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American Standard Companies
American manufacturing company
American Standard Companies Inc.
Renamed Trane Inc., disposed of bathroom and vehicle control divisions
Trane Inc.
1929; 90 years ago (1929) (as American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation)
1967 (1967) (as American Standard Companies)
Piscataway, New Jersey, U.S.
Frederic M. Poses, Chairman and CEO
plumbing fixtures, heating and cooling equipment, automotive supplies
www.americanstandard.com
American Standard Companies, Inc. was a global manufacturer of plumbing, heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and services, bath and kitchen products and vehicle control systems.
The company was formed in 1929 through the merger of the American Radiator Company and Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company forming the American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation. The group was renamed to the "American Standard Corporation" in 1967.
The company divested all but the HVAC business in 2007, and renamed itself Trane. Trane was acquired by Ingersoll Rand in 2008.
See also: American Radiator Company and Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company
In 1929, the American Radiator Company (founded 1892) merged with the Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company (founded in 1875) to form the American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation (as mentioned above in bold). The plumbing division, Standard Sanitary, would continue to sell their products under the "Standard" label until 1967, when the company changed its name to American Standard Corporation; the American Standard label was used for both divisions from that year on.
In 1929, American Standard bought the Kewanee Boiler Company which it kept until the early 1970s.
Kewanee Boiler
In 1984, the group acquired HVAC company Trane. In 1999, American Standard purchased control of the United Kingdom-based Armitage Shanks and Ceramica Dolomite of Italy from Blue Circle Industries for $430 million.
On 1 February 2007, the company announced it would break up its three divisions; the plan included the sale of its kitchen and bath division; and the spin off of its vehicle control systems business; the remainder of the company, primarily its air conditioning business was to be retained, and renamed "Trane":[1]
The vehicle controls division was spun off, forming WABCO Vehicle Control Systems.
The kitchen and bathroom division was sold off: Bain Capital Partners acquired the division for $1.745 billion.[2] Bain Capital sold the North American and Asian operations to Sun Capital and Lixil Group respectively, whilst retaining the European and Latin American operations as Ideal Standard;[3] the North American operations became American Standard Americas, whilst the global business became Ideal Standard.
The remainder of the company held was renamed, taking the name of its heating and air conditioning subsidiary Trane. Ingersoll Rand made an offer to acquire the company on December 17, 2007, and the sale was completed on June 5, 2008.[4]
^ "American Standard Companies Announces Plan To Separate Its Three Businesses", ir.americanstandard.com (press release), 1 Feb 2007, archived from the original on 13 Jan 2009
^ American Standard Companies Announces Completion of Sale of Bath and Kitchen Business to Bain Capital (press release), 31 Oct 2007, archived from the original on 5 May 2009
^ Hagerty, James R. (28 June 2013), "Japanese Toilet Maker Lixil Buys American Standard", online.wsj.com, The more than century-old American Standard was sold in 2007 to a Bain Capital Partners LLC fund for $1.76 billion. Bain sold the North American part of the business to Sun Capital for about $130 million and later sold the Asian business to Lixil, then known as JS Group, while retaining the European and Latin American operations, known as Ideal Standard.
^ Ingersoll Rand Completes Acquisition of Trane (press release), Ingersoll Rand, 5 June 2008
Literature[edit]
Rodengen, Jeffrey L. (1999), The history of American Standard, Write Stuff Enterprises, ISBN 0945903480
www.americanstandard.com, archived from the original on 4 Jan 2006 , archived company website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Standard_Companies&oldid=891570323"
Companies based in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Manufacturing companies established in 1929
Defunct companies based in New Jersey
Bathroom fixture companies
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2007
Companies formed by merger
HVAC manufacturing companies
New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is located on a peninsula, bordered on the north and east by the state of New York along the extent of the length of New York City on its western edge. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous, with 9 million residents as of 2017, the most densely populated of the 50 U. S. states. New Jersey lies within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia. New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U. S. state by median household income as of 2017. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes founded the first European settlements in the state; the English seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton.
New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities, Paterson, Trenton, Jersey City, Elizabeth helped to drive the Industrial Revolution. New Jersey's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis, between Boston and New York City to the northeast, Philadelphia and Washington, D. C. to the southwest, fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century. In the first decades of the 21st century, this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state, with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008. Around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa; the pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains.
Around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as many rivers and gorges. New Jersey was settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact. Scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land, now New Jersey; the Lenape were several autonomous groups that practiced maize agriculture in order to supplement their hunting and gathering in the region surrounding the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, western Long Island Sound. The Lenape society was divided into matrilinear clans; these clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign: Turtle and Wolf. They first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade; the Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey. The Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of land ownership was not recognized by the Lenape, Dutch West India Company policy required its colonists to purchase the land that they settled.
The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which became the Bergen. Peter Minuit's purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden; the entire region became a territory of England on June 24, 1664, after an English fleet under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into what is now New York Harbor and took control of Fort Amsterdam, annexing the entire province. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and gave sanctuary to the King, it was from the Royal Square in Saint Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton.
The area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the state's inception, New Jersey has been characterized by religious diversity. New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants. While the majority of residents lived in towns with individual landholdings of 100 acres, a few rich proprietors owned vast estates. English Quakers and Anglicans owned large landholdings. Unlike Plymouth Colony and other colonies, New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of immigrants who came from other colonies instead of those who migrated directly from Europe. New Jersey remained agrarian and rural throughout the colonial era, commercial farming developed sporadically; some townships, such as Burlington on the Delaware River and Perth Amboy, emerged as important ports for shipping to New York City and Philadelphia. The colony's fertile lands and tolerant religious policy drew more settlers, New Jersey's population had increased to 120,000 by 1775. Settlement for the first 10 years of English rule took place along Hackensack River and Arthur Kill –
The United States of America known as the United States or America, is a country composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles, the United States is the world's third or fourth largest country by total area and is smaller than the entire continent of Europe's 3.9 million square miles. With a population of over 327 million people, the U. S. is the third most populous country. The capital is Washington, D. C. and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico; the State of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean; the U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The diverse geography and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries.
Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century; the United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776; the war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, with the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties; the United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, acquiring new territories, displacing Native American tribes, admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848. During the second half of the 19th century, the Civil War led to the abolition of slavery.
By the end of the century, the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean, its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a global military power; the United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in warfare, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. Sweeping civil rights legislation, notably the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fair Housing Act of 1968, outlawed discrimination based on race or color. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race, culminating with the 1969 U. S. Moon landing; the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world's sole superpower. The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation, it is a representative democracy.
The United States is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States, other international organizations. The United States is a developed country, with the world's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP, accounting for a quarter of global GDP; the U. S. economy is post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge-based activities, although the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world. The United States is the world's largest importer and the second largest exporter of goods, by value. Although its population is only 4.3% of the world total, the U. S. holds 31% of the total wealth in the world, the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country. Despite wide income and wealth disparities, the United States continues to rank high in measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP, worker productivity.
The United States is the foremost military power in the world, making up a third of global military spending, is a leading political and scientific force internationally. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America in honor of the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci; the first documentary evidence of the phrase "United States of America" is from a letter dated January 2, 1776, written by Stephen Moylan, Esq. to George Washington's aide-de-camp and Muster-Master General of the Continental Army, Lt. Col. Joseph Reed. Moylan expressed his wish to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the revolutionary war effort; the first known publication of the phrase "United States of America" was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg, Virginia, on April 6, 1776. The second draft of the Articles of Confederation, prepared by John Dickinson and completed by June 17, 1776, at the latest, declared "The name of this Confederation shall be the'United States of America'".
The final version of the Articles sent to the states for ratification in late 1777 contains the sentence "The Stile of this Confederacy shall be'The United States of America'". In June 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in all capitalized letters in the headline of his "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence; this draft of the document did not surface unti
Trane Inc. is a manufacturer of heating and air conditioning systems and building management systems and controls. The company is a subsidiary of Ingersoll Rand and is the successor company to the American Standard Companies, it makes products under the American Standard brand names. A global company, Trane's international headquarters are in Ireland. Trane employs more than 29,000 people at 104 manufacturing locations in 28 countries, has annual sales of more than $8 billion. In addition to its activity in HVAC systems, Trane is involved in energy conservation and renewable energy projects. In 1885, James Trane, a Norwegian immigrant from Tromsø, opened his own plumbing and pipe-fitting shop in La Crosse, Wisconsin, he designed a new type of Trane vapor heating. Reuben Trane, James' son, earned a mechanical engineering degree at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and joined his father's plumbing firm. In 1913, James and Reuben incorporated The Trane Company, it was Reuben's invention of the convector radiator in 1923 that established the company's reputation as an innovator, a reputation Trane people have been building on since.
By 1916, the Tranes were no longer in the plumbing business, but instead focused their attention on manufacturing heating products. Reuben conceived the idea of the first convector radiator in 1925, which replaced the heavy, cast-iron radiators that prevailed at the time. Trane's first air conditioning unit was developed in 1931. In 1982, Trane purchased General Electric's Central Air Conditioning Division. With that purchase came many of the most recognizable traits of Trane's residential air conditioning products. Many of those traits, like the distinctive red "Climatuff" compressors, the "Spine-Fin" all aluminum spiny outdoor coil and the all aluminum evaporator coil, are still found in Trane's residential equipment lines. In 1984, Trane was acquired by American Standard Inc. and became a fixture in the American Standard Companies business. Following a leveraged buyout in 1988, American Standard returned as a publicly held corporation in 1995. On February 1, 2007, American Standard Companies announced.
The company sold off its namesake kitchen and bath division and spun off WABCO, American Standard's vehicle controls division, while retaining The Trane Company. American Standard renamed itself Trane Inc. effective November 28, 2007. On December 17, 2007, Trane announced it had agreed to be acquired by Ireland-based Ingersoll Rand in a cash and stock transaction; the sale was completed on June 5, 2008. The Channel Tunnel is a 50.45-kilometre rail tunnel beneath the English Channel, linking the United Kingdom with France. At its lowest point, it is 115 m below sea level. At 37.9 kilometres, the tunnel has the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world. During the design stage of the tunnel, engineers found that its aerodynamic properties and the heat generated by high-speed trains as they passed through it would raise the temperature inside the tunnel to 50 °C; as well as making the trains "unbearably warm" for passengers this presented a risk of equipment failure and track distortion.
To cool the tunnel to 30 °C, engineers installed 480 kilometres of 0.61 m diameter cooling pipes carrying 84 million liters of water. The network—Europe's largest cooling system—was supplied by eight York Titan chillers running on R22, a Hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerant gas. Due to R22's ozone depletion potential and high global warming potential, its use is being phased out in developed countries, since 1 January 2015 it has been illegal in Europe to use HCFCs to service air-conditioning equipment—broken equipment that used HCFCs must instead be replaced with equipment that does not use it. In 2016, Trane was selected to provide replacement chillers for the tunnel's cooling network; the York chillers were decommissioned and four "next generation" Trane Series E CenTraVac large-capacity chillers were installed—two located in Sangatte and two at Shakespeare Cliff, UK. The energy-efficient chillers, using Honeywell's non-flammable, ultra-low GWP R1233zd refrigerant, maintain temperatures at 25 °C, in their first year of operation generated savings of 4.8 GWh—approximately 33%, equating to €500,000 —for tunnel operator Getlink.
The list of buildings below use Trane systems. Channel Tunnel, between England and France Musée d'Orsay, France Warsaw Financial Center, Poland Australian Securities Exchange, Australia The Kremlin, Russia La Scala Opera House, Italy McCormick Place Convention Center, Illinois Athens Olympic Sports Complex, Greece SeaWorld, Florida Rogers Centre, Canada Statue of Liberty, New York City, New York Farragut Technical Analysis Center, Washington, D. C. Washington Monument, Washington, D. C. World Trade Center, China Burj Khalifa, Dubai, UAE Bangkok, Thailand Charlotte, North Carolina Charmes, France Clarksville, Tennessee Columbia, South Carolina Forsyth, Georgia Fort Smith, Arkansas Epinal, France Golbey, France La Crosse, Wisconsin Lexington, Kentucky Lynn Haven, Florida Macon, Georgia Penang, Malaysia Pueblo, Colorado Rockingham, North Carolina Rushville, Indiana Sao Paulo, Brazil Springhill, Louisiana St. Paul, Minnesota Taicang, China Yangmei, Taiwan Waco, Texas Araucaria, Brazil Monterrey, Mexico Trenton, New Jersey Tyler, Texas Vidalia, Georgia Chennai, India closed now Trane American Standard Heating and Cooling
Armitage Shanks is a British manufacturer of bathroom fixtures and plumbing supplies, now part of the Ideal Standard group. In 2004, Armitage Shanks had eight factories in the United Kingdom, the largest in Armitage, Staffordshire. Armitage Shanks is one of the sponsors of the Loo of the Year Awards; the company that became Armitage Shanks was founded in 1817 by Thomas Bond in Armitage, Staffordshire. The Armitage "sanitary pottery manufacture" became a successful UK toilet manufacturer. In 1907 Armitage Ware Limited was incorporated. In 1969, Armitage merged with Shanks Holdings Limited, a competing "sanitary engineering company" established at Barrhead near Glasgow, Renfrewshire in 1878, producing the famous brand name Armitage Shanks. In 1980, Armitage Shanks was purchased by Blue Circle Industries, in February 1999, Blue Circle sold its bathroom division to United States-based American Standard Companies for US$430 million. Following this purchase, the Armitage Shanks brand continued in the United Kingdom, their former export markets.
American Standard were acquired by Bain Capital in February 2007, is now majority owned by Sun Capital Partners. The company has inspired other people and groups to use the name, sometimes as an example of toilet humour. Armitage Shanks is the pseudonym of the ringmaster of the Seattle, Washington based Circus Contraption "Armatage Shanks" is the first song on Green Day's album from 1995, which came about after the band had been to England and noticed the brand name on the urinals there. "Armitage Shanks" is the opening track from the Sleaford Mods album from 1998 entitled "The Mekon" "Armitage Shanks" is the 24th song on Future Clouds and Radar's self titled album from 2007. "Armitage Shanks" is the given name of the Loch Ness Monster in the musical from 2015 by Robert J. Sherman, Love Birds. "Armitage Shanks" is a b side on the single from 1993 "U Talk 2 Much" by Cork City band, The Sultans of Ping FC. Lyrics include:'No one says Merry Christmas to those masters of industry, Armitage Shanks' and'Often people use you, never flush you'.
"Armitage Shanks" is a humorous song by Chuck Brodsky, recorded on his live album "Two Sets." Armitage Shanks was an English garage punk band in the 2000s. "Armitage Shanks" is a fictional character in the Focus on the Family radio drama, Adventures in Odyssey. "Armitage Shanks" is a fictional character in the novel Taz by Dawood Ali McCallum. "Armitage Shanks" is a fictional character played by Sean Griffin in the video game The X-Files The Armitage Shanks Championship Bowl is a fictional Mornington Crescent prize in I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue. "Armitage Shanks" was one of the many nicknames of the late Richard Marsland from the Get This radio programme. "Hermitage Shanks," a pun on the name, is the title of a song on Mr. B The Gentleman Rhymer's album "I Say!". Armitage Shanks is the main character in Kevin Cannon's graphic novels Far Arden and Crater XV. Armitage is the name of a false super secret organization within MI7 that Simon Ambrose claims to be part of, he takes the name off a toilet within his view at the time in the movie Johnny English Reborn.
Armitage Shanks is the name of the lab rat in the eighth episode of the ninth season of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. Armitage Shanks is the eighth song on Matt Fishel's 2013 album Not Thinking Straight Armitage Shanks corporate site
Bain Capital is a private investment firm based in Boston, Massachusetts. It specializes in private equity, venture capital, public equity, impact investing, life sciences and real estate. Bain Capital invests across a range of geographic regions; as of 2018, the firm managed more than $105 billion of investor capital. The firm was founded in 1984 by partners from the consulting firm Company. Since inception it has invested in or acquired hundreds of companies including AMC Theatres, Artisan Entertainment, Aspen Education Group, Burger King, Burlington Coat Factory, Canada Goose, DIC Entertainment, Domino's Pizza, DoubleClick, Dunkin' Donuts, D&M Holdings, Guitar Center, Hospital Corporation of America, iHeartMedia, KB Toys, Sports Authority, Toys "R" Us, Warner Music Group, The Weather Channel, Apple Leisure Group, which includes AMResorts and Apple Vacations; as of 2018, Bain Capital employed more than 1,000 people. Bain Capital is headquartered at 200 Clarendon Street in Boston, Massachusetts with additional offices in New York City, Palo Alto, San Francisco, London, Hong Kong, Mumbai, Tokyo and Sydney.
The company, its actions during its first 15 years, became the subject of political and media scrutiny as a result of co-founder Mitt Romney's political career his 2012 presidential campaign. Bain Capital was founded in 1984 by Bain & Company partners Mitt Romney, T. Coleman Andrews III, Eric Kriss, after Bill Bain had offered Romney the chance to head a new venture that would invest in companies and apply Bain's consulting techniques to improve operations. In addition to the three founding partners, the early team included Fraser Bullock, Robert F. White, Joshua Bekenstein, Adam Kirsch, Geoffrey S. Rehnert. Romney had the titles of president and managing general partner or managing partner, he became referred to as managing director or CEO as well. He was the sole shareholder of the firm. At the beginning, the firm had fewer than ten employees. In the face of skepticism from potential investors and his partners spent a year raising the $37 million in funds needed to start the new operation. Bain partners sourced the rest from wealthy individuals.
Early investors included Boston real estate mogul Mortimer Zuckerman and Robert Kraft, the owner of the New England Patriots football team. They included members of elite Salvadoran families who fled the country's civil war, they and other wealthy Latin Americans invested $9 million through offshore companies registered in Panama. While Bain Capital was founded by Bain executives, the firm was not an affiliate or a division of Bain & Company but rather a separate company; the two firms shared the same offices—in an office tower at Copley Place in Boston—and a similar approach to improving business operations. However, the two firms had put in place certain protections to avoid sharing information between the two companies and the Bain & Company executives had the ability to veto investments that posed potential conflicts of interest. Bain Capital provided an investment opportunity for partners of Bain & Company; the firm gave a cut of its profits to Bain & Company, but Romney persuaded Bill Bain to give that up.
The Bain Capital team was reluctant to invest its capital. By 1985, things were going poorly enough that Romney considered closing the operation, returning investors' money to them, having the partners go back to their old positions; the partners saw weak spots in so many potential deals that by 1986 few had been done. At first, Bain Capital focused on venture capital opportunities. One of Bain's earliest and most notable venture investments was in Staples, Inc. the office supply retailer. In 1986, Bain provided $4.5 million to two supermarket executives, Leo Kahn and Thomas G. Stemberg, to open an office supply supermarket in Brighton, Massachusetts; the fast-growing retail chain went public in 1989. Bain Capital reaped a nearly sevenfold return on its investment, Romney sat on the Staples board of directors for over a decade. Another successful investment occurred in 1986 when $1 million was invested in medical equipment maker Calumet Coach, which returned $34 million. A few years Bain Capital made an investment in the technology research outfit the Gartner Group, which ended up returning a 16-fold gain.
Bain invested the $37 million of capital in its first fund in twenty companies and by 1989 was generating an annualized return in excess of 50 percent. By the end of the decade, Bain's second fund, raised in 1987 had deployed $106 million into 13 investments; as the firm began organizing around funds, each such fund was run by a specific general partnership—that included all Bain Capital executives as well as others—which in turn was controlled by Bain Capital Inc. the management company that Romney had full ownership control of. As CEO, Romney had a final say in every deal made. Beginning in 1989, the firm, which began as a venture capital source investing in start-up companies, adjusted its strategy to focus on leveraged buyouts and growth capital investments in more mature companies, their model was to buy existing firms with money borrowed against their assets, partner with existing management to apply Bain methodology to their operations, sell them off in a few years. Existing CEOs were
Piscataway is a township in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 56,044, reflecting an increase of 5,562 from the 50,482 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 3,393 from the 47,089 counted in 1990; the name Piscataway may be derived from the area's original Native American residents, transplants from near the Piscataqua River defining the coastal border between New Hampshire and Maine, whose name derives from peske and tegwe, or alternatively from pisgeu and awa or from a Lenape language word meaning "great deer" or from words meaning "place of dark night". The area was first settled in 1666 by Quakers and Baptists who had left the Puritan colony in New Hampshire. Piscataway Township was formed on December 18, 1666, incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798, as part of the state's initial group of 104 townships; the community, the fifth-oldest municipality in New Jersey, has grown from Native American territory, through a colonial period and is one of the links in the earliest settlement of the Atlantic Ocean seacoast that led to the formation of the United States.
Over the years, portions of Piscataway were taken to form Raritan Township, Dunellen and South Plainfield. Piscataway has advanced educational and research facilities due to the presence of Rutgers University, whose main campus spills into the township. High Point Solutions Stadium, home field for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team, is in Piscataway. Part of the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School is located in Piscataway as well. In 2008, Money magazine ranked Piscataway 23rd out of the top 100 places to live in America. In 2014, the magazine ranked. In 1666, the first appointed Governor of New Jersey, Philip Carteret, granted 12 new settlers from Massachusetts a 100 square mile lot of land, founded as the townships of Woodbridge and Piscataway. After this original purchase, additional settlers from the Piscataqua River area of New Hampshire moved to the area, bringing the name. Coming from a lumbering and fishing background, these settlers, consisting of Baptists and Quakers, were comfortable with their new surroundings, looking forward to starting a new life away from political and religious persecution in the north.
They were enterprising and pioneering families who were experienced in wilderness settlement. Before the original settlers, there were pioneer scouts who surveyed these new waterways; the town name of Piscataway came from these early pioneers who came from the town of Piscataqua. During the original land purchase, the pioneers had signed 12 Articles of Agreement with Governor Carteret, which served as the legal basis for the government of Piscataway and Woodbridge and which shaped the democratic development of self-government. In short, these articles were designed to provide liberty and land ownership for new families and to allow them to establish their own government representatives and religious freedoms. After a few line and boundary changes and its out plantations were reported to total 40,000 acres, with 66 square miles of land in 1685; the Lenni Lenape Indians were natives to the entire Piscataway area, but were displaced to smaller areas as settler numbers increased. The Indians had established defined trails that the settlers used to travel through the wilderness area and branch out to new lands.
Over time, many of these primitive trails became the main routes of travel from town to town and still exist today. The trails along the Raritan River were named after a local Indian tribe called the Raritangs. Piscataway Township is the fifth oldest town in New Jersey and among the fifty oldest towns in the United States. On February 8, 1777, the Battle of Quibbletown, a running battle took place between 2,000 British and Hessian troops under the command of British General Charles Lord Cornwallis and the local patriot militia led by Colonel Charles Scott and a separate militia commanded by Brigadier General Nathaniel Warner. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 19.029 square miles, including 18.835 square miles of land and 0.194 square miles of water. The township lies on the south side of the Raritan Valley, a line of cities in Central Jersey, along with New Brunswick, Highland Park and South Plainfield. Piscataway is 45 minutes southwest of New York City and 53 minutes northeast of Philadelphia.
Piscataway is bordered by nine municipalities: Dunellen, Highland Park, New Brunswick and South Plainfield in Middlesex County and Franklin Township and South Bound Brook in Somerset County and Plainfield in Union County. Society Hill is an unincorporated community and census-designated place located within Piscataway Township. Piscataway is segmented by local residents into unincorporated communities and place names which include Arbor, Bound Brook Heights, Fellowship Farm, Johnson Park, Lake Nelson, New Brunswick Highlands, New Market, North Stelton, Randolphville, Raritan Landing and Riverview Manor; the original village settlement of Piscatawaytown is located in present-day Edison Township. Significant portions of Piscataway make up part of historic Camp Kilmer and the Livingston and Busch Campuses of Rutgers University; the Arbor and New Brunswick Highl
Heating and air conditioning is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. "Refrigeration" is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation, as HVAC&R or HVACR or "ventilation" is dropped, as in HACR. HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment buildings and senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and office buildings such as skyscrapers and hospitals, vehicles such as cars, airplanes and submarines, in marine environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors. Ventilating or ventilation is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, removal of moisture, smoke, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, other gases.
Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, prevents stagnation of the interior air. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the building, it is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into natural types; the three major functions of heating and air conditioning are interrelated with the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality within reasonable installation and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can be used in both commercial environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, maintain pressure relationships between spaces; the means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as room air distribution. In modern buildings, the design and control systems of these functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For small buildings, contractors estimate the capacity and type of system needed and design the system, selecting the appropriate refrigerant and various components needed.
For larger buildings, building service designers, mechanical engineers, or building services engineers analyze and specify the HVAC systems. Specialty mechanical contractors fabricate and commission the systems. Building permits and code-compliance inspections of the installations are required for all sizes of building. Although HVAC is executed in individual buildings or other enclosed spaces, the equipment involved is in some cases an extension of a larger district heating or district cooling network, or a combined DHC network. In such cases, the operating and maintenance aspects are simplified and metering becomes necessary to bill for the energy, consumed, in some cases energy, returned to the larger system. For example, at a given time one building may be utilizing chilled water for air conditioning and the warm water it returns may be used in another building for heating, or for the overall heating-portion of the DHC network. Basing HVAC on a larger network helps provide an economy of scale, not possible for individual buildings, for utilizing renewable energy sources such as solar heat, winter's cold, the cooling potential in some places of lakes or seawater for free cooling, the enabling function of seasonal thermal energy storage.
HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by Nikolay Lvov, Michael Faraday, Willis Carrier, Edwin Ruud, Reuben Trane, James Joule, William Rankine, Sadi Carnot, many others. Multiple inventions within this time frame preceded the beginnings of first comfort air conditioning system, designed in 1902 by Alfred Wolff for the New York Stock Exchange, while Willis Carrier equipped the Sacketts-Wilhems Printing Company with the process AC unit the same year. Coyne College was the first school to offer HVAC training in 1899; the invention of the components of HVAC systems went hand-in-hand with the industrial revolution, new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, system control are being introduced by companies and inventors worldwide. Heaters are appliances; this can be done via central heating. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air in a central location such as a furnace room in a home, or a mechanical room in a large building; the heat can be transferred by conduction, or radiation.
Heaters exist for various types of fuel, including solid fuels and gases. Another type of heat source is electricity heating ribbons composed of high resistance wire; this principle is used for baseboard heaters and portable heaters. Electrical heaters are used as backup or supplemental heat for heat pump systems; the heat pump gained popularity in the 1950s in the United States. Heat pumps can extract heat from various sources, such as environmental air, exhaust air from a building, or from the ground. Heat pump HVAC systems were only used in moderate climates, but with improvements in low temperature operation and reduced loads due to more efficient homes, they are increasing in popularity in cooler climates. In the case of heated water or steam, piping is used to transport the heat
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Okay, so European Escalation refuses to run for me, and I feel I've tried everything by now.
When I try to launch the game I get a Failed to create graphics device/ChangeMode failure report and it just won't run.
I've tried to add " -minvidmem 29" and then " -minvidmem 32" to the end of the game shortcut and in the Steam launch options for the game, and this doesn't seem to do anything. Steam doesn't even ask me if I'm sure I want to run the game with these settings.
I've tried verifiying game cache and reinstalling the game and Steam.
I'm running Windows 10 with 8GB RAM and my card is a MD Radeon(TM) HD 8610G.
My AMD Radeon control panel tells me I have the latest graphics card drivers.
It might be caused by the NVidia control panel, you'll need to open it and under 'Manage 3D settings' and 'Program settings', choose Wargame: European Escalation from the first dropdown and 'High performance Nvidia GPU' from the second. It shouldallow the game to use the correct GPU when it launches, instead of defaulting to the Intel one.
GeForce Experience might also cause troubles and could be removed to try to fix the problem.
Be sure your graphic drivers are up to date. If so, and it doesn't work, consider a rollback to older drivers.
Workaround 3 : // Note, this one might not apply..
Find the Option.ini and the LastKnownGoodOptions.ini files and open them. In the [System_values] section, change the OptionsVersion line from 3 to 2. Close it, then right click on the file, click on properties, and set the file to read only. Repeat for both files." - originally posted by Deathmonolith from EugSupport and adapted for WEE.
Sorry for no reply (and again, sorry for unintentionally posting in the wrong thread), but I kinda gave up on this when none of this worked.
Either way, have an incredibly simple solution now, posting it here in case it helps others.
The problem was simply that I had updated my graphics card driver using the Radeon control panel software. I tried updating/reinstalling drivers using the Windows device manager, and both Wargame and CoH2 now run perfectly .
Safe-Keeper wrote: Sorry for no reply (and again, sorry for unintentionally posting in the wrong thread), but I kinda gave up on this when none of this worked.
Nice, what Radeon graphics card are you using?
Have you tried the Bathmate https://peblueprint.com/bathmate-review yet?


text:
Wood Product Exports Soar to $2 Billion
Sunday, December 10, 2006 18:33
The export of wood products may reach US$2 billion in 2006, an increase of over 20 percent over the previous year, according to the Trade Ministry.
Making furniture for export
By 2010, wood processors could see an annual turnover of US$5.5 billion, and Viet Nam could surpass China in the export of wood furniture to the US market. Viet Nam was already ranked third in the export of wooden products to the Japanese market, following China and Thailand.
Binh Duong is currently the leading province in producing export wooden products. The province, with about 450 enterprises and 200 households processing wood, accounted for more than one-third of the country's total wood export value.
In the first 10 months of this year, the export turnover of wood products from Binh Duong Province reached nearly US$500 million, a year-on-year rise of more than 17 percent.
The nation's accession to the World Trade Organization would also present even more growth opportunities for the wood processing industry, according to the Ministry, as Viet Nam would be able to import raw materials at lower costs as well as export processed wood products to foreign markets without facing duties or trade barriers.
Mr Tran Quoc Manh, vice president of Ho Chi Minh City's Fine Arts Products and Wood Processing Association, also remarked that Vietnamese wood processing and exporting enterprises had many advantages for penetrating into foreign markets, including skilled workers and a seaport system favorable for shipping products.
However, the wood processing industry was also facing challenges, including shortages in material and labor, Mr Manh said. Domestic raw materials could only meet 20 per cent of the current demand, he said.
In fact, more than US$1 billion of the US$2-billion export turnover was for importing wood and machinery.
Vietnamese wood processing and exporting enterprises have had to follow the world market price of wood due to their dependence on imported raw materials.
In the coming time, the Viet Nam Timber and Forest Product Association will prioritize the establishment of three wood trading centers in northern, southern and central Viet Nam.
Wood trading enterprises will be able to check and order raw materials at those centers, saving their transaction expenses in looking for sources of raw materials.
The association will also organize seven trade promoting programs in 2007 subsidized by the state budget of about VND5 billion (about US$300,000) to enhance strengths of wood product processing enterprises in competitiveness and integration after Viet Nam became a member of WTO.
Viet Nam has about 1,200 enterprises processing and exporting wood products, 200 of which are foreign-invested. The country currently stands fourth in Southeast Asia in exporting wood products. Vietnamese wood products have reached 120 nations and territories around the world.
Source: SGGP, VNA – Compiled by Yen Chuong
Purchasing power for Tet goods flourishes
No shortage of fresh food for upcoming Lunar New Year festival
Banks continue to lower interest rates further to support economic growth
Insurance industry continues good trends in 2021
Enterprises save over $200 million for electronic customs procedure application
VN-Index slashes more than 60 points
Bac Giang authority approves Foxconn Singapore's US$270 million projects
Vinamilk exports plant-based and condensed milk to China
Over VND141 trillion to be invested in 37 projects in Quang Binh
HCMC's industry, trade focuses on supporting business recovery, market expansion
Mr. Le Huynh Minh Tu, Deputy Director of the Department of Industry and Trade of Ho Chi Minh City, said that the supply of pork, poultry meat, and eggs for the city market would certainly not be insufficient after his first working day with key suppliers on January 20.
Banking-finance
Dollar exchange rate has risen by nearly 1 percent this year
The State Bank of Vietnam on May 9 increased reference exchange rate by VND5 per dollar to VND23,051 per dollar.
US dollar exchange rate makes record high in Vietnam
SSI: Mobilizing interest rates unlikely to drop
Vietcombank among 30 strongest banks in Asia-Pacific
Cash withdrawal limit in foreign countries set at VND30 million
Vietnam's forestry export reaches over US$13 billion in 2020
Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Nguyen Xuan Cuong yesterday hosted a summary conference for the forestry sector in 2020, setting the target of US$14 billion export turnover from wood and forest products in 2021.
Durian, pomelo, passion fruit in row to be exported to China
Vietnam expects to widen export of agricultural products to China
Vietnamese rice more pricey than Thai rice
674 Vietnamese seafood enterprises eligible to export to Taiwan (China)
Vietjet President & CEO in Forbes' World 100 Most Powerful Women list
Forbes announces the World's 100 most powerful women list with Vietjet's President & CEO of Vietjet Ms. Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao being the only one representing Vietnam.
Flood-hit families in Khanh Hoa province supported VND 750mln from Hung Thinh Co
Hy Vong Cancer Care Center opened
Vinfast inaugurates eScooter manufacturing plant in Hai Phong
VNPT targets to be leading digital service provider in Vietnam
Stock market in May: more challenges await
The Vietnam's stock market started May with several negative signals, prompting investors to concern that the phenomenon 'sell in May and go away' will recur.
VN-Index revives nearly 9 points
VN-Index slides for four straight days due to heavy share dumping
Shares of Vietnam Airlines soar prior to official listing on HOSE
More foreign investors join Vietnam's securities market

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How leaders respond to a grievance can make the difference between a fair and speedy resolution and an expensive, protracted dispute. Supervisors and managers at any level can be approached by someone with a grievance or potential grievance. This course is designed to ensure they get it right.


text:
Get Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History from Amazon.com
Order our Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History Study Guide
Chapters 1 through 3
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Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History - Chapters 20 through 22 Summary & Analysis
This Study Guide consists of approximately 24 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of Empire of the Summer Moon.
Chapters 20 through 22 Summary and Analysis
In chapter twenty, Quanah quickly adapted to his new life and took on a leadership role in an effort to help his tribe members adapt as well. He spent time with and learned from the whites he came in contact with. This wasn't popular with his own people and many of the Indians hated him for this attitude. By 1880, there was no doubt that Quanah was the leader of the Indians and was the man the Indian agents called on. Quanah and a group from his band convinced the agents to allow a small number of Indians to leave the reservation in search of buffalo. For whatever reason, he was allowed to go and discovered for himself that the great herds of buffalo were no longer in existence. However, Quanah found a large herd of cattle belonging to a...
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More summaries and resources for teaching or studying Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History.
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In disentangling the, often conflated, evaluative and educative functions of preservice teacher supervision, the authors reimagine supervisory practice within the specific context of the post-observation conference. Claiming the post-observation conference as a teaching space provided the impetus leading to the design of a theoretically grounded post-observation conference protocol foregrounding the educative function of supervision, leveraging the mediating role of the university supervisor in supporting preservice teacher learning, and reflecting the principles of effective feedback. A critical feature of the protocol is the intentional focusing of feedback on one of four superordinate elements of teaching that provides continuity and consistency across post-observation conferences allowing preservice teachers to connect knowledge and skill related to the development of complex practice.
It is well understood that one cannot perfect a practice-oriented activity solely from reading about it in a book. However, it does not follow that book learning has no place when one is initially learning, continuously refining, and over the course of a career, perfecting a practice-oriented activity such as teaching. The long-standing schism between learning to teach in the context of the college classroom versus learning to teach in the context of field experiences serves to establish a dichotomy familiar to teacher educators across the globe: the theory-practice divide. Too often, preparation programs design curricula as though theory and practice are opposite ends of the same continuum with the goal of striking what they perceive to be the right balance between the two. This approach seems to simplify the process of learning to teach and the role of teacher education and teacher educators, by framing it as a linear space where the inferred challenge is to bring the dichotomy between theory and practice into balance.
In contrast, the authors envision learning to teach, and the relationship between theory and practice, not in this linear fashion but within an orthogonal space where theory and practice are independent entities each with their own unique and independent learning trajectories. Others have referred to this orthogonal space as hybrid or third spaces, where dichotomous thinking is reimagined bringing knowledge and skill together in new ways serving to create new teaching and learning opportunities for the teacher educators and preservice teachers in that space (Bhabba, 1990; Gutiérrez, 2008; Zeichner, 2010). One can imagine that within this orthogonal, or third space there are times when the preservice teacher (PST) might first be introduced to a pedagogical practice along with opportunities to enact the practice (the how) and then is introduced to and learns the theoretical and research base that informs the practice (the why) or vice versa. Regardless of the sequence, the authors, like others, contend it is the iterative back and forth between theory, research, and practice that makes what teachers do both visible to and learnable for the novice (Ball & Forzani, 2009, 2010: Grossman, Compton, Shahan, Ronfeldt, Igra, & Shiang, 2007; Kazemi, Lampert, & Franke, 2009). It is within this iterative space that the PST most needs the assistance of a more experienced teacher. This third space, therefore deserves greater attention by teacher educators as they consider, develop, and enact particular teacher educational pedagogies that are well suited to supporting PST learning.


Research partners : LLING (University of Nantes, A. Mettouchi), LLACAN (CNRS Villejuif, M. Vanhove), CREAM-LacNad (Inalco Paris , D. Caubet).
Experts : Prof Bernard Comrie (MPI Leipzig & UCSB Santa Barbara), Prof Shlomo Izre'el (Tel Aviv University).
Bernard CARON (IFRA) is part of the project for Hausa and Zaar, two Chadic languages spoken in Northern Nigeria.
This projet operates within the general field of the collection, analysis and dissemination of oral corpora in Non-European languages. Several French teams, within the CNRS and in different Universities, work on Afroasiatic languages and have at their disposal a certain amount of raw data. Within these teams, some researchers have begun publishing on line their oral data, duly transcribed and translated.
The number of spoken corpora of Afroasiatic languages worldwide is very small (see however the Semitisches Tonarchiv of the University of Heidelberg http://www.semarch.uni-hd.de/index.php4), et le Corpus of Spoken Israeli Hebrew de Tel-Aviv http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/sem...). There are therefore opportunities for new endeavours in the field.
The aim of this project is to establish a methodology in order to unify and share spoken field data in one phylum, Afroasiatic. This methodology is based on the linguistic analysis of the prosodic and morphosyntactic structure of the languages studied in the project. We aim at compiling a pilot corpus accessible on-line to the scientific community, in particular for typological studies. The term corpus' implies that we are not compiling an archive for conservation purposes, but a structured body of systematically unified transcripts, accompanied by morphosyntactic annotations, and associating sound and text. This creation is grounded in the theoretical analysis of spoken field data. This effort towards the unification of the data and its sharing is linked to two levels of analysis, implying both a theoretical stake and a practical one.
the level of prosodic analysis: which units of spoken language are relevant for the languages under study, and on which principles are they founded (cognitive, phonological, pragmatic...)?
it will minimally contain: a transcript, a translation, interlinear glossing, and the sound (downloadable on-line) will be indexed to the texts.
The languages represented in the project are: Berber (Taqbaylit, Tatserret), Cushitic (Beja, Gawwada, Ts'amakko, Ongota, Afar), Omotic (Wolaitta), Semitic (spoken Arabic (Morocco, Libya, Sudan), Maltese, spoken Hebrew, Dahalikt), and Chadic (Hausa, Bata, Zaar).


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The Competition programme for Genk is breathtaking. The list of entries includes 243 Drivers in 4 categories, from 41 countries on 5 continents.
The CIK-FIA European Championships will be the first of three Competitions on the calendar for KZ and KZ2, while KF will already be competing in the third of their four Competitions of the season. The Belgian circuit will also host the start of the 2014 CIK-FIA Karting Academy Trophy, with a very significant increase in participation.
The previous Champion, Max Verstappen is racing in F3, so the leading experts, all as successful as each other, will be able to battle for the European title. The season has revealed great form for Marco Ardigo (Tony Kart-Vortex-B'stone) and convincing performances for Jonathan Thonon (Praga-Parilla-B'stone), Arnaud Kozlinski (Intrepid-TM-B'stone) and Ben Hanley (ART GP-TM-B'stone). Among the Drivers able to join the battle at the front are Davide Fore (CRG-TM-B'stone), Paolo De Conto (Birel-TM-B'stone), Bas Lammers (Formula K-Parilla-B'stone), Jordon Lennox-Lamb (CRG-Maxter-B'stone), Rick Dreezen (Zanardi-Parilla-B'stone) and Flavio Camponeschi (Tony Kart-Vortex-B'stone), as well as Anthony Abbasse (Sodi-TM-B'stone).
With 82 entered the battle promises to be very open in KZ2 this year. Among the most prominent Drivers are Joel Johansson (Righetti-Parilla-B'stone), Vice-Champion in 2013, Marco Zanchetta (Maranello-TM-B'stone) one of the two main protagonists of last year, Daniel Bray (GP-TM-B'stone) 3rd in the International Super Cup, Douglas Lundberg (Alpha-Parilla-B'stone), Jan Midrla (Birel-TM-B'stone), Dominik Schmidt (Energy-Vortex-B'stone), Simas Juodvirsis (Energy-Maxter-B 'stone) the 2012 Champion, and Fabian Federer (CRG-Maxter-B'stone), who won in 2011. Originally from Costa Rica, Daniel Formal (CRG-Maxter-B'stone) is one of the Drivers looking to make progress, along with other young people like Luca Corberi (Kosmic-Vortex-B'stone), Alessio Piccini (Tony Kart-Vortex-B'stone), Stan Pex (CRG-TM-B'stone) and Amaury Bonduel (ART GP-TM-B'stone). A rare female in 125 gearbox, the Luxembourg driver Melissa Calvi (CRG-TM-B'stone) began in the CIK-FIA Academy Trophy in 2012.
The top two in the provisional ranking of the CIK-FIA European KF Championship, Nicklas Nielsen (Kosmic-Vortex-Dunlop) and Lando Norris (FA Kart-Vortex-Dunlop) are neck and neck with 44 points each, going into the third of four Competitions of the season. Always very efficient, Niko Kari (Tony Kart-Vortex-Dunlop) is only two points off the leaders, while Tom Joyner (Zanardi-Parilla-Dunlop), the reigning World Champion, is part of an ambitious trio on equal points (37) in the fourth position with his recent victory on Spanish soil ahead of Callum Ilott (Zanardi-Parilla-Dunlop) and Felice Tiene (CRG-Parilla-Dunlop). Genk should mark a turning point in the title race and it is not too late to see some twists.
A development and detection platform for young drivers between 13 and 15 years, the CIK-FIA Academy Trophy is very popular in 2014. With 50 entries and 32 countries represented including newcomers to international karting like South Korea, Iran, Israel and Lebanon, the results are already positive. We can expect good performances from Drivers who already know the European circuits such as the Dutch drivers Richard Verschoor and Rinus Van Kalmthout, the Brazilian Murilo Della Coletta, the British Ross Martin, Switzerland's Lucas Légeret, the Turkish Berkay Besler and Spain's Marta Garcia Lopez, who was selected by the Women in Motorsport Commission of the FIA. For others, learning and surprises are in prospect for the first of three Competitions this season. All these drivers will compete on an equal footing, driving identical Parolin-FIM-B'stone karts distributed after a draw.


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Non-confidence vote that could oust PM Theresa May underway in U.K.
Conservative lawmakers in Britain have begun casting secret ballots in a vote of non-confidence that would see Prime Minister Theresa May removed as party and government leader if she loses, while throwing U.K. politics deeper into crisis and Brexit further into doubt.
Secret ballot being held between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m. ET
The Associated Press · Posted: Dec 12, 2018 2:48 AM ET | Last Updated: December 12, 2018
British PM is facing a leadership challenge amid mounting frustration over Brexit deal 0:50
Voting will go on for two hours in London — until 3 p.m. ET — with results expected by 4 p.m. ET.
May has vowed to fight for the leadership of her party and the country "with everything I've got" after opponents, who have been circling for weeks, finally got the numbers they needed to spark a secret-ballot vote among Conservative Party lawmakers.
In a meeting with Conservative MPs just ahead of the vote, lawmakers in the room say she told them she will not lead the party into the next election, but that she made it clear now is not the time for a change in leadership.
CBC in Ireland
All roads lead to Ireland: The real front line in the Brexit war
A reunited Ireland? That could be one of Brexit's side-effects
The threat to May has been building as pro-Brexit lawmakers within the Conservative Party grew increasingly frustrated with May's conduct of Brexit and the divorce deal she has agreed with the European Union.
The challenge throws Britain's already rocky path out of the EU, which it is due to leave in March, into further chaos. It comes days after May postponed a vote to approve the divorce deal to avoid all-but-certain defeat in the House.
Many supporters of Brexit say May's deal, a compromise that retains close economic ties with the EU, fails to deliver on the clean break with the bloc that they want.
UK waking up to the news Theresa May will face a no-confidence vote within her own governing Conservative party tonight after her opponents garnered 48 signatures to trigger it. She need a simple majority of 158 votes to win. If she squeaks by she can't be challenged for a year.
—@mevansCBC
Former environment secretary Owen Paterson accused May of acting like a "supplicant" in dealings with the EU.
"She's not the person to see Brexit through," he said.
Leading pro-Brexit legislators Jacob Rees-Mogg and Steve Baker said in a joint statement that "in the national interest, she must go."
But in a defiant statement outside 10 Downing Street, May said "a change of leadership in the Conservative Party now will put our country's future at risk."
She said ousting her and holding a leadership vote — a process that could take weeks — could result in Brexit being delayed or even stopped.
January deadline
May, who spent Tuesday touring EU capitals to appeal for changes to sweeten the divorce deal for reluctant U.K. lawmakers, has until Jan. 21 to hold a vote on her deal in Parliament, a timetable that could be scuttled if she is ousted.
Opposition lawmakers expressed astonishment and outrage at the Conservative civil war erupting in the middle of the fraught Brexit process.
"This government is a farce, the Tory party is in chaos, the prime minister is a disgrace," Scottish National Party Leader Ian Blackford said during a pugnacious prime minister's questions session in the House of Commons.
Prime Minister Theresa May, centre, responds to lawmakers' questions inside the House of Commons in London on Wednesday. She has vowed to fight for the leadership of her party and the country 'with everything I've got.' (Mark Duffy/UK Parliament via Associated Press)
On Wednesday morning, Graham Brady, who heads a committee overseeing Conservative leadership contests, said he had received letters from at least 48 lawmakers asking for a vote. That's the 15 per cent of Conservative legislators, the number needed to spark a vote under party rules.
Bank of England says Brexit without deal could bring deepest recession in almost a century
Brexit showdown puts Britain's fault lines on full, irate display
If she loses the confidence vote, May must step down and there will be a contest to choose a new leader. She will remain leader and prime minister until the successor is picked. But if she wins, she can't be challenged again for a year.
Brady said that the party aimed to finish the first stage of any leadership contest — in which lawmakers vote to whittle down the field of contenders to two — before Parliament breaks for Christmas on Dec. 20. The final two contenders would then be put to the nationwide party membership in a postal ballot.
May cancelled a trip to Dublin to meet Irish Prime Minister Leo Varadkar, to stay in London and battle for lawmakers' support.
158-vote threshold
May, a 62-year-old vicar's daughter who voted to remain in the EU, won the top job in the turmoil that followed the 2016 EU referendum but promised to implement Brexit, while keeping close ties to the bloc, as a way to heal a divided country.
If all Tory lawmakers cast ballots, May needs 158 votes to win, though a narrow victory could leave her weakened and under pressure to resign. But allies said May would stay in post even if she secured a wafer-thin win.
"I think she needs to win by one," said International Trade Secretary Liam Fox.
Pro-Brexit and anti-Brexit demonstrators shout at each other opposite the Houses of Parliament on Tuesday. (Henry Nicholls/Reuters)
Ahead of the vote, at least 185 of 315 Conservative lawmakers expressed public support for her.
However, some lawmakers who have backed May publicly have said in private that they will vote against her, according to British political commentators.
Several leading Brexiteers, including former foreign secretary Boris Johnson and ex-Brexit secretary Dominic Raab, have said loudly that they think they could get a better deal with the EU, and they are likely to enter a race to replace her.
For what it's worth, bookmakers are giving Boris Johnson the best odds (5/1) to become the next Tory leader if May is ousted. He's followed by Dominic Raab and Sajid Javid (both 6/1).
—@thomasdaigle
More conciliatory candidates, including Home Secretary Sajid Javid and Work and Pensions Secretary Amber Rudd, are also possible contenders.
Ahead of the vote, cabinet colleagues rallied to May's support.
Javid tweeted that a leadership contest, with Brexit little more than three months away, "will be seen as self-indulgent and wrong. PM has my full support and is best person to ensure we leave EU on 29 March."
'We need no distractions'
Justice Secretary David Gauke said: "I think it's vital for the country that she wins tonight."
If May loses, "I don't think we will be leaving the European Union on the 29th of March," he said.
Former prime minister David Cameron, who called the Brexit referendum and resigned after voters elected to leave the EU, also weighed in ahead of the vote.
From the man who started all this ... #cbc pic.twitter.com/m9onrUkJLS
—@NahlahAyed
European Union leaders tried to stay out of the fray. There was no change to plans for May to address EU leaders about Brexit at a summit on Brussels on Thursday.
But the European Parliament's Brexit point man, Guy Verhofstadt, could not contain a note of annoyance.
Once again, the fate of EU–UK relations, the prosperity of businesses & citizens' rights are consumed by an internal Conservative party catfight over Europe. I hope that, whatever happens, at least the vote will make clear that a disastrous no–deal is off the table. #Brexit
—@guyverhofstadt
"Once again, the fate of EU-U.K. relations, the prosperity of businesses & citizens' rights are consumed by an internal Conservative party catfight over Europe."
Brexit is Britain's most significant political and economic decision since the Second World War, though pro-Europeans fear the departure will weaken the West as it grapples with the presidency of Donald Trump and growing assertiveness from Russia and China.
The outcome will shape Britain's $2.8 trillion economy, have far reaching consequences for the unity of the United Kingdom, and determine whether London can keep its place as one of the top two global financial centres.
With files from CBC News and Reuters
Theresa May hits narrowing road for help rescuing Brexit deal
Theresa May delays Brexit withdrawal vote, avoiding defeat