text:
The Canadian Forces (French
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
: Forces Canadiennes; FC), officially the Canadian Armed Forces (French: Forces armées canadiennes), are the unified armed forces
The armed forces of a country are its government-sponsored defense, fighting forces, and organizations. They exist to further the foreign and domestic policies of their governing body, and to defend that body and the nation it represents from external aggressors. In some countries paramilitary...
of Canada
, as constituted by the National Defence Act
National Defence Act
The National Defence Act is the primary enabling legislation for organizing and funding Canada's military....
, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces." This single institution consists of the sea, land, and air environmental commands called the: Royal Canadian Navy
Royal Canadian Navy
The history of the Royal Canadian Navy goes back to 1910, when the naval force was created as the Naval Service of Canada and renamed a year later by King George V. The Royal Canadian Navy is one of the three environmental commands of the Canadian Forces...
(RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force
The history of the Royal Canadian Air Force begins in 1920, when the air force was created as the Canadian Air Force . In 1924 the CAF was renamed the Royal Canadian Air Force and granted royal sanction by King George V. The RCAF existed as an independent service until 1968...
(RCAF), which together are overseen by the Armed Forces Council
Armed Forces Council (Canada)
The Armed Forces Council is the senior military body of the Canadian Forces. It meets to advise the Chief of the Defence Staff on matters concerning the command, control and administration of the Canadian Forces as well as to help the CDS make decisions regarding these matters.The Armed Forces...
, chaired by the Chief of the Defence Staff
Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)
The Chief of the Defence Staff is the second most senior member of the Canadian Forces, and heads the Armed Forces Council, having primary responsibility for command, control, and administration of the forces, as well as military strategy, plans, and requirements...
. At the pinnacle of the command structure is the Commander-in-Chief, who is the reigning Canadian monarch, Elizabeth II, represented by the governor general
Governor General of Canada
The Governor General of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II...
Canadian defence policy
Since the Second World War, Canadian defence policy has consistently stressed three overarching objectives:
The defence of Canada itself;
The defence of North America in cooperation with US forces
United States armed forces
The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard.The United States has a strong tradition of civilian control of the military...
Contributing to broader international security.
During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s.
However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus "out of area", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in Afghanistan since 2002.
Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy
Canada First Defence Strategy
The Canada First Defence Strategy is the military recruitment and improvement strategy of the Canadian government to improve the overall effectiveness of the Canadian Forces...
, introduced by the Conservative Government of Stephen Harper after he took office in 2006. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Forces are tasked with having the capacity to:
Conduct daily domestic and continental operations, including in the Arctic and through NORAD (the North American Aerospace Defense Command);
Support a major international event in Canada, such as the 2010 Winter Olympics;
Respond to a major terrorist attack;
Support civilian authorities during a crisis in Canada such as a natural disaster;
Lead and/or conduct a major international operation for an extended period; and
Deploy forces in response to crises elsewhere in the world for shorter periods.
Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy
Defence diplomacy
In international politics, defence diplomacy refers to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives through the peaceful employment of defence resources and capabilities.-Origin of the Concept:...
through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces
System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces
- Committees :Committees are permanent organisms that study and analyze subjects, interchange ideas and share procedures that improve the operations and collaboration between the member countries of SICOFAA....
), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts.
Origins and establishment
Prior to Confederation
Canadian Confederation
Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed on July 1, 1867. On that day, three British colonies were formed into four Canadian provinces...
in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups
Colonial militia in Canada
From the founding of New France until the establishment of a professional Canadian Army, the colonial militia played an extremely important role in the defence of Canada...
. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples
Aboriginal peoples in Canada
Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis. The descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" have fallen into disuse in Canada and are commonly considered pejorative....
, and later American forces
during the American Revolution
and War of 1812
, as well as in the Fenian raids
Fenian raids
Between 1866 and 1871, the Fenian raids of the Fenian Brotherhood who were based in the United States; on British army forts, customs posts and other targets in Canada, were fought to bring pressure on Britain to withdraw from Ireland. They divided many Catholic Irish-Canadians, many of whom were...
and North-West Rebellion
North-West Rebellion
The North-West Rebellion of 1885 was a brief and unsuccessful uprising by the Métis people of the District of Saskatchewan under Louis Riel against the Dominion of Canada...
. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America
British North America is a historical term. It consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary War and the recognition of American independence in 1783.At the start of the Revolutionary War in 1775 the British...
against invasion by the United States
The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
The monarchy of the United Kingdom is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories. The present monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, has reigned since 6 February 1952. She and her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial and representational duties...
-in-Council
Queen-in-Council
The Queen-in-Council is, in each of the Commonwealth realms, the technical term of constitutional law that refers to the exercise of executive authority, denoting the monarch acting by and with the advice and consent of his or her privy council or executive council The Queen-in-Council (during...
, with a commander-in-chief for North America
Commander-in-Chief, North America
The office of Commander-in-Chief, North America was a military position of the British Army. Established in 1755 in the early years of the Seven Years' War, holders of the post were generally responsible for land-based military personnel and activities in and around those parts of North America...
stationed at Halifax
City of Halifax
Halifax is a city in Canada, which was the capital of the province of Nova Scotia and shire town of Halifax County. It was the largest city in Atlantic Canada until it was amalgamated into Halifax Regional Municipality in 1996...
until the final withdrawal of British Army
and Royal Navy
units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy
was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation, the Royal Canadian Air Force
. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence
Department of Militia and Defence (Canada)
The Department of Militia and Defence was the department responsible for military forces in Canada from 1906-1921.The Minister of Militia and Defence was in charge of this department....
, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militiasfrequently shortened to simply The Militia. By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence
Department of National Defence (Canada)
The Department of National Defence , frequently referred to by its acronym DND, is the department within the government of Canada with responsibility for all matters concerning the defence of Canada...
, but land forces in Canada were not referred to as the Canadian Army until November 1940.
The first overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War
Second Boer War
The Second Boer War was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902 between the British Empire and the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State...
, when several units were raised to serve under British
command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War
, as well as the Korean War
The Korean War was a conventional war between South Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China , with military material aid from the Soviet Union...
Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in NATO during the Cold War
The Cold War was the continuing state from roughly 1946 to 1991 of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the Communist World—primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies—and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States...
, First Gulf War
Gulf War
The Persian Gulf War , commonly referred to as simply the Gulf War, was a war waged by a U.N.-authorized coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.The war is also known under other names, such as the First Gulf...
, Kosovo War
Kosovo War
The term Kosovo War or Kosovo conflict was two sequential, and at times parallel, armed conflicts in Kosovo province, then part of FR Yugoslav Republic of Serbia; from early 1998 to 1999, there was an armed conflict initiated by the ethnic Albanian "Kosovo Liberation Army" , who sought independence...
, and in United Nations
Peacekeeping is an activity that aims to create the conditions for lasting peace. It is distinguished from both peacebuilding and peacemaking....
operations, such as the Suez Crisis
Suez Crisis
The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, Suez War was an offensive war fought by France, the United Kingdom, and Israel against Egypt beginning on 29 October 1956. Less than a day after Israel invaded Egypt, Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to Egypt and Israel,...
, Golan Heights, Cyprus
Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is a Eurasian island country, member of the European Union, in the Eastern Mediterranean, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and north of Egypt. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.The earliest known human activity on the...
, Croatia
Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...
, Bosnia
Bosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...
, Afghanistan
Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...
, and Libya
Libya is an African country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west....
Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge
, the Dieppe Raid
Dieppe Raid
The Dieppe Raid, also known as the Battle of Dieppe, Operation Rutter or later on Operation Jubilee, during the Second World War, was an Allied attack on the German-occupied port of Dieppe on the northern coast of France on 19 August 1942. The assault began at 5:00 AM and by 10:50 AM the Allied...
, the Battle of Ortona
Battle of Ortona
The Battle of Ortona was a small, yet extremely fierce, battle fought between a battalion of German Fallschirmjäger from the German 1st Parachute Division under Generalleutnant Richard Heidrich, and assaulting Canadian forces from the 1st Canadian Infantry Division under Major General Chris Vokes...
, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Normandy Landings, the Battle for Caen
Battle for Caen
The Battle for Caen from June-August 1944 was a battle between Allied and German forces during the Battle of Normandy....
, the Battle of the Scheldt
Battle of the Scheldt
The Battle of the Scheldt was a series of military operations of the Canadian 1st Army, led by Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds. The battle took place in northern Belgium and southwestern Netherlands during World War II from 2 October-8 November 1944...
, the Battle of Britain
The Battle of Britain is the name given to the World War II air campaign waged by the German Air Force against the United Kingdom during the summer and autumn of 1940...
, the Battle of the Atlantic, the strategic bombing of German cities
Strategic bombing during World War II
Strategic bombing during World War II is a term which refers to all aerial bombardment of a strategic nature between 1939 and 1945 involving any nations engaged in World War II...
, and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket.
At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the third-largest navy and fourth-largest air force in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army
Volunteer military
A volunteer military or all-volunteer military is one which derives its manpower from volunteers rather than conscription or mandatory service. A country may offer attractive pay and benefits through military recruitment to attract volunteers...
ever fielded. Conscription
Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names...
for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war
The Conscription Crisis of 1944 was a political and military crisis following the introduction of forced military service in Canada during World War II. It was similar to the Conscription Crisis of 1917, but was not as politically damaging....
, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle.
Unification and beyond
The current iteration of the Canadian Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy
, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force
were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands. Its roots, however, lie in colonial militia groups
that served alongside garrisons of the French
Military of France
The French Armed Forces encompass the French Army, the French Navy, the French Air Force and the National Gendarmerie. The President of the Republic heads the armed forces, with the title "chef des armées" . The President is the supreme authority for military matters and is the sole official who...
and British armies and navies
British Armed Forces
The British Armed Forces are the armed forces of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Also known as Her Majesty's Armed Forces and sometimes legally the Armed Forces of the Crown, the British Armed Forces encompasses three professional uniformed services, the Royal Navy, the...
; a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century. Thereafter, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom
in 1931, partly due to the performance and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps
in the First World War
The Canadian forces were afterwards heavily involved in the Second World War
(which, as with the previous world war, involved conscription
) and Korean War
, and, from the 1950s on, actively worked with her NATO allies to counter the threats of the Cold War
. Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping
operations within United Nations
sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They are currently engaged in Afghanistan
, under the NATO-led United Nations
International Security Assistance Force
The International Security Assistance Force is a NATO-led security mission in Afghanistan established by the United Nations Security Council on 20 December 2001 by Resolution 1386 as envisaged by the Bonn Agreement...
(ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan.
The forces are today funded by approximately $21.8 billion annually ranked 13th, and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 58th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 67,000, plus 24,000 reservists
Military reserve
A military reserve, tactical reserve, or strategic reserve is a group of military personnel or units which are initially not committed to a battle by their commander so that they are available to address unforeseen situations or exploit suddenly developing...
and 19,000 supplementary reserves, bringing the reserve force to approximately 43,000. The number of primary reserves is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2012, and the number of active to at least 70,000. If this happens the total strength would be around 120,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases
Canadian Forces base
A Canadian Forces Base or CFB is a military installation of the Canadian Forces. For a facility to qualify as a Canadian Forces Base, it must station one or more major units .Minor installations are named Canadian Forces Station or CFS A Canadian Forces Base or CFB (French Base des forces...
located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act.
The Conservative
Conservative Party of Canada
The Conservative Party of Canada , is a political party in Canada which was formed by the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 2003. It is positioned on the right of the Canadian political spectrum...
Cabinet of Canada
The Cabinet of Canada is a body of ministers of the Crown that, along with the Canadian monarch, and within the tenets of the Westminster system, forms the government of Canada...
appointed in 2006 made efforts through the Canada First Defence Strategy
to purchase new equipment and training, as well as the re-establishment of an airborne land force, now called the Canadian Special Operations Regiment
Canadian Special Operations Regiment
The Canadian Special Operations Regiment is a battalion-sized, high-readiness special operations unit part of Canadian Special Operations Forces Command...
. More funds were also put towards recruitment, which had been dwindling throughout the 1980s and '90s, possibly because the Canadian populace had come to perceive the CF as peacekeepers
rather than as soldiers, as shown in a 2008 survey conducted for the Department of National Defence. The poll found that nearly two thirds of Canadians agreed with the country's participation in the invasion of Afghanistan
Canada's role in the invasion of Afghanistan
Canada did not have a significant role in the first few months of the invasion of Afghanistan that began on October 7, 2001, and the first contingents of regular Canadian troops arrived in Afghanistan only in January–February 2002. Canada took on a larger role starting in 2006 after the Canadian...
, and that the military should be stronger, but also that the purpose of the forces should be different, such as more focused on responding to natural disaster
A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard . It leads to financial, environmental or human losses...
s. The current CDS, Walter Natynczyk
Walter Natynczyk
General Walter J. Natynczyk , CMM, MSC, CD is the Chief of the Defence Staff of the Canadian Forces.-Biography:Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1958, where he grew up with his two sisters, Natynczyk is the son of a Polish father and German mother. He worked as a Winnipeg Free Press paperboy and a...
, said later that year that while recruiting has become more successful, the CF was facing a problem with its rate of loss of existing members, which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6% to 9.2% annually.
Since 2006, the Government has initiated a major re-equipment effort to rebuild the Forces after the serious defence cuts of the 1990s. This program has already involved the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called "core capabilities" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet – the C-130 Hercules
The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is a four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built originally by Lockheed, now Lockheed Martin. Capable of using unprepared runways for takeoffs and landings, the C-130 was originally designed as a troop, medical evacuation, and cargo transport...
– and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new capabilities (such as C-17 Globemaster III
The Boeing C-17 Globemaster III is a large military transport aircraft. Developed for the United States Air Force from the 1980s to the early 1990s by McDonnell Douglas, the C-17 is used for rapid strategic airlift of troops and cargo to main operating bases or forward operating bases throughout...
strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook
The Boeing CH-47 Chinook is an American twin-engine, tandem rotor heavy-lift helicopter. Its top speed of 170 knots is faster than contemporary utility and attack helicopters of the 1960s...
heavy-lift helicopters) have also been acquired for the Forces. The program of capability renewal is ongoing and over the next twenty years aims to:
Increase the number of military personnel to 70,000 Regular Forces and 30,000 primary Reserve Forces;
Replace the Navy's current support ships with at least 2 new Joint Support Ships (with an option on a third);
Build 15 warships to replace existing destroyers and frigates;
Acquire new arctic/offshore patrol vessels;
Replace the current maritime patrol aircraft with 10 to 12 new patrol aircraft;
Acquire 65 F-35 Lightning II
The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is a family of single-seat, single-engine, fifth generation multirole fighters under development to perform ground attack, reconnaissance, and air defense missions with stealth capability...
Joint Strike Fighters beginning in 2016-17 to replace the current fleet of CF-18 fighters;
Strengthen readiness and operational capabilities; and,
Improve and modernize defence infrastructure.
Current Structure
Per the Canadian constitution
Constitution of Canada
The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions and conventions. It outlines Canada's system of government, as well as the civil rights of all Canadian citizens and those in Canada...
, command-in-chief of the Canadian Forces is vested in the country's sovereign, who, since 1904, has allowed his or her viceroy
A viceroy is a royal official who runs a country, colony, or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the French word roi, meaning king. A viceroy's province or larger territory is called a viceroyalty...
, the governor general
, to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
and to hold the associated title since 1905. All troop deployment and disposition orders, including declarations of war
A declaration of war is a formal act by which one nation goes to war against another. The declaration is a performative speech act by an authorized party of a national government in order to create a state of war between two or more states.The legality of who is competent to declare war varies...
, fall within the Royal Prerogative
Royal Prerogative
The royal prerogative is a body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity, recognized in common law and, sometimes, in civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy as belonging to the sovereign alone. It is the means by which some of the executive powers of government, possessed by and...
and are issued as Orders in Council, which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general. Under the Westminster system
Westminster System
The Westminster system is a democratic parliamentary system of government modelled after the politics of the United Kingdom. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom....
's parliamentary customs and practices, however, the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice
Advice (constitutional)
Advice, in constitutional law, is formal, usually binding, instruction given by one constitutional officer of state to another. Especially in parliamentary systems of government, Heads of state often act on the basis of advice issued by prime ministers or other government ministers...
of his or her ministers
Minister of the Crown
Minister of the Crown is the formal constitutional term used in the Commonwealth realms to describe a minister to the reigning sovereign. The term indicates that the minister serves at His/Her Majesty's pleasure, and advises the monarch, or viceroy, on how to exercise the Crown prerogatives...
, including the prime minister
and Minister of National Defence
Minister of National Defence (Canada)
The Minister of National Defence is a Minister of the Crown; the Canadian politician within the Cabinet of Canada responsible for the Department of National Defence which oversees the Canadian Forces....
The forces' 67,000 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks
Canadian Forces ranks and insignia
This is a table of the ranks and insignia of the Canadian Forces. As the Canadian Forces is officially bilingual, the French language ranks are presented following the English .-Commander-in-Chief:...
of commissioned and non-commissioned officer
Non-commissioned officer
A non-commissioned officer , called a sub-officer in some countries, is a military officer who has not been given a commission...
s, and other non-commissioned positions. The governor general appoints, on the advice of the prime minister, a Chief of the Defence Staff
(CDS) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the forces and who, as head of the Armed Forces Council
, commands the CF from the Department of National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ) in Ottawa
. On the Armed Forces Council sit the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force, who collectively oversee the operational commands of the Canadian Forces the Canada Command, the Expeditionary Force Command, the Special Operations Forces Command, and the Operational Support Command. The sovereign and most other members of the Canadian Royal Family also act as colonels-in-chief
Colonel-in-Chief
In the various Commonwealth armies, the Colonel-in-Chief of a regiment is its patron. This position is distinct from that of Colonel of the Regiment. They do not have an operational role. They are however kept informed of all important activities of the regiment, and pay occasional visits to its...
, honorary air commodores
Air Commodore
Air commodore is an air-officer rank which originated in and continues to be used by the Royal Air Force...
, air commodores-in-chief, admirals, and captains-general of Canadian Forces regiments, though these positions are ceremonial.
Canada's forces operate out of 27 branch-specific Canadian Forces base
s (CFB) across the country, as well as six shared bases, including the NDHQ; this number has been gradually reduced since the 1970s with bases either being closed or merged in the interest of efficiency. Officer cadet
s are educated and trained at two CF collegiate institutions, the Royal Military College of Canada
and the Royal Military College Saint-Jean. Naval Cadets undergo basic training and ship handling training at the Naval Officers Training Centre at CFB Esquimalt near Victoria, B.C. Officers may also be commissioned on enrollment with a degree from a civilian university. In some cases, officers may also be commissioned from the senior non-commissioned ranks. Basic military training for non-commissioned members is provided at a variety of locations.
The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), is headed by the Chief of the Maritime Staff, the RCN includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: the Maritime Forces Pacific
Maritime Forces Pacific
In the Canadian Forces, Maritime Forces Pacific is responsible for the fleet and operations of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Pacific Ocean...
(MARPAC) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard Esquimalt
CFB Esquimalt
Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt is Canada's Pacific Coast naval base and home port to Maritime Forces Pacific and Joint Task Force Pacific Headquarters....
on the west coast, and the Maritime Forces Atlantic
Maritime Forces Atlantic
In the Canadian Forces, Maritime Forces Atlantic is responsible for the fleet and operations of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean. The Commander of MARLANT is a two-star Rear Admiral....
(MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City
, Quebec
. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels.
The RCN participates in NATO exercises, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of the Canadian military as well as in conjunction with multinational deployments, including the current Operation APOLLO
Operation APOLLO
Operation APOLLO was the codename for an operation conducted by Canadian Forces in support of the United States in its military operations in Afghanistan. The operation took place from October 2001 to October 2003...
Canadian Army
The Canadian Army (CA) (in French: Armée Canadienne), previously known as the Land Force Command,. Headed by the Chief of the Land Staff
Chief of the Land Staff
The Chief of the Land Staff is the commander and institutional head of the Canadian Army. The Chief of the Land is based at National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa, Ontario.-History of the post:...
, the Army is administered through four geographically determined formations, or areas: the Land Force Atlantic Area
Land Force Atlantic Area
Land Force Atlantic Area is responsible for Canadian Army operations in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. LFAA is headquartered at Canadian Forces Base Halifax on the Atlantic coast...
(LFAA), headquartered at CFB Halifax
CFB Halifax
Canadian Forces Base Halifax is Canada's east coast navy base and home port to the Atlantic fleet, known as Maritime Forces Atlantic....
in Halifax
, Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The name of the province is Latin for "New Scotland," but "Nova Scotia" is the recognized, English-language name of the province. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the...
; the Land Force Quebec Area
Land Force Quebec Area
Land Force Quebec Area is responsible for all Canadian army operations and administration in the region within the province of Quebec. LFQA is headquartered in Montreal.- Regular Force :* Land Force Quebec Area Training Centre - Courcelette...
(LFQA), headquartered in Montreal
; the Land Force Central Area
Land Force Central Area
Land Force Central Area is responsible for the administration of the Canadian Army in the province of Ontario, from the Quebec border to the northern Lakehead region...
(LFCA), located at Denison Armoury
Denison Armoury
Lieutenant-Colonel George Taylor Denison III Armoury, commonly known as Denison Armoury, is a Canadian Forces facility located at 1 Yukon Lane in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is in the northeastern corner of Downsview Airport just west of the W.R. Allen Expressway on Sheppard Avenue West...
in Toronto
; and the Land Force Western Area
Land Force Western Area
Land Force Western Area is one of four operational commands of the Canadian Army. LFWA is responsible for all Canadian Army administration and operations in western Canada from the Pacific Ocean to Thunder Bay, Ontario...
(LFWA), headquartered in Edmonton
, Alberta
Alberta is a province of Canada. It had an estimated population of 3.7 million in 2010 making it the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces...
Currently, the Regular Force
Regular Force
In the Canadian Forces, a Regular Force unit or person is part of the full-time military, as opposed to being part of the Primary Reserve.Regular Force personnel are employed full-time, and have usually signed long-term contracts committing them to regular service...
component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade group
Brigade group
A brigade group is a term used primarily in armies of the Commonwealth of Nations for an ad hoc arrangement of forces and not a permanent organisation whereas, with a capital G, a Brigade Group is....
s: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group
1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group
1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group is a Canadian Forces brigade group that is part of Land Forces Western Area of the Canadian army...
, at CFB Edmonton
CFB Edmonton
CFB Edmonton is a Canadian Forces base located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is also known as Edmonton Garrison or "Steele Barracks".-History:...
and CFB Shilo
CFB Shilo
Canadian Forces Base Shilo is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Forces, located east of Brandon, Manitoba. During the 1990s, Canadian Forces Base Shilo was also designated as an Area Support Unit, which acts as a local base of operations for south-west Manitoba in times of military...
; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group
2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group is a Canadian Forces brigade group that is part of Land Forces Central Area of the Canadian army. It is currently based in CFB Petawawa...
, at CFB Petawawa
CFB Petawawa
Canadian Forces Base Petawawa, commonly referred to as CFB Petawawa, or simply "Pet", is a Canadian Forces Base located in Petawawa, Ontario. It is operated as an army base by Canadian Forces Land Force Command.-Base facts:...
and CFB Gagetown
CFB Gagetown
Canadian Forces Base Gagetown, referred to as CFB Gagetown is a large Canadian Forces Base located in southwestern New Brunswick.- Construction of the base :...
; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group
5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group is a Canadian Forces brigade group that is part of Land Forces Quebec Area of the Canadian army. It is based at CFB Valcartier, near Quebec City in Quebec, Canada...
, at CFB Valcartier
CFB Valcartier
Canadian Forces Base Valcartier is a Canadian Forces Base located in the municipality of Saint-Gabriel-de-Valcartier, approximately north of Quebec City...
and Quebec City
. Each contains one regiment
A regiment is a major tactical military unit, composed of variable numbers of batteries, squadrons or battalions, commanded by a colonel or lieutenant colonel...
each of artillery
Originally applied to any group of infantry primarily armed with projectile weapons, artillery has over time become limited in meaning to refer only to those engines of war that operate by projection of munitions far beyond the range of effect of personal weapons...
, armour
Armoured warfare
Armoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of armoured fighting vehicles in modern warfare. It is a major component of modern methods of war....
, and combat engineers
Combat engineering
A combat engineer, also called pioneer or sapper in many armies, is a soldier who performs a variety of construction and demolition tasks under combat conditions...
, three battalion
s of infantry
(all scaled in the British fashion), one for logistics
Military logistics
Military logistics is the discipline of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of military forces. In its most comprehensive sense, it is those aspects or military operations that deal with:...
, a squadron for headquarters
Headquarters denotes the location where most, if not all, of the important functions of an organization are coordinated. In the United States, the corporate headquarters represents the entity at the center or the top of a corporation taking full responsibility managing all business activities...
/signals
Historically, the first military communications had the form of sending/receiving simple signals . Respectively, the first distinctive tactics of military communications were called Signals, while units specializing in those tactics received the Signal Corps name...
, and several minor organisations. A tactical helicopter squadron
Squadron (aviation)
A squadron in air force, army aviation or naval aviation is mainly a unit comprising a number of military aircraft, usually of the same type, typically with 12 to 24 aircraft, sometimes divided into three or four flights, depending on aircraft type and air force...
and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade, but do not form part of the brigade's command structure.
Each land force area has, in addition to the Regular Force troops, reserve forces
Military reserve force
A military reserve force is a military organization composed of citizens of a country who combine a military role or career with a civilian career. They are not normally kept under arms and their main role is to be available to fight when a nation mobilizes for total war or to defend against invasion...
organized into a total of 10 reserve brigade groups. LFAA and LFQA each have two reserve brigade groups, while LFCA and LFWA have three apiece. Major training establishments and non-brigaded troops exist at CFB Gagetown, ASU Saint-Jean (now attached to CFB Montreal
CFB Montreal
Canadian Forces Base Montreal is a Canadian Forces Base network located in Montreal, Quebec.The base is home to:* Land Forces Quebec Area* 34e Groupe-Brigade du Canada which includes:...
), and CFB Wainwright
CFB Wainwright
Canadian Forces Base Wainwright, commonly referred to as CFB Wainwright is a Canadian Forces Base located in Denwood, Alberta, adjacent to the town of Wainwright.-Military Camp Wainwright:...
, which is home to the Canadian Manoeuvre Training Centre and provides state-of-the-art force-on-force training in preparation for overseas deployments.
The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the Chief of the Air Staff
Chief of the Air Staff (Canada)
The Chief of the Air Staff is the commander and institutional head of the Royal Canadian Air Force...
, based in Ottawa. The Commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg
Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than half of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers .The name...
, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven Wings located across Canada. The Commander of 2 Canadian Air Division is responsible for training and support functions. 2 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out at two Wings. Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons
, both operational and support, under a single tactical
Military tactics
Military tactics, the science and art of organizing an army or an air force, are the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating an enemy in battle. Changes in philosophy and technology over time have been reflected in changes to military tactics. In...
commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand.
Major air bases are located in British Columbia
British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858...
, Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of . Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota....
, Manitoba
Manitoba is a Canadian prairie province with an area of . The province has over 110,000 lakes and has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other...
, and Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada. Situated in the country's Atlantic region, it incorporates the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador with a combined area of . As of April 2011, the province's estimated population is 508,400...
, while administrative and command-control facilities are located in Winnipeg
and North Bay
North Bay, Ontario
North Bay is a city in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is the seat of Nipissing District, and takes its name from its position on the shore of Lake Nipissing.-History:...
. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen
NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen
NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen is located near Geilenkirchen, Germany. It is the Main Operating Base of the NATO E-3A Component, one of two operational elements of the NATO Airborne Early Warning & Control Force.- Location and history :...
near Geilenkirchen
Geilenkirchen is a town in the district Heinsberg, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated near the border with the Netherlands, on the river Wurm, approx. 15 km north-east of Heerlen and 20 km north of Aachen....
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons
periodically deploy to these airport
s for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols.
Canada Command
The Canada Command (CANCOM) is an operational element created on 31 January 2006, to improve response time to domestic terrorism
Terrorism is the systematic use of terror, especially as a means of coercion. In the international community, however, terrorism has no universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition...
and natural disaster
s, and is commanded by a commissioned officer who reports directly to the CDS. CANCOM is responsible for the management of RCN, Army, and RCAF assets assigned to it to ensure national security, both in emergency and routine situations, and is analogous to and works closely with the United States Northern Command
United States Northern Command
United States Northern Command is a Unified Combatant Command of the United States military. Created on 1 October 2002 in the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 attacks, its mission is to protect the United States homeland and support local, state, and federal authorities...
, as well as the United States Department of Homeland Security
United States Department of Homeland Security
The United States Department of Homeland Security is a cabinet department of the United States federal government, created in response to the September 11 attacks, and with the primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the United States and protectorates from and responding to...
. The command directs operations through six regional joint task forces, with Joint Task Force North
Joint Task Force North (Canada)
Joint Task Force is responsible for all Canadian Forces operations and administration in northern Canada, namely the Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut and the waters of the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay...
responsible for activities previously carried out by Canadian Forces North Area.
Expeditionary Force Command
Canadian Expeditionary Force Command
Canadian Expeditionary Force Command is an operational element of the Canadian Forces for operations outside of Canada....
(French: Commandement de la Force expéditionnaire du Canada) is an operational element of the Canadian Forces for operations outside of Canada
. Under the CF structure, Canadian Expeditionary Forces Command (CEFCOM) is the unified command that is responsible for all Canadian Forces (CF) international operations, with the exception of operations conducted solely by Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
Canadian Special Operations Forces Command , is a command of the Canadian Forces...
elements.
Special Operations Forces Command
The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a unit capable of operating as an independent formation, but is primarily focused on generating Special Operations Forces (SOF) elements to support CANCOM and CEFCOM, and includes Joint Task Force 2
Joint Task Force 2
Joint Task Force 2 is an elite Special Operations Force of the Canadian Armed Forces primarily tasked with counter-terrorism operations...
(JTF2) based at Dwyer Hill Training Center, the Canadian Special Operations Regiment
(CSOR) and the 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron
427 Squadron
427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron is a tactical helicopter unit that provides aviation support to Canadian Special Operations Forces Command. The squadron is based at CFB Petawawa, Ontario with a fleet of Bell CH-146 Griffon helicopters. It was originally founded as No...
(SOAS) at CFB Petawawa, as well as the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) at CFB Trenton (and CFB Kingston).
Operational Support Command
The Canadian Operational Support Command is responsible for handling many of the support elements of the Canadian Forces such as the military police
Canadian Forces Military Police
The Canadian Forces Military Police provide military police services to the Canadian Forces.Canadian Military Police are unusual in that they are classified as Peace Officers in the Criminal Code of Canada, which gives them the same powers as civilian law enforcement personnel to enforce Acts of...
, health services
Canadian Forces Health Services Group
The Canadian Forces Health Services Group is a formation of the Canadian Forces within the Military Personnel Command reporting to the Chief of Military Personnel...
and logistics
Logistics Branch (Canadian Forces)
The Logistics Branch is a personnel branch of the Canadian Forces . In April 2007, the CF Armed Forces Council decided to incorporate the Personnel Selection Branch into the Logistics branch.-Unification:...
Information Management Group
Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Forces communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units: the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ), the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC), the Canadian Forces Network Operation Centre (CFNOC), the Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre (CFSOC), the Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Leitrim
CFS Leitrim
Canadian Forces Station Leitrim, also referred to as CFS Leitrim, is an important Canadian Forces Station located in the neighbourhood of Leitrim near Ottawa, Ontario...
, and the 764 Communications Squadron. In June 2011 the Canadian Forces Chief of Force Development announced the establishment of a new organization headed by a Brigadier General to deal with cyber warfare.
Canadian Forces Reserve Force
The Canadian Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat.
Primary Reserve
Approximately 26,000 citizen soldiers, sailors, and airmen and women, trained to the level of and interchangeable with their Regular Force counterparts, and posted to CF operations or duties on a casual or ongoing basis, make up the Canadian Forces Primary Reserve
Canadian Forces Primary Reserve
The Primary Reserve is a reserve force of the Canadian Forces. It is the largest of the four sub-components of the CF reserves; those being the Primary Reserve, the Supplementary Reserve, the Canadian Rangers, and the Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service .The reserve force is...
. This group is represented, though not commanded, at NDHQ by the Chief of Reserves and Cadets, who is usually a major general
Major general or major-general is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. A major general is a high-ranking officer, normally subordinate to the rank of lieutenant general and senior to the ranks of brigadier and brigadier general...
or rear admiral
Rear Admiral
Rear admiral is a naval commissioned officer rank above that of a commodore and captain, and below that of a vice admiral. It is generally regarded as the lowest of the "admiral" ranks, which are also sometimes referred to as "flag officers" or "flag ranks"...
, and is divided into four components that are each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the Regular Force the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES) in addition to one force that does not fall under an environmental command, the Health Services Reserve.
Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service
The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service
The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service is a sub-component of the Canadian Forces Reserve Force whose members have undertaken as their primary duty the supervision, administration and training of cadets and Junior Canadian Rangers....
(COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement
Canadian Cadet Movement
The Canadian Cadet Organizations, marketed under the term Cadets Canada, are youth cadet programs known as the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets, Army Cadets, and Air Cadets...
. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre
Cadet Instructors Cadre
The Cadet Instructors Cadre Branch consists of approximately 7,500 Canadian Forces officers whose primary duty is the safety, supervision, administration and training of Royal Canadian Sea, Army, and Air cadets...
branch of the CF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part time (Class A) or full time (Class B) may be held on the COATS "Inactive List" in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve.
Canadian Rangers
The Canadian Rangers
The Canadian Rangers are a sub-component of the Canadian Forces reserve that provide a military presence in Canada's sparsely settled northern, coastal, and isolated areas. Formally established on May 23, 1947, a primary role of this part-time force is to conduct surveillance or sovereignty...
, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic
The Arctic is a region located at the northern-most part of the Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean and parts of Canada, Russia, Greenland, the United States, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. The Arctic region consists of a vast, ice-covered ocean, surrounded by treeless permafrost...
and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty
Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided...
over its northern territory.
Although the Canadian Forces are a single service, there are three similar but distinctive environmental uniforms
(DEUs): navy blue (which looks black) for the navy, rifle green for the army, and light blue for the air force. CF members in operational occupations generally wear the DEU to which their occupation "belongs." CF members in non-operational occupations (the "purple" trades) are allocated a uniform according to the "distribution" of their branch within the CF, association of the branch with one of the former services, and the individual's initial preference (once a DEU is assigned, it is difficult to change, without remustering). Therefore, on any given day, in any given CF unit, all three coloured uniforms may be seen.
The uniforms of the CF are sub-divided into five orders of dress:
Ceremonial dress
Full dress
Full dress is a category dress codes that refers to most formal clothing available in Western society.-Civilian:For a civilian, during the Victorian and Edwardian period, this corresponded to a frock coat in the day, and white tie at night...
, including regimental full dress, patrol dress, naval "high-collar" whites, and service dress uniforms with ceremonial accoutrements such as swords, white web belts, gloves, etc.;
Mess dress
Mess dress is the military term for the formal evening dress worn in the mess or at other formal occasions. It is also known as mess uniform and mess kit...
, which ranges from full mess kit with mess jacket, cummerbund
A cummerbund is a broad waist sash, usually pleated, which is often worn with single-breasted dinner jackets . The cummerbund was first adopted by British military officers in colonial India as an alternative to a waistcoat, and later spread to civilian use...
, or waistcoat
A waistcoat or vest is a sleeveless upper-body garment worn over a dress shirt and necktie and below a coat as a part of most men's formal wear, and as the third piece of the three-piece male business suit.-Characteristics and use:...
, etc., to service dress with bow tie;
Service dress, also called a walking-out or duty uniform, is the military equivalent of the business suit, with an optional white summer uniform for naval CF members;
Operational dress, an originally specialized uniform for wear in an operational environment, now for everyday wear on base or in garrison; and
Occupational dress, which is specialized uniform articles for particular occupations (e.g., medical/ dental).
Only service dress is suitable for CF members to wear on any occasion, barring "dirty work" or combat. With gloves, swords, and medals (No. 1 or 1A), it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and "dressed down" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although still defined for the Air Force uniform), operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF, unless service dress is prescribed (such as at the NDHQ, on parades, at public events, etc.). Approved parka
An anorak or parka is a type of heavy jacket with a hood, often lined with fur or fake fur, so as to protect the face from a combination of freezing temperatures and wind...
s are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days. The navy, most army, and some other units have, for very specific occasions, a ceremonial/regimental full dress, such as the naval "high-collar" white uniform, kilted Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments, and the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military Colleges.
Authorized headdress for the Canadian Forces are the service cap
A peaked cap, forage cap, barracks cover, or combination cap is a form of headgear worn by the armed forces of many nations and also by many uniformed civilian organizations such as law enforcement agencies...
(male and female versions), beret
Military beret
Berets have been a component of the uniforms of many armed forces throughout the world since the mid-20th century. Military berets are usually pushed to the right to free the shoulder that bears the rifle on most soldiers, but the armies of some European countries have influenced the push to the...
, wedge cap
Garrison cap
A Side cap is a foldable military cap with straight sides and a creased or hollow crown sloping to the back where it is parted. It is known as a garrison cap , a wedge cap , or officially field service cap, , but it is more generally known as the side cap.It follows the style which...
, ballcap
A baseball cap is a type of soft cap with a rounded stiff brim. The front of the cap typically contains designs or logos of sports teams ,...
, Yukon cap
Canadian military fur wedge cap
The Canadian military fur wedge cap, "envelope busby", or Astrakhan busby is a uniform hat worn by the Canadian military and RCMP. The outside of the cap is entirely covered in real or synthetic fur and is shaped like a wedge. When not being worn the cap folds flat...
, and tuque
A – variously known as a knit hat or stocking cap among other names – is a knitted cap, originally of wool though now often of synthetic fibers, that is designed to provide warmth in winter...
(toque). Each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn: navy (white or navy blue), army (rifle green or "regimental" colour), air force (light blue). Adherents of the Sikh faith may wear uniform turban
In English, Turban refers to several types of headwear popularly worn in the Middle East, North Africa, Punjab, Jamaica and Southwest Asia. A commonly used synonym is Pagri, the Indian word for turban.-Styles:...
s (dastar) (or patka
Pátka
- External links :*...
, when operational) and Muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijab
The word "hijab" or "'" refers to both the head covering traditionally worn by Muslim women and modest Muslim styles of dress in general....
s under their authorized headdress. Jews may wear yarmulke
Kippah
A kippah or kipa , also known as a yarmulke , kapele , is a hemispherical or platter-shaped head cover, usually made of cloth, often worn by Orthodox Jewish men to fulfill the customary requirement that their head be covered at all times, and sometimes worn by both men and, less frequently, women...
under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded. The beret
is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress (with the exception of the more formal orders of Navy and Air Force dress), and the colour of which is determined by the wearer's environment, branch, or mission. Naval personnel, however, seldom wear berets, preferring either service cap or authorized ballcaps (shipboard operational dress), which only the Navy wear. Air Force personnel, particularly officers, prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress. There is no naval variant of the wedge cap. The Yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress, although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year-round as a watch cap. Soldiers in Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress, including the glengarry
, balmoral
Balmoral bonnet
The Balmoral is a traditional Scottish hat that can be worn as part of formal or informal Highland dress. Dating back to at least the 16th century, it takes the form of a knitted, soft wool cap with a flat crown...
, tam o'shanter
, and caubeen
Caubeen
The caubeen is an Irish beret. It was formerly worn by peasants; however, it has since been adopted as the headdress of the Irish regiments of the British and Commonwealth armies, where its formal name is the "Bonnet, Irish, Green".-Name:...
instead of the beret. The officer cadets of both Royal Military Colleges wear gold-braided "pillbox" (cavalry) caps with their ceremonial dress
and have a unique fur "Astrakhan"
for winter wear. The Canadian Army wears the CG634
The CG634 are the Canadian Forces' main combat helmet. Introduced in 1997 and based on the French SPECTRA helmet.-History:The Canadian military sought a replacement for the steel M1 Helmet in the 1980s. It trialled the American PASGT and the related French SPECTRA helmets, before deciding to adopt...
Military expenditures
The Constitution of Canada
gives the federal government
The Government of Canada, formally Her Majesty's Government, is the system whereby the federation of Canada is administered by a common authority; in Canadian English, the term can mean either the collective set of institutions or specifically the Queen-in-Council...
exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget
Canadian federal budget
In Canada, federal budgets are presented annually by the Government of Canada to identify planned government spending, expected government revenue, and forecast economic conditions for the upcoming year....
. For the 2008-2009 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was CAD$
The Canadian dollar is the currency of Canada. As of 2007, the Canadian dollar is the 7th most traded currency in the world. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies...
18.9 billion. This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional CAD$12.5 billion over five years, as well as a commitment to increasing regular force troop levels by 5,000 persons, and the primary reserve by 3,000 over the same period. In 2006, a further CAD$5.3 billion over five years was provided to allow for 13,000 more regular force members, and 10,000 more primary reserve personnel, as well as CAD$17.1 billion for the purchase of new trucks for the Canadian Army, transport aircraft and helicopters for the Royal Canadian Air Force, and joint support ships
Joint Support Ship Project
The Joint Support Ship Project is a project undertaken by the Canadian Forces to provide Canada with three multirole naval vessels. The Joint Support Ship will enable a Naval Task Group to remain at sea for up to six times longer than is currently possible...
for the Royal Canadian Navy.
Authorized marches of the Canadian Forces
The following is a list of the notable authorized marches for various organizations of the Canadian Forces. The first march listed is the march most commonly performed for that organization on parade; it is commonly referred to simply as that organization's "march" or "march past"...
Canadian Forces order of precedence
All units of the Canadian Forces have an order of precedence that determines seniority; it often decides such matters as which unit forms up to the right of other units on a ceremonial parade, or the order in which marches or calls are played at a mess dinner.-Order of precedence:# Royal Military...
Canadian Forces Radio and Television
English: Canadian Forces Radio and Television , French: Radiotélévision des Forces canadiennes , is a television and radio network system broadcast by satellite to those members of the Canadian Forces ground forces who are serving overseas in places such as the Middle East, Africa and Europe and,...
Code of Service Discipline
The Code of Service Discipline is the basis of the Canadian Forcesmilitary justice system. The CSD is designed to assist military commanders in maintaining discipline, efficiency, and morale within theCF. It is found in Part III of the National Defence Act...
Future Canadian Forces projects
-Canadian Army:-Royal Canadian Air Force:-Royal Canadian Navy:...
List of Canadian military operations
List of infantry weapons and equipment of the Canadian military
North Warning System
The North Warning System is a joint United States and Canadian radar system for the atmospheric air defense of North America. It provides surveillance of airspace from potential incursions or attacks from across North America's polar region...
Communications Security Establishment Canada
}} }}
Faces of War at Library and Archives Canada
Official website of the Royal Canadian Navy
Official website of the Canadian Army
Official website of the Royal Canadian Air Force
Combat Camera – Official CF photo website (Note: image licencing is not compatible with Wikipedia licences)


text:
-Opinion
Opinion / Other Reader Opinion
Consider This: The time to plan the future governance of Devens is now
by Victor Normand
Consider This: Choices we make about mitigating climate change will impact our future
by Ellen Sachs Leicher
Consider This: Preserving Prospect Hill Community Orchard conserves open space and agriculture, provides hunger relief
Consider This: Change Columbus Day to Indigenous Peoples Day
by Jackie Normand and Meg Bagdonas
Consider This: The Ayer Road Vision for the Future project can yield a mixed-use district that is walkable, attractive, and fiscally responsible
by Chris Ryan
Logged-on paid subscribers
may browse the ARCHIVES for older reader opinion articles.
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MassDevelopment board adds three years to CEO Rivera's contract 12/23/2022
Tigers lose first ice hockey games of 2023 but hold top conference spot 1/13/2023
Fusion breakthrough: A milestone for researchers, immaterial for Commonwealth Fusion 12/16/2022
Littleton/Bromfield hockey team gets third win in a row 12/23/2022
Select Board grants one-year pouring license to Carlson Orchards 1/13/2023
Volunteers haul ruined boats, barrels, towing tubes, other trash from pond 1/13/2023
Devens intake center opens; DEC sets conditions 12/16/2022
Drone leads searchers to lost dog in Devens 12/23/2022
Sports Roundup: December 23, 2022 12/23/2022
Despite pandemic disruption, Harvard students score well on MCAS 12/16/2022
Looking back at 2022: A photographic year in review 12/23/2022
Scams are on the rise, and they take many forms 1/20/2023
Roxana Trabulsi publishes novel based on stories of her parents' oppression in Yemen 1/13/2023
Flight to safety leads Ukrainian family to Harvard 12/16/2022
2022 Charitable Giving Guide 12/23/2022
Take a Hike: A walk from a Harvard hilltop 12/16/2022
Take a Hike: Starting the new year with a walk and cookies 1/13/2023
Third-generation owners open Daigneault Liquors on Ayer Road 12/23/2022
Shelf Space: What's new at the Harvard Public Library, 1/13/23 1/13/2023
Remembering those we lost in 2022 1/13/2023

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
module RailsAdminBase::ActiveRecord
  module Position
    class GetMissingNumberFailer  < StandardError;end

    def get_missing_number(table_name: nil, target_column_name: nil)
      table_name ||= self.class.table_name
      sql = <<-"SQL_EOS".strip_heredoc
        SELECT
            MIN( #{target_column_name} + 1 ) AS #{target_column_name}
        FROM
          #{table_name}
        WHERE
            (#{target_column_name} + 1) NOT IN (SELECT #{target_column_name} FROM #{table_name})
      SQL_EOS

      results = self.class.find_by_sql(sql)

      if results.size != 1
        raise GetMissingNumberFailer
      end

      results.first[target_column_name].to_i
    end

    def renumbering(table_name: nil, target_column_name: nil)
      # 自動整列
      table_name ||= self.class.table_name
      target_column_name ||= "position"
      sql = <<-"SQL_EOS".strip_heredoc
          update #{table_name}
            inner join
              ( select * from
                (
                  select @i:=@i+1 as rownum,id,#{target_column_name} from (select @i:=0) as dummy, #{table_name}
                  order by #{target_column_name}
                ) as auto_numbering
              ) as row_number
            on
              #{table_name}.id = row_number.id
           set #{table_name}.#{target_column_name} = row_number.rownum
      SQL_EOS

      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql)
    end

    def get_missing_number_from_numbering_scope_constant(target_column_name: 'position')
      placeholder, where_value = get_where_and_assign_value

      sql = <<-"SQL_EOS".strip_heredoc
          SELECT
            MIN( #{target_column_name} + 1 ) AS #{target_column_name}
          FROM
            #{self.class.table_name}
          WHERE
              #{where_value} AND
              (#{target_column_name} + 1) NOT IN (SELECT #{target_column_name} FROM #{self.class.table_name} where #{where_value})
        SQL_EOS

      sql = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, [sql, placeholder])
      results = self.class.find_by_sql(sql)

      raise GetMissingNumberFailer if results.size != 1

      results.first[target_column_name].to_i
    end

    def renumbering_from_numbering_scope_constant(target_column_name: 'position')
      placeholder, where_value = get_where_and_assign_value

      where_value = "where (#{where_value})" if where_value.present?

      # 自動整列
      sql = <<-"SQL_EOS".strip_heredoc
          update #{self.class.table_name}
            inner join
              ( select * from
                (
                  select @i:=@i+1 as rownum,id,#{target_column_name} from (select @i:=0) as dummy, #{self.class.table_name}
                  #{where_value}
                  order by #{target_column_name}
                ) as auto_numbering
              ) as row_number
            on
              #{self.class.table_name}.id = row_number.id
           set #{self.class.table_name}.#{target_column_name} = row_number.rownum
      SQL_EOS

      sql = ActiveRecord::Base.send(:sanitize_sql_array, [sql, placeholder])
      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql)
    end

    def get_where_and_assign_value
      placeholder = {}
      where_values  = []
      self.class::NUMBERING_SCOPE.each do |scope|
        where_values << "`#{self.class.table_name}`.`#{scope}` = :#{scope}"
        placeholder[scope] = send(scope)
      end
      where_value = where_values.join(' AND ')
      [placeholder, where_value]
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Welcome to Week 6 of the Orthopaedic Institute of Central Jersey Player of the Week voting. As usual, the ballot consists of six divisional players of the week and two wild cards with a quick recap of the week that each of the candidates had, as well as some honorable mentions.
CBA had a statement week that ended with an 11-point win at Freehold Township and a 22-point win over Red Bank Catholic within a span of 24 hours. Braunstein hit he 20-point mark in all three of his team's wins last week, beginning with a 22-point outing in a win over Howell. The senior guard followed that up with 23 points in the win at Freehold Township and 20 more in the rout of RBC. Braunstein is now within 56 points of scoring 1,000 for his career and he and senior teammate Josh Cohen would become the first pair from the same graduating glass at CBA to both score 1,000 in their respective careers.
Smith led Raritan in scoring in each of its three games this week, including his best performance of the week in the Rockets' biggest win. After opening the week with 12 points in a win over Henry Hudson, Smith put up 19 points and 10 rebounds in Raritan's 51-44 win over Red Bank Catholic on Tuesday. Raritan stubbed its toe with a 35-34 loss to Shore to close the week and Smith led the way for the Rockets in that one with 16 points and 14 boards.
Spence and his Mariners just get better and better every week. Toms River North turned in another 3-0 week to run its winning streak to 13 and in the process, Spence averaged 28.3 points during the week. He opened the week with 26 points and 10 assists in a Toms River North win over Brick Memorial, followed that up with a career-high 37 points in a win over Southern and closed the week with 22 points and four assists against Donovan Catholic.
Miller is already a 1,000-point scorer as a junior and is averaging 19.6 per game, so 36 points in two games is nothing out of the ordinary for the Spartans guard. It was the opponents Ocean beat this week and the timing of Miller's points that made all the difference. His 20 points helped the Spartans knock off Matawan to open the week and on Friday, Miller pulled up for a 23-foot three-pointer at the buzzer to beat first-place Wall, 56-55, and cap a 16-point performance.
Prior to Ranney's 62-60 loss to Gill St. Bernard on Jan. 27, Antoine had never scored fewer than 10 points in any game during his four-year high school career. Not only did he score nine against Gill but he also scored eight the next night against Keansburg in limited minutes. After two quiet games, Antoine broke out with a 25-point performance on 10-for-15 shooting in Ranney's biggest win of the year and perhaps ever – a 61-49 win over the No. 1 team in the state, Roselle Catholic. Antoine also picked off six steals in that game to help lead the defensive effort. The Villanova-bound guard capped the week with 30 points against Henry Hudson and is now 20 points away from becoming the Shore Conference's all-time leading scorer.
Barnegat entered last week long shots to make the Shore Conference Tournament but increased its chances dramatically with three wins. Baker was the standout in two of them, scoring 15 points in a buzzer-beating win over Lacey to open the week on Monday and topping that career-high on Thursday against Manchester. The sophomore poured in 18 points as the Bengals rallied to beat the Hawks on yet another buzzer-beater to get to 8-11 overall.
The Colonials senior stepped up during an impressive week for his team, which included an upset win over Middletown South and a third win over Manalapan. Davis scored 16 points to put the Colonials in position to shock Middletown South on Tuesday, then led a balanced effort with 12 points in a win over the Braves. Davis – a standout receiver on the football team as well – also scored 14 points on Saturday in a 49-43 loss to Toms River East.
Kaufman appears in this space yet again after a record-setting week last week. The senior posted a career-high 32 points to go with 13 rebounds in a 72-67, shootout win over Long Branch to open the week and on Thursday, Kaufman scored 15 points in a big 59-47 win for his Mustangs. With those 15 points, Kaufman became Marlboro's all-time leading scorer, passing 2005 graduate Rodney Soloman. After scoring 15 more points in a win over Neptune on Saturday to cap Marlboro's 3-0 week, Kaufman has 1,140 points for his career.


Have you heard of Shabby Apple? If not, you are in for a real treat. Shabby Apple is an online store with an amazing selection of gorgeous vintage inspired clothing. It's so hard for me to look throughout their site without pulling out my debit card and spending all of my money.
I was recently contacted by the lovely people over at Shabby Apple to do a dress review. When looking through their gorgeous collection, I was immediately drawn to the Snap Dragon dress. Not only is the dress absolutely stunning but it also has buttons near the chest area. It's so hard to find vintage dresses that button up (for easy nursing access).
This dress is extremely comfortable and fitted in all of the right places. I personally like that it isn't fitted around the hips since it's usually hard for me to find dresses that fit my hips and upper body. I personally think I have large upper arms for my body and was a bit worried that the dress would be too tight around my arms. Fortunately, the sleeves fit perfectly along with the rest of the dress. This is easily my new favorite dress, I love everything about it.. the bright colors, the fit, and that it looks like something that would have been worn in the 50's.
Head on over to Shabby Apple and take a look around. They have clothing for all different shapes and sizes. You can also follow them along on Facebook and Instagram for sneak peaks of new arrivals and specials.
Love this! I have been courting Shabby Apple for awhile now but haven't yet purchased anything, heading over now to see what they have currently available!
Let me just say that the dress is nice but your shoes are what really make the outfit. Simple and stunning!
love the colors of that dress and your shoes are too cute!
Love this dress! Shabby Apple seriously always has the best stuff! You pull off this look so fabulously and look amazing! Love your blog!!
Gah!! I NEED to get a Shabby Apple dress! Haha. I always love the posts from bloggers but I have never found a dress that I love at a time that I can afford it! Haha. Someday!! :] I love the dress you picked out!
That dress is just so gorgeous! It looks so lovely on you!
Ooooool! I especially love the shoes!


text:
Increased Investment Activity Demonstrates the Appeal of Senior Housing Assets
So far this week we've discussed how increased investments in seniors housing from foreign investors, domestic providers, and REITs are providing evidence of the robustness of the sector and the attractiveness of senior housing assets. Today we will provide additional examples of transactions that demonstrate the appeal of these assets. Before interest rates rise as they are projected to, senior living providers and investors who are anxious to make additional investments in the space should continue to look to Cambridge Realty Capital and the many different programs that it offers for financing acquisitions and other wealth generating investment transactions.
Newcastle Investment Corp. Grows its Senior Housing Portfolio
Newcastle Investment Corp. recently had an earnings call where it expounded on its growing investments in seniors housing. For example, in January Newcastle acquired two senior housing properties for $26 million and it is currently under contract to purchase 15 more senior housing facilities for a total price of $319 million. Newcastle believes strongly that this is money well spent given the growth in the industry and projections that demand for these properties will continue to grow for some time as the nation's population gets older and the improving economy gives seniors additional means with which to transition into seniors housing. Indeed, Andrew White, Newcastle's managing director and head of senior housing expressed his confidence in these purchases with his statement during the earnings call that, "As we discussed in the past, [the senior housing market] continues to be [a] market that is dominated by smaller players, which we think creates an opportunity to build value through consolidation." Newcastle's strategy of consolidation through acquisitions is paying off nicely for the company. For example, it reported a 26% increase in core earnings for the quarter largely because of the performance of 52 properties that it acquired at the end of 2013. Newcastle's increased earnings indicate that its consolidation through acquisitions strategy has already begun to pay dividends for it and now other industry participants are exploring a similar strategy to see if it can work for them as well.
Health Care REIT Increases Its Investments in Senior Housing
Health Care REIT is a real estate investment trust that invests in health care systems and senior housing assets. It has recently ramped up efforts to grow its senior housing portfolio through various transactions including one involving a California senior housing operator. In this transaction Health Care REIT invested $386 million to purchase a joint venture (JV) interest in a senior housing portfolio that is operated by Senior Resource Group. The portfolio consists of 10 properties that are located in California, Portland, Phoenix, and Tucson and they include independent living, assisted living, and memory care units as well. Other partners in the JV include the Public Sector Pension Investment Board, one of Canada's largest pension investment managers and Senior Resource Group's management team. During the first quarter Health Care REIT's funds from operations per share increased by 10% when compared to the same period from a year earlier and according to its management team, this increase was due largely to $542 million in investments that it made in the first quarter and an 8.1% increase in its senior housing operating portfolio.
As the improving economy and favorable demographics continue to drive demand for senior housing services, investments in senior housing continue to increase and more importantly, continue to pay dividends for providers and investors. Accordingly, industry participants and others who are interested in boosting their holdings in the space through an acquisition, JV, or other method should contact the successful Chicago-based financing firmCambridge Realty Capital for their financing needs.
Increased Investment Activity Demonstrates the Appeal of Senior Housing Assets2014-05-152021-09-01http://cambridgecap.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Cambridge-Senior-Housing-Capital.pngCambridge Realty Capitalhttp://cambridgecap.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Cambridge-Senior-Housing-Capital.png200px200px
Diverse Acquisitions Continue to Take Place in Senior HousingCambridge News
Acquisition Based Strategies Continue to Drive Investment Activity in Senior HousingCambridge News


text:
Hiiumaa (Duits (hist.) en Zweeds: Dagö, Russisch: Chioema, in het Estisch hiid (heilig bos) en maa (land) is het op een na grootste eiland van Estland en vormt een provincie (maakond) van dat land. Het eiland vormt een geheel met het kleinere Kassari, dat door middel van twee dammen met Hiiumaa is verbonden. Het meet 1023 km² (inclusief 19,3 km² voor Kassari) en het telt 9381 inwoners (2021). Het ligt ten noorden van het grotere Saaremaa in de Oostzee. Hoofdplaats is Kärdla aan de noordkust, dat ook de provinciehoofdstad is.

Geografie
Hiiumaa is, ook voor Estische begrippen, zeer dicht bebost en dunbevolkt. De meeste inwoners wonen in de plaatsjes langs de kust. Het hoogste punt van het eiland (68,5 m) ligt op het westelijke schiereiland Kõpu, waar zich ook de voornaamste bezienswaardigheid van Hiiumaa bevindt: een vijftiende-eeuwse vuurtoren.

Cultuur
Hiiumaa is armer aan cultuurhistorische bezienswaardigheden dan het buureiland Saaremaa. Er staat één veertiende-eeuwse kerk: in Pühalepa. Wel speelt Hiiumaa een opmerkelijke rol in de Estische muziekgeschiedenis: zowel de vroeg-twintigste-eeuwse componist Rudolf Tobias als de tegenwoordig buiten Estland ruim bekende Erkki-Sven Tüür zijn er geboren. Bovendien speelt het plaatsje Reigi een hoofdrol in een van Estlands bekendste opera's, De dominee van Reigi van Eduard Tubin.

Verkeer
Hiiumaa heeft een luchthaven, Kärdla lennujaam, met een lijndienst naar Tallinn. Daarnaast zijn er veerverbindingen van Heltermaa aan de oostkust met Rohuküla op het vasteland en Sõru aan de zuidkust met Triigi op Saaremaa.

Foto's

Voormalige gemeenten
Sinds 2017 bestaat Hiiumaa uit slechts één gemeente. Hiervoor bestond het uit vier gemeenten:
 Emmaste
 Hiiu
 Käina
 Pühalepa

Historische provincie van Estland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Over the last five years we have published our end of year review of the best free icon sets for designers and developers. So, as 2013 begins to close we have just finished reviewing, compiling and categorizing our latest review. This really is the best one ever!
The icons have all been split into categories: There is a fantastic selection of web icon fonts, versatile & general sets, and thin & line sets, we also have an obligatory section for flat icons, which have been trending this year, and we also small sections for mini icons, mobile-specific icons, payment services & ecommerce sets, and finally some top-notch social icons.
Yep, we have covered it all!
If you feel we have missed any sets from this year, could you let us know in the comments.
You might also like the Top 50 Free Icon Sets from 2016, 2015, 2014, 2012, and 2011.


Everyone knows that Ben Stiller is a great comedy actor. His promising career started in 1986 and he has participated in several acting projects. In 1994 he directed "Reality Bites" and since then his greatest directing achievement was "Tropic Thunder" in 2008. But Ben Stiller directing career saw this year a really great improvement with "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty".
"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" its the story of a day-dreamer, Walter, interpreted by Ben Stiller, who works at Life magazine and escapes his anonymous life by disappearing into a world of fantasies. To find the picture that will be in the final cover of the magazine, Walter has to take action embarking on a journey that will be more extraordinary than anything he could have ever imagined.
Walter's epic journey to find Sean and the lost picture will entertain you a lot and despite its predictable ending, "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" manages to be funny and sweet and if you like "feel-good" movies, this one will not disappoint you. The Ben Stiller who we are all used to see in several comedy movies will surprise you with this great and moving adventure. A movie made for everyone about enjoying life and all the great things it offers to us.


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><!-- Copyright 2021 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
     Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
     found in the LICENSE file. -->

<shape
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:shape="rectangle">

  <corners android:radius="25dp"/>
</shape>


text:
Q: How to plot a surface from a set of data? Disclaimer: I already read questions like 2D surface on a 3D surface plot external data in a file and 3D surface plots in TikZ but these did not solve my problem.
I have this set of data:
x       y       z
2.17    0.001   0.82044815
2.17    0.002   0.82345825
2.17    0.004   0.82679255
2.17    0.008   0.83334715
2.17    0.016   0.84395915
2.17    0.032   0.8584953
2.21    0.001   0.77582165
2.21    0.003   0.78520505
2.21    0.009   0.80205985
2.21    0.027   0.83085105
2.24    0.001   0.7227885
2.24    0.002   0.73391615
2.24    0.005   0.7543979
2.24    0.015   0.78798745
2.24    0.003   0.74176635
2.24    0.009   0.77064805
2.24    0.027   0.81042375
2.26    0.001   0.66545585
2.26    0.003   0.7012046
2.26    0.005   0.721067
2.26    0.009   0.7447984
2.26    0.015   0.76715245
2.26    0.027   0.794177
2.27    0.001   0.62916195
2.27    0.003   0.6774642
2.27    0.009   0.72961785
2.27    0.027   0.7861086
2.28    0.001   0.5750828
2.28    0.003   0.65059675
2.28    0.005   0.6802631
2.28    0.009   0.7145367
2.28    0.015   0.74447695
2.28    0.027   0.7774403
2.29    0.001   0.51357255
2.29    0.002   0.581053
2.29    0.003   0.6173075
2.29    0.009   0.6972096
2.29    0.027   0.76793225
2.31    0.001   0.36997965
2.31    0.002   0.474415
2.31    0.003   0.53649295
2.31    0.009   0.6587164
2.31    0.016   0.70870255
2.31    0.027   0.7482423
2.31    0.05    0.7912395
2.34    0.001   0.2204104
2.34    0.002   0.316308
2.34    0.003   0.39256745
2.34    0.004   0.45240835
2.34    0.009   0.5883453
2.34    0.016   0.6590771
2.34    0.027   0.71444205
2.34    0.05    0.7690014
2.38    0.001   0.13286995
2.38    0.002   0.1828288
2.38    0.004   0.2980268
2.38    0.008   0.4507145
2.38    0.016   0.58417075
2.38    0.032   0.6833616

And if I plot it in Mathematica (with ListPlot3D[data]) it looks, without further tweaking and fiddling around, like:

But if I try this pgfplots code
\begin{tikzpicture}
  \begin{axis}
    \addplot3 [surf] table {data.txt};
  \end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}

I only get this:

What do I have to do to get a surface like in Mathematica (color, smoothness, style, etc. does not matter, just a closed surface)?

A: pgfplots supports two input formats for closed surfaces: either a regular grid (i.e. matrix form with N rows and M cols) or free-form patches where you have to triangulate the surface and provide the patches either as adjacency matrix or one patch after the other.
You can find details about both formats in the manual sections for the surfplot handler or the patch plot handler.
It cannot triangular your data automatically. Consequently, you would need a 3rd party tool to convert it. This can be mathematica as in your screenshot. Judging from that screenshot, it seems that mathematica has interpolated it on a regular grid. If you export that grid in a CSV file, you can immediately read that file by means of pgfplots.

A: If you have octave installed, you can triangulate the data from within your LaTeX document using the \addplot shell functionality and plot it using the patch plot style.

\documentclass[border= 5mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}

\begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
    \begin{axis}
        \addplot3 [patch, patch table={triangles.txt}
   ] shell {echo "data=dlmread('data.txt');
    tri=delaunay(data(:,1), data(:,2));
    dlmwrite('triangles.txt',tri-1,' ');
    disp(data)" | octave --silent};
    \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

You can also grid the data:

\documentclass[border= 5mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}

\begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
    \begin{axis}
    \addplot3 [surf, mesh/cols=50, z buffer=sort, restrict z to domain=0:inf, shader=faceted interp] shell {
    echo "
        data=dlmread('data.txt');
        res=\pgfkeysvalueof{/pgfplots/mesh/cols};
        [xx,yy] = meshgrid(linspace(min(data(:,1)), max(data(:,1)),res), linspace(min(data(:,2)), max(data(:,2)),res));
        zz=griddata(data(:,1),data(:,2),data(:,3),xx,yy);
        zz(isnan(zz))=-999;
        disp([xx(:) yy(:) zz(:)])
    " | octave --silent};
    \addplot3 [only marks] file {data.txt};
    \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Gnuplot could be used to interpolate scattered data, but the available interpolation functions don't work particularly well for this dataset.

\documentclass[border= 5mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}

\begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
    \begin{axis}
    \addplot3 [surf] gnuplot [raw gnuplot] {
        set dgrid3d 30,30 spline;
        splot 'data.txt';
    };
    \addplot3 [only marks] table {data.txt};
    \end{axis}
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

A:
Check out this kind of a closed surface, produced
with the Asymptote. A brief description:

*

*The data are stored in a file s.dat;

*since the data are not based on a regular grid,
a 2d triangulation is used on x,y points;

*a surface is constructed from corresponding 3d triangles;

*z-value and two colors, pzmin and pzmax are used to color it.

irrsurf.tex
\begin{filecontents*}{s.dat}
#x       y       z
2.17    0.001   0.82044815
2.17    0.002   0.82345825
2.17    0.004   0.82679255
2.17    0.008   0.83334715
2.17    0.016   0.84395915
2.17    0.032   0.8584953
2.21    0.001   0.77582165
2.21    0.003   0.78520505
2.21    0.009   0.80205985
2.21    0.027   0.83085105
2.24    0.001   0.7227885
2.24    0.002   0.73391615
2.24    0.005   0.7543979
2.24    0.015   0.78798745
2.24    0.003   0.74176635
2.24    0.009   0.77064805
2.24    0.027   0.81042375
2.26    0.001   0.66545585
2.26    0.003   0.7012046
2.26    0.005   0.721067
2.26    0.009   0.7447984
2.26    0.015   0.76715245
2.26    0.027   0.794177
2.27    0.001   0.62916195
2.27    0.003   0.6774642
2.27    0.009   0.72961785
2.27    0.027   0.7861086
2.28    0.001   0.5750828
2.28    0.003   0.65059675
2.28    0.005   0.6802631
2.28    0.009   0.7145367
2.28    0.015   0.74447695
2.28    0.027   0.7774403
2.29    0.001   0.51357255
2.29    0.002   0.581053
2.29    0.003   0.6173075
2.29    0.009   0.6972096
2.29    0.027   0.76793225
2.31    0.001   0.36997965
2.31    0.002   0.474415
2.31    0.003   0.53649295
2.31    0.009   0.6587164
2.31    0.016   0.70870255
2.31    0.027   0.7482423
2.31    0.05    0.7912395
2.34    0.001   0.2204104
2.34    0.002   0.316308
2.34    0.003   0.39256745
2.34    0.004   0.45240835
2.34    0.009   0.5883453
2.34    0.016   0.6590771
2.34    0.027   0.71444205
2.34    0.05    0.7690014
2.38    0.001   0.13286995
2.38    0.002   0.1828288
2.38    0.004   0.2980268
2.38    0.008   0.4507145
2.38    0.016   0.58417075
2.38    0.032   0.6833616
\end{filecontents*}
\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage[inline]{asymptote}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}
\begin{asy}
settings.outformat="pdf";
settings.prc=false;
settings.render=0;

import graph3;
size3(200,200,80,IgnoreAspect);
size(300,300,IgnoreAspect);

file fin=input("s.dat");
real[][] A=fin.dimension(0,3);
A=transpose(A);

real xmin=min(A[0]);
real xmax=max(A[0]);
real ymin=min(A[1]);
real ymax=max(A[1]);
real zmin=min(A[2]);
real zmax=max(A[2]);

currentprojection=orthographic(
camera=(18.8549512615229,-2.05615180783542,61.9196974622481),
up=Z,
target=0.5((xmin,ymin,zmin)+(xmax,ymax,zmax)),
zoom=0.7);

pair[] p=new pair[A[0].length]; // conversion to pairs x,y
for(int i=0;i<p.length;++i){    //   to get a triangulation
  p[i]=(A[0][i],A[1][i]);       //
}                               //
int[][] trn=triangulate(p);     //

pen pzmin=rgb(0,1,0);           // pen for min z
pen pzmax=rgb(0.8,0.8,1);       // pen for max z

pen[] zpen(triple a,triple b,triple c){  // return z-pen for three vertices
  pen[]zp=new pen[3];
  real t;
    t=(a.z-zmin)/(zmax-zmin);
      zp[0]=(1-t)*pzmin+t*pzmax+opacity(0.9);
    t=(b.z-zmin)/(zmax-zmin);
      zp[1]=(1-t)*pzmin+t*pzmax+opacity(0.9);
    t=(c.z-zmin)/(zmax-zmin);
      zp[2]=(1-t)*pzmin+t*pzmax+opacity(0.9);
  return zp;
}

triple a,b,c;
for(int i=0; i < trn.length; ++i) {
  a=(A[0][trn[i][0]],A[1][trn[i][0]],A[2][trn[i][0]]);
  b=(A[0][trn[i][1]],A[1][trn[i][1]],A[2][trn[i][1]]);
  c=(A[0][trn[i][2]],A[1][trn[i][2]],A[2][trn[i][2]]);
  draw(surface(a--b--c--cycle),zpen(a,b,c));        // draw i-th triangle
}

defaultpen(fontsize(10pt));

xaxis3(Label("$x$",align=-3Z),Bounds, xmin,xmax,InTicks(Step=0.05,step=0.01));
yaxis3(Label("$y$",align=-3Z),Bounds, ymin,ymax,InTicks(Step=0.01,step=0.002));
zaxis3(Label("$z$",align=-3Y),Bounds, zmin,zmax,InTicks());
\end{asy}
\caption{Surface constructed from an array of irregularly spaced points.}
\end{figure}
\end{document}

To process it with latexmk, create file latexmkrc:
sub asy {return system("asy '$_[0]'");}
add_cus_dep("asy","eps",0,"asy");
add_cus_dep("asy","pdf",0,"asy");
add_cus_dep("asy","tex",0,"asy");

and run latexmk -pdf irrsurf.tex.

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