Our Volunteer network is one of the key services we provide to our membership. It is also a very rewarding and fulfilling role. Whilst it takes up much less time than most would imagine, it is a wonderful opportunity to give back to the Foundation, its members and your community.
There is much to be said for the day you are diagnosed with PBC as this allows you to make informed decisions about your life, your condition and your day to day living. Another important day is the day when you meet someone else diagnosed with PBC. This is the day when a lot of your fears are allayed. Allaying fears is just one of the opportunities afforded to our Volunteers. As a Volunteer, you can host a local meeting, bringing together people with PBC (some for the first time) and allaying those very fears, maybe that you had when you were first diagnosed.
As a Volunteer, you can be involved in deciding the way forward for the Foundation, bringing ideas and suggestions to the Volunteers' Conference, allowing the organisation to move forward with new innovations. You will have the chance to hold fundraising and awareness raising events, educating the general public about PBC, sharing that important fact that PBC is not related to alcohol or drug abuse.
The prospect of being able to give back is there. And we will have an opening in your area. So, come and join the team.


Government has told Rajya Sabha that around 2 crore Bangladeshi immigrants are staying illegally in India.
Current estimate far surpasses figure of 12 million cited in 2004 in the same House.
However, a Union minister on Wednesday said it was a conscious decision by Modi government to highlight the 20 million estimate of illegal Bangladeshi migrants residing in India. "Unlike UPA, we won't be cowed down by pressure to deny the figure as 'hearsay'," said the minister.


text:
SpaceX working on several Starship, Super Heavy upgrades and design changes
By Eric Ralph Posted on January 11, 2022 Not long after Elon Musk confirmed plans to add three more Raptor engines to Starship and stretch the upper stage's propellant tanks, the SpaceX CEO has confirmed one of several smaller design changes planned in the interim. On January 3rd, Musk confirmed that SpaceX is entirely relocating
Coal will make up 85% of electric generating capacity retirements in 2022 – Here's why
US electricity generator operators have scheduled 14.9 gigawatts (GW) of electric generating capacity to retire during 2022, and the vast majority of those scheduled retirements – 85% – are coal-fired power plants, reports the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) today. UnderstandSolar is a free service that links you to top-rated solar installers in your region
Phantom Weekend Price Plunge Catches Oil Traders off Guard
On Saturday morning, a few bewildered oil traders thought they were busy buying CME Group Inc.'s flagship U.S. crude futures contracts. The trouble was, the market is closed on Saturdays — and in reality it was. But those participating in the activity said they thought the trading was real, and started buying what appeared to
Georgia lands $43M battery recycling plant project shortly after Rivian commitment
By Joey Klender Posted on January 10, 2022 The City of Covington, Georgia has landed a massive $43 million lithium-ion battery recycling plant, the largest of its kind in North America, just weeks after electric automaker Rivian announced it would build its second U.S.-based factory in the area. Battery Resourcers, a Massachusetts-based lithium-ion battery recycling
Enterprise to Buy Navitas Midstream Partners for $3.3B
Enterprise Products Partners LP agreed to buy Navitas Midstream Partners LLC from Warburg Pincus LLC for $3.25 billion in cash to add natural gas pipeline and processing assets in the Permian Basin, the world's most prolific shale basin. The acquisition, Enterprise's largest since 2014, will expand the company's reach into the Midland Basin, part of
Cooling towers at the Tricastin Evolutionary Power Reactor nuclear power plant in France. Bloomberg | Bloomberg | Getty Images A controversial EU plan to include nuclear and natural gas in its ranking of sustainable investments is confusing and could lead to further greenwashing, investors told CNBC. The European Commission, the executive arm of the EU,
As the U.S. seeks to calm Russia tensions, Europe pushes to be included
European Union foreign policy chief Josep Borrell and Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba visit the line of contact in Luhansk, Ukraine. Anadolu Agency | Anadolu Agency | Getty Images The United States and Russia are having key talks next week and the EU's top diplomat is disappointed that the bloc will not be around the
SpaceX preparing for third rideshare launch with dozens of small satellites
By Eric Ralph Posted on January 9, 2022 One week after SpaceX and the world's first orbital launch of 2022, the company is a few days out from its second launch of the year – this time carrying dozens of small satellites for a variety of rideshare customers. Aside from potentially being the world's second
After warning and 'F' rating from BBB, electric scooter & e-bike company GoTrax responds
We've all heard it: "Supply chain issues". It's one of the main reasons for disruptions to so many industries across the spectrum. And at a time when micromobility products such as electric bikes and e-scooters are taking off like wildfire, many companies are coming under fire for their slow shipping and slower responses to customer
Global Underwater Hub Makes Trio of Appointments
The Global Underwater Hub (GUH) has announced a series of senior appointments. Jacqui Taylor, a qualified chartered accountant with more than 20 years of experience, has been appointed as a finance director, and Kirstin Gove, a former STV news anchor and broadcast journalist, has joined as the head of communications. Trish Banks has also been
Tesla's Model 3 was the UK's second most popular new car in 2021
In this article DAI-DE TSLA A Tesla Model 3 photographed in London, England, on May 16, 2019. John Keeble | Getty Images News | Getty Images LONDON — A record 190,727 new battery electric cars were registered in the U.K. last year, according to figures released on Thursday, with Tesla's Model 3 the best-selling battery
Hydrogen power is gaining momentum, but critics say it's neither efficient nor green enough
The Linde AG logo on a liquid hydrogen tanker truck taking a fuel delivery at the Linde hydrogen plant in Leuna, Germany, on Tuesday, July 14, 2020. Rolf Schulten | Bloomberg | Getty Images Hydrogen is the simplest element, and the most abundant substance in the universe. When hydrogen burns, it generates energy in the
Tesla owners ponder EV's effectiveness as cryptocurrency mining rig
By Joey Klender Posted on January 8, 2022 Tesla Model 3: fast, high-tech, reasonably affordable, and able to mine cryptocurrencies? A Tesla Model 3 has been converted into a partial cryptocurrency mining rig by owner Siraj Raval, who makes at least $800 a month through the system; enough to pay for his Tesla and then
Oil Up Third Consecutive Week in Tightened Market
Oil rose for a third straight week as demand remained resilient, while supplies are frayed across the OPEC+ coalition and beyond. West Texas Intermediate crude in New York climbed 5% this week, despite closing down 0.7% on Friday. Kazakhstan's biggest oil producer has altered output at the giant Tengiz field following protests, while Libyan production
Iranian immigrant lost $53,000 in crypto hack, says he faces ruin if BitMart doesn't pay him back
Sarayut Thaneerat | Moment | Getty Images Victims of the $200 million BitMart hack say that five weeks have passed since the crypto exchange vowed to return their money, but many still haven't seen a dime. "I'm not one to bitch and moan a lot," said Paul DeLong, a business owner in Austin. "BitMart, from
Feds deny Oklo's application to build an advanced nuclear reactor in Idaho
An artist rendering of Oklo's Aurora powerhouse Image credit: Gensler Federal regulators have denied the application from Silicon Valley nuclear power start-up Oklo to build and operate its advanced nuclear reactor, dubbed Aurora, in Idaho. The Nuclear Regulatory Agency filed the decision on Thursday and cited lack of sufficient information about potential accidents and safety
Tesla to raise Full Self-Driving price by $2,000, bringing price to $12k
By Joey Klender Posted on January 7, 2022 Tesla will raise the price of the Full Self-Driving suite by $2,000, bringing the price to $12,000 effective on January 17. The price revision was announced by Tesla CEO Elon Musk, who shared details on the decision via Twitter. "Tesla FSD price rising to $12k on January
Tesla announces Full Self-Driving package price increase to $12,000
Tesla announced today that it is going to increase the price of its Full Self-Driving package to $12,000 starting on January 17. The price bump should coincide with the release of an important new update. The Price of Tesla's Full Self-Driving (FSD) package has been somewhat controversial. CEO Elon Musk has made Tesla's pricing strategy
Shell Says Trading Results in Gas Stronger
Royal Dutch Shell Plc said its natural gas trading business overcame supply disruptions to post "significantly higher" earnings for the fourth quarter, but the unit that buys and sells oil fared much worse. It's the latest in a series of mixed performances from an energy giant that's under pressure on all sides from activist investors,
Inflation amplifies problems for emerging markets like Kazakhstan, says analyst
Kazakh law enforcement officers gather in a square during a protest against LPG cost rise following authorities' decision to lift price caps on liquefied petroleum gas in Almaty, Kazakhstan January 5, 2022. Pavel Mikheyev | Reuters Rising food and fuel prices pose serious challenges for emerging market countries, according to one economics risk analyst, who

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Global Chemicals. Since 1990.
One Starget. Many Solutions.
Single Refrigerant
Mixed Refrigerant
HCFC Refrigerants
Beijing Starget Group founded in 1990, is one of the largest refrigerant factories in China. Starget is a leading independent global supplier of refrigerants to the refrigeration and air conditioning markets, and a major supplier of blowing agents to the insulation foam market.
After years of enormous effort, Starget has built up customer networks throughout China and abroad and set up a complete marketing, transportation, and after-sales system. To serve our customers better, Starget has built our own DG cargo transportation troop which is equipped with many 40-ton-carriage trucks and tanks to offer a safe and efficient delivery service.
Starget insists "Honest" as the management philosophy. By stressing on specialization, we offer our customers first-class products and services with advanced producing technology and top equipment, offer our staff a harmonious and respectable working atmosphere with human-based management, and offer our every single business partner a win-win cooperation platform.
To be a modernized Group Corporation, Starget will keep striving to consolidate and strengthen the domestic market and promote the international market in the future!
Starget has established subsidiaries and each subsidiary has a large production capacity for every kind of refrigerant gas. They are:
Beijing Starget Chemicals Co., Ltd.
Zhejiang Starget Chemicals Co., Ltd.
With an area of 90,000sqm, our company specializes in operating:
refrigerant gas (R22, R134a, R141b, R142b, R32, R23, R125, R152a, mixed refrigerant R404A, R407C, R410A, R507, R406A, etc, and halon replacement HFC236fa, HFC227ea, etc), Fluoropolymer products(PTFE, PVDF, FEP, FKM, etc).
31 Years of Development History
To enhance the competitiveness of foreign trade export, the Starget Group plans to build a large-scale storage and distribution base in Changzhou.
The annual sales of Jinxing Group's refrigerants reached 60,000 tons, and the turnover increased steadily year by year.
The foreign trade team of the Starget Group has grown rapidly. The company and brand have been widely recognized abroad, and its business scope has expanded to more than 80 countries around the world.
Prepared to build a cultural industrial park and established Beijing Starget Qiyuan Management Consulting Co., Ltd.
Participated in the Indonesian International Refrigeration Exhibition.
Participated in the Russian International Refrigeration Exhibition, Thailand International Refrigeration Exhibition, and Brazil International Refrigeration Exhibition.
Established the Ministry of Foreign Trade and won the title of "Advanced Enterprise" of the year.
The Starget refrigerant new office building was completed.
Established Starget Huanyu Chemical Co., Ltd., built tank storage equipment, upgraded packaging equipment.
JinDihui Economic and Trade Co., Ltd. was established. In the same year, the company's office moved back to No. 2 Jinyu South Road to build warehouses, standardize management, and improve office conditions.
Quzhou Starget Refrigerant Chemical Co., Ltd. was established.
Starget Refrigerant Chemical Co., Ltd. is officially listed.
Starget Supply and Marketing Company was established.
Zhejiang ACLA Chemicals Limited is located at No. 20, Jincang Road, Green Industry Cluster Area, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province, which mainly engages in environmentally friendly refrigerants.
The company occupies an area of 70 acres, which is equipped with a large warehouse of 8,000 square meters, 53 large-scale storage tanks of 100-150 tons (the storage capacity reaches more than 6000 tons), and 50 mobile storage tanks of 24m³. The products are exported to more than 100 countries around the world. Equipped with a professional quality inspection center and a professional dangerous goods transportation fleet, we are committed to providing more high-quality and convenient services to customers around the world.
Check Product
How to test air conditioning cooling performance in the car?
Car air conditioning does not cool, what should we do?
Refrigerant Market to See Growth 2015 to 2019
No.2, Jinzhan South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
manager@stargetgas.com
Copyright © 2022 Starget Refrigerant | Powered by Starget Group


This week, researchers from around the world are gathering at the annual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) in Boston to share research to help in the battle against HIV/AIDS and related diseases.
Giving newborns an early start on HIV prevention!
Adolescent Heroes teaming up with fun to achieve Operation Triple Zero: zero missed appointments, zero missed drugs, zero viral load in Nyando.
Empowering adolescents to become heros for zeros. A fun day was held as part of the Operation Triple Zero (OTZ) initiative, which empowers adolescents to take charge of their health and commit to "triple zero outcomes" – zero missed appointments, zero missed drugs and zero viral load.


Hail Cement Company said it had signed a housing contract with the joint venture of Teberak Trading and Contracting Company and Mo B Co. for Civil Construction.
The contract value is SR117.8m according to a statement posted on the Tadawul website.
It said the project will be completed in four phases. The first phase will be completed in 11 months starting Sunday, the second in 14 months, the third in 16 months and the fourth in 18 months.
The total area of the housing campus is 80,000 m2 out of which the built up area is 45,000 m2 comprising 19 Villas, 120 apartments for families, 108 single rooms for bachelors, a building of 12 studios for guests and 2 buildings of 24 studios for supervisors.


OPIN'IATED, a. Unduly attached to one's own opinions.
Unduly attached to one's own opinions. Shenstone.
OPIN'IATED, adjective Unduly attached to one's own opinions.
PRECONTRACT'ING, ppr. Stipulating or covenanting beforehand.


DALLAS, July 24, 2017 – The Dallas office of Cushman & Wakefield is pleased to announce that Christy Means has been named Managing Director of Asset Services. She previously led DFW property management for Stream Realty Partners, where she oversaw a team of about 130 people and the management of office, industrial, and retail space.
Means will be responsible for operations, new business development, and financial oversight of the Asset Services platform in Dallas. She will also focus on recruiting top industry professionals, team engagement, cultivating best practices, and executing consistent processes and procedures across the portfolio.
Locally, Cushman & Wakefield oversees a 38 million-square-foot portfolio of property management and leasing assignments, including Lincoln Centre, Urban Towers, Riverside Commons, Sherry Lane Place, Solana, and Victory Park. Cushman & Wakefield's total property management portfolio tops 600 million square feet.


governmental institution, will have easy to understand graphical interfaces.
correctly understand and execute commands typed in plain English.
"ACCESS ALL OF THE SECRET FILES" on any keyboard.
desktop computer, even if it's turned off.
the sound of a dot-matrix printer.
shower of sparks, and an explosion that forces you backwards.
intermission and guess the secret password in two tries.
(see "Demolition Man" and >countless others).
speed of two gigabytes per second.
will explode, as will the entire building.
when you try to access it.
everyone must have been highly trained, because the buttons aren't labelled.
active animation, photo-realistic graphics capability.
phone capabilities and the performance of a CRAY Supercomputer.
itself onto his/her face (see "Alien", "2001").


text:
Round three, Aragon: WSBK race weekend preview
Following a dramatic encounter in the new destination of Thailand, the eni FIM Superbike World Championship returns to familiar soil this weekend with the Aragon Round. The MotorLand Aragon facility, a stone's throw from the town of Alcaniz, made its debut on the calendar in 2011. However, for this year a different track configuration is to be used for the first time, as the riders will take the long double left-hander leading into the start/finish straight. On previous occasions, the tighter hairpin was used at the end of the back straight.
Of the quartet of events to be staged in Aragon thus far, race wins have been shared equally amongst as many riders, all winning two races apiece. Italians Max Biaggi and Marco Melandri each took a victory in 2011 and 2012, while in the more recent two seasons impressive doubles have gone the ways of British riders Chaz Davies and Tom Sykes.
Championship leader Jonathan Rea – having picked up three of the four 2015 race victories to date – heads with new machinery to Aragon, the same track where he had his first outing aboard the Ninja ZX-10 last November, in a two-day private test. Having collected a remarkable 95% of the maximum points available up to this point, the British rider surely has good reason to be confident as he heads out into the Spanish hills.
This could be a crucial weekend for 2013 WorldSBK title winner Tom Sykes. The Englishman may have picked up his first rostrum of the season in the opening Buriram race, although he lies some 45 points in arrears of his team-mate and has ground to make up. If history is anything to go by, he should head to Spain with confidence as last year Huddersfield rider Sykes successfully won both races from the Tissot-Superpole, in each of the Sunday encounters leading home French Kawasaki team partner Loris Baz.
If Rea's start to the season has been spectacular, then Leon Haslam's cannot be described as anything other than immensely strong. He may have beaten his compatriot only once, but Haslam remains very much in contention thanks to a trio of second places finishes which ensure he heads to Aragon only ten points behind Rea. Furthermore, he now hopes the Moto2 experience of team-mate Jordi Torres at the MotorLand Aragon circuit will only add to the challenge from the Aprilia Racing Team – Red Devils riders this weekend. However, Haslam does admit that the next three rounds at Aragon, Assen and Imola will be key damage limitation exercises before heading to venues on which he expects to be at his strongest.
Spanish fans certainly have a lot to be excited about. Not only is Torres on the charge, but Althea Racing Ducati's Nico Terol is a former Grand Prix winner in Aragon, while David Salom (Team Pedercini), Santiago Barragan (Grillini SBK Team) and Roman Ramos (Team Go Eleven Kawasaki) have all demonstrated their capabilities of strong showings.
In a further reinforcement to the Spanish Armada, Xavi Fores returns to the grid for the double-head of Aragon and Assen – race meetings separated by the space of just one week. Fores will take up the helm of the second Aruba.it Racing – Ducati Superbike Team bike, becoming the latest substitute for the recovering Davide Giugliano after three-time World Champion Troy Bayliss elected to call time on his WorldSBK career after Thailand. Hailing from Valencia, Fores teams up with 2013 Aragon double winner Chaz Davies who himself is looking to bounce back from a weekend full of troubles last time out.
A rider with momentum is Alex Lowes. The Voltcom Crescent Suzuki man clinched his third World Superbike podium finish and the first of 2015 in Thailand's second race and is now looking to move up from seventh place in the Riders' Championship. Elsewhere, Pata Honda World Superbike Team are striving for top three results themselves, with World Champion Sylvain Guintoli continuing to carry the famed number one alongside Michael van der Mark ahead of the latter's home race event at Assen next weekend.
Source: WorldSBK


We bring snowboarding and other events and people right to you!.
The buttons on the left are the "TV Shows."
The individual videos are the "TV episodes."
It's easy, it's fun. It's new! We're always here for you to enjoy.
3rd Rail Jam by Under Armour made its 2nd stop of the 8 stop 2011 tour at Mountain Creek, Vernon, NJ on January 8 2011. 150 snowboarders and skiers entered this event which lasted for an unprecedented 4 hours of action and fun on the urban style rail setup created after intense hours of work by Jiblab and the Mountain Creek Park Crew. Sketchy D makes a cameo appearance on his home turf as a judge of the competition.
This video is the short reel, see the longer versions for the full interviews with Top DJ Image of the Bum Squad. Also in the longer version Kevin Whitehead of Outkast Sports in Vernon tells us why the kids flock to this rail jam. Jesse from Jiblab and the Park Crew guys tell us about the rail setup. Meet Danno and his hat hustle along with happy customers of Ugly Hat.
Meet: last year's winner and a local favorite Timmy Kempson and his Dad Grover Tim.Tom Weiss gives us a shout ot and a big smile.Meet the Hip Hop artist who has UFO as his a.k.a. and Split Personality, Rail warriors Cam, Chris and Chris all a little worse for wear and banged up from today's action and accidents. Thank goodness Chris Solimini was up and walking after his spectacular crash on the bus shelter that stopped the rail jam and had everyone praying for him and sending good energy. In the longer video he tells us why he thinks the accident happened and how it could have been avoided.
Raekwon performs as well as DJ Image, And NYCE and Reckless wrap up the late show.
Video by Lauren Traub Teton, exclusive for SnowboardSecrets.TV.
Hip Hoppers Sal Good and Poet Jabre del Sol share some inspiration on the consciousness of Hip Hop. Lindsay from Boston tells us to reach for the stars - that's how she ended up with $18 in cold cash that fell from the sky.
All this magic happened at the Under Armour 3rd Rail Jam at Killington, Vermont on the auspicious date of 1.1.11.
The Superpipe at Bear Mountain, Killington, VT is being built before our eyes. Yesterday it wasn't even a halfpipe, just a little pile of snow. Today on January 2, 2011 the right wall is steep and taking shape. Meanwhile, TWO new coffee places opened 3 weeks ago. One is the Vista View Deck, trailside on Great Eastern, and the other is Liquid Art on the Killington Road. We predict that both will be big winners! Video by Lauren Traub Teton for SnowboardNEWS.TV.
Discounted Snowboard Lift Tickets and Lodging from Mountain Sports Club - Save $10 Here Now!
Mountain Sports Club is an online membership subscription that lets members download coupons at ski areas for lift tickets, lodging, lessons, ski shops, and travel offers Over 100 Ski areas nationwide participate in Mountain Sports Club, half price ski tune-ups, restaurant buy one get one half price, and lodging deals, with the number of providers rapidly growing, and new coupons added all year. Also whitewater rafting trips, and golfing in the mountains trips. Packages and lodging deals in resort towns like Steamboat,Breckenridge, Whistler,and Utah. Sports Industry veteran John Siewerski is the mastermind behind the Mountain Sports Club.
Then save $10 by signing up here and using the promotion code "secrets."
Everything you wanted to know about Flexmeters.com snowboard wrist guards and skateboard wrist guards and snowboard gloves with wrist guards built in. We'll show you what they are, how they work, how to choose your correct size, and model, and more! Flexmeters.com are distributed in the US by SnowboardSecrets.com, a division of Sport Secrets LLC and are made by Docmeter of France. Video by Lauren Traub Teton for RealPeopleMarketing.com.


text:
Title: Walt Whitman to Richard Maurice Bucke, 27 January 1889
Whitman Archive ID: loc.07572
Source: The Charles E. Feinberg Collection of the Papers of Walt Whitman, 1839–1919, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Transcribed from digital images or a microfilm reproduction of the original item. For a description of the editorial rationale behind our treatment of the correspondence, see our statement of editorial policy.
Notes for this letter were derived from Walt Whitman, The Correspondence, ed. Edwin Haviland Miller, 6 vols. (New York: New York University Press, 1961–1977), and supplemented, updated, or created by Whitman Archive staff as appropriate.
Contributors to digital file: Alex Ashland, Breanna Himschoot, Ashlyn Stewart, and Stephanie Blalock
Cite this page: "Walt Whitman to Richard Maurice Bucke, 27 January 1889." The Walt Whitman Archive. Gen. ed. Matt Cohen, Ed Folsom, and Kenneth M. Price. Accessed 15 January 2021. <http://www.whitmanarchive.org>.
4 PM Jan: 27 '89
Quiet & comfortable & ab't the same—y'rs came yesterday2—expect to see you now before long—have the letters come via Kennedy3—& the French magazine4 with Sarrazin's5 piece?6—Of the latter I wish you w'd give me the running am't in translation (no hurry)—Cloudy & rainy day—
Richard Maurice Bucke (1837–1902) was a Canadian physician and psychiatrist who grew close to Whitman after reading Leaves of Grass in 1867 (and later memorizing it) and meeting the poet in Camden a decade later. Even before meeting Whitman, Bucke claimed in 1872 that a reading of Leaves of Grass led him to experience "cosmic consciousness" and an overwhelming sense of epiphany. Bucke became the poet's first biographer with Walt Whitman (Philadelphia: David McKay, 1883), and he later served as one of his medical advisors and literary executors. For more on the relationship of Bucke and Whitman, see Howard Nelson, "Bucke, Richard Maurice," Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia, ed. J.R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings (New York: Garland Publishing, 1998).
1. This postal card is addressed: Dr R M Bucke | London Asylum | Ontario Canada. It is postmarked: Camden, N.J. | Jan 27 | 5 PM | 89. [back]
2. See Richard Maurice Bucke's letter of January 26–27, 1889. [back]
3. William Sloane Kennedy (1850–1929) was on the staff of the Philadelphia American and later published biographies of Longfellow and Whittier (Dictionary of American Biography). Apparently Kennedy had called on the poet for the first time on November 21, 1880 (William Sloane Kennedy, Reminiscences of Walt Whitman [1896], 1). Though Kennedy was to become a fierce defender of Whitman, in his first published article he admitted reservations about the "coarse indecencies of language" and protested that Whitman's ideal of democracy was "too coarse and crude"; see The Californian, 3 (February 1881), 149–158. For more about Kennedy, see Katherine Reagan, "Kennedy, William Sloane (1850–1929)," Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia, ed. J.R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings (New York: Garland Publishing, 1998). [back]
4. Whitman is referring to Gabriel Sarrazin's "Poetes modernes de l'Amerique, Walt Whitman," which appeared in La Nouvelle Revue, 52 (May 1, 1888), 164–184. Whitman also asked William Sloane Kennedy to make an abstract in English of it (see Whitman's letter to Kennedy of January 22, 1889. Sarrazin's piece is reprinted in an English translation by Harrison S. Morris in In Re (1893, pp. 159–194). [back]
5. Gabriel Sarrazin (1853–1935) was a translator and poet from France, who commented positively not only on Whitman's work but also on Poe's. Whitman later corresponded with Sarrazin and apparently liked the critic's work on Leaves of Grass—Whitman even had Sarrazin's chapter on his book translated twice. For more on Sarrazin, see Carmine Sarracino, "Sarrazin, Gabriel (1853–1935)," Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia, ed. J.R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings (New York: Garland Publishing, 1998). [back]
6. See Whitman's letter to Bucke and William Sloane Kennedy of January 22, 1889. [back]


text:
Halloween Video Game Review: Super Castlevania IV
This year, for our Halloween reviews, we're trying something new. In addition to our film reviews, we also have a series of reviews of horror and Gothic themed video games we'll be checking out. First up, a game which some of you might have played as a Wicked Child, and probably caused a few of you to shed some Bloody Tears, and featured everyone's favorite family of Vampire Killer(s), Super Castlevania IV!
Title: Super Castlevania IV
Platform(s): Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Wii Virtual Console
Genre: Action-Platformer
In the year 1692, to save his wife, Simon Belmont must take up his family's blessed ancestral whip, the Vampire Killer, and storm the gates of Count Dracula's lair – the accursed Castlevania.
All the new features that earlier games lacked, that were now possible with the SNES: The Eight Way Whip, better jumping for Simon, being able to use the whip to swing, etc. Similarly, the SNES's Mode Seven capabilities lead to some of the most memorable moments in the Castlevania series, particularly with the Rotating Room.
Basically, while the first Castlevania was basically a port of an Arcade Game, and thus retained some of the original's cheapness, Castlevania IV, while being a remake, was one designed from the ground up to be a console game, and to take advantage of the console's strengths. Because of this, the difficulty is definitely improved over the original game.
This isn't necessarily a problem with the game itself as much as it was a problem with Nintendo from this era – some of the visual elements from the Japanese version of the game (crosses in the background, dripping blood) ended up being censored at the insistence of Nintendo of America.
This is an Early 90s SNES game – no real problems here, unless you manage to get a hold of the Japanese version, which contains dripping blood.
Originality: This game is a remake, but one that, as mentioned under the High Points, greatly improves over the original. 4 out of 6.
Story: Unlike other games in the series, which would expand on the mythology as they introduced new characters, this game has a minimal story to go with the game being, basically, the beginning of the franchise. 3 out of 6.
Graphics: For the SNES era, this looked fantastic, and even now, some moments till don't fail to impress. 5 out of 6.
Sound: The game's sound effects are very good and the music, well, the music is some of the best video game music of all time. 6 out of 6.
Playability: This game has some of the best controls in the entire Castlevania series (at least, as far as the 2D games are concerned). 5 out of 6.
Immersion: To a certain degree, with a game from this era, stuff like the interface is there to stay, whether you like it or not. Still, they were out of the way, with no massive frame or border around them to call attention to them, and the gameplay itself sucks you right in. 5 out of 6.
Overall: I'm not going to say that this is the absolute best game in the Castlevania series, but it is definitely up there. 5 out of 6.
In Total, Super Castlevania IV gets 33 out of 42.
Published by Alexander Case, in Games. Tagged with Castlevania, Halloween Reviews, Video Games.
← Halloween Review: Zodiac (2007) New 52 Review – "Justice League Dark #1" →


text:
Gardening Magazine
Plant of the Week: Convallaria Majalis
By Davis Landscape Architecture @DavisLandArch
Convallaria majalis Flower (17/05/2012, Prague, Czech Republic)
Position: Dappled shade to shade
Flowering period: Late spring
Soil: Moist, well drained
Eventual Height: 30cm
Eventual Spread: 10cm
Hardiness: 3a – 9a
Subfamily: Nolinoideae
Convallaria majalis is a spreading herbaceous perennial. Its dark green leaves are lanceolate with entire margins, are up to 25cm long, emerge from upright dormant stems in spring and appear in one or twos . Its fragrant white flowers are tepals and bell shaped, up to 1cm across and appear in racemes of up to 15 flowers on the apex of an erect stem. Its fruit is a red berry which is up to 7mm across. Its roots are rhizomes and these aid the spread of this pant.
Convallaria majalis, commonly known as Lilly of the Valley, Our Lady's Tears, Mary's Tears, May Lilly or May Bells, is native throughout the cool temperate regions of Asia and Europe (including the UK). This plant may be invasive in some locations. All parts of this plant are poisonous.
Convallaria majalis (17/05/2012, Prague, Czech Republic)
The etymological root of the binomial name Convallaria is derived from the Latin convallis meaning 'valley', in reference to its common name. Majalis is derived from the Latin maialis meaning 'of May'
The landscape architect may find Convallaria majalis useful as an effective low growing ground cover, particularly in shady locations. Care should be taken when locating this plant as it is poisonous.
Ecologically, C. majalis is very attractive to bees and pollinating insects.
The Royal Horticultural Society has given C. majalis their prestigious Award of Garden Merit in 1993.
C. majalis prefers moist, fertile, humus rich, well-drained soils. It tolerates most pH of soil.
Convallaria majalis requires little maintenance. Large clumps may be divided in autumn.
Davis Landscape Architecture 628 shares View profile
Potentilla Atrosanguinea
Gaura Lindheimeri 'Whirling Butterflies'
Allium Senescens
Geranium 'Orion'
Justin Bieber iPad Costa Concordia Disaster Katie Taylor U.S. Debt Ceiling Laila Ali Wikileaks Schwarzenegger Marathons Karen Bill Petraeus Affair Sarah Palin Michele Bachmann David Cameron Kony U.S. Credit Downgrade Libyan Conflict Valentine's Day Jeremy Lin Japan Disaster Lance Armstrong Pirates of the Caribbean UK Riots Kathy Long Champions' League Anthony Weiner Becky Smith al-Qaeda Hurricane Irene Alicia Ashley


text:
Condemnation and the Uneconomic Remnant
Wisconsin law requires that a condemnor offer to purchase the entire property of a condemnee if the condemnor's taking results in an uneconomic remnant. An "uneconomic remnant" is defined as property remaining after a partial taking, if the property remaining is of such size, shape, or condition as to be of little value or of substantially impaired economic viability. Until this case, there was no case law or statutory guidance indicating what "little value" means or how substantially the economic viability of a property had to be "impaired" before it is an uneconomic remnant. Additionally, Chapter 32 of the Wisconsin Statutes does not provide a mechanism for a landowner to raise the uneconomic issue. It was unclear whether landowners who successfully litigate this issue are entitled to litigation expenses under Wis. Stat. § 32.28 and relocation expenses under Wis. Stat. § 32.19. The Wisconsin Supreme Court recently addressed these and other issues involving an uneconomic remnant claim in Waller v. American Transmission Company LLC, 2013 WI 77.
The Plaintiffs in Waller owned a 1.5-acre triangular lot containing their residence. The property was bounded by an interstate highway on the east, a town road and existing 20-foot transmission line easement on the north, and a vacant lot on the west. It was subject to a 50-foot setback along the interstate and 25-foot setback along the road to the north. The land nearby had transformed from agricultural use to an industrial park during the 20 years of the Wallers' ownership.
In 2006, ATC obtained a certificate of public convenience and necessity from the Wisconsin Public Service Commission to upgrade and expand the existing transmission line. It sought from the Wallers two easements: one would overlay the existing transmission line on the north, widening the right-of-way to 45 feet; and the other, a 45-foot-wide easement on the east, would be within the interstate highway setback.
ATC's appraiser found a before-value of $130,000 and after-value of $55,000—a loss of $74,500, or nearly 57% of the value. He found an additional $7,500 in damages to demolish the residential improvements because those improvements were rendered "totally obsolete" by the project. The landowners' appraiser found a loss of $116,500 or 88% of the before-value.
ATC's jurisdictional offer did not offer to acquire the entire parcel. The exclusion of the offer, according to the Wisconsin Supreme Court, indicated that the condemnor disputes the existence of an uneconomic remnant. The Wallers sued under Wis. Stat. § 32.06(5), the "right-to-take" provision.
After a long procedural history, including two trips to the Wisconsin Court of Appeals, the trial court found that: (1) the property remaining after the taking was an uneconomic remnant; (2) the property owners were entitled to litigation expenses under Wis. Stat. §32.28; and (3) the Wallers were "displaced persons," entitled to relocation benefits.
The Wisconsin Supreme Court addressed the four issues below; but the majority's decision may raise more issues than it resolves.
A claim for an uneconomic remnant must be brought under §32.06(5), the "right-to-take" provision. Wisconsin law requires a condemnor for a non-transportation project to negotiate with the landowner to obtain the rights it needs for the project. If negotiation fails, the condemnor issues a jurisdictional offer. If the offer is not accepted by the landowner within 20 days, the condemnor can file a condemnation petition, and the value of the taking is then decided by the county condemnation commission, or a jury if either party appeals the commission award. The right-to-take provision under § 32.06(5) allows the landowner to contest the condemnor's right to take the property "for any reason other than the amount of compensation offered is inadequate." The right-to-take action must be filed within 40 days of receipt of the jurisdictional offer.
The Waller majority held that an uneconomic remnant claim must be brought under the right-to-take statute. ATC contended that the claim should be raised either in the condemnation evaluation proceeding or in an inverse condemnation proceeding under Wis. Stat. § 32.10. The majority took great care to make clear that the right-to-take procedure will not prevent the condemnor from obtaining the land rights it needs to build the project. The majority stated that the condemnor can file a condemnation petition, and proceed to the condemnation commission where the commission will determine a value of the land rights the condemnor is seeking. At the same time, for the court to determine whether an uneconomic remnant exists, the court must hear testimony from the same appraisers and other witnesses who appeared before the condemnation commission. However, this analysis by the majority raises questions. If the court finds the existence of an uneconomic remnant, what effect does the condemnation commission award have (or subsequent jury verdict as a result of the appeal of the condemnation commission award) upon the taking of an uneconomic remnant? Is it a nullity? Does the condemnor start over? Pursuant toWaller, the circuit court is the fact finder in determining the existence of an uneconomic remnant. However, by statute, condemnation litigants have the right to a jury trial. Does the Waller decision abrogate that right? The Waller dissent is highly critical of the majority's opinion because of this "procedural quagmire."
The Waller property was an uneconomic remnant. An uneconomic remnant exists if the property remaining is of such size, shape, or condition as to be of little value or of substantially impaired economic viability. Wis. Stat. § 32.06(3m). The Wisconsin Supreme Court affirmed the trial court's finding of an uneconomic remnant, citing percentage losses found by the appraisers, and the fact that ATC's own jurisdictional offer "acknowledged a 76% decrease in value from the taking." The court summarized the negative findings in both appraisals and concluded that "the size, shape, and condition of the Waller property is of substantially impaired economic viability as either a residential or light industrial parcel, and it is, therefore, an uneconomic remnant." As the dissent points out, the majority employed some sloppy language in its initial summary of holdings, stating in Paragraphs 7 and 119 of the opinion that the easements "substantially diminished the desirability, practicality, and value of the Wallers' property …" The problem is that the statutory language is far different. It speaks in terms of substantially impaired economic viability, not diminished "desirability" or "practicality." Landowners will no doubt depend on the "diminished desirability and practicality" language in future claims. In addition, this may increase future claims because it arguably lowers the statutory standard considerably, or at least materially alters that standard. So, instead of giving lower courts guidance on the meaning of "substantially impaired economic viability," the majority opinion actually confuses the analysis.
In its reasoning to support the existence of an uneconomic remnant, the majority focused on the appraisers' opinions of percentage loss. As the dissent points out, even a $6 million parcel in the before-condition that loses 88% of its value has a remaining worth of $1.32 million. This does not appear to fit the statutory definition of "little value or … substantially impaired economic viability." The majority opinion offers little guidance for lower courts, other than to say in a footnote that "the existence of an uneconomic remnant will not always turn on the percentage of land or the percentage of value taken by the condemnor. The existence of an uneconomic remnant almost always turns on the economic viability of what is left after the taking." Footnote 25. This offers practitioners and judges no guidance at all.
The Wallers are entitled to litigation expenses. The court found that the Wallers were entitled to litigation expenses under Wis. Stat. § 32.28(3)(b), which provides that litigation expenses shall be awarded to landowners "if … [t]he court determines that the condemnor does not have the right to condemn part or all of the property described in the jurisdictional offer." The court reasoned that ATC did not have the right to condemn only the part of the property "sought to be taken" in the jurisdictional offer because that would leave an uneconomic remnant. Therefore, the landowner was entitled to litigation expenses.
The Wallers are "displaced persons" and entitled to relocation benefits. The court found that the Wallers were "displaced persons" entitled to relocation benefits because they moved "as a direct result" of ATC's jurisdictional offer, and the circuit court's findings of fact on that issue were not clearly erroneous.
Perhaps the "procedural quagmire" caused by Waller will prompt legislative action that will avoid the substantial inefficiencies and ambiguities caused by the decision. As it stands now, taxpayers and ratepayers are likely to pay more in the future for two reasons: (i) condemnors may be more likely to purchase the entire property if the landowner threatens an uneconomic remnant claim, and (ii) if the condemnor does not make the offer and the landowner makes good on its threat, the cost of litigation will rise substantially.
To subscribe to email alerts from Axley Law Firm, click here.
Timothy D. Fenner
tfenner@axley.com
Steven M. Streck
sstreck@axley.com


text:
Williams Transco explosion in Appomattox Virginia 2008-11-14
May 18, 2014 Alabama, Appomattox County, Corrosion, Explosion, Marengo County, PHMSA, VirginiaAlabama, Appomattox County, corrosion, explosion, fine, Florida Southeast Connection, John S. Quarterman, Marengo County, PHMSA, Sabal Trail Transmission, Spectra Energy, SpectraBusters, Transco, Virginia, WilliamsJohn S. Quarterman
Almost $1 million PHMSA fine to Williams Transco for safety regulation violations that let corrosion continue until a pipeline exploded near Appomattox, Virginia in 2008, taking out two homes and injuring five people, with local and state governments footing the bill as usual for the pipeline company failure. Yet Transco let much the same thing happen again in 2011 in Marengo County, Virginia, after which even PHMSA said "Transco has a history of cathodic protection [corrosion] concerns on other segments."
The Lynchburg News & Advance wrote 11 August 2009, Company fined in Appomattox pipeline explosion,
The U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration levied a $952,500 fine on Williams Gas Pipeline, which operates the Transco line, after federal investigators found possible failures to "address regulatory requirements for monitoring and preventing external corrosion," according to an agency news release issued on Tuesday.
This is the same Transco of the proposed Southeast Market Pipelines Project from Alabama through Georgia to Florida and the sea where three companies already have LNG export authorization right at the end of that Transco->Spectra->FPL pipeline chain:
27 July 2011 Crowley Maritime's Carib Energy
14 November 2013 Floridian Natural Gas (FLiNG)
12 December 2013 Goven
And FLiNG "expects to quadruple its LNG capacity in the first quarter of 2016".
Pipeline Safety Trust Information about the September 14, 2008 Transco Pipeline Accident in Appomattox Virginia has a list of news stories and images. That Virginia explosion even made Snopes.com because it was caused by corrosion, not by a backhoe rupture.
According to the Preliminary Findings in the 25 September 2008 PHMSA Corrective Action Order,
At approximately 7:44 am. EDT on September 14, 2008, Respondent's TPL Line B failed at Mile Post (MP) 1459.73 near the town of Appomattox, Virginia (Appomattox County). The incident was reported to the National Response Center (NRC Report No. 383754).
The failure resulted in the release of an undetermined amount of gas which ignited producing a large fireball and resulting in a 37-foot wide, 15-foot deep crater and a bum zone approximately 1125 feet in diameter. Emergency responders including the Appomattox Fire Department, Virginia State Police, and Appomattox County Sheriff responded to the scene and evacuated approximately 23 families and closed nearby roads including Route 26 and Route 460. Five individuals were injured requiring hospitalization and two houses were destroyed in the fire.
Pipeline company secrecy about affected landowners continued even after that massive accident. Lynchburg News And Advance, 3 October 2008, Problems found near Appomattox blast site,
"We are working with all affected homeowners to ensure their concerns are addressed. We are in the process of arranging home inspections, home repairs, water well and septic analysis for homes which may have been affected."
Stockton said he can't comment on any settlement issues.
"We want to protect the privacy of all affected landowners and any discussion about settlements is considered private and confidential," he said. "However, I can say that we are working with landowners to determine any losses and damages they incurred due to the incident."
Landowners in the paths of other proposed pipelines might want to know about those settlements. And first responders and local and state governments might want to know if those in Virginia ever got compensated for cleaning up a pipeline company mess.
Yet a similar Transco explosion happened three years later in Marengo County, Alabama. According to the PHMSA 6 December 2011 Corrective Action Order CPF No. 2-2011-1011H,
On December 3, 2011, one of the five parallel natural gas pipelines in Transco ruptured in Marengo County, Alabama. The force of the rupture created a large crater and propelled a 47-foot, 3-inch piece of buried pipe more than 200 feet away. The releasing gas also ignited and continued to burn for several hours, causing damage to one of the adjoining pipelines and scorching approximately eight acres of surrounding property. There were no reported evacuations, injuries, or fatalities.
Months later, corrosion was determined to be the cause, according to Jason Cannon in the Demopolis Times 21 February 2012, Corrosion cited in pipeline explosion,
"Although we have systems and processes in place to prevent and identify corrosion, our investigation indicated there were multiple factors working in conjunction that led to this problem not being recognized," said Transco spokesman Chris Stockton. "Extremely corrosive soil conditions, combined with failures in the pipeline's protective coating and cathodic protection system ultimately weakened the pipe, causing it to rupture."
So why should we trust any pipeline proposed to gash under our famously acidic blackwater rivers in south Georgia and Florida?
All anomalies are being carefully investigated and any metal loss indications will be repaired prior to placing the pipeline back in service," Stockton said. "Once all anomalies have been repaired, the pipe will be hydrostatically tested, which involves filling the pipe with water and pressure-testing it at considerably higher pressures than our normal operating pressures. Once all of these tests are complete, we will seek PHMSA's permission to restore the line back to service.
As EPA asked about the proposed Sabal Trail pipeline through Alabama, Georgia, and Florida, where will pipeline companies get that water? From the Floridan Aquifer, risking sinkholes? Or from that famously acidic surface water? And, as EPA also asked, where will the testing water go? Back into the aquifer? Back into groundwater? And contaminated with what?
The 6 December 2011 PHMSA Order to Williams Transco also said:
Certain operating records for that line are not available at this time, including the results of any post-installation hydrostatic pressure testing and a recent ILI inspection. Visual observations at the failure site also show indications of wall loss as a result of external corrosion, and Transco has a history of cathodic protection concerns on other segments. The force of the rupture created a large crater and propelled a buried piece of pipe more than 200 feet away from the point of impact. The ensuing fire also damaged an adjoining pipeline and scorched 8 acres of surrounding property. WPLP has not determined whether the conditions that caused the failure exist on other portions of Transco.
Where can we see those "certain operating records" for the rest of Transco's pipelines? And for Spectra's pipelines? Don't the pipeline companies want us to see them, so we can all be assured those companies have learned something from their previous accidents?
Isn't the list of known Williams Company accidents long enough already?
← Pipeline accident risk in Florida springs heartland: go solar instead	Where are Floridian LNG and FLiNG Energy? →
5 thoughts on "Williams Transco explosion in Appomattox Virginia 2008-11-14"
John L. Walker says:
I was seeking information on the Marengo Co., Alabama accident and what corrective action orders were given to the Williams Companies, when I clicked on the site
suggested here, it said that page was not available. If I make a FOIA request, will that information be provided? Thank you.
John S. Quarterman says:
The Corrective Action Order link works when I try it: http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/reports/enforce/documents/220111011H/220111011H_CAO_12062011_text.pdf
Here's another one for a New Jersey LNG facility, this time a Final Order with fine: http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_DD5ABC53E182FD16B2E61455F431F947A7141600/filename/120123002_Final%20Order_10262012.pdf
Nice.its good that Landowners in the paths of other proposed pipelines might want to know about those settlements. And first responders and local and state governments might want to know if those in Virginia ever got compensated for cleaning up a pipeline company mess.
rose savarese says:
What about the gas explosion in Senacca Falls in New York, in 2008? No news organization was able to report on this. (only Free Speech TV aired anything about this). The organization FERC was fracking in a salt mine under the lake and exploded. 'We the people' are treated like idiots and the corporations are allowed to ruin and control 'our' planet.
Pingback: Pipelines don't age, and we have no idea why Transco blew up (again) –Williams Co. | SpectraBusters


On Remembrance Day this year we received an email sent to all members and friends of Hillhead Sports Club by the chairman of the club Keith Fowler. Although many in the West End are familiar with the club many others may not know the history which we now share with you below.
Exactly 100 years ago this year, many brave former pupils from Hillhead High School stood shoulder to shoulder with many other thousands of brave individuals to fight for their country in the First World War. Four years later, following one of the deadliest conflicts in history, the War officially ended at 1100 on 11/11/1918. 185 former pupils of Hillhead High School had sadly lost their lives in the conflict.
21 years later, the Second World War also took its toll on Former Pupils, with a further 84 Hillhead lives being taken between 1939-1945.
Hillhead High School War Memorial Trust (known by most of us today as Hillhead Sports Club) was formed in 1922 to establish a memorial to honour the former pupils killed in action during the First World War. The grounds on which we now enjoy our sport and leisure were acquired in 1924 by the Trust to house the Sporting activities of the (then) Hillhead High School Club in memory of the War Fallen.
Our continuing to play sport and socialise at Hughenden helps to keep alive the memory of all those who gave their lives in conflict. In addition our recently constructed rugby stand was dedicated at a small opening ceremony by the Rev. David Locke to all those who gave their lives in both conflicts.
Today, on the anniversary of the conclusion of the First World War, we should all spare a thought for the price that was paid by so many in fighting for our freedom in the two World Wars and in the many conflicts since. Young men and women – many who I imagine enjoyed cricket, rugby, tennis and keeping fit as we do today; all of who enjoyed socialising and spending time with family and friends; people just like us.
Please stop by the Memorial Boards in the Bar the next time you visit, read some of the names, and take a moment to ponder who these young people were and the ultimate price they paid.
So said the Very Rev. Dr. John Smith at the opening ceremony and dedication for the new grounds and pavilion, 24th May 1924. And ponder we should, 90 years on.
Short biographies of each of the fallen can be found on the Hillhead/Jordanhill RFC website as well as images of the Memorial Boards.
K. Fowler, Chairman, Nov 2014.


The history of human migratory events can be inferred from observed variations in DNA sequences. Such studies on non-recombinant mtDNA and Y-chromosome show that present day humans outside Africa originated from one or more migrations of small groups of individuals between 30K-70K YBP. Coalescence theory reveals that, any collection of non-recombinant DNA sequences can be traced back to a common ancestor. Mutations fixed by genetic drift act as markers on the timeline from the common ancestor to the present and can be used to infer migration and founder events that occurred in ancestral populations. However, most mutations seen in the data today are relatively recent and do not carry useful information about deep ancestry. The only ones that can be used reliably are those that can be shown to robustly distinguish large clusters of individuals and thus qualify as true representatives of population events in the past.
In this talk, we present results from the analysis of 1737 complete mtDNA sequences from public databases to infer such a robust set of mutations that reveal the haplogroup phylogeny. Using principal component analysis we identify the samples in L, M and N clades and with unsupervised consensus ensemble clustering we infer the substructure in these clades. Traditional methods are inadequate to handle data of this size and complexity.
The substructure is inferred using a new algorithm that mitigates the usual problems of sample size bias within haplogroups as well as the sampling bias across haplogroups. First, we cluster the data in each of the M, N, L clades separately into k=2,3,4,... k max groups using an agreement matrix derived from multiple clustering techniques and bootstrap sampling. Repeated training/test splits of the samples identify robust clusters and patterns of SNPs which can assign haplogroup labels with a reliability greater than 90%. Even though the clustering at each k is done independently, the clusters split in a way that suggests that the data is revealing population events; a cluster at level k has k–2 clusters which are identical with those at level k–1 plus two more that obtain from a split of one of the clusters at level k–1. The clustering is repeated with equal number of samples from the first level clusters. The sequence in which the clusters now split defines a binary network which reveals population events unbiased by sample size. We root the network using an out-group and, assuming a molecular clock, identify an internal node in the bifurcation process which is equidistant from the leaves. This rooting removes the bias across haplogroups which would otherwise influence the order in which the clusters emerge.
Our analysis shows that the African clades L0/L1, L2 and L3 have the greatest heterogeneity of SNPs, in agreement with their ancient ancestry. It also suggests that the M, N clades originated from a common ancestor of L3 in two separate migrations. The first migration gave rise to the M haplogroup, whose descendents currently populate South-East Asia and Australia. The second migration resulted in the N haplogroup, accounting for the current populations in China, Japan, Europe, Central Asia and North and South America. We reveal and robustly label many branches of the mtDNA tree, improving current results significantly. We find that for our choice of robust SNPs, the genetic distances between the NA and NRB haplogroups is smaller compared to that between B and J/T/H/V/U. The detailed N migratory sub-tree is rooted so that the T, J and U haplogroups are on one side of the root and the F, V/H, I, X, R5, B, N9, A and W are on the other. We also find a detailed structure for the M tree consistent with prior literature and we infer additional branches for the MD haplogroup. Finally we provide detailed SNP patterns for each haplogroup identified by our clustering. Our patterns can be used to infer a haplogroup assignment with reliability greater than 90%.


Her words sent rippling waves of shock, of guilt, of dread and then finally of rage flowing through my throbbing veins. My blood ran ice cold and I froze wondering how could my own mother be so heartless!
I told her that I could not return home to London in 4 weeks. I cried as I told her about my life there and how I hated everything. How I didn't love my husband or even feel attracted to him. How I didn't think that he loved me either! How my mother in law went out of her way to make my stay most unpleasant and uncomfortable!
But my mother just listened silently with her back turned towards me as she stirred the pot cooking on the stove. Then came her reply…..
She would not house a divorced daughter. Did I not worry about the shame that this would bring to her name, she asked me. Everyone in the community would speak about her behind her back!
" Where will I put my face if you did that Sameera?" She asked me.
"Think about your nani! I don't think that her heart would be able to take it"!.
I looked down as I reminisced about my father, and again the question ran around frantically in hysterical circles through my mind as it so often did.
Was I responsible for my fathers heart attack?
Was the whispering from gossip mongers of the community more important than my happiness?
Why does it always come down to 'what will people say'?
If we had nobody to impress how truly wonderful life would be! If we could be judged on the appearance of our souls rather than our faces how sublime this world would be…..
If only eyes saw souls instead of bodies, how very different our ideals would be. And have we ever wondered how pretty would we then be?
I lay on my musallah crying as if I had no hope of meeting a tomorrow. I felt as if there was nothing left to live for, no one to live for. There was such a comfort that blanketed me as I lay there on the floor in the chilly hours of the early morning. I was broken and shattered into countless shards, but lying there, in the embrace of Allah, I felt more whole than I ever did before. I asked Allah for some way, for some path, a better path. I asked that he give me something to live for… Something to look forward to … I could not picture spending my life going through this downward spiral. I wanted to feel happy again. I wanted to feel loved again.
They say that the duaa made at the time of tahajjud is like an arrow that never misses its target. My arrow didn't miss target and that's exactly what my Allah gave to me…..
Zaheer called me the next day. He heard that I was in town and he contemplated over whether to contact me or not. He said that in the end, he found his physical self dialing my number, while his subconscious self screamed at him, WHAT ARE YOU DOING?!!
We talked for the first time since that day when I watched him walk out of my life. It was as if no time had passed at all. We were the same people. We talked about everything. He had joined a prestigious law firm, working his way up from the bottom while still studying through the firm. He was not yet married and he said that he doubted he could ever marry anyone. He asked if I was happy and although I did not say that I was unhappy, my silence was filled with everything that he needed to hear….
For the first time in a long time I felt happy. I sat smiling at nothing and at everything. It was like I was almost her again, I was almost the old Sameera.
I heard from him again a few days later.
He wanted to see me. He needed to see me, he said. I considered meeting him deeply. I wanted to see his eyes again and to see his silly smile. I thought of all the right reasons to meet him, how we wouldn't be doing anything wrong, how we would just chat as friends and when reality dawned and the severity of meeting him entered my mind, I tossed and turned the argument to suit me. I wanted to see him so badly that I convinced myself that it was okay….
In the end I told him that I would not meet him. He understood and he promised to never call me again if I asked him not to. He left me with just one gift… The hope of us being together one day – if I ever choose to walk that path with him he would always be waiting for me in the shadows. He told me that no matter how unbearable life would get, I should never lose hope. He's arms and he's heart would be open for me any day, all that I had to do was call him. I placed the telephone receiver down with tears streaming down my face. Hot tears washed away thoughts of a future with Zaheer. Maybe this could have been a short while ago, but not anymore. I had just found out that morning that I was pregnant.
My life in London beckoned to me again. I thought that I would never board another flight to Heathrow ever again but my unborn child would need two loving parents and a home. I didn't want to bring any shame on my family or my unborn child. So in the end I sacrificed my happiness for the happiness of my baby. Would I one day tell her or him this story? Would doing this give me peace or was I just bottling up and masking all the hurt, resentment and pain that lay just beneath the surface of my plastered smile and dulled eyes….
The arrow did not miss its target and it was rooted in my belly, growing as the minutes, hours and days turned pages. Soon it was time to return home, even though it didn't feel like MY home. I pushed Zaheer's offer to the back of my mind as I stepped off the aircraft on a chilly Monday evening. The cold London wind slapped me hard across my face welcoming me home….
Pls follow the arrow at the end of the story. It leads to the consecutive parts.


text:
METHOD FOR UPDATING AUDIO COMMUNICATION FREQUENCIES BETWEEN AIRCRAFT AND ATC STATIONS ON THE GROUND
The present invention relates to a method for automatically preparing an update of audio communication frequencies between aircraft and ATC stations on the ground, a method making it possible to reduce the communication time associated with the necessary frequency changes between control sectors, therefore limiting the frequency space requirement, and reducing the workload due to the manipulations and control of these frequency changes, both for the air traffic controllers and for the aircraft crews, and wherein the flight plan or the current trajectory followed by the aircraft is dynamically coupled with the geometry information of the control sectors overflown by the aircraft and that, thereby knowing the intersection points of the flight plan with the sector limits, the frequency changes and sector name are prepared before each change of sector, while warning the pilot of their imminence.
Coulmeau, Francois (Seilh, FR)
Deker, Guy (Cugnaux, FR)
THALES (NEUILLY SUR SEINE, FR)
455/63.3
H04B7/00; G08B21/00
20070202894 Replying to an SMS broadcast message August, 2007 Dhebri et al.
20010021639 Radio communications system, radio communications method and radio communications device used in a radio communications system September, 2001 Kaku
20040204168 Headset with integrated radio and piconet circuitry October, 2004 Laurila
20070113082 Login method for a wireless network with security settings, and wireless network system with security settings May, 2007 Lai et al.
20080233877 METHOD OF CONNECTING A BLUETOOTH HEADPHONE TO BLUETOOTH COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES September, 2008 Gwee
20070270096 Wireless communications system, network relay unit and communication method November, 2007 Nozaki
20090325538 METHOD FOR GEO-TARGETING WIRELESS EMERGENCY ALERTS December, 2009 Sennett et al.
20080182613 RF bus access protocol and transceiver July, 2008 Rofougaran
20060089176 Acoustic device for vehicle April, 2006 Oki
20080153546 METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR SIM APPLICATION TOOLKIT (SAT) MANAGEMENT June, 2008 Gupta et al.
20070178830 Storage and playback device and method for using the same August, 2007 Janik et al.
SWARTHOUT, BRENT
HAUPTMAN HAM, LLP (2318 Mill Road Suite 1400, ALEXANDRIA, VA, 22314, US)
1. A method for updating audio communication frequencies between an aircraft and ATC stations on the ground, wherein the flight plan or the current trajectory generated on board and followed by the aircraft is dynamically coupled with the geometry information of the control sectors overflown by the aircraft, thereby knowing intersection points of the flight plan with the limits of the polyhedrons representing the sectors, the frequency changes are prepared before each change of sector, while warning the pilot of their imminence.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the geometry information of the control sectors overflown by the aircraft are generated on board the aircraft.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the geometry information of the control sectors overflown by the aircraft are generated on the ground.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the user defines a portion of route in the flight plan of the aircraft for which the frequency change may or must be made, this portion being delimited by a release point based on which the aircraft trajectory no longer crosses other trajectories, and a transfer point based on which the aircraft must be taken over by the controller of the next sector.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the release points and the transfer points are defined by a control station computer on the ground.
6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the release points and the transfer points are defined by a computer of the aircraft.
7. The method according to claim 4, wherein, before each release point, the frequency and identity of the next sector are extracted from a database and made so that the pilot can read them.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein, between a release point and the transfer point of the same sector, the frequency and the identity of the next sector are displayed on standby on the display interface of the pilot and a simple visual alarm tells the pilot that a new frequency is available on standby.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein, when sectors are divided or combined, the computer on the ground sends to all the aircraft of the new sector a message (CONTACT [unitname] [frequency]) with the new sector name and the new frequency.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein, when sectors are divided or combined, the onboard FMS verifies the position of the aircraft relative to the new polyhedrons representing the result of this change, and if the new frequency has changed, it prepares the new standby frequency and displays a corresponding message on the pilot's display.
The present application is based on, and claims priority from, French Application Number 06 10819, filed Dec. 12, 2006, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The present invention relates to a method for updating audio communication frequencies between aircraft and ATC (Air Traffic Control) stations on the ground.
The increasing proportion of automation for twenty five years in aviation, both civil and military, is leading aircraft crews more and more to carry out tasks of anticipation and of monitoring of the execution of the mission and of the electronic flight management systems, and less and less to directly influence the primary aircraft flight controls.
This trend has been accentuated these last twenty years with the spread of onboard flight management systems (commonly called FMS).
These systems hold a large number of data:
originating from sensors (GPS, VHF) for navigation,
originating from databases (navigation databases) for generating the electronic flight plan,
originating from performance databases for generating the predictions along the flight plan,
originating from route instruction, constraint or strategy entries made manually by the crew (usually in order to initialize the computations) or automatically by digital data link coming from the airline or from control centres (ATC).
Amongst the frequent and repetitive tasks carried out by the crew so as to always benefit from the air traffic assistance and control services, there is the selection of the audio frequency on the VHF radio equipment which has to be done on each change of control sector. The transfer between sectors is carried out following the receipt of a flight instruction, hereafter called "clearance", received from the controller of the current sector for making contact with the next sector, at the boundary of two sectors. As long as the frequency reassignment has not been made by the current controller, the aircraft is his responsibility, even if he is geographically in another sector.
Because of the increasing number of aircraft per sector and of the physical limit to the aircraft that can be handled by one controller, the sectors are increasingly smaller, which induces a larger number of sectors and hence of frequencies to be contacted. This is made possible thanks to a recent increase in frequencies linked to the reduction from 25 kHz to 8.33 kHz of the spaces between the latter, despite the restricted size of the bandwidth available for audio aviation communications. Therefore, the work of frequency transfer is increasingly time-consuming both for the controller and for the pilot. Furthermore, these more frequent verbally-made frequency transfers cause an increase in communications and hence mechanically a congestion on the frequency that may prejudice the control instructions and safety communications.
This may cause very dangerous situations for the controller who "sees" an aircraft on his radar screen in his sector, but has no control of it because he does not have its frequency (and can therefore not communicate directly and rapidly with it). Currently, this problem is solved by organizing ATC control rooms so that the air traffic controllers of adjacent sectors are close together and can verbally remind a colleague that he has forgotten to transfer him an aircraft, or, even if he is in another centre, communicate with him via a telephone call.
Studies are currently being carried out to smooth the load of the controller, with the objective of optimizing the partitioning of the sectors, their combination and their division in a dynamic manner. Specifically, there exists, particularly in Europe, a real problem of frequency congestion and traffic density. The "transfer" messages form the majority of the communications between the ground and the aircraft even though they have little or no impact on the route followed.
During combinations of sectors (at night for example, several small sectors are combined into a single sector), it is necessary to rapidly warn each aircraft individually that it must change its frequency in order to match that of this new sector.
In the same manner, when the traffic in a sector becomes too heavy for a controller and a decision to divide the sector into two or more is made, it is necessary very rapidly to warn the aircraft that are approaching the newly created sector that they must change frequency.
Because the average number of aircraft per sector varies from 10 to 20 and communications are still verbal, there may be a considerable period of floating between two changes.
To this must be added the possibilities of forgetting, not understanding, line congestion, which all generate potential problems.
Because currently each frequency change gives rise to four verbal messages: one from the controller of sector N to assign the future frequency, followed by a response (check) from the pilot, followed by the pilot contacting the sector N+1 followed by the acquiescence of the controller N+1, problems of congestion, repetition, forgetting will necessarily play an increasing part, problems that are greatly amplified by the dynamic partition/combination of the sectors as is envisaged in Europe in the years following 2010 in order to improve the flexibility of the control sectors.
The subject of the present invention is a method for updating audio communication frequencies between aircraft and ATC stations on the ground, a method that makes it possible to reduce the workload due to verbal communication frequency changes both for the air traffic controllers and for the aircrews.
The method according to the invention is characterized in that the flight plan or the current trajectory followed by the aircraft is dynamically coupled with the audio frequency information, name and geometry of the control sectors traversed by the aircraft and that, thereby knowing the intersection points of the flight plan with the limits of the polyhedrons representing the sectors, the frequency changes are prepared before each change of sector, while warning the pilot of their imminence.
Therefore, the method of the invention consists in linking to the onboard FMS flight plan data on the control sectors (partition, frequencies), in a dynamic manner, transparent for the pilot, and in preparing the frequency changes, while warning the pilot, for example visually, of their imminence. This solves the problems of number of messages exchanged, of the time that is spent exchanging them and that is detrimental in workload, of errors on inputting the new frequency and of forgetting a transfer or of a late transfer.
Still other objects and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein the preferred embodiments of the invention are shown and described, simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplated of carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious aspects, all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description thereof are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings, wherein elements having the same reference numeral designations represent like elements throughout and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of an example of the partition of air space serving to explain the details of how the method of the invention is applied, and
FIG. 2 is an example of a map showing air sectors on which are represented characteristic points determined using the method according to the present invention.
The method of the invention proceeds as follows. An aircraft being in flight in a given sector for which it is in communication with the corresponding control centre, the frequency and the identifier of the next control sector are prepared and displayed according to the position of the aircraft relative to the transition points between the control sectors.
The control sectors are three-dimensional polyhedrons. They may therefore be defined geometrically, knowing the 3D coordinates (latitude, longitude, altitude) of the characteristic points. The example schematized in FIG. 1 shows in a simplified manner the partition of the air space to which the control zones correspond.
FIG. 1 shows several "sky highways" (commonly called "Airways" or in abbreviation AWYs), namely two sections of upper airways ("AWY Sup") 1 and 2, and three sections of lower airways ("AWY Inf") 3, 4 and 5. Sections 1 to 5 are managed by the "EN ROUTE" control centres. For the aircraft climbing to this EN ROUTE portion, or descending from this EN ROUTE portion, the control zone is materialized by a "terminal zone" 6 ("Terminal Area" or abbreviated to TMA). For aircraft on take-off/landing, under the TMA, management is handled from zones called CTRs (Control Terminal Regions) 8.
The CTRs are linked to the airports. Their activities are essentially activities of controlling departures/arrivals. The TMAs include several airports and carry out both a lateral and vertical control while separating the aircraft.
The "EnRoute" centres manage the aircraft in the upper space, essentially laterally.
The method of the invention comprises three main steps:
1) defining on board or on the ground the portion of route where the frequency change may/must occur,
2) the transfer of this information to the aircraft if it is determined on the ground,
3) the on-board monitoring of the position of the aircraft relative to these points and the display of the data with or without a visual alarm.
In detail, these three steps are carried out as follows:
Definition of the portion of route where the frequency change may/must occur:
This portion is limited by two points: release point (PL) and transfer point (PT):
PL=the earliest point or release point (releasing transfer) from which the trajectory of the aircraft no longer crosses other trajectories, allowing the controller who transfers the traffic to the next sector to reduce his control load. This point is usually the last point where there is a crossing of trajectories known by the ATC control centre. It is at the initiative of the controller who can decide whether or not to anticipate the transfer at this point. The definition of the releasing transfer points is computed on the ground by the management system of the air traffic controller according to the flight plans passing through his sector as defined by the collaborative traffic flow management (CTFM) system. It is then sent to the aircraft via data link. These points are optional.
PT=the latest point or transfer point from which the aircraft must theoretically be taken over by the controller of the next sector. This point is usually the intersection point common to the flight plan and to the two control sectors. The transfer points are defined in two possible ways:
on the ground, that is a long time in advance, and they are then stored in a database on board the aircraft, or defined by the air traffic controller according to his need and transmitted according to the CPDLC ("Controller to Pilot Data Link Communication") protocol over a digital ground-to-air data link. These points are then made available to the aircrew in two possible ways: either by refreshing the FMS database or by data up-link to the aircraft. This solution makes it possible to reduce the volume of data interchanged between the ground and the aircraft but supposes an aircraft to be on (or close to) its flight plan.
on board, by computation based on geometric data corresponding to the sectors. This solution is applicable irrespective of the position of the aircraft, but transfers the computation of the intersections to the aircraft (load of the on-board computer and volume of important interchanges) and supposes that the database contains these sectors.
Once these points have been transferred or computed on board, a dialogue between the FMS and the aircraft communication systems (Radios, CMU) is established to prepare the data of the next sector (identity, frequency of the next sector) placed on standby and to detect anomalies and warn the pilot in the event of a late change.
It should be noted that the existence of a possible transfer point preceding the transfer point allows the controller to delegate to the pilot in the medium-term future the responsibility for deciding on the opportune moment for the frequency change, which is particularly valuable for smoothing the workload of the pilot and of the controller. Furthermore, this anticipation of frequency change is compatible with a future automation of communications between ground and aircraft. The pilot will therefore no longer have to physically manage the display and frequency transfer, but he will content himself with speaking continuously on the sector change, and, if necessary, with approving this sector change, which reduces his workload and limits the head-down activities (particularly on approach where frequency changes are frequent in a phase where the pilot needs to be checking the outside of the cockpit)
2)-Ground-aircraft up-link communication: this is done with the aid of means called a digital data link using the CPDLC protocol.
3)-Monitoring of the position of the aircraft relative to these PL and PT points and displaying the data with or without a visual alarm as mentioned above. The purpose of these points is to anticipate the next communication frequency: before PL, the frequency and identity of the next sector are prepared (that is to say extracted from the database in which they have been stored and made so that the pilot can read them). Between PL and PT, these data are displayed on the communication interface (MCDU and/or CMU) on standby (if a frequency is already displayed or selected by the pilot, a simple visual alarm indicates to the pilot that a new frequency is available on standby (indicated for example by a blinking asterisk), but it is the pilot's responsibility to decide to display it and after deleting the previous existing standby value. When a PT is passed, these data, if they have not been displayed by the pilot, are displayed on standby, where necessary replacing the previous value, but the visual alarm is more marked than the simple alarm (for example by a blinking value).
The way in which the method of the invention is applied will now be described with the aid of the example of FIG. 2. The transition points are defined according to one of the two processes explained below, depending on whether the corresponding computations are made on the ground by the computer of the control centre concerned:
Computations on the ground:
Initially, the computer on the ground searches for the intersections between the filed flight plan and the sectors, and it creates two points each time (PL and PT), as indicated in FIG. 2. The sectors are polyhedrons delimited by continuous lines 11. They are represented in 2D. The vertical separations are represented by the figures, for example "Bretigny Lower Airspace" (BRETLO) is valid between levels 000 (0 feet) and 245 (24500 feet) and "Bretigny Upper Airspace" (BRETUP) between levels 245 and 600. The frequencies associated with the sectors are expressed in MHz and represented in rectangles. For example, for TURIN, the VHF frequency for contact with control is 112.25 MHz. The aircraft is represented as 12. Its flight plan is indicated by a continuous thick line 13. The intersection points of the flight plan with the sectors (transfer) are indicated by the points PT1 to PT3, while the points PL2 and PL3 each indicate the place where the transfer can be initiated without risk of crossing the trajectory of another aircraft. In the example of FIG. 2, supposing the aircraft is at level 300, EN ROUTE, the sector changes are the following frequency transfer points (programmed close to the borders):
Moving from FEED SOUTH to BRETUP: Transfer point 1 (PT1)
Moving from BRETUP to HAREN: Transfer point 2 (PT2)
Moving from HAREN to FEED NORTH: Transfer point 3 (PT3)
These transfer points are combined with the frequency releasing transfer points (programmed after the last trajectory crossing) PL2 AND PL3.
All these points are sent to the aircraft by a digital data link in the Lat/Long format for example or relative to the flight plan (Place/Distance format relative to the flight plan point that follows the intersection or precedes it). The frequencies associated with the new sector are also transmitted in this way.
The point coordinates may be adjusted automatically so that the frequency transfer occurs slightly before or slightly after the intersection point, if required.
In the example of FIG. 2, when the radar of the controller detects an arrival of the aircraft on BRETUP coming from FEED SOUTH, the controller therefore decides to send all or part of the following data to the aircraft:
Identity and frequency associated with the BRETUP sector (for immediate display in case this information has not already been sent)
The coordinates of the transfer points PL2 and PT2 (Lat/Long) and the identity and frequency associated with the next sector (HAREN) for display conditional upon passing over the points.
For this, the method of the invention proposes using as a digital data link means the CPDLC application as described in the international regulations (SARPS ATN, document ICAO 9705, volume II). The messages according to this protocol may be written thus:
CONTACT [unitname] [frequency] (uM117) or:
AT [position] CONTACT [unitname] [frequency] (uM118) or:
AT [time] CONTACT [unitname] [frequency] (uM119) or:
MONITOR [unitname] [frequency] (uM120) or:
AT [position] MONITOR [unitname] [frequency] (uM121) or:
AT [time] MONITOR [unitname] [frequency] (uM122).
If a CONTACT [unitname] [frequency] or MONITOR [unitname] [frequency] message is received, the CMU positions the frequency on STANDBY and displays on the MCDU pages a message warning the pilot.
If a CONTACT or MONITOR message is associated with a position or a time (messages 118, 119, 121, 122 above), the flight management system creates this point based on the position coordinates (Insertion function of one point per Lat/Long) or based on the time (Time Marker function) and positions the point thus created and the corresponding frequency on the pilot display screen.
In the example of FIG. 2, the aircraft in the FEED SOUTH sector may receive the following messages from the ground:
AT [PT1] CONTACT [BRETUP][115.00]
AT [PL2] MONITOR [HAREN][117.50]
AT [PT2] CONTACT [HAREN][117.50]
AT [PL3] MONITOR [FEED NORTH][124.30]
AT [PT3] CONTACT [FEED NORTH][124.30]
When the aircraft FMS detects its passage over the point mentioned in the MONITOR message, it sends the frequency on Standby to the CMU and displays the "NEXT SECTOR FREQUENCY" message on the MCDU display ("Scratchpad") of the FMS. If there is already a standby frequency, the latter begins to blink or an asterisk begins to blink to indicate the arrival of a new standby frequency (so as not to overwrite a frequency entered by the pilot on standby).
When the FMS detects the passage of the aircraft over the point mentioned in the CONTACT message, it sends the frequency on StandBy to the CMU and displays the message "NEXT SECTOR: CHANGE FREQ" on the MCDU display of the FMS. If there is already a standby frequency, the latter is replaced by the new standby frequency.
According to the invention, when sectors are divided or combined, the computer on the ground sends to all the aircraft of the new sector a message of the type "CONTACT [unitname] [frequency]" comprising the new sector name and the new frequency. In this case, the FMS displays "NEW SECTOR: CHANGE FREQ" on the MCDU display and notifies the CMU that a new StandBy frequency is available.
Onboard computations:
The process applied on board is similar to that applied on the ground, but the data concerning the air sectors are this time fully transmitted on board: each polyhedron representing a sector traversed by an aircraft is transmitted in the following format:
Polyhedron name (for example: BRETUP)
Frequency (for example 115.00)
Number of polyhedron points (for example 9, for BRETUP)
Latitude and longitude coordinates of the points (Lat1/Long1, Lat2/Long2, . . . Lat9/Long9)
The FMS constructs the intersections between its flight plan and the polyhedrons to detect the entrances and exits of each polyhedron (for example for BRETUP: points PT1 and PT2), then it prepares the frequency on arriving at the sector in question. Therefore, the FMS in this case monitors only the frequency transfer points (and not the release points which can be defined only by the controller). The rest of the process is the same as the process relating to the computations made on the ground.
When sectors are divided or combined, the FMS verifies the position of the aircraft relative to the new polyhedrons representing the result of this change. It therefore detects whether the new frequency has changed. In this case, it prepares the new standBy frequency and displays for example: "NEW SECTOR: CHANGE FREQ" on the MCDU display.
It will be readily seen by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention fulfils all of the objects set forth above. After reading the foregoing specification, one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to affect various changes, substitutions of equivalents and various aspects of the invention as broadly disclosed herein. It is therefore intended that the protection granted hereon be limited only by the definition contained in the appended claims and equivalent thereof.
Previous Patent: Radio-frequency communication device
Next Patent: METHOD FOR ASSOCIATING A WIRELESS DETECTOR WITH AN IMAGING APPARATUS


text:
The Getty Villa
College Faculty and Students
K-12 Teachers and Students
About the Education Department
Research and Conservation
Courses and Demonstrations
Lectures and Conversations
Performances and Films
Highlights of Past Programs
About the J. Paul Getty Museum
Notable Works & Collections
New Acquisitions & Donations
Major Collecting Areas
Library Overview
Search Tools & Databases
Getty Research Portal
Collection Inventories & Finding Aids
Research Guides & Bibliographies
Article & Research Databases
Collecting & Provenance Research
BHA & RILA
Getty Vocabularies
Scholars & Projects
All Getty Research Institute Publications
Issues & Debates Series
Texts & Documents Series
Getty Research Journal
About the GRI
Development & Partnerships
GRI e-News
Conservation Institute
About the Conservation Institute
Overview of the Institute
Education Dept.
Field Projects Dept.
Science Dept.
Core Areas of Work
Buildings & Sites
Education & Dissemination
AATA Online
Project Bibliographies (searchable)
PDF Publications
Conservation Perspectives, The GCI Newsletter
GCI e-Bulletin
Multimedia (videos & slideshows)
GCI Reference Collection (for materials analysis)
Research Assistance at GCI Information Center
Conservation Collection at GRI Library
Links to Cultural Heritage Policy Documents
Links to Other Conservation Sites
Search GCI
Browse GCI
Sales Catalogs
About the Getty
The Founder and His Vision
The Getty Evolves
Trust Indenture
Trust Officers and Program Directors
Trust Report
California Attorney General's Report
Docents & Volunteers
All Getty
Explore the Getty
Museum Collection Video Gallery
Putto Holding Shield to His Left
Presentation/Study Size (738 x 1024 px • 259.95 KB)
Print Resolution Size (2161 x 3000 px • 1.91 MB)
Highest Resolution Size (3180 x 4414 px • 14.09 MB)
This image is available for download, without charge, under the Getty's Open Content Program.
(Order this image)
Ferdinando Tacca (Italian, 1619 - 1686) 65.1 × 53.3 × 46.7 cm (25 5/8 × 21 × 18 3/8 in.) 85.SB.70.1
Open Content images tend to be large in file-size. To avoid potential data charges from your carrier, we recommend making sure your device is connected to a Wi-Fi network before downloading.
Currently on view at: Getty Center, Museum East Pavilion, Gallery E102
Ferdinando Tacca (Italian, 1619 - 1686)
Florence, Tuscany, Italy (Place Created)
85.SB.70.1
65.1 × 53.3 × 46.7 cm (25 5/8 × 21 × 18 3/8 in.)
One of a Pair of Putti Holding Shields (Display Title)
Sculpture & Decorative Arts
Commissioned by Giovanni Battista Bartolommei and Andrea Bartolommei and Girolamo Bartolommei, for the former high altar of Santo Stephano al Ponte Vecchio, Florence, Italy.
by 1695 - 1869
Bartolommei Family (Palazzo Bartolommei, Florence, Italy) [sold, Milan 1869 to Monsieur Beurdeley]
Louis-Auguste-Alfred Beurdeley, French, 1808 - 1882 (Paris, France) [sold, Hotel Drouot, Paris, April 9 - 10, 1883, lot 252 to Dr. Alexander von Frey]
1883 - between early 1920s and mid 1930s
Count Dr. Alexander von Frey, Hungarian, 1882 - 1951 (Paris, France), sold to Augustus Lederer.
August Lederer, 1857 - 1936 (Vienna, Austria), by inheritance to his widow, Serena Lederer, 1936.
Serena Lederer, 1867 - 1943 (Vienna, Austria), possibly confiscated by the Gestapo (at the direction of the Zentralstelle für Denkmalscuhtz), per the order of the Wiener Magistrat, Magistratsabteilung 2, dated November 26, 1938.
In the possession of the Nazis, recovered by the Allied Forces.
In custody of the Allied Forces, released to the Republic of Austria.
Austrian government, restituted to the son of Serena Lederer, Erich Lederer.
Erich Lederer, 1896 - 1985 (Geneva, Switzerland), by inheritance to his widow, Elisabeth Lederer, 1985.
Mrs. Elisabeth Lederer, 1908 - 1995 (Geneva, Switzerland), sold to the J. Paul Getty Museum, 1985.
Taking Shape: Finding Sculpture in the Decorative Arts (October 2, 2008 to July 5, 2009)
Henry Moore Institute (Leeds), October 2, 2008 to January 4, 2009
The J. Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Center (Los Angeles), March 31 to July 5, 2009
Brook, Anthea. "Rediscovered Works of Ferdinando Tacca for the Former High Altar of S. Stefano al Ponte Vecchio." Mitteilungen des Kunsthistorischen Institutes in Florenz 29 (1985), pp. 111-128.
"Acquisitions/1985." The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal 14 (1986), p. 261, no. 247, ill.
Brook, Anthea. "Ferdinando Tacca, Firenze 1619-1686." Il seicento fiorentino: arte a Firenze da Ferdinando I a Cosimo III exh. cat. (Florence: Palazzo Strozzi, 1986), pp. 169-170.
The J. Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Collections. 3rd ed. (Malibu: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1991), p. 213.
Pratesi, Giovanni. Repertorio della scultura fiorentina del seicento e settecento (Turin: Umberto Allemandi & C., 1993), vol. 1, p. 106, vol. 3, pls. 642-45.
Turner, Jane, ed. The Dictionary of Art (New York: Grove, 1996), vol. 30, p. 229 (entry by A. Brook).
The J. Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Collections. 4th ed. (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1997), pp. 258-59, ill.
Fusco, Peter. Summary Catalogue of European Sculpture in the J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1997), p. 50, ill.
Fusco, Peter, Peggy Anne Fogelman, and Marietta Cambareri. Masterpieces of the J. Paul Getty Museum: European Sculpture (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 1998), pp. 64-65, no. 20, ill., entry by Peggy Anne Fogelman.
Sotheby's, New York. European Works of Art, Tapestries, and Furniture. October 17, 2000, pp. 28-29, under lot 41.
Fogelman, Peggy, and Peter Fusco, with Marietta Cambareri. Italian and Spanish Sculpture: Catalogue of the J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2002), pp. 217-23, 362-63, no. 27, entry by Peggy Fogelman.
Droth, Martina, and Penelope Curtis, eds. Taking Shape: Finding Sculpture in the Decorative Arts, exh. cat. (Leeds: Henry Moore Foundation; Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2009), pp. 22-23, no. 1, entry by Jeffrey Weaver.
This information is published from the Museum's collection database. Updates and additions stemming from research and imaging activities are ongoing, with new content added each week. Help us improve our records by sharing your corrections or suggestions.
The text on this page is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, unless otherwise noted. Images and other media are excluded.
The content on this page is available according to the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) specifications. You may view this object in Mirador – a IIIF-compatible viewer – by clicking on the IIIF icon below the main image, or by dragging the icon into an open IIIF viewer window.
© J. Paul Getty Trust