Paul McCartney and Stevie Wonder perform "Ebony and Ivory" at a concert at the White House in 2010.
^ Jim McCartney's father Joe played an E-flat tuba. McCartney's father also pointed out the bass parts in songs on the radio, and often took his sons to local brass band concerts.
^ Pipes of Peace peaked in the UK at number 4, spending 23 weeks in the charts. The LP reached number 15 in the US and is McCartney's most recently recorded RIAA certified platinum studio album as of 2012[update].
^ Flaming Pie reached number 2 in the UK and the US. It also yielded McCartney's highest charting UK top-twenty hit song as of 2012[update], "Young Boy", which reached number 19.
^ Chaos and Creation in the Backyard is McCartney's most recent top-ten album as of 2012[update]. It reached number 10 in the UK, and number 6 in the US. It was supported by a UK top-twenty hit single, his most recent as of 2014[update], "Fine Line", which failed to chart in the US, and "Jenny Wren", which reached number 22 in the UK.
^ Memory Almost Full reached number 3 in the US and spending fifteen weeks in the charts. As of 2014[update], it remains McCartney's most recent top-five album.
^ As of 2012[update], Elvis Presley has achieved the most UK number-ones as a solo artist with eighteen.
^ Welch, Chris (1984). Paul McCartney: The Definitive Biography. London: Proteus Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-86276-125-7.
^ For 30 November 2005 Los Angeles setlist see: "Paul McCartney: The U.S. Tour". paulmcartney.com. 30 November 2005. Archived from the original on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2012. ; For the Billboard boxscores see: Waddell, Ray (5 August 2006). "Top Tours Take Center Stage". Billboard. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ For "among the last" of the classic rock catalogues available online see: La Monica, Paul R. (7 September 2005). "Hey iTunes, Don't Make It Bad ..." CNNMoney.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012. ; For the Beatles catalogue available on iTunes see: Aswad, Jem (16 November 2010). "Beatles End Digital Boycott, Catalog Now on iTunes". Rolling Stone. New York. Archived from the original on 17 December 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
^ "Paul McCartney: Ocean's Kingdom". paulmcartney.com. 2 October 2011. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
^ "Paul McCartney Closes Candlestick Park 'in Style' – Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. 15 August 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
^ "Destiny End Credits Easter Egg reveals Paul McCartney's Song Hope for the Future". Gamespot. 11 September 2014. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
^ "Bob Dylan, Kiss and More Cover Paul McCartney for Tribute Comp – Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. 9 September 2014. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
^ "Kanye West – "All Day" (Feat. Allan Kingdom, Theophilus London, & Paul McCartney)". Stereogum. 2 March 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2015.
^ "67 Tracks of Pure McCartney ..." paulmccartney.com. 31 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
^ France-Presse, Agence (3 July 2017). "Beatles song rights dispute: Paul McCartney and Sony ATV work it out". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ "Paul McCartney Settles with Sony/ATV to Reclaim Beatles Copyright". fortune.com. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ Blistein, Jon (19 June 2018). "Paul McCartney Details New Double A-Side Single". rollingstone.com. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ "Paul McCartney scores first number one album in United States in 36 years". Sky News. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 196–198.
^ MacDonald 2005, p. 349.
^ James E. Perone (17 October 2012). The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. ABC-CLIO. p. 585. ISBN 9780313379079. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017.
^ "100 Greatest Singers – Paul McCartney". The Rolling Stone. 3 December 2010. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017.
^ "The greatest singers ever – as voted by you". NME. 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
^ "The 30 Greatest Lead Singers of All Time". The Music Radar. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014.
^ Coplan, Chris (25 May 2014). "Axl Rose is NOT the singer with the widest range". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
^ "The Vocal Ranges of the World's Greatest Singers". Concert Hotels. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015.
^ Rybaczewski, Dave. ""Kansas City/Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey!" History". The Beatles E-Books. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
^ "Paul McCartney – McCartney II". The Essential. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
^ "Paul McCartney/Linda McCartney – Ram". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016.
^ "Soundgarden singer Chris Cornell goes quiet". stuff.co.nz.
^ "Remembering Brad Delp". stuff.co.nz. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013.
^ "'Axl Rose responds to list calling him 'world's greatest singer". The Rolling Stone. 28 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017.
^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 178–180: "She's a Woman", MacDonald 2005, pp. 205–206: "For No One", MacDonald 2005, pp. 227–232: "A Day in the Life", MacDonald 2005, pp. 272–273: "Hello, Goodbye", MacDonald 2005, pp. 275–276: "Lady Madonna", MacDonald 2005, pp. 302–304: "Hey Jude", MacDonald 2005, p. 322: "Martha My Dear", MacDonald 2005, pp. 337–338: "Let It Be", MacDonald 2005, pp. 339–341: "The Long and Winding Road".
^ Castleman, Harry; Podrazik, Walter J. (1977). "1969 – "But If Paul's Alive, How Did He Die?". All Together Now – The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975 (Second ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-345-25680-5.
^ Merritt, Stephanie (17 December 2005). "It took him years to write ..." The Observer. London. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
^ "FoodProgramme-20130127-FoodInTheLifeOfSirPaulMccartney.mp3". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
^ "Sir Paul McCarney Narrates 'Glass Walls'". PETA UK. 30 November 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
^ "President Vladimir Putin received a legendary singer and former Beatle, Paul McCartney, and his wife, Heather Mills". en.kremlin.ru. 24 May 2003. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
^ "Hundreds of Protests in 36 Countries Demand Release of Arctic 30". EcoWatch. 18 October 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
^ Graff 2000, p. 40: "John is kinda like a constant ... always there in my being,Graff 2000, p. 96: "in my soul, so I always think of him".
^ Stewart, Barbara (2006). The Complete How to Kazoo. ISBN 9780761142218. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
^ McWhirter, Norris (1980). Guinness Book of World Records. London: Sterling Publishing. pp. 235, 250, 251. ISBN 978-0-8069-0168-8.
^ "Queens Birthday Honours: McCartney a Companion of Honour". BBC News. 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017 – via www.bbc.com.
^ Andreybz (17 November 2006). "Ringo Starr - The Cooler". Retrieved 8 April 2018 – via YouTube.
^ "Tuesday (2001)". bfi.org.uk. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
^ "'Paul McCartney and Wings in The Bruce McMouse Show'". paulmccartney.com. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.


text:
About Martin...
Martin is a former teacher and aid worker and academic expert on radical Islam. He has recently completed his second major book and has also had over one hundred articles published particularly on historic British values and the challenge of radical Islam. He currently works as an independent expert witness for court cases involving the human right to freedom of religion, particularly cases involving persecution, discrimination or violence against Christians. He has been repeatedly quoted on the growing global persecution of Christians in both national and international media including the Sunday Times, Daily Mail and Sunday Express (front page) and has done live broadcast interviews in both the UK and USA. He is married to Lesley, a former QARANC nurse, now health visitor and they have two children.
Overseas aid worker
Martin was an aid worker in Afghanistan during the time the country was ruled by mujahaddin warlords, the Taliban and the western backed post 9/11 government. Martin and a Norwegian colleague were the first westerners to visit a remote mountainous area of Afghanistan then just a blank area on the map. He subsequently set up a community development and literacy project, including undertaking an initial analysis of the unwritten tribal language and recruiting both local staff and an expatriate team. While working in Afghanistan he had to negotiate in local language with senior members of the Taliban and other radical Islamist groups now regarded as terrorists by western military forces. He also previously worked in Pakistan for several years and learnt to speak both Urdu and Persian whilst working overseas.
Martin began his career as a Geography teacher in a challenging secondary modern school in Southend on Sea. He subsequently became principal of an English Language Institute in Pakistan, a member of the Education Committee of the Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief (ACBAR) that functioned as the Afghan National Education Committee during the time of Taliban rule. He was also part of the senior leadership team which helped establish a new sixth form college in a deprived UK coastal town which took students from underachieving local schools and enabled them to get places at leading universities including Oxbridge, an area which was one of Martin's specific responsibilities. He has also been an examiner for A level Geography.
Meeting with Foreign Office minister Baroness Anelay
Human rights advocate for persecuted Christians
Martin has spent many years campaigning on behalf of persecuted Christians. While working in Afghanistan he had the privilege of helping a number of Afghan Christians, who were severely persecuted for their faith. Since returning to the UK he has frequently spoken and written about persecution of Christians. He currently works as an expert witness for court cases involving persecution, discrimination or violence against Christians around the world. He has been repeatedly quoted on the persecution of Christians in both national and international media including the Sunday Times, Daily Mail, Sunday Express (front page) and has done live broadcast interviews in both the UK and USA. In June 2018 he gave a keynote speech at a conference on freedom of religion in the European Parliament.
Academic expert on Islam
Martin did his PhD on Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations in the Afghanistan-Pakistan border region. He has written extensively on radical Islam and international relations and been published in the UK, USA and Australia. He previously worked at Anglia Ruskin University where he set up a course in Research Ethics which is now being used by an estimated 8,000 students a year at various universities around the world. He is currently a PhD supervisor at the Oxford Centre for Religion and Public Life and the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. He is a fellow of the Higher Education Academy (FHEA), a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers (FRGS) and a member of Tyndale Fellowship. He has also been an expert witness in the UK court system.
Author and writer
Martin is a published author who has recently completed his second major book Good for Society: Christian Values and Conservative Politics, which examines the Judaeo-Christian foundations of the values of the English speaking peoples. He has written over 100 published articles focusing particularly on our national identity and values, international relations and the threat of radical Islam.
Flooding and sea defence Martin has campaigned at a national level on both river and coastal flooding and erosion, including urging proper respect for the rights of landowners not to have their land arbitrarily subject to 'managed retreat' or be 'required' to allow their land to erode without compensation. He was previously district councillor for a rural area of the Suffolk coast that had one of the highest erosion rates in the country.
At the end of 2013 while making a presentation at the Conservative Rural Affairs Group meeting with the Environment minister he showed pictures of the Suffolk coast and silted up River Parrett in Somerset, which only a few weeks later were both inundated with devastating floods.
Post Brexit Britain Martin helped organise the successful 'Vote Leave' campaign in Waveney which achieved a majority of 16,934 in one of the most marginal constituencies in the UK. He had sole responsibility for the development of local campaign issues, press and media relations as well as being involved in the campaigns on the street.
Since the referendum Martin has continued to work to help the government achieve the most successful Brexit for the UK. He has written for Brexit Central on some of the key constitutional issues and when negotiations with the EU were being blocked by the Irish government, had a letter published in the Dublin based Irish Times, within 24 hours of which the Irish government withdrew their objections.
Coastguard stations In March 2010 Martin exposed the then Labour government's plan to close main coastguard stations and was prominent in the campaign which later led the incoming coalition government to substantially scale back the original closure plan.
Rail improvements Martin also spearheaded a successful three and half year campaign to persuade Network Rail to install level crossing barriers at a dangerous unmanned rural level crossing – eventually taking the issue right up to the chief executive of Network Rail. The level crossing barriers were installed in November 2014.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Byšice is een Tsjechische gemeente in de regio Midden-Bohemen, en maakt deel uit van het district Mělník.
Byšice telt 1237 inwoners.

Gemeente in Mělník

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: :last child override all in vuejs hello i have this in vuejs

{{cat.title}}

and i have this style
.single-new {
    text-align:center;
    width:100%;
    border-bottom: 1px dotted black;
}
.single-new:last-child {
    border:none;
}

but .sing-new:last-child overrid all items and remove border of all
how can i fix this

A: :last-child always confused, MDN explains it

The :last-child CSS pseudo-class represents the last element among a group of sibling elements.

In your example, what you want is the border of the last item in the list is none.
So, you should do this
.new-list > div:last-child .single-new {
  border: none;
}

A: Every li you have is a last-child of an a tag.
try i like this

{{cat.title}}

.single-new li {
    text-align:center;
    width:100%;
    border-bottom: 1px dotted black;
}
.single-new:last-child li {
    border:none;
}

You should remove all the div, a before the li. directly under an ul are supposed to be li.
You also should not put p (block) inside an a (inline). Use span instead.
Here is a link about the inline/block nature of html elements: Link

A: I guessed this is what you want

{{cat.title}}

CSS
.cat {
  .single-new {
     text-align:center;
     width:100%;
     border-bottom: 1px dotted black;
  }
}
.cat:last-child {
  .single-new {
     border:none;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Jon's main interests include the United Nations, European Human Rights, English and European Medical Law, Capital Punishment, Legal Theory and the Temporality of Law. He welcomes applications for doctoral research in these areas.
The Evolving Human Rights Discourse of the Council of Europe: Renouncing the Sovereign Right of the Death Penalty, in Against the Death Penalty: International Initiatives and Implications, (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2008).
The European Union Strategy Against the Death Penalty: From Internal Renunciation to a Global Ideology, in V. Raghuram (ed), Capital Punishment: Concept and Context, (Icfai University Press, 2008).
Christian Behrmann and Jon Yorke, The European Union and Abolition of the Death Penalty, 4 Pace Int'l L. Rev. Online Companion 1 (2013), http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilronline/39/.


The analysis presented in this chapter will examine the funding environment of the sector with information collected from the State of the Sector surveys, the Government Funders Database, through Freedom of Information requests and directly from some funders.
Estimating the economic size of the voluntary, community and social enterprise sector in Northern Ireland is a complicated task and one that is determined by the availability and accessibility of data from a wide range of sources. The State of the Sector research programme has produced a body of evidence that allows an assessment of the sector's finances to be made over a significant period of time.
You can find the chapter and the charts that use these datasets here.
Source: Government Funders Database and Freedom of Information requests.


text:
The history of "Suttard" – Sutton and Richard
BlogTV Shows
The word "Suttard" may not make sense to certain people. But to fans of The Bold Type, it's everything. Suttard is the ship name for Sutton and Richard, the established couple on the Freeform show.
*SPOILER ALERT*
During the most recent episode of the show, the newlywed couple saw the biggest roadblock their relationship has ever faced. It was revealed that Sutton realized she would never want to have children, which has been a long time dream of Richard's. The episode concluded with Sutton admitting to her friends, in tears, that Richard had left her. But could this couple that once seemed like they could handle anything… really be done for good?
As the show began, Sutton and Richard were in the early stages of their relationship. Richard was Sutton's superior at Scarlett, so the two kept their relationship a secret. But that didn't stop them for stealing smoothes in elevators and in empty rooms.
The pair came from two completely different worlds, and were at two different stages in their lives. But they were crazy about each other. Unfortunately, the company had a problem with co-workers dating. So ultimately, the two decided to split.
In season 2, the company became more accepting of co-worker relationships, so it seemed like problem solved, right? Wrong. After going public with their relationship, Sutton began to be judged by her other co-workers. And she worried that because of her relationship, she would never be taken seriously in the workplace. So, even though it broke her heart, and his, she decided that the two couldn't be together after all.
But the two couldn't stop thinking about each other. After the death of Richard's father, Sutton went to offer her condolences before heading to Paris for Fashion Week. There, she broke down and realized that she loved Richard, no matter what anyone at her job thought. But before she could profess her love to him, Richard showed up in Paris to win her back! Talk about romantic!
Sutton and Richard's relationship only grew stronger from there. They moved in together, had lots of… intimate moments… and talked about a future together. And in season four, the two got engaged! Richard popped the question, in the exact room where he met Sutton all those years ago.
The wedding approached and it seemed like Sutton's happily ever after with Richard was finally happening. The two planned to move to San Francisco together. But on the big day, Sutton found out that she got promoted to her dream job! She told Richard that she wanted to stay in New York, which he didn't take fondly to at first. But after thinking it over, the two made up and officially became husband and wife!
(Freeform/Jonathan Wenk)
That brings us to the mid-season premiere of season 4, only a few short weeks ago. Sutton and Richard were enjoying newlywed life, but before they knew it, Sutton was pregnant! Richard was thrilled! Sadly, Sutton suffered a miscarriage, which made her realize that she wasn't ready to have kids. And, she never would be.
Which brings us to the most recent episode. Sutton admitted the truth to Richard, knowing it would break his heart. Spoiler alert: it did. They two fought and said hurtful things to each other out of anger and frustration. Richard felt like he had to make a choice: Sutton or the idea of having a family. After a talk with Jacquline, Richard returned home to tell his wife that he loved her and she professed her love back to him.
But the damage had already been done. The couple knew they loved each other, but Richard couldn't let go of his dream. The two shared a sweet moment: the first love scene the two had where being "steamy" wasn't at the forefront. It was a beautiful, heartbreaking moment for the two lovers to say goodbye to each other. When Richard walked out, visibly as upset as Sutton, it felt like more than a break-up. It felt like a sad, heart-wrenching farewell between two soulmates. They both wanted different things, but were clearly devoted to loving each other. And unfortunately, sometimes it takes more than just devoted love to make a marriage last.
Is this really the end of all things Suttard? Or can the two eventually make it work? Could both Sutton and Richard get what they want? When will The Bold Type resume since filming was shut down because of Coronavirus? Here's hoping we get all these answers in this week's Season 4 finale of The Bold Type, Thursday on Freeform.
New Book Tuesday: July 14
Thursday Twitter Takeover: Leila Sales
couple freeform meghann fahy richard richard and sutton Romance sam page ship suttard sutton sutton and richard the bold type
A New Year's kiss countdown
Sara Casaus
This year might be the year we'll have to forgo the New Year's kiss traditions – for obvious reasons....
Replacing talent in the middle of a Series, Jesus from The Fosters
Sometimes life doesn't go the way you wanted – TV can reflect those little missteps. For Jake T. Austin...
Kyla Carter discusses voicing a Troll in "TrollsTopia"
Mordechai Laub
Joshua Bassett's "Lie Lie Lie"
After The Musical for High School Musical: The Musical: The Series
Lauren Maiga
The Ultimate Playlist of Noise: A review
yemagazine


text:
This article is about the family of home computers. For other uses, see Amiga (disambiguation).
The former Amiga logo, as used by Commodore-Amiga Inc.
The Amiga 1000 (1985) was the first model released.
The Amiga is a family of personal computers that was sold by Commodore in the 1980s and 1990s. The first model was launched in 1985 as a high-end home computer and became popular for its graphical, audio and multi-tasking abilities. The Amiga provided a significant upgrade from 8-bit computers, such as the Commodore 64, and the platform quickly grew in popularity among computer enthusiasts. The best selling model, the Amiga 500, was introduced in 1987 and became the leading home computer of the late 1980s and early 1990s in much of Western Europe. In North America success was more modest. The Amiga went on to sell approximately six million units.[1] Second generation Amiga systems (A1200 and A4000) were released in 1992. However, poor marketing and failure to repeat the technological advances of the first systems meant that the Amiga quickly lost its market share to competing platforms, such as the fourth generation game consoles, Apple Macintosh and IBM PC compatibles.[1]
Based on the Motorola 68000 series of microprocessors, the machine sports a custom chipset with graphics and sound capabilities that were unprecedented for the price, and a pre-emptive multitasking operating system called AmigaOS.
Although early Commodore advertisements attempted to cast the computer as an all-purpose business machine, the Amiga was most commercially successful as a home computer, with a wide range of games and creative software.[2][3] It was also a less expensive alternative to the Apple Macintosh and IBM-PC as a general-purpose business or home computer. The platform became particularly popular for gaming and demoscene activities. It also found a prominent role in the desktop video, video production, and show control business, leading to affordable video editing systems such as the Video Toaster. The Amiga's native ability to simultaneously play back multiple digital sound samples made it a popular platform for early "tracker" music software. The relatively powerful processor and ability to access several megabytes of memory led to the development of several 3D rendering packages, including LightWave 3D and Aladdin 4D.
Since the demise of Commodore, various groups have marketed successors to the original Amiga line. Eyetech sold PowerPC based hardware under the AmigaOne brand from 2002 to 2005, and Acube sells the AmigaOS 3 compatible Minimig systems with a MC68000 compatible CPU and AmigaOS 4 compatible Sam440 and Sam460 systems with PowerPC processors.
The name Amiga was chosen by the developers specifically from the Spanish word for a female friend,[4] and because it occurred before Apple and Atari alphabetically. It also gave the message that the Amiga computer line was 'user friendly' as a pun or play on words.[5]
2.1 Central processing unit
2.2 Custom chipset
2.2.2 Sound
2.3 Kickstart firmware
2.4 Peripherals
2.5 Networking
3 Casing
4 Models and variants
4.1 Commodore Amiga
4.2 AmigaOS 4 systems
4.3 Amiga hardware clones
4.4 Emulation
5 Operating systems
5.1 AmigaOS
5.1.1 Influence on other operating systems
5.2 Unix and Unix-like systems
5.3 Emulating other systems
6 Amiga software
7 Boing Ball
8 Amiga community
9 Notable historic uses
Main article: History of the Amiga
" "The Amiga was so far ahead of its time that almost nobody--including Commodore's marketing department--could fully articulate what it was all about. Today, it's obvious the Amiga was the first multimedia computer, but in those days it was derided as a game machine because few people grasped the importance of advanced graphics, sound, and video. Nine years later, vendors are still struggling to make systems that work like 1985 Amigas.
--Byte Magazine, August 1994 "
Logo used by Commodore in the US during the late 1980s
Amiga Technologies Logo. (1996)
Development of the Amiga began in 1982 with Jay Miner as the principal hardware designer of Amiga Corporation. It was initially intended to be a next generation video game machine, but was redesigned as a general purpose computer after the North American video game crash of 1983.[6][7] A prototype of the full computer was shown to the public for the first time at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in 1984.[8] In order to bring the design to market Commodore International bought Amiga Corporation and funded development. The first model was released in 1985 as simply "The Amiga from Commodore", later to be retroactively dubbed the Amiga 1000. The following year the Amiga product line was expanded with the introduction of two new models; the Amiga 2000 for high-end graphics and business use, and the Amiga 500 for home use. Commodore later released other Amiga models, both for low-end gaming use and high-end productivity use.
In 1994, Commodore filed for bankruptcy and its assets were purchased by Escom, a German PC manufacturer, who created the subsidiary company Amiga Technologies. They re-released the A1200 and A4000T, and introduced a new 68060 version of the A4000T. However, Escom in turn went bankrupt in 1997. The Amiga brand was then sold to another PC manufacturer, Gateway 2000, which had announced grand plans for it. However, in 2000, Gateway sold the Amiga brand without having released any products. The current owner of the trademark, Amiga, Inc., licensed the rights to sell hardware using the AmigaOne brand to computer vendors Eyetech Group, Ltd. and A-Eon Technology CVBA. Unofficial Amiga clones were developed by Italian hardware company, Acube.
At its core, the Amiga has a custom chipset consisting of several coprocessors, which handle audio, video and direct memory access independently of the Central Processing Unit (CPU). This architecture freed up the Amiga's processor for other tasks and gave the Amiga a performance edge over its competitors, particularly in terms of video-intensive applications and games.[9]
The general Amiga architecture uses two distinct bus subsystems, namely, the chipset bus and the CPU bus. The chipset bus allows the custom coprocessors and CPU to address "Chip RAM". The CPU bus provides addressing to other subsystems, such as, conventional RAM, ROM and the Zorro II or Zorro III expansion subsystems. This architecture enables independent operation of the subsystems. CPU expansion boards may provide additional custom buses. Additionally, "busboards" or "bridgeboards" may provide ISA or PCI buses.[9]
The Motorola 68000 series of microprocessors was used in all Amiga models from Commodore. While the 68000 family has a 32-bit design, the 68000 used in several early models is generally referred to as 16-bit.[10][11] The 68000 has a 16-bit external data bus so must transfer 32 bits of data in two consecutive steps, a technique called multiplexing — all this is transparent to the software, which was 32-bit from the beginning. The 68000 could address 16 MB of physical memory. Later Amiga models featured full 32-bit CPUs with a larger address space and instruction pipeline facilities. Commodore's design choice to remain with the 68000 architecture ensured that code was backward-compatible across the Amiga line.
CPU upgrades were offered by both Commodore and third-party manufacturers. Most Amiga models can be upgraded either by direct CPU replacement or through expansion boards. Such boards often featured faster and higher capacity memory interfaces and hard disk controllers.
Towards the end of Commodore's time in charge of Amiga development there were suggestions that Commodore intended to move away from the 68000 series to higher performance RISC processors, such as the PA-RISC.[12][13] However, these ideas were never developed before Commodore filed for bankruptcy. Despite this, third-party manufacturers designed upgrades featuring a combination of 68000 series and PowerPC processors along with a PowerPC native micro-kernel and software.[14] Later Amiga clones featured PowerPC processors only.
Custom chipset
The custom chipset at the core of the Amiga design appeared in three distinct generations, with a large degree of backward-compatibility. The Original Chip Set (OCS) appeared with the launch of the A1000. OCS was eventually followed by the modestly improved Enhanced Chip Set (ECS) in 1990 and finally by the 32-bit Advanced Graphics Architecture (AGA) in 1992. Each chipset consists of several coprocessors which handle raster graphics, digital audio, direct memory access and communication between various peripherals (e.g., CPU, memory and floppy disks). In addition, some models featured auxiliary custom chips which performed tasks, such as, SCSI control and display de-interlacing.
A 4096 color HAM picture created with Photon Paint in 1989.
All Amiga systems can display full-screen animated graphics with 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 (EHB Mode) or 4096 colors (HAM Mode). Models with the AGA chipset (A1200 and A4000) also have non-EHB 64, 128, 256 and 262144 (HAM Mode) color modes and a palette expanded from 4096 to 16.8 million colors. The Amiga chipset can genlock — adjust its own screen refresh timing to match an NTSC or PAL video signal. When combined with setting transparency, this allows an Amiga to overlay an external video source with graphics. This ability made the Amiga popular for many applications, and provides the ability to do character generation and CGI effects far more cheaply than earlier systems. Some frequent users of this ability included wedding videographers, TV stations and their weather forecasting divisions (for weather graphics and radar), advertising channels, music video production, and 'desktop video'. The NewTek Video Toaster was made possible by the genlock ability of the Amiga.
In 1988 the release of the Amiga A2024[15] fixed-frequency monochrome monitor with built-in framebuffer and flicker fixer hardware provided the Amiga with a choice of high-resolution graphic modes (1024×800 for NTSC and 1024×1024 for PAL).
The sound chip, named Paula, supports four sound channels (two for the left speaker and two for the right) with 8-bit resolution for each channel and a 6-bit volume control per channel. The analog output is connected to a low-pass filter, which filters out high-frequency aliases when the Amiga is using a lower sampling rate (see Nyquist limit). The brightness of the Amiga's power LED is used to indicate the status of the Amiga's low-pass filter. The filter is active when the LED is at normal brightness, and deactivated when dimmed (or off on older A500 Amigas). On Amiga 1000 (and very first Amiga 500 and Amiga 2000 model), the power LED had no relation to the filter's status, a wire needed to be manually soldered between pins on the sound chip to disable the filter. Paula can read directly from the system's RAM, using direct memory access (DMA), making sound playback without CPU intervention possible.
Although the hardware is limited to four separate sound channels, software such as OctaMED uses software mixing to allow eight or more virtual channels, and it was possible for software to mix two hardware channels to achieve a single 14-bit resolution channel by playing with the volumes of the channels in such a way that one of the source channels contributes the most significant bits and the other the least ones.
The quality of the Amiga's sound output, and the fact that the hardware is ubiquitous and easily addressed by software, were standout features of Amiga hardware unavailable on PC platforms for years. Third-party sound cards exist that provide DSP functions, multi-track direct-to-disk recording, multiple hardware sound channels and 16-bit and beyond resolutions. A retargetable sound API called AHI was developed allowing these cards to be used transparently by the OS and software.
Kickstart firmware
Main article: Kickstart (Amiga)
Kickstart is the bootstrap firmware. Its purpose is to initialize the Amiga hardware and core components of AmigaOS and then attempt to boot from a bootable volume, such as a floppy disk or hard disk drive.
The first production Amiga, the Amiga 1000, required Kickstart to be loaded first from floppy disk into 256 kB of RAM reserved for this purpose. Later models generally hold Kickstart on an embedded ROM chip, improving start-up times. Models can be upgraded by replacing the ROM. Like the Amiga 1000, early Amiga 3000 systems loaded Kickstart from hard (or floppy) disk as the machine was launched while AmigaOS 2.0 was still in beta development.
Several third-party vendors produced switchable socket doublers to allow two ROM chips to plug into the single ROM socket on the motherboard. These became popular as later Kickstart versions caused some backwards compatibility problems with earlier Amiga software titles. The effect of these switchable doublers was a convenient dual boot system, with a choice of two distinct OS versions via a pre-determined key sequence at reboot, or via a two way switch installed in the case, depending on the specific version installed.
8-bit sound sampling hardware for the Amiga
The Amiga was one of the first home computers for which inexpensive sound sampling and video digitization accessories were available. As a result of this and the Amiga's audio and video capabilities the Amiga became a popular system for editing and producing both music and video.
Many expansion boards were produced for Amiga computers to improve the performance and capability of the hardware, such as memory expansions, SCSI controllers, CPU boards, and graphics boards. Other upgrades include genlocks, Ethernet cards, modems, sound cards and samplers, video digitizers, extra serial ports, and IDE controllers. Additions after the demise of Commodore company are USB cards.
The most popular upgrades were memory, SCSI controllers and CPU accelerator cards. These were sometimes combined into the one device.
Early CPU accelerator cards feature full 32-bit CPUs of the 68000 family such as the Motorola 68020 and Motorola 68030, almost always with 32-bit memory and usually with FPUs and MMUs or the facility to add them. Later designs feature the Motorola 68040 and Motorola 68060. Both CPUs feature integrated FPUs and MMUs. Many CPU accelerator cards also had integrated SCSI controllers.
Phase5 designed the PowerUP boards (Blizzard PPC and CyberStorm PPC) featuring both a 68k (a 68040 or 68060) and a PowerPC (603 or 604) CPU, which are able to run the two CPUs at the same time (and share the system memory). The PowerPC CPU on PowerUP boards is usually used as a coprocessor for heavy computations (a powerful CPU is needed to run for example MAME, but even decoding JPEG pictures and MP3 audio was considered heavy computation at the time). It is also possible to ignore the 68k CPU and run Linux on the PPC (project Linux APUS), but a PowerPC native AmigaOS promised by Amiga Technologies GmbH was not available when the PowerUP boards first appeared.[16]
24-bit graphics cards and video cards were also available. Graphics cards are designed primarily for 2D artwork production, workstation use, and later, gaming. Video cards are designed for inputting and outputting video signals, and processing and manipulating video.
Perhaps the most famous video card in the North American market was the NewTek Video Toaster. This was a powerful video effects board which turned the Amiga into an affordable video processing computer which found its way into many professional video environments. Due to its NTSC-only design it did not find a market in countries that used the PAL standard, such as in Europe. In PAL countries the OpalVision card was popular, although less featured and supported than the Video Toaster. Low-cost time base correctors (TBCs) specifically designed to work with the Toaster quickly came to market, most of which were designed as standard Amiga bus cards.
Various manufacturers started producing PCI busboards for the A1200 and A4000, allowing standard Amiga computers to use PCI cards such as Voodoo graphic cards, Sound Blaster sound cards, 10/100 Ethernet cards, and TV tuner cards. Other manufacturers produced hybrid boards which contained an Intel x86 series chip, allowing the Amiga to emulate a PC.
PowerPC upgrades with Wide SCSI controllers, PCI busboards with Ethernet, sound and 3D graphics cards, and tower cases allowed the A1200 and A4000 to survive well into the late nineties.
Expansion boards were made by Richmond Sound Design that allow their show control and sound design software to communicate with their custom hardware frames either by ribbon cable or fiber optic cable for long distances, allowing the Amiga to control up to eight million digitally controlled external audio, lighting, automation, relay and voltage control channels spread around a large theme park, for example. See Amiga software for more information on these applications.
Other popular devices:
Trumpcard 500 Zorro-II SCSI interface.
A590 SCSI hard disk controller.[17]
A3070 SCSI tape backup unit with a capacity of 250 MB.[18]
A2065 Ethernet Zorro-II interface. The first Ethernet interface for Amiga; uses the AMD Am7990 chip.[19][20] The same interface chip is used in DECstation as well.
Ariadne Zorro II Ethernet interface using AMD Am7990.[20]
A4066 Zorro II Ethernet interface using SMC 91C90QF.[20][21]
X-Surf from Individual Computers using Realtek 8019AS.[20]
A2060 Arcnet.[22]
A1010 Floppy drive. Consists of an 3,5" DD, 300 rpm, 250 kbit/s drive unit connected via DB-23 connector. Track-to-track delay is on the order of ~94 ms. The default capacity is 880 kB. Many clone drives were available, and products such as CatWeasel makes it possible to read and write Amiga and other special disc formats on standard x86 PCs.[23]
NE2000 compatible PCMCIA ethernet cards for Amiga 600 and Amiga 1200[24]
Amiga had three networking interface APIs:
AS225 - Is the official Commodore TCP/IP stack API with hardcoded drivers in revision 1 (AS225r1) for the A2065 Ethernet and the A2060 Arcnet interfaces.[22] In revision 2 (AS225r2) the SANA-II interface was used.
SANA-II — Is a standardized API for hardware of network interfaces. It uses an inefficient buffer handling scheme, and lacks proper support for promiscuous and multicast modes.
Miami Network Interface (MNI) - Is an API that doesn't have the problems which SANA-II suffers from. It requires AmigaOS v2,04 or higher.
Different network media was used:
Ethernet 10/100 Mbit/s A2065[19]
ARCNET 2.5 Mbit/s A560,[25] A2060[26]
Floppy disk controller 250 kbit/s Amitrix: Amiga-Link[27]
Serial port ≤ 115.2 kbit/s
Parallel port ~1600 kbit/s Village Tronic: Liana[28]
Token ring 1.5 Mbit/s Nine Tiles: AmigaLink (9 Tiles)[29]
AppleTalk / LocalTalk 230,4 - 460 kbit/s PPS-Doubletalk[30]
Most Amiga cases are made from ABS plastics which may become brown with time. This can be reversed by using the public domain chemical mix "Retr0bright".
Models and variants
Main article: Amiga models and variants
The original Amiga models[31] were produced from 1985 to 1996. They are, in order of appearance: 1000, 2000, 500, 1500, 2500, 3000, 3000UX, 3000T, CDTV, 500+, 600, 4000, 1200, CD32, and 4000T. The PowerPC based AmigaOne was later produced from 2002 to 2005. Some companies have also released Amiga clones.
The Amiga 500 (1987) was the best selling model.[32]
The Amiga 4000 (1992) was the last desktop computer made by Commodore.
The first Amiga model, the Amiga 1000, was launched in 1985 as a high-end home computer and became popular for its impressive graphics, video and audio capabilities. In 2006, PC World rated the Amiga 1000 as the seventh greatest PC of all time, stating "Years ahead of its time, the Amiga was the world's first multimedia, multitasking personal computer".[33]
Following the A1000, Commodore updated the desktop line of Amiga computers with the Amiga 2000 in 1987, the Amiga 3000 in 1990, and the Amiga 4000 in 1992, each offering improved capabilities and expansion options. However, the best selling models were the budget models, particularly the highly successful Amiga 500 (1987) and the Amiga 1200 (1992). The Amiga 500+ (1991) was the shortest lived model, replacing the Amiga 500 and lasting only six months until it was phased out and replaced with the Amiga 600 (1992), which in turn was also quickly replaced by the Amiga 1200.[34]
The CDTV, launched in 1991, was a CD-ROM based all-in-one multimedia system. It was an early attempt at a multi-purpose multimedia appliance in an era before multimedia consoles and CD-ROM drives were common. Unfortunately for Commodore, the system never achieved any real commercial success.
Commodore's last Amiga offering before filing for bankruptcy was an attempt to capture a portion of the highly competitive 1990s console market with the Amiga CD32 (1993), a 32-bit CD-ROM games console. Though discontinued after Commodore's demise it met with moderate commercial success in Europe.
Following purchase of Commodore's assets by Escom in 1995, the A1200 and A4000T continued to be sold in small quantities until 1996, though the ground lost since the initial launch and the prohibitive expense of these units meant that the Amiga line never regained any real popularity.
Several Amiga models contained references to songs by the rock band The B-52's. Early A500 units, at least, had the words "B52/ROCK LOBSTER"[35] silk-screen printed onto their printed circuit board, a reference to the popular song "Rock Lobster" The Amiga 600 referenced "JUNE BUG" (after the song "Junebug") and the Amiga 1200 had "CHANNEL Z" (after "Channel Z").[36]
AmigaOS 4 systems
Main article: AmigaOS 4
AmigaOS 4 (OS4) is designed for PowerPC Amiga systems and currently runs on both Amigas equipped with CyberstormPPC or BlizzardPPC accelerator boards, and on the PPC Teron series based AmigaOne computers built by Eyetech under license by Amiga Inc. AmigaOS 4.0 had been available only in developer pre-releases for numerous years until it was officially released in December 2006. Due to the nature of some provisions of the contract between Amiga Inc. and Hyperion Entertainment (the Belgian company which is developing the OS), the commercial AmigaOS 4 had been available only to licensed buyers of AmigaOne motherboards.
AmigaOS 4.0 for Amigas equipped with PowerUP accelerator boards was released in November 2007. The most recent release AmigaOS is 4.1.[37]
No new Amiga hardware has been released since the AmigaOne; however Acube Systems has entered an agreement with Hyperion under which it has ported AmigaOS 4 to its Sam440ep and Sam460ex line of PowerPC-based motherboards.[38] In 2009 version for Pegasos II from Genesi/bPlan GmbH was released in co-operation with Acube Systems.[39] Moreover, in 2009/2010, A-Eon Technology announced the AmigaOne X1000.
Amiga hardware clones
Long-time Amiga developer MacroSystem entered the Amiga-clone market with their DraCo nonlinear video edit system. It appears in two versions, initially a tower model and later a cube. DraCo expanded upon and combined a number of earlier expansion cards developed for Amiga (VLabMotion, Toccata, WarpEngine, RetinaIII) into a true Amiga-clone powered by Motorola's 68060 processor. The DraCo can run AmigaOS 3.1 up through AmigaOS 3.9. It is the only Amiga-based system to support FireWire for video I/O. DraCo also offers an Amiga-compatible ZORRO-II expansion bus and introduced a faster custom DraCoBus, capable of 30 MB/sec transfer rates (faster than Commodore's ZORRO-III). The technology was later used in the Casablanca system, a set-top-box also designed for non-linear video editing.
In 1998, Index Information released the Access, an Amiga-clone similar to the Amiga 1200, but on a motherboard which could fit into a standard 5 1/4" drive bay. It features either a 68020 or 68030 CPU, with a redesigned AGA chipset, and runs AmigaOS 3.1.
In 1998, former Amiga employees (John Smith, Peter Kittel, Dave Haynie and Andy Finkel to mention few) formed new company called PIOS. Their hardware platform, PIOS One, was aimed at Amiga, Atari and Macintosh users. The company was renamed to Met@box in 1999 until it folded.[40]
The NatAmi (short for Native Amiga) hardware project began in 2005 with the aim of designing and building an Amiga clone motherboard that is enhanced with modern features.[41] The NatAmi motherboard is a standard Mini-ITX-compatible form factor computer motherboard, powered by a Motorola/Freescale 68060 and its chipset. It is compatible with the original Amiga chipset, which has been inscribed on a programmable FPGA Altera chip on the board. The NatAmi is the second Amiga clone project after the Minimig motherboard, and its history is very similar to that of the C-One mainboard developed by Jeri Ellsworth and Jens Schönfeld. From a commercial point of view, Natami's circuitry and design are currently Closed Source.[citation needed] One goal of the NatAmi project is to design an Amiga-compatible motherboard that includes up-to-date features but that does not rely on emulation (as in WinUAE), modern PC Intel components, or a modern PowerPC mainboard. As such, NatAmi is not intended to become another evolutionary heir to classic Amigas (such as with AmigaOne or Pegasos computers). This "purist" philosophy essentially limits the resulting processor speed but puts the focus on bandwidth and low latencies. The developers also recreated the entire Amiga chipset, freeing it from Classic Amiga legacy limitations such as two megabytes of audio and video graphics RAM as in the AGA chipset, and rebuilt this new chipset by programming a modern FPGA Altera Cyclone IV chip. Later, the developers decided to create from scratch a new software-form processor chip, codenamed "N68050" that resides in the physical Altera FPGA programmable chip.[42]
In 2006, two new Amiga clones were announced, both using FPGA based hardware synthesis to replace the Amiga OCS custom chipset. The first, the Minimig, is a personal project of Dutch engineer Dennis van Weeren. Referred to as "new Amiga hardware",[43] the original model was built on a Xilinx Spartan-3 development board, but soon a dedicated board was developed. The minimig uses the FPGA to reproduce the custom Denise, Agnus, Paula and Gary chips as well as both 8520 CIAs and implements a simple version of Amber. The rest of the chips are an actual 68000 CPU, ram chips, and a PIC microcontroller for BIOS control.[43] The design for Minimig was released as open source on July 25, 2007. In February, 2008, an Italian company Acube Systems began selling Minimig boards. A third party upgrade replaces the PIC microcontroller with a more powerful ARM processor, providing more functionality such as write access and support for hard disk images. The minimig core is being ported to the FPGArcade "Replay" board. The Replay uses a larger FPGA which will support the AGA chipset and a 63030 soft core. The Replay board is designed to emulate many older computers and classic arcade machines.
The second is the Clone-A system announced by Individual Computers. As of mid 2007 it has been shown in its development form, with FPGA-based boards replacing the Amiga chipset and mounted on an Amiga 500 motherboard.[44]
In 2011 by ArcadeRetroGaming, called the Multiple Classic Computer, which emulates the Commodore 64. Support for Amiga software is planned.[45]
Main article: Amiga emulation
Like many popular but discontinued platforms, the Amiga has been the target of various emulation projects so that software developed for the Amiga can be run on other computer platforms without the original hardware. Such emulators attempt to replicate the functionality of the Amiga architecture in software. As mentioned above, attempts have also been made to replicate the Amiga chipset in FPGA chips.[46]
One of the most challenging aspects of emulation is the design of the Amiga chipset, which relies on cycle-critical timings. As a result, early emulators did not always achieve the intended results though later emulator versions can now accurately reproduce the behavior of Amiga systems.
Main article: AmigaOS
" "[AmigaOS] remains one of the great operating systems of the past 20 years, incorporating a small kernel and tremendous multitasking capabilities the likes of which have only recently been developed in OS/2 and Windows NT. The biggest difference is that the AmigaOS could operate fully and multitask in as little as 250 K of address space.
--John C. Dvorak, PC Magazine, October 1996.[47] "
AmigaOS is a single-user multitasking operating system. It was developed first by Commodore International, and initially introduced in 1985 with the Amiga 1000. Original versions run on the Motorola 68000 series of microprocessors, while AmigaOS 4 runs only on PowerPC microprocessors. At the time of release AmigaOS put an operating system that was well ahead of its time into the hands of the average consumer. It was one of the first commercially available consumer operating systems for personal computers to implement preemptive multitasking.
Another notable feature was the combined use of both a command-line interface and graphical user interface. AmigaDOS was the disk operating system and command line portion of the OS and Workbench the native graphical windowing, icons, menu and pointer environment for file management and launching applications. Notably, AmigaDOS allowed long filenames (up to 107 characters) with whitespace and did not require file extensions. The windowing system and user interface engine which handles all input events is called Intuition.[48]
The multi-tasking kernel was called Exec. It acts as a scheduler for tasks running on the system, providing pre-emptive multitasking with prioritised round-robin scheduling. It enabled true pre-emptive multitasking in as little as 256 kB of free memory.[49]
Like other operating systems of the time, the OS lacks memory protection. This was because the 68000 CPU does not include a memory management unit and therefore there is no way to enforce protection of memory.[50] Although this speeds and eases inter-process communication (programs can communicate by simply passing a pointer back and forth), the lack of memory protection made the AmigaOS more vulnerable to crashes from badly behaving programs, and fundamentally incapable of enforcing any form of security model since any program had full access to the system. A co-operational memory protection feature was implemented in AmigaOS 4 and could be retrofitted to old AmigaOS systems using Enforcer or CyberGuard tools.
The problem was somewhat exacerbated by Commodore's initial decision to release documentation relating not only to the OS's underlying software routines, but also to the hardware itself, enabling intrepid programmers who cut their teeth on the Commodore 64 to POKE the hardware directly, as was done on the older platform. While the decision to release the documentation was a popular one and allowed the creation of fast, sophisticated sound and graphics routines in games and demos, it also contributed to system instability as some programmers lacked the expertise to program at this level. For this reason, when the new AGA chipset was released, Commodore declined to release low-level documentation in an attempt to force developers into using the approved software routines.
Influence on other operating systems
AmigaOS directly or indirectly inspired the development of various operating systems. MorphOS and AROS clearly inherit heavily from the structure of AmigaOS as explained directly in articles regarding these two operating systems. AmigaOS also influenced BeOS, which featured a centralized system of Datatypes, similar to that present in AmigaOS. Likewise, DragonFlyBSD was also inspired by AmigaOS as stated by Dragonfly developer Matthew Dillon who is a former Amiga developer.[51][52] WindowLab and amiwm are among several window managers for the X Window System seek to mimic the Workbench interface.[citation needed]
Unix and Unix-like systems
Commodore-Amiga produced Amiga Unix, informally known as Amix, based on AT&T SVR4. It supports the Amiga 2500 and Amiga 3000 and was included with the Amiga 3000UX. Among other unusual features of Amix is a hardware-accelerated windowing system which can scroll windows without copying data. Amix is not supported on the later Amiga systems based on 68040 or 68060 processors.
Other, still maintained, operating systems are available for the classic Amiga platform, including Linux and NetBSD. Both require a CPU with MMU such as the 68020 with 68851 or full versions of the 68030, 68040 or 68060. There is also a version of Linux for Amigas with PowerPC accelerator cards. Debian and Yellow Dog Linux can run on the AmigaOne.
There is an official, older version of OpenBSD. The last Amiga release is 3.2. Minix 1.5.10 also runs on Amiga.[53]
Emulating other systems
Main article: Emulation on the Amiga
The Amiga is able to emulate other computer platforms ranging from many 8-bit systems such as the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Nintendo Game Boy, Nintendo Entertainment System, Apple II and the TRS-80, up to platforms such as the IBM PC, Apple Macintosh and Atari ST. MAME (the arcade machine emulator) is also available for Amiga systems with PPC accelerator card upgrades.
Main article: Amiga software
The Amiga was a primary target for productivity and game development during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Software was often developed for the Amiga and the Atari ST simultaneously, since the ST had a similar CPU architecture.
Aminet was created in 1992 and until around 1996, was the largest public archive of software, art and documents for any platform.
Boing Ball
The Boing Ball.
The Boing Ball has been synonymous with Amiga since its public release in 1985. The bouncing ball (or other graphical elements) has been a popular theme in computer demo effects since the 1950s, when a bouncing ball demo was released for Whirlwind computers and became the primary theme for early Atari games Pong and Breakout. Commodore released a bouncing ball demo at the 1978 Consumer Electronics Show, to illustrate the capabilities of the VIC chip. A similar theme was used by Amiga Corporation to demonstrate the capabilities of the Amiga computer at the 1984 Winter Consumer Electronics Show in January 1984. It was a real-time animation showing a red-and-white spinning ball (about 1/4 screen size) bouncing up and down and casting a shadow on a wall behind it. The echoing deep Bong! sound and left-right motion was added soon after the show was over. Since then, the Boing Ball became one of the most well-known symbols for Amiga and compatible computers.[citation needed] Within the context of this tradition of bouncing ball demos at the Consumer Electronics Show, CBS Electronics also showed a Bouncing Ball demo for the Atari VCS/2600, with a spinning and bouncing ball, at the same event.
The 1984 Boing Ball demo was one of the very first demos shown on the Amiga. It was specifically designed to take advantage of the Amiga's custom graphics, achieving a level of speed and smoothness not previously seen on an affordable computer. The 1984 demo ran standalone as there was no official DOS operating system and Intuition was just a glint in RJ Mical's eye at the time. A year later this demo was converted to operate in an Intuition Screen, allowing the higher resolution Amiga Workbench screen to be dragged down to make the Boing Ball visible from behind, bouncing up above the Workbench while the Workbench remained fully active. Since the Boing Ball used almost no CPU time (only to calculate the bounce angles - animation was handled by playfield vertical and horizontal scrolling tricks, the rotation animation was done with color cycling in the graphics chip, and of course the sound chip handled the sound), this made a particularly impressive demonstration of multitasking at the time.
The Boing Ball itself was never adopted as a trademark by Commodore. The official Amiga trademark is a rainbow-colored double checkmark.[54]
Amiga community
When Commodore went bankrupt in 1994, there remained a very active Amiga community, which continued to support the platform long after mainstream commercial vendors abandoned it. The most popular Amiga magazine, Amiga Format, continued to publish editions until 2000, some six years after Commodore filed for bankruptcy. Another magazine, Amiga Active, was launched in 1999 and was published until 2001. Several magazines are in publication today, notably Amiga Future,[55] which is available in both English and German; Bitplane.it,[56] a bi-monthly magazine in Italian; and AmigaPower,[57] a long-running French magazine.
In spite of declining interest in the platform there was a bi-weekly specialist column in the UK weekly magazine Micro Mart. There is also a web site,[58] that has served as a community discussion and support resource since the 1994 bankruptcy. Other popular English-language fora also exist, particularly Amigaworld.net[59] and English Amiga Board.[60]
Notable historic uses
The Amiga series of computers found a place in early computer graphic design and television presentation. Below are some examples of notable uses and users:
Season 1 and part of season 2 of the television series Babylon 5 were rendered in LightWave 3D on Amigas.[61][62] Other television series using Amigas for special effects included SeaQuest DSV[63] and Max Headroom.[64]
In addition, many other celebrities and notable individuals have made use of the Amiga:[65]
Andy Warhol was an early user of the Amiga and appeared at the launch[66] where he made a computer artwork of Debbie Harry.[67] Warhol used the Amiga to create a new style of art made with computers, and was the author of a multimedia opera called "you are the one" which consists of an animated sequence featuring images of actress Marilyn Monroe assembled in a short movie with a soundtrack. The video was discovered on two old Amiga floppies in a drawer in Warhol's studio and repaired in 2006 by the Detroit Museum of New Art.[68] The pop artist has been quoted as saying: "The thing I like most about doing this kind of work on the Amiga is that it looks like my work in other media."[69][70]
A pioneer of the Digital Art movement, Laurence Gartel, along with Jeff Bruette,[71] personally taught Andy Warhol how to use the Amiga and relevant software.[72]
Actor Dick Van Dyke was a self-described "rabid" user of the Amiga, although he has since switched to other platforms and sold most of his Amiga equipment.[73][74]
Amigas were used in various NASA laboratories to keep track of multiple low orbiting satellites, and were still used up to 2003/04 (dismissed and sold in 2006). This is another example of long lifetime reliability of Amiga hardware, as well as professional use. Amigas were also used at Kennedy Space Center to run strip-chart recorders, to format and display data, and control stations of platforms for Delta rocket launches.[75]
Artist Jean "Moebius" Giraud credits the Amiga he bought for his son as a bridge to learning about "using paint box programs".[76] He uploaded some of his early experiments to the file sharing forums on CompuServe.
Tom Fulp is noted as saying he used the Amiga as his first computer for creating cartoons and animations.[77]
London Transport Museum developed their own interactive multi-media software for the CD32. The software included a walkthrough of various exhibits and a virtual tour of the museum.[78]
The "Weird Al" Yankovic film UHF contains a computer animated music video parody of the Dire Straits song "Money for Nothing", titled "Money For Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies". According to the DVD commentary track, this spoof was created on an Amiga home computer.[79]
Rolf Harris used an Amiga to digitize his hand-drawn art work for animation on his television series, Rolf's Cartoon Club.
Todd Rundgren's video "Change Myself" was produced with Toaster and Lightwave.
An Amiga 1000 can be seen in the movie Disorderlies in the background running a heart animation.
An Amiga 4000 was in Michael Jackson's movie Ghosts. At the left of the screen, an Amiga monitor and keyboard can be easily seen at the end credit. (at exactly 38:40)
Scottish pop artist Calvin Harris composed his debut album I Created Disco with an Amiga 1200.[80]
Susumu Hirasawa, a Japanese Electropop-artist is known for using Amigas to compose and perform music.
Electronic musician Max Tundra also created his three albums with an Amiga 500.[81]
A black Commodore Amiga 1200 was seen on an episode of Bones, used as evidence to lead to a murder suspect. A clip of this show hosted on YouTube became infamous because of the high number of errors in such a minor mention. Among many other errors, an IBM 5150 (the first PC) was shown as its floppy drive, and it was described as using "a homemade operating system" with a "6800 chipset".[82]
Tom Berenger's character Gary Simmons uses an Amiga 500 for his KKK network in the 1988 movie Betrayed.
Amiga 500 motherboards were used, in conjunction with a Laserdisc player and Genlock device, in arcade games manufactured by American Laser Games.[83]
A custom Amiga 4000T motherboard was used in the HDI 1000 medical ultrasound system built by Bothell, Washington based Advanced Technology Labs (now part of Philips Medical Systems).[84]
Amiga 1200
Amiga mouse
Aminet
Attic Entertainment Software
Hold-And-Modify
Minimig
UAE (emulator)
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^ YouTube.com, Commodore advert 1987 - TV spot version of 20-minute presentation
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^ DeMaria and Wilson (2003) High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games p. 109 ISBN 0-07-223172-6
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^ "Amiga Reviews: Zzap 16-Bit Gaming". http://amigareviews.classicgaming.gamespy.com/s_snippe.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
^ Haynie, Dave (18 October 1992), Architecture Specification for Acutiator, Commodore International Services Corporation, Technology Division, http://www.thule.no/haynie/research/acutiatr/docs/acu1.pdf
^ Dave Haynie (1995.01.24). "CBM's Plans for the RISC-Chipset". Gareth Knight. http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/haynie3drisc.html. Retrieved 31 January 2010. "The initial schedule of 18 months was for the Hombre game machine hardware. There's no real OS here, just a library of routines, including a 3D package, which would probably be licensed. The Amiga OS was not to have run on this system in any form."
^ The Big Book of Amiga Hardware AmigaHardware.MarioMisic.de, AmigaHardware.MarioMisic.de
^ Commodore: A2024
^ "Amiga goes POWER PC (TM)". http://www.cucug.org/amiga/aminews/1995/at951111.html.
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^ "Commodore A3070". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=1296. 090420 amiga-hardware.com
^ a b "empty". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=905. 090426 amiga-hardware.com
^ a b c d "Amiga Hardware Database — Expansion cards". http://amiga.resource.cx/exp/search.pl?amiga=3000&cat=eth. 090426 amiga.resource.cx
^ "Amiga Hardware Database - Photo Gallery of Ameristar Technologies A4066". http://hardware.amiga.hu/photos/photo2.pl?id=a4066&pg=1&res=hi&lang=en. 100701 hardware.amiga.hu
^ a b "Networking FAQ". http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/networkfaq.html#AmiTCP. 090426 amigahistory.co.uk
^ amiga-stuff.com - Diskdrives used by Commodore
^ "PCMCIA Network Card driver". http://aminet.net/package/driver/net/cnetdevice.
^ "Commodore: A560". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=903. 090428 amiga-hardware.com
^ "Commodore: A2060". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=904. 090428 amiga-hardware.com
^ "Amitrix: Amiga-Link". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=899. 090428 amiga-hardware.com
^ "Village Tronic: Liana". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=1590. 090428 amiga-hardware.com
^ "Nine Tiles: AmigaLink (9 Tiles)". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=1436. 090428 amiga-hardware.com
^ "PPS (Progressive Peripherals & Software): DoubleTalk". http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=918. 090428 amiga-hardware.com
^ Knight, Gareth (1997–2003). "Amiga history guide". http://www.amigau.com/aig/comamiga.html. Retrieved 2007-09-29
^ AmigaHistory.co.uk, Commodore-Amiga Sales Figures
^ PC World, The 25 Greatest PCs of All Time
^ Commodore Amiga 500+
^ RollerFink.de
^ Knight, Gareth (1997–2006). "References to B52 songs on Amiga Motherboards". http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/b52board.html. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
^ It's alive!: Ars reviews AmigaOS 4.1, Ars Technica, September 22, 2008.
^ OEM Version of AmigaOS 4.1 for Sam440ep imminent, Acube Systems, September 17, 2008
^ AmigaOS 4.1 for Pegasos II, Hyperion Entertainment, January 31, 2009
^ "PIOS One". http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/pios/pios1.html.
^ "Выпущен прототип новой модели компьютеров Amiga (ФОТО)" (in Russian). Российское информационное агентство «Новый Регион». Версия 2.0. Feb 13, 2011. http://www.nr2.ru/technology/320289.html. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
^ "12 questions to... Natami Team - part 1". Polski Portal Amigowy. 2011-04-28. http://www.ppa.pl/artykul-12.questions.to..Natami.Team.part.1-3_32_1334.html. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
^ a b HetNet.nl
^ SiliconSonic.de
^ "Multiple Classic Computer (MCC) Plays Commodore 64 and More". http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/node/3436. Retrieved 07-10-2011.
^ "Minimig available" announcement by Acube Systems
^ From PC Magazine, October 22, 1996 Inside Track By John C. Dvorak
^ Mical, Robert J.; Deyl, Susan (1987). Amiga Intuition Reference Manual. Amiga Technical Reference Series. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.. ISBN 0-201-11076-8.
^ Holloway, Tim. "Byte Magazine on the Amiga Exec". http://www.cunningham-lee.com/misc/amiga_exec.html. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
^ "Adding Memory Protection (MP) to the Amiga". groups.google.com. http://groups.google.com/group/comp.sys.amiga.advocacy/msg/7d0bf445a2c22d67?hl=en&. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
^ Re: User-Space Device Drivers, Matthew Dillon, Dragonfly Kernel mailing list, 28 February 2006. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
^ Re: You could do worse than Mach ports, Matthew Dillon, Dragonfly Kernel mailing list, 17 July 2003. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
^ Minix Comp Wisdon
^ Ryan Czerwinski (December 31, 2001). "Dr. Ryan Czerwinski of Merlancia Industries explains the origin of the Amiga Boing ball and checkmark". Amiga Network News. http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/originsboing.html. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
^ Amigafuture.de
^ Bitplane.it
^ Amigapower.free.fr
^ Amiga.org
^ AmigaWorld.net
^ EAB.abime.net
^ The Lurker's Guide to Babylon 5
^ An Interview with Ron Thornton, October 16, 1995. "Effects are designed on an accelerated Amiga 2000 with a Video Toaster board in it, using LightWave 3-D and Modeler 3-D."
^ Interview with Matt Gorner
^ 'Max Headroom' on TechTV
^ For other notable users see Famous Amiga Users at AmigaHistory.
^ "Amiga Andy article". Artnode online. http://www.artnode.org/text/andywarhol/index.html.
^ Andy Warhol paints Debbie Harry on an Amiga, Uploaded by theisotope on March 7, 2008 on YouTube.
^ "Artdaily article about the discovery and repair of "you are the one"". Artdaily. http://www.artdaily.com/section/news/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=18091. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
^ "Interview with Andy Warhol" (PDF). Amiga World Magazine. http://www.artnode.org/text/andywarhol/amigandy.pdf. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
^ Cynthia Goodman. "The Digital Revolution: Art in the Computer Age". Art Journal, Vol 49 No 3, Computers and Art: Issues of Content (Autumn, 1990) pp. 248-252. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-3249%28199023%2949%3A3%3C248%3ATDRAIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
^ Amigaworld, January 1986: Retrieved May 2009
^ Galleriiizu.com
^ "Dick van Dyke at SIGGRAPH". http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2004/08/11/443.aspx. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
^ Katie Hafner (2000-06-22). "The Return of a Desktop Cult Classic (No, Not the Mac)". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/06/circuits/articles/22amig.html?oref=login. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
^ "Reportage: l'Amiga à la NASA". obligement.free.fr. http://obligement.free.fr/articles/amiganasa.php.
^ "Moebius". Wired. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.01/moebius.html.
^ Tol Fulp interview
^ CD32: The Hyper-Museum Project
^ UHF DVD commentary track
^ "Calvin Harris". 2007-06-06. http://www.scala-london.co.uk/scala/event.php?id=656. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
^ "Track Reviews on Cokemachineglow". cokemachineglow. 2007-06-06. http://www.cokemachineglow.com/track_review/3960. Retrieved 2008-11-29. [dead link]
^ "YouTube - Bones S03E07 Amiga clip". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xazjgsx4SJw.
^ "American Laser Games Tech Center". Dragon's Lair Project. http://www.dragons-lair-project.com/tech/pages/alg.asp. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
^ "United States Patent Application 20070106157". http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=20070106157.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070106157&RS=DN/20070106157.
History of the Amiga on Ars Technica
Famous Amiga Uses
Amiga, Inc.
Amiga Hardware Database - details of Amiga hardware
Big Book of Amiga Hardware - Big Book of Amiga Hardware
Amiga Lorraine: finally, the next generation Atari? John J. Anderson, Creative Computing, April 1984
On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore Bagnall, Brian (2005), Variant Press, ISBN 0-9738649-0-7.
The Amiga Guru Book by Ralph Babel, Self Published by Ralph Babel for Commodore and Amiga in 1989, 1993 (German), (English)
Amiga community at Amigaworld.net
Amiga.org - community forums and support
FC-Jungle Memories.. Amiga Mods in MP3, author's cut
BoingsWorld.de - German Podcast roundabout AMIGA
www.cracktros.com Amiga Crackintro and Trainer Database in HD Video, biggest and most complete resource.
[1] An interactive Amiga games database with screenshots, reviews, ratings, docs, cheats, walkthroughs, downloads, videos, emulators, music and a forum.
v · d · eList of Commodore microcomputers
6502-based (8-bit)
MOS/CBM KIM-1 · PET/CBM · CBM-II (aka B/P series) · VIC-20/VC-20 · C64 · SX-64 · Educator 64 · C16 & 116 · Plus/4 · C128
68000-based (16-bit / 32-bit)
Amiga 1000 · Amiga 500 · Amiga 2000 (Amiga 2500) · Amiga 1500 · Amiga CDTV · Amiga CD32 · Amiga 3000 · (Amiga 3000UX · Amiga 3000T) · Amiga 500+ · Amiga 600 · Amiga 1200 · Amiga 4000 · Amiga 4000T
PowerPC Based
A1-SE · A1-XE · Micro-A1 · AmigaOne X1000
x86-based
Commodore C64x
v · d · eAmigaOS
Amiga technologies
AmigaBASIC • AmigaDOS • Amigaguide • ARexx • Blitter object • Exec/WarpOS • Guru Meditation • Hunk • Intuition • Kickstart • RAM disk • Workbench
Amiga GUIs
Ambient • MUI • ReAction • Scalos • Wanderer • Workbench • Zune
CrossDOS • OFS • FFS • PFS • SFS • UDF • JXFS (Amiga OS4.1 only) • IceFS (MorphOS only)
68k-based: 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 (beta) • 2.0, 2.04, 2.05, 2.1 • 3.0, 3.1, 3.5, 3.9
PowerPC-based: 4.0, 4.1
Software packs
Amiga Forever • AmigaSYS • AmiKit
Aminet • Amiga Reflections • Demos • Games • Hollywood • Web browsers • ADF • IFF • LHA • WHDLoad • WinUAE • YAM • (AmiZilla)
AfA • AROS • AtheOS • BeOS • DragonFly BSD • MorphOS • Syllable
v · Amiga, Inc.
Original developer
Amiga Corporation
Mainly software
Grasshopper LLC • Haage & Partner • Hyperion Entertainment • Runesoft GmbH
Other companies - Present
ACube Systems Srl • A-EON Technology • Commodore International • Commodore USA • Genesi
Other companies - Former
Amiga, Inc. (South Dakota) • Escom • Eyetech • Gateway, Inc. • Phase5 • Xetec
v · history)
Amiga models
680x0 based
CD32 · CDTV · A500 · A500Plus · A600 · A1000 · A1200 · A1500 · A2000 · A2500 · A3000 · A3000T · A3000UX · A4000 · A4000T
A1-SE · A1-XE · Micro-A1 · AmigaOne 500 · AmigaOne X1000
Unofficial 68k models
Minimig · Natami · Turbo Chameleon · Multiple Classic Computer
Unofficial models
Pegasos II · Efika · Sam440ep · Sam440ep-flex · Sam460ex · Sam460ex Lite
Amiga prototypes
Walker · A5000
Amiga chipsets
OCS · ARC · ECS · AGA · AAA · AA+ · Hombre · (Agnus · Alice · Denise · Lisa · Paula · Blitter · Copper · Akiko · others)
Action Replay · Chip/Fast RAM · Flicker fixer · Kickstart ROM · Amiga Sidecar
v · d · eAmiga magazines
.info · Ahoy Amiga · Amazing Computing · Amigadget · Amiga plus · Amiga Sentry · Amiga World · Amiga World Tech Journal · AX and Graf/X · Compute's Amiga Resource · AC's Tech · AC's Guide · Amiga Computing (US Edition) · Amiga Informer · Lightwave Pro · NewTekniques · Robocity · Scientific Amigan · Video Toaster User
Amazing Computing (UK edition) · Amiga Action · Amiga Active · Amiga CD32 · Amiga CD32 Gamer · Amiga Computing · Amiga Format · Amiga Mart · Amiga Power · Amiga Survivor · Amiga Shopper · Amiga User International · CU Amiga · Just Amiga Monthly · ST/Amiga Format · The One · Your Amiga
Amiga DOS · Amiga Fun · Amiga Fever · Amiga Future · Amiga Games · Amiga Joker · Amiga Magazin · Amiga Magazin Sonderheft · Amiga Play Extra · Amiga Plus · Amiga Power (Germany) · Amiga Public Domain · Amiga Praxis · Amiga Special · Amiga Welt · Kickstart · Joystick
Amiga Downunder · Australian Commodore and Amiga Review · Australian Amiga Gazette · OzAmiga · Professional Amiga User Magazine
Amigo Times · Transactor
Amiga Review
Amiga Advis · Det Nye Computer
Amiga Domaine Public · Amiga Dream · Amiga News · aMiGa=PoWeR · Amiga Revue
Enigma Amiga Run (Enigma Amiga Life) · Amiga Magazine · Computer Gazette
Amiga Agora · Amiga.Info · Amiga World
Amiga Master
Amiga Info · Svenska Amiga Magazin · Dator
Amiga Style · Warp · Amiga Svet
Disk magazine
Miggybyte · Grapevine
Please note that all magazines are defunct.
Amiga magazines
CBM hardware
1985 introductions
Amiga — 500 Amiga семейство домашних персональных компьютеров и операционных систем к ним, разработанные Amiga Corporation … Википедия
Amiga — [zu lat. amica »Freundin«] der, ein Heimcomputer, der 1985 von Commodore auf den Markt gebracht wurde und der noch heute viele Fans hat und in bestimmte Kreisen Kultstatus besitzt. Die Ursprünge des Amiga gehen auf ein kleines Unternehmen… … Universal-Lexikon
Amiga E — Класс языка: алгоритмическое, процедурное, объектно ориентированное программирование Появился в: 1993 Автор(ы): Wouter van Oortmerssen Расширение файлов: .e Релиз … Википедия
Amiga E — Amiga E, häufiger auch einfach E, ist eine Programmiersprache, die von Wouter van Oortmerssen auf der Amiga entwickelt wurde. Er ist dazu übergegangen diese SHEEP Programmiersprache für die neue AmigaDE Platform und die CryScript Sprache (auch… … Deutsch Wikipedia
AMIGA — (eigene Schreibweise: AMIGA) war ein Plattenlabel des staatlichen DDR Tonträgerproduzenten VEB Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin und seines Vorgängers bis 1954, des von Ernst Busch gegründeten Musikverlags Lied der Zeit. Amiga sollte die Bandbreite… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Amiga E — Amiga E, or very often simply E, is a programming language created by Wouter van Oortmerssen on the Amiga. He has since moved on to develop the SHEEP programming language for the new AmigaDE platform and the CryScript language (also known as DOG) … Wikipedia
Amiga — (Мюнхен,Германия) Категория отеля: 3 звездочный отель Адрес: Friedenspromenade 13, Трудеринг Рим, 81827 … Каталог отелей
Amiga — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Amiga puede referirse a: Una persona de sexo femenino que profesa amistad; Commodore Amiga, un ordenador personal de los 80 y 90; AmigaOS, el sistema operativo por defecto de dicho ordenador; Unix Amiga Emulator, un… … Wikipedia Español
Amiga 64 — is a term used to incorrectly refer to one, or both, of the Commodore computers:*the Commodore 64 *the AmigaNo computer by the name of Amiga 64 exists … Wikipedia
amiga — (de «amigo») 1 f. Maestra de escuela de niñas. 2 Escuela de niñas. * * * amiga. f. V. amigo … Enciclopedia Universal
amiga — s. f. 1. Mulher que estima ou ama outra pessoa. 2. Amásia, concubina … Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa


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text:
Ziggy Marley Exclusive Photoshoot and Interview in FAULT Magazine 30
Thursday 16th May 2019
|In Music
Striped Shirt by 3.1 PHILLIP LIM | Button Down Shirt by Issey Miyake
Photographer: Cory Vanderploeg
Fashion Editor: Chaunielle Brown
Grooming: Brittan White
Stylist Assistants: Wintry Smith + Shannen Azuredee
Words: Adina Ilie
ZIGGY MARLEY'S immersion in music came at age ten when he sat in on recording sessions with his father, Bob Marley. After eight records with The Melody Makers and three GRAMMY Awards, with such chart-topping hits as "Look Who's Dancing", "Tomorrow People" and "Tumbling Down" he kicked off a legendary solo career in 2003 with Dragonfly. The reggae icon is now on the cusp of releasing his seventh full-length studio album Rebellion Rises, a testimony of togetherness and love. The eponymous artist opens up to FAULT about the future of our generation, the emotional turmoil of being a reggae artist in 2019 and why hope lies is in the hands of our children.
Carrying the Marley name must have been a blessing and a curse at the same time. How did your father's career influence your own?
I don't think it's his career that influenced me. When I was a child, it was a very influential time because of the political situation and the newness that was happening in music, especially in reggae music. It was such a new thing to the world. And seeing that and the purpose behind what the music was for, really gave me a sense of inspiration… It gave me a purpose. The career is one thing but the life that you're living is a different thing. It's a more influential thing than a career for me. When we look at someone, we don't look at their career, we look at the life. It's the way you live your life in general and the philosophies that guided you through life that inspire other people.
Shirt: PHILLIP LIM Button Down Shirt: Issey Miyake
Striped Shirt: 3.1 PHILLIP LIM | Button Down Shirt: Issey Miyake
Do you feel that you have a safer environment to proclaim certain political messages now as opposed to the times when your father was in the same situation as you currently are?
Me and my father are two different people, right? We grew up in different environments. We had different experiences and different exposures. We even had different exposures to different ideas. I think the foundation that my parents built in terms of me and my music is a good foundation to build on, but it's not the final destination to the journey. It's a good vehicle to the journey but it's not the final destination. My evolution and my own purposes have helped bring forward my music with the foundation that was built by them. But it had to do a lot with my personal evolution. Creating enough for myself, for my life for what I think and what I feel. My religion is love.
Blazer: Boss Shirt: Gustav Von Aschenbach Necklace: Ziggy's Own
You've always stayed away from making straightforward political statements through your music. Yet your latest album seems to be heading subtly into that direction. Is this something intentional?
The times are so weird. Life inspires me, so these are the inspirations that I have received that I want to put into music. I don't think too much about it, ideas just come into my head. I allow the process to lead me instead of me trying to lead the process.
Do you see yourself as a vehicle for change?
Not in those words. I am just a messenger of the universe. We get messages from the universe sent through different people and I am one of those people. This message is coming from me, but it's a message from the universe. I am just doing what I have been given to do, what comes to me naturally.
Blazer: Joseph Abboud Waistcoat / Vest: Joseph Abboud Shirt: Joseph Abboud Pants: Joseph Abboud
What was the most important thing that you wanted to project to people?
Just to wake up. Wake up their minds and their consciousness. Because we have experienced the awareness of our own consciousness. If we can reach that level of consciousness, everything will be better, we will have fewer problems.
You're also doing a lot of charity work with the UN, Little Kids Rock and your very own Urge Foundation. Do you feel that children are the ones that we need to focus on for a better future?
Most adults are set in their own ways. Children haven't been brainwashed yet. They still have open minds, they're like sponges. They're still willing to learn. If we can get a few good ideas into the children's minds, then when they grow into adults, they will have a good foundation for humanity. It's
How would you like to see people mobilizing themselves through the help of the charities that you're supporting?
It's not about prizes or money, but it's all about doing something that will help people.
What went into the makings of your latest album and how does it differ from your past releases?
The album is called Rebellion Rises. It was an urge inside of me to be a cheerleader, to be a positive force for people. We can do anything that we put our minds to. If human beings want peace on earth, we can do it. We can do anything that we set our minds to. If the majority of human beings on earth said 'alright, let's change things' we could do it. This isn't a dream, it isn't a fantasy, we can do it. We need to come together to make it happen. That's where Rebellion Rises is coming from. I know that the majority of us want more love, more peace, more togetherness. We don't want ideological division, political or religious division. The majority of human beings are not racists, they don't hate each other because of one religion or another. If we want the world to be better, we have to be willing to do the work. That is the message within Rebellion Rises.
Denim Jacket: Levis Sunglasses: Cutler and Gross Button Down Shirt: Stella McCartney Pants: Stella McCartney Shoes: Dr Martens
The cover on your latest album is an image of yourself holding a child's hand. Is the album formulated as a message for the generation to come?
We have to set the foundation and leave them with the right tools and the right inspiration. People try to keep us in a state of demoralization. No matter what we do, the worries that we have are not true, we can change the world.
What's your FAULT?
I can be a bit too introverted. I'm a quiet person.


text:
Primary Sources: Civil Rights in America: Laws
Notable Legislation - Civil Rights
Age Discrimination in Employment Act 1967
Americans with Disabilities Act (HeinOnline)
Civil Rights Act 1866
U.S. Statutes at Large Library via HeinOnline
Subjects: Government & Public Affairs
Vendor: Hein
Subscriber: CNU
Full-text access to the U.S. Statutes at Large.
Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968
Pregnancy Discrimination Act 1978
Title IX (HeinOnline)
Voting Rights Act 1965
Online Sources: Civil Rights Law
An online image-based collection of law and law-related materials. It includes law journals, the CFR, English Reports, Federal Register, Treaties and Agreements, Legislative history, a US Presidential Library and more.
Historical Publications of the United States Commission on Civil Rights
A site at the Thurgood Marshall Law Library which provides access to the historical record of this Federal Agency. Documents can be accessed by title, date, subject, or sudoc number. Coverage begins with the Civil Rights Act of 1957. Additional information may also be found at U.S. Commission on Civil Rights web page (http://www.usccr.gov/).
The Supreme Court - Expanding Civil Rights
primary sources from PBS related to the Supreme Court and civil rights
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
Provides access to various publications and legislation.
U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
"The Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice, created in 1957 by the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1957, works to uphold the civil and constitutional rights of all Americans, particularly some of the most vulnerable members of our society. The Division enforces federal statutes prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, disability, religion, familial status and national origin."
Book Sources: Laws - Civil Rights
The Conscience of the Court: Selected Opinions of Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. On Freedom and Equality by Stephen L. Sepinuck and Mary Pat Treuthart
Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress by Helen E. Veit et al.
Call Number: KF4749 .C74 1991
Equal Protection and the African American Constitutional experience: A Documentary History by Robert P. Green, Jr.
Call Number: KF4756 .A3 2000
Jim Crow Laws by Leslie V. Tischauser
Call Number: KF4757 .T57 2012
"Primary source documents, including Supreme Court decisions and W.E.B DuBois's 1947 "Statement on the Denial of Human Rights to Minorities in the Case of Citizens of Negro Descent in the United States of America and an Appeal to the United Nations for Redress""
http://www.abc-clio.com/product.aspx?id=2147509468
Landmark Briefs and Arguments of the Supreme Court of the United States by United States Supreme Court
Call Number: KF101.9 .K87
The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act by Charles Whalen & Barbara Whalen.
Call Number: KF4756.A315 A168 1985
Religion on Trial by James John Jurinski
Call Number: KF4865 .J87 2004
a handbook with cases, laws, and documents
Religious Freedom in America: a Reference Handbook by Michael C. LeMay and James John Jurinski
See the Data & Documents section for primary sources.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 by Laurie Collier Hillstrom
Call Number: JK1924 .H55 2009
"Features include a narrative overview, biographies, primary source documents, chronology, glossary, bibliography, and index"
<< Previous: Women
Next: Notable Cases >>


text:
Explosion • June 30, 2021 • https://ghsexplosion.com/3395/features/nitro-baseball-players-receive-cif-honors/
Nitro Baseball Players Receive CIF Honors
Junior pitcher Milan Bugarin
Jon Livingston, Advisor
The California Interscholastic Federation has announced its annual CIF All Team awards for the 2021 Pacific League baseball season, and Glendale High School players were well represented this year!
Junior right-handed pitcher Milan Bugarin was named to the All CIF Pacific League First Team. Sophomore catcher Frankie Malagon was also named to the Second Team, and freshman pitcher Levi Valadez was listed under Honorable Mentions.
Sophomore Frankie Malagon
Varsity head coach, and GHS history teacher, Marcus Whithorne, was thrilled to learn of these honors. "Words can't begin to express how proud I am of Milan, Frankie and Levi," he said. "Not only are they great athletes, but they truly represent everything our culture strives for. As a coaching staff, we are excited to see what they are capable of achieving next year."
Despite finishing the season at 8-11, including a 5-9 record in the Pacific League, our varsity baseball team has a lot to build on for next year. They swept their season series against both Muir and Pasadena, and they finished their schedule with a win against Hoover High School and a final score of 9-4.
Congratulations to Milan, Frankie, Levi, and the entire GHS varsity baseball team for yet another successful season! We are all looking forward to the Spring of 2022!


text:
Ronny Hoareau (born 20 March 1983) is captain of Northern Dynamo FC in the Seychelles First Division. He is also a national representative, playing defence with the Seychelles national football team since 2004. His position is center back.

External links

1983 births
Living people
Seychellois footballers
Place of birth missing (living people)

Association football defenders
Seychelles international footballers
21st-century Seychellois people


Starting a new topic on Public and Private Underground Tunnels and Facilities. The topic is dual-purpose, to detail where the public can congregate in an emergency necessitating being underground, and to post warnings about underground facilities that may best be avoided due to being occupied by Service-to-Self oriented individuals and their inhumane schemes.
Even if an underground facility may be a normal community feature in non-emergency times, there is no telling what may happen under extreme circumstances. Under no circumstances would I want the doors to be locked, unless some sort of attack were underway.
An example of a private facility that has a decades-old solid reputation as being of a STO (Service-to-Others) orientation is a Nazarene college in Oklahoma, which at least in the past had regularly offered the underground portion of its campus to local members of the public during tornado watches. At least that is my childhood memory of the place, as there has been some reconstruction of the campus in my long absence.
Readers are advised to pay attention to their inner wisdom and remain in prayer about whether a particular underground location may be safe or not.
For those in California, Disneyland has an underground tunnel system primarily set up for staff, though visitors are welcome. However, I would not want to be trapped there during seismic activity.
The water level in Central Florida is too high to be able to have underground tunnels, so the park was built up higher instead.
The Digital Animation Control System (DACS) is also housed in the Utilidors. DACS is the "nerve center" that controls the hundreds of Audio-Animatronics figures, by orchestrating more than 72,000 individual functions every second. DACS also opens theater doors, elevates stage lifts, operates lighting and curtains, and monitors fire protection, security, equipment failure, and power loss.
Montreal has an entire underground level connecting up its buildings - a great feature in a cold climate prone to blizzards! Its universities also have separate underground tunnels. Good places to take refuge from other onslaughts?
Nearly 500,000 people use it per day. It is also the largest underground complex in the world. It stretches for 32 kilometers (20 miles) and covers 4 million square meters. According to official statistics, its corridors link up with 10 metro stations, 2 bus terminals, 1,200 offices, about 2,000 stores including 2 major department stores, approximately 1,600 housing units, 200 restaurants, 40 banks, 40 movie theatres and other entertainment venues, 7 major hotels, 4 universities, Place des Arts, a cathedral, the Bell Centre (home of the Montreal Canadiens), and 3 exhibition halls: the Place Bonaventure, the Convention Centre (Palais des Congrès de Montréal) and the Olympic Centre.
.....Nearly 500,000 people use it per day. It is also the largest underground complex in the world. It stretches for 32 kilometers (20 miles) and covers 4 million square meters. According to official statistics, its corridors link up with 10 metro stations, 2 bus terminals, 1,200 offices, about 2,000 stores including 2 major department stores, approximately 1,600 housing units, 200 restaurants, 40 banks, 40 movie theatres and other entertainment venues, 7 major hotels, 4 universities, Place des Arts, a cathedral, the Bell Centre (home of the Montreal Canadiens), and 3 exhibition halls: the Place Bonaventure, the Convention Centre (Palais des Congrès de Montréal) and the Olympic Centre.
Elon Musk has managed to receive permission to tunnel beneath Los Angeles for his high-speed subway, the first leg of which is scheduled to open in December.
The tunnel will serve both his employees and members of the public in an electric shuttle that moves at 155 mph.