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Time-domain multiplexed high resolution fiber optics strain sensor system based on temporal response of fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers
Jiageng Chen, Qingwen Liu, and Zuyuan He
Jiageng Chen, Qingwen Liu,* and Zuyuan He
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
*Corresponding author: liuqingwen@sjtu.edu.cn
Jiageng Chen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2091-6388
Qingwen Liu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7244-655X
J Chen
Z He
Jiageng Chen, Qingwen Liu, and Zuyuan He, "Time-domain multiplexed high resolution fiber optics strain sensor system based on temporal response of fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers," Opt. Express 25, 21914-21925 (2017)
Resonant fiber-optic strain and temperature sensor achieving thermal-noise-limit resolution (OE)
Sensing the earth crustal deformation with nano-strain resolution fiber-optic sensors (OE)
DFB fiber laser static strain sensor based on beat frequency interrogation with a reference fiber laser locked to a FBG resonator (OE)
All optical devices
Electrooptical modulators
Fiber Bragg grating sensors
Strain measurement
Fabry-Perot (120.2230)
Original Manuscript: July 20, 2017
Revised Manuscript: August 23, 2017
Manuscript Accepted: August 23, 2017
2. Temporal behavior of fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers
3. Interrogation scheme
4. System configuration and experiment results
We developed a multiplexed strain sensor system with high resolution using fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers (FFPI) as sensing elements. The temporal responses of the FFPIs excited by rectangular laser pulses are used to obtain the strain applied on each FFPI. The FFPIs are connected by cascaded couplers and delay fiber rolls for the time-domain multiplexing. A compact optoelectronic system performing closed-loop cyclic interrogation is employed to improve the sensing resolution and the frequency response. In the demonstration experiment, 3-channel strain sensing with resolutions better than 0.1 nε and frequency response higher than 100 Hz is realized.
Wavelength encoded optical fiber sensors, such as fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensors [1] and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors [2], have been widely used for strain measurements in a variety of applications due to their high resolution, compact size, and electromagnetic interferences immunity. These advantages make the wavelength encoded optical fiber sensors very attractive to geophysical related applications, for example, the strain measurement in crustal deformation observation [3–5]. Generally, such applications require sensors with nano-strain level resolution to deal with the weak strain signals. Besides, response bandwidth covering the quasi-static frequency domain and long-term measurement range over milli-strain of the sensors are also necessary to obtain sufficient data during the measurements [6], which presents a challenge in the sensor system design.
In order to achieve the nano-strain level resolution, fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers (FFPI) with high finesse [7] or π-phase-shifted FBGs (π-PSFBG) [8] are usually used as the sensing elements, which have one or several narrow resonant notches in their reflection spectra. In addition, since the optical spectrum analyzers can not provide sufficient resolution when directly measure the spectra of the sensing elements with broadband probing laser, specified demodulation system is also required. In [9], a high resolution demodulation scheme has been proposed in which a narrow line-width single frequency laser is aligned to the slope of the resonant peak of a π-PSFBG, and the strain variation is directly calculated from the reflected light intensity. Such a method is a classical demodulation scheme for FBG strain sensors [10], however, its measurement range is quite small when interrogating the π-PSFBG since the slope of the resonance peak is sharp but narrow. Another solution of the high resolution demodulation is based on frequency sweeping laser [1,11]. The reflected light intensity curve in time-domain during each sweeping process is recorded and mapped to frequency domain, and then the resonance center wavelength (corresponding to the strain signal) is obtained by nonlinear fitting or peak search algorithm. These sensing schemes suffer a resolution degradation from the intensity noise in the time-domain curve and the instability of the frequency sweeping process [12]. Besides, their sampling rate is limited by the sweeping repetition rate of the narrow line-width laser, which can only reach a level of several times per second or even lower. Although the instability in laser frequency sweeping can be compensated by introducing external modulator as presented in [13], it still faces issues of low sampling rate and high cost radio frequency equipments.
The Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique [14] based closed-loop interrogation method provides an alternative choice for the high resolution demodulation of FFPI or π-PSFBG [6, 15–17]. An "error signal" [18] obtained with the PDH technique can be used to indicate the frequency mismatch between the interrogating laser and the resonance center of the FFPI or π-PSFBG, and then a feedback control can be performed to lock the laser in the resonance center. For the PDH technique based quasi-static strain sensors, resolution better than 1 nε/Hz1/2 in 0.01 to 100 Hz band has been realized [6]. However, in these works the issue of multiplexing were not mentioned because the employment of complex demodulation system leads to great difficulty for multiplexing.
For the applications in geophysical researches, there are strong demands for multi-channel high resolution sensors to acquire sufficient data, such as in 2-D or 3-D strain tensor measurements or strain field distribution observations. Considering that the cost is also one of the major concerns in practical application, it is necessary to adopt multiplexed sensor array in which the demodulation system is shared in order to reduce the total cost. In [19], a wavelength-division multiplexing scheme for the PDH technique based sensors has been proposed, in which each sensing channel occupies an independent closed-loop interrogation system. So the system configuration is still complex and the total cost can not be efficiently reduced. Recently, our group proposed a time-domain multiplexing scheme for the closed-loop high performance sensors [20]. A cyclic interrogation scheme together with sideband interrogation method is introduced, so all the sensing channels share the same demodulation system. While, to achieve large measurement range and high sampling rate, costly RF equipments and high bandwidth electro-optic modulators are still used in the system, which restricts the reduction of the device cost as well as the frequency response of the sensors.
In this paper, we propose a high-resolution multiplexed strain sensor based on the temporal responses of FFPIs. A pair of rectangular laser pulses with different frequency shifts is used to interrogate the FFPIs, and their temporal responses are employed to discriminate the frequency mismatch between the laser and the resonance of FFPIs. The FFPIs are connected in half-ladder structure by cascaded optical fiber couplers and delay fiber rolls for the time-domain multiplexing. A compact optoelectronic system, comprising a narrow line-width laser and an acousto-optic modulator (AOM), performs the closed-loop cyclic interrogation process to realize the demodulation of the FFPI sensors. In the experiment, we achieve a 3-channel strain measurement with resolution better than 0.1 nε and frequency response higher than 100 Hz.
It is known that a fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer has transmission peaks (and reflection notches) in its spectrum due to the constructive interference in the cavity [21]. The center frequencies of the peaks (or the notches) are sensitive to strain or temperature or other factors which affect the effective length of the fiber cavity, and hence the FFPIs can be employed for sensing purposes. For a unit amplitude incident wave and infinite build-up time, the reflection intensity of an ideal FFPI is [21]:
(1)Ir(ϕ)=|−r+∑n=1∞(1−r2)r2n+1e−inϕ|2=1−11+Fsin2(ϕ2),ϕ=2nL×2πλ,F=4R(1−R)2,R=r2,NR=π2F,
where r and R are the electric-field amplitude and intensity reflection coefficients of the ends of the cavity, ϕ represents the phase lag of the light wave propagating through the cavity in single round-trip, n is the refraction index of the fiber, L is the cavity length, λ are the wavelength of the incident wave, and NR is the finesse coefficient. For FFPIs with high finesse, narrow transmission notches appear when ϕ equals to integral multiples of 2π.
When a square light pulse with finite-length is incident to a high finesse FFPI for the purpose of time-domain multiplexing, the temporal response of the FFPI should be taken into consideration [21, 22] because the limited time for the interfering beams to build up. And after the incident pulse has elapsed, there is still lightwave remaining in the cavity to be released [22]. Accordingly, the temporal behavior of FFPI in reflection intensity is given by:
(2)Ir(ϕ,t)={|−r+∑n=1M(1−r2)r2n+1e−inϕ|2,0,|(∑n=1M0(r2n−1τe−inϕ)r2(M−M0)τ|2,0≤t<T0,t=T0,t>T0,M=⌊tt0⌋,M0=T0t0,Ii(t)=u(t)−u(t−T0)
where t represents the time elapsed from the beginning of the incident light pulse, τ is the transmission coefficient of the ends of the cavity following relation τ2 + r2 = 1, t0 = 2nL/c0 is the single round-trip time of light traveling in the cavity (c0 is the speed of light in vacuum), Ii (t) is the incident light pulse represented by unit step functions, and T0 is the duration of the incident light pulse, which is assumed to be equal to integral times of t0 for convenience. Theoretically, the building up of multi beam interference in a Fabry-Perot interferometer is a discrete process with a unit time scale of t0, so the M = ⌊t/t0⌋ can be taken as the independent variable in the formula. Before the incident light pulse elapses, the reflection intensity can be derived by the accumulation of the first M interfering beams with similar pattern in Eq. (1). After the pulse has vanished, the first M0 interfering beams in the cavity release so there is still returning light [21]. Considering that before/after the falling edge of the pulse, the electric-field amplitudes of the returning light have opposite signs, it is reasonable to stipulate that the reflection intensity is zero at t = T0 since electric-field amplitudes of the returning light is continuous in practice and will inevitably cross zero.
Further, we define Er (ϕ) as the energy ratio of the reflected pulse and the incident pulse during 0 < t < T0 by:
(3)Er(ϕ)=∫0T0Ir(ϕ,t)dt∫0T0It(ϕ,t)dt=1T0∫0T0Ir(ϕ,t)dt.
If ϕ is away from integral multiples of 2π, the cavity is in non-resonant state. So, the reflected light intensity will not decline and Er (ϕ) is close to 1. While, if ϕ is close to integral multiples of 2π, due to the building up of constructive interference in the cavity, a decline process appears in the reflected light intensity, as shown in Fig. 1(a). As we can see, when ϕ moves closer to the resonance point, the intensity of reflected light exhibits a faster decline so its energy (the area under the curve) decreases. Correspondingly, the pulse energy ratio Er (ϕ) defined in Eq. (3) and the steady state response Ir (ϕ) in Eq. (1) are given in Fig. 1(b). The minima and widths of the notches in Er (ϕ) are related to the pulse duration T0. When T0 is quite large that the corresponding M0 = T0/t0 reaches the finesse coefficient NR, the Er (ϕ) approximates to the steady state response Ir (ϕ). While, a small T0 as short as only several times of t0 will lead to substantial degradation in Er (ϕ) compared with the Ir (ϕ). That means there is a trade-off between the pulse duration and the frequency discrimination ability. So, for specific applications, it is necessary to choose an appropriate pulse duration T0 considering both system constraint and performance to meet the final requirement.
Fig. 1 The temporal responses of a FFPI with R = 0.99 and NR = 313. (a) Theoretical temporal response Ir (ϕ, t) in time-domain by Eq. 2 under M0 = 50 (solid lines) or M0 = ∞ (dash lines) and phase mismatches ϕ = 0, ±0.005π, ±0.01π, ±0.015π, ±0.02π. (b) The pulse energy ratio Er (ϕ) by Eq. 3 and the steady state response Ir (ϕ) by Eq. 1 near a resonance point. Curves of Er (ϕ) with M0 = 10, 50, 250 are separately given.
3.1. The frequency mismatch discrimination method
With the Er (ϕ) given above and appropriate T0, we can found the resonant frequencies of an FFPI by performing a frequency scan of the interrogating laser. However, for high finess FFPIs, a frequency scanning usually means redundant data being acquired and limited repetition rate. So, we propose a dual pulse interrogation scheme to obtain the frequency mismatch between the laser and the resonance center in a relatively short time. For convenience, we assume that the two incident pulses have the same intensity and hence their powers are equal. Figure 2 gives a diagrammatic illustration of the dual pulse interrogation method. Two short incident laser pulses with frequencies of ν′ = ν − νd and ν″ = ν + νd sequentially interrogate a resonance of FFPI, then the two reflected pulses with temporal behaviors are acquired. When the average frequency of the laser pulses ν is lower than the resonance frequency ν0, the ν″ is closer to the resonance center than the ν′. Therefore, the power of the first reflective pulse is larger than the second one. On the contrary, if ν is higher than ν0, the power of the first reflective pulse will be smaller than the second. Particularly, under the condition that ν is exactly aligned to ν0, the two reflected pulses are identical, so the difference of powers of the reflected pulses is zero.
Fig. 2 Illustration of the dual pulse interrogation method. The left part of the figure shows the frequencies of the two laser pulses and a resonance of FFPI in frequency domain; the right part gives the diagrammatic illustration of the reflected pulse pairs under different ν and the curve of frequency deviation signal.
The description above indicates a frequency mismatch discrimination method based on the power difference of the reflected pulses. Correspondingly, a frequency deviation signal is given by:
(4)D(v)=Er(2πvvFSR−ϕd)−Er(2πvvFSR+ϕd),
where ν is the average frequency of the pulse pair, νFSR = c0/2nL is the free spectral range (FSR) of the FFPI, and ϕd = 2πνd/νFSR is the phase disturbance corresponding to the frequency disturbance νd mentioned above. Figure 2 illustrates the frequency deviation signal D(ν) near a resonance of FFPI. Such a frequency deviation signal is similar to the error signal in the PDH technique [18]. The zero-crossing point corresponds to a resonance center of the FFPI, and the curve is rotational symmetric with respect to the resonance point. Near the resonance point, there is a sharp fall of the signal, which can be considered as approximately linear as long as ν is close enough to ν0. The slope of the falling edge at zero-crossing point of D(ν), which is defined as K, equals to the conversion factor from the frequency deviation δν = ν − ν0 to D(ν).
So, the frequency deviation δν between the interrogation laser and the resonance can be obtained by δν = K−1D(ν) when the laser frequency is close to the resonance frequency. In addition, if the laser frequency ν is controllable, a closed-loop control system can be used to stabilize the D(ν) at zero, i.e., to lock the laser frequency in the resonance center. Once locked, the ν can exactly indicate the resonant frequency of FFPI and follow the variation of the resonant frequency. For FFPIs as strain sensors, the resonant frequency is sensitive to the applied axial strain, so we can get the strain signal by
(5)Δε=k−1Δv,
where Δε is the variation in strain, Δν represents the relative change in ν, and k is the strain sensitivity of the resonant frequency of the FFPI.
3.2. The closed-loop cyclic interrogation scheme
For a closed-loop interrogation system based on a single frequency laser, it is impossible to track all the resonances of multiple FFPIs at the same time. However, if the frequency of the laser can be rapidly and arbitrarily controlled, an alternative "closed-loop cyclic interrogation" scheme can be employed to track more than one resonances by turns. For ease of description, some definitions are given below: N is the number of FFPIs; Di(k)(v) represents the frequency deviation signal of the i-th FFPI in the k-th interrogation cycle with i = 1, 2, ⋯, N and k = 1, 2, ⋯; and K1, K2, ⋯, KN is the slope at zero-crossing point of the corresponding Di (ν) curve.
At the beginning, we assume that the initial resonant frequencies of each FFPI are approximately known as v10, v20, ⋯, vN0, which can be obtained by performing a frequency scan. In the first cycle, N interrogations are sequentially performed, getting the frequency deviation signals of all the FFPIs which are
(6)D1(1)(v10),D2(1)(v20),⋯,DN(1)(vN0).
With the conversion factors Ki, N frequency deviations between vi0 and the resonance frequency of the i-th FFPI can be obtained as
(7)δvi1=Ki−1Di(1)(vi0),i=1,2,⋯,N.
So, the actual resonant frequencies of each FFPI during the first interrogation cycle are
(8)vi1=vi0+δvi1=vi0+Ki−1Di(1)(vi0),i=1,2,⋯,N.
Once the first interrogation cycle is complete, the next cycle begins immediately. This moment, the initial resonant frequencies vi0 will be replaced by the new resonant frequencies vi1 to perform the N interrogations in this round. Similarly, in the following interrogation cycles, the latest resonant frequencies vik are always obtained based on the resonant frequencies in the last cycle by
(9)vik=vik−1+Ki−1Di(k)(vik−1),i=1,2,⋯,N.
Although the resonant frequencies could change during the measurement, this closed-loop cyclic interrogation scheme is still able to realize the tracking of all resonance centers of the FFPIs. During the process, the resonant frequencies are recorded in groups, giving N frequency arrays {v1k}, {v2k}, ⋯, {vNk} which indicates the strain applied on each FFPI. It should be noted that such a scheme requires the sensor system having rapidly adjustable light source, and being able to distinguish signals from different FFPIs. So, we propose an interrogation system based on external modulator and time-domain multiplexing scheme, which will be introduced in the following section.
4.1. Experiment setup
The configuration of the sensor system is shown in Fig. 3. An 1550 nm narrow line-width laser (NKT, E15) is the light source of the system. Then, an optical circulator (CIR1) is used to guide the laser into an acousto-optic modulator (AOM, G&H, T-M300), which generates the pulses and shifts the laser frequency at the same time. The operating frequency band of the AOM is 240–340 MHz. After the AOM, a reflection mirror (RM) is employed to make the laser beam propagate through the modulator again, which doubles the laser frequency shift by the AOM. The laser pulses returned from the AOM is then split into two beams by a fiber coupler (CP0) with splitting ratio of 1:20. The beam with smaller intensity is directly received by a photo detector (PD1) as local signal. At the same time, the other beam with larger intensity propagates through another optical circulator (CIR2) and then into the sensor array.
Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of the experiment system. CIR: optical circulator; CP: optical coupler; AOM: acousto-optic modulator; RM: reflection mirror; PD: photo detector; A/D: analog-digital converter; SG: signal generator; RF-AMP: radio-frequency signal amplifier. Diagrammatic sketch of signals after the SG, PD1, and PD2 are also given below the diagram for ease of understanding.
In the sensor array, 3 cascaded 1×2 fiber couplers (CP1, CP2, and CP3) with 3 rolls of delay fiber are used to guide the probing laser pulse into 4 FFPIs. The splitting ratio of couplers are 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1 respectively, making a balanced distribution of probing laser intensity for all the channels. The directivities (reciprocal of the crosstalks) of the couplers are tested to be higher than 70 dB. The lengths of the delay fiber rolls are 100 meters, which lead to a round trip time delay td = 1 μs between two adjacent channels. In order to eliminate undesired reflections in the optical route which would cause crosstalk among channels, the ends of delay fibers and couplers are connected by fusion splices instead of using flexible connectors. The FFPIs, which are the sensing elements in our experiment, are composed of a pair of high reflection FBGs with spacing of L = 0.8 meter (single round-trip time t0 = 8 ns). The reflectivities of the FBGs are R = 99%. Such a half-ladder configuration ensures that the reflection pulses from each FFPI will not overlap as long as the pulse duration is smaller than the time delay td caused by the delay fiber rolls. The reflected pulse trains from the sensor array propagate through the optical circulator (CIR2) again, and then received by another photo detector (PD2) as remote signal.
The local signal and the remote signal are converted into digital pattern by two analog-digital converters (A/D, ADI, AD9226) and then acquired by a real-time (RT) control module (Xilinx, XC6SLX16). The RT control module is programmed to process the acquired data without delay, store the results in memory, and control a signal generator (SG, ADI, AD9910) at the same time. The SG can generate pulsed RF signal with fixed duration and controllable frequency covering the operating band of the AOM. After a RF signal amplifier (RF-AMP), the pulsed signal are used to drive the AOM to generate laser pulses with arbitrary frequency shifts, as mentioned above.
With the help of the RT control module, the frequency mismatch discrimination and the closed-loop cyclic interrogation described in section 3 can be implemented. As indicated in Fig. 3, in a single detection, the SG generates two RF pulses with frequencies of ν′ = ν − νd and ν″ = ν + νd relatively. The νd is set to be 2 MHz in the experiment. Because the delay times in the system are known and fixed, we can take out the segments in the local signal and the remote signal which correspond to the two incident light pulses and the two reflected light pulses. Then, data in the segments are accumulated in digital domain as pulse energies EI′, EI″, ER′, and ER″ respectively, and the corresponding frequency deviation signal can be calculated as D(v)=ER′/EI′−ER″/EI″. The repetition rate of single detection fs is limited by the maximum path delay Lmax in the system by fs < (2 × 2nLmax/c0)−1, which is set to be 2 × 104 in the experiment. In each interrogation cycle, 4 detections are performed to interrogate all the channels. With the procedure given in section 3.2, the closed-loop cyclic interrogation can be realized. Accordingly, the repetition rate of interrogation cycle, i.e., the loop rate of the feedback system, is fR = fs/4 = 5 × 103 times per second. In addition, besides of the closed-loop cyclic interrogation mode, the RT controller can also be programed in single detection mode or frequency scanning mode to acquire supportive intermediate results.
4.2. Temporal responses and frequency deviation signals of FFPI in experiment
The measured temporal responses of a FFPI used in the experiment are given in Fig. 4(a). It should be noted that there are parasitic pulses in the reflected signals after the incident pulse has elapsed. Although the parasitic pulses are not included in the calculation of the frequency deviation signal, they are possible to overlap with the next reflected pulse from other channel. In order to avoid the unexpected inter-channel crosstalk, it is necessary to retain a protective time interval between the reflected pulses. So, in the experiment, the incident pulse duration is set to be T0 = 0.5 μs (M0 = T0/t0 ≃ 63) while the time delay between two channels is td = 1 μs as previously given. Such a configuration can effectively prevent the crosstalk caused by overlapping of pulses.
Fig. 4 (a) The measured reflected pulses of FFPI 1. Incident laser pulse duration is set to 0.5 μs, and their frequency deviation to the resonance center are 0, 0.75 MHz, 1.50 MHz, 2.25 MHz, and 3.00 MHz (correspond to phase mismatches of 0, 0.006π, 0.012π, 0.018π, and 0.024π respectively). Parasitic pulses can be observed within t > 0.5μs. (b) The measured frequency deviation signal curves of FFPI 1 and FFPI 2 with laser frequency shifts from 480 MHz to 680 MHz (AOM operating frequencies from 240 MHz to 340 MHz), 3 zero-crossing points appear at 500 MHz, 580 MHz, and 630 MHz.
With a frequency scan based on the system configuration given above, we can get the complete curves of frequency deviation signals D(ν) defined by Eq. (4). The acquired frequency deviation signal curves are shown in Fig. 4(b). The zero-crossing points in the curve correspond to the resonances of the FFPI. The sharp falling slopes at the zero-crossing points indicate a high frequency discrimination ability of the system. Due to the introduction of the reflection mirror, the frequency scanning range achieves 200 MHz which is twice of the operating range of the AOM. The FSR of the FFPIs used in the experiment is νFSR = c0/2nL = 128 MHz, so it can be ensured that there is at least one zero-crossing point within the operating range, which brings great convenience to the strain measurement. In addition, if the zero-crossing point is moving out of the operating range during a long-time measurement, another zero-crossing point will certainly appear in the position with a frequency interval of νFSR. Under this condition, we can switch the probing laser to interrogate the adjacent resonance, and add (or subtract) the value of νFSR to the frequency readouts, implementing an uninterrupted, large-scale measurement.
4.3. Experiment results and discussion
When the sensor system is operating at the closed-loop cyclic interrogation mode, 4 frequency arrays {v1k}, {v2k}, {v3k}, and {v4k} correspond to the resonant frequencies of the FFPIs can be acquired. In the experiment, FFPI 1–3 are taken as sensing channels which are stretched to apply axial strain. In order to compensate the wavelength drift of the light source and temperature fluctuation, the FFPI 4 are taken as a reference channel which is unstressed and is placed near the other FFPIs. Considering that the wavelength drift of the light source leads to the same variation in the measured frequency arrays, we use the frequency differences between the sensing channels and the reference channel to calculate the strain by εi = (νi − ν4)/k, where i = 1, 2, 3, and k = 148.1 MHz/με (1.18 pm/με) is the tested strain sensitivity of the FFPIs. To further depress the measurement error, we take the average of every 10 frequency readouts to perform the strain calculation once. So, the sampling rate is fR/10 = 500 samples per second.
The measured time-domain results are shown in Fig. 5. During the measurement, the FFPI 1 is stretched by a nano-positioning stage (PI, P-752.1CD) to apply controllable strain signal. Figure 5(a) gives the measured result when an 100 nεp−p, 10 Hz strain signal are applied on FFPI 1, and a clear sinusoidal curve which is consistent well with the applied strain is observed. Figures 5(b)–5(d) show the results when constant strain are applied on the 3 FFPIs respectively. The standard deviations are calculated as the strain sensing resolution, which are δε1 = 0.039 nε, δε2 = 0.055 nε, and δε3 = 0.060 nε. Because the insertion loss of the AOM at different operating frequencies is not the same, the resolutions of each sensing channel are slightly different. Generally, resolutions better than 0.1 nε for all the sensing channel is achieved in our scheme.
Fig. 5 Time-domain results in the experiment. (a) Measured strain on FFPI 1 when 100 nεp−p, 10 Hz strain signal is applied. (b)–(d) Measured strain on FFPI 1, FFPI 2, and FFPI 3 respectively when constant strain are applied; the standard deviations of the results are also given.
To verify the frequency response of the sensor, 100 nεp−p (= 35.4 nεrms) sinusoidal strain signals with different frequencies of 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, 10 Hz and 100 Hz are applied on the FFPI 1. The power density spectra of the results are shown in Fig. 6(a). The sharp peaks at 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, 10 Hz and 100 Hz are with the same amplitude, indicating that the response bandwidth of the sensor is higher than 100 Hz. Figure 6(b) gives the synchronous measurement results of all the 3 channels in order to test the crosstalk between channels. During the measurement, 1 Hz, 100 nεp−p strain is applied on FFPI 1 while constant strain are applied on FFPI 2 and 3. In curve 1, there is a sharp peak with an amplitude 65 dB higher than the noise level at 1 Hz in channel 2 and 3. While in curve 2 and 3, there is no observable peak at 1 Hz point, which proves that the crosstalk between channels of the sensor system is better than −65 dB.
Fig. 6 Frequency-domain results in the experiment. (a) The power density spectra of measured strain on FFPI 1 when 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, 10 Hz and 100 Hz strain signals are separately applied. (b) Power density spectra of simultaneous measured results from all the channels when 1 Hz strain signal is applied on FFPI 1 while constant strain on FFPI 2 and 3.
In the experiment, we find that the resolution is mainly limited by the nonideality of the signal generator which drives the AOM. Specifically, it is because the sampling rate of signal generator is 1.0 GHz and approaches the Nyquist limit when generating signals with frequency larger than 250 MHz. So, the resolution can be further improved by employing signal generator with higher performance. In long-time measurement, the temperature fluctuation on the FFPIs will influence the sensing accuracy. So we insulate the FFPIs from the environment to ensure that the temperature on all the FFPIs are the same. Besides, the FFPIs have equal temperature sensitivity coefficients because they are written in the same type of fiber and have the same operating wavelength. Therefore, the temperature caused wavelength variation on the sensing FFPIs and the reference FFPI are equal, and hence, the temperature influence on strain measurement can be compensated. According to the results in our previous works [5, 11], nano-strain level accuracy can be achieved based on such compensation scheme. The channel number N can be further increased by appending fiber couplers, delay fiber rolls, and FFPIs. Considering that the half-ladder configuration of the sensor array leads to a power attenuation of 1/N2, so light source with larger power and PD with higher gain could be used when necessary. Besides, since the sampling rate is inversely proportional to the channel number N in the cyclic interrogation scheme, the trade off between multiplexing ability and sampling rate of the sensor system should also be considered.
The proposed demodulation scheme can achieve high response bandwidth, large measurement range, and low device cost at the same time. The response frequency of the sensor is tested to be higher than 100 Hz. By comparison, the response of frequency sweeping laser based high resolution sensors [11, 13] can only reach several Hertz or even worse. The PDH demodulation scheme [6] can realize relatively high response frequency, however, its measurement range only reaches ∼2 με and it has difficulty in multiplexing. In our scheme, the high reflection band of the FBGs in the FFPI is larger than 0.25 nm. According to the discussion in section 4.2, the sensor system can work in the whole operating band of the FFPIs, corresponding to a measurement range larger than 200 με. For the issue of device cost, in one aspect all the channels share the same interrogation system, and in another aspect, the interrogation system uses only one light source, one modulator, a pair of PDs, and ordinary optical/electronic devices. So, the cost per channel is significantly lower than the single channel schemes [6, 13] or the wavelength multiplexing scheme [19], which improves the practicality of the sensor system. In addition, in the demonstration experiment we adopt an all polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) configuration to eliminate the influence of polarization change, and therefore to guarantee the long-time performance. For applications that the long-time performance is less critical, all optical devices can be replaced by ordinary single-mode fiber (SMF) devices to further reduce the system cost.
In this work, we proposed a time-division multiplexed high resolution strain sensor system based on the temporal response of FFPIs and the closed-loop cyclic interrogating scheme. In the demonstration experiment, 3-channel quasi-static strain measurement with resolution better than 0.1 nε and frequency response higher than 100 Hz is realized. Due to the characteristics of high performance and low cost, the proposed sensor system shows great potential in setting up strain sensing network for geophysical researches.
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (61327812, 61620106015).
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6. T. T. Lam, J. H. Chow, D. A. Shaddock, I. C. M. Littler, G. Gagliardi, M. B. Gray, and D. E. McClelland, "High-resolution absolute frequency referenced fiber optic sensor for quasi-static strain sensing," Appl. Optics 49, 4029–4033 (2010). [CrossRef]
7. W. W. Morey, T. J. Bailey, W. H. Glenn, and G. Meltz, "Fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer using side exposed fiber Bragg gratings," in "Optical Fiber Communication Conference," (Optical Society of America, 1992), paper WA2.
8. T. Erdogan, "Fiber grating spectra," J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 1277–1294 (1997). [CrossRef]
9. A. Rosenthal, D. Razansky, and V. Ntziachristos, "High-sensitivity compact ultrasonic detector based on a π-phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating," Opt. Lett. 36, 1833–1835 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. A. Arie, B. Lissak, and M. Tur, "Static fiber-Bragg grating strain sensing using frequency-locked lasers," J. Lightwave Technol. 17, 1849–1855 (1999). [CrossRef]
11. Q. Liu, T. Tokunaga, and Z. He, "Ultra-high-resolution large-dynamic-range optical fiber static strain sensor using Pound–Drever–Hall technique," Opt. Lett. 36, 4044–4046 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Q. Liu, T. Tokunaga, and Z. He, "Realization of nano static strain sensing with fiber Bragg gratings interrogated by narrow linewidth tunable lasers," Opt. Express 19, 20214–20223 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. W. Huang, W. Zhang, and F. Li, "Swept optical ssb-sc modulation technique for high-resolution large-dynamic-range static strain measurement using FBG-FP sensors," Opt. Lett. 40, 1406–1409 (2015). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. R. W. P. Drever, F. V. K. J. L. Hall, J. Hough, G. Ford, A. Munley, and H. Ward, "Laser phase and frequency stabilization using an optical resonator," Appl. Phys. B 31, 97–105 (1983). [CrossRef]
15. J. H. Chow, D. E. McClelland, M. B. Gray, and I. C. Littler, "Demonstration of a passive subpicostrain fiber strain sensor," Opt. Lett. 30, 1923–1925 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. D. Gatti, G. Galzerano, D. Janner, S. Longhi, and P. Laporta, "Fiber strain sensor based on a π-phase-shifted Bragg grating and the Pound-Drever-Hall technique," Opt. Express 16, 1945–1950 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. G. Gagliardi, M. Salza, S. Avino, P. Ferraro, and P. Natale, "Probing the ultimate limit of fiber-optic strain sensing," Science 330, 1081–1084 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. E. D. Black, "An introduction to Pound–Drever–Hall laser frequency stabilization," Am. J. Phys. 69, 79–87 (2001). [CrossRef]
19. I. C. M. Littler, M. B. Gray, J. H. Chow, D. A. Shaddock, and D. E. McClelland, "Pico-strain multiplexed fiber optic sensor array operating down to infra-sonic frequencies," Opt. Express 17, 11077–11087 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. J. Chen, Q. Liu, X. Fan, and Z. He, "Sub-nano-strain multiplexed fiber optic sensor array for quasi-static strain measurement," IEEE. Photon. Technol. Lett. 28, 2311–2314 (2016). [CrossRef]
21. G. Hernández, Fabry-perot interferometers (Cambridge University, 1988).
22. C. Roychoudhuri, "Response of Fabry–Perot interferometers to light pulses of very short duration," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 1418–1426 (1975). [CrossRef]
T. Yoshino, K. Kurosawa, K. Itoh, and T. Ose, "Fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer and its sensor applications," IEEE T. Microw. Theory 30, 1612–1621 (1982).
A. Kersey, M. Davis, H. Patrick, M. Leblanc, K. Koo, C. Askins, M. Putnam, and E. Friebele, "Fiber grating sensors," J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 1442–1463 (1997).
M. A. Zumberge, F. K. Wyatt, D. X. Yu, and H. Hanada, "Optical fibers for measurement of earth strain," Appl. Opt. 27, 4131–4138 (1988).
T. Sato, R. Honda, and S. Shibata, "Ground strain measuring system using optical fiber sensors," Proc. SPIE 3670, 470–479 (1999)
Q. Liu, Z. He, and T. Tokunaga, "Sensing the earth crustal deformation with nano-strain resolution fiber-optic sensors," Opt. Express 23, A428–A436 (2015).
T. T. Lam, J. H. Chow, D. A. Shaddock, I. C. M. Littler, G. Gagliardi, M. B. Gray, and D. E. McClelland, "High-resolution absolute frequency referenced fiber optic sensor for quasi-static strain sensing," Appl. Optics 49, 4029–4033 (2010).
W. W. Morey, T. J. Bailey, W. H. Glenn, and G. Meltz, "Fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer using side exposed fiber Bragg gratings," in "Optical Fiber Communication Conference," (Optical Society of America, 1992), paper WA2.
T. Erdogan, "Fiber grating spectra," J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 1277–1294 (1997).
A. Rosenthal, D. Razansky, and V. Ntziachristos, "High-sensitivity compact ultrasonic detector based on a π-phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating," Opt. Lett. 36, 1833–1835 (2011).
A. Arie, B. Lissak, and M. Tur, "Static fiber-Bragg grating strain sensing using frequency-locked lasers," J. Lightwave Technol. 17, 1849–1855 (1999).
Q. Liu, T. Tokunaga, and Z. He, "Ultra-high-resolution large-dynamic-range optical fiber static strain sensor using Pound–Drever–Hall technique," Opt. Lett. 36, 4044–4046 (2011).
Q. Liu, T. Tokunaga, and Z. He, "Realization of nano static strain sensing with fiber Bragg gratings interrogated by narrow linewidth tunable lasers," Opt. Express 19, 20214–20223 (2011).
W. Huang, W. Zhang, and F. Li, "Swept optical ssb-sc modulation technique for high-resolution large-dynamic-range static strain measurement using FBG-FP sensors," Opt. Lett. 40, 1406–1409 (2015).
R. W. P. Drever, F. V. K. J. L. Hall, J. Hough, G. Ford, A. Munley, and H. Ward, "Laser phase and frequency stabilization using an optical resonator," Appl. Phys. B 31, 97–105 (1983).
J. H. Chow, D. E. McClelland, M. B. Gray, and I. C. Littler, "Demonstration of a passive subpicostrain fiber strain sensor," Opt. Lett. 30, 1923–1925 (2005).
D. Gatti, G. Galzerano, D. Janner, S. Longhi, and P. Laporta, "Fiber strain sensor based on a π-phase-shifted Bragg grating and the Pound-Drever-Hall technique," Opt. Express 16, 1945–1950 (2008).
G. Gagliardi, M. Salza, S. Avino, P. Ferraro, and P. Natale, "Probing the ultimate limit of fiber-optic strain sensing," Science 330, 1081–1084 (2010).
E. D. Black, "An introduction to Pound–Drever–Hall laser frequency stabilization," Am. J. Phys. 69, 79–87 (2001).
I. C. M. Littler, M. B. Gray, J. H. Chow, D. A. Shaddock, and D. E. McClelland, "Pico-strain multiplexed fiber optic sensor array operating down to infra-sonic frequencies," Opt. Express 17, 11077–11087 (2009).
J. Chen, Q. Liu, X. Fan, and Z. He, "Sub-nano-strain multiplexed fiber optic sensor array for quasi-static strain measurement," IEEE. Photon. Technol. Lett. 28, 2311–2314 (2016).
G. Hernández, Fabry-perot interferometers (Cambridge University, 1988).
C. Roychoudhuri, "Response of Fabry–Perot interferometers to light pulses of very short duration," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 1418–1426 (1975).
Arie, A.
Askins, C.
Avino, S.
Bailey, T. J.
Black, E. D.
Chen, J.
Chow, J. H.
Davis, M.
Drever, R. W. P.
Erdogan, T.
Fan, X.
Ferraro, P.
Ford, G.
Friebele, E.
Gagliardi, G.
Galzerano, G.
Gatti, D.
Glenn, W. H.
Gray, M. B.
Hall, F. V. K. J. L.
Hanada, H.
He, Z.
Hernández, G.
Honda, R.
Hough, J.
Huang, W.
Itoh, K.
Janner, D.
Kersey, A.
Koo, K.
Kurosawa, K.
Lam, T. T.
Laporta, P.
Leblanc, M.
Li, F.
Lissak, B.
Littler, I. C.
Littler, I. C. M.
Liu, Q.
Longhi, S.
McClelland, D. E.
Meltz, G.
Morey, W. W.
Munley, A.
Natale, P.
Ntziachristos, V.
Ose, T.
Patrick, H.
Putnam, M.
Razansky, D.
Rosenthal, A.
Roychoudhuri, C.
Salza, M.
Sato, T.
Shaddock, D. A.
Shibata, S.
Tokunaga, T.
Tur, M.
Ward, H.
Wyatt, F. K.
Yoshino, T.
Yu, D. X.
Zumberge, M. A.
Am. J. Phys. (1)
Appl. Opt. (1)
Appl. Optics (1)
IEEE T. Microw. Theory (1)
IEEE. Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)
J. Opt. Soc. Am. (1)
Proc. SPIE (1)
(1) I r ( ϕ ) = | − r + ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( 1 − r 2 ) r 2 n + 1 e − i n ϕ | 2 = 1 − 1 1 + F sin 2 ( ϕ 2 ) , ϕ = 2 n L × 2 π λ , F = 4 R ( 1 − R ) 2 , R = r 2 , N R = π 2 F ,
(2) I r ( ϕ , t ) = { | − r + ∑ n = 1 M ( 1 − r 2 ) r 2 n + 1 e − i n ϕ | 2 , 0 , | ( ∑ n = 1 M 0 ( r 2 n − 1 τ e − i n ϕ ) r 2 ( M − M 0 ) τ | 2 , 0 ≤ t < T 0 , t = T 0 , t > T 0 , M = ⌊ t t 0 ⌋ , M 0 = T 0 t 0 , I i ( t ) = u ( t ) − u ( t − T 0 )
(3) E r ( ϕ ) = ∫ 0 T 0 I r ( ϕ , t ) d t ∫ 0 T 0 I t ( ϕ , t ) d t = 1 T 0 ∫ 0 T 0 I r ( ϕ , t ) d t .
(4) D ( v ) = E r ( 2 π v v F S R − ϕ d ) − E r ( 2 π v v F S R + ϕ d ) ,
(5) Δ ε = k − 1 Δ v ,
(6) D 1 ( 1 ) ( v 1 0 ) , D 2 ( 1 ) ( v 2 0 ) , ⋯ , D N ( 1 ) ( v N 0 ) .
(7) δ v i 1 = K i − 1 D i ( 1 ) ( v i 0 ) , i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , N .
(8) v i 1 = v i 0 + δ v i 1 = v i 0 + K i − 1 D i ( 1 ) ( v i 0 ) , i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , N .
(9) v i k = v i k − 1 + K i − 1 D i ( k ) ( v i k − 1 ) , i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , N .


BLOOMINGTON, Ind. — A new $150,000 award from the National Science Foundation will allow networking experts from Indiana University and partners at the Department of Energy's Energy Sciences Network (ESnet) and Internet2 to expand the successful Operating Innovative Networks workshop series. Since 2013, the workshops have helped network engineers learn to manage ever-increasing scientific data flows, hastening scientific discovery in the process.
The workshops are a joint effort between IU's Global Research Network Operations Center (GlobalNOC), ESnet, and Internet2 to accelerate scientific discovery at higher education institutions around the US. These events have equipped university and laboratory network engineers with the unique knowledge and training they need to build next-generation campus networks, optimized for data-intensive science.
"Network engineers see their job as accelerating the rate of scientific discovery," said Jon-Paul Herron, principal investigator for the award and GlobalNOC director of engineering. "But at the same time, they need to ensure the network is available, secure, and performing well for all the users on their campus. And that's where the Operating Innovative Networks workshops come in. By giving these engineers concrete technical lessons on how to implement advanced networking technology, we're helping them get the most out of their networks. Now with the NSF's backing, we are looking forward to the opportunity to expand our efforts."
Each workshop features two days of presentation material and extensive hands-on exercises designed to encourage immediate, informed adoption of the technologies that will fit their needs. By the end of the event, attendees have a better understanding of the requirements for supporting scientific use of the network, and tools and strategies that can be used to mitigate problems users may encounter.
Michael Coffee, manager of network services at Stephen F. Austin State University in Texas, attended a recent OIN workshop in Pennsylvania. "The OIN workshop was a great success," he said. "It allowed many of us who maintain production networks to become more acquainted with the needs of research-based networks. The discussion of networking tools such as perfSONAR was of real value to me since we had just deployed a couple of perfSONAR servers at our institution. Being able to discuss the results we were seeing with those who helped create the tools was a tremendous help."
Past workshops have shared detailed technical content on the Science DMZ paradigm, the perfSONAR network performance measurement system, and the use of open software defined networking (SDN) technologies like OpenFlow. Topics on tap for 2016 include advanced cybersecurity, new SDN methods, orchestration of networks with scientific cloud applications, and an SDN-based Science DMZ for increased performance and security.
"The Operating Innovative Networks workshop series is a great example of Indiana University's emphasis on science engagement, or the human side of network technology," said Dave Jent, IU associate vice president of networks. "By training network engineers to ask researchers and scientists what they're trying to do with their data and how the network can support that, we're improving science outcomes on campuses."
Alan Sutter, chief technology officer and director of technology infrastructure at Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pa., agreed.
"I found the OIN workshop to be extremely worthwhile. It was a great mix of theoretical, practical and hands-on learning on topics that were very relevant to my needs as CTO," said Sutter. "F&M was recently awarded a grant to build a science DMZ, and the information I gained at the workshop will ensure that we spend the money in the most effective way possible. I would highly recommend the OIN workshop to anyone involved in networking in higher education."
This award is a part of the NSF's Advanced Cyberinfrastructure program (award #1541421).


text:
package com.auto.test.controller;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
import com.auto.test.common.bean.SimpleJsonResult;
import com.auto.test.common.constant.Const;
import com.auto.test.common.context.SpringContext;
import com.auto.test.common.context.ToolWarApplication;
import com.auto.test.common.controller.BaseController;
import com.auto.test.utils.DateUtil;
import com.auto.test.utils.HttpUtil;

@RestController
@RequestMapping(value = "tool/time")
public class ToolTimeController extends BaseController{
	private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ToolTimeController.class);
	private static Integer WAR_PORT = 8090;
	private static String WAR_PROJECT = "AutoTest";
	private static String[] IP_ARR = {Const.IP_SERVER_1 + ".181", Const.IP_SERVER_1 + ".182", Const.IP_SERVER_1 + ".184", Const.IP_SERVER_1 + ".192", Const.IP_SERVER_1 + ".194"};

	@RequestMapping(value = "/page", method = RequestMethod.GET)
	public ModelAndView getToolWar(HttpServletRequest request) {
		logger.info("[War]==>请求页面[tool/time],登录用户[" + getCurrentUserName(request) + "]");
		((ToolWarApplication) SpringContext.getBean("toolWarApplication")).setIps(getAvailableServer(IP_ARR));
		return success("tool/time", getCurrentUserName(request));
	}

	@RequestMapping(value = "/get", method = RequestMethod.GET)
	@ResponseBody
	public Map<String, Object> getToolTimes() {
		try {
			String result = "";
			List<String> list = ((ToolWarApplication) SpringContext.getBean("toolWarApplication")).getIps();
			if(list != null && !list.isEmpty()){
				for (String ip : list) {
					String serverTime = getServerTimes(ip);
					result += ip + "," + serverTime + ";";
				}
			}
			return successJson(result);
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			return failedJson(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	private String getServerTimes(String ip){
		String url = "http://" + ip + ":" + WAR_PORT + "/" + WAR_PROJECT + "/rs/times/time/get";
		HttpUtil hu = new HttpUtil();
		SimpleJsonResult result = hu.json2JavaBean(SimpleJsonResult.class, hu.sendGet(url));
		if(result.isSuccess()){
			return DateUtil.getFormatTime(Long.parseLong(String.valueOf(result.getData())));
		}
		return "";
	}

	@RequestMapping(value = "/set/ip={ip}/time={time}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
	@ResponseBody
	public Map<String, Object> setToolTime(@PathVariable("ip") String ip, @PathVariable("time") String time) {
		try {
			if(time == null || time.isEmpty()){
				time = "0";
			}
			if(setServerTime(ip, time)){
				return successJson();
			}else{
				return failedJson("设置失败!");
			}
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			return failedJson(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	private boolean setServerTime(String ip, String time){
		time = "0".equals(time) ? "0" : String.valueOf(DateUtil.date2Long(time));
		String url = "http://" + ip + ":" + WAR_PORT + "/" + WAR_PROJECT + "/rs/times/time/set/time=" + time;
		HttpUtil hu = new HttpUtil();
		SimpleJsonResult result = hu.json2JavaBean(SimpleJsonResult.class, hu.sendGet(url));
		if(result.isSuccess()){
			return true;
		}
		return false;
	}

	private List<String> getAvailableServer(String[] arr){
		if(arr != null && arr.length > 0){
			List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
			HttpUtil hu = new HttpUtil();
			for (String ip : arr) {
				try {
					if(hu.isAvailablePort(ip, WAR_PORT)){
						list.add(ip);
					}
				} catch (Exception e) {
				}
			}
			return list;
		}
		return null;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


To be honest, sometimes this question is not the easiest to answer. For many of us, tough times hit hard, and through all the pain and troubles we endure, a simple question such as what we are grateful for can feel like the one-million dollar question that you may have to phone a friend for.
The holiday season is one of the most important times of year, as it is when we most think of the things we're most grateful to have. No matter how big or small, there's nothing like the spirit of the holiday season that makes people really take the time to be open about what and even who they're grateful to have in their lives.
Gratitude helps us gain positive perspective: think about if you were more grateful about the things in your life. Wouldn't it put things in a different perspective for you? A more positive perspective?
Gratitude helps you remember the simple things: sometimes, when I'm feeling low, I simply think of being grateful for the breath that I take. Even a simple thought such as that, can make you realize that even the simplest thoughts have a profound impact on the mind.
Gratitude makes you smile: take a moment and think of something you're grateful for. Did it make you smile? Exactly!
So, when you ask yourself, "what are you grateful for?" do not allow it to consume you. It's not a trick question, and it doesn't require a long and complex statement. Your answer could be something as simple as ever, and still be the most important answer in the world.


"Full of joy and always looking for good quality and aroma we want to invite you into the world of gourmets.
Enjoy a comfortable atmosphere and enjoy the tasting directly at Brennerei-Keller. The Wildauer Family will introduce you personally into the secrets of schnapps production. Enjoy the noble drops on site! (Contribution Fee).
An unforgettable holiday experience: Hop on the Zillertal Railway to get to the Schnapps Tasting! Wildauer's Brennerei-Keller is open from every Thursday 2 PM as well as after pre registration for tours and tasting. (Selling any time possible) In Winter we are additionally opened on Mo, Tue, Wed and Fr from 4-6 PM. You find is directly at Dorfstraße towards direction Zell am Ziller, next to Heizöle and Tankstation Wildauer (Shell).


text:
Alan Claude Ferguson (January 13, 1923 – June 15, 2006), who went by A. Claude Ferguson, was an American forester, conservationist, and environmentalist.

After a 33-year career employee of the U.S. Forest Service, he chose to work with environmental groups as he joined lawsuits against his employer, the U.S. Forest Service. The protest began in 1970 against off-road vehicle trails in the Hoosier National Forest and ended in a 1976 civil servant hearing for unlawful termination and a federal lawsuit citing violations of the Forest Service Trail Standards and on land that was acquired for wildlife habitat by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.

Early life
Alan Claude Ferguson was born into a pioneer family of the Ozarks where he and his three brothers were raised on a small Jersey dairy farm in Willow Springs, Missouri. He was the second son of John Carl and Mary Willie Boles Ferguson. His father, John Carl Ferguson was active in the establishment of the Missouri Conservation Commission in the late 1920s and the 1939 enabling act for the Mark Twain National Forest in Missouri. He and his brothers, Carl, Bob and Paul would go with their father to one-room school houses where they would show their home-made movies of wildlife, streams and untouched forests to encourage the support of this legislation.

Aldo Leopold was a frequent guest in their home during his game-range survey of the north-central states. All four of the Ferguson brothers received an education and appreciation of the outdoors at the knee of Aldo.

Career
Ferguson, while a senior at Willow Springs High School, joined the Forest Service in 1940. He was assigned to the Blue Buck Tower as a fire lookout on the newly founded Mark Twain National Forest in Missouri. He worked closely with the Civilian Conservation Corp as a fire control aide in the Mark Twain National Forest. After three years service in the U.S. Navy as an Aviation Radio-Radar Operator, Gunner and instructor during W.W. II he returned to the Mark Twain as a forestry aide in timber management and land acquisition.

Upon completion of his B.S. in Forestry from the University of Missouri in 1952, his first assignment as a forester was on the Nicolet National Forest in Wisconsin. Subsequent promotions included district ranger on the Shawnee National Forest in Illinois and the Hiawatha National Forest in Upper Michigan followed by a 1961 promotion to staff forester on the Ottawa National Forest in Upper Michigan. While on the Ottawa, he had staff responsibilities for the examination, appraisal and reports for the purchase of the L.P. Fisher estate later known as the Sylvania. He was again sent to the Hiawatha, Upper Michigan, in charge of lands, recreation, wildlife, soil and water before his 1964 promotion to Chief of the Branch of Cooperative Forestry Management and Chief of the Branch of Operations in the Forest Service Eastern Regional Office in Milwaukee.

In 1965, Ferguson accepted an assignment to the Bedford, Indiana regional headquarters, where he was forest supervisor for the Hoosier National Forest in Indiana and the Wayne National Forest in Ohio. The two were combined and renamed the Wayne-Hoosier National Forest in 1951, and once again separated in 1993.

He oversaw the design of a public recreation site, Hardin Ridge on  Monroe Lake Reservoir, Lake Monroe.

Ferguson headed a Department of Agriculture Forest Service team with the re-introduction of wild turkeys to Indiana from his home state of Missouri.

In 1971, at his request to comply with the federal anti-nepotism law, he stepped down as forest supervisor. He assumed the position of staff forester in order to marry a forest service employee. December 20, 1976, he retired from the U.S. Forest Service.

DDT aerial spraying
The United States Department of Agriculture began a fire ant eradication program which involved aerial spraying of DDT, 2,4,5-T and 24-D - pesticide chemicals mixed with fuel oil. Ferguson was one of several forest service employees working on forest land when the testing on these new insecticides was occurring overhead. He was hospitalized in 1957 at the Washington University Medical Center in St. Louis for treatment of "dermatomyositis", a connective tissue disorder. Ferguson's case was diagnosed as extremely critical. It was later attributed to exposure to DDT. After several weeks in the hospital, Ferguson was released from the hospital to recover at home and eventually was able to return to his post at the forest service.

Off-road vehicles in the Hoosier National Forest
April 1970, Ferguson, as Forest Supervisor of the Hoosier National Forest became aware of the unauthorized use of the forest when John Buffalo using his personal 20 acres and without asking for permission or notifying the Forest Service held a 100-mile motorcycle race, the "Buffalo 100", inside the Hoosier National Forest.

Ferguson and the district ranger filmed the damage the motorcyclists caused and Ferguson presented the findings facing U.S. parks at two conferences: the 24th Great Lakes Park Training Institute and the 20th Annual Great Lakes District Conference National Park and Recreation Conference in 1970.

An interim off-road vehicle policy was established, allowing limited use of them in a small number of approved areas until October 8, 1970 when the Hoosier National Forest was temporarily closed to all ORV use, pending the results of further studies.

During this time, Ferguson stepped down as forest supervisor to staff forester and Don Girton was brought in as the new forest supervisor.

Despite an incomplete environmental impact statement and public hearings, Hoosier National Forest Supervisor Don Girton made the decision to proceed with a policy of allowing ORV use to take effect as early as September, 1972.

In December 1972, the State of Indiana published its report that ORV use was not compatible with the natural purposes of state properties. On the federal side, the Forest Service decided in 1973 to again allow use in limited terrains.

Trail construction began without the advance approval the forest service regulation requires and in August 1974, the Forest Service began the ambitious construction of ORV trails in the Hoosier Forest with an opening date of October 14, 1974.

He witnessed these trails being built illegally with $34,000 of public money that had been budgeted for routine maintenance of roads and trails. The Hoosier National Forest budgets had been severely reduced for fiscal years 1974 and 1975. The budget cuts forced a reduction in force in engineering personnel and was barely sufficient for routine maintenance of existing roads and trails systems. When the contractor was told to bill the work to the Forest Service for "routine maintenance", he was outraged that these funds were being diverted and declared this was a "violation of the law".

October 9, 1974, Forest Supervisor Don Girton, District Ranger Frank Haubry, Ferguson and others took a tour to review the newly built ORV trails. Ferguson observed numerous violations of the Forest Service Trail Standards, including but not limited to; reverse curves, trail grades, stumps and logs left in place, damage to soil and watershed lands, damage to wildlife habitat areas and timber production areas. Mr. Girton dismissed Ferguson's concern as "one mans opinion". According to IDS News Staff writer, Gloria Joseph, Girton was later quoted as saying, "If you want to nitpick, you might find some deviation from the ORV standards in the trails".

On October 13, 1974, Ferguson conducted a field trip for environmentalists and reporters to observe the trail damage.  They noted damage to the wilderness area, Nebo Ridge, which led to the lawsuit filed against the U.S. Forest Service.

Lawsuit against US Forest Service

On October 19, 1974, Ferguson, and the Indiana Division of the Izaak Walton League of American Endowment, Inc filed a lawsuit against Donald Girton, Supervisor of Wayne-Hoosier National Forest, the State of Indiana and Jay Cravens, the Eastern Region Forester of United States Forest Service, seeking a temporary restraining order and injunction halting the trail use.

The American Motorcycle Association joined the lawsuit on the side of the Forest Service, while The Sassafras (the Indiana Chapter of the National Audubon Society), the National Audubon Society, the Indiana Conservation Council, the National Wildfire Federation Affiliate in Indiana, and the National Wildlife Federation all joined the Ferguson, Izaak Walton side.

Don Girton informed Ferguson that he was being detailed to Milwaukee for three weeks in November 1974 and on March 3, 1975, Ferguson received notice that he was to be permanently transferred to Milwaukee which he declined after the Forest Service denied his spouse's request to also be transferred with him to Milwaukee. John A. Sandor, deputy regional forester at the time said "We had an opening in Milwaukee for somebody of his qualification and we sent him" according to forest service officials sworn statements; however, Girton said Ferguson's actions were the reason for the transfer.

Ferguson was suspended for two weeks without pay and was then notified that he would be removed from office effective February 15, 1976, for participating in a lawsuit in which the government had an interest and for conflict of interest. He was eighteen months away from full retirement. Newspapers and  environmental groups rallied behind Ferguson and commended him for outstanding service, loyalty, and devotion to conservation in Indiana.

Ferguson claimed the Privacy Act of 1974 rules were broken when his personal medical history was included in a sworn written statement that Sandor gave to a US government special agent on June 18, 1975. The agent later testified that he had not requested any of Ferguson's medical information from Sandor, and Ferguson and his doctor at Washington University Hospital stated that Sandor neither asked nor received permission to use any part of Ferguson's medical records. Ferguson claimed harassment and unlawful termination and on December 20, 1976, a civil servant hearing on his firing commenced and ended on the same day with Ferguson being allowed to retire with full and retroactive benefits.

The ORV court challenge continued with a trial date set for December 5, 1977, however, a few months before it was to begin the Forest Service reversed their decision and completely terminated the policy of allowing the use of ORVs in the Hoosier National Forest.

Ferguson's case was given to a US Senate subcommittee, chaired by Senator Edward Kennedy, which drafted a freedom-of-information bill providing protection for government employees who disclose information in disagreement with department policies. Reps. Mo Udall and Paul Simon, along with Senator Patrick Leahy introduced bills in the US Congress to create review boards to investigate worker complaints about improper government actions. The Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 cemented this protection for all government employees.

Awards and service

A. Claude Ferguson Environmental Awards
 National Wildlife Federation, Outstanding and Distinguished Service in the Field of Natural Resource Management; June 1976
 Indiana Conservation Council, Outstanding Service to Conservation in Indiana; June 1976
 Izaak Walton League of America, Conservation Award presented in Baltimore, Maryland; July 17, 1976
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Quality Award; August 12, 1976
 Sierra Club; 1976
 Hoosier Environmental Award; Lifetime Environmental Service Award; October, 1990
John James Audubon Society, Career-Long Demonstration of the Preservation of our Natural Environment; May 1975

Service
 State of Indiana Outdoor Education Research Advisory Committee for the creation of the Indiana University School of Outdoor Education, 1968–1972
 Indiana State Forest Planning Advisory Committee
 Advisory Committee for Conservation and Outdoor Education to the Indiana State Superintendent of Public Education 1968–1972
 Indiana Region 10 Planning Council by Appointment
 Hoosier Trails Council, Boy Scouts of America Advisory Council
 Charter Member of the Conservation-Outdoor Education Association in Indiana
 Past-President of the Indiana Wildlife Federation
 National Interagency Forest Fire Management Team
 National Youth Conservation Interagency Team

Later years
Ferguson was instrumental in establishing the Charles C. Deam Wilderness Area in 1982. Following his death in 2006, his Deam Wilderness papers and maps were donated to the Indiana Forest Alliance and are now housed at the Indiana University Lilly Library. A Celebration of the Deam was held at IU Lilly Library April 20, 2011.

Rosemary O'Leary included Ferguson's story in her book The Ethics of Dissent.

Ferguson performed musical spoon playing. He was featured in the July 2007 issue of the Highlights Magazine "Spoonful of Music" and in 1995 he published a booklet on musical spoons, "You, Too, Can Play the Spoons".

Claude's musical spoon booklet was a Jeopardy question on March 23,2001.
"Jeopardy-Percussion Instruments"

References

Further reading

1923 births
2006 deaths
People from Willow Springs, Missouri
University of Missouri alumni
American foresters
American environmentalists
United States Forest Service officials
United States Navy personnel of World War II

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Jeremy Davino - State Farm Insurance Agent can be found at 784 Farmington Ave . The following is offered: Insurance, Car Insurance, Life Insurance, Home Insurance, Health Insurance . In Farmington there are 44 other Insurance. An overview can be found here.


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Carriera
Fece parte, seppur solo in batteria, della staffetta che vinse la medaglia d'oro nella 4x100m misti alle Olimpiadi di Los Angeles 1984.

Palmarès
 Giochi olimpici estivi
Los Angeles 1984: oro nella 4x100m misti e argento nei 100m dorso.

Collegamenti esterni


This course is suitable for anyone who is interested in developing control systems, machinery and equipment and wish to pursue a career in engineering.
The BEng in Electrical and Electronic Engineering degree will provide you with a strong technical background in the key subjects of electronics, power engineering, signal processing and mechatronics, in conjunction with engineering management.
This degree provides a solid foundation for people wishing to pursue a career in electrical engineering, communications, control systems, robotics or sensor systems.You will develop a diverse range of theoretical skills and practical experiences, which can be applied to real-world situations. Our staff are research-active, at the cutting-edge of their field and up-to-date with the latest industrial developments in their subject areas.
'A' Level: BBB (including Mathematics).
Tariff: 120 UCAS tariff points, including 'A' Level Mathematics. Read more about the new UCAS tariff from September 2017.
BTEC: D*DD in Engineering with minimum grade B in 'A' Level Mathematics or Physics.
IB: 33 points total, including Higher Level Mathematics and Physics at grade 6.
You will learn from a combination of theoretical, experimental and computational study. Our laboratories feature chip production facilities and electrical power equipment.
Coursework assessments vary from paper assignments to the assessment of practical skills. Assessment components may involve more than one assessment task, and most modules will have a examination component as well as a coursework component, with an approximate 50:50 split over the programme lifetime.
Design is a primary focus for our degrees. Detailed design projects are enhanced by close involvement from industrial specialists, hereby ensuring that you are able to tackle pertinent and timely challenges.
A BEng Honours Programme therefore requires a commitment of 40 study hours per week during the academic year.
Recent graduates have joined employers such as UK Power Networks, BT, National Grid, AECOM, BP, Huawei,British Aerospace and DeltaRail.


When surf's down, SUP is up. Easy to learn and love, stand-up paddle boarding is the perfect way to spend the day on the water without catching waves. The entire family can paddle out for a mellow adventure together on the calm Caribbean.


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Earlier Detection
Our Labs
Patient Checklist
Let's Win! Pancreatic Cancer
About Pancreatic Cancer
Walk for Research
Stand Up To Cancer Summit
Leading Cancer Researchers Coming Together to Collaborate
Stand Up To Cancer (SU2C) hosted its 9th annual Scientific Summit in Santa Monica, CA where all of its funded researchers gather to provide updates, new grants are awarded and proposals are reviewed. It's a dynamic and inspiriting three days where more than 300 top scientists come together to discuss breakthroughs and updates in cancer research.
The Lustgarten Foundation is proud to be a part of this important meeting. Since 2012, we have built a robust and illustrious collaboration with SU2C, jointly funding 209 investigators across 31 leading research centers in both the United States and the United Kingdom, which is now the Pancreatic Cancer Collective.
The Collective scientists — comprised of 14 teams (three dream teams, nine research teams and two convergence teams) are investigating pancreatic cancer in the field of immunotherapy, early detection, interception and new therapies. Two invited speakers, Dr. Brian Wolpin, head of our dedicated research lab at Dana Farber, and Dr. David Ryan, medical oncologist at Mass General Hospital and leader of one of the research teams, shared their novel data about a model risk for pancreatic cancer and the first pancreatic cancer clinical trial enrolling patients to be treated at home.
Additionally, during the summit, the Collective grants review committee evaluated proposals for Computational Approaches to Identifying High-Risk Pancreatic Cancer Populations with the goal of awarding two new grants. The funding will help to develop tools to identify individuals in the general population who are at high risk for pancreatic cancer far earlier than they would otherwise be diagnosed, using information from existing health records.
One Team was selected to identify high risk cohorts through molecular and genetic data identifying new and accessible ways to identify high risk individuals and the other team will identify high risk cohorts through real world data. The winners of these important new grants will be announced in the spring of 2019.
In case you missed it, check out the Facebook live from the Summit that was hosted by our chief scientist Dr. David Tuveson,
Get inspired and connect with patients, survivors and loved ones who are all on the same journey.
contactus@lustgarten.org
415 Crossways Park Drive, Suite D, Woodbury, NY 11797
Toll Free: 866-789-1000 Phone: 516-737-1550 Fax: 516-584-6265
Thanks to separate funding to support administrative expenses, 100% of your donation goes directly to pancreatic cancer research.
The Lustgarten Foundation is a designated 501c3. EIN # 31-1611837

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When Does a Blogger Become a Sellout?
Head on over to my latest post at Babble to find out what else I have to say about this hot topic, and weigh in as a reader on what bloggers do that does seem like selling out to you.
Erma Bombeck, the original mom blogger. And she was PAID for what she wrote. Imagine!


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Study: New York City nurses experienced anxiety, depression during first wave of COVID-19
New York nurses caring for COVID-19 patients during the first wave of the pandemic experienced anxiety, depression, and illness—but steps their hospitals took to protect them and support from their coworkers helped buffer against the stressful conditions, according to a study led by researchers at NYU Rory Meyers College of Nursing.
"A critical part of the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic should be supporting the mental health of our frontline workers. Our study demonstrates that institutional resources—such as supportive staff relationships, professional development, providing temporary housing, and access to personal protective equipment—were associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression among nurses," said Christine T. Kovner, RN, Ph.D., the Mathey Mezey Professor of Geriatric Nursing at NYU Meyers and the study's lead author.
The COVID-19 pandemic has strained health systems around the world. The public health crisis has subjected nurses—the largest group of healthcare professionals responding to the pandemic—and other frontline workers to situations of unparalleled stress, as routine roles and responsibilities were disrupted. Not only have nurses worked tirelessly to care for very ill patients, many of whom died, but they themselves have been at risk of exposure to a life-threatening disease and worry about bringing it home to their loved ones.
Research shows that nurses responding to disasters can experience anxiety and depression, but a variety of factors—both personal and in the workplace—can help nurses cope with, adapt to, and recover from stressful conditions. This study, published in Nursing Outlook, examined what factors helped nurses responding to COVID-19 thrive and what factors may have challenged their mental health.
Kovner and her colleagues surveyed 2,495 nurses across four hospitals in the New York City area that are part of NYU Langone Health. This study was conducted from May through July 2020, during the first wave of the pandemic.
Anxiety and depression were common among nurses during COVID-19's first wave.
Roughly 27 percent of nurses surveyed reported anxiety and 17 percent reported depression.
The more that nurses cared for patients with COVID-19, the higher their depression and anxiety.
Younger nurses were more likely to be anxious and depressed than were older nurses.
Nurses working in intensive care units were more likely to be depressed than were those in other settings.
Workplace support protected nurses' wellbeing.
When asked what helped the nurses to carry out their care of patients, the most common responses were coworker support (75 percent), followed by support from family and friends (58 percent).
More than half of the respondents were assigned to a new unit as part of their hospital's response to the pandemic. Of those, 77 percent felt that they had received sufficient support from staff at the new unit.
Less anxiety and depression were associated with more support in the workplace, better physician-nurse work relations, and access to hospital resources (e.g., adequate personal protective equipment, or PPE). Anxiety and depression were higher among those with more organizational constraints.
Nurses experienced COVID-19's impact not only at work, but in their personal and home lives as well.
Thirteen percent of nurses reported having contracted COVID-19 and 24 percent had family or a close friend with the illness.
Almost half of the nurses surveyed had to self-isolate and nearly one in five lived in temporary housing provided by the hospital.
Conflict between work and home responsibilities was linked to higher levels of depression and anxiety; residing in temporary housing was linked to lower depression and anxiety.
Nurses valued professional development and training tailored to the pandemic.
Training in the proper donning, doffing, and disposal of PPE was one of the top factors the majority of nurses identified as helping them care for patients with COVID-19.
Having a sense of mastery at work was the most protective factor against depression and anxiety.
Prior education and experience did not necessarily translate to a pandemic with a novel virus: 24 percent of nurses had prior experience with epidemics, and only 23 percent reported that their nursing education was helpful in caring for COVID-19 patients.
New York City halts indoor dining over pandemic spread
New study identifies key characteristics of people who internalize weight bias
New York City's coronavirus outbreak spread from more European sources than first reported
Tags: city, ex, New, Nurses, study, York
Lifestyle education program helps increase moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity
Trichologist shares £14 shampoo to treat telogen effluvium hair loss


CAMBRIDGE, Mass., May 26, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- XRpro Sciences, Inc., a provider of a unique platform for drug discovery and development services which features high throughput transporter and ion channel assays for the pharmaceutical industry, announced today that the Company will present at the 2015 Marcum MicroCap Conference on Thursday, May 28, 2015 in New York City at the Grand Hyatt Hotel.
The annual Marcum MicroCap Conference is a showcase for public companies with less than $500 million in market capitalization.
For more information or to register, please visit the conference website at http://www.marcumllp.com/microcap or download the free official conference app for the iPhone, iPad, or for Android mobile devices in Apple's App Store and the Google Play Market.
The Marcum MicroCap Conference attracts fund managers and high net worth investors focusing on small cap equities. Over 2,000 participants from all segments of the microcap market attend.


Research has shown that learning a musical instrument develops self-expression, creativity, cognitive development, abstract thought, and imagination, not to mention the invaluable benefit of learning the value of music. Music lessons will foster devotion, self-discipline, confidence, and personal enjoyment.
We are professional performers and educators. We welcome those who are interested in learning piano and clarinet or those who would like to enhence their musical skills in these two instruments. Our studio also help students prepare and participate various competitions and auditions. We welcome your participation.
Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall.
Foundation and performed in Kennedy center.


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How liquid is your investment portfolio?
Investment liquidity is a topic that's regularly on the mind of investors, more so recently with the high profile and ongoing suspension of Woodford Equity Income.
But what is liquidity and why does it matter when you're investing money?
In this episode, an assessment of the investment portfolios we recommend to clients at Informed Choice, from a liquidity perspective, and how you can better understand the liquidity within your own investment and pension portfolios.
-MPs have called for a new law to prevent the closure of the last bank in Scottish towns. The Westminster Scottish Affairs Committee has asked the government to seek assurances from banks they will not close the last branch in town, with legislation introduced if these promises are not made.
-More than £1.5bn in old five and ten pound notes remains in circulation, more than a year after they ceased to be legal tender. According to the Bank of England, 118 million paper £5 notes and 94 million paper £10 notes are still in the hands of members of the public.
-The Bank of Mum and Dad has become one of the biggest mortgage lenders in the UK, after giving an estimated £6.3bn to children this year. According to new research from L&G, the average parental contribution towards the cost of buying a home has risen by more than £6,000 in the past year, to reach £24,100.
-A charity has released figures measuring the UK economy on a per person basis. While the UK economy contracted by 0.2% in the second quarter, when viewed on a per person basis, GDP per person fell by 0.35%.
-A new study has exposed Britain's hidden epidemic of young people spending millions of pounds every year on in-app purchases and video game add-ons. The survey, compiled by the Safer Online Gambling Group, estimates that young people and families could be losing over £270 million each year through so called 'loot boxes'.
Minimising liquidity risks in our client portfolios
Cranleigh 10k
River Adur Swim
New toy #1 – Canon M50
New toy #2 – Ronin SC gimbal
ICR014: Pension fleecing day, FTSE 100 record high & finding your purpose
Will pension freedom day on 6th April 2015 turn into[...]
Millennial Money Makeover, with Conor Richardson
We hear a lot about Millennials and their challenges with[...]
ICR061: Property as a pension, our ageing population & moving everything to cash
In this episode of the Informed Choice Podcast, Martin answers[...]


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Die Liste der Bodendenkmäler im Hochsauerlandkreis umfasst:

Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Arnsberg
Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Bestwig
Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Brilon
Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Eslohe (keine Bodendenkmäler)
Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Hallenberg
Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Marsberg
Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Medebach
Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Meschede
Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Olsberg
Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Schmallenberg
Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Sundern
Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Winterberg

Siehe auch
 Liste der Naturdenkmäler im Hochsauerlandkreis
 Liste der Baudenkmäler im Hochsauerlandkreis

!Hochsauerlandkreis
!


I recently purchased some Matcha (Green Tea) Powder from Aussie Health Products and I have been having fun testing recipes with it.
This recipe by Living Well Mom was simple to make and delicious. I encourage you to try it.
"A delicious blend of green tea and coconut, these Matcha Green Tea Energy Bites are a perfect way to perk you up any time of the day! Plus, this recipe requires less than 5 minutes to make! It's also refined sugar-free, dairy-free, gluten-free and Paleo friendly.


The only private and genuine resort-inspired high-rise condominium that features abundant outdoor and indoor amenities paired with DMCI Homes' unique building design technology, the Lumiventt design technology for young and discerning urban families. Situated atop 1.4 hectares of prime land and with 70% of land area allotted to amenities, one is assured of quality and a natural home setting for the young urban family.
Mr. Noli C. Mindo Jr.
I am interested in "Studio Condo in Mandaluyong Flair Towers". Please contact me.


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Home Industry Energy Bahrain's Bapco awards catalyst management contract to US-based ART
Bahrain's Bapco awards catalyst management contract to US-based ART
Thu, 12 Aug, 2021 By Shilpa Annie Joseph, Desk Reporter
Bahrain's state-owned oil firm Bahrain Petroleum Company (Bapco) has awarded a major catalyst management contract to US-based clean fuels group specialist Advanced Refining Technologies (ART).
ART is a joint venture between WR Grace & Company, a US specialty chemicals and materials company, and Chevron, the world's largest oil and gas company.
According to the reports, the $240 million worth exclusive five-year agreement, which includes the option to renew for another five years, is the largest catalyst management agreement in Bapco's history.
This award is part of the Bapco Modernization Programme (BMP) to boost processing capacity at the refinery. Bapco will increase Bahrain's oil refinery processing capacity from 267,000 to 380,000 barrels per day (bpd).
Furthermore, ART will provide its Resid Hydrocracking catalyst technology for a wide range of feedstocks to maximize bottom-of-the-barrel upgrading. It will also offer full-cycle catalyst management (FCM) services for the reclamation of metals from spent catalysts.
Dr. Dawood Nassif
"Our new hydrocracking unit will convert 78 percent of the vacuum residue feed into intermediate products, which will then be further processed into high margin kerosene and diesel. A key component is catalyst performance and management, and the unique agreement signed with ART, who will be responsible for the total supply chain of catalyst from cradle to cradle. This agreement has taken over 18 months to develop and negotiate, and I thank all the parties involved in making this a success."
Mr. Jag Reddy, Managing Director of ART said, "This award is significant. It demonstrates the superiority of our catalyst technology and our ability to provide value through unmatched global support and technical services. I want to thank Bapco for their vote of confidence."
"They will benefit tremendously over the life of this agreement through maximum conversion, lower operating costs, reliability, and longer run lengths. Most importantly, Bapco will free up valuable time and resources," Mr. Reddy added.
When fully operational in 2023, the new Resid Hydrocracking unit known as 1RHCU will be the main profit center for the Bapco Refinery, WR Grace & Company said in a statement. "1RHCU utilizes LC-Fining process technology licensed from Chevron Lummus Global (CLG), a joint venture between Chevron and Lummus Technology," as per the reports.
Bapco will be the first company in the Middle East to use this cutting-edge technology. There are fewer than a dozen of these units in the world, and the Bapco unit will be one of the largest, the company further added.
Related: ADNOC & Fertiglobe to sell blue ammonia to Japanese petroleum firm Idemitsu
1RHCU
Bahrain Business News
Bahrain's Diyar Al Muharraq unites with Zain to install 2 Telecom Towers
Bahrain's Green Corner Building titled among top 10 architecture projects
Bahrain's BBK unveils new & updated digital banking platforms for clients
Abu Dhabi's Mubadala invests...
Visa to acquire UK-based...
Sharjah's HFZA adds steel...
DFSA-regulated crowd investment platform...
DCT partners with Hilton...
Abu Dhabi's Fertiglobe plans...


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The Planet Of Sound
Interviews/Reviews
Stream Lettuce's New Album Crush via the New York Times' Press Play + Nationwide Tour Dates
Posted on October 29, 2015 October 29, 2015 by The Planet Of Sound
Stream Lettuce's New Album Crush via the New York Times' Press Play
Crush Out November 6
Album art by Vladimir Kush
Lettuce in NYC at PlayStation Theatre
for Two Nights November 13 & 14
Documentary Let Us Play Premieres in NYC on 11/17
at the Angelika Film Center with a Band Q&A
For more than two decades, Lettuce have brought a new vitality to classic funk, matching their smooth and soulful grooves with a hip-hop-inspired urgency and mastery of beat. Their fourth studio album is called Crush and will be released next week on November 6 and is available for pre-order via iTunes now. The New York Times' Press Play has an exclusive advance stream of the record which they described as filled with "stuttering bass-and-drum interplay, furious guitars and organs – and nary a note to be found outside the pocket."
On Crush, drummer Adam Deitch, guitarists Adam Smirnoff and Eric Krasno, bassist Erick "Jesus" Coomes, keyboardist Neal Evans, saxophonist Ryan Zoidis, and trumpet players Eric Bloom and Rashawn Ross deepen the band's signature sound by channeling the sonic freedom and infectious energy of their incendiary live show. Lettuce will be performing that live show for two nights at the PlayStation Theatre in New York City on November 13 and 14 celebrating the release of Crush. A full list of their fall and winter tour dates is included below as well.
The band will be in NYC again on Tuesday November 17 at the Angelika as part of the premiere for their new documentary, Let Us Play. The release, a Human Being Film written and directed by Jay Sansone and produced by Live for Live Music, follows the life of the band Lettuce on the road and in the studio, leading up to the release of CRUSH. The 35-minute film merges footage from live sets, recording sessions, interviews, and candid scenes from the road. The once in a lifetime movie premiere will include a Q & A with Lettuce and director, a digital copy of the album, and a signed limited edition movie poster. Tickets are available via Eventbrite.
Produced by Lettuce and recorded/mixed by Joel Hamilton at Brooklyn's Studio G, Crushfirst came to life on the road, with the band developing new material and testing it out live as they toured. The follow-up to 2012's Fly, Crush finds Lettuce brilliantly infusing their psychedelic and hip-hop sensibilities into bass-heavy funk. Featuring guest vocalists Alecia Chakour and Nigel Hall, the record is an exploration of boundaries within the genre.
According to Lettuce, the sense of unity and togetherness that flows throughout their music has much to do with a camaraderie that's only intensified over the lifespan of the band. Formed in 1992, when several band members attended a summer program at Boston's Berklee College of Music as teenagers, Lettuce was founded on a shared love of legendary funk artists like Earth, Wind & Fire and Tower of Power. After returning to Berklee as undergrads in 1994, Lettuce started playing in local clubs and steadily built up a following that soon extended to cities across the country and then throughout the world.
In recent years, Lettuce have watched their fanbase expand as they've hit bigger and bigger stages and earned their name as a can't-miss festival act. And in making Crush, the band had no trouble harnessing the spirit of their explosive live show. So whileCrush offers everything from all-out party jams to headphone-ready journeys into space funk, each track was born from an unabashed joy and love of live performance. "That energy we get when it's prime time and we're about to go onstage and we're just excited beyond belief—that all came out on this new album," says Deitch. "There's a feeling that the band is rising, and it's a really beautiful thing."
10/29 at Headliners Music Hall in Louisville, KY
10/30 at WorkPlay Theatre in Birmingham, AL
10/31 at Voodoo Music and Arts Experience in New Orleans, LA
11/1 at Suwannee Hulaween in Live Oak, FL
11/3 at The Chop Shop in Charlotte, NC
11/4 at Lincoln Theatre in Raleigh, NC
11/5 at The Orange Peel in Asheville, NC
11/6 at Buckhead in Atlanta, GA
11/7 at War Memorial Auditorium in Nashville, TN
11/8 at Track 29 in Chattanooga, TN
11/10 ay Rex Theater in Pittsburgh, PA
11/11 at Tralf Music Hall in Buffalo, NY
11/12 at State Theatre in State College, PA
11/13 at PlayStation Theater in New York, NY
12/3-12/6 at Dominican Holidaze in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic
12/31 at Riviera Theatre in Chicago, IL
1/6-1/10 at Jam Cruise 14
2/12-2/14 at Gem and Jam Festival in Tucson, AZ
Posted in musicTagged funk, Lettuce, music
Nico & Vinz Return with "Cornerstone" EP 11/6; "That's How You Know" on TODAY 11/27
Funk Band 'Venkman' Share Stream From Their Upcoming Debut EP
OCTAVE MINDS (Boys Noize + Chilly Gonzales) share free BitTorrent bundle of first ever live concert + new SCNTST remix
Manchester Band 'Girlfriend' Share New Track 'Good Morning'
UPPERMOST "New Moon" EP Out 5/25, Premieres "Angels" (Lemaitre Remix) Today via Black Book
Nada Surf Announce 'Live At The Neptune Theatre'
Professor Green, Gary Numan, Frank Turner and Brian Molko Collaborate With Award-Winning Photographers for Exhibition Exploring Masculinity and Mental Health
INTRODUCING: Sydney bluesman Jesse Redwing releases new video 'Crawlin' Up The Walls'
Interview - Rock Poster Artist Darren Grealish
TIGERTOWN — REMIX TROYE SIVAN'S "WILD", PREMIERED VIA NYLON
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Hi People, July 6, 2020
THIRD MAN RECORDS ANNOUNCES VAULT PKG. #43: THE RACONTEURS: LIVE IN TULSA A TRIPLE-LP SET OF THE BAND'S 3 NIGHTS IN TULSA, OK INCLUDES THREE LIVE LPs, A BORN AND RAZED BLU-RAY FEATURING JACK WHITE & BRENDAN BENSON'S SOLO SETS AT TMR CASS CORRIDOR, AND A RACONTEURS MYSTERY FLEXI-DIS November 10, 2019
Larkin's New Song 'Wallflower', Video for 'Sugar Sweet' + Tour Dates! July 15, 2019
In case you haven't noticed…. December 26, 2017
ISLAND Sign To Frenchkiss And Announce UK/EU Tour June 7, 2017
Diet Cig Premiere New Video With Noisey / 'Swear I'm Good At This' Out Now via Frenchkiss Records June 6, 2017
Mt. Wolf Album Launch Shows This Week June 6, 2017
Dan Owen Releases Video For New Single 'Moonlight' May 30, 2017
HOPE & GLORY Festival Donates All Profits To Victims Of Manchester Terror Attack May 30, 2017
Out Today: London's Divisionists Release 'Dream Landscape' Single From Debut 'Daybreak' LP May 26, 2017
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THIRD MAN RECORDS ANNOUNCES VAULT PKG. #43: THE RACONTEURS: LIVE IN TULSA A TRIPLE-LP SET OF THE BAND'S 3 NIGHTS IN TULSA, OK INCLUDES THREE LIVE LPs, A BORN AND RAZED BLU-RAY FEATURING JACK WHITE & BRENDAN BENSON'S SOLO SETS AT TMR CASS CORRIDOR, AND A RACONTEURS MYSTERY FLEXI-DIS
Larkin's New Song 'Wallflower', Video for 'Sugar Sweet' + Tour Dates!
In case you haven't noticed….
ISLAND Sign To Frenchkiss And Announce UK/EU Tour


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Social Work in Action (July 2014)
A research study finds that a 20-minute conversation with a social worker has the potential to significantly reduce the functional decline of those diagnosed with a mild traumatic brain injury, according to a news article posted on the University of Washington website.
The research was published in the April issue of Brain Injury.
Megan Moore, assistant professor at UW's School of Social Work, trains social workers in emergency departments to provide education and resources to patients with mild traumatic brain injuries to help them deal with symptoms and the recovery process, the story says.
Moore told NASW that her research has generated interest in the role of social workers in treating patients with serious medical conditions.
"Reporters have asked me, 'How would a social worker be able to help someone with a medical condition like TBI?' The general public does not always understand what social workers do and that outcomes from medical conditions are linked to psychosocial factors," she said.
Moore says in the article, "Social workers are masters-level trained clinicians who are already embedded in emergency room treatment teams. The goal of my work is to provide them with specialized training on mild traumatic brain injuries to help bridge the psychological and social aspects of treatment with medical care."
The story notes that while conducting her doctoral research at the University of California, Berkeley, Moore designed a study that is currently running at San Francisco General Hospital, a Level 1 trauma center.
Richard Barth, dean of the University of Maryland School of Social Work, was the final speaker at the interdisciplinary Children's Mental Health Summit II, held on Capitol Hill in May. The event was sponsored in part by NASW.
Barth highlighted the opportunities to promote child mental health and social and emotional well-being that can be found in existing programs, structures, communities and policy initiatives, and can be realized if all stakeholders share a broad definition and recognize their vital roles in one or more aspects of children's healthy development. Such strategies include behavioral health checkups with children during their routine annual visits in primary care or as part of routine educational services. This would allow identification of early warning signs, prevention and early intervention.
Barth also addressed the importance of identifying and leveraging Affordable Care Act funding mechanisms to meet the urgent financing needs in the children's mental health service arena, especially for preventive and early intervention services that include work with parents to improve parenting.
The full American Psychological Association recommendations from the summit are available online.
NASW's Social Work Policy Institute represented the association in co-hosting a workshop on enhancing diversity in science during the 4th International Conference on Sociology and Social Work in May.
SWPI Director Joan Levy Zlotnik presented "Enhancing Diversity in Science: An Effort in Working Across Social and Behavioral Science Disciplines."
Zlotnik explained the history of targeted initiatives to strengthen and expand social work research contributions, including collaborations with the national scientific community.
SWPI joined with other professional and scientific societies in the Collaborative for Enhancing Diversity in Science (CEDS), to host the workshop "Enhancing Diversity in Science: Working Together to Develop Common Data, Measures, and Standards" in 2012.
From that meeting, CEDS produced a workshop summary, met with the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and hosted a second congressional briefing in 2013 called "Innovative Strategies for Building a Diverse Scientific Workforce," where it released its report of the 2012 workshop and the accompanying recommendations.
An Executive Summary or are Full Report available at the Consortium of Social Science Associations website
The University of Southern California School of Social Work hosted the May conference.
NASW CEO Angelo McClain presented in May an update on the association from a national perspective to about 900 social workers who attended the NASW-New Jersey annual continuing education conference "Social Justice and Social Work: Embracing our Values."
NASW national board member Rick DeGironimo attended the event and talked with McClain.
"Much of our time also was spent talking about key issues to social workers in New Jersey with regard to the people we serve — specifically children's mental health," DeGironimo said.
In addition, McClain visited the Ocean Partnership for Children, where DeGironimo served as CEO until his retirement at the end of May.OPC is the designated care management organization for Ocean County, N.J. — one of 15 CMO's serving the state.