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SAD!! Read Heartbreaking Story Of A Nigerian Man Who Has Not Left His Bed For The Past 15 Years (Photo)
August 28, 2018 toplistng News
Daniel Emori has spent nearly half his life on a bed since he was gored by a cow in Onitsha. At 35, his condition shows no sign of improvement as our reporter finds out.
Friday evening is not for clubbing. Not for Daniel Emori. It is not for anything except lying in bed, in his urine. This has been his life since he was 20, when an injury to his spine put him in bed in 2003. Fifteen years later, he's 35 and still bedridden.
"I thank God for everything, but nothing has changed," he says. "Nothing has changed. I am still lying down."
In 2003, Emori had finished secondary school and got a job supplying packaged water in Onitsha, Anambra state. He had his eyes firmly on the future when he stepped out of his delivery truck on one of his supply runs. He never expected that a stray cow would sweep him onto its horn and speed away with him.
"It was running with me on top [of its horns]," he recalls. "People were shouting. It threw me off. From the moment I fell down, I found myself in this condition."
Bones snapped in his neck, leg and hips, x-rays later showed. Since then, he's been on his back, in a bed, and has never left a bed in the last 15 years.
He constantly is attached to a catheter that collects his urine
Three years into his injury, his condition worsened. Bed sores ate into his back and buttock. A pressure sore also ate into his Pen!s. An infection left a hole there. And it leaks urine, despite the catheter.
"It disturbs me. Now [the catheter] doesn't even last a week," Emori says. "I don't even know what is happening in that area. It doesn't last at all. If I just put it in, it starts leaking. Even as I am talking to you, I'm lying on top of urine."
He's been through a number of surgeries and treatment for his spine. A local charity funding the surgeries and upkeep relocated him into a single-room apartment in Karu on the outskirts of Abuja to keep him close to Primus Specialty Hospital.
Later he was relocated to Dutse Makaranta and got only two weeks of physiotherapy at Optimal Health. He was billed to undergo years of treatment, according to physiotherapist Chibuike Mbamalu who tended him for two weeks at optimal.
In addition to the infection under his Pen!s, osteoporosis [weakening of the bones] set in, making his bones fragile. His knees and joints are stiff from lack of use. His feet have also swollen as fluid collected there.
A treatment regime was proposed and discussed with hospitals outside the country. It was estimated to cost N7.762 million. He couldn't afford it in 2015. Three years on, his treatment is now valued at more than N16 million.
The treatment plan is to begin with infection control, followed by a surgery to replace his knees, allowing him to bend his legs to some degrees. A separate procedure will elongate his Achilles' tendon to give him some movement. Another is to scR@pe away dead tissue from the pressure sores on his buttocks.
Only the last bit of treatment has been done to some extent. The sores have healed, he says. But they open up when he sits on them. And he has to sit in a wheelchair now and again to go to hospital.
Optimal was optimistic about his treatment. Its director Emma Udoji signed a letter enabling Emori to seek public assistance to raise funds. The good news was that Emori still had sensation in his toes.
"So there is very good hope that with proper management and intensive therapy, we hope to see some good changes," Udoji said then.
That was in 2015. The swelling in his feet got treated. Shortly after, the outfit shut shop and relocated to Port Harcourt.
"In the last two years, I stopped the physiotherapy due to financial challenges," says Emori.
"They referred me to India. Since there was no sponsor showing up, they just left me."
The treatment plan developed with India's Saket Hospital hasn't changed. Physiotherapy and rehabilitation will depend on how well his bones and muscles respond to surgeries that the hospital has proposed. They were to cost $25,000.
After that, the plan is to ensure he gets some independence. That would mean putting him in a motorized wheelchair, so he can move and stand.
He would need at least six months of physiotherapy—two hours per session three times a day, six days a week—to strengthen his trunk an upper limb muscles before going into rehabilitation to regain mobility. That was to cost $20,500.
The plan also includes a robotic exoskeleton to help him walk but that will depend on how strong his trunk and upper limbs become.
The entire plan remains suspended until he is able to raise funds. His bank details [Daniel Emori, UBA, 2072008766] have been broadcast on television and across social media seeking help for him.
"Presently I am not receiving any treatment or medication. Since last year I have taken any medication or done any check-up," he says.
He's fast becoming weary but his hopes haven't dimmed, he says. A carer lives with him in Garam, Niger State, where he now lives, some 15 minutes from Bwari. A local charity takes care of his rent and feeding. His family pays a carer N15,000 monthly to be with him 24 hours a day. They took that up after the charity stopped paying for carer duty.
The carer helps replace the catheter. But that's a task the 35-year-old Emori wishes he could one day do for himself. Even better, he wishes he could stand up, walk into the bathroom and take a leak.
But that is not happening any time soon, not if he can't raise the total $44,250—that's nearly N16 million—that his treatment is estimated to cost.
"I appeal to fellow Nigerians, NGOs, government agencies to come to my rescue," he says from his sick bed.
He can't leave his bed without help from his carer. The catheter running into his Pen!s is changed weekly but isn't helping much. The collection bag attached to the catheter fills up. The next spout of urine doesn't go into the bag. It spills out of the infected hole and sprays down his thighs, right onto the bed. Emori remains lying right in it.
Unless something happens, Emori may rot in his own piss while the stray cow that killed his dreams has been since forgotten by most. But in his mind, that terrifying encounter with the animal will live forever.
Source: Daily Trust
Buhari Media Organisation Reacts To Donald Trump's 'Buhari Is Lifeless' Comment
Nekede Poly Undergraduate allegedly Paraded by F-SARS as Notorious Cultist and Killer


I love Stilton cheese. When visiting the UK my sister buys industrial quantities, and when I arrived at my sisters house for Christmas she showed me a huge Stilton cheese recently purchased in London. Stilton is delicious in hot food or enjoyed with crackers and as the Britons do with a glass of port. I am glad to say that she gave me a large slice of Stilton to enjoy when returning to Oslo.
Stilton is a British blue cheese equivalent to the French Roquefort and the Italian Gorgonzola. As its counterparts it varies in taste according to maturity.
This cheese was milder than many of the others I have tasted in my time. My sister had bought a whole cheese and she had even got a free gift with it, a spoon specially designed to scoop out cheese from its soft core.
We were allowed a taste of Stilton after the Christmas dinner. My sister had (with great success) prepared a delicious succulent pork rib and she and I chose the blue cheese as an alternative to caramel mousse. We enjoyed the cheese with a glass of Sandemans port. The contrast between the salt, slightly bitter cheese and the warm sweetness of the port is sensational.
I had three large shopping bags of groceries when returning from Sweden. I usually buy small tins of Abba stews, as they are a great base for tasty meals. They come in reasonable sizes, perfect for one.
December 25th I returned home and discovered that my grocers were closed and I had no bread. I needed a treat and found a packet of Santa Maria taco tubs, small edible containers.
I opened up a tin of Abba mushroom stew, mixed in two tbsp of shredded cheese and two tbsp of crumbled Stilton cheese. To add a little kick, I added a tbsp of sweet chili sauce. A good idea is to add a beaten egg for more richness.
As the taco tubs easily burns, I decided to bake the tubs in a moderate oven (130C / 270F) until very creamy.


Silicon Valley. It's a name that conjures up tech giants such as Google, Apple and Facebook residing side-by-side in a magical, if somewhat vacuum-sealed, locale. It's also a region where hyper- scale businesses and innovative start-ups alike base their operations in the hope that its tech-friendly environment will help drive major success.
Despite its allure among technology-driven industry sectors, many California-based enterprises are beginning to realize that perhaps there's a better place than Silicon Valley to host their data.
Check out Sabey Data Centers' blog to read more.


Kruger, Katherine (2018) Child's play, toys and pure games: revising the romantic child in Henry James, Elizabeth Bowen and Don DeLillo. Doctoral thesis (PhD), University of Sussex.
This list was generated on Thu Apr 25 17:59:16 2019 BST.


text:
Q: Java NIO UDP - Selector Hangs when trying to register final DatagramChannel dc = DatagramChannel.open();
        dc.configureBlocking(false);
        dc.socket().bind(localAddress);
        final SelDatagramChannel c = new SelDatagramChannel(dc, datagramListener);
--->>>>        final SelectionKey sk = dc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);

The market line hangs forever when you try to register a DatagramChannel.
Does anyone know why?

A: There's some chat in http://echelog.matzon.dk/logs/browse/java/1276898400 which mentions that dc.register() must be called in the selection thread. The JavaDoc doesn't seem very specific about that, though.
I guess you do that by putting in a list somewhere, and calling selector.wakeup(). But I'm still having timing glitches where it's unclear how long before the register succeeds...

A: Have you tried sending a CTRL+BREAK to the JVM to get a thread dump ?

A: Is the above code executed in the thread which does selection? I think we need to register the channels with Selector in the same thread which does selection.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Powers was born Stefanie Zofya Paul in Hollywood, California, although her surname was often cited as Federkiewicz. In her autobiography, she says "Moje prawdziwe nazwisko to Federkiewicz" ("My real (Polish) name is Federkiewicz").
Her parents divorced during her childhood. Powers was estranged from her father, whom she barely refers to and whose name is never mentioned in her memoir One from the Hart, in which she refers to the "tension and unhappiness created by my father's presence". She remained extremely close throughout her life to her mother, who was born Juliana Dimitria Golan (1912–2009) in New York to parents of Polish descent. Her mother, who died in Los Angeles from pneumonia at 96 years old, would be known late in life and in local obituaries as Julie Powers. Stefanie Powers had an older brother, Jeffrey Julian Paul (1940–2013), as well as a half-sister, Charlene Groman. Powers was a cheerleader at Hollywood High School; one of her schoolmates was Nancy Sinatra. In 1965, using the alias Taffy Paul, she made an obscure independent film The Young Sinner.
Powers appeared in several movies in the early 1960s in secondary roles such as the thriller Experiment in Terror, If a Man Answers, and McLintock! (1963). She played a schoolgirl in Tammy Tell Me True (1961), and Bunny, the police chief's daughter, in Palm Springs Weekend (1963). She appeared in the 1962 hospital melodrama The Interns and its sequel The New Interns in 1964. In 1965, she played opposite Tallulah Bankhead in Die! Die! My Darling (originally released in England as Fanatic).
Powers with Noel Harrison in The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.
In 1966, her "tempestuous" good looks led to being cast in the starring role as the passive and demure April Dancer, in the short-lived television series The Girl from U.N.C.L.E., a spin-off of The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Shortly after the series' debut, she was featured on the cover of TV Guide (December 31, 1966 – January 6, 1967). The article mentions her "117-pound frame is kept supple with 11 minutes of Royal Canadian Air Force exercises every morning... Unlike her fellow U.N.C.L.E. agents, the ladylike April is not required to kill the bad guys. Her feminine charms serve as the bait, while her partner Noel Harrison provides the fireworks." The series lasted for only one season (29 one-hour episodes), airing from September 16, 1966 to April 11, 1967.
In 1967, Powers appeared in Warning Shot with David Janssen. Her 1970s films include The Boatniks (1970), Herbie Rides Again (a sequel to The Love Bug) and The Magnificent Seven Ride (1972). She was a guest star on the Robert Wagner series It Takes a Thief in 1970. The two went on to co-star in the popular Hart to Hart series nine years later. Before the Hart to Hart success, she starred in The Feather and Father Gang as Toni "Feather" Danton, a successful lawyer, whose father, Harry Danton, was a smooth-talking ex-con man (played by Harold Gould). It ran for a half-season (13 episodes).
Powers' many guest-roles on other popular TV shows include: Lancer (1969), McCloud (1971), The Mod Squad (1972), Kung Fu (1974), The Rockford Files (1975), Three for the Road (1975), The Six Million Dollar Man (1976), The Bionic Woman (1976), and McMillan & Wife (1977). Powers appeared in these shows long after she signed a contract with Universal Studios in 1970. Coincidentally, her longtime friend and Hart to Hart series' star Wagner signed a contract with Universal, but did not guest-star on more shows than Powers did.
In 1977, Powers played Sally Whalen, in the 6-part television miniseries Washington: Behind Closed Doors, produced by Paramount Television. It is based on John Ehrlichman's book The Company, a novel inspired by the author's time with the Nixon administration. The series had Powers cast with a strong cast, including Cliff Robertson, Jason Robards, Robert Vaughn, Lois Nettleton and John Houseman.
In 1978, Powers starred with Paul Clemens and Brian Dennehy in the CBS made-for-television, A Death in Canaan, directed by Tony Richardson. This TV movie was a dramatization of the nonfictional account of Connecticut townspeople, rising to the defense of a local teenager charged with the mutilation murder of his mother in September 1973. Powers portrayed Joan Barthel, a freelance‐writer who brought attention to the original case. Clemens, son of actress Eleanor Parker, made his film acting debut here. The TV-movie also marked the American TV directing debut of Richardson, and was Emmy Award-nominated as Outstanding Special of the 1977-78 season.
In 1978, Powers performed with Stacy Keach as the leads in the stage play Cyrano de Bergerac, in a season at the Central Theater in the Long Beach Convention and Entertainment Center. Directed by Rae Allen, the production was part of an 8 month Long Beach Theater Festival program. The stage production was intended to have a transfer to Broadway theater, New York after its California season, however, the bi-coastal run was not extended due to the 1978 New York City newspaper strike of 88 days, which hindered all theater advertising and reduced box-office sales of the new fall season.
In 1979, Powers starred with Roger Moore, Telly Savalas, David Niven, Sonny Bono and Elliott Gould, in the British adventure feature film Escape to Athena, in which a group of Anglo-American prisoners of the Germans scramble to liberate themselves and some Greek art treasures. The production was filmed on location in the Dodecanese islands of Greece in 1978. The film is Powers' last theatrical feature film to date.
Powers became most widely known as a television star for her role as Jennifer Hart, in the American mystery series Hart to Hart, with Robert Wagner as Jonathon Hart, both portraying a married pair of amateur sleuths. Hart to Hart aired for five seasons from 1979 to 1984. Powers and Wagner later reunited for eight Hart to Hart TV movies in the 1990s.
In 1984, she starred in the TV mini-series Mistral's Daughter, based on Judith Krantz's novel.
In 1985, Powers starred as twins who swap places leading to dire consequences in the two-part made-for-TV movie Deceptions.
In 1987, she starred in the real-life TV drama At Mother's Request, as the frightening Frances Schreuder, who goaded her 17-year-old-son into killing her father. Directed by Michael Tuchner, the script was adapted for television by Richard DeLong Adams and aired on CBS.
Powers starred with John Barrowman in Matador, a 1991 London stage musical, at the Queen's Theater. with a book inspired by Spanish corrida legend El Cordobes. The production was staged by Elijah Moshinsky for producer Laurence Myers, with choreography by Arlene Phillips and Rafael Aguilar, and scenery by William Dudley.
Powers starred in a 1993 drama stage production Love Letters with Robert Wagner, performed at the Chicago Theatre. The two players, portrayed Melissa Gardner and Andrew Makepeace Ladd III, to tell the story of their 40-year, mostly long-distance relationship without getting up from their chairs.
In 1996, Powers toured as Margo Channing in a production of Applause, with hopes of a Broadway revival, which did not materialize.
Powers toured the UK in 2002 playing Anna Leonowens in a revival of The King and I, and toured the U.S. in 2004 and 2005 in the same role.
Powers released her debut music CD in 2003, titled On The Same Page. The album features selections from the classic Great American Songbook era.
Since 2006, she has been the U.S. location guest host presenter on the long-running Through the Keyhole panel show.
In 2000–01, she starred in the BBC's popular long-running British medical drama Doctors as Jane Powers, a wealthy businesswoman, and the mother of Dr. Caroline Powers. Jane Powers, after being widowed, was due to marry her much younger fiancé David Wilde, but in the lead-up to the wedding, her daughter (Caroline) and fiancé David fell in love and ran off together. Her last appearance was on June 1, 2001.
On April 30, 2008, she was reunited with Wagner for the filming of a special Hart to Hart edition of the BBC's The Graham Norton Show.
Powers was a contestant on the reality TV show, 11th series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, in which celebrities retreat into the jungle. She was the first celebrity to be eliminated on November 25, 2011.
Powers started a tour of Looped, a stage play about her former co-star Tallulah Bankhead in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on February 26, 2013.
Powers starred in the musical Gotta Dance, which premiered in Chicago in December 2015 through January 2016. The cast also stars Georgia Engel, Lillias White, and Andre DeShields. The musical was directed and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell, with a book by Chad Beguelin and Bob Martin, and the score by Matthew Sklar and Nell Benjamin.
In November 2017, it was announced that Powers has joined the cast for a developmental reading of Love Affair, a new musical with book, music and lyrics by Joseph J. Simeone, based on the 1939 film of the same name. The developmental reading of the musical is being produced by Open Jar Productions as part of their New Works Initiative on November 17, 2017, for an industry-only presentation at the Pershing Square Signature Center.
In 2018, Powers co-starred in the feature film The Artist's Wife alongside lead actors Bruce Dern and Lena Olin. The film's drama plot centres on Claire (Olin), wife of famed artist Richard Smythson (Dern) and once a promising artist herself, she has been living in the shadow of her husband's illustrious career. Whilst preparing work for a new exhibition after a long absence from the art world, Richard is diagnosed with Alzheimer's. Directed by Tom Dolby, the film is currently in post-production.
In May 2018, Cambridge Arts Theatre announced the casting for the United Kingdom stage tour production of James Roose-Evans' adaptation of Helene Hanff's novel 84 Charing Cross Road, in collaboration with Lee Dean and Salisbury Playhouse. 84 Charing Cross Road, which was first published in 1970, is a bittersweet comedy based on the extraordinary true story of the remarkable relationship that developed over 20 years, chronicling New York writer Hanff's correspondence with Frank Doel, the chief buyer for Marks & Co, a London bookshop. In the stage production, Powers portrays Helene Hanff, and Clive Francis portrays Frank Doel. The production opened at Darlington Hippodrome on Wednesday 23 May, before touring to Wolverhampton, Malvern, Richmond, Oxford and finishing at Cambridge Arts Theatre on 30 June 2018.
For her role as Jennifer Hart, Powers received two Emmy Best Television Actress nominations, and five Golden Globe Award Best Television Actress nominations.
In 1992, Powers was a recipient of a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6776 Hollywood Boulevard, category 'Television', presented by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce.
Powers was awarded the Sarah Siddons Award in 1993 for her stage performance in Love Letters.
On March 12, 2011, Powers received the Steiger Award (Germany) for accomplishment in the arts.
On November 6, 2017, Powers was honored by the Palm Springs Women in Film & Television Organisation (PSWIFT) with the "9th Annual Broken Glass Award" for her work as an actress, author and animal advocate. PSWIFT presents this award to outstanding women from the Film and Television industry who have "broken through the glass ceiling" in the field of entertainment, the arts and philanthropy. Other 2017 Award recipients included actress Lucie Arnaz, President of LA-SAG-AFTRA Jane Austin, TV executive producer, writer and actress Kellee McQuinn, and Palm Springs, California community philanthropist Nelda Linsk. PSWIFT is a non-profit organization founded in 2001, dedicated to promoting both men and women in the entertainment, new media and creative arts community.
Powers was married to actor Gary Lockwood from 1966 to 1972. She had a relationship with actor William Holden from just after her divorce to just before his death that led to their joint involvement with wildlife conservation. He died in 1981; by the following year, Powers was the founder and president of the William Holden Wildlife Foundation and a director of the Mount Kenya Game Ranch and Wildlife Conservancy in Nanyuki, Kenya. In the United States, she works with both the Cincinnati Zoo and Atlanta Zoo. She devotes a great deal of time to the cause and is an international guest speaker on wildlife preservation.
Powers told BBC Radio 4's Broadcasting House programme that she campaigned for Robert F. Kennedy during his 1968 presidential campaign.
On April 1, 1993, she married Patrick Houitte de la Chesnais (born May 7, 1951, Versailles, France); the couple divorced in 1999.
A polo player, she was among the first foreign members of the Royal County of Berkshire Polo Club in the United Kingdom, whose membership includes HRH The Prince of Wales. In 2005, she competed in the Joules United Kingdom National Women's Championships at Ascot.
In November 2008, Powers, who was a smoker for 20 years, was diagnosed with alveolar carcinoma, a form of lung cancer. She had surgery to remove part of her right lung on January 29, 2009, the same month her mother died of pneumonia, aged 96, in Los Angeles.
Christine Dusseau "The Real Easy Red Dog"
1961 Bat Masterson Ann Elkins Episode: "Dead Man's Claim"
1962 Bonanza Calamity Jane Episode: "Calamity Over the Comstock"
1963 Route 66 Julie Severn Episode: "A Cage in Search of a Bird"
1969 Love, American Style Poppy Episode: "Love and the Doorknob"
1971 McCloud Model Episode: "Top of the World, Ma!"
1972 Cannon Kelly Prentiss Episode: "The Rip-off", "Kelly's Song"
The Streets of San Francisco Kim Episode: "No Place To Hide"
The Mod Squad Francie Drango Episode: "The Connection"
1975 The Rockford Files Christine Dusseau Episode: "The Real Easy Red Dog"
1976 The Six Million Dollar Man Shalon Episodes: "The Return of Bigfoot Part 1/2", "The Secret of Bigfoot Part 1/2"
^ a b Stefanie Zofya Paul birth registration, californiabirthindex.org; accessed April 3, 2014.
^ "Classic Hollywood: Stefanie Powers reveals affair with William Holden in 'One From the Hart'". November 3, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2019 – via LA Times.
^ a b "'Hart to Hart' -- 1979/1984". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ a b "Latest breaking news NZ". Stuff. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ a b "Stefanie Powers - Television Academy". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ Joseph F. Clarke (1977). Pseudonyms. BCA. p. 134.
^ Fred Landesman (May 7, 2004). The John Wayne Filmography. McFarland. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-7864-3252-3.
^ a b Stefanie Powers (October 25, 2011). One from the Hart. Simon and Schuster. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-4391-7211-7.
An IMDb posting states that Powers' "... father, Morrison Bloomfield Paul, was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to a Jewish immigrant family from Eastern Europe. Her mother ... was born in New York, to Polish Catholic immigrants", One from the Hart, Gallery Books (reprint edition, October 25, 2011), ISBN 1439172110/ISBN 978-1439172117.
^ a b c One from the Heart: a memoir. Gallery Books, Simon and Schuster, Inc. pp. 9, 256. ISBN 978-1-4391-7210-0.
^ Jeffrey Paul birth registration, familytreelegends.com; accessed April 3, 2014.
^ Jeffrey Paul profile, californiabirthindex.org; accessed April 3, 2014.
^ "50 Plus Senior News". Powers Surge. Archived from the original on December 16, 2004. Retrieved June 13, 2006.
^ a b c d Radio, Crn Talk (September 29, 2011). "9/29 Robert Conrad Talks with Stephanie Powers!". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "Washington: Behind Closed Doors (1977) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ O'Connor, John J. (March 1, 1978). "TV:True ,story, 'Death in Canaan'". Retrieved April 16, 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
^ "Death In Canaan (1978) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
^ Powers, Stefanie (October 25, 2011). "One from the Hart". Simon and Schuster. Retrieved April 16, 2019 – via Google Books.
^ Keach, Stacy (October 15, 2013). "All in All: An Actor's Life On and Off the Stage". Rowman & Littlefield. Retrieved April 16, 2019 – via Google Books.
^ Barmash, Isadore (December 11, 1978). "Newspaper Strike Hurt City Sales". Retrieved April 16, 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
^ Staff, Variety (January 1, 1979). "Escape to Athena". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ John J. O'Connor (September 24, 1984). "TV Review; 'Mistral's Daughter' Starts Tonight". The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
^ O'Connor, John J. "TV: TRUE MURDER STORY IN 'AT MOTHER'S REQUEST'". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ Staff, Variety (February 11, 1991). "Musical 'Matador' Rides Into London". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ a b "About Us (see Awardees)" Archived November 21, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, sarahsiddonssociety.org, accessed August 3, 2015.
^ "Tv`s Former Harts Provide An Ironic Postscript To `Love Letters`". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ Lefkowitz, David. " 'Applause' Tour Closes for Retooling" playbill.com, November 25, 1996.
^ TV.com. "Through the Keyhole". TV.com. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "Doctors - Caroline Powers - BBC One". BBC. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "BBC - Press Office - Hart To Hart co-stars reunited on The Graham Norton Show". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here 2011 … the contestants revealed". November 9, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2018 – via www.theguardian.com.
^ Cox, Gordon. "Stefanie Powers, Georgia Engel Join Cast of Broadway-Bound 'Gotta Dance'", Variety.com, June 29, 2015.
^ Desk, BWW News. "Stefanie Powers Rounds Out Cast of LOVE AFFAIR Industry Reading". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "The Artist's Wife - Celsius Entertainment - London - Film Sales". Retrieved April 16, 2019.
^ Desk, BWW News. "Full Cast Announced For UK Tour Of 84 CHARING CROSS ROAD Starring Stefanie Powers and Clive Francis". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
^ Desk, BWW News. "Stefanie Powers and Clive Francis Star In New UK Tour Of 84 CHARING CROSS ROAD". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
^ "84 Charing Cross Road - UK Tour - Casting - What's On". April 3, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
^ Medien, Hellen. "Projekte GmbH". Der Steiger Award. Büro Der Steiger Award. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
^ "What do Lucie Arnaz, Stefanie Powers and a "True Blood" stuntwoman all have in common?". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ "Palm Springs Women in Film & Television - Home". www.pswift.org. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ The William Holden Wildlife Foundation website; accessed June 16, 2014.
^ "Actress Stefanie Powers dishes on her love William Holden". Today. October 29, 2010.
^ "Broadcasting House". January 22, 2012.
^ Marriage to Patrick Houitte de la Chesnais, dailymail.co.uk; accessed March 14, 2015.
^ "Empowered Beauty - PORTLAND MAGAZINE". www.portlandmonthly.com. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ Powers discusses cancer battle, lifescript.com; accessed April 3, 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stefanie Powers.


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Institute of Culture and Memory Studies › Members
SICRIS
Jovana Mihajlović Trbovc is a political scientist dealing with political issues from perspective of culture studies. Her research field is the politics of the past and public memory of the crimes which happened during the dissolution of Yugoslavia and during the Second World War. She is especially focused on the impact of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) on the post-Yugoslav states, as well as the reproduction of the historical narratives in the school textbooks.
Marginally she dealt with the issues of media politics in the states of the Western Balkans. As an activist she was involved in the civil-society initiatives dealing with post-conflict issues.
MIHAJLOVIĆ TRBOVC, Jovana. Homecomings from "The Hague": media coverage of ICTY defendants after trial and punishment. International criminal justice review, 2018, doi: 10.1177/1057567718766222.
MIHAJLOVIĆ TRBOVC, Jovana, PETROVIĆ, Vladimir. The impact of the ICTY on democratization in the Yugoslav successor states. V: RAMET, Sabrina P. (ur.), HASSENSTAB, Christine M. (ur.), LISTHAUG, Ola (ur.). Building democracy in the Yugoslav successor states : accomplishments, setbacks, and challenges since 1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, str. 135-161.
MIHAJLOVIĆ TRBOVC, Jovana, HOFMAN, Ana. Priročnik za uvajanje spolno občutljivega pristopa v raziskovanje in poučevanje. 1. e-izd. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, 2016. http://zalozba.zrc-sazu.si/p/1341.
PETKOVIĆ, Brankica (urednik), MIHAJLOVIĆ TRBOVC, Jovana (urednik). Media integrity matters : reclaiming public service values in media and journalism. 2nd ed. Ljubljana: Peace Institute, Institute for Contemporary Social and Political Studies, 2015. http://mediaobservatory.net/sites/default/files/media%20integrity%20matters_za%20web_FINAL.pdf
MIHAJLOVIĆ TRBOVC, Jovana. Memory after ethnic cleansing : victims' and perpetrators' narratives in Prijedor. Razprave in gradivo, 2014, no. 72, str. 25-41. http://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-7WNZOA3Z
MIHAJLOVIĆ TRBOVC, Jovana, PAVASOVIĆ TROŠT, Tamara. Who were the anti-Fascists? : divergent interpretation of WWII in contemporary post-Yugoslav history textbooks. V: KARNER, Christian (ur.), MERTENS, Bram (ur.).The use and abuse of memory : interpreting world war in contemporary European politics. New Branuswick: Transaction Publishers, 2013, str. 173-192.
All publications (COBISS) >>
Sounds of border: Music and identity in Slovenian border regions (postdoctoral research project • 1 May 2009–30 April 2011)
Communities of Practice for Accelerating Gender Equality and Institutional Change in Research and Innovation across Europe - ACT (framework program • 1 May 2018–30 April 2021)
Pilot experiences for improving gender equality in research organisations' — R&I PEERS (framework program • 1 May 2018–30 April 2022)
Bordered Memories: Public Memorializations and Activism in the Context of Global Migrations (bilateral project • 1 January 2018–31 December 2019)
Balkan Kaleidoscope (1 August 2017–1 February 2019)
Other projects >>
Dealing with the past: putting Slovenia in comparative perspective (postdoctoral research project • 1 January 2016–30 June 2018)
Gendering the Academy and Research: Combating Career Instability and Asymmetries (GARCIA) (framework program • 1 February 2014–31 January 2017)
Trans-making – Art / culture / economy to democratize society. Research in placemaking for alternative narratives (international research project • 1 January 2017–31 December 2020)
2015, Institute of Culture and Memory Studies, Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana
2010-2011, Coalition for RECOM (RECOM is a regional commission for the establishment of facts about war crimes and other serious violations of human rights committed in the former Yugoslavia from January 1, 1991 until December 31, 2001), regional NGO initiative
2009-2013, Peace Institute, Institute for Contemporary Social and Political Studies , Ljubljana, Slovenia
2007, Radio Student, Ljubljana, Slovenia
2005-2006, Canadian International Development Agency, Canadian Embassy Belgrade, Serbia
PhD in Balkan Studies, 2014, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljani, Slovenia.
Thesis title: "Public Narratives of the Past in the Framework of Transitional Justice Processes: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina"
MA in Nationalism Studies, 2008, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary.
Thesis title: "Forging Identity through Negotiation: The Case of the Contemporary Bosniak Nation"
BA in International Affairs, 2006, Faculty of Political Science, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
BSc in Politics and International Relations, 2006, London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, External Programme.
Mother tongue: Serbian
Active: Slovenian, English
Passive: Italian, Russiean, German
GUEST LECTURE
- "War crime trials and public memory of the war in Bosnia", Brownbag Seminars: Current Research on Southeastern Europe, Centre for Southeast European Studies, Univerza v Gradcu, November 2015.
- "Who cares about the facts?! The Influence of the International Tribunal (ICTY) on Public Memory in Bosnia and Herzegovina", at PhD seminar, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, November 2015.
- "Transitional Justice and Culture of Memory", at MA course Culture of Memory, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Croatia, May 2015.
Ernst Mach worldwide grant, Austrian Agency for International Cooperation in Education and Research (OeAD), Visiting Fellow, Centre for Southeastern European Studies, University of Graz, Austria (Oct. 2015 – Jan. 2016)
Junior Research Fellowship (Doctoral Fellowship), Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) (Oct. 2009 –Mar. 2013)
Partial Fellowship, Central European University (Oct. 2007 – Jun. 2008)
Scholarship, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, Serbia (2004 – 2006)
- transitional justice, especially in the region of former Yugoslavia;
- social role of the international criminal tribunals; especially International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY);
- social memory of war;
- history teaching and history textbooks for schools.
Jean Blondel PhD Prize for the best thesis in politics, European Consortium for Political Research (2015). • Best doctoral thesis in the year 2014, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana. • Klinar award for the best doctoral thesis in the field of ethnic studies, Faculty of Social Sciences.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/ Business Resources / (COVID-19) – Business Resources
Coronavirus (COVID-19) - Business Resources
The Henry County Development Authority has compiled the following information and recommendations to help our established businesses and employers plan, prepare and respond to Coronavirus (Covid-19). We encourage businesses to monitor the situation through official sources, like the Georgia Department of Public Health, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Henry County, Municipal Governments and state and local community partners are taking extra precautions to minimize exposure to the Coronavirus COVID-19. For more information on community services, please follow the links below:
HENRY COUNTY GOVERNMENT SERVICES
CITY OF HAMPTON
CITY OF LOCUST GROVE
CITY OF MCDONOUGH
CITY OF STOCKBRIDGE
HENRY COUNTY SCHOOLS
HENRY COUNTY CHAMBER
US CHAMBER CORONAVIRUS RESPONSE TOOLKIT
GEORGIA CHAMBER RESOURCES
METRO ATLANTA CHAMBER COVID-19 RESOURCE PAGE
STATE OF GEORGIA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ATLANTA REGIONAL RESPONSE TO COVID-19
Henry County Stakeholders Forum — Summer Town Hall Series
Webinar (June 8, 2020): Preparing the County for 2020-21 School Year
Additional Webinars to Help You Navigate Challenges of COVID-19
BUSINESS GUIDANCE FOR REOPENING
Georgia's "shelter in place" orders have expired for many Georgia businesses. However, under current orders, extended through August 11, 2020, businesses must continue to operate with social distancing and sanitation rules to keep customers and employees safe.
Residents and visitors are encouraged to wear face coverings in public, except when eating, drinking, or exercising outdoors. Sanitation activities should be practiced in accordance with the guidelines published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
COVID-19 Guidelines for Georgia businesses, including requirements for business operations in Georgia, are available here.
For information from the Georgia Department of Public Health regarding return-to-work information and guidance during COVID-19, click here.
The CDC has provided guidance to keep people safe during reopening. On Thursday, May 14, the Center for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) released guidance for specific industries and communities. Listed below are links to the new guidelines by category which include fact sheets, posters, FAQs and flow-chart decision tools:
Schools & Child Care
First Responders & Law Enforcement
Click HERE to view new CDC Guidelines!
SBA Coronavirus (COVID-19): Small Business Guidance & Loan Resources
Economic Injury Disaster Loans and Loan Advance
SBA Debt Relief
SBA Express Bridge Loans
Guidance for Businesses and Employers
SBA Products and Resources
Local Assistance
US Department of Treasury Small Business Assistance
U.S. Chamber of Commerce "Coronavirus Emergency Loans Small Business Guide and Checklist"
U.S. Senate Committee on Small Business & Entrepreneurship "The Small Business Owner's Guide to the CARES Act"
FDIC – Disaster Recovery and Your Money
U.S Export Import Bank – COVID-19 Relief Provisions
ACE – Small Business Loans
Do you have the tools needed to conquer a business crisis? The Small Business Development Center has put together a Guide to Conquering a Business Crisis to help small businesses facing challenges. The Small Business Development Center has also teamed up with the Georgia Department of Economic Development and the Georgia Department of Community Affairs to offer webinars on small business resources provided by the CARES Act.
Georgia Department of Labor: Employers are required to file partial claims on behalf of their employees whenever it is necessary to temporarily reduce work hours or there is no work available for a short period. Please review the NEW Information for filing for unemployment, mandatory filing by employers for partial claims, and reemployment services.
The Georgia Department of Public Health, the state's official COVID-19 response team, recommends that employers and employees:
Use teleworking technologies to the greatest extent possible.
Stagger work schedules.
Consider canceling non-essential travel.
COVID-19: Department of Public Health Resources for Businesses and Employers
Georgia Department of Public Health COVID-19 Daily Status Report
Preparing and Responding to COVID-19
Interim Guidance for Businesses and Employers: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued Interim Guidance for businesses and employers based on what is currently known about the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The CDC will update this interim guidance as needed and as additional information becomes available.
The Georgia Chamber has created a Small Business Guidance Overview document containing a list of links to these essential resources. Please click HERE to download and view this summary.
In their mission to serve manufactureres across Georgia, the Georgia Manufacturing Extension Partnership( GaMEP) has compiled a resources page for the latest in helpful links, webinars, and current information. Click HERE to download the GaMep Business Guide to Covid-19.
ADDITIONAL EMPLOYER RESOURCES
CDC – Interim Guidance for Businesses and Employers
CDC Cleaning and Disinfecting Guidelines
CDC – Related Stigmas
SBA – Employer's Guide
SHRM Coronavirus Resources
Department of Homeland Security – Business Continuity Planning
UGA Small Business Development Center
Georgia Secretary of State – Fraudulent Coronavirus Charities
CONTACT COVID-19 HOTLINE
The State of Georgia has a new COVID-19 hotline. If you believe that you are experiencing symptoms of COVID-19 or have been exposed to the novel coronavirus, please contact your primary care doctor, an urgent care clinic, or your local federally qualified healthcare center. Please do not show up unannounced at an emergency room or health care facility.


Puppetry Isn't Just For Kids!
Puppetry is an art form with traditions dating back through the centuries in nations all over the world. In many cultures, puppetry is not only a form of entertainment, but a way of teaching traditions and religions, of communicating and expressing the views of the people, a way to keep the culture alive. The view of puppetry as merely children's entertainment is a relatively recent trend in western civilization.
Today, puppetry is endangered in several countries. There are fewer people among the younger generations willing to carry on the traditions of the puppet performers and craftspersons.


I strongly believe that to build a stable financial life, you've got to live within your income.
In order words: Run from bad debts with the speed of a Husain Bolt. Now, I don't think you can pull that off without a good planning.
A budget planner helps you to keep watch over your finances - of course, if you don't you would probably spend 500 bucks on a piece of candy - I joke.
So, in this post, I will show you some free budget planners that can help you keep track of your money and reduce your spendings.
The Halyer Fiser Budget Planner is a simple and easy to use budget planning sheet for tracking your monthly bills.
If you want something you can quickly look up to check your monthly bills payment, then this budget planning tool is a good choice to have.
If you need a free budget planner to seamlessly monitor your expenses, track your budget goals and figure how you can save more, then the Goodbye to Broke Budget Planner is a good choice for you.
One feature you should really take a full advantage of its debt tracker, which makes it easy to know where all your money is going, cut down on your monthly spendings, save more money and pay off your debt.
Do you want to keep your eye on the basics?
I mean just your spendings. Then the Savor Savvy Budget Planning sheet is a good option.
What you would probably like most about this budget planner for expenses is how it leaves complexities out the door and let your focus on the easy - but effective stuff.
It's also a free - but awesome budget planner.
The Clean and Scentsible Family Budget is a printable free budget template.
With this budget planner, you can easily take a quick look at your budget, spendings, and goals - and most importantly how well you've been able to stick to your budgeting plans.
It's also good for monitoring your income, expenses, how much you want to save, and your overall finances in varied scopes.
If you want a highly detailed analysis into what is going on with your finances, then the Printable Crush Budget Planner is a good option.
It's a free and printable monthly budget sheet that gives you an in-depth look into how your income fair compared to your expenses.
What more? You may probably want to stick with it for a really long just testing it for the first time. It's a really good budget planning option and it also works really great for everyone.
It's equally helpful for someone who wants to pay off credit card debts easily.
Don't be caught by the name though. This free budget planner can useful for everyone - a student who wants to keep track of his pocket money or a mom who needs to keep watch of family expenses on groceries.
The College Life Made Easy Budget Planner is good for setting goals for your monthly spendings and sticking with your set goals.
It's a free and fun tool for watching over your monthly spendings.
If you want to keep a good watch on your overall spendings and your finances, a good approach is to first check off all expenses that seem to be compulsory - and of course, that includes your bills.
Doing that will help you focus on ways to easily minimize your spendings and increase your spendings.
My Frugal Home Bill is a free Budget Planner that comes in handy for the job.
Like other free budget planners on the list. It's not only free - it is also really effective.
The Mom's Take is another budget planner that comes in a handy for you.
It's one really awesome - but free budget planner to help you decide and plan how to spend your finances, pay off your debt, live within your income and increase your savings.
What more? You would probably love the cool theme that comes with it.
The thirty Handmade Budget planner is another free budget planner you'll love to try out.
For instance, having a set monthly spending limit is one of the ways to increase your commitment to monthly savings and a stable financial life.
This free budget planner makes it easy to stick to your monthly spending limit and also meet your monthly savings goal.
In my own opinion, I would consider the WorldLabel Home Finance printable as an overall budget tracking printable. It's always a good choice to help manage your income and expenses and compared with your set financial goal.
Knowing your financial weak points helps a long way to pay off debt and live your set financial goal.
The WorldLabel Home Finance printables help to accomplish that goal with an easy budget planner to compare your income with your spendings.
If you want something really easy, then the Booming Homestead Printable Budget planner one. A good tool for managing your budget.
Most importantly, when your spendings seem difficult to control, a complex budget planning sheet would probably make your head spin. You want to keep the budget details simple and easy to look up each time.
One thing I'm always very concerned about when designing a budget is to avoid being messy. To do that, you need to keep it simple but neat.
I've come across some pretty good budget printables that get things done.
But if you want to keep your budget neat, simple and easy to manage, then A Cultivated Nest is a good choice for a budget planner to help.
Like the other ones already featured in this post, it's also a free budget planner.
The mom's take family budget planner is more like a financial handmaid.
Moms mostly oversee the basic needs of the family. Think of groceries and all.
I don't think you can manage all the spendings that go into that without a budget planner that makes it easy to sort them into categories and track your monthly expenses for each category.
The Mom's take Family Budget Planner is a free budget planner for the moms to take advantage of in that case.
I know you must have guessed that from the name already. It's majorly a simple sheet for setting your financial goals - not specifically a budget planning sheet.
But, that means nothing anyway.
Like the rest of the budgeting sheets in this post, the Simply Organized Home goal setting and budget planning sheet is great for keeping watch on how you manage your income, setting your financial goals and auditing your financial goals.
Food Life Design Budget is a simple and free budget planner for recording your weekly spendings and budget goals.
Every single day counts in budget planning. That's because days add up to months and eventually make up a yearly budget.
So, One sure way to successfully control your spendings is to always have a view of what your daily budget looks like.
Of course, that may seem a bit tedious if you've got a lot in your hands. But, you can still monitor your weekly spendings and take care of your weekly budget.
If you can meet up with your weekly budget goals, then meeting up with your monthly budget goals would come easy.
Maybe you want to start off simple. This is a pretty easy weekly-budget template. It allows you to record your spending and saving each week.
Why do you need a budget planner?
You can't really know how much of your income goes into your groceries if you or even your .... if you don't know your daily, weekly or monthly spendings.
Even for someone who's a born penny pincher, the basic rule is that you don't know how much to cut off or how much to save without keeping track on your finances or planning your budget.
This is obviously simple. The more you are able to cut off from your spendings, the more of your income you'd be able to save.
Even a simple budget planner can be very effective in achieving that.
One thing that helped me most while in college was having a set financial goal and being able to keep to the set goals.
What percentage of the income you plan to invest.
A budget planning sheet helps to keep watch on all of that.
Okay, let's be honest. There is a mixed feeling that comes up whenever I think of that word.
Why would you even think of your net worth in the first place when your not a "Zuck".
But here it is: A net-worth is a net-worth. It doesn't have to run into millions of bucks to make it count. Even if it's just a couple of thousand dollars.
But the Irony of it is this: You would probably never make it count in the first place if you don't keep a watch on it.
That's why it helps to always keep a watch on your budgets.
To make it easy you would need a budget planner. The cool aspect is it doesn't have to be really sophisticated like many paid budget planning apps online.
A simple free budget planner or a printable budget planning sheet can also be really useful.
To keep track of your finances, you have to be in tune with your income, your spendings and how much of your income goes into your spendings.
But, you can't really do much if you don't know how much is coming into your purse in the very first instance. That is where a budget planner comes in.
A budget planner helps you to know where every single penny goes.
Do you have a monthly budget, If yes, how often do you track your monthly expenses?
Do you think it's necessary, if not why don't you?
Have you used any budget planner to track your budget and finances before and how did it go?
Which of the free budget planners on this list do you have an experience using and did it help?
I'll love to hear all of your thoughts. So let's keep them rolling. Share your thoughts in the comment box.
If you've not used any of these free budget planners before, you may just share your experience with any budget planning tool you've used in the comment section.


but from hearing it deterred.
So this month's meditation will combine the two but focus on the throat.
The color is deep Blue, the crystal is Sapphire, the note is "G". The intention is for self-expression.
The centerpiece in our sacred grid is a rare crystal singing bowl made from the alchemy of quartz crystal and Blue Sapphire. This bowl as well as other ancient Tibetan bowls tuned to the note G, will activate our voices in unison to chant with the monks, sing with the whales, and OM with Mother earth in this unique ensemble of voice alchemy.
Please register at recharj.com/schedule. Drop in rates are $18.
Questions? Visit crystalashram.com or email monte@crystalashram.com. Text or Call 410-980-1324.
Questions? Call Liz at 410-980-1324. Visit crystalashram.com or email monte@crystalashram.com. Text or call 410-980-1324.
Human Activation sound frequency specialist Monte Hansen will be playing several of these rare Singing Bowls, some of which are over 200 years old.


This is a placeholder page for Jim Emerson, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Jim Emerson.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Jim Emerson. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Jim Emerson. We created this page automatically in hopes Jim Emerson would find it. If you are not Jim Emerson, but are an alumni of Omro High School, register on this site for free now.


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ISO/TC 22/SC 34/WG 4 - Piston rings
Segments de pistons
WorkField
Standardization Organization
Project Code
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Internal combustion engines -- Piston rings
This document classifies materials intended for the manufacture of piston rings, based on their mechanical properties and the stresses the materials are capable of withstanding. This document is applicable to piston rings for reciprocating internal combustion engines up to and including those of 200Â mm in diameter. It is also applicable to piston rings of compressors working under similar conditions.
This document defines the measuring principles to be used for measuring piston rings; it applies to piston rings up to and including 200 mm diameter for reciprocating internal combustion engines. This document can be used for piston rings for compressors working under analogous conditions.
This document specifies quality aspects that can be defined but that are not normally found on a drawing specification. It covers the following: — single‑piece piston rings of grey cast iron or steel; — multi‑piece piston rings (oil control rings) consisting of cast iron parts and spring components; and — single‑piece and multi‑piece oil control rings of steel, i.e. oil control rings in the form of strip steel components or steel segments (rails) with spring expander components. In addition to specifying some of the limits of acceptance relating to inspection measuring principles (covered by ISO 6621‑2), this document also covers those features for which no recognized quantitative measurement procedures exist and which are only checked visually with normal eyesight (glasses if worn normally) and without magnification. Such features (superficial defects) are additional to the standard tolerances of ring width, radial wall thickness and closed gap. This document does not establish acceptable quality levels (AQL), it being left to manufacturer and customer to decide the appropriate levels jointly. In this case, the recommendations of ISO 2859‑1 are followed. This document specifies the quality requirements of piston rings for reciprocating internal combustion engines for road vehicles and other applications. It is applicable to all such rings of a nominal diameter from 30 mm up to and including 200 mm.
This document specifies the essential dimensions of coil-spring-loaded oil control rings made of steel, of piston ring types SOR (with R-shaped groove) and SOV (with V-shaped groove). This document applies to coil-spring-loaded oil control rings made of steel with a diameter from 60 mm up to and including 160 mm for reciprocating internal combustion engines. It can also be used for piston rings in compressors working under analogous conditions.
ISO 6621-1:2018 defines the most commonly used terms for piston rings. These terms designate either types of piston rings or certain characteristics and phenomena of piston rings. The terms and definitions in this document apply to piston rings for reciprocating internal combustion engines. They may also be used for piston rings of compressors working under analogous conditions. NOTE 1 Further terms and definitions covering measuring principles are given in ISO 6621-2:2003. NOTE 2 This document gives the equivalent terms in the Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish language.
ISO 6624-3:2017 specifies the essential dimensional features of keystone rings made of steel, types T, TB, TBA, TM, K, KB, KBA and KM, having diameters from 70 mm up to and including 160 mm, used in reciprocating internal combustion piston engines.
ISO 6624-1:2017 specifies the essential dimensional features of keystone rings made of cast iron, types T, TB, TBA, TM, K, KB, KBA and KM, having diameters from 70 mm up to and including 200 mm, used in reciprocating internal combustion piston engines.
ISO 6624-4:2016 specifies the essential dimensional features of half keystone rings made of steel, types HK, HKB and HKBA, having nominal diameters from 50 mm up to, and including, 160 mm, used in reciprocating internal combustion piston engines for road vehicles and other applications.
ISO 6624-2:2016 specifies the essential dimensional features of half keystone rings made of cast iron, types HK, HKB and HKBA, having nominal diameters from 38 mm up to, and including, 160 mm, used in reciprocating internal combustion piston engines for road vehicles and other applications.
ISO 6621-4:2015 specifies the general characteristics of piston rings for reciprocating internal combustion engines for road vehicles and other applications (the individual dimensional criteria for these rings are given in the relevant International Standards). It also provides a system for ring coding, designation, and marking. It is applicable to all such rings of a nominal diameter from 30 mm up to and including 200 mm.
ISO 6622-2:2013 specifies the essential dimensional features of rectangular rings made of steel, types R, B, BA, and M having nominal diameters from 30 mm up to and including 160 mm, used in reciprocating internal combustion piston engines for road vehicles and other applications.
ISO 6626-2:2013 specifies the essential dimensional features of coil-spring-loaded oil control rings made of cast iron, types DSF-C, SSF, GSF, DSF, SSF-L, DSF-NG and DSF-CNP. It is applicable to those piston rings in sizes 60 mm to 110 mm, inclusive, for reciprocating internal combustion engines for road vehicles and other applications.
ISO 6623:2013(Main)
Internal combustion engines -- Piston rings -- Scraper rings made of cast iron
ISO 6623:2013 specifies the essential dimensional features of scraper rings made of cast iron, types N, NM, E, and EM, having diameters from 30 mm up to and including 200 mm, used in reciprocating internal combustion engines for road vehicles and other applications.
Internal combustion engines -- Piston rings -- Expander/segment oil-control rings
ISO 6627:2011 specifies the essential dimensional features of expander/segment oil-control rings, without providing a complete product description (because expander‑spacer design varies from piston-ring manufacturer to piston-ring manufacturer, the interaction between the manufacturer and the client will determine specific design details). It applies to expander/segment oil-control rings of nominal diameters ranging from 40 mm to 125 mm for reciprocating internal combustion engines for road vehicles and other applications. It also applies to piston rings for compressors working under analogous conditions.
ISO/FDIS 6622-1(Main)
ISO 6622-1:2003 specifies the essential dimensional features of rectangular rings made of cast iron, types R, B, BA and M, having diameters up to and including 200 mm, used in reciprocating internal combustion piston engines. It is also applicable to piston rings of compressors working under similar conditions.
Internal combustion engines -- Piston rings -- Coil-spring-loaded oil control rings
Specifies the essential dimensions of piston ring types DSF-C, DSF-CNP, SSF, GSF, DSF, DSF-NG and SSF-L coil-spring-loaded oil control rings. The normal range for the axial width of coil-spring-loaded oil control rings (3 to 8 mm inclusive) is divided into 0,5 or 1,0 mm steps. Applies to coil-spring-loaded oil control rings up to and including 200 mm diameter for reciprocating internal combustion piston engines and may also be used for piston rings of compressors working under similar conditions.
Internal combustion engines -- Piston rings -- Oil control rings
Specifies the essential dimensional features of S-, G-, D- and DV-oil control piston ring types. The normal range for the axial width of oil control rings (2,5 to 8 mm inclusive) is divided into 0,5 or 1,0 mm increments. Applies to oil control rings up to and including 200 mm diameter for reciprocating internal combustion piston engines and may also be used for piston rings for compressors working under similar conditions.
ISO 6621-5:2013 specifies those quality aspects that are capable of definition but not normally found on a drawing specification. It is applicable to the following: single-piece piston rings of grey cast iron or steel; multi-piece piston rings (oil control rings) consisting of cast iron parts and spring components; single-piece and multi-piece oil control rings of steel, i.e. oil control rings in the form of strip steel components or steel segments (rails) with spring expander components. In addition to specifying certain of the limits of acceptance relating to inspection measuring principles (covered by ISO 6621-2), ISO 6621-5:2013 also covers those features for which no recognized quantitative measurement procedures exist and which are only checked visually with normal eyesight (spectacles if worn normally) and without magnification. Such features (superficial defects) are additional to the standard tolerances of ring width, radial wall thickness, and closed gap. ISO 6621-5:2013 does not establish acceptable quality levels (AQL), it being left to manufacturer and client to decide the appropriate levels jointly. In this case, the recommendations of ISO 2859 are followed. ISO 6621-5:2013 specifies the quality requirements of piston rings for reciprocating internal combustion engines for road vehicles and other applications. It is applicable to all such rings of a nominal diameter from 30 mm up to and including 200 mm.
ISO 6626-3:2008 specifies the essential dimensions of coil-spring-loaded, nitrided oil control rings made of steel, of piston ring types SOR (with R-shaped groove) and SOV (with V-shaped groove). ISO 6626-3:2008 applies to coil-spring-loaded, nitrided oil control rings made of steel with a diameter of between 60 mm and 200 mm inclusive for reciprocating internal combustion engines. It can also be used for piston rings of compressors working under analogous conditions.
ISO 6621-2:2003 specifies the principles to be used in the measuring for inspection purposes of piston rings for both reciprocating internal combustion engines and compressors working under analogous conditions. It is applicable to all such rings of a diameter greater than or equal to 200 mm.
ISO 6624-4:2003 specifies the essential dimensional features of half keystone rings made of steel, types HK and HKB, having diameters of from 38 mm up to and including 160 mm, used in reciprocating internal combustion piston engines.
ISO 6624-2:2003 specifies the essential dimensional features of half keystone rings made of cast iron, types HK and HKB, having diameters of from 38 mm up to and including 160 mm, used in reciprocating internal combustion piston engines.
This part of ISO 6621 classifies materials intended for the manufacture of piston rings, based on their mechanical properties and the stresses the materials are capable of withstanding. This part of ISO 6621 is applicable to piston rings for reciprocating internal combustion engines up to and including those of 200 mm in diameter. It is also applicable to piston rings of compressors working under similar conditions.


Welcome to the first AFoD blog post for 2011. I've decided to start the new year out with an interview with Hal Pomeranz. Hal is very well known in the information security community and is probably best known for this work with the SANS Institute as the driving force behind the Linux/Unix security content for SANS. Hal is also part of the SANS digital forensics team and has recently been spending quite a bit of time writing, researching, and teaching on various digital forensic topics.
A dynamic and experienced technology authority, Hal Pomeranz is the Founder and Technical Lead of Deer Run Associates, a consulting company focusing on Computer Forensic Investigations and Information Security. He has spent more than twenty years providing pragmatic Information Technology and Security solutions for some of the world's largest commercial, government, and academic institutions.
Hal is a Faculty Fellow of the SANS Institute, and it's longest-tenured instructor. He is the track author and primary instructor for Sec506: the Linux/Unix Security certification track (GCUX). He is also a GIAC Certified Forensic Analyst (GCFA) and an instructor in the SANS Computer Forensics curriculum. Hal frequently contributes to the SANS Computer Forensics blog, and is a co-author with fellow SANS instructor Ed Skoudis and Tim Medin of the weekly on-line Command Line Kung Fu column.
A leader in the community, Hal has served on the Board of Directors for USENIX, BayLISA, and BackBayLISA. He is a co-founder of the IT Professionals Forum. He is a frequent presenter at national and local technical gatherings, and the author of numerous books and articles on subjects ranging from Computer Forensics to Information Security to System and Network Management to Perl Programming. Hal also served as the Technical Editor for Sys Admin Magazine during its last four years of publication. He is a recipient of the SAGE Outstanding Achievement award for his teaching and leadership in the field of System Administration.
Prior to founding his consulting company, Hal's career included a variety of roles from System and Network Operations, to Network and Security Architecture, and even Software Development. He has worked for an equally diverse set of employers including AT&T Bell Laboratories, NASA, the University of Pennsylvania, TRW Financial Systems, and even an Internet start-up, NetMarket, which was the first company to conduct a secure financial transaction on the World-Wide Web. As a consultant for Deer Run Associates, Hal's client list includes Cisco, Microsoft, eBay, the FBI and several other government agencies.
AFoD: Many of the top level people in our community come from a law enforcement or military background. The paths that these people take into digital forensics are generally defined by traditional law enforcement and military career development processes. You are part of the top level of people who have entered digital forensics from the information technology world. Can you describe your journey into the digital forensics community?
HP: I started my career as a Unix Sys Admin. My first boss, an early mentor of mine, saw my interest in Computer Security and nurtured that. So I ended up as a Unix Admin who was also an InfoSec person.
interaction with computer crime events, even if it's just in the course of defending your own networks. As it turns out, my second job was at the University of Pennsylvania, whose dial-up services were at the time being used by non-University folks for a lot of nefarious activity. This led to some interaction with law enforcement, including the local FBI office.
consulting practice, though I did occasionally help out friends who were in difficulty and I certainly worked on engagements where I was part of the IT/InfoSec cleanup crew in the wake of an incident. A couple of years ago, however, Rob Lee approached me about an opportunity with Mandiant. Essentially they were looking to develop relationships with other skilled consultants who they could reach out to on an as-needed basis for short-term help during unexpectedly busy periods. "Surge Staff" is the name of the program.
As it turns out though, "unexpectedly busy" seems to be more the rule than the exception. I've spent a lot of time in the last year and a half working on cases through Mandiant. It's been a very positive relationship for both of us, and I've certainly seen my skills expand enormously with the benfit of this experience. Long live the Surge!
AFoD: Becoming part of the SANS digital forensic team is a relatively recent development for you. Doesn't your involvement with SANS predate your involvement with the digital forensics community? I think I remember you saying that you were one of the original SANS Fellows. Can you tell us about your SANS career and how that has impacted your professional development?
HP: Of currently active SANS faculty, I think I can lay claim to being the longest-tenured. Randy Marchany, Gene Schultz, and I have a good-natured argument going about who's the "oldest" SANS faculty member, but we've all been presenting at SANS conferences since the beginning of the 1990's (before the organization was called SANS, by the way). I taught my first paid tutorial for SANS in 1994-- a class called "Securing Solaris: Step-by-Step". Over time, that course gradually morphed in what is now SANS' "Sec506: Linux/Unix Security" track, which is the basis for the GIAC GCUX cert. We rolled the first version of the track out in 2001 I believe. John Green and Lee Brotzman originally contributed material to the track, and much of John's forensics material is still visible. But I've been pretty much the only instructor and author for several years now.
As far as professional development goes, mastering material well enough to teach it to others seems to me to be the highest order of technical expertise you can obtain. I learn a huge amount updating and teaching my courses. And not just from my own research: SANS attracts some incredibly bright experts as students, and I learn something from the folks I teach every time I do a class. Teaching a class in front of a high level technical audience and being open to admitting that there's something you don't know may be one of the most difficult tightrope acts I can imagine. "How are you going to learning anything if you know everything already?", is a motto that appears in my SANS "author's statement" and I think it's true. We are all experts and yet also students at different times and in different subject matter areas. There is so much we can learn from each other!
In the IT community that I grew up in, there was a lot of knowledge transfer going on, both formally and informally. I was lucky enough to be mentored by some truly famous people. Their expectation was that when I achieved a decent level of proficiency, I would educate the next generation-- "pay it forward". I've tried to live up to that. Aside from stimulating my own learning, the other obvious benefit to being out there in the community and teaching/writing, is the personal "networking" and reputation enhancement aspects. For example, my current business association with Mandiant wouldn't have happened if I didn't know Rob Lee because of our mutual involvement in SANS. And certainly I've had former students who have become clients.
AFoD: Ovie Carroll is good at articulating the point about learning from others also. I agree with him when he says he can sit down with anyone learn a couple things from them. There is just so much to know in our field that it's impossible to really master all of it. That's why it's important for people to share even if they don't think they are at the level of someone like you or Rob. Now the fact of the matter is that you are in the top tier of digital forensics people. What sort of skills did you develop over the years that helped you reach this level in the field?
HP: On the technical side of things, there's a whole body of low-level knowledge about file systems, networking, system devices, etc that System Admins in my generation were expected to master. For example, one of the first posts I wrote for the SANS Forensics Blog was a trick that uses alternate superblocks to allow you to mount "dirty" EXT3 file systems. How did I know about that trick? Because twenty years ago recovering broken file systems from alternate superblocks wasn't just a cool trick-- it was a necessary survival strategy! In any event, it turns out that a lot of this technical knowledge is directly applicable to understanding forensic artifacts.
The other technical item that Sys Admins were expected to master was the ability to write code to automate repetitive tasks. I'm dealing with a case right now where I need to process three or four dozen system images. If I tried to do this serially using some of the standard commercial tools, I'd never get it done. But because I can quickly write small shells scripts, Perl programs, etc I can be doing lots of automatic processing in the background while I'm working on specific artifacts that pop out as "interesting". Also, I can read other people's code, find bugs and vulnerabilities, understand what malware is doing, etc. The ability to program provides so much leverage for forensic analysts! It's a shame that more time isn't devoted to teaching these skills in typical forensic curricula.
Looking at non-technical skills, there's a problem-solving strategy that successful IT people tend to develop that's very similar to the process you go through when responding to an incident or working a case. You end up asking the same sorts of questions: "What was the tip-off that something has gone wrong?", "What were you expecting to see instead?", "When was the last time the correct behavior occurred?", and so on. Good IT shops spend a lot of time doing "root cause analysis"-- figuring out exactly what went wrong so that it never happens again. But as forensic analysts we also spend a lot of time figuring out "what went wrong", and the skills sets overlap.
architecture, getting an handle on the site's policies and procedures, and so on. Sometimes I even have to try and deduce how things were supposed to be configured, and then try and figure out where bit rot and entropy have set in-- I call this "IT archeology". You do the same sorts of things when you're pulling apart a forensic image and trying to figure out what the machine was supposed to be doing and what's been happening on the machine.
From a psychological perspective, succeeding in IT over the long term generally means you've developed a certain level of confidence in working with strange problems without much external support or documentation. Computer systems are deterministic-- if you fully understand the technical underpinnings, you should be able to understand past failures and/or predict future behavior. Certainly you develop strong research skills and good testing methodologies, but confidence is key. In the current forensics space, where so much is undocumented and you're often left to your own devices to figure things out, this confidence that you will be able to find a solution is supremely important.
AFoD: There are plenty of people who are in information technology who are good problem solvers and can do some scripting of repetitive tasks, but we both know that doesn't automatically make them good candidates for a role in digital forensics. What do you think are the fundamental building blocks that someone needs to have to be turned into a good digital forensic examiner?
HP: In a nutshell, you want to look for the ones who do the root cause analysis and don't just reboot the machine when something goes wrong. They're the ones who want to figure out *why* a problem happened, not just make it go away. They're going to learn more and learn faster than their peers, and they've got the kind of staying power that comes in handy during investigations.
It also helps if they can write. Do they produce coherent documentation? Are they writing articles or putting their ideas out in the community via other means? Can they convey information to non-technical people? Communication is key, because what we do is a "team sport" that involves lots of people, both technical and non-technical.
And to echo a theme from earlier interviews, I think you're looking for "passion". Is working with computers a job or a calling for your candidate? Do they spend significant amounts of time (especially their own time) on continuing education? I've often said that if I won the lottery tomorrow and didn't have to work for a living, I'd still keep on doing what I do just because I have so much fun with it. There are plenty of frustrations around what we do, so I think you've got to love it in order to get over the rough spots.
AFoD: So lets say that we have someone who has all of the necessary fundamental skills and passion to get into digital forensics work. Let's talk about how you think they should go about it. What would you tell the high school student who wants a career in digital forensics?
What would you tell someone who already has an established career in information technology, but who wants to break into the field of digital forensics?
HP: One piece of the puzzle is having the necessary skills. The question pre-supposes that our candidate has the necessary technical chops to handle the position. But there's a difference between having a large body of technical knowledge under your belt and being able to apply it to an investigation. Some sort of specific training in computer forensic tools and techniques plus some legal background to understand the laws as they apply to forensic investigations is clearly warranted. Obviously, I think SANS training is pretty darn good, but there are lots of other programs out there as well. Caveat emptor.
Another important piece is getting some actual case experience. This can be the hardest part for somebody trying to break into the field. If you're just starting out, then you'll probably have to pay some dues. You might look into large e-discovery firms and contracting shops that do a lot of forensic work. They're more likely to hire junior analysts. Another avenue is law enforcement. It seems like the FBI is interested in bringing on more qualified civilian employees in the computer forensics realm, and state and local law enforcement would probably like a few as well.
If you're already working in a company as an IT professional and would like to make the move into forensics, then you should start cultivating relationships with the people who do incident response for your company. In some cases, there might not be anybody currently in your firm who has that job. In which case, you might talk to your own management about sending you to training so that you can become that person. There's lots of scare stories in the news these days that can bolster your case for creating an internal resource for forensics and incident response.
In the meantime, there are lots of forensic challenges out there that you can use to practice your skills. If you do well in those challenges, it will be good resume material and will likely bring you to the attention of people who are needing to hire forensic experts.
Which brings us to career development item #3. You need to start linking up with the community and getting your name out there. Networking is always the best way to find a job. There's a really interesting forensics community developing on Twitter-- check out Joe Garcia's "Follow Friday" list for a good starting point to find people in the community. Read what these people are saying and the links that they're posting (to their own research and others) and I guarantee you'll learn a lot.
doing your own research and writing your own blog posts, white papers, etc. There are a lot of great Open Source forensics projects that you can contribute to. Log2timeline, regripper, and volatility are all examples of projects where you can easily contribute small modules to expand the power of these tools. Or take on a bigger project-- such as adding support for a new file system type in the Sleuthkit, like EXT4 or XFS (both of which are desperately needed, IMHO).
Try and find local groups in your area-- whether tech groups, ISSA, InfraGard, HTCIA, or what have you-- and find other people with common interests. Get some practice speaking in front of these groups. Submit talks to security conferences, BSides, etc. If you're doing interesting work and can be articulate about it, you'll get a job.
And finally, never ever stop learning. The computer industry in general is all about constant retraining because technology changes so rapidly. The computer forensics field is so new that there's an enormous amount that we don't know and research to be done. That means it's even more important to stay up on the latest knowledge. It's like the sharks that die when they stop swimming-- if you stop learning and updating your skills then your career is going to die. Celeste Stokely taught me, "Learn one big new thing every year." It's good advice and I've tried to stick with it.
AFoD: One of the things we discussed recently on Forensic 4cast was whether someone who is interested in going into digital forensics should pursue an actual degree in digital forensics or something broader like computer science. As I think more about it, it seems if you have a burning desire to get into digital forensics and you want to gain some academic training, it's reasonable to get a degree from one of the handful of good programs that are available. However, this isn't going to be an option for many people.
For example, take a high school student here in the United States who doesn't have a lot of money to spend on college or who wisely don't want to start their professional career with a six figure debt burden. Those students might be limited to situations where they can get in-state tuition at a school in their state of residence and those schools will likely not have a digital forensics program. However, there are many state universities that have excellent programs in areas such computer science and engineering.
What would you recommend for those students? Regardless of their degree option, what topics would you encourage them to study to become better digital forensic examiners?
HP: When I think of specific topics from my educational background that help me in my daily practice it would be things like programming, operating systems, compiler design, algorithms, and so on. I went to a pretty "Ivory Tower" Liberal Arts school, so some of the really practical stuff I had to get on my own by hacking around in the school computer labs (much to the detriment of my GPA). In fact, my major was actually math because my school only offered a minor in computer science and not a full degree program. But I learned a lot from the math curriculum too-- like how to model problems and estimate the computational complexity/processing time requirements, and how to construct proofs and logical arguments.
And I think this latter part-- learning how to think about problems-- is one of the most important things you can get out of college. The specific technologies I studied in school (Pascal programming anybody?) are no longer in vogue. But I "learned how to learn", I learned how to write, and I was exposed to a broad range of topics that end up helping at the oddest times. Heck, the Shakespeare I studied in English Lit once helped me defuse a raging flame-war on an intra-company mailing list!
Undergraduate programs are your chance to get a broad background and explore lots of different subjects. Use this time wisely. If you're able, I would recommend doing your undergrad at a smaller, teaching-focused school where you can get more one-on-one time with the faculty, as opposed to a big research university where you get lost in the crowd. If you get really interested in a field and want to study it in depth, then get into a graduate program-- probably at a well-funded research university, if possible-- and really dive in to your research.
AFoD: Let's talk a bit about the current state of digital forensics. What is your impression of where we are as a community? What do we do well and what do we need to get better at as a community?
do today as compared to a decade ago-- just take memory analysis as one example of many. And we're getting better every day as the result of sterling work by the community.
What we're trying to do now is engineer solutions to problems on platforms where the vendors give us little or no direct support or documentation. In the late 70's and early 80's, Unix people who were faced with a similar situation vis a vis a lack of Unix support from AT&T. My people dealt with the problem by creating a community to share information that they had gleaned through their own research.
We're starting to see some of that in the forensics community, but we need to do more. I'd like to see an ecology of forensics gatherings at least as rich in number and variety as the conferences for people who are interested in breaking systems. And I'd like to see more forensics gatherings that are not sponsored by a single vendor of forensic tools, and which avoid government entanglements that inhibit the free flow of information. Let me be clear that I'm not looking for people to share IoC's or technical details from actual cases. I'd just like to see us sharing basic "block and tackle" type technology notes that will make everybody's lives easier.
run largely on Windows and do a good job analyzing Windows-- Mac and Linux, not so much. The Mac folks have a bunch of tools for analyzing Macs (and other Apple devices) that largely only run on the Mac platform. Linux wizards mutter arcane command-line incantations and make data appear. I shouldn't need three different computers to do my job! And that's not even counting the the mobile device insanity that's already threatening to overwhelm us. I have a feeling that things are going to get worse before they get better here, because everybody's so focused on simply understanding all the details of their chosen platforms, but it really does make life hard for analysts who have to deal with cases involving multiple platforms.
And I think we have some more "bridge building" to do. Within our own community we have people with a background in law enforcement or from a military service academy. And then there are folks like me coming at this out of the "computer geek" community. Both sides are still trying to understand where the other is coming from and what valuable stuff each side is bringing to the party. But then there are also all of the external communities we touch: law enforcement, the Bar, Human Resources and other corporate gatekeepers, and even just normal citizens who have need of our services. There's a lot of education and outreach that needs to be done so that these folks understand what we do and what help we can provide, and increase our understanding of what they need from us.
AFoD: You've been involved in the information security and digital forensics communities for a long time. This has given you a unique position where you have had considerable exposure to people who have come into digital forensics from different paths whether from law enforcement or a more traditional information security background. What have learned about the differences between a law enforcement perspective on digital forensics compared to an information technology perspective? Are there any differences that you can see?
HP: From my perspective at the far end of the "nerd" part of the spectrum, I see a lot of differences. One basic thing I really respect about my law enforcement colleagues is their ability to manage their case loads. As an IT person, I was always proud of my ability to "multi-task" and juggle multiple projects simultaneously. But I realize now that I had nothing on an attorney who is simultaneously managing a couple of dozen cases all headed to trial or plea agreements on different schedules, or my LE friends who are having to work so many different kinds of crimes in parallel.
I've also gotten a terrific education from the LE and legal side of the house on what evidence is useful and relevant, as opposed to stuff that I think may be cool from a technical perspective, but which doesn't help them make the case. This has helped me streamline my investigations, as well as my report writing.
Now the plus side of my being a computer person, and the reason I get called in to help on cases, is that I can often extract evidence that the LE folks lack the skills or processes to get at. Sometimes I have to create new tools to do this, which is something I'm comfortable with because I'm confident around information technology. The dark side of this ability, though, is that sometimes we computer folks get sucked down technological rat-holes, where we spend a huge amount of time producing evidence that doesn't really end up being that useful. Somebody with less computer skills, but with more case experience might just move on to some other, more fruitful portion of the analysis. Letting go of an interesting technical challenge and moving on to another piece of the investigation is a skill I'm only slowly getting hold of.
On the other side of the coin, I see my LE friends spending so much time on manual tasks that could be solved by a little scripting. Like many people who aren't primarily technologists, they don't know what things should be easy to do with technology and what's hard-- or they just don't have the skills to implement solutions. I once helped an agent who was manually cutting and pasting EXIF data from an image viewer into a spreadsheet-- about 30 minutes of my tinkering with awk and shell and the output of exiftool saved countless hours of investigator time. It's a huge compliment to me when the LE guys say, "We like having Hal around, because he gets things done faster."
AFoD: You're bringing up a point that I'm seeing emphasized more and more by people in the top tiers of the profession. Conducting an efficient investigation that answers specific questions that our customers want answered is the core of what we should be doing in digital forensics, isn't it? How do you go about scoping out and planning your investigations so that you get your customers what they want?
HP: I think the type of engagement has some bearing on whether you're targeting specific questions or going for a more wholistic approach. Lately I've been doing a lot of "lead generation" work for law enforcement, and that's definitely about honing in on very specific kinds of information. E-discovery is much the same-- winnowing out particular types of information your client is interested in from huge volumes of data. On the other hand, if I were working up a report on a system that was going to be crucial in a court case, I would want to do a more thorough job just to make sure I got at all the evidence: both inculpatory and exculpatory.
As far as the scoping question goes, I think the key is high levels of communication and short turn times. With my law enforcement clients we'll start with a briefing for me on the particulars of the case, and I'll try and understand from them what sorts of information they're interested in. For example, if they're looking for a pattern of on-line behavior, then I'll probably focus my initial efforts on browser artifacts, on-line chat, email, and so on. If they need attribution data then maybe I'll look more at network data timelines, file meta-data, contact lists, the social networks, and so on.
This is not to say that I won't work up other data from the system, but I want to get into the case as quickly as possible and start extracting data. I then take the data that I've found in my first pass which I think is "interesting" and show it to the client. Maybe they say, "Great! We want more of that", or maybe it's uninteresting. Either answer helps guide my investigation. Also, of course, evidence that I turn up sparks a whole new line of thought which may lead to them asking me for other kinds of information.
At this point I return to the images I'm analyzing for another pass. That will turn up more information that I'll take back to the client, and so on. Early on in the investigation I may talk with the client multiple times per day if they can spare the time. As we go through more cycles, we figure out more clearly the kinds of data we're interested in, and I need to interact with the client less often because I know what they're looking for.
like to give the client quick updates on what kinds of information I'm finding, just to keep them up-to-speed on how the investigation is proceeding. This is just quick status updates, mind you—possibly via short emails rather than live conversations-- I'll typically save full detail for the report.
The other advantage to these status updates is that it makes it pretty clear to everybody when we've reached the "point of diminishing returns" in the investigation. Everybody's cost-conscious, and clients really appreciate it when they feel like you're looking out for their bottom-line. They tend to remember things like that when they're needing to hire somebody to help with the next investigation.
digital forensics community. I have observed an increasing resistance to the "pariahization" of digital forensics people who do criminal defense work. When I first entered the field, there wasn't much pushback on the idea that examiners who engaged in criminal defense work had gone over to "the dark side" and that it was essentially acceptable to push these examiners to the margins of our community. Now I'm seeing that attitude becoming much less prevalent. I suspect this is because we are seeing more people in the law enforcement community leave to start second careers in the private sector. I also think one of the things that is causing a change in attitude is that we have more people from the traditional information security world entering the digital forensics field who don't view forensics through the lens of the justice system. This gets back into our previous discussion about the differences of people who enter the digital forensics community from an information technology background as opposed to a law enforcement one. What are your thoughts on digital forensic examiners who engage in criminal defense work?
HP: Maybe it's because I'm coming at this from a non law enforcement background, or maybe I'm just hopelessly naive, but it seems to me that forensic analysis should be first and foremost about science, and not about choosing sides. Prosecution or defense, we as analysts should report on observed facts. Where we're required to draw conclusions based on our observations, we need to be aware of our biases and avoid letting them distort our findings. And because we sometimes have to make judgments based on incomplete evidence, it's incumbent upon us to acknowledge the gaps in our understanding and be scrupulous in our research and experimentation. As scientists we should welcome peer review and encourage transparency.
Also, I was raised to believe in "innocent until proven guilty", and that everybody is entitled to a "robust defense" regardless of their ability to pay. To me that means that the defendant should also have access to the same level of forensic experts that the prosecution enjoys and not just the people who have "lowered themselves" in some way to work defense cases.
OK, that's the "perfect world" view anyway. The history of jurisprudence is littered with examples of witnesses, forensic analysts (both digital and traditional), attorneys, and law enforcement personnel who have-- intentionally or otherwise-- manipulated a case and achieved an outcome that was directly contradicted by the available evidence. And rising legal costs mean that justice can be trumped by deep pockets.
I don't know how to solve these problems in our current justice system. But I do think that reducing the adversarial nature of the current system would be a good first step. Shouldn't a trial be a collective search for the truth rather than a slap fight? Wouldn't cooperation reduce costs for both sides?
As forensic analysts, we can't control how attorneys, judges, and other members of the justice system behave, but we should at least begin by unwinding artificial "us vs. them" divisions in our own field. Let's not ostracize fellow practitioners based on the types of cases they work on. Instead, let's grow the size of our community so that we can expose-- through peer review and science-- those members who act unprofessionally or unethically regardless of which side of the aisle they're currently sitting on.
AFoD: What can we expect to see from you in 2011?
HP: The SANS Forensics curriculum is just exploding in popularity and all of the qualified faculty are scrambling to meet the demand. As an independent, I've got a bit more "flex" in my schedule than some of the other faculty who've got full-time employers, so I expect to be teaching more for SANS in 2011. In particular, I seem to be picking up some of the dates for Lenny Zeltser's excellent Reverse Engineering Malware class--particularly the international training. Also, Chad Tilbury and I are co-teaching For508 via SANS' vLive! distance-learning technology later this year, and I'm really looking forward to that.
I'm also getting out to some non-SANS forensic events in 2011.
For example, I'm giving a couple of talks at the DoD Cyber Crime Conference in January, and a couple more at CEIC in May(apparently I need to find a non-SANS venue for the Fall as well). And while I'm on the road so much, I've been trying to make appearances at various local user groups-- for 2011 I've got confirmed dates to speak at the ISSA meeting in Tacoma, WA, NECERT's Cyber Security Forum in Omaha, and the Linux User Group in Boulder. (you can follow my travels on the Deer Run Associates home page). There are so many folks that I've been corresponding with via email and Twitter that I'm hoping to meet in person in 2011!
I've also got a plan to continue writing articles for the SANS Forensics Blog every 4-6 weeks. I've got a backlog of topic ideas-- it's the research and the writing that can be difficult to find time for! For example, there's at least two more articles planned in the series I started recently on EXT4. And of course there's the weekly Command Line Kung Fu blog that I'm co-writing with Tim Medin.
The big one, however, is that I promised Rob Lee I'd develop a Linux Forensics class for SANS. This is a huge undertaking-- hundreds of hours of work-- that I need to find time for in 2011. I'm cheating a bit in that the research, blog posts, and presentations I'm doing lately are all development work that's going to end up feeding into the final version of the Linux Forensics class. But it's still going to be a massive effort to give birth to this baby.