text:
Manufacturing and Construction /
Manufacturing and Industry /
Machinery /
Machine Parts /
Pipes /
Oil and Gas Pipeline
Oil & Gas Pipeline Market Research Report , Region - Cumulative Impact of COVID-19, Russia Ukraine Conflict, and High Inflation - Global Forecast 2023-2030
The Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market size was estimated at USD 72.99 billion in 2022, USD 77.42 billion in 2023, and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.52% to reach USD 121.03 billion by 2030.
COVID-19 is an unprecedented global public health emergency that affected almost every industry, and the long-term impacts are projected to reflect on the growth of various end-use industries during the forecast period. This ongoing research amplifies the research framework to ensure the inclusion of underlying COVID-19 issues and potential paths forward. The report delivers insights on COVID-19, considering the changes in consumer behavior and demand, purchasing patterns, re-routing of the supply chain, dynamics of current market forces, and the significant interventions of governments. The dedicated section in the report uncovers a detailed analysis of the impact of COVID-19 and its subsequent variant outbreaks on demand, supply, price, and vendor uptake and provides recommendations for sustainable outcomes. The updated study provides insights, analysis, estimations, and forecasts, considering the COVID-19 impact on the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market.
The publisher continuously monitors and update reports considering unceasing political and economic uncertainty due to the Russia-Ukraine Conflict. Negative impacts are globally foreseen, especially across Eastern Europe, European Union, Eastern & Central Asia, and the United States. This contention has severely affected people's lives and livelihoods and represents far-reaching disruptions in trade dynamics. The potential effects of ongoing war and uncertainty in Eastern Europe are expected to have an adverse impact on Ukraine and reverberate harsh long-term effects on Russia. The report uncovers the implications for demand-supply balances, pressure on pricing variants, impact on import/export and trading, and short-term recommendations to the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market considering the current update on the conflict and its global responses.
The high inflation in developed economies globally has resulted in an overall price surge over the past two years. The cumulatively eroding overall purchasing power is expected to impact developing economies significantly and is considered helpful in numerous ways. The report uncovers the effect of high inflation on the long-term performance of the global economy and provides details on fiscal policies measuring and reducing its short-term impacts on demand/supply, cash flow, and currency exchange. The Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market report delivers the high inflation expectation considering the related impact from cost-push and demand-pull inflation.
The report on the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market identifies key attributes about the customer to define the potential market and identify different needs across the industry. Understanding the potential customer group's economies and geographies can help gain business acumen for better strategic decision-making. The market coverage across different industry verticals reveals the hidden truth about the players' strategies in different verticals and helps the organization decide target audience. This report gives you the composite view of sub-markets coupled with comprehensive industry coverage and provides you with the right way of accounting factors such as norms & regulations, culture, to make right coverage strategy for the market plan. This research report categorizes the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market in order to forecast the revenues and analyze the trends in each of the following sub-markets:
Based on Region, the market is studied across Americas, Asia-Pacific, and Europe, Middle East & Africa. The Americas is further studied across Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and United States. The United States is further studied across California, Florida, Illinois, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. The Asia-Pacific is further studied across Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. The Europe, Middle East & Africa is further studied across Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and United Kingdom.
The FPNV Positioning Matrix evaluates and categorizes vendors in the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market. based on Business Strategy (Business Growth, Industry Coverage, Financial Viability, and Channel Support) and Product Satisfaction (Value for Money, Ease of Use, Product Features, and Customer Support) and placed into four quadrants (F: Forefront, P: Pathfinder, N: Niche, and V: Vital). The Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market FPNV Positioning Matrix representation/visualization further aids businesses in better decision-making and understanding the competitive landscape.
The Market Share Analysis offers the analysis of vendors considering their contribution to the overall market, providing the idea of revenue generation into the overall market compared to other vendors in the space. This provides insights on vendors performance in terms of revenue generation and customer base compared to others. The Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market Share Analysis offers an idea of the size and competitiveness of the vendors for the base year. The outcome reveals the market characteristics in terms of accumulation, fragmentation, dominance, and amalgamation traits.
The Competitive Scenario provides an outlook analysis of the various strategies for business growth adopted by the vendors. The news in this section covers valuable insights at various stages while keeping up with the business and engaging stakeholders in the economic debate. The Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market Competitive Scenario represents press releases or news of the companies categorized into Merger & Acquisition, Agreement, Collaboration, & Partnership, New Product Launch & Enhancement, Investment & Funding, and Award, Recognition, & Expansion. All the news collected helps vendors understand the gaps in the marketplace and competitor's strengths and weaknesses, providing insights to enhance products and services.
The report profoundly explores the recent significant developments by the leading vendors and innovation profiles in the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market, including AVEVA Group Plc, Chevron Corporation, ConocoPhillips Company, Maharashtra Seamless Ltd. by DP Jindal Group, Mott MacDonald Group, NIPPON STEEL ENGINEERING CO., LTD., NOV Inc., OMK, Plains All American Pipeline, L.P., Shengli Oil & Gas Pipe Holdings Limited, TechnipFMC PLC, Tenaris Global Services, TMK Group, Tricon Piping Systems, Inc., United States Steel Corporation, and Welspun Group.
1. What is the market size and forecast of the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market?
2. What are the inhibiting factors and impact of COVID-19 shaping the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market during the forecast period?
3. Which are the products/segments/applications/areas to invest in over the forecast period in the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market?
4. What is the competitive strategic window for opportunities in the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market?
5. What are the technology trends and regulatory frameworks in the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market?
6. What is the market share of the leading vendors in the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market?
7. What modes and strategic moves are considered suitable for entering the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market?
Frequently Asked Questions about the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market
What is the estimated value of the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market?
The Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market was estimated to be valued at $72.99 Billion in 2022.
What is the growth rate of the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market?
The growth rate of the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market is 6.5%, with an estimated value of $121.03 Billion by 2030.
What is the forecasted size of the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market?
The Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market is estimated to be worth $121.03 Billion by 2030.
Who are the key companies in the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market?
Key companies in the Global Oil & Gas Pipeline Market include AVEVA Group Plc, Chevron Corporation, ConocoPhillips Company, Maharashtra Seamless Ltd. by DP Jindal Group, Mott MacDonald Group, NIPPON STEEL ENGINEERING CO., LTD., NOV Inc., OMK and Shengli Oil & Gas Pipe Holdings Limited.
No. of Pages 221
Published January 2023
Forecast Period 2022 - 2030
Estimated Market Value ( USD ) in 2022 USD 72.99 Billion
Forecasted Market Value ( USD ) by 2030 USD 121.03 Billion
Compound Annual Growth Rate 6.5%
Regions Covered Global
No. of Companies Mentioned 16
5.1.1.1. Increase in offshore activities and high consumption of oil and gas
5.1.1.2. Increasing natural gas pipeline infrastructure and use in city gas distribution
5.1.1.3. Government regulations for the pipeline to improve safety
5.1.2.1. Issues of reliable record keeping of various systems and limited availability of personnel
5.1.3.1. Advancements in the field of pipeline management
5.1.3.2. Increasing strategic alliances and investments
5.1.4.1. Concerns related to pipeline compliance and third-party interference
6. Americas Oil & Gas Pipeline Market
7. Asia-Pacific Oil & Gas Pipeline Market
8. Europe, Middle East & Africa Oil & Gas Pipeline Market
8.2. Denmark
8.3. Egypt
8.4. Finland
8.5. France
8.6. Germany
8.7. Israel
8.8. Italy
8.9. Netherlands
8.10. Nigeria
8.11. Norway
8.12. Poland
8.13. Qatar
8.14. Russia
8.15. Saudi Arabia
8.16. South Africa
8.17. Spain
8.18. Sweden
8.19. Switzerland
8.20. Turkey
8.21. United Arab Emirates
8.22. United Kingdom
9.1. FPNV Positioning Matrix
9.1.1. Quadrants
9.1.2. Business Strategy
9.1.3. Product Satisfaction
9.2. Market Ranking Analysis, By Key Player
9.3. Market Share Analysis, By Key Player
9.4. Product Portfolio Analysis, By Key Player
9.5. Competitive Scenario
9.5.1. Merger & Acquisition
9.5.2. Agreement, Collaboration, & Partnership
9.5.3. New Product Launch & Enhancement
9.5.4. Investment & Funding
9.5.5. Award, Recognition, & Expansion
10.1. AVEVA Group Plc
10.2. Chevron Corporation
10.3. ConocoPhillips Company
10.4. Maharashtra Seamless Ltd. by DP Jindal Group
10.5. Mott MacDonald Group
10.6. NIPPON STEEL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.
10.7. NOV Inc.
10.8. OMK
10.9. Plains All American Pipeline, L.P.
10.10. Shengli Oil & Gas Pipe Holdings Limited
10.11. TechnipFMC PLC
10.12. Tenaris Global Services
10.13. TMK Group
10.14. Tricon Piping Systems, Inc.
10.15. United States Steel Corporation
10.16. Welspun Group
FIGURE 1. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET: RESEARCH PROCESS
FIGURE 2. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2022 VS 2030
FIGURE 3. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 4. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022 VS 2030 (%)
FIGURE 5. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 6. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET COMPETITIVE STRATEGIC WINDOW, BY REGION, 2030
FIGURE 7. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2022 VS 2030 (%)
FIGURE 8. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 9. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET COMPETITIVE STRATEGIC WINDOW, BY COUNTRY, 2030
FIGURE 10. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET DYNAMICS
FIGURE 11. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
FIGURE 12. AMERICAS OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 13. AMERICAS OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2022 VS 2030 (%)
FIGURE 14. AMERICAS OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 15. AMERICAS OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET COMPETITIVE STRATEGIC WINDOW, BY COUNTRY, 2030
FIGURE 16. ARGENTINA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 17. BRAZIL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 18. CANADA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 19. MEXICO OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 20. UNITED STATES OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 21. UNITED STATES OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY STATE, 2022 VS 2030 (%)
FIGURE 22. UNITED STATES OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY STATE, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 23. UNITED STATES OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET COMPETITIVE STRATEGIC WINDOW, BY STATE, 2030
FIGURE 24. ASIA-PACIFIC OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 25. ASIA-PACIFIC OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2022 VS 2030 (%)
FIGURE 26. ASIA-PACIFIC OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 27. ASIA-PACIFIC OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET COMPETITIVE STRATEGIC WINDOW, BY COUNTRY, 2030
FIGURE 28. AUSTRALIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 29. CHINA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 30. INDIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 31. INDONESIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 32. JAPAN OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 33. MALAYSIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 34. PHILIPPINES OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 35. SINGAPORE OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 36. SOUTH KOREA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 37. TAIWAN OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 38. THAILAND OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 39. VIETNAM OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 40. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 41. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2022 VS 2030 (%)
FIGURE 42. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 43. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET COMPETITIVE STRATEGIC WINDOW, BY COUNTRY, 2030
FIGURE 44. DENMARK OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 45. EGYPT OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 46. FINLAND OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 47. FRANCE OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 48. GERMANY OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 49. ISRAEL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 50. ITALY OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 51. NETHERLANDS OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 52. NIGERIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 53. NORWAY OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 54. POLAND OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 55. QATAR OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 56. RUSSIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 57. SAUDI ARABIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 58. SOUTH AFRICA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 59. SPAIN OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 60. SWEDEN OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 61. SWITZERLAND OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 62. TURKEY OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 63. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 64. UNITED KINGDOM OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
FIGURE 65. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET: FPNV POSITIONING MATRIX, 2022
FIGURE 66. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SHARE, BY KEY PLAYER, 2022
FIGURE 67. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET COMPETITIVE SCENARIO, BY KEY TYPE, 2022
TABLE 1. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SEGMENTATION & COVERAGE
TABLE 3. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 4. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 5. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 6. AMERICAS OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 7. AMERICAS OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 8. ARGENTINA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 9. BRAZIL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 10. CANADA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 11. MEXICO OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 12. UNITED STATES OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 13. UNITED STATES OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY STATE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 14. ASIA-PACIFIC OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 15. ASIA-PACIFIC OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 16. AUSTRALIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 17. CHINA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 18. INDIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 19. INDONESIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 20. JAPAN OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 21. MALAYSIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 22. PHILIPPINES OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 23. SINGAPORE OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 24. SOUTH KOREA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 25. TAIWAN OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 26. THAILAND OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 27. VIETNAM OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 28. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 29. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 30. DENMARK OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 31. EGYPT OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 32. FINLAND OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 33. FRANCE OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 34. GERMANY OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 35. ISRAEL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 36. ITALY OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 37. NETHERLANDS OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 38. NIGERIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 39. NORWAY OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 40. POLAND OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 41. QATAR OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 42. RUSSIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 43. SAUDI ARABIA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 44. SOUTH AFRICA OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 45. SPAIN OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 46. SWEDEN OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 47. SWITZERLAND OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 48. TURKEY OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 49. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 50. UNITED KINGDOM OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
TABLE 51. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET: FPNV POSITIONING MATRIX - SCORES, 2022
TABLE 52. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET: FPNV POSITIONING MATRIX - BUSINESS STRATEGY, 2022
TABLE 53. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET: FPNV POSITIONING MATRIX - PRODUCT SATISFACTION, 2022
TABLE 54. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET RANKING, BY KEY PLAYER, 2022
TABLE 55. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET SHARE, BY KEY PLAYER, 2022
TABLE 56. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET PRODUCT PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS, BY KEY PLAYER, 2022
TABLE 57. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET MERGER & ACQUISITION
TABLE 58. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET AGREEMENT, COLLABORATION, & PARTNERSHIP
TABLE 59. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET NEW PRODUCT LAUNCH & ENHANCEMENT
TABLE 60. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET INVESTMENT & FUNDING
TABLE 61. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET AWARD, RECOGNITION, & EXPANSION
TABLE 62. GLOBAL OIL & GAS PIPELINE MARKET: LICENSE & PRICING
AVEVA Group Plc
ConocoPhillips Company
Maharashtra Seamless Ltd. by DP Jindal Group
Mott MacDonald Group
NIPPON STEEL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.
NOV Inc.
Plains All American Pipeline, L.P.
Shengli Oil & Gas Pipe Holdings Limited
Tenaris Global Services
TMK Group
Tricon Piping Systems, Inc.
United States Steel Corporation
Welspun Group
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Category : Literary Criticism
Handbook Of Native American Literature
by Andrew Wiget, Handbook Of Native American Literature Books available in PDF, EPUB, Mobi Format. Download Handbook Of Native American Literature book, The Handbook of Native American Literature is a unique, comprehensive, and authoritative guide to the oral and written literatures of Native Americans. It lays the perfect foundation for understanding the works of Native American writers. Divided into three major sections, Native American Oral Literatures, The Historical Emergence of Native American Writing, and A Native American Renaissance: 1967 to the Present, it includes 22 lengthy essays, written by scholars of the Association for the Study of American Indian Literatures. The book features reports on the oral traditions of various tribes and topics such as the relation of the Bible, dreams, oratory, humor, autobiography, and federal land policies to Native American literature. Eight additional essays cover teaching Native American literature, new fiction, new theater, and other important topics, and there are bio-critical essays on more than 40 writers ranging from William Apes (who in the early 19th century denounced white society's treatment of his people) to contemporary poet Ray Young Bear. Packed with information that was once scattered and scarce, the Handbook of Native American Literature -a valuable one-volume resource-is sure to appeal to everyone interested in Native American history, culture, and literature. Previously published in cloth as The Dictionary of Native American Literature
[PDF] This Song Remembers Download Full
Author: Jane B. Katz
Publisher: Olympic Marketing Corporation
This Song Remembers
by Jane B. Katz, This Song Remembers Books available in PDF, EPUB, Mobi Format. Download This Song Remembers book, Includes material on Pitseolak, R.C. Gorman, Gerald Vizenor, Jamake Highwater, Leslie Silko, and N. Scott Momaday.
[PDF] American Indian Chronology Download Full
Author: Phillip M. White
American Indian Chronology
by Phillip M. White, American Indian Chronology Books available in PDF, EPUB, Mobi Format. Download American Indian Chronology book, A chronology of Native American history looks at wars and conflicts, government policies, social progress, and cultural changes.
[PDF] Circumpolar Peoples Download Full
Author: Nelson H. H. Graburn
Publisher: Pacific Palisades, Calif : Goodyear Publishing Company
Circumpolar Peoples
by Nelson H. H. Graburn, Circumpolar Peoples Books available in PDF, EPUB, Mobi Format. Download Circumpolar Peoples book, An introduction to the cultures of northern peoples. Each chapter is followed by an annotated bibliography. Supplementary bibliography:p.218-26.
[PDF] Complementary And Integrative Medicine In Cancer Care And Prevention Download Full
Author: Marc S. Micozzi, MD. PhD
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
Complementary And Integrative Medicine In Cancer Care And Prevention
by Marc S. Micozzi, MD. PhD, Complementary And Integrative Medicine In Cancer Care And Prevention Books available in PDF, EPUB, Mobi Format. Download Complementary And Integrative Medicine In Cancer Care And Prevention book, Provide whole care to your cancer patients with: Up-to-date information on the uses of diet, nutrition, and herbs Elucidations of the use of mind-body therapies such as Guided Imagery, Expressive Therapies, and spirituality Legal and medical guidance for incorporating Naturopathy, Acupuncture, Homeopathy, and Ayurvedic Medicine in cancer care According to the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (2004), up to 80% of cancer patients undergoing treatment by oncologists and radiation therapists also supplement their treatments with complementary and integrative medicines (CIM). Dr. Marc S. Micozzi has designed this text to provide a comprehensive resource for students and practitioners on the evidence for and applications of complementary, alternative, and integrative medical therapies. This is the first integrative oncology text for health professionals, and as such, it is essential reading for the incorporation of evidence-based practice into the care of patients with cancer and toward the prevention of cancer in the general population.
How And Why Do Animals Adapt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Wednesday November 25 will be this season's FIRST mini meet. All Barracuda swimmers (no Squirts) need to be on deck for 4:00pm. All volunteers need to be there before 4pm -ready for setting up,timing, recording, and take down. Board members will be there to assist you in your tasks. It's always a great event.
Thank you for visiting the new website for St. Paul Barracudas, if you have any comments or suggestions please share them below.


text:
Биография исполнителя:
все биографии (all bio) назад (back)
Bill Dixon
Also Known As: William Robert Dixon, Submit Corrections
Born: October 5, 1925 in Nantucket, MA
Died: June 16, 2010 in North Bennington, VT
Styles: Avant-Garde Jazz, Free Jazz, Trumpet Jazz
One of the seminal free jazz figures, Bill Dixon made his mark as a player, organizer, and educator in a career that spanned more than 50 years. Dixon was a jaggedly lyrical trumpeter - his delivery was as vocalic as that of any free jazz trumpeter, except perhaps Lester Bowie. As an improviser, he was somewhat similar in temperament to Ornette Coleman, yet his compositional style differed greatly from the altoist. Dixon's work featured open space, wide intervals that did not imply a specific key or mode, and dark backdrops owing to the use of two or more double bassists. His art was eminently thoughtful even as was viscerally exciting.
Dixon grew up in New York City. His first studies were in painting. He didn't become a musician until he was discharged from the Army following World War II. He met Cecil Taylor in 1951 and the two began playing together, along with other likeminded young musicians. In the early '60s, he formed a quartet with saxophonist Archie Shepp. The band recorded the self-titled Archie Shepp-Bill Dixon Quartet LP for Savoy in 1962 (Dixon was briefly the artistic director in charge of jazz for the label). In 1964, Dixon organized the October Revolution in Jazz, a festival of new music held at the Cellar Cafe in Manhattan. About 40 groups played, including the cream of the era's free jazz crop. Out of this grew the Jazz Composer's Guild, a musician's cooperative founded in 1964 that included Dixon, Shepp, Roswell Rudd, Cecil Taylor, Paul Bley, and Carla Bley, among others. In 1967 he recorded an album of his music for RCA. Also that year, he founded the Free Conservatory of the University of the Streets, a music education program for inner-city youth in New York. Beginning in 1968, Dixon taught at Bennington College in Vermont. He was a visiting faculty member at the University of Wisconsin in 1971-1972, then returned to Bennington, where in 1973 he founded the Black Music Division. At Bennington, Dixon mentored a number of contemporary free jazz musicians, including alto saxophonist Marco Eneidi and drummer Jackson Krall.
Dixon remained at Bennington until his retirement from teaching in 1996. In the years to follow, he conducted workshops and master classes around the world. A collection of his work from 1970 to 1976 was made available by the Cadence label, and from 1980 until the close of the 20th century he recorded and performed, more or less infrequently, for Soul Note. After the turn of the millennium, Dixon turned his attention to the genocide occurring in Sudan's Darfur region with 17 Musicians in Search of a Sound: Darfur, recorded live at New York City's Vision Festival in June 2007 and released by AUM Fidelity the following year; 2008 also saw the Thrill Jockey label release of Bill Dixon with Exploding Star Orchestra, featuring Dixon with cornetist Rob Mazurek's 13-piece Chicago-based experimental ensemble. Ill health subsequently restricted Dixon's performing schedule; however, he did make his last concert appearance (entitled Tapestries for Small Orchestra) on May 22, 2010 at the Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Victoriaville, Quebec. Less than a month later, on the night of June 15, 2010, Bill Dixon died in his sleep at home in North Bennington, Vermont at the age of 84.
- Chris Kelsey (All Music Guide)
Ресурсы сети, связанные с исполнителем:
www.scaruffi.com/jazz/dixon.html Biography
musicians.allaboutjazz.com/billdixon Biography & articles on 'All About Jazz'
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Dixon About from 'wikipedia'
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Диксон,_Билл О исполнителе из 'википедии' [ru]
Поиск видео (Video Search) :
CD коллекции, связанные с исполнителем:
как основной исполнитель ...
Bill Dixon - '17 Musicians In Search Of A Sound: Darfur' - 2008, AUM Fidelity
Bill Dixon - 'Berlin Abbozzi' - 2000, FMP
Bill Dixon - 'Bill Dixon With Exploding Star Orchestra' - 2007, Thrill Jockey
Bill Dixon - 'Intents And Purposes: The Jazz Artistry Of Bill Dixon' - 1967, RCA Victor, Dynagroove
Bill Dixon - 'Odyssey: Solo Works' - 2001, AUM Fidelity
Bill Dixon - 'Opium' - 2001, Between The Lines
Bill Dixon - 'Son Of Sisyphus' - 1988, Soul Note
как основной соисполнитель ...
Archie Shepp - 'Archie Shepp, Bill Dixon - Quartet' - 1962, Free Factory
назад (back)
Последние изменения в документе сделаны 13/10/2015 23:41:01
Project Main Page My Music Base


The size of cyclone is bigger than economic or standard hammer mills Automatic operations less production cost Easy to work & collect ground material without air pressure, due to specialized design of hammer mill.
Particle Size Reduction Equipment Grain Tech Ltd supplies hammer mills/grinders, pulverizers and size reduction equipment and installations from 200kg/hr - 60 M.T.P.H capacity in a variety of different configurations to meet specific applications.
Unmatched versatility You can use Type AB/ABE hammermills in a wide variety of applications. The type of material you are reducing determines the rotor configuration, and the product size you desire determines the screen bar arrangement.
Hammer mills are versatile machines for material size reduction. Applied to ore milling applications, our hammer mills can produce flour-fine rock powder. Glass pulverizing, rock recycling, porcelain recycling, and similar material reduction projects achieve slightly variable output sizes, from powder to rice-grain sized discharge, per operator specifications.
We design and manufacturer a full line of size reduction equipment including hammer mills, lumpbreakers, wood grinders suitable for any application or industry. Obtenir le prix et le support Hammer Mills - Size Reduction Equipment for Bulk .
Manufacturer of size reduction and air classification equipment including the Micronizer ®, FCM Classifier Mill, Simpactor ®, Infestroyer ®, and Whirlwind ®, Side Draft, and SuperFine, three types of high performance air classifiers.
Size Reduction Equipment > Hammer Mills OVERVIEW. The Munson Hammer Mill reduces a broad variety of friable and fibrous materials into very fine products in uniform size .
Particle Size Reduction: Have applications that need reduction from between 6″ to sub-micron size? Choose one of our fine grinders, air classifying mills, hammer mills or lump breakers.
Hammer Mills FEECO has been known as the material experts for over 60 years. We've built our reputation on providing high quality, heavy-duty processing equipment, including custom hammer mills for size reduction.
Biomass Pre-Processing Size Reduction with Instrumented .
According to the material's characteristics and the production purpose, shaft speed, screen size and number of hammer mills can be changed individually or in combination to achieve the best size reduction .
In Particle Size Reduction Equipment by Calistus Ozioko January 11, 2016 Leave a Comment Hammer mill is the most widely used grinding mill and among the oldest. Hammer mills consist of a series of hammers (usually four or more) hinged on a central shaft and enclosed within a rigid metal case.
Whether you call it size reduction, micronization, milling, pulverizing, jet milling, air milling, or simply grinding, we can help. Our broad application expertise allows us to help you select the technology that works best for your application.
Grinding equipment: wood, bales, other, hammer mills from small to large. ... Each MG hammer mill has interchangeable screens that allow for different size reduction according to your need. These units are ideal for : ... hammer mills for shavings or other small reduction jobs.


text:
El cúmulo globular M5 (también conocido como Objeto Messier 5, Messier 5, M5 o NGC 5904) es un cúmulo globular que se encuentra en la constelación de Serpens.

M5 fue descubierto por el astrónomo alemán Gottfried Kirch en 1702 cuando observaba un cometa . Charles Messier lo notó en 1764 y, un estudioso de cometas, lo calificó como una de sus nebulosas. William Herschel fue el primero en resolver estrellas individuales en el cúmulo en 1791, contando aproximadamente 200.

Su magnitud conjunta en banda B (filtro azul) es igual a la  7.34 mientras que su magnitud en banda V (filtro verde) es 6.65. Presenta un tipo espectral F7 y fotográficamente se aprecia de color amarillento debido a la gran cantidad de estrellas gigantes rojas que contiene.

Presenta una velocidad radial (respecto al Sol) de 51.8 km/s o 186 480 km/h.

Para el aficionado dotado de un telescopio mediano (150-200 mm de diámetro) equipado con cámara CCD, la variable más brillante es V42: se trata de un astro de magnitud 11.22 (en banda V) que pulsa con un período de 12.75 días y pertenece al tipo RV Tauri.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 A catalog of parameters for globular clusters on the Milky Way, W.E. Harris, 1996. Astron. J., 112, 1487.

Enlaces externos
 Messier 5 - SEDS Messier (en inglés)
 Astronomy Picture of the Day (en inglés)
 A Catalog of Parameters for Globular Clusters in the Milky Way (en inglés, en formato PDF)

M5
Objetos Messier
Constelación de Serpens

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Economy - overview: The economy, one of the world's smallest and least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, providing the main livelihood for more than 90% of the population. Agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links and dependence on India's financial assistance. The industrial sector is technologically backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are key resources. The government has made some progress in expanding the nation's productive base and improving social welfare. Model education, social, and environment programs are underway with support from multilateral development organizations. Each economic program takes into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. Detailed controls and uncertain policies in areas like industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment.
NOTE: The information regarding Bhutan on this page is re-published from the 2003 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Guinea Geography 2003 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Bhutan Economy 2003 should be addressed to the CIA.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Web.UI;

using Juice.Framework;

namespace Juice.Mobile {

	/// <summary>
	/// Container with data-role="fieldcontain" wrapped around label/form element pair
	/// </summary>
	[ParseChildren(false)]
	public class FieldContainer : Juice.Mobile.Framework.MobileControlBase {

		public FieldContainer() : base("fieldcontain") { }
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Mount Holyoke College Events
Change the Subject: A Documentary about Libraries, Labels, and Activism
Film screening and panel discussion with "Change the Subject" documentary co-directors Jill Baron and Sawyer Broadley, and UMASS Librarian for Afro American Studies, Native American Indian Studies & Information Literacy, Dr. Isabel Espinal.
"Change the Subject" shares the story of a group of college students, who from their first days at Dartmouth College, were committed to advancing and promoting the rights and dignity of undocumented peoples. In partnership with staff at Dartmouth, these students – now alumni – produced a film to capture their singular effort at confronting an instance of anti-immigrant sentiment in their library catalog. Their advocacy took them all the way from Baker-Berry Library to the halls of Congress, showing how an instance of campus activism entered the national spotlight, and how a cataloging term became a flashpoint in the immigration debate on Capitol Hill.
1:00-1:30 pm: Welcome & Registration
1:30-2:30 pm: Film showing
2:30-3:00 pm: Break
3:00-4:00 pm: Panel discussion
Sponsored by Mount Holyoke College Library, Information, and Technology Services, UMASS Amherst W. E. B. Du Bois Library, Simmons University School of Library and Information Science, the Five College Consortium, and EBSCO Information Services.
Friday, October 4, 2019 at 1:00pm to 5:00pm
Dwight Hall, Room 101
Event Audience
Students, Faculty, General Public, Staff
free, open to public
Library, Information, and Technology Services
People Interested (9)
Login to Mount Holyoke College Events
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text:
Winson Meadows () is a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, notified in 1974. The site is listed in the 'Cotswold District' Local Plan 2001-2011 (on line) as a Key Wildlife Site (KWS).

Location and habitat
The site is in the Cotswold Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and consists of two adjacent meadows on the floodplain of the River Coln.  They are unimproved neutral grassland with marsh.

The southern meadow is continuously wet and can be considered a true water meadow.  It shows evidence of previous management as a water meadow as it has a pattern of ditches. The northern meadow is not so wet.  Both meadows include grasses such Meadow Foxtail, Yorkshire Fog, Crested Dog's-tail and Cocksfoot. There is some perennial Rye grass in partially improved areas.

The marsh vegetation includes Jointed Rush and Meadowsweet. Other species recorded are Yellow Flag Iris, Ragged Robin, Marsh Marigold and Southern Marsh Orchid.

References

SSSI Source
 Natural England SSSI information on the citation
 Natural England SSSI information on the Winson Meadows unit

External links
 Natural England (SSSI information)

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1974
Cotswolds
Meadows in Gloucestershire


text:
import { shallow, ShallowWrapper } from "enzyme";
import * as React from "react";
import { Dispatch } from "redux";
import EndGame from "../EndGame";

jest.mock("../../../Leaderboard/container");

let startGameResult: string = "";
let clearGameResult: boolean = false;

const testProps = {
  clearGame: () => { clearGameResult = true; },
  name: "text",
  router: [] as string[],
  startGame: (name: string) => (dispatch: Dispatch<any>) => { startGameResult = name; },
  success: true,
};

describe("<EndGame />", () => {
  let wrapper: ShallowWrapper<any, any>;
  beforeEach(() => {
    wrapper = shallow(<EndGame {...testProps} />);
  });
  it("renders", () => {
    expect(wrapper.render()).toMatchSnapshot();
  });
  it("onRetryClick calls startGame", () => {
    (wrapper.instance() as any).onRetryClick();
    expect(startGameResult).toEqual("");
  });
  it("onRetryClick calls clear game", () => {
    (wrapper.instance() as any).onNewPlayerClick();
    expect(clearGameResult).toEqual(true);
  });
});


Every once in a while someone comes up with an idea so useful that it's hard to believe no one thought of it before. Wheeled luggage, for example, was the result of a simple premise and has since saved the backs of countless travellers. Unfortunately, in keeping with the law of averages, for every brilliant idea there are a thousand awful ones. Out of that thousand, one or two have misread awful's room number and are knocking on the door of insanity. Despite clearly belonging in this last category, the following products are, at the time of writing, all available to buy.
These pants claim to deter thieves by being, frankly, disgusting. There's a hidden pocket for valuables, which isn't unusual, but the big selling point is that they come 'pre-soiled'. Best case scenario is that anyone going through your belongings simply leaves with the opinion that you are a disgrace to personal hygiene. Worst case is that they already know this ploy and you've just saved them ten minutes worth of searching.
Trying to sleep in an airplane seat can literally be a pain in the neck, but if the alternative is wearing this contraption then surely most people would opt for agony and a couple of Advil. Ignoring the inconvenience of having to carry the damn thing, who wants to look like they've just lost a fight with a Thighmaster?
A product that filters out unpleasant smells ought to be perfect for any aircraft, with the reduced cabin pressure and questionable food providing it with plenty of work. However, while this cushion may be useful in certain situations – retirement homes, for example – there's no point marketing it as a travel companion unless every single passenger has one. If not, any Gas-B-Gone user has paid good money to clean their farts while sitting in a cloud of everyone else's.
When it comes to ridiculous travel accessories, trust the Chinese to come up with one that is dirt cheap and does the job perfectly. Basically a summertime balaclava, the Face-Kini is supposed to be worn with a full wetsuit for the ultimate in sun protection. No more bottles of messy, expensive sun cream for anyone who buys one of these. Just don't wear it on board an airplane; unless, that is, you actually want the flight to be met by several men with big guns. Check out these photos of the Face-Kini in action.
Especially for the germophobe in everyone's life, these covers are supposed to fit over an economy seat (First Class size available on request!) and thereby protect the user from all the filth left behind by the thousands who have gone before. Unfortunately, as it doesn't come with armrest covers, tablecloth or sealed oxygen tent, it's basically an expensive blanket.
While there may be an element of truth to the manufacturer's claim that a dry atmosphere causes all the ailments associated with air travel, this is yet another example of using a sledgehammer to crack a nut. Drinking plenty of water aids hydration and, for those buying into the theory that 'dry lungs' are susceptible to infection, there are plenty of nasal hydration sprays out there that don't involve wearing a Glade air freshener all flight.
This combined wheelie-bag/seat/sound system is apparently what happens when an inventor hasn't really thought stuff all the way through. Yes, it is a sturdy wheeled case that will take a few knocks. Yes, at the push of a button, the top slides to form a pretty comfortable seat. Yes, it comes with optional rechargeable sound system to annoy your fellow travellers. Then again, yes, it weighs a whopping 14lbs and costs north of US$500. That's pretty expensive for a bag that, for most airlines, would have to be practically empty to get it into the cabin.
A handheld, self-directed, self-squeezed water jet in, by definition, a confined space with zero visibility of the target. What could possibly go wrong?
It isn't clear whether this is so-called because you stick your head into it, or because it looks vaguely similar to the flightless bird…if someone had snapped off the poor thing's beak. Either way, while it may well be, as the maker's say, your own micro environment, the fact is you will have shelled out over US$100 for a travel pillow and won't be able to see people laughing at you when you're in it. Despite its seemingly ridiculous appearance, the product does have a large Facebook following who share photos of themselves wearing their pillow.
We're still undecided if this is sheer genius or the most insane travel product ever. Comprising a tent, air mattress, pillow, ear plugs, eye shades, toothbrush and even an alarm clock and reading light, it is sold as a home-from-home in the event of a cancelled flight. However, what eventually tips the Mini-Motel into the insane bracket is the product's intended area of operation. Most major airports have security officers that frown upon travellers even being in the terminal overnight. It is not very likely that they will react well to someone setting up their own house.
Have you ever seen any of the above on your travels? Perhaps you own one and never go anywhere without? Let us know by leaving a comment.
I can't speak for the average Joe, but the Humidiflyer 100% works for singers in maintaining their vocal health. Where normally it would take me a long time after a long haul flight to get my voice back into shape ready for a concert, I'm pretty much ready to go if I use the humidiflyer. Just my two cents. And, just preemptively, I'm not connected to the company at all in case I get blown up by anyone. Not sure why a regular person would need to use this, but I understand the want for sports teams to use it and I 100 percent get why singers use them. Tried and proven. Never fly without. Cheers.
I dunno, I sat next to a bloke from SYD to DFW who really could have used that fart cushion. Just saying…..


text:
Frank Beamer
South Carolina approves salaries for football assistants
COLUMBIA, S.C. (AP) — South Carolina's Board of Trustees has approved more than $4.1 million in salaries for eight assistant coaches on football coach Shane...
South Carolina pulls out of Gasparilla Bowl, game canceled
Gamecocks' Beamer gets 5-year deal worth $13.75 million
By Pete Iacobelli Dec. 15, 2020 01:39 PM EST
Beamer Ball 2: Shane Beamer takes over at South Carolina
South Carolina names Oklahoma's Beamer its football coach
AP source: Oklahoma's Beamer to take over Gamecocks
By Pete Iacobelli Dec. 06, 2020 12:18 AM EST
No. 13 Oklahoma tops Baylor, earns trip to Big 12 title game
Rodriguez scores 3 TDs, Kentucky routs South Carolina 41-18
By Gary B. Graves Dec. 05, 2020 11:33 PM EST
AP Top 25 Takeaways: More games like BYU-Coastal Carolina?
By Ralph D. Russo Dec. 05, 2020 10:42 PM EST
Wake Forest beats No. 19 Virginia Tech 23-16
By J.d. Brasier Oct. 24, 2020 07:09 PM EDT
Virginia Tech hosts No. 22 Wake Forest, honors Bud Foster
By Hank Kurz Jr. Nov. 08, 2019 10:53 AM EST
Hokies' defensive coordinator to step down after season
By Hank Kurz Jr. Aug. 01, 2019 03:54 PM EDT
Chattanooga staff adds ex-Louisville interim head coach Ward
CHATTANOOGA, Tenn. (AP) — Former Louisville interim head coach Lorenzo Ward is heading to the Football Championship Subdivision ranks this season as Chattanooga's...
Swinney wins Bear Bryant award for 3rd time in 4 years
Virginia Tech faces Cincinnati in Military Bowl
No. 24 BC, Virginia Tech meet in pivotal ACC matchup
By Hank Kurz Jr. Nov. 02, 2018 12:32 PM EDT
No. 6 Irish expecting raucous environment at No. 24 Hokies
By Hank Kurz Jr. Oct. 05, 2018 11:39 AM EDT


text:
Q: Implicit in Scala 'for' enumerator? How can you make a variable introduced in a for statement (an Enumerator, as it's called in the spec) implicit?
Here's an example of what I'd like to write:
for (implicit genNum: GenNum <- NumGens(200)) {
  val explicitArg = // . . .
  funcWithImplicitGenNum(explicitArg)  // <-- gen passed implicitly here
}

where funcWithImplicitGenNum is declared like this:
def funcWithImplicitGenNum(explicitArg: Whatever)(implicit gen: GenNum) = ???

If I understand the spec correctly, it doesn't allow a for's Enumerator to be implicit, so I have to do this:
for (g <- NumGens(200)) {
  implicit val genNum: GenNum = g
  val explicitArg = // . . .
  funcWithImplicitGenNum(explicitArg)  // <-- gen passed implicitly here
}

This workaround is not the end of the world, but it bothers me. In my actual program, I pass several variables implicitly all over the place, which provide the overall context in which something is happening. Scala's implicits have been wonderful for this: they greatly reduce the amount of clutter in the code, yet functions deep in the call stack have access to that contextual information. The only exception is for loops: I have to do this clumsy trick of defining a val that equals the enumeration variable.
Is there a way to pass genNum implicitly? Or, if not, do you know of a reason why I should be glad that the for statement doesn't allow its Enumerator to be made implicit? (Often, if you know the rationale for a language feature, you see better how to "go with the grain" of the language.)

Here's a little more background, if it helps. I'm writing a genetic algorithm that uses a variety of mutation operators. A mutation operator shouldn't know which generation it's being called for. But I'm also collecting data about how the mutations perform in different generations. The data-collection code does need to know which generation it is, plus a few other things. So, I pass the variables that pertain to mutation explicitly, and the variables needed for data collection implicitly.

A: This isn't currently possible.  Here is the ticket for the relevant feature request.  There, Martin Odersky writes:

The problem I see is the interaction with many other things. The [implicit variable]
  might be a pattern – should the implicit then apply to all its
  variables? Then, the translation of generators in for expressions is
  quite involved. We'd have to specify how implicits are taken into
  account.

As a workaround, you can put the implicit loop in a wrapping map or flatMap (which, of course, isn't ideal):
class Foo

object FooRunner {
    val foos = List(new Foo, new Foo, new Foo)
    def runFoo(i: Int)(implicit foo: Foo) = println(s"Foo ran $i")

    def runFoos = foos.map { implicit foo =>
        for(i <- (1 to 100)) {
            runFoo(i) //implicit works here.
        }
    }
}

A: You can pass the implicit argument explicitly like so:
for (val genNum <- NumGens(200)) {
  val explicitArg = // . . .
  funcWithImplicitGenNum(explicitArg)(genNum)  // <-- gen passed explictly here
}

As for the why question, I do not have evidence but consider the scope implications this will have say you used val i in a piece of implicit for loop and another programmer in a different file is trying to do a simple for loop with variable name.
Voodoo will ensue
Although I would actually map (or foreach depending on function side effects)
val result = NumGens(200).map{ implicit i =>
val explicitArg = ??
funcWithImplicitGenNum(explicitArg)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Recently, we've seen how designers have been creating new kinds of biologically inspired products, from jewelry built by larvae, to countertop incubators that cultivate insects for human consumption, to dead beetle bioplastic. The bug-related possibilities seem endless (despite any knee-jerk reactions of disgust), and French-born and British-based designer Marlène Huissoud is yet another designer who is demonstrating that great products can be made in collaboration with these little critters.
FROM INSECTS - MARLENE HUISSOUD - from Marlene Huissoud on Vimeo.
I am interested in the viability of utilising insects and their waste streams to create future craft artefacts. Already science is exploring the potential of insects for food production and to satisfy our future dietary needs, however I am primarily interested in using insects as co-partners in the design process.
In her From Insects series, Huissoud uses small quantities of propolis, a resin that is gathered by honeybees from trees to seal their hives. Beekeepers have to remove a small amount from the hives each year as a way to maintain them, and this is what Huissoud re-uses in her collection -- a glistening black variety of propolis that comes from the resin of rubber trees.
Owing to the glass-like properties of propolis, Huissoud teamed up with glassblowers to experiment with various techniques to create these one-of-a-kind works that function and feel very much like glass.
Huissoud's other explorations involve the use of silkworm cocoons, which when cut, moistened and heated, become a sturdy, paper-like material that was varnished with a compound made out of propolis. The result is what Huissoud calls "wooden leather," which she transformed into a cabinet and lamp.
Huissoud believes that these experiments could have future applications in fashion, furniture-making and surface design, and would be a great way to re-use what is naturally harvested during the beekeeping and silkworm-keeping process. More over at Dezeen and Marlène Huissoud.
Could the future of design become a harmonious collaboration with insects? It may very well be; check out these intriguing pieces crafted with waste harvested from beehives and silkworms.
Fly Factory makes insect larvae pâté that "tastes like chicken"


The expert design team is excited to unveil Prettyporter Australia clearance collection; all your favourite designer Kaftans at affordable prices.Yes Buy Kaftan at $99 only with Free Shipping.
We've put together a carefully curated collection of kaftans, dresses at prices that won't break the bank. Embracing the most stylish, coveted trends has never been easier. For a timeless collection that embraces a touch of elegance and flair, find your favourite designer kaftans from Prettyporter's women's fashion Shop Page. Looking your best has never been so affordable. Delve into our kaftan sale and add a touch of colour to your wardrobe.
Here at Prettyporter, we believe in quality, which is why our fashion specialists source premium hand spun silk and poly crepe fabrications that feel and look great on the skin. Intricate detailing, vibrant colours, and quality craftsmanship; the three things our collection embodies. With designs inspired by fashion capitals all around the world.
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KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) — The Pentagon's top official has arrived in Afghanistan to meet with U.S. commanders and Afghan leaders amid a push for peace with the Taliban.
The unannounced visit is the first for the acting secretary of defense, Pat Shanahan. He previously was the No. 2 official under Jim Mattis, who resigned as defense chief in December.
Shanahan told reporters traveling with him that he wants to stress to the Afghans that they must ultimately decide their own future, including how any peace is achieved with the Taliban.
He said he has no instruction from the White House to reduce the troop presence in Afghanistan from the current 14,000.


text:
I'm FINished with FINS
Shark Sanctuaries
SharksCount
Manta Ray of Hope
Don't Eat Shark's Fin
Shark Savers launches Ban the Fin campaign
There is momentum for protecting sharks, as we have seen with recent legislation to ban the shark fin trade in Hawaii, Washington State, Oregon, Guam, CNMI, and the pending bill in California. How can we move more broadly towards banning the shark fin trade?
Shark Savers has launched the Ban the Fin campaign. The purpose of Ban the Fin is to provide tools and a platform for individuals and groups to take a stand and ensure their communities are not contributing to the worldwide decimation of sharks. Individuals and groups could declare their communities to have 'banned the fin', and they can work towards a more significant ban at local and state levels.
Learn more about Ban the Fin and how you can become active in your area. Start here.
Sign our Ban the Fin petition. As part of the Ban the Fin campaign, we have created the first of three petitions. The petitions will create a signature bank that can be used in support of each and every one of these efforts to Ban the Fin.
California residents, click here.
US residents click here.
Canadian residents, click here.
Other countries: more petitions are on the way. Feel free to use these petitions in the interim.
SHARK SAVER
Join our email list for the
latest news and help make
Shark Savers
Join us on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Vimeo for social updates.
TAKE PART – SIGN OUR ONLINE PETITIONS
Shark Savers thanks our sponsors
Protect Sharks


TCLA Premium 2.0 provides high-level training and resources to help aspiring lawyers secure training contracts at elite commercial law firms.
Our monthly membership programme gives you unlimited access to all our TCLA courses and premium materials, including all our future courses.
Commercial law is one of the most competitive industries to enter. Thousands of candidates apply for a small number of vacation schemes and training contracts places each year. Only a handful secure training contracts.
Aspiring lawyers run into the same fundamental problems. They have good grades, interesting extra-curricular activities and a clear motivation for commercial law. Yet time and time again, they fall down on interviews that test their commercial awareness.
But how do you develop commercial awareness? What should you be learning? How can you excel in case studies and partner interviews?
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What does TCLA Premium offer?
It's a monthly package that gives you access to past content and all our future materials.
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This course is designed to develop your commercial awareness.
It breaks down the commercial topics likely to come up at interviews and assessment centres in 2019/2020, including the financial markets, the business of law firms, topical news stories, and fundamental business knowledge.
Every month, we release a new course on a commercial topic. This course will teach you what you need to know about that topic ahead of your interviews and assessment centres. We use a combination of video tutorials, case studies and graded quizzes to cater to different styles of learning.
More than "commercial awareness", we hope to provide you with an in-depth understanding of a topic to take you forward in your career.
February 2019: Private Equity - Released!
To secure a training contract, you need to demonstrate a clear motivation for applying to a particular firm. But it's not always easy to work out what makes law firms different. Our detailed law firm profiles have been designed to help you to tailor your applications and justify what makes a law firm different at interviews.
We use our premium subscriptions to The Lawyer and Legal Week, along with our existing knowledge of firms, to give you a detailed explanation of a firm's unique selling points.
Members of TCLA Premium have access to our past content. That's over six months worth of content in our forum.
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You can remain a member of the All Access Bundle for however long you'd like. You can also cancel at anytime, and stop paying at any time.
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TCLA Premium 2.0 is not designed to be a short-term fix. It provides progressive training to candidates with the support of monthly courses and regular commercial updates. Improving interview performance and developing a detailed understanding of commercial issues takes time, and the aim of TCLA Premium is to train you in time for training contract interviews.
What if I am unhappy with my premium subscription?
We work really hard to make sure our materials are the best we can be. However, we would never want you to be unhappy! If you are unsatisfied with your purchase, contact us in the first 30 days and we will give you a full refund.
I'm already subscribed to TCLA Premium Version 1.0, do I need to subscribe again?
No, you do not! Everything here is available to you. We'll be issuing you a coupon shortly, so check your private messages in our forum!


text:
Toowoomba teenager thanks LifeFlight for service in the South West
LifeFlight > News > Toowoomba teenager thanks LifeFlight for service in the South West
The talented teenage musician will entertain LifeFlight's founding members at a private function at the Clive Berghofer LifeFlight Centre – his way of thanking the people who made the rescue helicopter service a reality a decade ago.
The Year 12 student doesn't remember the heart attack that almost claimed his life during a rugby league training match nor does he remember being airlifted by the RACQ LifeFlight Rescue helicopter. But it's a day Connor's mother Wendy Sharpe will never forget.
In September 2015, Wendy watched her 15-year-old son suddenly collapse and stop breathing from what doctors now know to be Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy or an enlarged heart muscle.
"You don't realise how precious life is. We had one of the fittest kids. It is unfathomable and unbelievable," said Wendy.
"He literally died on that football field. I thought we'd lost him."
Fortunately Connor's coach Jason Brookes recalled the CPR skills he had learnt at school and revived the teenager. He kept Connor breathing until paramedics arrived.
The RACQ LifeFlight Rescue helicopter later urgently airlifted him from Toowoomba Hospital to the Lady Cilento Children's Hospital for specialist care.
"LifeFlight kept him alive, they probably used every machine they had on the chopper," said Wendy.
"They are angels. Connor wouldn't be here without them."
Since the accident, Connor's passion for the saxophone has flourished. Under doctor's orders he can no longer play the contact sport he loves and has instead thrown himself into music.
"I feel both lucky and unlucky. I have always been dedicated to my saxophone, but since the accident I now play about two to three hours a day when I can," said Connor.
"I really want to study at the Queensland Conservatorium of Music next year and learn more."
The cheeky teenager is also hoping tonight's LifeFlight function will bring him more opportunities to share his musical talent with the Toowoomba region and beyond.
"I am really looking forward to playing tonight. Hopefully I'll get a few more gigs out of it," said Connor.
LifeFlight's General Manager of Fundraising Leanne Angel said this evening's private event was a special opportunity to thank the people who had made the Toowoomba based RACQ LifeFlight Rescue helicopter possible 10 years ago.
"With the help of Clive Berghofer, along with a group of local businesses we called the Darling Downs Dozen, we were able to establish the Clive Berghofer LifeFlight Centre," said Mrs Angel.
"This is our opportunity to thank our founders and supporters for helping us make a difference to the lives of so many people."
In 2015-16, LifeFlight flew a record 1,864 missions from all of its Queensland community helicopter rescue bases, a 32% increase on 2014-15. The Toowoomba RACQ LifeFlight Rescue helicopter was one of the busiest in the state with a record year of 551 lifesaving missions.
← Motorcyclist reunited with the crew that saved his life
Three airlifted after boat flipped at Bustard Head →


Providing great efficiency and utility! Nissan prioritized comfort and style by including: power front seats, an outside temperature display, and a blind spot monitoring system. It features a front-wheel-drive platform, an automatic transmission, and a 2.5 liter 4 cylinder engine.


Situated in gorgeous Lanikai, the estate seems to melt into the surrounding native foliage and ocean breezes. Far enough away from it all to find absolute tranquility yet close enough to Honolulu and Waikiki to enjoy a fine meal. The estate combines contemporary amenities with superb traditional island craftsmanship.


Cylinder Pallet (with forklift or without) -- CP4FL6HP | American Standard Manufacturing, Inc. Cylinder Pallet (with forklift or without) -- CP4FL6HP | American Standard Manufacturing, Inc.
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Modern Return Address Stamps: I keep saying I'm going to procure one of these to avoid the following scenario: I create a nice looking package, simple but nice...I consider writing a return address but am lazy and choose not to...I then head to the post office where the postal worker requires me to write my return address on all 7 packages...I am in a hurry so I scribble something that just slightly resembles my address. Just think, if I had one of these all I'd have to do is push down once and click!
Pantry/Closet Organizer: Best $7 I've spent. This organizer creates a tidy place for me to store my feather dusters, mops, dust pan, and broom. I am grateful for it everyday (laugh all you want, but it's true!). Plus, I love that it allows me to utilize an otherwise-unused wall.
Martha's Kitchen Sink Spruce Up: I blogged about it a long time ago, and coincidentally it still has the same affect on me each day. It's simple, useful, tidy and minimalist. She'll tell you more about it here.
Daffodils in a Brown Paper Bag = an easy and inexpensive DIY giftie. Who wouldn't love one of these on their porch?
Sneak Peek on D*S: It's not lengthy and provides no explanation--but I am drawn to this archived LA Sneak Peek on d*s nonetheless.
oooohh! love the return address labels. and the daffodil idea is great. i think you can get a bunch at trader joe's for under $1.50. will have to try this out for my easter centerpiece. thanks!


text:
CARDIO MENU
Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning Reduces Kidney Injury after Cardiac Surgery
According to a study published in JAMA, the use of remote ischaemic preconditioning reduced the rate of kidney injury and the need for dialysis after cardiac surgery in high-risk patients. The study will be presented at the 52nd European Renal Association/European Dialysis and Transplant Association Congress.
The procedure is performed to help protect organs against tissue damage that can occur when normal blood flow is returned to a tissue that is temporarily deprived of oxygen such as during cardiac surgery. It is usually performed before surgery. Approximately 30 percent of patients develop acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Currently, there are no interventions that are known to reduce this risk. Previous studies that evaluated remote ischaemic preconditioning have shown conflicting results.
During this study, Alexander Zarbock, MD, of the University Hospital Munster, Germany, and colleagues randomly assigned 240 cardiac surgery patients at high risk for acute kidney injury across four hospitals in Germany to receive either remote ischemic preconditioning or sham remote ischemic preconditioning both via blood pressure cuff inflation.
The findings show that 37.5 percent in the remote ischaemic preconditioning group developed acute kidney injury within 72 hours after surgery as compared to 52.5 percent in the control group. There was a 12.5 percent incidence of moderate and severe acute kidney injury cases in the remote ischaemic preconditioning group as compared to 25.8 percent in the control group. Renal replacement therapy was used in 5.8 percent cases in the remote ischaemic preconditioning group as compared to 15.8 percent in the control group and length of ICU stay was 3 days in the remote ischaemic preconditioning group versus 4 days in the control group. No significant effect of the procedure was observed on heart attack, stroke or death. No adverse events were reported either.
"The observed reduction in the rate of acute kidney injury and the need for renal replacement warrant further investigation," the authors write.
In an accompanying editorial, Jenny Szu-Chin Pan, MD, and David Sheikh-Hamad, MD, of the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston also highlight that therapeutic strategies to protect against ischaemic kidney injury are lacking. This study offers a novel, inexpensive and noninvasive intervention that has the potential to reduce the occurrence and severity of acute kidney injury. There is however, a need for more studies to determine whether a longer duration of limb ischaemia or earlier induction of RIPC confers better renoprotection.
The authors state, "While remote kidney/cardiac preconditioning after limb muscle ischaemia may differ from the changes observed in the heart after kidney ischaemia, effects of repeated limb ischaemia with RIPC are not known and clinicians should be mindful of potential harms before adopting this approach widely."
Source: JAMA
Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons
Zarbock A, Schmidt C, Van Aken H, et al. Effect of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning on Kidney Injury Among High-Risk Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. Published online May 29, 2015. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.4189.
Published on : Sat, 30 May 2015
dialysis, cardiac surgery, acute kidney injury, remote ischaemic preconditioning
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remote ischaemic preconditioning, kidney injury, cardiac surgery, kidney ischaemia, limb ischaemia remote ischaemic preconditoning proved to be effecive in reducing the development of acute kidney injury.
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text:
Message from the Project Directors
The Landmarks
Mapping a New World
Places of Conflict and Colonization in 17th-Century New England
A NEH Landmarks of American History and Culture Workshop
The Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at Boston Public Library is pleased to invite 3rd-12th grade teachers from around the country to apply to participate in our summer 2017 NEH Landmarks of American History and Culture teacher workshop: Mapping a New World: Places of Colonization and Conflict in 17th-Century New England.
Plimoth Plantation Homesite
Participants will explore the history and landscape of 1600s New England, with an emphasis on the role of geography and place. This is an opportunity to engage deeply with the region by visiting and learning at major historical landmarks such as the site of Plymouth colony, the Mashantucket Pequot Museum and battlefields of the Pequot War, the city of Boston and its harbor islands with their deep connections to Native American history, and museums and libraries that together house collections and exhibitions that bring to life this complex story of land, power, identity, and community.
Teachers will engage with leading scholars and primary source materials, including period maps, letters, land deeds, and narratives that are grounded in their geographic location. These materials illuminate how the different ways and perspectives with which English settlers and multifaceted Native communities viewed the New England region shaped their relationships and interactions throughout the 1600s.
July 9 - 14, 2017 - National Participants
July 23 - 28, 2017 - Commuting Participants
Deadline to Apply: March 1, 2017
Images courtesy of Plimoth Plantation, and Bill Ilott.
© 2019 Mapping a New World


text:
Q: d3 Create an area chart with missing data point and defined() doesn't work I am creating an area chart with d3 (maybe v4). In the database, it has some data points doesn't have the key I want. I mean it has missing data, which cause I can't create an area chart with the all data.
I already tried to use following code to remove the data point with missing data, but it doesn't work:
drawAirVisualData(data) {

    var divE = document.createElement("div");
    var divId = document.createAttribute('id');
    divId.value = 'AirVisualDiv';
    divE.setAttributeNode(divId);
    divE.style.textAlign = "center";
    var title = document.createElement("text");
    title.style.lineHeight = "40px";
    title.style.fontSize = "20px";
    title.textContent = "Air Visual";

    document.getElementById('chartDiv').appendChild(divE);
    document.getElementById('AirVisualDiv').appendChild(title);

    // for each chart, the x and xAxis are same, the y and yAxis are always changed.

  var width = w - margin.left - margin.right,
        height = (h - margin.top) / 9;

  var parseTime = d3.time.format.utc("%H:%M").parse,
    midnight = parseTime("00:00");

  var x = d3.time.scale.utc()
      .domain([midnight, d3.time.day.utc.offset(midnight,1)])
      .range([0, width]);

  var xAxis =  d3.svg.axis().scale(x)
    .orient("bottom").ticks(25).tickFormat(d3.time.format.utc("%I %p"));

    //---------------------------- chart 1-------------------------------
    var y = d3.scale.linear()
        .range([height, 0])
        .domain([0, 100]);
    var yAxis = d3.svg.axis().scale(y)
        .orient("left").ticks(10);

    var areaInHumidity = d3.svg.area()
      .defined(function (d) {
        return d.y1 != null;
      })
        .x(function (d) {
          var time = new Date(d.created_at);
          return x(time);
        })
        .y0(height)
        .y1(function (d, i) {
            var humidity = d.data["current"].hm;
            return y(humidity);
        });

    var areaOutHumidity = d3.svg.area()
      .defined(function (d) {
        return d.y1 != null;
      })
      .x(function (d) {
         var time = new Date(d.created_at);
         var dayTime = time.getHours() + time.getMinutes() / 60 + time.getSeconds() / 3600;
         return x(dayTime);
        })
        .y0(height)
        .y1(function (d) {
            var humidity = d.data.outdoor_weather.hu;
            return y(humidity);
        });

    var chart1 = d3.select("#AirVisualDiv")
        .append("svg")
        .attr("width", width + margin.left + margin.right)
        .attr("height", height + margin.top + margin.bottom)
        .append("g")
        .attr('id', 'HumidityChart')
        .attr("transform", "translate(" + margin.left + "," + margin.top + ")");

    // Add legend
    chart1.append('text').text('Outdoor Humidity - Indoor Humidity').attr("x", width / 2).attr("y", 0).attr("text-anchor", "middle");
    chart1.append("circle").attr("cx", width * 7 / 10).attr("cy", 10).attr("r", 6)
        .style({
            'fill': "#0d7dfa",
            'opacity': 0.2
        });
    chart1.append("circle").attr("cx", width * 8 / 10).attr("cy", 10).attr("r", 6)
        .style({
            'fill': "#0d7dfa",
            'opacity': 0.6
        });
    chart1.append("text").attr("x", (width * 7 / 10) + 14).attr("y", 10).text("Indoor Humidity").style("font-size", "12px").attr("alignment-baseline", "middle");
    chart1.append("text").attr("x", (width * 8 / 10) + 14).attr("y", 10).text("Outdoor Humidity").style("font-size", "12px").attr("alignment-baseline", "middle");

  chart1.append("g")
    .attr("class", "axisLine")
    .style("font", "12px centralesanscndlight")
    .attr("transform", "translate(0," + height + ")")
    .call(xAxis);

  // Add the X Axis
    chart1.append("g")
        .style("font", "12px centralesanscndlight")
        .style('stroke-width', 1)
        .attr("transform", "translate(0," + height + ")")
        .call(xAxis);

    // Add the Y Axis
    chart1.append("g")
        .attr("class", "axisLine")
        .style("font", "12px centralesanscndlight")
        .call(yAxis);

    // Add area for indoor humidity
    chart1.append('path')
        .attr({
            'd': areaInHumidity(data),
            'fill': '#0d7dfa',
            'opacity': 0.2
        });

    // Add area for outdoor humidity
    chart1.append('path')
        .attr({
            'd': areaOutHumidity(data),
            'fill': '#0d7dfa',
            'opacity': 0.6
        });

    //---------------------------- chart 2-------------------------------
    var y2 = d3.scale.linear()
        .range([height, 0])
        .domain([0, 50]);
    var yAxis2 = d3.svg.axis().scale(y2)
        .orient("left").ticks(10);

    var areaInTemp = d3.svg.area()
      .defined(function (d) {
        return d.y != null;
      })
        .x(function (d) {
            var time = new Date(d.created_at);
            var dayTime = time.getHours() + time.getMinutes() / 60 + time.getSeconds() / 3600;
            return x(dayTime);
        })
        .y0(height)
        .y1(function (d) {
            var temperature = d.data.current.tp;
            return y2(temperature);
        });

    var areaOutTemp = d3.svg.area()
      .defined(function (d) {
        return d.y != null;
      })
        .x(function (d) {
            var time = new Date(d.created_at);
            var dayTime = time.getHours() + time.getMinutes() / 60 + time.getSeconds() / 3600;
            return x(dayTime);
        })
        .y0(height)
        .y1(function (d) {
            var temperature = d.data.outdoor_weather.tp;
            return y2(temperature);
        });

    var chart2 = d3.select("#AirVisualDiv")
        .append("svg")
        .attr("width", width + margin.left + margin.right)
        .attr("height", height + margin.top + margin.bottom)
        .append("g")
        .attr("transform", "translate(" + margin.left + "," + margin.top + ")");

    chart2.append('text').text('Outdoor Temperature - Indoor Temperature').attr("x", width / 2).attr("y", 0).attr("text-anchor", "middle");

    // Add legend
    chart2.append("circle").attr("cx", width * 7 / 10).attr("cy", 10).attr("r", 6)
        .style({
            'fill': "#f26100"
        });
    chart2.append("circle").attr("cx", width * 8 / 10).attr("cy", 10).attr("r", 6)
        .style({
            'fill': "#ff9b00"
        });
    chart2.append("text").attr("x", (width * 7 / 10) + 14).attr("y", 10).text("Indoor Temperature").style("font-size", "12px").attr("alignment-baseline", "middle");
    chart2.append("text").attr("x", (width * 8 / 10) + 14).attr("y", 10).text("Outdoor Temperature").style("font-size", "12px").attr("alignment-baseline", "middle");

    // Add the X Axis
    chart2.append("g")
        .attr("class", "axisLine")
        .style("font", "12px centralesanscndlight")
        .attr("transform", "translate(0," + height + ")")
        .call(xAxis);

    // Add the Y Axis
    chart2.append("g")
        .attr("class", "axisLine")
        .style("font", "12px centralesanscndlight")
        .call(yAxis2);

    // Add area for indoor humidity
    chart2.append('path')
        .attr({
            'd': areaInTemp(data),
            'fill': orange,
            'opacity': 0.5
        });

    // Add area for outdoor humidity
    chart2.append('path')
        .attr({
            'd': areaOutTemp(data),
            'fill': lightorange,
            'opacity': 0.5
        });

    //---------------------------- chart 3-------------------------------
    var y3 = d3.scale.linear()
        .range([height, 0])
        .domain([0, 1000]);
    var yAxis3 = d3.svg.axis().scale(y3)
        .orient("left").ticks(10);

    var coLine = d3.svg.line()
      .defined(function (d) {
        return d.y != null;
      })
        .x(function (d) {
            var time = new Date(d.created_at);
            var dayTime = time.getHours() + time.getMinutes() / 60 + time.getSeconds() / 3600;
            return x(dayTime);
        })
        .y(function (d) {
            var co = d.data.current.co;
            return y3(co);
        });

    var chart3 = d3.select("#AirVisualDiv")
        .append("svg")
        .attr("width", width + margin.left + margin.right)
        .attr("height", height + margin.top + margin.bottom)
        .append("g")
        .attr("transform", "translate(" + margin.left + "," + margin.top + ")");

    chart3.append('text').text('CO2 Level').attr("x", width / 2).attr("y", 0).attr("text-anchor", "middle");

    // Add the X Axis
    chart3.append("g")
        .attr("class", "axisLine")
        .style("font", "12px centralesanscndlight")
        .attr("transform", "translate(0," + height + ")")
        .call(xAxis);

    // Add the Y Axis
    chart3.append("g")
        .attr("class", "axisLine")
        .style("font", "12px centralesanscndlight")
        .call(yAxis3);

    // Add line for co2
    chart3.append('path')
        .attr({
            'd': coLine(data),
            'stroke': grey,
            'stroke-width': '1.5px',
            'fill': 'none'
        });

    //---------------------------- chart 4-------------------------------
    var y4 = d3.scale.linear()
        .range([height, 0])
        .domain([0, 50]);
    var yAxis4 = d3.svg.axis().scale(y4)
        .orient("left").ticks(10);

    var p2Line = d3.svg.line()
      .defined(function (d) {
        return d.y != null;
      })
        .x(function (d) {
            var time = new Date(d.created_at);
            var dayTime = time.getHours() + time.getMinutes() / 60 + time.getSeconds() / 3600;
            return x(dayTime);
        })
        .y(function (d) {
            var p2 = d.data.current.p2;
            return y4(p2);
        });

    var chart4 = d3.select("#AirVisualDiv")
        .append("svg")
        .attr("width", width + margin.left + margin.right)
        .attr("height", height + margin.top + margin.bottom)
        .append("g")
        .attr("transform", "translate(" + margin.left + "," + margin.top + ")");

    chart4.append('text').text('PM 2.5 Level').attr("x", width / 2).attr("y", 0).attr("text-anchor", "middle");

    // Add the X Axis
    chart4.append("g")
        .attr("class", "axisLine")
        .style("font", "12px centralesanscndlight")
        .attr("transform", "translate(0," + height + ")")
        .call(xAxis);

    // Add the Y Axis
    chart4.append("g")
        .attr("class", "axisLine")
        .style("font", "12px centralesanscndlight")
        .call(yAxis4);

    // Add line for co2
    chart4.append('path')
        .attr({
            'd': p2Line(data),
            'stroke': grey,
            'stroke-width': '1.5px',
            'fill': 'none'
        });
}

The normal data point looks like:
{clusterAliases: ["dlab"]
created_at: "2019-06-04T05:15:18.794Z"
data:{
 current:{
    co: 429,
    hm: 62,
    p01: 17,
    p1: 25,
    p2: 22,
    tp: 22.7834,
    ts: "2019-06-04T05:10:10.646Z",
    __proto__: Object},
outdoor_station: {
    p1: {…},
    api_id: 1646,
    ts: "2019-06-04T04:00:00.000Z",
    p2: {…},
    mainus: "p2"},
outdoor_weather: {
    wd: 0,
    hu: 40,
    ic: "01d",
    ts: "2019-06-04T05:00:00.000Z",
    tp: 33,
    __proto__: Object},
identifier: "54:C9:DF:E3:AE:19",
meta: {version: 0},
type: "AQI_STATUS",
updated_at: "2019-06-04T05:15:18.808Z",
__v: 1,
_id: "5cf5fe661d9b1900213c98ec",
__proto__: Object}

The missing data point looks like:
{clusterAliases: ["dlab"]
created_at: "2019-06-04T05:13:50.977Z"
data:{
    message: "HTTPSConnectionPool(host='www.airvisual.com', port=443): Read timed out. (read timeout=10)"
    status: "ERROR",
    __proto__: Object
    },
identifier: "54:C9:DF:E3:AE:19",
meta: {version: 0},
type: "ERROR",
updated_at: "2019-06-04T05:13:50.990Z",
__v: 1,
_id: "5cf5fe0e1d9b1900213c98e5",
__proto__: Object}

The big difference between normal data point and missing data point is in missing data point it does't have "current" key under data, and its type shows "ERROR". I already tried to remove this data point before it was used to create area chart, but it can't be removed. so I also tried to use defined() to overcome it, but it doesn't work. Does anyone know how to overcome or remove the missing data point from area chart by d3? Thank you.

A: "I checked the d3 API and noticed that '''defined()''' required to have at least the key of the value. for example,"
'''
data {
  temperature: 65,
  humidity: null
}
'''
"this kind of data missing can be solved by" ''' defined()'''
"However, when the key (in our case humidity) is missing, '''defined()''' can not overcome the missing data anymore. to solve this problem, my current solution is to check if it has a key, if not, then define a value for y/x to keep drawing the line or areas"


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