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Kansas City Comets (MASL)
Wishes for the upcoming year for soccer in KC and the United States
By Mike Kuhn@downthebyline Jan 1, 2023, 8:36pm CST
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Photo by Gary Hershorn/Getty Images
Welcome to 2023. It's going to be a busy year for Kansas City soccer with all four professional teams in the city. Combined the four will play around one hundred competitive games in 2023. Add in a Gold Cup, the women's World Cup in Australia and New Zealand and it's going to be a packed year again. With that in mind here's a look at my wishes for 2023.
1. Silverware. Always number one every year, winning trophies. Sporting KC will have the chance at four trophies in 2023, the Supporters' Shield, MLS Cup, US Open Cup, and Leagues Cup. The KC Current will have three trophies they're battling for, the NWSL Shield, NWSL Championship, and Challenge Cup. Sporting KC II and the KC Comets will both be battling for one trophy in 2022. There's a number of trophies to win for KC teams, hopefully they bring home one or more.
2. At least a ten plus point improvement over 2022 for Sporting. Sporting finished the 2022 season in twelfth place in the Western Conference on forty points, seven points below seventh place Real Salt Lake and a playoff spot. Ten more points for Kansas City in 2022 would have put them on fifty points and seen them level on points with the fourth seeded LA Galaxy and fifth seeded Nashville SC. So as a start for 2023 that seems like as good a place as any. Obviously, I'd love to see more improvement than that, but let's start there.
3. Make a splash signing. The news from the other day about Sporting's serious interest in bringing in Cristiano Ronaldo is a double-edged sword for the club. They've earned press for trying to sign one of the best players to play the game to come to MLS and specifically Kansas City. It's a statement of intent from the club that they can and will compete with the likes of Los Angeles FC and Atlanta United to bring in top tier talent. At the same time though it now leaves Kansas City without excuses to bring in top tier world class players. For so long the excuses like money and being in the middle of the country have been used for why KC couldn't get those top tier players that come to KC. But if they're willing to even come close to matching the salary, incentives, and commercial details that Ronaldo is reportedly getting for signing in Saudi Arabia, they can absolutely make overtures to other players to get them to come to Kansas City as well. This isn't like 2012 when Peter Vermes said the team had tried to sign Giovani Dos Santos, the bar has been raised in terms of expectations, now's the time to prove how serious KC's ownership was. And as I was writing this, Sam McDowell came out with a further report on the Ronaldo pursuit that makes it sound like they could be on their way to: "One source told The Star that Sporting has already been contacted by another European star who expressed interest in such a move. "
4. Young player break out season. Having a young player come out and be a consistent contributor to the first team not only gives you hope for the current season, but it gives you hope for the future of the team as well. For Sporting, they haven't had a player on the league's 22 under 22 list in the last two years. The last player to appear on that list was Gianluca Busio in 2020. Logan Ndenbe was close last year but never seemed to fully take control of the left back position and lost that starting spot to Ben Sweat during KC's run down the stretch. KC has other candidates currently on the roster in the likes of the club's two other U22 initiative players, Marinos Tzinois and Robert Voloder as well as homegrown player, Kayden Pierre. Goalkeeper John Pulskamp could also fill that spot if he can beat out a returning Tim Melia for the starting job in 2023. There are players there that could, I just want one to actually step up and do it this year.
5. Zusi retirement as a "One Club Player." Sporting KC legend, Graham Zusi will be back for at least one more year with Kansas City, signing a new contract with the club for the 2023 season with an option for 2024. I'm not sure this will be Zusi's last run, Zusi had an effective 2022 season for Kansas City and when he didn't play, the previously mentioned Pierre did well in his place. I've stated multiple times I want Zusi to end his career with KC, I want him to be one of those "one club players" who spends his entire playing career with one team.
6. Vermes contract decision. Back in May of 2018, Sporting KC and head coach/technical director Peter Vermes agreed to a contract extension. That contract runs through the end of the 2023 season. So, Vermes is entering the last year of his deal with the club. There have been plenty of fans over the recent past, especially last season, who are ready to see Vermes move on, or at least switch to only having one of his roles with the team instead of being both the head coach and sporting director. It's hard to imagine this club without Vermes involved in some way so him being allowed to just "walk" at the end of the 2023 season seems unlikely. But could something be done to begin some kind of transition?
7. Kinda and Pulido return and are contributors. We know that Kansas City is supposed to get their two designated players back this year with Gadi Kinda and Alan Pulido returning from missing the entire 2022 season. The question is how well those two will do once they return this season. Obviously having been out for an entire year, rust, fitness, and hesitancy coming off the injury can all play a role in either player struggling to return from injury. Some of the comments coming out this offseason, specifically in regard to Pulido, have questions about his ability to play, at least out of the gate. KC has midfield depth to allow Kinda to get up to speed, and with the emergence of Willy Agada at least has a starter at center forward coming into the season. But having both DPs available and playing is going to be an important thing for Kansas City in 2023.
8. Leagues Cup break in season doesn't slow league play momentum. I've not hidden my dislike for the Leagues Cup since it was announced. Especially so when it was announced that MLS would be taking a month off from league play to host the tournament for all the teams in the league starting this coming season. Starting after their game on July 15th, KC does not play another league game until August 26th. That's five straight weeks without a league game. During that time KC will play at least two Leagues Cup games, one on the road against another MLS side and one at home against a LigaMX side. Depending on when those two games are, if KC don't advance out of the group stage, they could still have three weeks without a game which could certainly cause some problems with rust when teams return to MLS action.
9. Mewis and Williams see plenty of time on the field for the Current. Sam Mewis and Lynn Williams were the two big additions for the KC Current ahead of the 2022 season. Combined, the two played just three games in the Challenge Cup and didn't appear at all in league play before injuries ended their season. Hopefully in 2023 both players are able to return to the field and help contribute to the Current's 2023 season. Williams didn't seem far off by the end of the season, regularly training with the first team. Mewis on the other hand seems to still be in question. The additions that the Current have made to the midfield this offseason is certainly another thing that could give fans pause about Mewis's future.
10. Current push to earn playoff bye. The Current had a (small) shot to clinch a top two see in 2022 but results not going their way, combined with a loss to Racing Louisville saw Kansas City end as the five seed and having to go on the road twice to make the NWSL Championship. Now the Current made it work, beating the Houston Dash and OL Reign on their path to the final, but in 2023 I'd like to see KC make a push for the top two, or even win the NWSL Shield.
11. Playoff push for Sporting KC II. In 2022 Sporting KC II finished fifteen points outside a playoff berth, finishing on thirty-one points with a 9-12-3 record with one shootout win. The nine wins is their most since 2018, they've won a combined twenty-four games in the last four seasons. SKCII is obviously more about development, but some measure of success would be good as well. Pushing for a playoff berth would at least give a starting point. Some success with the second team would certainly help the players in terms of development.
12. Sporting KC II player shows enough to earn a first team contract. While I was writing the last wish it started to morph into a completely different wish, so I added this wish as well. This team has struggled for a very long time, the club hasn't had any player make the jump from SKCII to the first team since Wilson Harris was signed to a first team contract, and he only lasted on the first team for a season. The last (or only) SKCII to SKC success story is Felipe Hernandez, the whole goal of SKCII was to get players more ingrained in the SKC system and bring them up to the first team. Only three players on the roster (Hernandez, John Pulskamp, Jake Davis) began their playing career on professional contracts with SKCII. I'd like to see someone show enough that they can make the jump to the first team.
13. Comets win the East. The Comets had been trading home wins with away losses to start the season, up until this past weekend where they reversed the result. I'd hope that the Comets can figure things out and make a push to finish at the top of the conference and try to make the MASL final. The Comets do have their hands full in the East though with traditional powers like the Milwaukee Wave and Baltimore Blast along with last year's finalist, the Florida Tropics.
14. USWNT win the 2023 World Cup. The year 2022 did not end the way the US women would probably have wanted to as they lost three of their last four games in 2022, all to teams that they could potentially face in the World Cup in Australia and New Zealand. They're the defending champions though so they'll obviously still be a favorite. They'll have an interesting group stage as they'll face off against the team they beat in the 2019 final, the Netherlands in the second of three group games. Their other two games will be against Vietnam and the winner of a playoff between Cameroon, Thailand, and Portugal.
15. USMNT win 2023 Gold Cup. The run to the 2026 World Cup in the US now starts. With the US automatically qualifying for the next World Cup as hosts, it's going to reduce the number of competitive games the US men's national team will play ahead of the World Cup. That means the competitive games that they do play will become more important to the team. Technically that starts with Nations League in March as the US have to finish in the top two in their group to qualify for the Gold Cup. The US has games at Grenada and home against El Salvador, one point in either of those games qualifies the US for the Gold Cup. Getting the most from these competitive games is important, so games against Mexico, Canada, and Costa Rica is what the US needs. They also hopefully need that rumored invite to Copa America for more competitive games.
Across State Lines: Rad Joins Hartford This week's update on former Kansas City players.
Comets win big at home but dropped points on the road Erik and Thad discuss the Comets and MASL news on the latest pod


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Fitbit Investors Have More to Worry About Than National Security
The recent revelation that military personnel's use of a fitness app could reveal the location of military bases -- and thus put military personnel and national security at risk -- likely gave Fitbit (NYSE: FIT) investors a jolt, since it is one of the platforms on which fitness buffs could use the Strava app, which bills itself as "connecting the world's athletes."
While Strava, according to TechCrunch, has disabled a tracking feature and is "reviewing features that were originally designed for athlete motivation and inspiration to ensure they cannot be compromised by people with bad intent," there's still a possibility that fitness trackers and smartwatches that share information about the user's location and activity will be banned in sensitive areas. That's something to think about, but it certainly isn't the only thing that should be giving Fitbit investors pause.
Slowing the pace
Shares of Fitbit have tumbled roughly 30% since analysts at Stifel Nicolaus in December downgraded the stock from "hold" to "sell," based on concerns about sales growth.
Through the first three quarters of 2017, Fitbit sales barely crested over the $1 billion mark, roughly 35% below the year-ago level, while adjusted net losses widened, to $56.5 million from a $100 million profit in the year-ago period. The leading fitness tracker has also gone from being free-cash-flow-positive to negative after burning through some $50 million in nine months.
Although analysts expect revenue growth to return in 2018 at around a 5% rate, it's not nearly as much as needed to hit breakeven, let alone turn a profit.
Part of the problem was the release of Fitbit's next-gen Ionic device. Although it was built with technology acquired from Pebble, another smartwatch maker, and was supposed to make up for the deficiencies of the Blaze, the first Fitbit product designed to be more than a single-purpose device and to compete with the Apple Watch received a less-than-warm reception.
Despite supporting third-party apps and having far superior battery life than Apple Watch, the Ionic wasn't a hit. Text messaging, notifications, and arguably most importantly, integration with phone calls, was anything but seamless.
Analysts at Morgan Stanley were hinting in December that sales were lackluster and that the Blaze may actually outsell Ionic, so when Fitbit failed to provide sales data for the device last month, even as it announced that the number of active users of its devices had jumped to 25 million, it unleashed a sense of foreboding that Wall Street was right, and uptake by consumers probably is very weak.
Falling further behind
Fitbit lost its position atop the wearable-devices market last year, coming in third behind Apple and Xiaomi, according to IDC. Researchers at IDC expect the global wearables market to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 18.4% through 2021, hitting 222.3 million devices. But despite Fitbit's Charge remaining extremely popular, IDC says those kinds of devices "are quickly becoming commodities" and only will achieve single-digit growth. That's going to put more pressure on Fitbit's updates to the Blaze and Charge when they're eventually released, along with future iterations of the Ionic.
Apple continues to be a tough competitor, reportedly shipping 8 million Watches in the fourth quarter and 18 million for all of last year, a 54% increase from 2016. And the market is forever getting more crowded with Garmin, Samsung, and others putting out more devices.
It's obviously not all gloom and doom for Fitbit. While it failed to give an update on Ionic sales, its active user base grew almost 8% from last year. That shows it still has staying power, but perhaps only as the manufacturer of an increasingly commoditized product. That could make it a takeover target for a larger player looking to get into the space or improve its existing position, but investors might not want to hang around waiting for an eventuality that may never come.
Fitbit is set to report fourth-quarter and 2017 results on Feb. 26. Investors will want to tune in to what management has to say. Even if national security doesn't make the agenda, there's plenty for them to mull over.
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Man jailed following Coxmoor incidents
Tuesday 12 February
A 19-year-old man has been jailed after pleading guilty to charges following incidents around the Coxmoor area of Kirkby-in-Ashfield.
Alex Swain, of Coxs Lane, Mansfield Woodhouse, appeared at Nottingham Crown Court today (Monday 11 February 2019).
He previously admitted three breaches of his criminal behaviour order and further charges of handling stolen goods, possession of an offensive weapon, possession of a bladed article and driving while disqualified.
Swain was jailed for a total of one year for the offences. He was also banned from driving for six months.
Sergeant Andy Lee, of the Ashfield Neighbourhood Policing Team, said: "The admission of guilt and sentencing of Alex Swain demonstrates our commitment to combatting the criminal elements who frequent the area.
"We appreciate that there is still work to do on the estate but this is a testament to our ongoing partnership work with Ashfield District Council of which this was the initial stage.
"Following a joint operation we ran in the Coxmoor Estate in early December and the subsequent arrest of Alex Swain, officers from both organisations have been completing daily patrols in the area.
"Several residents have approached us and commented about the increased visible presence of both organisations and how it has improved their perception of the safety of the estate.
"We'd encourage the public to continue to engage with officers from both organisations to improve and take ownership of their community."
Councillor Jason Zadrozny, Leader of Ashfield District Council, added: "The arrest, charging and sentencing of Alex Swain demonstrates the effectiveness of partnership working on Coxmoor.
"The day of action we had in December is just one of the things we are doing to combat anti-social behaviour in the area. Police and council officers have increased their presence in the area, resulting in a number of positive outcomes including seizing four mopeds.
"Patrols in the area are having a real impact on the lives of residents, and we have received positive feedback from residents on the difference our presence has already had on the feeling on the estate.
"We are committed to working closely with the Police and other agencies to tackle the problems on Coxmoor and other areas of the district. We understand that this cannot be done overnight, but our continued presence in the area and the arrest and conviction of known troublemakers like Alex Swain can have a real, long-term, positive effect on communities."
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Nonlinear thermoelectric effects in high-field superconductor-ferromagnet tunnel junctions
Stefan Kolenda1,
Peter Machon2,
Detlef Beckmann1 and
Wolfgang Belzig2
Stefan Kolenda
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Nanotechnologie, P.O. Box 3640, D-72021 Karlsruhe, Germany
Peter Machon
Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
Detlef Beckmann
Wolfgang Belzig
1Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Nanotechnologie, P.O. Box 3640, D-72021 Karlsruhe, Germany
2Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
This article is part of the Thematic Series "Functional nanostructures – electronic structure, charge and heat transport".
Guest Editor: F. Pauly
Received 04 Apr 2016, Accepted 11 Oct 2016, Published 03 Nov 2016
Supp. Info
Background: Thermoelectric effects result from the coupling of charge and heat transport and can be used for thermometry, cooling and harvesting of thermal energy. The microscopic origin of thermoelectric effects is a broken electron–hole symmetry, which is usually quite small in metal structures. In addition, thermoelectric effects decrease towards low temperatures, which usually makes them vanishingly small in metal nanostructures in the sub-Kelvin regime.
Results: We report on a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of thermoelectric effects in superconductor/ferromagnet hybrid structures. We investigate the dependence of thermoelectric currents on the thermal excitation, as well as on the presence of a dc bias voltage across the junction.
Conclusion: Large thermoelectric effects are observed in superconductor/ferromagnet and superconductor/normal-metal hybrid structures. The spin-independent signals observed under finite voltage bias are shown to be reciprocal to the physics of superconductor/normal-metal microrefrigerators. The spin-dependent thermoelectric signals in the linear regime are due to the coupling of spin and heat transport, and can be used to design more efficient refrigerators.
Keywords: spintronics, superconductor-ferromagnet hybrids, thermoelectricity
Electrons in classical superconductors are bound in spin-singlet Cooper pairs, whereas ferromagnetic materials prefer parallel spin alignment. In nanoscale hybrid structures made of superconductors and ferromagnets, the competition of these antagonistic spin orders can be exploited to produce superconducting spintronics functionality [1-3]. Several promising spintronic effects have been theoretically predicted and subsequently experimentally observed. Examples are the odd-frequency triplet supercurrent [4-6] and fully spin-polarized quasiparticle currents [7-9]. Superconductor/normal-metal hybrid structures can also be used for local electron thermometry and microrefrigeration [10,11]. Recently, large spin-dependent thermoelectric effects were predicted [12-16] and experimentally observed [17] in superconductor/ferromagnet (SF) hybrid structures. These thermoelectric effects are linked to a coupling of spin and heat current, a phenomenon which has recently given rise to the field of spin caloritronics [18].
Previous work on thermoelectric effects in SF hybrids have concentrated on the regime of linear response of the electric and thermal currents to the difference in electric potential or temperature [12-14]. In that case the linear response coefficients – electrical and thermal conductance, Seebeck and Peltier coefficients – are related by the famous Onsager symmetry relations [12]. In particular these relate the Seebeck and Peltier coefficients to each other. In terms of practical applications the linear response coefficients are limited to devices with vanishing performance, due to the assumption of linearization in the thermodynamic forces. For example, the maximal possible Carnot efficiency |δT|/T for a given temperature difference δT at base temperature T is by definition much smaller than 1. Hence, a useful thermodynamic machine need to be run at finite power output, in which the linearization might not work anymore. A well-known application beyond the linear regime are normal-metal/insulator/superconductor (NIS) junctions under voltage bias close to the energy gap of the superconductor, which provide local electronic refrigeration [10,11]. Charge and spin transport in the nonlinear bias regime have also been investigated experimentally [8,9] and theoretically [19-23].
In this paper, we extend our previous theoretical [12,13] and experimental [17] work on thermoelectric effects in SF hybrid structures in a combined experimental and theoretical study of the nonlinear regime both as a function of thermal and voltage excitation. In particular, we elucidate the relation of thermoelectric currents to superconducting microrefrigerators by generalizing Onsager relations. Throughout this paper, we will use F, S, I and N to denote ferromagnetic, superconducting, insulating and normal-metal parts of our structures, e.g., FIS for a ferromagnet-insulator-superconductor junction.
In the linear response regime the Seebeck and the Peltier coefficients are related by the Onsager reciprocity relation. Hence a measurement of one determines the other. This is not the case in the nonlinear regime anymore. In the following we derive a generalization of the Onsager relation in the nonlinear regime to evaluate the performance of mesoscopic cooling devices. Obviously this cannot be as general as the Onsager reciprocity, but relies on a concrete model of elastic transport. In the end it will be useful to evaluate the practically important heat current from the measure thermally induced charge current.
We consider a metal coupled to a superconductor by a tunnel contact, with normal-state tunnel conductance GT. The metal can be a normal metal or a ferromagnet, in which case the junction conductance has a finite spin polarization P. In that context the superconductor is kept at zero chemical potential, and both voltage bias V and thermal excitation δT are applied to the normal-metal (or ferromagnet). All currents are counted flowing into the superconductor. We can in general express the charge and heat currents flowing out of the ferromagnet as
Here G(E) is the spectral conductance and fT(E) = (exp(E/kBT) + 1)−1 is the Fermi function at energy E. The spectral conductance is given by
where N0 = (N+ + N−)/2, Nz = (N+ − N−)/2, and the spin-resolved density of states in the superconductor is N±(E). We would like to point out that N0 is even in energy, while Nz is odd in energy and gives rise to the broken particle–hole symmetry of G(E) for P ≠ 0. For the fits of the experimental data shown below, N±(E) is calculated from the standard model of high-field superconductivity [24] (see Supporting Information File 1 for details).
In the linear regime, i.e., for V → 0 and δT → 0, Equation 1 can be written as
where g is the conductance, T is the average temperature, and η describes the thermoelectric current. η is related to the Seebeck coefficient S = −V/δT measured in an open circuit by η = SgT. In general, however, Ic is a nonlinear function of both δT and V, and the thermoelectric transport coefficient can be generalized to
The physics of the thermoelectric current generation in a high-field FIS junction at V = 0 is shown schematically in Figure 1b. The Zeeman splitting of the quasiparticle states in the superconductor leads to a spin-dependent density of states (left). Heating of the ferromagnet leads to a flow of spin-up electrons at positive energy from occupied states in the ferromagnet into the superconductor, and a flow of spin-down electrons out of the superconductor into unoccupied states in the ferromagnet at negative energies (relative to the chemical potential of the superconductor). For finite spin polarization P of the junction conductance, the two currents are unequal, and therefore a net charge current flows across the junction, accompanied by both spin and heat currents. For V = 0, only the part of the spectral conductance G(E) which breaks particle–hole symmetry contributes to the thermoelectric current, i.e., the part proportional to Nz(E).
Figure 1: (a) False-color scanning electron microscopy image of one of our samples, together with the measurement scheme. The samples consist of a six-probe tunnel junction between a superconducting aluminum (Al) and a ferromagnetic (Fe) wire, with an overlaid copper (Cu) wire providing additional measurement leads. (b) Scheme of the generation of the linear thermoelectric effect in a FIS junction. (c) Scheme of the generation of the nonlinear thermoelectric effect in a NIS (or FIS) junction.
Figure 1: (a) False-color scanning electron microscopy image of one of our samples, together with the measure...
At finite voltage bias V, schematically depicted in Figure 1c, the current through a NIS or FIS junction always depends on temperature, as the forward and backwards currents are always unequal. In this case the generalized nonlinear coefficient η also contains the temperature dependence of the regular voltage-driven tunnel current, and there is no simple relation to the symmetry of the spectral conductance. Nonlinear thermoelectric coefficients and their symmetries have also been discussed theoretically for superconductor/quantum dot systems [25,26].
One aim of this paper is to understand the relation of the experimentally observed η(V) to known results of thermal transport in superconductor hybrid structures. We therefore derive here a generalized relation between the charge current Ic and the heat current IQ in the nonlinear regime. In the following derivation, we assume the spectral conductance to be independent of temperature and bias voltage. This is in general not always fulfilled, since, e.g., the superconducting gap Δ depends on temperature. However, this becomes mainly relevant close to Tc and we will in the following neglect the temperature dependence. The following derivation will be based on the identity
valid for arbitrary bias voltage. Hence we can write
This is the main theoretical result and can directly be applied to the experimental data (see below).
Experiment and Results
Our samples were fabricated by e-beam lithography and shadow evaporation. The central part is a tunnel junction between ferromagnetic iron and superconducting aluminum, with a thin aluminum oxide layer as tunnel barrier. An additional copper wire is overlaid to provide additional measurement leads, forming a six-probe junction. Figure 1a shows a false-color scanning electron microscopy image of one of our samples, together with the measurement scheme. The wire widths are around 200 nm, and the film thicknesses are tAl ≈ 20 nm, tFe ≈ 15–20 nm and tCu ≈ 50 nm for the aluminum, iron and copper wires, respectively.
Transport measurements were carried out in a dilution refrigerator at temperatures down to 50 mK, with an applied in-plane magnetic field B parallel to the iron wire. To create a temperature difference δT across the junction, we pass a heater current Iheat along the ferromagnetic wire. The local temperature of the ferromagnet at the junction can be described by [10]
where T is the electronic base temperature without heating, Rheat is the resistance of the ferromagnetic wire, and L0 = π2kB2/3e2 is the Lorenz number. We calibrate the dependence of TF on Iheat by measuring the differential conductance of the junction while applying a dc heater current. The actual temperature difference δT is usually slightly smaller than δTF = TF − T obtained from the calibration measurements due to indirect heating of the superconductor. We typically find δT ≈ 0.8δTF. Details of the temperature calibration can be found in [17] and Supporting Information File 1. To measure the thermoelectric current through the junction, we apply a low-frequency ac heater current. Since the heating power is proportional to I2, this generates a thermal excitation on the second harmonic of the excitation frequency. We monitor the second harmonic of the current Ith through the junction, from which we can obtain a finite-difference approximation η = TIth/δT of the differential nonlinear coefficient η given by Equation 5.
In our previous work [17], we focused on the measurement of η for a fixed thermal excitation δT at V = 0. Here, we elucidate the nonlinear regime both as a function of thermal excitation and voltage bias. We show data from three samples, two with ferromagnetic junctions (FIS1 and FIS2), and a reference sample where the iron wire is replaced by copper to form a nonmagnetic junction (NIS). Details of the sample parameters and characterization can be found in [17].
First, we would like to focus on the dependence on thermal excitation. Here, we probe the nonlinearity by changing the excitation amplitude δT. This is of interest for thermometry applications, where one would like to have a large, and preferably linear, response to a small but finite temperature difference. In Figure 2a, we show the thermoelectric current Ith as a function of δT for different magnetic fields B at a base temperature T0 = 250 mK measured in sample FIS1, together with fits to Equation 1 (details of the data analysis can be found in Supporting Information File 1). At small fields, the thermoelectric current has a nonlinear dependence on the excitation. This can be understood by considering Figure 2c, where Nz is plotted as a function of magnetic field and quasiparticle energy (using parameters derived from conductance experiments on the sample, see Supporting Information File 1). At small fields, the superconductor has an energy gap, and only the high-energy tail of the Fermi distribution contributes to the thermoelectric current. Due to the exponential energy dependence of the Fermi distribution, the current shows a nonlinear increase with increasing thermal excitation. Upon increasing the field, the gap decreases, and Ith consequently increases. At about B = 1 T, the gap vanishes, and Ith becomes largest and is now an almost linear function of δT. In Figure 2b, we show the corresponding thermoelectric coefficient η = TIth/δT, normalized to GTΔ0/e, where GT = 275 μS is the normal-state junction conductance, and Δ0 = 208 μeV is the pair potential of the superconductor at T = 0 and B = 0. η has a weak dependence on the excitation δT at small fields, and is nearly constant at high fields, reflecting the linearity of Ith(δT) at high fields.
Figure 2: (a) Thermoelectric current Ith as a function of thermal excitation amplitude δT for different magnetic fields B (sample FIS1). Lines are fits of Equation 1 to the data. (b) Thermoelectric transport coefficient η normalized to GTΔ0/e corresponding to the data in panel (a) Lines are the same fits as in (a). (c) Nz = (N↑ − N↓)/2 as a function of applied field B and energy E. Vertical lines indicate the applied fields B for the data in panels (a) and (b).
Figure 2: (a) Thermoelectric current Ith as a function of thermal excitation amplitude δT for different magne...
Now, we focus on the dependence on bias voltage V. In Figure 3, we compare the nonlinear thermoelectric coefficient η as a function of voltage bias V for two samples, one with a ferromagnetic junction (a), and one with a normal–metal junction (b). η is plotted for fixed thermal excitation δT at different magnetic fields. In Figure 3c, we show η(V = 0) as a function of field for comparison. While the nonmagnetic sample does not show a linear thermoelectric effect (due to the particle–hole symmetry of the spectral conductance of a NIS junction), both samples show a large nonlinear effect, even at zero applied field. Note that the overall signal scale in panels (a) and (b) is about two orders of magnitude larger than in panel (c), and that the linear thermoelectric effect at V = 0 is hardly visible on the scale of panels (a) and (b). The nonlinear coefficient of the NIS sample is an odd function of bias (only the N0 term in G(E) contributes). The data for the FIS sample have no simple symmetry (both N0 and PNz contribute), but are still dominated by the odd contribution due to the small P in our junctions. To understand the physical meaning of the nonlinear coefficient, we now relate it to the heat current using Equation 6.
Figure 3: Thermoelectric transport coefficient η normalized to GTΔ0/e as a function of bias voltage V for different applied magnetic field B. (a) Data for a ferromagnetic junction (sample FIS2). (b) Data for a nonmagnetic junction (sample NIS). (c) Data at V = 0 for both samples as a function of normalized applied field B/Bc.
Figure 3: Thermoelectric transport coefficient η normalized to GTΔ0/e as a function of bias voltage V for dif...
In Figure 4a, we show the cooling power IQ predicted from the measured thermoelectric coefficient η and dc current Ic of sample FIS2 using Equation 6. Symbols are the results of the analysis of the experimental data, while lines are fits using Equation 2 directly. All fits are calculated at T = 250 mK using self-consistent parameters (see Supporting Information File 1 for details). The data and fits are in good agreement, showing that the cooling power can be inferred from the measured thermoelectric coefficient in the nonlinear regime. We would like to point out that the analysis is valid strictly speaking only for δT → 0, whereas the experiment is necessarily carried out at finite δT. However, as can be seen in Figure 2b, η depends only weakly on δT for the experimental conditions, and we therefore neglect this dependence here. Also, the analysis yields the predicted cooling power for δT = 0, and the actual cooling power under finite δT will be smaller due to the backflow of heat via the thermal conductance of the junction. At B = 0, without spin splitting and consequently without linear thermoelectric effect, the predicted cooling power has the typical bias dependence of NIS microrefrigerators [10], with maximum cooling power for eV ≈ Δ. Upon increasing the field, the maximum of the cooling power shifts to smaller bias and decreases. Note that the Peltier cooling at zero bias due to the linear thermoelectric effect is too small to be resolved in this plot due to the low spin polarization P = 0.08 of our junction. Using the sample parameters of the fits shown in Figure 4a, we can now compare the predicted cooling power of a NIS cooler and an idealized FIS cooler with P = 1 in Figure 4b. As can be seen, there is no difference between NIS and FIS at B = 0. At finite field, the FIS cooler exhibits a linear Peltier contribution to the cooling power, which is largest at B = 1.2 T, roughly where the gap in the excitation spectrum of the superconductor vanishes. Under these conditions, the FIS Peltier cooler outperforms the NIS cooler at small bias. It is convenient to define the coefficient of performance COP for a cooler as the ratio COP = IQ/Pel = IQ/IcV of the cooling power and the electric input power of the device [27]. To make the improved performance of the FIS cooler more clear, we also plot the coefficient of performance as a function of cooling power in Figure 4c. The FIS cooler has superior efficiency over a wide range of cooling powers.
Figure 4: (a) Normalized cooling power IQe2/GTΔ02 as a function of normalized bias voltage eV/Δ0 for different magnetic fields B. (b) Predicted cooling power for the same device assuming P = 0 (NIS cooler) and P = 1 (ideal FIS Peltier cooler) as a function of normalized bias voltage. (c) Predicted coefficient of performance as a function of normalized cooling power for the same parameters as panel (b) and V < 0.
Figure 4: (a) Normalized cooling power IQe2/GTΔ02 as a function of normalized bias voltage eV/Δ0 for differen...
The thermoelectric current is largest and has a linear dependence on excitation at the magnetic field where the spectral gap of the superconductor vanishes. These conditions are therefore potentially useful for applications in thermometry or cooling. One possible way to improve performance is therefore to increase the spin splitting of the density of states by spin-active scattering with a ferromagnetic insulator [28,29], which is known to enhance nonequilibrium spin transport in nanoscale superconductors [30]. Also, performance can be improved by using ferromagnetic insulators as spin-filter tunnel junctions, with a degree of spin polarization P ≈ 100% [31,32].
At finite voltage bias, we find large thermoelectric signals for both FIS and NIS structures. Our analysis based on a generalized reciprocity relation shows that the generation of the thermoelectric signal is directly related to the cooling power of NIS microrefrigerators [10,11]. Further theoretical modeling shows that for an idealized FIS cooler with P = 100%, the thermodynamic efficiency can be greatly improved over NIS coolers. Future devices may include local control of the spin-splitting using the proximity effect with ferromagnetic insulators [30,33], or new thermoelectric multi-terminal devices [12,13].
Supporting Information File 1: Details of experimental procedures and theoretical model.
Format: PDF Size: 168.0 KB Download
We acknowledge financial support by the competence network "Functional Nanostructures" of the Baden-Württemberg-Stiftung and the DFG under grant No. BE-4422/2-1 and BE-3803/3-1.
Eschrig, M. Phys. Today 2011, 64, 43–49. doi:10.1063/1.3541944
Linder, J.; Robinson, J. W. A. Nat. Phys. 2015, 11, 307–315. doi:10.1038/nphys3242
Eschrig, M. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2015, 78, 104501. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/78/10/104501
Bergeret, F. S.; Volkov, A. F.; Efetov, K. B. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2005, 77, 1321–1373. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.77.1321
Khaire, T. S.; Khasawneh, M. A.; Pratt, W. P., Jr.; Birge, N. O. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 104, 137002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.137002
Robinson, J. W. A.; Witt, J. D. S.; Blamire, M. G. Science 2010, 329, 59–61. doi:10.1126/science.1189246
Huertas-Hernando, D.; Nazarov, Yu. V.; Belzig, W. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 88, 047003. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.047003
Hübler, F.; Wolf, M. J.; Beckmann, D.; von Löhneysen, H. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 109, 207001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.207001
Quay, C. H. L.; Chevallier, D.; Bena, C.; Aprili, M. Nat. Phys. 2013, 9, 84–88. doi:10.1038/nphys2518
Giazotto, F.; Heikkilä, T. T.; Luukanen, A.; Savin, A. M.; Pekola, J. P. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2006, 78, 217–274. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.217
Return to citation in text: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
Muhonen, J. T.; Meschke, M.; Pekola, J. P. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2012, 75, 046501. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/75/4/046501
Machon, P.; Eschrig, M.; Belzig, W. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013, 110, 047002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.047002
Machon, P.; Eschrig, M.; Belzig, W. New J. Phys. 2014, 16, 073002. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/16/7/073002
Return to citation in text: [1] [2] [3] [4]
Ozaeta, A.; Virtanen, P.; Bergeret, F. S.; Heikkilä, T. T. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014, 112, 057001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.057001
Kalenkov, M. S.; Zaikin, A. D. Phys. Rev. B 2014, 90, 134502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.90.134502
Kolenda, S.; Wolf, M. J.; Beckmann, D. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2016, 116, 097001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.097001
Bauer, G. E. W.; Saitoh, E.; van Wees, B. J. Nat. Mater. 2012, 11, 391–399. doi:10.1038/nmat3301
Silaev, M.; Virtanen, P.; Bergeret, F. S.; Heikkilä, T. T. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2015, 114, 167002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.167002
Bobkova, I. V.; Bobkov, A. M. JETP Lett. 2015, 101, 118–124. doi:10.1134/S0021364015020022
Bobkova, I. V.; Bobkov, A. M. Phys. Rev. B 2016, 93, 024513. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.93.024513
Krishtop, T.; Houzet, M.; Meyer, J. S. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 91, 121407. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.91.121407
Giazotto, F.; Solinas, P.; Braggio, A.; Bergeret, F. S. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2015, 4, 044016. doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.4.044016
Maki, K. Prog. Theor. Phys. 1964, 32, 29–36. doi:10.1143/PTP.32.29
Hwang, S.-Y.; López, R.; Sánchez, D. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 91, 104518. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.91.104518
Hwang, S.-Y.; Lopez, R.; Sanchez, D. arXiv:1512.06242 [cond-mat] 2015.
Whitney, R. S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014, 112, 130601. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.130601
Moodera, J. S.; Hao, X.; Gibson, G. A.; Meservey, R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 61, 637–640. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.637
Hao, X.; Moodera, J. S.; Meservey, R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 67, 1342–1345. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.1342
Wolf, M. J.; Sürgers, C.; Fischer, G.; Beckmann, D. Phys. Rev. B 2014, 90, 144509. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.90.144509
Hao, X.; Moodera, J. S.; Meservey, R. Phys. Rev. B 1990, 42, 8235–8243. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.42.8235
Miao, G.-X.; Moodera, J. S. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 751–761. doi:10.1039/C4CP04599H
Wolf, M. J.; Sürgers, C.; Fischer, G.; Scherer, T.; Beckmann, D. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2014, 368, 49–53. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.04.067
12. Machon, P.; Eschrig, M.; Belzig, W. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013, 110, 047002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.047002
13. Machon, P.; Eschrig, M.; Belzig, W. New J. Phys. 2014, 16, 073002. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/16/7/073002
1. Eschrig, M. Phys. Today 2011, 64, 43–49. doi:10.1063/1.3541944
2. Linder, J.; Robinson, J. W. A. Nat. Phys. 2015, 11, 307–315. doi:10.1038/nphys3242
3. Eschrig, M. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2015, 78, 104501. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/78/10/104501
14. Ozaeta, A.; Virtanen, P.; Bergeret, F. S.; Heikkilä, T. T. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014, 112, 057001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.057001
15. Kalenkov, M. S.; Zaikin, A. D. Phys. Rev. B 2014, 90, 134502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.90.134502
24. Maki, K. Prog. Theor. Phys. 1964, 32, 29–36. doi:10.1143/PTP.32.29
10. Giazotto, F.; Heikkilä, T. T.; Luukanen, A.; Savin, A. M.; Pekola, J. P. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2006, 78, 217–274. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.217
11. Muhonen, J. T.; Meschke, M.; Pekola, J. P. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2012, 75, 046501. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/75/4/046501
25. Hwang, S.-Y.; López, R.; Sánchez, D. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 91, 104518. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.91.104518
26. Hwang, S.-Y.; Lopez, R.; Sanchez, D. arXiv:1512.06242 [cond-mat] 2015.
7. Huertas-Hernando, D.; Nazarov, Yu. V.; Belzig, W. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 88, 047003. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.047003
8. Hübler, F.; Wolf, M. J.; Beckmann, D.; von Löhneysen, H. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 109, 207001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.207001
9. Quay, C. H. L.; Chevallier, D.; Bena, C.; Aprili, M. Nat. Phys. 2013, 9, 84–88. doi:10.1038/nphys2518
4. Bergeret, F. S.; Volkov, A. F.; Efetov, K. B. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2005, 77, 1321–1373. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.77.1321
5. Khaire, T. S.; Khasawneh, M. A.; Pratt, W. P., Jr.; Birge, N. O. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 104, 137002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.137002
6. Robinson, J. W. A.; Witt, J. D. S.; Blamire, M. G. Science 2010, 329, 59–61. doi:10.1126/science.1189246
17. Kolenda, S.; Wolf, M. J.; Beckmann, D. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2016, 116, 097001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.097001
19. Silaev, M.; Virtanen, P.; Bergeret, F. S.; Heikkilä, T. T. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2015, 114, 167002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.167002
20. Bobkova, I. V.; Bobkov, A. M. JETP Lett. 2015, 101, 118–124. doi:10.1134/S0021364015020022
21. Bobkova, I. V.; Bobkov, A. M. Phys. Rev. B 2016, 93, 024513. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.93.024513
22. Krishtop, T.; Houzet, M.; Meyer, J. S. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 91, 121407. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.91.121407
23. Giazotto, F.; Solinas, P.; Braggio, A.; Bergeret, F. S. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2015, 4, 044016. doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.4.044016
18. Bauer, G. E. W.; Saitoh, E.; van Wees, B. J. Nat. Mater. 2012, 11, 391–399. doi:10.1038/nmat3301
30. Wolf, M. J.; Sürgers, C.; Fischer, G.; Beckmann, D. Phys. Rev. B 2014, 90, 144509. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.90.144509
33. Wolf, M. J.; Sürgers, C.; Fischer, G.; Scherer, T.; Beckmann, D. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2014, 368, 49–53. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.04.067
31. Hao, X.; Moodera, J. S.; Meservey, R. Phys. Rev. B 1990, 42, 8235–8243. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.42.8235
32. Miao, G.-X.; Moodera, J. S. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 751–761. doi:10.1039/C4CP04599H
27. Whitney, R. S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014, 112, 130601. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.130601
28. Moodera, J. S.; Hao, X.; Gibson, G. A.; Meservey, R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1988, 61, 637–640. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.637
29. Hao, X.; Moodera, J. S.; Meservey, R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 67, 1342–1345. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.1342
Functional nanostructures
Fabian Pauly, R. Jürgen Behm, Paul Leiderer, Stephan Nussberger and Christina Wege
Charge and spin transport in mesoscopic superconductors
M. J. Wolf, F. Hübler, S. Kolenda and D. Beckmann
Review of nanostructured devices for thermoelectric applications
Giovanni Pennelli
The importance of design in nanoarchitectonics: multifractality in MACE silicon nanowires
Stefania Carapezzi and Anna Cavallini
© 2016 Kolenda et al.; licensee Beilstein-Institut.
This is an Open Access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The license is subject to the Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology terms and conditions: (http://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano)
Kolenda, S.; Machon, P.; Beckmann, D.; Belzig, W. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1579–1585. doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.152


4k00:29Girl and her dog playing in a park in autumn or spring.
hd00:13Woman playing with german shepherd in the city park.
4k00:18Best friends walking their dogs. They are talking and enjoying beautiful day.


text:
Q: MVC architecture - communication between nested components I'm working on a rich client desktop application. I'm trying to use MVC to decouple the model, view and controller responsabilities.
Problem is I can't seem to find a clean solution for handling communication between nested components.
Most of the answers I've read online were either confusing or were dealing with "web MVC" architecture rather than real MVC.
I do not mind ending up using another MVC flavor (MVP, MVVM etc...) if it helps me creating a clean a maintainable architecture.
Scenario
The codebase is small and contains two classes: MainView, and MainController. So far the view and controller responsabilities are decoupled and the code is clean.
At some point the codebase grows and I need a SecondaryView with a button. When the button is clicked, the program needs to access the file system to perform operations.
Problem
How to handle the button click in a nested component (one level deep or more) without making a mess in my code?
What I tried so far
1 - One controller owning the nested view and a chain of observer/observables: unmaintainable code
MainController has a reference to MainView. MainView has a reference to SecondaryView.
When SecondaryViewButton is clicked, SecondaryView notifies its listener MainView which notifies its listener MainController which performs the file system operations.
This solution is even less maintainable when we nest components into components into components...
2 - Still one controller, but the main view now owns its nested views AND the controller
MainView has a reference to MainController and SecondaryView.
When SecondaryViewButton is clicked, SecondaryView notifies its listener MainView which directly calls performOperation() method on MainController.
This solution seems slightly better but it wouldn't work if the clicked button is nested several levels deep.
Plus I suspect having a view reference BOTH controllers and other views is not a good idea?
3 - Multiple controllers, and each view has a reference to its controller
This solution seems better, but now all the controllers have to be able to access the file system (which is a common operation in this application) instead of a unique entry point when we just had MainController.
I'm not sure whether this would be a good idea in the long run.
The real problem however is I don't have a clear understanding of how to nest components in a MVC architecture? Should I nest the views together and each view reference its own controller?
How would you solve the component nesting problem while maintaining a clean architecture?

A: The controller is in charge of handling the user input and commands. In the original MVC there was one controller for many views and generally for one model (if needed there could be several models).
Considering the architecture of modern windowing systems, the easiest way to implement this is to use approach 3 with a controller component per view, but also the federating controler component for the common part. All these components together form "the" controller that handled "the" user's desires.
So, if your common action really belongs to the controller and not to the model, go on with 3 and just create the missing federating controller and move your repetitive handling there.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Irish DPC fines Twitter €450,000 for data breach
On 15th December 2020, the Irish Data Protection Commission (the "DPC") announced its decision to impose an administrative fine of €450,000 on Twitter International Company ("Twitter") following an investigation into a personal data breach reported by Twitter, under the self-reporting obligations of General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 ("GDPR"). The breach arose as a result […]
Flynn O'Driscoll has announced the appointment of four new partners.
Pictured are: John Troute, Partner (top left), Declan Cunningham, Partner (top right), Cian O'Leary , Partner (bottom left), and Claire McDermott, Partner (bottom right) Flynn O'Driscoll has announced the appointment of four new partners. The new partners are in the firm's Dublin, and Galway offices and cover a range of practice areas including aviation/asset finance, corporate, commercial and employment. […]
The Norwegian Examinership and what it means for the company's creditors
On Monday, 7 December, the Irish High Court affirmed the appointment of an examiner, Kieran Wallace of KPMG, to a number of companies in the Norwegian Air Group ("Norwegian") as well as the Oslo based parent company of the group, Norwegian Air Shuttle ASA ("NAS"). The appointment of the examiner will provide Norwegian with critical protection from its […]
Flynn O'Driscoll Appoints Employment Partner, Caoimhe Heery
Pictured are: Caoimhe Heery, Partner, and James Duggan, Managing Partner. Flynn O'Driscoll is delighted to announce the appointment of Caoimhe Heery as the newest Employment Partner based in our Galway Office.Caoimhe has over 15 years of employment and litigation legal experience in Ireland and the UK having trained and worked in a trade union law […]
Flynn O'Driscoll has acquired the Litigation practice of O'Callaghan Legal.
We are delighted to announce that Flynn O'Driscoll Business Lawyers has acquired the litigation practice of O'Callaghan Legal. The litigation practice of O'Callaghan Legal has been acquired by Flynn O'Driscoll. The litigation clients transferring to Flynn O'Driscoll will continue to be advised by Maurice O'Callaghan, who has joined Flynn O'Driscoll as Consultant, and Billy Brick, […]
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text:
Glascock County (Georgia)
Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) Evangelical Protestant Pentecostal 0 +93 +110.7%
Southern Baptist Convention Evangelical Protestant Baptist 0 -224 -16.7%
The population of Glascock County, Georgia was 2,382 in 1980. The adherent totals of the religious groups listed above (2,021) included 84.8% of the total population in 1980.
The population of Glascock County, Georgia was 3,082 in 2010; in 2000 it was 2,556. The total population changed 20.6%. The adherent totals of the religious groups listed above (1,461) included 47.4% of the total population in 2010.


text:
Megadeth, Suicidal Tendencies, Children of Bodom & Havok played two Terminal 5 shows (night 2 pics)
BrooklynVegan Staff Published: March 22, 2016
photos by Mathieu Bredeau
Megadeth at Terminal 5
Suicidal Tendencies at Terminal 5
Megadeth / Dave Lombardo
Dave Mustaine and his bandmates began their headlining set with an older favorite "Hangar 18" and then moved onto "The Threat Is Real," the lead track off Dystopia. Other new songs performed included "Post American World," "Fatal Illusion," "Poisonous Shadows" and the album's title track. Fans unleashed to favorites "Wake Up Dead," "Tornado of Souls," "Trust" and "Symphony of Destruction." Guitarist Kiko Loureiro is a welcome energy to the band; drummer Chris Adler is a beast behind the kit; bassist David Ellefson's interaction with fans is one the front row enjoyed, while Mustaine was on fire both vocally and on guitar. When Megadeth come to town, get ready to sweat bullets -[Loudwire]
Megadeth brought their huge tour with Suicidal Tendencies (who currently have the one and only Dave Lombardo behind the kit), Children of Bodom and Havok to NYC last week. The above quote is about their first of two nights (3/16) at Terminal 5. We've got pictures of the second night (3/17). Check out more below.
Havok at Terminal 5
Children of Bodom at Terminal 5
Filed Under: children of bodom havok, Dave Lombardo, Megadeth, Suicidal Tendencies
Categories: Heavy Metal News, Music News, Photo Galleries
Venamoris (Paula & Dave Lombardo) share "Let Me Be" off upcoming debut album
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Lucy Dacus joined Yo La Tengo for Hanukkah Night 3 ++ David Cross, Lee Ranaldo & more (video, setlist)
Punk Rock Museum reveals opening date and guided tours with punk legends


#1200: Cause every universe needs bar mitzvahs.
#1200: Cause every universe needs bar mitzvahs. published on June 15th, 2011 Read more posts by the author of #1200: Cause every universe needs bar mitzvahs., Miss MabNo Comments on #1200: Cause every universe needs bar mitzvahs.


AMBER PLAUNTY, a 24-year-old from San Diego, figures she has stayed with about 20 complete strangers while traveling around Europe since last August. Mark Galbraith, a 34-year-old manager with a finance company in London, has played host to more than 200 people he met online.
But that's still shy of the number of travelers 66-year-old Helga Smith has welcomed into her apartment in Manhattan: "I stopped counting after 300 — and that was three years ago," she said.
All three are members of hospitality exchange services, groups that link willing hosts with travelers looking for experiences that range from a meaningful cultural exchange to simply a free place to stay.
One of the oldest services, Servas (www.servas.org), has been around for nearly 60 years and has more of a high-minded mission — fostering peace through cultural understanding — while the Internet has given rise to newer groups like GlobalFreeloaders (globalfreeloaders.com) and HospitalityClub (www.hospitalityclub.org), which tend to attract more budget-minded travelers. Another site with a big following among backpackers, CouchSurfing.com, shut down in late June after suffering a major computer crash, and as of July 3, the latest message on the Web site said that the company expected to be back online soon. With the exception of Servas, most of these services work the same way: you can sign up for free, filling out a profile that describes what you have to offer (a spare bedroom, a couch or even a place to pitch a tent in your backyard), your preferred length of stay (two to three days is typical) and some personal information about yourself (who else lives with you, your willingness to show people around town, whether you're messy or have an obsessively clean home).
Once you're ready to hit the road, you can search for members in your destination, then send e-mail messages to potential hosts to see if your travel schedule coincides with their ability to put you up. Likewise, other members may contact you about accommodation, especially if you live in a popular destination like London or New York.
Servas, on the other hand, requires prospective members to fill out an application and meet with an interviewer in order to join; guests must submit two letters of reference as well. Members also pay an annual fee — $85 if you plan to travel internationally, $50 for domestic travel — and a deposit of $15 to $25 to obtain lists of hosts in the United States and abroad. Servas still operates a paper-based system, but the lists include e-mail addresses (about 15,000 hosts worldwide) and you can download the application online.
The other services were founded in the last six years by avid travelers in their 20's and generally attract a similar following. The Hospitality Club, founded by Veit Kühne, from Germany, has 155,000 members in 205 countries, including Afghanistan and Iraq, and GlobalFreeloaders, started by Adam Staines, an Australian, has about 38,000 members in 190 countries. CouchSurfing had about 90,000 members when it folded, and functioned more as a social networking site — allowing members to join groups based on shared interests, or link to friends' profiles — so its demise will be missed by its enthusiastic following.
Both GlobalFreeloaders and the Hospitality Club allow members to post information about themselves (the profiles on the Hospitality Club site tend to be more detailed, and some include photos). And both sites let members post references about people they've stayed with or have played host to.
"You can write a comment about any other member, basically like eBay," said Mr. Kühne, of the Hospitality Club. The site also encourages hosts to check their guests' passports upon arrival, and then when they submit a reference, check a box indicating they've verified that member's passport details.
All of this information helps alleviate the main hesitation many have with the crash-with-a-stranger concept: security concerns.
"You make a judgment call based on a lot of things people say — and if they don't have much to say, you don't have much to base your opinion on," said Ms. Plaunty , who has used HospitalityClub, GlobalFreeloaders and CouchSurfing but admitted her parents weren't thrilled with her lodging plans when she set off for Europe. But so far, her only bad experience was arriving in Paris to find her host wasn't home — he sent an e-mail message saying he was in Japan the day after she was to arrive.
OCCASIONAL glitches aside, people who have embraced these services say they attract travelers who are open-minded, friendly and adventurous. "It's self-regulating in a way," said Mr. Galbraith, whose profile on GlobalFreeloaders has led about 260 travelers from places like Australia and Finland to his spare bedroom in London. "If I'm mad enough to let a complete stranger in my home, and they're mad enough to stay in a complete stranger's home, then each is placing trust in the other."
For Steve Penn, a 40-year-old ticket broker from Los Angeles who has been both a host and a guest, the main benefit as a traveler has been the chance to experience the local culture — eating out with his hosts in Rome, and getting a daylong tour from a host in Ireland. That said, not everyone has a lot of free time to spend with their guests, so Mr. Penn said he sometimes missed the friendships formed at hostels. "You lose the companionship and camaraderie of other travelers," he said. With its mission of fostering cultural understanding, Servas does encourage members to spend time with their guests, though the experience varies depending on the host's schedule and how well the parties click.
"I invite people into my home because I want to get to know them," said Helga Smith, who joined Servas more than 20 years ago. Now retired, she spends much of her time visiting her former guests — traveling to places like Samoa, South Korea, Ethiopia, Australia, Japan and South Africa — and still plays host to about 25 people a year in New York. As someone who escaped from East Germany in her early 20's, raised three children on her own and ran her first marathon at 59, it's not surprising that she's open to traveling the globe by herself.
"I'm not really on my own because I have Servas people waiting for me," Ms. Smith said, citing examples of generosity she has experienced, like a couple in India who gave her their bedroom while they slept in a hammock outside, or adventures like hitching a ride on a mail boat into the heart of Surinam. Her philosophy about travel pretty much sums up why certain people are attracted to hospitality exchange services, despite all the unknowns.
"If you're open to experiences," she said. "Then all kinds of things can happen."


A forensic scientist says more is being learned about the long-term dangers of abusing what he calls synthetic drugs. He's been asked to take his message to a Missouri audience.
Jeremy Morris works at the Johnson County, Kansas crime lab. He will talk with a Brookfield audience Saturday about the latest information on these synthetic drugs. He says the two most common are cannabinoids, commonly thought of as synthetic marijuana and marketed as incense or potpourri, and cathinones, marketed as bath salts.
Law enforcement officers have long said one of the dangers about abusing these compounds is that so little is known about the long-term effects of their use. Morris says based on short-term effects, scientists now know they interact with the same parts of the brain as marijuana and cocaine.
As for cathinones, Morris says it is being learned that they cause cardiovascular damage comparable to that caused by cocaine and induce far more hallucinations than cannabinoids.
Morris takes issue with makers of these compounds who say they are intended only for use as incense or bath salts.
When laws have been passed making some of these synthetic compounds illegal, makers have simply changed the composition to something not covered by the law. Morris says in some cases, the result has been users not knowing how to handle the new product.
Morris encourages people, especially parents, not to be naive about the dangers of these compounds and to intervene if they know of cases of abuse. He believes they should be illegal except in the case of controlled research into possible medical applications.
His Dangers of Synthetic Drugs Seminar begins with a session for teenagers from 2 until 4 p.m. at the Brookfield Area Career Center Saturday afternoon. It will be followed by a second session for adults, parents and concerned citizens from 6 until 9 p.m.


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Q: About reverse inequality :$-1+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\left(\sum_{cyc}\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}+1}+\sqrt{c^2+a^{2}+b^{2}}\right)\geq c\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}$ It's a reverse inequality from a previous post but first the conjecture :
Conjecture :
Let $a,b,c\in[0,1]$ such that $a\geq b\geq c$ then (dis)prove that :
$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\left(-\sqrt{3}+\sum_{cyc}\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}+1}\right)-\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\right)\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}-\left(\sqrt{3}-1\right)(1-a)-\frac{\left(a-b\right)}{13}\leq 0$$

I have check the inequality with the Software Desmos .On the other hand I think that this inequality is interesting because it's non-homegeneous and to go further there is  equality cases for : $a=b=c=0$ or $a=b=c=1$ or $a=b=1$
The first inequality can be found here Refinement :$\sqrt{3}\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}-\sum_{cyc}\sqrt{a^{2}+\frac{\left(2a-b-c\right)^{2}}{24}}\geq 0$ at edit 22/02/2022.
To show it I use  Vasc's paper or equal variable method but here it doesn't work because of the last term with the minus .
Edit 03/03/2022:
Denotes by $k(a,b,c)$ the right hand side of the inequality above,I mean the inequality in the conjecture then it seems we have for $a=1$ :
$$k(a,b,c)\leq \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\left(a+b+c\right)\right)-\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)\left(a+b+c\right)-\left(\sqrt{3}-1\right)\left(1-a\right)=0$$
Where the idea is to use with the constraint above :
$$\sqrt{3}\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}-\left(a+b+c\right)\geq 0$$
Question :

How to (dis)prove the conjecture ?

Thanks.

A: It seems we have for $a,b,c\in[0.75,1]$ and $a\geq b \geq c$ :
$$\frac{\left(a^{2}+b^{2}+1\right)}{3}-\left(\left(\sqrt{3}-1\right)\left(1-a\right)+\frac{\left(a-b\right)}{13}+1\right)^{2}\leq 0$$
And :
$$\frac{\left(a^{2}+b^{2}+1\right)\left(a^{2}+c^{2}+1\right)}{9}-\frac{\left(\left(\sqrt{3}-1\right)\left(1-a\right)+\frac{\left(a-b\right)}{13}+1\right)^{2}\left(a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}\right)}{3}\leq 0$$
And :
$$\frac{\left(a^{2}+b^{2}+1\right)\left(a^{2}+c^{2}+1\right)\left(b^{2}+c^{2}+1\right)}{27}-\frac{\left(\left(\sqrt{3}-1\right)\left(1-a\right)+\frac{\left(a-b\right)}{13}+1\right)^{2}\left(a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}\right)^{2}}{9}\leq 0$$
If true we can apply Karamata's inequality with $f(x)=e^x$
Edit 04/03/2022 :
To show the last inequality we can use Buffalo's way (see brilliant maths.org) with the substitution $x,y,z\geq 0$:
$$a=\frac{0.25(x+y+z)}{x+y+z+1}+0.75,b=\frac{0.25(x+y)}{x+y+1}+0.75,c=\frac{0.25x}{x+1}+0.75$$
I have tried with geogebra and the coefficients seems all negatives but unfornatunely I cannot check all the difference expanded .
On the other hand it seems we have a simpler inequality like :
$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\left(3\sqrt{1+\frac{2}{3}\left(a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}\right)}-\sqrt{3}\right)-\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\sqrt{a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}-\left(\sqrt{3}-1\right)\left(1-a\right)-\frac{\left(a-b\right)}{13}\leq 0$$
For $a\in[0.75,1]$ and $b,c\in[0.55,0.75]$ Where the inequality above comes from an application of Jensen's inequality .
Next for $x\in[0,2y]$ and $0\leq y\leq \frac{1}{2}$ we have the inequality :
$$\frac{\left(1.5+0.5\left(x^{2}+y\right)\right)}{\sqrt{2.25}}-\sqrt{1+x^{2}+y^{2}}\geq 0$$
We can use it with the Buffalo's way always with $0.5\geq a\geq b \geq c\geq 0$ and the constraints above .


The most common perception people have of contemporary yoga is that it increases flexibility. Although increased flexibility is definitely one of the benefits, there are also many other positive health benefits as well.
In addition to the physical practice of yoga improving general body awareness, balancing our bodies musculature and connective tissues, preventing cartilage and joint breakdown, there are many yoga teachings that focus on "down regulating" our nervous (and hormonal) systems and increasing our ability to focus and concentrate.
Sandy helped me to get more clear about my own body's needs in my physical practice so that I'm more confident at doing what's best for me at my favorite studio.
Below is a list of my current and most popular workshop offerings.
I start each initial session with the Functional Movement Systems FMS screen. Then, I tailor my instruction to each clients interest as well as what we found in the screen. Certain poses and perhaps some other corrective strategies are then recommended depending on the clients goals and limitations.
Teachers: Gain clarity about your practice and how you can use what you learn directly in your teaching to help your students increase their embodiment with yoga.
Students: Increase your self knowledge within your practice by booking a private session with me. Gain the skills necessary for taking any yoga class and be able to adapt the poses to your body with confidence.
Sandy has raised yoga to an art form in Cleveland for people who are in every shape and condition. She is especially mindful of injury, pain, limitation, and how to press your body a millimeter beyond without hurting yourself. My strength and flexibility have improved exponentially.


I recently completed a series of illustrations for a book called "Wyatt Watkins and the Adder Stones". Full colour front cover, and 15 internal illustrations in black and white.
It was done mainly in Clip Studio Paint (Manga Studio), but I also used Painter and Photoshop depending on what I was doing..
Please go buy a copy, and share this link as much as possible, these guys were awesome to work with so it'd be good if the book did really well.
Besides, when I'm a famous artist it'll be worth loads. It's a good investment.


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THE DREAM I was at some family reunion. I had forgotten the name of a relative. He or she (cannot remember which) was from Staithes - a lovely village just up from the coast where I live. I was making up some excuse - talking about why I had forgotten them.
GUESSWORK The dreamer had bumped into someone he had not seen for a while. He could not remember where he knew this person from. He had forgotten their name. He knew that he knew them but was a little embarrassed that he had forgotten their name. He really liked this person and was looking forward to spending more time with them.
1. FORGOT: Forgetting someone had a direct parallel with the day before which is often a strong indicator that the dream is about that issue. The dreamer had met up with someone by random and they clearly knew him - yet he had difficulty placing them. He felt it was odd that he had not recognised this person straight away as he had met them in a community centre which he regularly visited.
2. FAMILY: In the dream its a distant family member that the dreamer has forgotten. In real life the dreamer was shocked that he did not remember the person he had forgotten and exactly where he had met them from. The community centre he met her in was somewhere he visited very regularly and the person who he had forgotten had been very friendly. He had only met her a few months before. The dream was probably hinting that this person was like family (in the dream they appear as a distant relative from a place that the dreamer really liked). Its possible then that the dream deals with this key feeling - the dreamer wondering why he did not recognise someone whom he had liked and from a place where he went every day.
If you weave together these two themes and think about the situation from the day before you will find it could capture this type of thought -"I totally forgot her name. I was a bit embarrassed and started making up bad excuses. I am surprised I forgot her because I knew her from the community centre - I normally remember people from there. I made the situation worse by making repeated excuses."


One of the poorest regions on the planet, Sub-Saharan Africa suffers from crippling poverty and unemployment. With few jobs and little industry, rural communities depend on farming for survival, with many farmers earning less than $2 per day.
Mavuno Harvest was founded to help these farming communities prosper, and introduce natural and organic dried fruit to markets worldwide.
During peak season, fruit supplies meet demand and prices drop very low. On average, farmers only sell up to a third of their harvest; leaving the vast majority of fruit unsold or left behind to rot.
Mavuno Harvest works with local fruit drying facilities in Uganda and Burkina Faso to purchase the remaining harvest. Drying fruit opens new markets, creates jobs for the local community, and extends the life and prosperity of the food supply.
Mavuno Harvest increases the value of African fruit products by opening new markets. Nutritious dried fruits like mango, banana, pineapple, jackfruit and papaya are grown organically and produced without added sugar or preservatives.
Mavuno Harvest works with farmers to plan social and community projects such as libraries, and health and education centers.


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Artchive Coin
THE WORLD OF NFTs
NFTs are non-duplicable digital assets that reflect real-world artefacts such as music, art, digital avatars, photographs, films, or other collector items.
The meteoric rise of crypto has ushered in a new era of possibilities. Non-fungible tokens, or NFTs, are riding the wave of this revolutionary technology. These digital assets, which range from art, music to pixelated photos, are highly sought-after, with some fetching millions of dollars.
NFTs' unique and non-duplicable nature is driving their popularity. Seeing the rise of NFTs in the blockchain industry and its growing popularity amongst artists and art collectors, Artchive has developed with its own token backed by an NFT marketplace. Having the token backed by an NFT marketplace creates a medium that fortifies value and helps the token defy devaluation.
HOW DID WE GET THERE?
NFTs can help musicians and other digital items fight duplication and piracy of their new releases. They will find that validating ownership is a more realistic way to achieve this goal. The empowerment of artists is critical to the digital art market's transformation and Artchive's mission is to ensure it.
NFTs remain in their infancy stage right now. The processes of creating, purchasing, selling, and storing NFTs are anticipated to become increasingly seamless as the NFT industry develops. More individuals will be able to enter the space as a result of this.
WHAT ABOUT DUPLICATION?
Artists value non-fungible tokens because they ensure the validity and originality of the blockchain version of their work. This means that the representation of the digital artwork created using non-fungible tokens is totally resistant to fabrication and countless clones. An NFT's status as the owner of the artwork will never be called into question.
NFT enables the buyer to own the original item, and they do not mind spending a lot of money to have ownership. An NFT has built-in authentication, which serves as the buyer's proof of ownership. The majority of collectors place a higher value on these "digital rights" than the item itself.
By creating and maintaining true scarcity, Artchive can build real value for Digital Content. Digital content, particularly on open platforms, is considerably easier to duplicate than physical content. Between a solid digital copy and the original, there's little difference.
However, Artchive can identify the source of digital content, produce a finite number of clones from it, and track each replica individually. By referencing the transaction that documented their formation on the Solana blockchain network, any App can access the creation data and confirm the finite number of replicas made.
An account or wallet that holds a specific numbered replica will be able to calculate the relative rarity by learning how many other comparable duplicates were generated.
The platform validates the underlying content by employing a mathematical function known as a hashing algorithm to create a unique digital fingerprint of its contents. Pairing this digital fingerprint with a record of a thumbnail image for reverse search identification is a well-known content registry that improves content integrity further.
Traditional digital assets, such as event tickets and web addresses, lack a cohesive digital representation. On the other hand, non-fungible assets, such as digital artwork, can be represented by NFTs, which can be purchased, sold, traded, burned, or utilized to create digital collectibles.
In other words, your digital artwork is represented as an NFT, allowing it to be bought and sold on the market, as well as digitally tracked when resold or collected in the future.
The majority of NFTs are compatible. This implies that they can be easily transferred or traded between multiple DLTs. NFTs can be stored in DLT-agnostic wallet providers and traded on open exchanges. NFT marketplaces bring together NFT creators (issuers) and purchasers.
TRADABILITY
Blockchain technology underpins the NFTs and they are encoded and sold online, often for cryptocurrencies.
Artists no longer have to sell their work through galleries or auction houses. Artists will now have the opportunity to monetize their work while maintaining control across all platforms. The artist can sell their artwork as an NFT straight to the consumer, allowing them to keep a larger portion of the profit
Artists can integrate royalties so that they receive a share of sales when their work is sold to a new owner. This is a desirable feature because most artists do not receive subsequent proceeds after their first sale.
In many circumstances, the artist keeps copyright ownership of their work, allowing them to continue producing and selling copies. However, the purchaser of the NFT receives a "token" that proves their ownership of the "original" work.
The Artchive marketplace is based on this premise. Through collaborations with established and influential artists and partners, the Artchive ecosystem provides a secured/user-friendly NFT marketplace, scalable blockchain, and a paired native token [ARTC].
The Artchive coin powers Artchive, a Solana Blockchain-based ecosystem, which is essentially an NFT-powered fine art and photography-based platform designed on the Solana blockchain.
Solana's All-Art protocol offers continuous liquidity for NFTs by creating a new form of liquidity pool AMM and improving the current NFT standard, known as NFT-PRO, with increased functionality and integrated license rights.
The liquidity of a cryptocurrency is defined by how easily it can be bought and sold without impacting the overall market price.
Through a novel sort of AMM liquidity pool, the All-Art Protocol will enable NFTs to be permanently traded like any other cryptocurrency with continuous liquidity.
The ARTC provides liquidity and users have the ability to make a passive income on their crypto by earning a portion of transaction fees and Yield farming rewards for being a Liquidity provider (LP).
The advantage of using liquidity pools is that it does not require a buyer and a seller to decide to exchange two assets for a given price. Instead, it leverages a pre-funded source of liquidity.
When a contract is written in computer code, as opposed to traditional legal language, it is deemed a smart contract. This programmed contract is set up to execute and carry itself out automatically under specified conditions.
When a smart contract is on the blockchain, both parties can check its programming before agreeing to it, and then let it do its thing, confident that it cannot be tampered with or changed. It lets two parties agree to complex terms without needing to trust each other and without needing to involve any third parties
The biggest advantage with Artchive is that it is immutable (cannot be changed). This is due to the cryptographic linkage capabilities of the Solana blockchain. It also has traceability because the transaction that produces the NFT, as well as all subsequent transactions relating to it, are all in a connected list and findable by anyone with access to the Solana blockchain.
PROGRAMMABILITY
Over time, an NFT can change and adapt. It can be designed to respond to the owner's activities or triggers. It can also react to external events such as the weather or the score of a game. In the end, this gives the owner more reasons to keep it. There are no limits to what these NFTs can be programmed to perform.
NFTs' programmable nature, albeit being unused at the moment, makes them incredibly appealing to crypto aficionados because it gives them a glimpse into what these tokens are capable of.
To elucidate, programmable NFTs can be transferred, stored, used as collateral, or sold on prominent NFT marketplaces, all while providing a variety of operational benefits like programmable time locks, value-based unlocks, and vesting schedules, among others.
Programmable NFTs are essentially containers that can be personalized/customized to meet the demands and requirements of their owners. They can, for instance, be used to create 'trust accounts' or even fractionalize their fundamental content, simplifying ownership even more.
Additionally, by programming these tokens, their owners can create a variety of unique index funds that are precise and extremely adaptable in terms of overall functionality and utility. Simply said, programmable NFTs are designed to act as storage devices for a range of digital assets, allowing users to fully realize their true potential in both digital and monetary terms.
Understanding the subtleties of each form of NFT and the many blockchain protocols involved will help users grasp the NFTs and token standards that underpin this phenomenon.
ERC-20 is the standard to which each Ethereum token complies. It defines the way that each token behaves so that transactions are predictable. Other cryptocurrencies also use the ERC-20 standard, piggybacking on the Ethereum network in the process.
NFTs on Solana are built on open-source standards, and you can keep them in your wallet or "custody" them. This means that when minting an NFT, you are not bound by any platform and can construct your NFT using any tool or platform of your choice.
SPL TOKEN
Solana is a censorship-resistant blockchain with extremely fast transaction speeds and minimal transaction costs, making it ideal for DeFi and other high-speed blockchain applications.
According to Solana, the SPL Token programme is the Solana blockchain's token standard. SPL Tokens are meant for DeFi applications, similar to ERC20 tokens on the Ethereum network. Wormhole is a cross-chain bridge that enables users to secure ERC20 tokens in an Ethereum smart contract and mint SPL Tokens on the Solana blockchain.
On the Solana blockchain, FOUR is present as SPL wrapped token. The FOUR tokens were first released on the Ethereum blockchain as ERC-20 tokens. A bundled synthetic equivalent of the original asset BEP-20 FOUR resides on the Solana blockchain, while the FOUR ERC-20 exists on its native Ethereum blockchain.
The cross-blockchain bridge is required when transmitting ERC-20 FOUR to the Solana blockchain. The Bridge allows tokens to be bridged between chains in both directions.
The smart contract secures the ERC-20 FOUR supplied from Ethereum, while Solana mints the appropriate amount of FOUR SPL. When the SPL FOUR needs to be converted back to ERC- 20 FOUR, the smart contract sends an SPL FOUR burn request to the Bridge, and the ERC-20 FOUR are freed from reserve.
The total and circulating token supply will not change as a result of this process. The Solana Wormhole Bridge allows ERC-20 FOUR to connect to the Solana blockchain's SPL FOUR.
The Wormhole bridge makes use of decentralized cross-chain oracles (i.e. guardians), which are run by a group of node operators that comprise top Solana validators and other ecosystem stakeholders with strong ties to Solana and Serum.
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A minimal hand-sewn wallet with a brass money clip. Small enough to fit in a front or back pocket. Full grain vegetable-tanned leather is combined with black and brown cordovan of the finest quality tanned in Japan.
We use finest quality cordovan tanned by Shinki Hikaku in Japan. Fully vegetable-tanned cordovan with unique luster and exquisite texture ages beautifully.