This alloy is one of the Cold Work, Medium Air Hardening type tool steels. It contains chromium and molybdenum with a relatively high (1%) carbon content and is capable of deep hardening from air quench so as to minimize distortion.
Used of die shapes, slitters and similar applications where wear resistance is important.
Machinability is medium, about 85% that of the W group of tool steels which are rated at 100% for a baseline.
Forming is done by hot forging or machining.
This is an alloy steel and thus capable of being welded. Consult the alloy supplier for welding procedures.
Heat slowly to 1450 F and then increase temperature to 1750 F. Hold at 1750 F for 30 to 45 minutes then remove from furnace and air cool (air quench).
Forging temperature range is 2000 F to 1675 F. Do not forge below 1650 F.
No data in regard to hot working, other than forging. Contact the alloy supplier for information.
Cold working is done with the alloy in the annealed condition.
Anneal at 1575 F and slow cool in the furnace at a rate of 40 F per hour or less.
A2 is tempered after heat treating at temperatures ranging from 350 F for Rockwell C 62 to 1000 F for Rockwell C 56.


Quite the most depressing feature of the exercise which masquerades as a Chief Executive election has been the growing chorus of complaints from electors that they do not know whom to vote for. This would perhaps be understandable if it was a complaint about the attractiveness of the three candidates. But it is not. The thing which is bothering a surprising number of electors is that they have not received a clear signal from Beijing, and consequently do not know who is the candidate favoured by our imperial masters.
This complaint reached a pathetic crescendo last week with two "electors" complaining on the front page of the usual newspaper that they had not had clear instructions. One of them apparently spoke for the Chinese Medicine group of voters, betraying a degree of sycophancy which perhaps explains why this group was chosen as the source of a surprising number of electors in the first place. The witch doctors are "which?" doctors, willing puppets who will complain if their strings are not pulled vigorously enough.
I can understand voters thinking that Beijing's preferences are a relevant matter for consideration. After all we all understand that if the winner is Albert Ho then the whole "one country two systems" concept may come under a strain which it is unable to bear. Clearly it is useful if the successful candidate is somebody who is acceptable in Beijing, and will be trusted by our colonial masters not to do a Dalai Lama.
Having said that one would also expect that electors could take on board the idea that if Beijing does not have a clear preference between two of the candidates then this is an opportunity for voters to use their own skill and judgment in the public service. If Hong Kong is ever to make full use of its "high degree of autonomy" we must surely recognise that Beijing's preferences in matters of this kind may be more sophisticated than a simple preference for one candidate under all circumstances.
Actually my understanding, for what it is worth, of Beijing's position is that they would prefer Henry Tang but not if he has to be enthroned in the teeth of widespread public disapproval. I would have thought anyone who was bright enough to practice medicine of any kind ought to be able to get his head round that. Sorry boys, Beijing actually expects you to use your own brains and make your own choice. Stop whinging and get on with it.


text:
💉 Who was the prime minister of italy in 2008?
Who was the prime minister of italy in 2008?
Asked By: Lea Cassin
Date created: Mon, Feb 22, 2021 1:37 AM
Date updated: Sun, Jan 16, 2022 2:01 AM
FAQ. Those who are looking for an answer to the question «Who was the prime minister of italy in 2008?» often ask the following questions
Those who are looking for an answer to the question «Who was the prime minister of italy in 2008?» often ask the following questions:
💉 Who is the current 2008 prime minister or president of italy?
Silvio Berlusconi is the Prime Minister & Giorgio Napolitano is the President
What prime minister helped unite italy?
How many prime minister have italy had?
Was giuseppe mazzini prime minister of italy?
💉 Prime minister of italy 2017?
Paolo Gentiloni
Who is the prime minister of italy?
Do italy use governor prime minister or president?
How does the prime minister of italy work?
💉 Does italy have a prime minister?
Yes, Italy is a unitary parliamentary republic with a Prime Minister and a President.
How is the prime minister of italy appointed?
Was ciuseppe mazzini a prime minister of italy?
When was the prime minister of italy elected?
Answered by Bennie Daniel on Tue, Feb 23, 2021 3:37 AM
We've handpicked 25 related questions for you, similar to «Who was the prime minister of italy in 2008?» so you can surely find the answer!
Who is the current prime minister of italy?
However, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament . After three months of negotiation, a coalition was finally formed on 1 June between the M5S and the League, whose leaders both became Deputy Prime Ministers in a government led by the M5S-linked independent Giuseppe Conte as Prime Minister.
Who is the new prime minister of italy?
Following the referendum's results, Renzi resigned and his Foreign Affairs Minister Paolo Gentiloni was appointed new Prime Minister. On 1 June 2018, Giuseppe Conte was sworn in as Prime Minister, at the head of a populist coalition formed by Five Star Movement and the League.
Who is the next prime minister of italy?
Prime Minister of Italy
President of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic
Flag of the President of the Council of Ministers
Incumbent Mario Draghi since 13 February 2021
Style President (reference and spoken) Premier (reference, informal) His Excellency (diplomatic)
Who is the prime minister of italy 2016?
e Matteo Renzi, OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [matˈtɛːo ˈrɛntsi]; born 11 January 1975) is an Italian politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 2014 to 2016. He has been a Senator for Florence since 2018. Renzi has been described as a centrist and as a liberal by political observers.
Who is the prime minister of italy now?
Announcing the new measures, Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi warned of a "new wave" of the virus, and said he was "aware" that the restrictions will "have consequences on the education of your children, on the economy and on everyone's mental health."
Who really leads president or prime minister italy?
The current president is Sergio Mattarella, and the current prime minister is Mario Draghi.
Who was the first prime minister of italy?
count cavour
Who was the former prime minister of italy?
Silvio Berlusconi, President of Forza Italia (Go Italy) and former Italian Prime Minister, gives a speech during a political rally on February 25, 2018 in Milan, Italy.
Who was the youngest prime minister of italy?
Following the March on Rome in October 1922, Mussolini became the youngest Italian Prime Minister up to that time. After removing all political opposition through his secret police and outlawing labor strikes, Mussolini and his followers consolidated their power through a series of laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship.
Does italy have a president or a prime minister?
Italy has both a president and a prime minister.
Does italy have a prime minister king or queen?
Italy has a prime minister but has not had a king since 1946.
How did benito mussolini became prime minister of italy?
the king named him prime minister and allowed him to form a gomerment.
How did benito mussolini become prime minister if italy?
The king named him prime minister and allowed him to form a great government
How did benito mussolini become prime minister of italy?
The Italian king feared a civil war when fascist march on rome, so he named Mussolini prime minister
Is mario draghi the new prime minister of italy?
Mario Draghi OMRI (Italian: [ˈmaːrjo ˈdraːɡi]; born 3 September 1947) is an Italian economist, banker, academic, and civil servant who has been serving as Prime Minister of Italy since 13 February 2021. He previously served as President of the European Central Bank from 2011 until 2019.
Sardinian prime minister who engineered the unification of italy?
What do you call the prime minister of italy?
Commonly referred to in Italy as Premier, the right title of the office holder is President of the Council of Ministers, or just President of the Council. The formal Italian order of precedence lists the office as being ceremonially the fourth most important Italian state office.
What happens when the prime minister resigns in italy?
In a parliamentary republic such as Italy, the resignation of the prime minister triggers a decision point for the president of the republic.
What is the prime minister position in italy called?
What is the role of the Prime Minister in Italy?
The Prime Minister is the President of the Council of Ministers which holds executive power and the position is similar to those in most other parliamentary systems. The formal Italian order of precedence lists the office as being ceremonially the fourth most important Italian state office.
When did benito mussolini become prime minister in italy?
October 31st, 1922.
Which prime minister of italy was partners with hitler?
Who are the candidates for prime minister in italy?
Its prime ministerial candidate is Luigi Di Maio. The movement has since been in the spotlight because of internal divisions, lack of experience and its mismanagement in Rome, where it holds the mayorship.
Who become the prime minister of italy in 2016?
However, the proposed reforms were rejected on 4 December 2016 by a referendum. Following the referendum's results, Renzi resigned and his Foreign Affairs Minister Paolo Gentiloni was appointed new Prime Minister.
Who is the longest serving prime minister of italy?
Top right: Benito Mussolini was the longest-serving prime minister in Italian history. Bottom left: Alcide De Gasperi was the first prime minister of the Italian Republic.
Who is the prime minister of italy in 2020?
On 8 March 2020, Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte expanded the quarantine to all of Lombardy and 14 other northern provinces, and on the following day to all of Italy, placing more than 60 million people in lockdown. On 11 March 2020, Conte prohibited nearly all commercial activity except for supermarkets and pharmacies.

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A reader/friend sent the link to the new Carmel mag...and I must say, the photo is very attractive.
But how will it play with advertisers in hide-bound Carmel? Or am I totally off base and is Carmel ready for the big time?
That's the issue here...or rather here is the issue, and what is the issue, really?


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Likening sanctions against Russia with the West's past efforts to stamp out apartheid and bring democracy to Myanmar, Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird announced further punishments Monday aimed at ending the crisis in Ukraine.
Jul. 21, 2014 6:14 p.m.
LONDON — Likening sanctions against Russia with the West's past efforts to stamp out apartheid and bring democracy to Myanmar, Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird announced further punishments Monday aimed at ending the crisis in Ukraine.
Baird expressed confidence at a news conference in London that harsher sanctions against Russia will ultimately work, despite predictions from some experts that such measures will do little to convince the Russians to stop exerting political and military influence on Ukraine.
The downing last week of a Malaysian Airlines passenger jet over territory controlled by pro-Russian rebels in eastern Ukraine demands that Canada and the rest of the world "ratchet up" the pressure tactics against Russia, he added.
Baird announced Canada's intention to slap sanctions against more people and entities, including government agencies, over Russia's continuing military actions against Ukraine.
The announcement came amid a worldwide outpouring of anger and grief over the downing of flight MH17. International outrage has been growing over how separatist rebels have been handling the bodies of the 298 passengers and crew of MH17 who died in the crash.
Baird called on the Russian-backed rebels in eastern Ukraine to withdraw from the area and allow an international team of forensic experts to investigate the crash of the Malaysian airliner.
Shortly after Baird spoke, a train carrying most of the bodies recovered from the crash site departed from a nearby station to the eastern Ukrainian city of Kharkiv. From there the bodies will be flown to Amsterdam.
Dutch forensic investigators and other European monitors arrived in eastern Ukraine on Monday, four days after the plane was shot out of the sky.
Russia has denied any involvement in the downing of MH17. And Russian President Vladimir Putin has said the disaster should not be used to further political goals in eastern Ukraine.
But Baird said no one believes what Russia has to say about the incident, and that Putin bears ultimate responsibility.
Prime Minister Stephen Harper also issued a statement on Monday, saying the crash of MH17 is a direct product of Russia's aggressive actions.
"The outrageous and criminal act of shooting down a civilian airliner last week is a direct product of Russia's military aggression and illegal occupation of Ukraine, and demonstrates the need for the international community to continue applying pressure on the Putin regime," Harper's statement said.
He also repeated a previous warning that Russia's military action against Ukraine and its illegal occupation of the Crimean peninsula constitute a threat to international peace and security.
Canada has so far imposed sanctions against 110 individuals and others considered to be responsible for violating Ukraine's sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence.


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text:
Q: How to convert string numbers into comma separated integers in java? Can any one give me some predefined methods or user defined methods to convert string numbers(example: 123455) to comma separated integer value (example: 1,23,455).

A: use java.text.NumberFormat, this will solve your problem.

A: int someNumber = 123456;
NumberFormat nf = NumberFormat.getInstance();
nf.format(someNumber);

A: Finally I found an exact solution for my needs.
import java.math.*;
import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Mortgage2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        BigDecimal payment = new BigDecimal("1115.37");
        NumberFormat n = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(Locale.US);
        double doublePayment = payment.doubleValue();
        String s = n.format(doublePayment);
        System.out.println(s);
    }
}

A: What you're looking for is the DecimalFormat class (here), where you can set easily separator and convert a String to a Number with the method parse() for example.

A: I assume 123455 is a String.
String s = 123455;
String s1 = s.substring( 0 , 1 );  // s1 = 1
String s2 = s.substring( 1 , 3 );  // s2 = 23
String s3 = s.substring( 2 , 7 );  // s3 = 455
s1 = s1 + ',';
s2 = s2 + ',';
s = s1 + s2;   // s is a String equivalent to 1,23,455

Now we use static int parseInt(String str) method to convert String into integer.This method returns the integer equivalent of the number contained in the String specified by str using radix 10.
Here you cannot convert s ---> int . Since int does not have commas.If you try to convert you will get the  following exception java.lang.NumberFormatException
you should use DecimalFormat Class.  http://download.oracle.com/javase/1.4.2/docs/api/java/text/DecimalFormat.html

A: The result you expected that is "to comma separated integer value", is in my opinion incorrect. However, if you are just looking for output representation, how about these lines of codes shown below? (Note, you can not parse the value return from valueToString to some data type long because it just does not make sense :) )
MaskFormatter format = new MaskFormatter("#,##,###");
format.setValueContainsLiteralCharacters(false);
System.out.println(format.valueToString(123455));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Die Handwerkskammer für Schwaben ist eine von 53 Handwerkskammern in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und hat ihren Sitz in Augsburg. Sie vertritt rund 31.000 Mitgliedsbetriebe und befasst sich mit den Bereichen Selbstverwaltung und Interessenvertretung. Die amtliche Statistik weist dem Handwerk in Schwaben etwa 147.000 Beschäftigte zu, davon 11.000 Auszubildende. Diese erwirtschaften einen Umsatz von 18,5 Milliarden Euro.

Die Handwerkskammer für Schwaben sorgt für eine gemeinsame und solidarische Vertretung der Anliegen aller schwäbischen Handwerker in Politik und Öffentlichkeit. Sie erfüllt hoheitliche Aufgaben, beispielsweise das Führen der Handwerksrolle und Lehrlingsrolle, die Überwachung der Ausbildung, das Prüfungs- und Sachverständigenwesen sowie die Rechtsaufsicht über die schwäbischen Kreishandwerkerschaften und Innungen. Die Handwerkskammer bietet eine Beratung für ihre Mitglieder in den Bereichen Betriebswirtschaft, Handwerksrecht, Recht und Technik. Das Leistungsspektrum umfasst sämtliche Bereiche des betrieblichen Alltags – von A wie Arbeitsrecht bis U wie Umweltschutz.

Auch auf dem Gebiet der Aus- und Weiterbildung steht die Handwerkskammer für Schwaben Unternehmern, Beschäftigten und Lehrlingen sowie Jugendlichen und deren Eltern mit Rat und Tat zur Seite. Sie unterhält vier Bildungszentren an den Standorten Augsburg, Kempten,  Memmingen und Weißenhorn. Dort bietet die HWK Schwaben als einer der größten Weiterbildungsanbieter in der Region zahlreiche Kurse und Seminare an.

Die Handwerkskammer ist eine Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts, die eine Vielzahl von Aufgaben, Dienstleistungen und Services für ihre Mitglieder erbringt. Diese Aufgaben sind gesetzlich in der Handwerksordnung festgelegt.

Organisation
Die Mitglieder der Handwerkskammer für Schwaben entsenden ihre Vertreter in die Vollversammlung, die aus 45 Personen besteht. Davon sind 26 selbstständige Handwerker von Betrieben der Anlagen A und B1 (siehe Handwerksordnung), vier Inhaber von Betrieben des handwerksähnlichen Gewerbes (B2) sowie 15 Arbeitnehmervertreter, von denen 14 in Betrieben selbstständiger Handwerker der Anlagen A und B1 und einer in einem Betrieb des handwerksähnlichen Gewerbes (B2) beschäftigt sein müssen.

Auch die Geschäftsführung, die aus hauptamtlichen Mitarbeitern der Handwerkskammer besteht, wird von der Vollversammlung gewählt.
Der Vorstand ist für die Verwaltung der Handwerkskammer verantwortlich. Er besteht aus zwölf Mitgliedern, die aus der Mitte und von der Vollversammlung gewählt werden. Dem Gremium gehören der Präsident, die zwei Vizepräsidenten und neun weitere Vorstandsmitglieder an. Auch im Vorstand sind zwei Drittel der Mitglieder Arbeitgeber- und ein Drittel Arbeitnehmervertreter. Der Präsident der HWK ist stets Arbeitgebervertreter. Von den zwei Vizepräsidenten gehört einer der Arbeitgeber-, der andere der Arbeitnehmergruppe an.  Nach außen wird die Handwerkskammer durch den Präsidenten und den Hauptgeschäftsführer vertreten.

Geschichte
Viele Generationen schwäbischer Handwerker prägten die wirtschaftliche, gesellschaftliche und politische Entwicklung im heutigen Handwerkskammerbezirk Schwaben. Als im Jahre 1900 die Handwerkskammer für Schwaben (Bezeichnung bis 1937: Handwerkskammer von Schwaben und Neuburg) aufgrund einer Novelle zur Gewerbeordnung von 1897 gegründet wurde, fanden die Handwerksbetriebe in Schwaben 100 Jahre nach Auflösung der Zünfte neuen berufsständischen Zusammenhalt. Gründungsvorsitzender war J. N. Mederle. Im Gründungsjahr zählte man 53 Innungen.

Es galt damals in erster Linie, die längst anstehenden Fragen der Berufsorganisation und -ausübung sowie des beruflichen Bildungswesens neu zu regeln. Eine der ersten Tätigkeiten der Handwerkskammer war die Ausarbeitung von Vorschriften zur Regelung des Lehrlingswesens. Damit wurden die Voraussetzungen geschaffen, um für die Interessen der Mitgliedsbetriebe zu wirken und dem schwäbischen Handwerk die Mitwirkungsmöglichkeiten innerhalb der Gesellschaft zu schaffen, die ihm aufgrund seiner Dynamik und seiner wirtschaftlichen Leistungsfähigkeit zukommen. Neben all den berufsspezifischen Neuerungen wollte man auch die Motivation der Handwerker fördern. Hierzu wurden ab 1911 Auszeichnungen an alle Gesellen verliehen, die ohne Unterbrechung mindestens 20 Jahre dem gleichen Betrieb angehörten.

Während des Krieges arbeitete die Handwerkskammer für Schwaben besondere Lehrverträge für Kriegsbeschädigte aus, die von den übrigen deutschen Handwerkskammern übernommen wurden. In der Bombennacht vom Februar 1944 wurde das Kammergebäude am Schmidberg völlig zerstört. Nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs begannen der Wiederaufbau und die Erweiterung des Gebäudes.

Durch das Gesetz zur Neuabgrenzung der Regierungsbezirke vom 27. Dezember 1971 kam es zu einigen Korrekturen im Zuständigkeitsbereich und zur Straffung der Organisation. So wurde der überwiegende Teil des Altlandkreises Aichach dem Regierungsbezirk Schwaben zugeordnet, während im Gegenzug der Großteil des damaligen Landkreises Neuburg/Donau zum Regierungsbezirk Oberbayern kam.

Anfang der achtziger Jahre sanierte und renovierte die Handwerkskammer für Schwaben das Brunnenmeisterhaus der Stadt Augsburg nach strengen Vorgaben der Denkmalpflege. Unter der Trägerschaft der Handwerkskammer für Schwaben beherbergt es heute das Schwäbische Handwerkermuseum.

Weblinks
 Homepage der Handwerkskammer für Schwaben
 Bildungszentren der Handwerkskammer für Schwaben
 Schwäbisches Handwerkermuseum

Einzelnachweise

Schwaben, Handwerkskammer
Organisation (Augsburg)
Gegründet 1900
Schwaben

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text:
By Joshua Bloomgarden on 12.23.21 Posted in Sports & Entertainment Spotlight
Happy holidays! Whether you light a menorah (like myself), a kinara or a tree, I'm glad that you decided to make the "Spotlight" part of your holiday season. In the spirit of this time of year, I am, despite my better judgment, obliged to start off with (public domain) holiday cheer to the tune of "Jingle Bells." Hey, if Irving Berlin and Mel Torme can do it, why not this mensch? So, without further ado…
N-I-L, N-F-L, so much more to read.
I appreciate your visit whether you click or scroll top speed.
Deion lures a future pro,
To play ball at Jackson State,
O'er larger programs he'll go,
And build his brand in school while laughing to the bank – ha ha ha!
Then there's the NFL,
Seeing COVID cases rise,
Instead of withholding salaries and cancelling games,
Moving them to Tuesday night!
Oh, and Sean John sells,
Landmark brand o' hip hop apparels,
Back to P. Diddy,
For a tenth of what he originally sold it for --
he must feel giddy - tee-hee-hee!
Major League Baseball challenged on its status as antitrust exempt,
Will I find a rhyme,
Or will I be verklempt?
And NFTs, time shall tell,
Whether they're a fleeting fad,
For the music industry they may be suited well,
So read-up, you'll be glad!
Any tips or stories for the Spotlight?
Don't hesitate to reach out and say!
Oh what fun it was to write
this Spotlight for today.
From Pizza to T-Shirts, College Athletes Are Rushing to Monetize Their Brands
December 21, 2021 via Bloomberg – News (subscription may be required)
University of Miami quarterback Tyler Van Dyke is wrapping up a pretty good season. The 20-year-old redshirt freshman was named the Atlantic Coast Conference's overall and offensive rookie of the year. And now, he's building his own brand.
Umaine Could Gain Recruiting Edge Under Bill Cementing Athletes' Right to Make Money
December 18, 2021 via Bangor Daily News
University of Maine wide receiver Andre Miller hurdles a defender during a March game against Stony Brook University. Miller was one of his school's first athletes to be compensated under a landmark NCAA rules change that a Maine lawmaker wants to enshrine in state law.
No Barstool Deal, But Travis Hunter's Move Could Be Game Changer in NIL
December 16, 2021 via Sports Business Journal - All Sections
Jackson State football's star signee Travis Hunter does "not have an NIL deal in place with Barstool Sports," according to a source cited by Khari Thompson of the Mississippi CLARION LEDGER.
Mac Jones Net Worth 2021: What Are Jones' Endorsement Deals?
December 18, 2021 via Marca
Just before Mac signed for the Patriots, he signed his first endorsement deal with training apparel manufacturers NOBULL, which will further bolster his net worth.
Travis Hunter to Jackson State Proves Deion Sanders is Made for NIL Era | Toppmeyer
December 15, 2021 via The Clarion-Ledger
If college athletes were allowed to profit off endorsement deals during Deion Sanders' career as a multi-sport 1980s star at Florida State, he could have become a millionaire before ever playing an NFL or MLB game.
Al Harrington-Backed Village is Aiming to Support Women- and Minority-Owned Cannabis Companies
December 21, 2021 via MarketWatch
Their goal for Village is to build a multi-state operator not unlike larger businesses such as Curaleaf, Trulieve, Green Thumb Industries GTBIF, Ayr Wellness, or Cresco Labs, but with a majority of key executives being women or minorities.
Why Chris Noth's $12 Million Tequila Deal Was Just Called Off
December 21, 2021 via Mashed
When Mr. Big died just like that, many people were shaken to the core. Unfortunately, the disturbing news about the actor who portrayed him, Chris Noth, was set in real life. The Hollywood Reporter shared that two women reached out to the outlet, alleging that Noth assaulted them.
NFLPA President JC Tretter Says NFL Nearly Canceled Three Games That Were Rescheduled Due to COVID-19 Outbreaks
December 22, 2021 via ESPN
NFLPA president JC Tretter said the NFL was close to canceling three games this past weekend in the wake of multiple COVID-19 outbreaks among teams.
A New Lawsuit Is Challenging MLB's Antitrust Exemption
December 21, 2021 via Bleed Cubby Blue
Major League Baseball has been exempt from federal antitrust laws for over a century, when the Supreme Court concluded, in the 1920 case Federal Baseball Club vs. National League, that baseball was not "interstate commerce."
In a Historic Holiday Week, the NFL Looks to Wrest Stability from Chaos
December 21, 2021 via Sportico – Business (subscription may be required)
The NFL managed to get through the first 14 weeks of the season before the coronavirus reasserted itself by way of the hyper-contagious omicron variant, and while some doomsayers are already breaking out the plague doctor get-ups, nothing about how the league is handling this outbreak suggests that more significant disruptions are in the works.
QuidditchUK Wants to be Renamed Following JK Rowling Comments on Gender Identity
December 20, 2021 via News Break - Top Stories
The governing body for Quidditch in the UK has said they want to be renamed to "distance" itself from Harry Potter author JK Rowling following her "hateful" comments on gender identity.
Biennial World Cup Would Raise Extra $4.4 Billion FIFA Delegates Told
December 20, 2021 via Reuters - Top Stories (General)
International football leaders were told by FIFA on Monday, December 20, that a switch to a biennial World Cup would create an extra $4.4 billion in revenues for the world body.
Antetokounmpo's IP and NIL Rights Emphasized in Court Ruling
December 20, 2021 via Sportico – Law (subscription may be required)
Giannis Antetokounmpo is a two-time MVP, five-time All-Star and an NBA champ. He's also a successful plaintiff in a federal IP lawsuit over the unauthorized use of his trademark, name, image and likeness rights in jerseys, phone cases, clocks, pillows, greeting cards, shower curtains and even drug paraphernalia.
Eurovision Sport Signs New Deal With L'Equipe to Broadcast IBU World Cup
December 21, 2021 via Inside The Games Big Read
Eurovision Sport has extended its ongoing agreement with L'Equipe, allowing the French broadcaster media rights for the International Biathlon Union (IBU) World Cup circuit and World Championships until the end of the 2025-2026 season. This extension covers another four seasons, starting from 2022 to 2023.
Global Polo Entertainment Signs Agreement With ESPN Sur and Star+ in Latin America
December 21, 2021 via MarketWatch - All Company Press Releases News & Commentary
"This partnership is important as we endeavor to grow the exposure to our top USPA tournaments worldwide. Argentina and South America were the next big steps for the visibility and growth necessary to attract new fans and viewers to the sport of polo," said J. Michael Prince, President and CEO.
NRL Secures Media Rights Extension With Nine
December 20, 2021 via Sports Business Journal - All Sections (subscription may be required)
The National Rugby League has signed a five-year extension with Nine Entertainment Co "for the free-to-air television rights" for an average of A$115 million ($82 million) per year. The extension worth A$575 million ($409 million) in total will bring the league's long-term broadcast partner "into a fourth decade."
Brandi Carlile, Jack Harlow, Saweetie to Join Miley Cyrus and Pete Davidson's New Year's Eve Special
December 20, 2021 via Register Citizen
Brandi Carlile, Billie Joe Armstrong, Saweetie, Anitta, 24kGoldn, Kitty Ca$h and recent Variety cover star Jack Harlow will join Miley Cyrus and "Saturday Night Live" star Pete Davidson's New York's Even special, airing live from Miami on Friday, December 31 from 10:30 p.m.-12:30 a.m. ET.
Damn Write Originals Founder Nakia Stephens Talks Partnership With AspireTV and New Film Della Mae
December 20, 2021 via Forbes - Top Stories (subscription may be required)
Nakia Stephens is an award-winning screenwriter/filmmaker born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. She is a graduate of the first public HBCU in Georgia, Savannah State University, where she studied Mass Communications with a concentration in Radio/Television Broadcasting.
Disney, Google Reach Deal for YouTube TV
Disney and Google said they reached a deal to restore ESPN, ABC and other channels to YouTube TV, two days after a contract dispute knocked them off the streamer, Variety reports.
Major League Soccer Increased Viewership This Season. Now it Has to Convince Networks it's Worth $300 Million Per Year
December 18, 2021 via CNBC - Business News
While other U.S. sports leagues battle another COVID outbreak, Major League Soccer ended its 2021 season with some good news as it attempts to convince TV networks they should pay $300 million a year to carry its games.
Netflix Lands Frank Sinatra Bio-Series From Bill Condon, Tina Sinatra, Lionsgate & Polygram
December 16, 2021 via Deadline - Hollywood Breaking News
In a competitive situation, Netflix has nabbed a high-profile drama about music and screen icon Frank Sinatra. The streamer has closed a series development deal for the project, which hails from Oscar winner Bill Condon, Lionsgate Television, Universal Music Group's Polygram Entertainment and Frank Sinatra Enterprises.
Cable TV Secures FINA World Swimming Championships Broadcast Rights in Hong Kong
December 15, 2021 via EIN News - Hong Kong
Cable TV has acquired the Hong Kong exclusive media rights for the FINA Swimming Championships.
NBC Hops on the Spring Football Express with Three-Year USFL Deal
The Fox-backed USFL has landed another broadcast partner in advance of its spring 2022 relaunch, as NBC Sports has signed a deal to carry 21 of the league's Saturday and Sunday games.
Spike Lee and Netflix Sign Creative Partnership
December 17, 2021 via STL Today
Spike Lee has teamed up with Netflix for a multi-year creative partnership. The 64-year-old director and his 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks have forged a partnership with the streaming giant following successful collaborations on 'Da 5 Bloods' and the 'She's Gotta Have It' TV series.
Diddy Wins Bid to Buy Back Sean John From Bankrupt Owner for $7.5 Million
December 12, 2021 via Billboard
Sean "Diddy" Combs has won the bidding war to buy back his Sean John fashion line from the brand's now-bankrupt owner, according to a filing Tuesday, December 21, in Manhattan federal bankruptcy court.
ZZ Top Sells Catalog to BMG and KKR for Approximately $50 Million
December 21, 2021 via Greenwich Time
BMG and KKR have put their recently announced partnership to work, acquiring the "entire music interests" of long-running American rock band ZZ Top for a sum sources place at approximately $50 million. The agreement includes a buyout of the band's publishing catalogue and their income from recorded royalties.
Adele's '30' Spends Fourth Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart
Drake has won a court ruling ending a bizarre defamation lawsuit filed by a woman who was allegedly arrested in 2017 for breaking into the super star's home.
Cheryl's Music Career is OVER as Former Popstar Gives Up Hopes of Stardom and Loses A-List Endorsement Deals
December 17, 2021 via The Sun (UK) - Celebrity News
SHE was the nation's sweetheart, with a glittering pop future and millions in the bank. But it appears the tide may have finally turned for good on Cheryl Tweedy's music career, after industry insiders revealed her record deal is coming to an end — with no new music planned.
Spotify Unveils Sprawling Podcast Hub in Downtown L.A.
December 17, 2021 via Los Angeles Times
When executive Courtney Holt joined Spotify four years ago, the music streaming giant had already outgrown its Sunset Boulevard office and teams were scattered around Los Angeles County. The employee sprawl continued as the Swedish company expanded into the podcasting business, acquiring L.A.-based production companies the Ringer and Parcast.
BBC Studios, Mercury Studios Development Deal
December 17, 2021 via Advanced Television
BBC Studios, the BBC's main commercial subsidiary and Mercury Studios, the multi-faceted content studio powered by Universal Music Group (UMG), have struck a development deal, which will see the two creative organizations work together to originate a pipeline of music-driven returnable IP for domestic and international audiences.
In Historic Deal, Bruce Springsteen Sells His Masters for $500 Million
December 16, 2021 via NPR - All Things Considered
Bruce Springsteen has reportedly sold Sony his masters for a value north of $500 million. NPR's Audie Cornish talks with Billboard's Melinda Newman on why music icons have recently decided to cash in.
Christmas Song Royalties: How Much Do Mariah Carey, Wham! and The Pogues Earn Every Year?
December 16, 2021 via Tech Register - Top Stories
Every year we hear the same Christmas songs again and again and again, the playlist seldom changing. While the supermarkets might stick rigidly to Slade and Wizzard, and the high street coffee shops prefer the gingerbread-and-eggnog stylings of Michael Buble.
United Talent Agency Acquires MediaLink for $125 Million - WSJ
December 16, 2021 via Wall Street Journal - CMO Today (subscription may be required)
United Talent Agency said it has acquired MediaLink, a marketing and media consulting firm that is owned by Ascential PLC, for $125 million, as the Hollywood talent firm seeks to ramp up its marketing practice.
The Power of NFTs in Music Distribution
December 21, 2021 via Cryptonews - Top Stories
There has been a change in music distribution dynamics over the past decade as music artists and record labels attempt to move with the times and take advantage of new monetization opportunities.
Capetain Trippy Turns Down $3.8 Million and Announces He's Managing A New NFT Band
December 21, 2021 via Yahoo Finance - Top Stories
Bored Ape, Capetain Trippy, an NFT collector, is now managing a virtual band called "The NFTs".


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Q: Find a copulas given joint distribution We were given some homework to complete and would like to know how do you calculate the copulas

I know from the definition that:
  C(X,Y)=FX,Y(Fx^-1, Fy^-1)
and ill have to find the marginals by doing partial derivatives but how do I go further?

A: Gumbel copula is one copula type of Archimedes copula class. To derive it, you need to:
1- know the generation function of this copula.
2- Find the inverse function of the generation function.
3- apply the definition of Archimedean copula.
Following the last 3 steps, you will derive the Gumbel copula.


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The Crafter's Apprentice: A "thing"
When I made my fused glass monster aliens for my brother, I was told off for not showing a before shot! I forget sometimes that this might be interesting for other people, I kind of assume you all know how to fuse glass, but whilst some of you do, this is a brand new process for others. So, the Wednesday before last I took some photos of the piece I made before it went in the kiln.
There are two types of glass we use in our classes. Fusible glass can be put into a kiln and will melt and fuse to itself, creating lovely rounded edges. Non-fusible glass is used for leading work or copper foiling. I wanted to use up some of the fusible glass I have so I chose a large piece and cut a square, then just began layering other colours and transparent glass on top.
So above is how it looked before it went in the kiln and below is after the kiln.
This photo is taken on a white piece of paper and makes the colours look quite thick and very blue. It's so hard to photograph things like this, especially when, like me, you're rubbish at taking photos.
I held it up to the light. This shows it off a bit better, but it's still not a great representation.
I'm sure you're all now wondering "what is it?". It's a .... thing. Yes, one of those ... things.
I'm not sure that pieces of art can be described as a thing. Say it's art. Art dahlink, art don't you know!
How are you feeling today then?
That is soooo cool and beautiful! I love the colours! It's very Mondrian-like.
In my house it would be a thingy, which i think is the same thing as your thing, maybe!
That is SUCH a cool "thing" - I'm glad you posted the before and after pictures - I've never fused glass, although I've fused interfacing to my iron and ironing board by mistake - OOPS!
Love the before and after pics, what a cool process! Your 'thing' if gorgeous!
love the 3D effect it creates..


text:
For thousands of Indigenous children, Native American boarding schools erased their culture or worse | Opinion
These institutions were labeled as schools but their purpose was to assimilate Indian children into white society-cultural genocide.
Imagine being a child taken in handcuffs from your home and transported thousands of miles to a cold prison-like building. Imagine being beaten bloody for speaking English.
Imagine being always hungry and cold. Imagine huddling in terror in the middle of the night in a cold dormitory room knowing that at any moment you could be snatched from your bed by sexual predators roaming the hallways like wild animals searching for prey.
Imagine being a parent and finding soldiers at your home who abduct your children to parts unknown. Imagine the terror felt by parents and children, some of whom are toddlers only 2 or 3 years old.
This was the lot of countless Indigenous families in Canada and the U.S. beginning in the late 19th century as their children were kidnapped to so-called Indian boarding schools.
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A horrendous reality
In Canada over 150,000 children were so abducted. In the U.S. the numbers were much higher, at this time unknown, but being investigated. In Canada, approximately 25,000 children perished in these dungeons of horror, and as many as 40,000 perished in the U.S. versions of these veritable prisons.
The children died by the thousands from being subjected to hunger, malnutrition, disease, lack of medical care, brutality, sexual abuse and molestation.
Nonetheless, many children resisted.
My grandmother told of her mother speaking of her Oklahoma boarding experience and of young Indian boys cutting the seats out of their pants and putting on breechcloths, called "flaps" in those days.
Others simply ran away, communicated secretly or would take the blame for a younger child's disobedience or misconduct. These institutions were labeled as schools but their purpose was to assimilate Indian children into white society via cultural genocide.
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This became literal genocide
Just about every day there is more online news of the scandal of the "genocide schools" that operated in the U.S. and Canada under the guise of educating Indigenous children from the 1870s to the 1960s.
Recently, it was reported that at its annual meeting, the American Bar Association voted in favor of a resolution supporting the Department of the Interior in its efforts to investigate the atrocious history of U.S. Indian boarding schools.
Thousands of children perished under the horrific conditions of these institutions of extermination. The present-day legacy of those times can still be seen by looking at our country's foster care system. Native children are still being placed in non-Native homes. Tennessee, in fact, has Indigenous children in non-Indian homes.
In the residential schools, the children were required to perform heavy unpaid manual labor — called "outing programs" — in the homes of white families in the summer. At other times they were engaged in manual labor at the schools. So where was the education?
In Canada, the Indian Residential Schools were overrun with sexual predators preying on the children. Reportedly, the Canadian students were the victims of rape and molestation by principals, teachers, dormitory supervisors and even maintenance workers and janitors. This was monstrous.
The granddaughter of one boarding school survivor recalls her grandmother remembering she was always cold and always hungry. Another survivor recalls fellow students being snatched from their beds in the middle of the night and never seen again. Another survivor described the boarding school system as "hell schools." Stories abound of young Native girls giving birth to babies that were thrown into incinerators.
But, with all this horror, what is so inspiring and worthy of endless praise is that these courageous children who survived not only lived, but left their home as Indians and returned as Indians.
U.S. Interior Secretary Deb Haaland recently said, "Clearly, the cultural genocide part didn't work, because we're still here." Their incomparable heroism can never be forgotten and is a source of constant pride in the face of what they endured. They came home wounded and battle scarred, but still Indigenous.
Moreover, those who never returned must not be forgotten but must be forever honored.
"The whole residential school system was meant to destroy an entire people" a Native activist said recently. But the valiant resistance of the children, even while in captivity, stopped the assimilation process. The culture and people live on.
What should not be forgotten is the pursuit of justice, and the quest for punishment, responsibility and accountability for the unspeakable atrocities that took place within the walls of these institutions of horror.
Albert Bender of Nashville is a Cherokee activist, journalist and author of "Native American Wisdom." Email him at albertbender07@yahoo.com.


text:
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An Official Publication of the Indian Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathologists
Histomorphometric analysis of vascularity in normal buccal mucosa, leukoplakia, and squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa
Ravi Kumar V Pujari1, Shrinivas S Vanaki2, Rudrayya S Puranik2, Rajiv S Desai3, Naveen Motupalli4, Sangamesh Halawar5
1 Department of Oral Pathology, Rajarajeshwari Dental College, Bangalore, India
2 Department of Oral Pathology, PM Nadagouda Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
3 Department of Oral Pathology, Nair Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
4 Department of Oral Pathology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Andhra Pradesh, India
5 Department of Oral Pathology, Krishnadevaraya Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Date of Web Publication 17-Jan-2014
Ravi Kumar V Pujari
Department of Oral Pathology, Rajarajeshwari Dental Collage, Bangalore 560 060, Karnataka
DOI: 10.4103/0973-029X.125178
Context: Angiogenesis, the process that leads to the formation of new blood vessels, continues to be a topic of major scientific interest. There is an increasing hope that new discoveries will lead to newer therapies that target angiogenesis as a reliable option for disease therapy. Aims: The objective of this study was to assess the role of vascularity, correlation of morphometric aspects of vascularity, investigate its usefulness in the histopathological classification and prognosis in normal buccal mucosa (NBM), leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of buccal mucosa. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 15 cases of NBM, 30 cases of leukoplakia, and 30 cases of SCC of buccal mucosa. The 75 archival samples were stained by hemotoxylin and eosin (H and E) and Masson's trichrome (MT). The stained sections were analyzed using image analysis software. Statistical analysis used : Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 12.0 statistical software. Results : The combined mean vessel density (MVD) of all the cases in H and E was 0.1112 and for MT it was 0.2150. The difference of MVD between H and E and MT was statistically significant. The mean MVD in SCC (0.3455) for MT was higher than NBM (0.1314) and leukoplakia (0.1263). The mean MVD increased from stage III (0.3563) to IV (0.5312). It also increased from NBM (0.1314) to hyperkeratosis (0.1505) and decreased from grade I (0.3556) to II (0.2795) of oral SCC (OSCC). Conclusions: MVD can be used as an adjunct with other diagnostic modalities. Further studies are needed to standardize baseline levels for different sites and age groups.
Keywords: Leukoplakia, mean vessel density, neovascularization, squamous cell carcinoma
Pujari RV, Vanaki SS, Puranik RS, Desai RS, Motupalli N, Halawar S. Histomorphometric analysis of vascularity in normal buccal mucosa, leukoplakia, and squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2013;17:334-9
Pujari RV, Vanaki SS, Puranik RS, Desai RS, Motupalli N, Halawar S. Histomorphometric analysis of vascularity in normal buccal mucosa, leukoplakia, and squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol [serial online] 2013 [cited 2023 Jan 29];17:334-9. Available from: https://www.jomfp.in/text.asp?2013/17/3/334/125178
The blood supply of the oral mucosa is extremely rich and the vascularity of the various parts of oral mucosa differs. There are very few studies, which are conducted on the vascularity of normal buccal mucosa (NBM) and leukoplakia of buccal mucosa. It is a very well-appreciated fact that in developing countries like India approximately 94% of all oral malignancies are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and buccal mucosa is also one of the favored sites.
Hence, the present study "Computerized histomorphometric analysis of vascularity in normal buccal mucosa, leukoplakia, and squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa" perborates angiogenesis.
The study attempted to
Evaluate vascularity in NBM, leukoplakia, and SCC of the buccal mucosa
Evaluate the correlation between morphometric aspects of vascularity in NBM, leukoplakia, and SCC of buccal mucosa
Investigate its usefulness in the histopathological classification and prognosis.
The study involved the use of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue of previously diagnosed cases of leukoplakia and SCC of buccal mucosa from the Department of Oral Pathology.
The study sample consisted of
15 cases of NBM
30 cases of leukoplakia of buccal mucosa
30 cases of SCC of buccal mucosa.
The relevant information of age, sex, site, histopathological grading, lymph node status, metastasis, and recurrence was obtained. Mean vessel density (MVD) was assessed of hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and Masson's trichrome (MT) stained, 15 NBM, 30 leukoplakia, and 30 SCC of buccal mucosa sections. Most intense vascular area was found by light microscopy in ×40 magnification and counting performed in ×400 field. The assessment was made by single trained observer. Images of histological samples were captured using Lawrence and Mayo (×75) microscope and Nikon digitized camera. The images were saved to the computer and examined using high resolution RGB display monitor and the morphometric analysis was performed manually by using "Image-J" image analysis software.
The assessment included
The vascular tissue was identified by the presence of red blood cells and endothelial cells.
For MT method, blood vessels were encircled with red line; lymphatics were devoid of encircling line. The presence of red blood cells was also considered.
Most intense vascular area was found by light microscope in ×40.
Three such fields were selected under ×40 for each slide, with slide moving in clockwise direction.
The area representing vascular tissue in the three digital images were imported to image analysis software and the area counted. This indicated vascular tissue area.
The area representing total tissue in the three digital images were imported to image analysis software and the area counted. This indicated total tissue area.
MVD: The ratio of vascular tissue area to total tissue area in the digital images imported to image analyzer software [1] [Figure 1].
Figure 1: (1a) Photomicrograph of normal buccal mucosa (H&E stain, ×400), (1b) Photomicrograph of normal buccal mucosa (Masson's trichrome stain, ×400), (1c) Normal buccal mucosal image analyzed by morphometry (Masson's trichrome stain, ×400). (2a) Photomicrograph of leukoplakia sections (H&E stain, ×400), (2b) Photomicrograph of leukoplakia sections (Masson's trichrome, ×400), (2c) Image of Leukoplakia analyzed by morphometry. (Masson's trichrome, ×400). (3a) Photomicrograph of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (H&E stain, ×400), (3b) Photomicrograh of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (Masson's trichrome stain, ×400), (3c) Image of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma analyzed by morphometry (Masson's trichrome stain, ×400)
Descriptive statistics that included mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum values were calculated for each group and for NBM, leukoplakia and SCC of buccal mucosa for each clinical stage and histopathological grades. The Student's t-test was used to determine significant differences present in the area while moving the slide clockwise and MVD between different groups. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered for statistical significance.
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the variance between groups and Student's t-test for variance within group using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 12.0 statistical package.
A total number of 75 cases were taken for the study and the mean MVD of all the cases in H and E was 0.1112 and for MT 0.2150 with a P value of 0.0017, which was statistically significant [Table 1]. The percentage of distribution of study subjects by three groups and gender in normal revealed 33.33 and 66.67% for female and male, respectively. In leukoplakia 3.33% for females and 96.67% for males and in SCC 46.67% are males [Graph 1][Additional file 1]. The mean age of normal, leukoplakia, and SCC is 35, 43, and 51 years, respectively [Graph 2] [Additional file 2]. The mean MVD in 15 controls for H and E is 0.0611 and for MT 0.1314 with P value of 0.2823. Though the MVD was higher in MT but it was not significant statistically. The MVD in leukoplakia of buccal mucosa (30 cases) and SCC of buccal mucosa (30 cases) for H and E and MT groups were compared. The MVD for H and E was 0.0352 and for MT 0.1263 in leukoplakia of buccal mucosa with a P value of 0.0000 which is statistically significant. The MVD for H and E and MT groups in SCC of buccal mucosa was 0.2122 and 0.3455, respectively with a P value of 0.0413 which was statistically significant [Table 2].
Table 1: Comparison of H and E and MT groups in total of all the three groups
Table 2: Comparison of H and E and MT groups in NBM, leukoplakia and SCC of buccal mucosa
The comparison of normal, leukoplakia, and SCC in H and E and MT by one-way ANOVA test resulted in a P value of 0.0006 and 0.0000, respectively, which was statistically significant. [Table 3] and [Table 4]. Pair wise comparison of three groups by Student's t-test is studied for H and E and MT. For H and E the P value for normal and leukoplakia is 0.1570 which is statistically not significant. The P values for normal and SCC are 0.0409 and 0.0008, respectively, which are statistically significant [Table 5]. For MT the P value for normal and leukoplakia was 0.9052 which was not significant; whereas, the P value for normal and SCC; and leukoplakia and SCC are 0.0046 and 0.0000, respectively, which were statistically significant [Table 6].
Table 3: Comparison of three groups (normal, leukoplakia, and SCC) in H and E by one-way ANOVA
Table 4: Pair-wise comparison of three groups by student's t test for H and E
Table 5: Comparison of three groups (normal, leukoplakia, and SCC) in MT by one-way ANOVA
Table 6: Pair-wise comparison of three groups by Student's t test for MT
The percentages of distribution of leukoplakia study group according to histopathology grading are 56%, 33%, and 10% for hyperkeratosis, mild dysplasia, and moderate dysplasia, respectively. The percentage of distribution according to histopathology grading of SCC are 86% for well-differentiated and 14% for moderately differentiated [Table 7]. The MVD of H and E and MT in Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) stages III and IV are 0.2026, 0.2748, 0.3563, and 0.5312, respectively. The comparison of H and E and MT groups in stage III yielded a P value of 0.0320, which was statistically significant. The P value in stage IV was 0.2910, which was not significant statistically [Table 8].
Table 7: Histopathology grading for leukoplakia and SCC
Table 8: Comparison of H and E and MT groups in different TNM stages
Comparison of H and E and MT groups in grade I, II and III of leukoplakia yielded a P value of 0.0000, 0.2210 and 0.0011. Grade I and III were statistically significant; whereas, grade II was not significant [Table 9]. The comparison of H and E and MT groups in grade I of SCC yielded a P value of 0.0211 which was significant; whereas, for grade II P value is 0.7452 which was statistically not significant [Table 10].
Table 9: Comparison of H and E and MT groups in different grades of leukoplakia
Table 10: Comparison of H and E and MT groups in different grades of SCC
Various methods have been used till date to assess both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of angiogenesis in a tumor. These include India Ink perfusion, [2] demonstration of alkaline phosphatase in endothelial cells, selective erythrocyte staining and more. [3] The majority of authors have suggested that the vessel counts are an excellent predictor of metastasis and clinical outcome.
The roles of genetic and epigenetic factors have been studied and their expressions compared among tissues from these stages. The vascularity values increased significantly from normal oral mucosa to dysplasia and from dysplasia to carcinoma. The observations confirm that disease progression in the oral mucosa is associated with angiogenesis. Interestingly, vascularity is found to be significantly higher in histologically normal mucosa adjacent to tumors than in normal mucosa without concurrent lesion. [4]
There are various studies on angiogenesis with different parameters (mean vascular density (MVaD), mean vascular volume (MVV), mast cell density (MCD)) [5] and immunohistochemical stains. However, none of the antibodies (CD34, CD31, and Factor VIII) could distinguish between blood vessels and newly forming blood vessels. α v β3 integrin and tumor growth factor (TGF)-β receptor complex were till recently thought to differentiate neovasculature from preexisting blood vessel, which were not found useful in the subsequent studies.
Though the reasons for the observed variability are unclear, the possible explanations are anatomical variation of vascularity throughout different locations of oral cavity, methods of determining MVD, methods of staining (antigens screened for CD 31, factor VIII, CD 34 and different antigens), methods of observation and reporting degree of angiogenesis. [6],[7] Hence, digital MVD determination in MT stained sections is considered to be appropriate [1] especially in developing countries like India, considering the cost and early detection of the tumor.
The present study included 75 cases of which 15 cases were of NBM, 30 cases of leukoplakia and 30 cases of SCC of buccal mucosa. The objective of the study was the morphometric correlation of vascularity, its usefulness for the histopathological classification and prognosis in NBM, leukoplakia, and SCC of the buccal mucosa.
Hence, the results obtained were that the mean MVD of all the groups by MT staining was 0.2150 which was more than that of H and E, where it was 0.1112. The compared values of both the staining were statistically significant (P = 0.0017). It is worth mentioning that to our knowledge none of the previous studies have studied the combined mean MVD of different groups.
The MVD analyzed in NBM was not significant between H and E and MT groups; whereas, it was significant for leukoplakia and SCC of buccal mucosa.
No statistical significant results were found when the MVD of NBM (0.1314) was compared to that of leukoplakia (0.1263). Lamaroon et al., showed in their study an increase in MVD from normal (39.17) to hyperkeratosis (50.00) to premalignant dysplasia (60.00). [8] In this study, similar finding of increase in MVD from NBM (0.1314) to hyperkeratosis (0.1505) was also observed. These results strengthen the view that the normal adjacent tissue promotes angiogenesis under the influence of various cytokines, mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils which are elaborated by altered keratinocytes of hyperkeratotic or dysplastic epithelium. [9]
Most of the previous studies have shown that mean MVD was remarkably more in different clinical stages and histological grades of OSCC than that of normal mucosa and leukoplakia. [2],[4],[6],[10] In this study too, the mean MVD in SCC (0.3455) for MT was higher than normal (0.1314) and leukoplakia (0.1263), which was statistically significant. No other study included baseline level of MVD for specific sites like buccal mucosa which is very much necessary, considering the variation in the vascularity at different anatomic sites. The mean MVD increased significantly from stage III (0.3563) to IV (0.5312) when studied in relation to different TNM stages. These observations are in accordance with previous studies of Ranieri et al., [11] Chunan et al., [5] Shang and Li. [12] However, Pazouki et al., [13] and Tae et al., [14] refute the increase in MVD.
Several studies have suggested variations in angiogenesis in relation to different histopathological grading. Sedivy et al., [6] and Li, et al., [5] in their study, showed decrease in MVD from grade I to III; whereas, it increased from grade I to II and then decreased again in grade III, in the studies conducted by Schimming et al., [2] and Shieh et al. [10] Such variations were noted even in our study. The MVD for H and E increased from grade I (0.1923) grade II (0.3413), comparatively decreased for MT from 0.3556 to 0.2795, which was statistically nonsignificant.
These variations could be attributed to the size of the sample and methods of assessment. This shift from prevascular to neovascular phase in and around dysplastic and malignant epithelium from normal is influenced by various genetic, epigenetic and immunologic factors. The tumor cells are also able to block production of inhibitors of angiogenesis and produce enzymes that release angiogenic factors.
There was no considerable difference between the percentage of MVD of NBM (13%) and leukoplakia (12%) as far as angiogenesis was concerned which is in contrary to the Tae et al. [14] This difference in the observation could be due to the maximum number of hyperkeratotic samples (17). There was an exponential increase in angiogenic activity from normal (13%) to OSCC (34%) through leukoplakia (12%) in this study. Hence, we agree with Samsoszuk et al., [1] Lamaroon et al., [8] Ranieri et al., [11] and Sedivy et al., [6] for suggesting MVD as a surrogate marker of angiogenic activity, which may occur at any time during neoplastic transformation and development of OSCC.
1. Samsoszuk M, Espinoza F, Leonor L. Methods for measuring microvascular density in tumors. Wilmington (United states): Quest Diagnostics Investments Incorporated; 2006. Available from URL http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6993175.html.
2. Schimming R, Reusch P, Kuschnierz J, Schmelzeisen R. Angiogenic factors in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: do they have prognostic relevance? J Cranio Maxillofacial Surg 2004;32:176-81.
3. Lewis WH. The vascular patterns of tumors. John Hopkins hosp. Bull 1927;41:156.
4. Carlile J, Harada K, Baillie R, Ogden GR, Schor SL. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in oral tissues: Possible relevance to angiogenesis, tumor progression and field cancerisation. J Oral Pathol Med 2001;30:449-57.
5. Li C, Shintani S, Terakado N, Nakashiro K, Hamakawa H. Infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2002;9:1219-23.
[PUBMED]
6. Sedivy R, Beck-Mannagetta J, Haverkampf C, Battistutti W, Honigschnabl S. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C correlates with the lymphatic vessel density and the nodal status in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2003;32:455-60.
7. Xuan M, Fang YR, Wato M, Hata S, Tanaka A. Immunohistochemical co-localization of lymphatics and blood vessels in oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Oral Pathol Med 2005;34:334-9.
8. Lamaroon A, Pongsiriwet S, Jittidecharaks S, Pattanaporn K, Prapayasatok S, Wanachantararak S. Increase of mast cells and tumor angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2003;32:195-9.
9. Polverini PJ. The pathophysiology of angiogenesis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1995;6:230-47.
10. Shieh YS, Lee HS, Shiah SG, Chu YW, Wu CW, Chang LC. Role of angiogenic and non-angiogenic mechanisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma: correlation with histologic differentiation and tumor progression. J Oral Pathol Med 2004;33:601-6.
11. Ranieri G, Labriola A, Achille G, Florio G, Zito AF, Grammatica L, et al. Microvessel density, mast cell density and thymidine phosphorylase expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2002;21:1317-23.
12. Shang JZ, Li RJ. Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vascular endothelial growth factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Its correlation with angiogenesis and disease progression. J Oral Pathol Med 2005;34:134-9.
13. Pazouki S, Chisholm DM, Adi MM, Carmichael G, Farguharson M, Ogden GR, et al. The association between tumor progression and vascularity in the oral mucosa. J Pathol 1997;183:39-43.
14. Tae K, El-Naggar AK, Yoo E, Feng L, Lee JJ, Hong WK, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel density in head and neck tumorigenesis. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:2821-8.
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6], [Table 7], [Table 8], [Table 9], [Table 10]
1 Grading of oral leukoplakia: Can it be improvised using immunohistochemical markers p63 and CD31
RadhikaManoj Bavle, K Paremala, Reshma Venugopal, AmulyaS Rudramuni, Nawal Khan, SreenithaS Hosthor
Contemporary Clinical Dentistry. 2021; 12(1): 37
Pujari RV
Vanaki SS
Puranik RS
Desai RS
Motupalli N
Halawar S
Leukoplakia
mean vessel density
Article in PDF (1,384 KB)
© Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
Online since 15th Aug, 2007


Some guidelines on the best way to get started writing a mystery or limited story?
Home 2019 January 16 Some guidelines on the best way to get started writing a mystery or limited story?
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According to new research, tomatoes are being genetically modified to contain resveratrol-which is a powerful disease-fighting antioxidant normally found in grapes. In fact, it's apparently the resveratrol that makes that daily glass of red wine so beneficial to us. The issue is when we drink more than that one glass-then the benefits go right out the window because as is the case with most alcohol, our blood pressure goes up with increased amounts. So, why is this such exciting news? Because just one enhanced tomato can contain as much resveratrol as 50 bottles of wine!
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A new player has come forward seeking to develop the property across Highway 395 from Carson Valley Plaza. Riverwood LLC is seeking a deal with the county redevelopment agency to build at least 30,000 square feet of commercial space.
Riverwood is the successor to AIG Baker. County Manager Dan Holler says the deal is similar in structure.
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