coast, and Yarlpanam (Anglicised Jaffna) in the north. The Dutch arrived in the 17th century. Although much of the island came under the domain of European powers, the interior, hilly region of the island remained independent, with its capital in Kandy. The British East India Company established control of the island in 1796, declaring it a crown colony in 1802, although the island would not be officially connected with British India. The fall of the kingdom of Kandy in 1815 unified the island under British rule.
Since 1983, there has been on-and-off civil war, predominantly between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, also known as the Tamil Tigers), a separatist militant organization who fight to create an independent state named Tamil Eelam in the North and East of the island.
The Constitution of Sri Lanka establishes a democratic, socialist republic in Sri Lanka, which is also a unitary state. The government is a mixture of the presidential system and the parliamentary system. The President of Sri Lanka is the head of state, the commander in chief of the armed forces, as well as head of government, and is popularly elected for a six-year term. In the exercise of duties, the President is responsible to the Parliament of Sri Lanka, which is a unicameral 225-member legislature. The President appoints and heads a cabinet of ministers composed of elected members of parliament. The President's deputy is the Prime Minister, who leads the ruling party in parliament and shares many executive responsibilities, mainly in domestic affairs.
Members of parliament are elected by universal (adult) suffrage based on a modified proportional representation system by district to a six-year term. The primary modification is that, the party that receives the largest number of valid votes in each constituency gains a unique "bonus seat." The president may summon, suspend, or end a legislative session and dissolve Parliament any time after it has served for one year. The parliament reserves the power to make all laws. On July 1, 1960 the people of Sri Lanka elected the first-ever female head of government in Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike. Her daughter Chandrika Kumaratunga served multiple terms as prime minister and as president from 1999 to 2005. The current president and prime minister, both of whom took office on November 21, 2005, are Mahinda Rajapaksa and Ratnasiri Wickremanayake respectively.
Sri Lanka has enjoyed democracy with universal suffrage since 1931. Politics in Sri Lanka are controlled by rival coalitions led by the left-wing Sri Lanka Freedom Party, headed by President Rajapaksa, the comparatively right-wing United National Party led by former prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and Marxist-Nationalist JVP. There are also many smaller Buddhist, socialist and Tamil nationalist political parties that oppose the separatism of the LTTE but demand regional autonomy and increased civil rights. Since 1948, Sri Lanka has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. It is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Colombo Plan, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Through the Cold War-era, Sri Lanka followed a foreign policy of non-alignment but has remained closer to the United States and Western Europe. The military of Sri Lanka comprises the Sri Lankan Army, the Sri Lankan Navy and the Sri Lankan Air Force. These are administered by the Ministry of Defence. Since the 1980s, the army has led the government response against the Marxist militants of the JVP and now the LTTE militant forces. Sri Lanka receives considerable military assistance from Pakistan and China.
Sri Lanka was considered one of the "world's most politically unstable countries" by the World Bank and Asian Development Bank in 2004. The Economist labels Sri Lanka a "flawed democracy" in its 2006 rankings (ranking 57 and positioned among 54 other flawed ranked ones) and Foreign Policy ranks Sri Lanka 25th (Alert Category) in its Failed States Index for 2007. However, Sri Lanka, according to the US State Department in 2005, was classified a "stable democracy" amidst a ceasefire period of the long running civil war.
Diplomatic representation from the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Robert O. BLAKE, Jr.
The island is the home of two main traditional cultures: the Sinhalese (centered in the ancient cities of Kandy and Anuradhapura) and the Tamil (centered in the city of Jaffna). In more recent times a British colonial culture was added, and lately Sri Lanka, particularly in the urban areas, has experienced a dramatic makeover in the western mold. Until recently, for example, most Sri Lankans, certainly those in the villages, have eaten traditional food, engaged in traditional crafts and expressed themselves through traditional arts. But economic growth and intense economic competition in developed countries has spilled over to most of Sri Lanka, producing changes that might variously be identified as progress, westernisation or a loss of identity and assimilation.
Sri Lankans have added western influences to the customary diet such as rice and curry, pittu (mixture of fresh rice meal, very lightly roasted and mixed with fresh grated coconut, then steamed in a bamboo mould). Kiribath (cooked in thick coconut cream for this unsweetened rice-pudding which is accompanied by a sharp chili relish called "lunumiris"), wattalapam (rich pudding of Malay origin made of coconut milk, jaggery, cashew nuts, eggs, and various spices including cinnamon cloves and nutmeg), kottu, and hoppers ("appa"), batter cooked rapidly in a hot curved pan, accompanied by eggs, milk or savouries. Middle Eastern influences and practices are found in traditional Moor dishes. While Dutch and Portuguese influences are found with the island's Burgher community preserving their culture through traditional favourites such as Lamprais (rice cooked in stock and baked in a banana leaf), Breudher (Dutch Christmas cake) and Bolo Fiado (Portuguese-style layer cake).
Every year on or about April 13th Sinhala and Tamil people celebrate Sinhala and Tamil New Year Festival, and Muslims celebrate Ramadan. Esala Perahera (A-suh-luh peh-ruh-ha-ruh) is the grand festival of Esala held in Sri Lanka. It is very grand with elegant costumes. Happening in July or August in Kandy, it has become a unique symbol of Sri Lanka. It is a Buddhist festival consisting of dances and richly-decorated elephants. There are fire-dances, whip-dances, Kandian dances and various other cultural dances. The elephants are usually adorned with lavish garments. The festival ends with the traditional 'diya-kepeema'. The elephant is paraded around the city bearing the tooth of Buddha. However the new year for tamils have been established as being on January 14th from this year.
Economy Economy - overview:	In 1977, Colombo abandoned statist economic policies and its import substitution trade policy for more market-oriented policies, export-oriented trade, and encouragement of foreign investment. Recent changes in government, however, have brought some policy reversals. Currently, the ruling Sri Lanka Freedom Party has a more statist economic approach, which seeks to reduce poverty by steering investment to disadvantaged areas, developing small and medium enterprises, promoting agriculture, and expanding the already enormous civil service. The government has halted privatizations. Although suffering a brutal civil war that began in 1983, Sri Lanka saw GDP growth average 4.5% in the last 10 years with the exception of a recession in 2001. In late December 2004, a major tsunami took about 31,000 lives, left more than 6,300 missing and 443,000 displaced, and destroyed an estimated $1.5 billion worth of property. Government spending and reconstruction drove growth to more than 7% in 2006 but reduced agriculture output probably slowed growth to about 6 percent in 2007. Government spending and loose monetary policy drove inflation to nearly 16% in 2007. Sri Lanka's most dynamic sectors now are food processing, textiles and apparel, food and beverages, port construction, telecommunications, and insurance and banking. In 2006, plantation crops made up only about 15% of exports (compared with more than 90% in 1970), while textiles and garments accounted for more than 60%. About 800,000 Sri Lankans work abroad, 90% of them in the Middle East. They send home more than $1 billion a year. The struggle by the Tamil Tigers of the north and east for an independent homeland continues to cast a shadow over the economy.


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Lots of science stuff
Love a good Venn diagram joke..
(via r/funny)
Science making pretty patterns. Or some kind of sorcery. Redditsave.com This Is What Happens To Salt When You Vibrate It-95n8qpua5x081 GI... | GfycatWatch and share Redditsave.com This Is What Happens To Salt When You Vibrate It-95n8qpua5x081 GIFs on Gfycatgfycat.com
1Password to iCloud..
A few years ago when anyone would ask me about some quick tips they could adopt to better utilise tech in their legal practice, my standard response was to tell them about 1Password. It seemed to me one of the lowest hanging fruits available was to adopt a system to generate strong passwords and to remember them and to present them when needed - so that the user never really even needed to know them personally.
Forget the paperless office and the document automation and the AI and the robots and the holograms, Figure out your passwords first.
Lately though I've been noticing how improved the default password-keeper functionality is in Apple's iCloud. It's not quite as good as 1Password, but for most people using the one true phone ecosystem, it's free. Which is a substantially better price.
So in that vein I enjoyed this article on using Apple's iCloud as your default password keeper.
Moving From 1Password to iCloud Keychain
(via MacStories)
Collapse2040..
Back in 5L Issue #027, I linked to an article which suggested the collapse was a mere 20 years away. This somewhat long video does a good job of explaining the arguments in that article.
My own short thoughts on the article and the video are as follows:
I'm less convinced at the idea of some supermodel that can account for all variables that go into the effectiveness of a modern society. And so although it's curious that their models all seem to suggest a converging decline somewhere around the year 2040, I just don't buy that level of accuracy.
I'm much more convinced however at the way the model highlights how poorly our capitalist society addresses the tragedy of the commons. In my experience, in our society if a problem does not belong to an individual it may as well not exist. I'm not surprised then at the high-level rationale underpinning their models. At some point, we run out of exploitable natural resources (whether that's farmable land or clean water or who knows what), birth-rates decline, and less workers are available to maintain productive output. Conflict ensues.
It is interesting to hear the video note that the way our society has progressed since the original study in the 1970s closely follows the downfall predictions in many of their models.
I can't help but think of the current buzz around town for a 'clean green hydrogen energy future'. The video talks of the models' prediction of an increase in innovation due to a 'back against the wall' style burst of motivation to bring about change. I guess time will tell whether we humans figure it all out before it's too late.
Save us, Mr Musk..
Speaking of innovation to save the world, I loved this long read on sustainable nuclear fusion and the scientists trying to achieve it.
Let's say that you've devoted your entire adult life to developing a carbon-free way to power a household for a year on the fuel of a single glass of water, and that you've had moments, even years, when you were pretty sure you would succeed. Let's say also that you're not crazy. This is a reasonable description of many of the physicists working in the field of nuclear fusion. In order to reach this goal, they had to find a way to heat matter to temperatures hotter than the center of the sun, so hot that atoms essentially melt into a cloud of charged particles known as plasma; they did that. They had to conceive of and build containers that could hold those plasmas; they did that, too, by making "bottles" out of strong magnetic fields. When those magnetic bottles leaked—because, as one scientist explained, trying to contain plasma in a magnetic bottle is like trying to wrap a jelly in twine—they had to devise further ingenious solutions, and, again and again, they did. Over decades, in the pursuit of nuclear fusion, scientists and engineers built giant metal doughnuts and Gehryesque twisted coils, they "pinched" plasmas with lasers, and they constructed fusion devices in garages. For thirty-six years, they have been planning and building an experimental fusion device in Provence. And yet commercially viable nuclear-fusion energy has always remained just a bit farther on. As the White Queen, in "Through the Looking Glass," said to Alice, it is never jam today, it is always jam tomorrow.
Estimates of the cost of the Manhattan Project, which produced atomic weapons in four years, vary, but it is commonly said that the scientists were given a "blank check." This year, the U.S. government will spend some six hundred and seventy million dollars on nuclear fusion. That's a lot of money, but six hundred and fifty billion—the amount the I.M.F. estimates that U.S. taxpayers spent on fossil-fuel subsidies last year—is quite a bit more.
The M.I.T. team continued to dedicate its time to ARC/SPARC, quilting together fellowships and grants. At one point, to make payroll, technicians went into the basement and loaded trucks with scrap copper to sell. SPARC Underground was set up—a group of interested scientists who met regularly, to discuss plans and work through difficulties. They needed to buy as much H.T.S. as they could, in order to learn more about the material's characteristics—hammer it, heat it, freeze it, send current through it. "I remember so well the first shipment of H.T.S.," Mumgaard said. "We waited for months to get this reel of material. It was only five hundred metres. Now, if we're not talking ten kilometres, we're not talking anything. These days, you can order this stuff on Alibaba.com. But then—it was such a moment."
I'm really surprised Mr Musk hasn't attacked this yet. It seems very on brand for him.
Can Nuclear Fusion Put the Brakes on Climate Change | The New Yorker
(via Daring Fireball)
Cover Photo by Toa Heftiba on Unsplash


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Product Placement Blog ➞ Friends TV Show
Nike Sneakers Worn by Matt LeBlanc (Joey Tribbiani) in Friends Season 5 Episode 9 "The One With Ross' Sandwich" (1998)
March 28, 2019 Sergey TV Show
Hi! On Thursday, March 28, I analyzed a TV Show and product placement was spotted: Nike Sneakers Worn by Matt LeBlanc (Joey Tribbiani) in Friends Season 5 Episode 9 "The One With Ross' Sandwich" (1998).
Friends TV ShowNikeShoesSneakers
Converse High Tops White Shoes Worn by Bella Thorne as Ariel...
Puma Sneakers Worn by Kat Dennings in Big Momma's House 2 (2...
Nike Sneakers Worn by Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen in 13 Re...
Nike Grey Hoodie of Kenya Barris in #blackAF S01E02 "because...
Cheer Washing Machine Powder Detergent in Friends Season 1 E...
Nike Sneakers in Seinfeld Season 3 Episode 21 "The Letter" (...
Nike Sneakers Worn by Jerry Seinfeld in Seinfeld Season 4 Ep...
Converse Shoes Worn by Sylvester Stallone (Rocky Balboa) in ...
Adidas Black Leather Sneakers Worn by Tracy Morgan in The La...
Nike Cap Worn by Tyler James Williams in Ballers: Season 1, ...
MaxStamp
The Handmaid's Tale TV Show
Random Person says:
Friends was an American television sitcom, created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, which aired on NBC from September 22, 1994 to May 6, 2004. The series revolves around a group of friends living in New York City. It features 6 main characters; Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston), Monica Geller (Courteney Cox), Phoebe Buffay (Lisa Kudrow), Joey Tribbiani (Matt LeBlanc), Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry), and Ross Geller (David Schwimmer).
PillarsSuccession TV ShowAnittaGruet WineryLimitless (2011) MovieStateless TV ShowTaylor's Eye WitnessHealthRiderBody DrenchThe FamilyHoney, I Blew Up the Kid (1992) MovieGérard DarelFantasy Football (2022) MovieDelfieldDieselMilky WayBirdhouse SkateboardsThor (2011) MovieFruitopiaMcAfeeThe Fisher King (1991) MovieGhosts TV ShowThree FarmersBeck's BreweryJu-Ju-Be


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Court Rejects Roussef's Bid to Stop Impeachment
Brazil's Supreme Court voted early Friday to reject a motion seeking to block an impeachment vote in the lower house of Congress against President Dilma Rousseff, sharply limiting the embattled leader's options to avoid a showdown with legislators who want to oust her.
Rousseff has lost support of key allies this week and is now even closer to a major defeat that would weaken an already struggling administration dealing with problems on many fronts: the worst recession in decades, a sprawling scandal at state oil company Petrobras and an outbreak of the Zika virus, which can cause devastating birth defects, AP reported.
Justices voted 8-2 to deny Rousseff's appeal, saying it was not their role to get involved at this stage of the process, which the top legal official in Rousseff's government called "contaminated". The majority of judges argued the lower house's role in impeachment proceedings is to consider whether to accept accusations against Rousseff and if it does so, the Senate will have a trial to fully examine them.
The only good news for the Rousseff in the special session that ran past seven hours was a statement by Chief Justice Ricardo Lewandowski suggesting that in the future the court could again look at the impeachment proceedings.
"Impeachment is a political action, yes. But who said that political actions can't be debated by the judiciary?" said Lewandowski, one of the two justices who voted to back the president's motion.
Justices began their session discussing whether the procedures set for Sunday's impeachment vote by the Chamber of Deputies were valid.
Initially, lower house Speaker Eduardo Cunha, a strident foe of the president, organized the vote to begin with legislators from the industrial and rich south, where the opposition to Rousseff is strongest.
But while the justices were meeting, Cunha's lawyer presented a different plan that would alternate between the south and the north, where Rousseff has more support. The court decided to keep Cunha's revised plan.
The top court had not been expected to rule on Thursday, but then Lewandowski said that "exceptional situations require exceptional measures".
The late meeting of 10 justices was the latest development amid weeks of legal wrangling over a process in Congress that has exposed deep divisions in Latin America's largest country.
The lower house's vote on whether to impeach Rousseff is based on allegations that she broke fiscal rules to mask budget problems by shifting around government accounts.
In filing Rousseff's motion on Thursday, Solicitor General Jose Eduardo Cardozo argued Cunha had presented the impeachment push in such a way that went beyond the actual accusations against Rousseff.
Cardozo made the same claim about the report submitted to the special congressional committee that voted Monday to send the impeachment measure to the full Chamber of Deputies. He said the discussion was "contaminated" because it included the overall political crisis, the recession and unrelated corruption probes.
The pro-impeachment camp needs two-thirds of the 513 votes in the lower house, or 342 votes, to send the proceedings to the Senate for a possible trial. If the Senate agreed to take it up, Rousseff would be forced to step down until the measure was voted on.
Both government and opposition forces say they have enough votes to win Sunday, but daily counts by Brazilian media suggest the opposition is much closer to victory.
Rousseff May Appeal to Mercosur, If Impeached Illegally
Brazil Committee Recommends Impeaching Rousseff
Impeachment Vote Divides Brazil
Brazil's VP Faces Impeachment
Brazil MPs Ban Ex-Speaker From Politics
Rousseff Promises to Call for Early Elections


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Yorkshire vs Lancashire, Busby vs Revie, and Alan Smith December 18, 2020 –	Posted in: Soccer
The toxic feeling that exists between Manchester United and Leeds was once described as 'English football's most intense, and most inexplicable'.
And it is a rivalry set to be renewed when the two sides meet in the Premier League on Sunday after Leeds ended their 16-year absence from top-flight football.
But why is there such hostility, we hear you ask? The two clubs are situated some 40 miles apart, after all.
Leeds and Man United fans will renew their rivalry when the teams meet next summer in a pre-season 'friendly'
Well, the rivalry (bizarrely) has its origins in the days of Tudor kings and William Shakespeare.
The feeling between United and Leeds is believed to be a manifestation of the rivalry between the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire, established during the 15th century War of the Roses – a series of civil wars fought for the throne of England.
Lancashire's historic symbol is a red rose, while Yorkshire's is a white rose – which is quite fittingly corresponded to in the kits of United and Leeds.
Jump forward three centuries and the two cities were at it again, this time during the industrial revolution, as unprecedented economic growth saw them competing over who could construct the most impressive architecture.
The clubs' rivalry grew when both were dominant forces with some of the best players such as Billy Bremner, George Best and Bobby Charlton
Busby vs Revie
In the post-WWII era, Matt Busby's Man United were the dominant force in English football, while Leeds established a reputation as a tough, uncompromising side under Don Revie.
The two sides met in the 1965 FA Cup semi-final, a match which saw a punch up between Jack Charlton and Denis Law. The Yorkshire Post issued the following verdict: "Both sides behaved like a pack of dogs snapping and snarling at each other over a bone."
The ill-tempered game finished 0-0 and Leeds won the replay at the City Ground courtesy of an 89th minute goal.
United, however, had the last laugh as they pipped Leeds to the league title due to a better goal average that season.
Hooliganism
The rivalry has extended far beyond the action of Old Trafford and Elland Road.
In the 1970s, when football hooliganism in Britain was at its most violent, fights between the Leeds United Service Crew and Man United's Red Army were commonplace.
They were two of the most notorious hooligan firms in Britain and their fights became known as some of the most violent across the country.
Thankfully, these clashes have faded out due to a combination of a decline in both hooliganism and Leeds' fortunes on the pitch.
Alan Smith, right, was a Leeds fan who played for the club but joined Man United in 2004
Despite famous clashes between Roy Keane and Alf-Inge Haland, Ian Harte and Fabien Barthez, Robbie Keane and David Beckham – these encounters have become increasingly scarce as time has gone on.
Leeds were relegated in 1982 and did not face United until they returned to the top division eight years later in 1990.
And a similar period has followed in recent times: the two clubs have not been in the same division since Leeds were relegated in 2004 and have only played each other twice since.
Nonetheless, polls show that Leeds fans still consider Man United to be their main football rivals. Perhaps they're still bitter about Alan Smith.


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( - ) est un vice-amiral de la marine impériale japonaise qui s'est occupé de la partie navale de la capture de Hong Kong.

Biographie
Né à Hiroshima, Niimi est le deuxième fils d'une famille paysanne productrice de sauce de soja. Il entre à l'académie navale impériale du Japon le  et en sort diplômé de la  le , étant classé  sur 191 cadets. Nommé aspirant, il sert sur les croiseurs Aso et Izumo. Il devient enseigne le  et promu sous-lieutenant le .

Il étudie l'artillerie navale et les torpilles en 1910 et est ré-affecté sur l'Aso puis sur le destroyer Yayoi.

Promu lieutenant le , il sert sur le croiseur Katori, sur le croiseur de bataille , sur le cuirassé Kawachi et sur le destroyer Umikaze. Il étudie à l'école navale impériale du Japon en 1917, se spécialisant dans l'artillerie navale, et sortant  de sa promotion de 24 le . Il est ensuite nommé artilleur en chef sur le cuirassé Ise et est promu lieutenant-commandant le . Il est envoyé au Royaume-Uni comme attaché naval de 1923 à 1925, période durant laquelle il est promu commandant le . En 1922, il fait un rapport à l'État-major de la marine impériale japonaise sur l'importance de protéger les navires marchands en temps de guerre.

De retour au Japon, il est affecté comme commandant en second sur le croiseur Kuma en 1926. Il est promu capitaine le . Le , il reçoit son premier commandement à la tête du croiseur Ōi. Il sert ensuite comme capitaine des croiseurs Yakumo et Maya.

Niimi est promu contre-amiral le . En 1937, il accompagne le prince Yasuhito Chichibu au Royaume-Uni pour assister au couronnement du roi George VI et en profite pour visiter la France, l'Allemagne et les États-Unis. Après avoir servi comme chef d'État-major du district naval de Kure et de la  flotte, il est promu vice-amiral et nommé commandant de l'académie navale impériale du Japon le .

Le , il prend le commandement de la  et est responsable de la composante navale de la capture de Hong Kong pendant laquelle sa mission principale est de bloquer le port de la colonie britannique avec de petites embarcations de patrouille et deux croiseurs légers. Il partage officiellement la position de gouverneur de Hong Kong avec le général Takashi Sakai mais son autorité se limite aux zones maritimes au large.

Le , il devient commandant-en-chef du district naval de Maizuru. Il se retire du service actif en .

Niimi survit à la guerre et meurt en 1993 à l'âge très avancé de 106 ans. À sa mort, il est le dernier vice-amiral survivant de l'ancienne marine impériale japonaise.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1887
Naissance dans la préfecture de Hiroshima
Décès en avril 1993
Décès à 106 ans
Récipiendaire de l'ordre du Trésor sacré
Récipiendaire de l'ordre du Soleil levant
Chef militaire japonais de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Amiral japonais
Centenaire japonais

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Activated surface proteins may reverse development of malignant neuroblastoma cells
In a new study, researchers at Karolinska Institutet show that the activation of specific cell surface proteins—cortisol, estrogen and vitamin A—in mice with human neuroblastoma cells results in the neuronal differentiation of cancer cells which leads to reduced mortality. The results, published in the Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, could, in the future, lead to a more gentle and effective treatment of this severe form of cancer in children.
"Our study suggests that a combination therapy with low levels of cortisol and estrogen together with vitamin A could be a promising pharmacological strategy that results in more neurons in children with neuroblastoma and therefore, better survival prospects," says Lourdes Sainero-Alcolado, Ph.D. student at the Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, and the study's first author.
Neuroblastoma is the most abundant and deadly solid cancer outside the brain among young children. Today's therapies can cure approximately half of the most difficult cases. The children who survive the harsh treatment live with severe side effects life-long. Today, vitamin A is used as maintenance treatment.
Activated receptors for cortisol, estrogen and vitamin A
In a study at Karolinska Institutet, researchers activated three different proteins (the receptors for cortisol, estrogen and vitamin A) on the cell surface of human neuroblastoma cells injected into mice. The results suggest that the deadly, malignant, cancer cells matured into neurons after activation.
The researchers were also able to show that the cells' metabolism changed and that their malignancy decreased both in cell experiments and mouse models for neuroblastoma. This biological treatment would likely be less arduous for the growing child than some of the methods used today, the researchers estimate.
"An important aspect is also that we were able to demonstrate that patients whose tumor cells have these proteins on the cell surface have a favorable prognosis. It is early days, but our results form a basis for further studies with the aim of taking this strategy to clinical trials for neuroblastoma patients," says Marie Arsenian-Henriksson, professor at the Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, and the study's corresponding author.
The study was based on treatment of neuroblastoma cells in culture that were analyzed for cell growth, cell death, maturation and metabolism. Since these experiments gave clear positive results, similar studies were conducted in mouse models of neuroblastoma.
"Our data also suggest that the genes that give rise to the three surface proteins contribute to the development of the normal human nervous system. Notably, we analyzed three different databases of information from neuroblastoma patients and found that the children whose tumors showed high levels of these surface proteins had a better survival rate than those with lower levels," says Marie Arsenian-Henriksson.
More research on the signaling activity of nerve cells
The scientists are now planning new experiments where they will treat neuroblastoma mouse models with different concentrations of cortisol, estrogen and/or vitamin A. In the now published study, the researchers did not add these substances but relied on the animals' own cortisol and estrogen and probably also vitamin A for activation.
In the new experiments, the researchers will follow the development of the tumor and study the signaling activity of the nerve cells that are formed. An important aspect is also to investigate possible side effects. Finally, the researchers will identify the genes that are important in the process of neuronal differentiation and evaluate whether any other biological treatment can generate similar or better results.
The study was funded by the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Cancer Society, the Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation, Radiumhemmet's research funds and Karolinska Institutet. There are no reported conflicts of interest.


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KHON2 News at 9 replay
Ford scores 31, Idaho defeats NW Indian College 125-51
MOSCOW, Idaho (AP)Dominique Ford scored 31 points to lead Idaho to a 125-51 victory over Northwest Indian College on Friday night.
Ford sank 12 of 21 shots with seven 3-pointers for the Vandals (5-6). He added seven rebounds. Isaac Jones scored 20 points in 11 minutes, sinking 9 of 11 shots. Michael Hanshaw had a double-double off the bench with 18 points and 12 rebounds. Freshman reserve RJ Walker pitched in with 15 points and nine assists. Freshman reserve Jack Hatten had 10 points and 11 boards. Freshman Nigel Burris scored 17.
Trazil Lane paced the Eagles with 18 points and five rebounds.
The Vandals led 67-22 at halftime.
More AP college basketball: https://apnews.com/hub/college-basketball and https://apnews.com/hub/ap-top-25-college-basketball-poll and https://twitter.com/AP-Top25


A former General Secretary of the Nigeria Football Federation (NFF), Taiwo Ogunjobi, is dead. The nation's football governing announced this via its..
Three officials of Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) were on Thursday arraigned in an Abuja high court for allegedly misappropriating $9.5..
Amaju Pinnick was on Thursday afternoon, reelected the president of Nigeria Football Federation. Pinnick polled 34 votes to beat three..
The Minister of Youth and Sports Development, Mr Solomon Dalung, on Tuesday congratulated the Federal Government for averting a FIFA..
The Presidency on Monday said it recognised the Amaju Pinnick-led executives of the Nigerian Football Federation (NFF) as the authentic..
The Nigeria Football Supporters' Club President-General Rafiu Ladipo is throwing his weight behind the Federal Government's decision to obey the Supreme..
Amaju Pinnick has reacted to his sack as president of the Nigeria Football Federation (NFF), describing it as "null and..


State educational institution of higher professional education "Nizhniy Novgorod State Technical University named after R. E. Alexeyev"
To create a laboratory at the university that will specialize in cryogenic nanoelectronics and that will be able to successfully compete with the world's leading laboratories in the field of supersensitive cryogenic sensors.
2. To expand the scope of practical application of cold electrons bolometer in astronomical projects.
3. The project will help develop receptimn systms for the Russian space observatory "Millimetron".
1. Supersensitive bolometers for radioastronomy.
2. Single-electronics on supersmall tunnelling junctions.
3. Josephson tunneling effect, thermoelectric effects in superconductors.
4. End-scale measurements, squids, Andreev interferometers.
- Developed a new concept of thermoelectric bolometer (TEB).
- Serves as the Chairman of 13 international symposia and three international schools for young researchers.


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What is CRP?
What's at stake?
The Conservation Reserve Program helps America's farmers, ranchers, and forest owners to voluntarily conserve environmentally sensitive land. Introduced in the 1985 Farm Bill, CRP once supported 37 million acres devoted to conserving soil, water, and wildlife habitat. But Congress reduced the size of the program to just 24 million acres in the 2014 Farm Bill, causing the U.S. Department of Agriculture to turn down thousands of CRP applications from those who want to enroll millions of acres of private land in conservation. Habitat loss continues to be one of the greatest threats to hunting and fishing in this country, so this loss of CRP lands could pose a terrible risk for upland birds, waterfowl, deer, sage grouse, and freshwater fish.
at stake
Wildlife conservation is one of the three main goals of the Conservation Reserve Program, and it's not hard for sportsmen to see that CRP works. By incentivizing private owners to repurpose their land, CRP has helped restore wildlife habitat and improve thousands of waterways since the program's inception. In fact, CRP acres in the northern plains states make up a vital share of nesting habitat for more than half of North America's waterfowl. And CRP is helping landowners to voluntarily restore and supplement sage grouse habitat across the West, providing a much needed boost to a species in decline. Whitetail deer, black bears, pheasants, quail, wild turkeys, and countless other species have also been rebounding thanks to the conservation of millions of acres of grasslands and buffers through CRP.
CRP's impact on water quality is especially notable. Through smart land management decisions, like the installation of waterway buffers, CRP protects more than 170,000 stream miles with trees and grasses. This improvement means cleaner drinking water and better fish habitat near CRP fields and downstream.
If that weren't enough, many farmers, ranchers, and forest owners also open CRP acres to hunters and anglers in their communities.
Sportsmen all over the country want to maintain resilient fish and game populations, and CRP is one of the most successful conservation programs for private lands. Unfortunately, there's little room left in CRP for private landowners who want to help, and so fish and wildlife are also at risk of being crowded out. Year after year, the acreage cap placed on CRP has been reduced and sportsmen and women need to take action to reverse this downward trend—for the sake of fish, wildlife, and our sporting heritage.
83% of farmers hunt at least one day per year; 46% hunt more than 10 days a year.
Photo Credit: Pete Berthelsen
87% of farmers agree that it is important to develop wildlife habitat that will improve hunting opportunities.
Since 1985, CRP has restored 2.7 million acres of wetlands; thanks to CRP, duck populations in the Prairie Pothole Region have increased by 1.5 to 2 million birds per year.
CRP reduces nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural runoff by 95% and 85%, respectively, helping to ensure clean water in streams, rivers, wetlands, and even in the Gulf of Mexico.
Many world-class bucks are taken on CRP lands, including in filter strips, tree plantings, windbreaks, and planted food plots.
News learn more
Land retirement questions abound. The biggest: By how much? – (5-29-2017)
IFB board approves farm bill priorities – Farm Week Now (5-19-2017)
Study: CRP providing huge benefit to eastern Washington sage grouse – Outdoor News (5-10-2017)
Saving America's Broken Prairie – Undark Magazine (4-26-2017)
Thune calls for raising cap on CRP acres – AgriPulse (4-10-2017)
Farm Bill Possibilities – Progressive Farmer (2-5-2017)
USDA announces expansion of Conservation Reserve Program – Progressive Farmer (12-6-2016)
Tentative clean water conservation deal for Minnesota aids birds – Star Tribune (10-12-2016)
Large Princeton farm embraces wetland project – News Tribune (Illinois) (9-1-2016)
Nebraska Celebrates 30 Years of CRP – Fence Post blog (USDA) (8-26-2016)
The changing landscape of the prairie pothole region – Iowa Public Radio (8-12-2016)
The Conservation Reserve Program was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan as a part of the Farm Bill on December 23, 1985. This popular program is regarded by many as the greatest private lands conservation initiative in modern U.S. history. The program compensates landowners who voluntarily repurpose their land to conserve soil, water, and wildlife. By renting CRP acres from producers and providing cost-share assistance for things like seeds, trees, and labor, the U.S. Department of Agriculture helps make it financially possible for America's farmers, ranchers, and forest owners to grow conservation.
While CRP once supported almost 40 million acres of conservation areas, the program was reduced to 32 million acres following the economic downturn in 2008. The 2014 Farm Bill continued this downward trend and Congress cut the program again—to just 24 million acres. It is now clear that the supply of acres isn't keeping pace with demand. In February 2016, landowners applied to put more than 1.8 million acres into CRP, but USDA only accepted 18 percent of the offers—the lowest acceptance rate in the program's 30-year history.
We need a stronger CRP. Sportsmen and women have too much at stake—healthy habitat, abundant fish and wildlife, and access to quality places to hunt and fish—to let the number of CRP acres drop any further. Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue, Senator John Thune (R-SD), and Congressman Collin Peterson (R-MN) have all voiced their support for raising the cap, and other decision makers are beginning to do the same. Now it's our turn to speak up.
CRP is a sportsman's greatest ally in preserving habitat for hunting and fishing on private lands. Sign our petition to show your support for a stronger CRP in the next Farm Bill—because CRP works.
Tell Congress: I Support a CRP that Works!
Hunters and anglers know that the Conservation Reserve Program is America's greatest private land conservation program, but changes made by Congress in the last Farm Bill have caused USDA to turn away thousands of farmers who wish to enroll millions of acres in habitat and clean water conservation. Sign the petition and tell Congress to build a CRP that WORKS—for soil, water, wildlife, and sportsmen!
Sportsmen want Congress to strengthen conservation on private lands
I am an American conservationist who values the important voluntary contributions that private landowners make to habitat conservation, clean water, and outdoor recreation. I'm asking Congress to recognize the needs of America's agricultural producers, hunters, anglers, and wildlife when considering the Conservation Reserve Program in the 2018 Farm Bill, by reauthorizing the program at a level that will sustain enrollment of at least 35 million acres nationwide.
Private lands managed by America's farmers, ranchers, and forest owners provide fish and wildlife with irreplaceable habitat and food sources. Pheasants, quail, wild turkeys, whitetail deer, black bears, salmon, and countless other species have rebounded thanks to our country's 30-year investment in the Conservation Reserve Program. Without a strong CRP, the northern plains states would lose much of their duck breeding habitat, greater sage grouse in the West would be at greater risk of population decline, and eastern brook trout would disappear from our headwaters. Without CRP, 40 million American sportsmen and women would lose access to private hunting and fishing grounds, and rural communities that depend economically on outdoor recreation would lose an important source of revenue.
Farmers, ranchers, and forest owners want to enroll millions of private acres in the Conservation Reserve Program, yet Congress continues to shrink the program with each enacted Farm Bill. I know that CRP works for America's agricultural producers, sportsmen, fish, and wildlife, and I want lawmakers to reverse this trend by authorizing at least 35 million acres of CRP in the next Farm Bill.
[Your Email]
Copyright 2019 © Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership.
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Bear Stearns takes minority route
The US bank's buy-out arm ploughs a different furrow
Shanny Basar
Monday March 13, 2006 5:00 pm
The recent Oscar ceremony was a busy time for shoe designer Stuart Weitzman. A host of celebrities were to be seen sporting his creations at this year's awards, including Kathleen York, who wrote and sang the nominated song In the Deep from Crash, winner of the best movie award.
Last year Weitzman brought in Bear Stearns Merchant Banking, the private equity arm of the investment bank, to bring business acumen to his company. Weitzman said: "The people there are present or former entrepreneurs and have the same outlook on business...