text:
Investment for a better world not domination
Renewable energy, resources.
Directed toward a better living/work and Future.
Special Attention for infrastructure, development and training
Green buildings, Renewable energy, Bio-fuel, Solar, wind, hydro Geothermal
Traders Hotel
Investors Hotel
It is a fact? Any investor has to add/weight the Geo-political consequences before investing.
In an edition of Nature Geo sciences, scientists claim that the earth's tropical belt is expanding faster than expected. What's happening is a widening of tropical climate toward the Earth's poles. "The jet streams are moving pole ward, and so the storm tracks," Agriculture (food production) and the water resources negatively affected. Millions of people could be severely affected, hunger, drought, having to leave their homes.
There is no way that this will happen without conflict." (Instability, affecting the establishment/ruling class)
This expansions of the tropics now by at least the same margin as models did predict for the past century.
Five independent studies did confirm this information.
The attractiveness of seaweeds and microalgae in public opinion and for policy-makers. Seaweeds are attractive because use can contribute to solving major environmental and social concerns.
Water is the single most important substance on this planet. There is nothing living in our world that can do without water. It is the universal nurturer, healer and solvent.
Has the ability to absorb all kinds of substances out of the environment, including air, food, radiation and waves, absorbs light and vibrations. Water is not only important; it is everywhere, wherever you look on this planet. It is in the atmosphere as humidity, clouds or rain, it is in the Earth's crust within the rock and soil fabric, and it is in every living being, animal or plant.
Humans are made up of more than 70% water and if you look on molecular level even 95%.
Water molecules are very small compared to others as present within the cell walls. We are more or less walking water bags or sponges. Water is highly susceptible to changes in cosmic constellation and, because the Earth is largely covered by water, it acts as a mediator between the Cosmos and Earth. Because it is receptive to cosmic information and conveys this information to all living organisms in a subtle way since they are largely composed of water.
Various researchers, such as Prof. Benveniste, Dr. Ludwig and Prof. Schweitzer, have provided clear proof. Tides are a well knows examples of how water reacts to the phases of the moon and other shown variations in water response to other changes in planetary constellation. He found that moving water acts as a receiver, while still water preserves the received information. Most information is known as the natural cycles and do have an effect on earth and life on it like the mentioned cyclic phases of the moon, planetary constellations, sunspot activity, etc and we humans have no say in it.
Others see its as a "whole food" that nourishes our bodies like no other food can. It flushes toxins from the body and supplies many needed minerals and impacts the body in many subtle ways. Like other whole foods, when it is tampered with it loses some of its most precious properties. Apart for drinking purposes it is also used for the disposal and transport of wastes, washing, cooling, heating and a multitude of industrial processes.
Hydrological cycle.
Water evaporates from the seas providing the atmosphere with water, which condenses forming clouds and rain. Rain falls to the ground where part of it runs off and flows back into the seas via river systems. The other part of it permeates into the ground and replenishes the groundwater reserves before, after a period of time, feeding back into the river systems. When water runs off without percolating through the ground, it is passing through what could be termed an half hydrological cycle.
When it takes the detour through the ground as groundwater it is carrying out the full hydrological cycle. This detour of water through the ground is immensely important. When the hydrological cycle is tampered with and the natural full cycle is reduced, or the environment contain toxic substances we are making ourselves prone to natural disasters, not really natural disasters, because they are a result of man's intervention but do effect health and wellbeing.
According to the old Chinese medicine an imbalance associated with the water element is indicated by: adrenal exhaustion, general fatigue, hearing loss, premature aging, bone problems, urinary problems, infertility, memory difficulties, back pain and knee weakness.
Alkalinity.
Alkalinity of natural water is determined by the soil and bedrock through which it passes. Alkalinity also needs to be high for the high pH water to have a strong medical affect and protects us or buffers against rapid pH changes.The idea that alkalinity is separate from pH (which is by 'coincidence' called either acid or alkaline) is a myth though pH and alkalinity are two different measurable parameters of water. Even though the pH can be very high we find that un-mineralized water has little ability to neutralize acid in the stomach to initiate the production of bicarbonate in the bloodstream.
Alkalinity is the water's capacity to resist changes in pH. That capacity is commonly known as "buffering capacity." For example, if you add the same weak acid solution to two vials of water – both with a pH of 7, but one with no buffering power (e.g. zero
alkalinity) and the other with buffering power (e.g. an alkalinity of 50 mg/l) – the pH of the zero alkalinity water will immediately drop while the pH of the buffered water will change very little or not at all. The pH simply expresses the degree of hydrogen ion concentration at a given time while alkalinity is the true measure of acid-neutralizing capacity, which includes the bicarbonate (HCO3-1), carbonate (CO3-2) and hydroxide (OH-1) ions. It is measured in mg/l or ppm as CaCO3 Low quality acid demineralized water leads to dehydration as well as disease. The hallmark of all tumours is low cellular voltage and low CO2 levels as well. These researchers say that, "Cancer cells and tissues, regardless of their origin and genetic background, have an aberrant regulation of hydrogen ion dynamics leading to a reversal of the intracellular to extra cellular pH gradient in cancer cells and tissue as compared to normal tissue. This perturbation in pH dynamics rises very early in carcinogen sis and is one of the most common pathophysiological hallmarks of tumours." Notes [1] Bamberger and Avron 1975 Plant Physiol 56: 481-485.
Pollution.
The pollution of our planet through careless and greedy use (or, should we say, misuse) of its resources has brought about the inevitable pollution of water, inevitable because water is everywhere. "Not only does water covers much of the earth but it pervades the skies. It fills your cells – and to a much greater extent than most people is aware of. Because it is an excellent solvent wills absorbs and transport all kind of materials and chemicals, mostly man-made and present within the modern type environment, many of them being toxic for organic life forms. Because the water molecules are so small it will enter almost any surface through pores and holes.
Everybody does known and realise that Water is absolutely central to human health but forget that it is very easy to pollute or contaminate. That the water we want to drink must have characteristics that go beyond simple purification. Imbalances in water associated or can cause illnesses including nervous problems, phobias, depression, lethargy, circulatory conditions, such as low or high blood pressure, arthritis and other diseases of the joints and certain digestive ailments.
The human body best seen as a bioelectrical water machine that requires approximately a litre (quart) a day for every 25 kilos (55 pounds) of body weights. Because water molecules have a positive and negative pole, they behave like little magnets. They attach themselves to their neighbouring molecules and form clusters of several hundred molecules. These clusters are very sensitive structures and vibrational influences can impress themselves upon them. Play a part in component identification and cellar communication within our body.
The ideal water is high in pH and specifically highly alkaline because it is rich in magnesium and other minerals like bicarbonate. The ideal water is properly structured, making it easy to fully hydrate oneself – which is more difficult than most of us believe. One would think all water hydrates equally but this is not the case.
Micro & Macro algae.
Another important fact is that all life started in the oceans (water), our common origin. Life's watery beginning continues to be present in all living processes, plant, fish, birds and animal alike. Seawater has almost the same proportion of minerals as the human blood. All living creatures on earth with whom we are acquainted are comprised of complex carbon compounds immersed in liquid water. Carbon chemistry in terrestrial organisms proceeds by chemical reactions in the medium of mineral water — an amazing substance with a whole set of properties which make it ideal for our kind of life.
Among the most noted uses for marine plants is the use for food and as medicine. Seaweed has been a dietary supplement for hundreds, if not thousands, of years to people whose cultures have evolved by the sea. The benefits of sea plants are well known.
In the west, seaweed is best known as an exotic ingredient in Japanese and macrobiotic cuisine. The benefits of seaweed are commonly enjoyed in Iceland, Scotland, Ireland, Hawaii and other Pacific Islands and coastal regions of the United States.
An unopened treasure chest of good nutrition, seaweed absorbs nutritive elements directly from the ocean water in which it lives. Most varieties of seaweed contain between 10 and 20 per cent protein and are rich in fibre and vitamins, including A, C, E, B complex and minerals, including calcium, iodine, potassium, iron and trace minerals.
Many physical ailments in both humans and their companion animals can be prevented or sometimes resolved with the simple addition of a little seaweed to their respective diets. However you have to act in the here and now to reap the benefits later. People consider themselves healthy unless they are ill or overweight, a kind of borderline health. Optimum health is more. For optimum health you need to achieve vitality, mental clarity, and improved digestion.
Algae & seaweed.
The attractiveness of seaweeds and microalgae in public opinion and for policy-makers is not only explained by its potential economic benefit. Seaweeds are also attractive because use can contribute to solving some of the major environmental and social concerns that are dominant nowadays. Society demands now that this is done in a sustainable way with combinations of ecosystem services smartly chosen to make them strengthen instead of hamper each other. There is growing consensus that the most promising global-scale biomass solution is represented by microalgae since they are Mother Nature's most efficient practitioners of photosynthesis (the fixation of carbon dioxide), resulting in the highest yields of biomass and oils among all aquatic species, which are in turn an order of magnitude more efficient than terrestrial plants.
The chemical composition of algae makes it suitable for conversion into bio fuels. In general, micro algae are potential sources of bio-oils whilst macro algae or seaweeds are potential sources of carbohydrates for fermentation or thermo-chemical based conversions and include the production of sustainable chemicals.
Microalgae can be cultivated in brackish water on non-arable land, and therefore may not incur land use change, minimizing associated environmental impacts. Utilizing marine biomass, which can be grown in a variety of marine environments including fresh water and salt water, near the shore and offshore avoids the problem of additional land use.
Utilizing the marine environment ensures a large cultivation area, limiting competition with other land uses and resources. Marine protein production can be of particular relevance for coastal activities and fisheries communities that are under pressure due to declining fish stocks and a decline in available fishing grounds.
Micro and Macro algae or algae cell to be seen as a mini (micro) chemical manufacturing plant, able to produce and contain an amazing wealth of chemical components: more than 60 different sometimes highly complex and active marine substances. This is the only link we know of able to realize the organic substance synthesis from mineral elements. The major minerals are instrumental in all kinds of life-sustaining activities in your body. Most enzymatic functions depend on minute amounts of these bio-available trace minerals.
It contains a range of polysaccharides; proteins, minerals, and some species produce higher value compounds such as alginates, fucoidan, and mannitol. In addition, algae is a suitable feedstock for bio refinery for co-production of chemicals and fuels to attain optimum valorisation. Similar to how crude oil is refined in both fuel and fine chemicals; the value of algae is greatly increased if the parts of the biomass that cannot be converted into fuels are utilized for food, feed, chemicals, cosmetics, biomaterials or even pharmaceutical applications.
In order to generate significant volumes of biomass for any biofuel industry, cultivation will be required in the long-term. Cultivation can occur, subject to appropriate licences, either at near shore locations, or offshore. Over the last number of decades different cultivation systems for seaweeds have been developed and improved ranging from intertidal fixed and floating bottom farms for Eucheuma/Kappaphycus and Gracilaria (e.g., Philippines, Vietnam and Thailand) to elaborate floating net structures for Porphyra and long-line systems for kelp in China, Korea and Japan.
Modifications of long-line systems for use off shore and deep water production and amongst them a novel ring system from Germany. These new cultivation systems show that there is potential to develop large-scale ocean cultivation of seaweeds. However, existing cultivation and harvesting technology is labour intensive and needs to be optimized to reduce costs and energy demand.
Several designs and pilot systems have been developed for floating cultivation systems (farms) in open sea. There is the possibility that cultivated macro algae may be deployed through integration with existing aquaculture enterprises including production of fish.
Able to take and concentrate minerals in a watery environment a thousand times and become bio-available to humans and animals.
Plants, seaweeds and algae inhale carbon dioxide, take the carbon and let go of the oxygen forming bio-chemical products with hydrogen and minerals. We as human and other animals inhale oxygen and use it to oxidase the previous form bio-chemical products, extract the energy and exhale carbon dioxide. It's a lovely relationship. That's the way it works.
Carbon Dioxide.
"Carbon dioxide is, in fact, a more fundamental component of living matter than is oxygen. Life probably existed on earth for millions of years prior to the carboniferous era, in an atmosphere containing a much larger amount of carbon dioxide than at present. Carbon dioxide exerts at least three well-defined influences:
1. It is one of the prime factors in the acid-base balance of the blood.
2. It is the principal control of respiration.
3. It exerts an essential tonic influence upon the heart and peripheral circulation.
Because carbon dioxide is absolutely crucial to life and because it is an absolutely essential component of protoplasm, and because therapeutic increase of carbon dioxide is the most effective means of improving the oxygenation of the blood and tissues, we need to finally learn about sodium bicarbonate and why we should use it so much in general medicine, cancer treatment, and as a frontline medicine against the new antibiotic resistant pathogens that are spreading out from hospitals now into people's homes.
There may even have been a time when there was no free oxygen available in the air," wrote Dr. Yandell Henderson from the Cyclopaedia of Medicine, 1940. He also said, "Carbon dioxide is the chief hormone of the entire body, it is the only one that is produced by every tissue and that probably acts on every organ." according to Henderson.
Algae and seaweed are rich in minerals also known as ash content.
This is the only link we know of able to realize the organic substance synthesis from mineral elements. The major minerals are instrumental in all kinds of life-sustaining activities in your body. Commercial fertilizers are used on large scale to increase crop yields but provide only three elements to these crops being nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. So, farmers can grow something that looks like food, but they're only putting three elements or minerals back into the soil and no more.
It's a strip-mining operation with no easy solutions, and putting back three elements is not going to do it from a quality of food prospect/view. The health consequences of mineral depletion of crop soils are severe, two billion people out of the six billion inhabitants of the planet are suffering from micronutrient malnutrition and it is not without reason that the ancient people going back to Sumer did advice "that no diet is complete without adding some products of the sea or water including fish or seaweed which are rich sources of minerals". At the basis is the fact that when life did move form living in the sea, lakes and rivers to occupy land the access to minerals became more difficult and became limited.
You-just like me, animals and fauna-are made up of water and about 90 different minerals. When we are born, we have these 90 trace elements in our body but in Time start to lose some and they need to be replaced. It is the replacement and conditions or the chemical mechanism needed plus availability of these minerals that count.
The only way they can be replaced in the body is in an organic form, bio-available, chelated or colloidal. It affects the DNA replicating itself within our bodies, which happen many millions times in a day, and every replication needs a specific mineral to catalyse it. When there is a missing element-whether it be cobalt, selenium, gold, tin or platinum it will stop, they're missing. The long-term result of the mass demineralization of the population is that we end up with chronic disease acceleration, and if we are living longer hold no real true other tan being just a number to boost about.
While transient sub-optimal nutrition may be forgiven, a constant diet lacking in these micro nutrients will adversely affect every function, structure, and detoxification functions of the human cells, our metabolism will suffer, leading to diseases. (e.g. Iodine) That is one of the reasons why it is good to use food grown in the sea like fish, shellfish and seaweed. Seaweeds and seaweed supplements offer food ingredients like dietary fibres, minerals, trace elements, protein and lipids. Stimulating many different kinds of biological activities, and a high antioxidant capacity. Low in calories but despite that an abundant source of many different nutrients and dietary fibres.
When large numbers of people have to live in a confined space, removing waste becomes problematic. Both micro- and macro algae are able to digest and effectively remove nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals such as As, Cd, and Cr from aqueous solutions. Since emission control and wastewater management are costly and technically demanding, the use of wastewater as a source of nutrients for algae production, coupled with wastewater treatment are added environmental and economic benefits. By mechanical isolating the algae these can than be used to produce crude and a mineral rich ash. Algae absorb freely available sunlight and can utilize waste streams to provide essential nutrients for this cultivation. Algae can convert waste CO2 from power plant exhaust gas to organic biomass, which can then be re-converted into energy. Moreover, municipal wastewater streams can be harvest to provide additional nutrients, just like plants they do need nutrients to grow.
Microalgae are already reported to produce 15–300 times more oil for biodiesel production than traditional crops on an area basis. Furthermore compared with conventional crop plants, which are usually harvested once or twice a year, microalgae have a very short harvesting cycle (1–10 days depending on the process), allowing multiple or continuous harvests with significantly increased yields.
Overall, by adopting integration approaches, such as wastewater treatment, nutrients and heavy metals recovery by algae culture, whereby additional economic benefits are created the obstacle of high cost of bio diesel production from algae may be overcome. The ash content of micro and macro algae can be very high and sold to producers of bio fertilizers.
Bio-fertilizers.
First it is important to define the term bio-fertilizer.
When an organic farmer says, "I'm going to put manure on my field," that's fine, but before the plants can use it it must be broken down by microorganism and bacteria to liberate the carbon atom and become a basic and inorganic element. Water will help to dissolve it and the plant can than pick it up. Everybody thinks that the only good food is food that gets manure put on it. The fact is that the manure must be broken down and the sad part is that the chemical farmers use a readily available product for the plant without need for pre-treatment by bacteria. These artificial fertilizers don't have very many elements, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus but at least they are elements that can be used right away without conversion. Missing are the minerals and trace elements needed to produce healthy and nourishing components.
Like mentioned before, water or rain, acid rain result in mineral losses of the soil and you can respond/compensate by adding small amount of seaweed or algae to your food, the feed of animals or back into the soil and the plants add it. Algae can pickup and concentrated these micro and macronutrients in there tissue and such a way/shape that we can digest and use it in our body being bio-available.
Ash is made of basic elements and cannot as such be used by humans and animals and even do damage to health. Ashes belong in the soil and best to be mixed with artificial produced fertilized and gives it an added and important value.
Seaweed and seaweed products.
From a 'profit' perspective macro algae or seaweeds are attractive because they can be used in a wide range of applications, for example:
• Seaweed can be used directly for human consumption and has been used as a dietary supplement for hundreds, if not thousands, of years to people whose cultures have evolved by the sea.
This is the dominant application worldwide, seaweed being a common ingredient in the Asian menu (the most familiar dish is sushi). In Western cuisine, direct consumption of seaweeds is generally less common, some coastal communities being the exemption to this rule. The benefits of sea plants are well known. The benefits of seaweed are commonly enjoyed in Iceland, Scotland, Ireland,
Hawaii and other Pacific Islands and coastal regions of the United States. An still partly opened treasure chest of good nutrition, because seaweed absorbs nutritive elements directly from the ocean water in which it lives.
Most varieties of seaweed contain between 10 and 20 per cent protein and are rich in fibre and vitamins, including A, C, E, B complex and minerals, including calcium, iodine, potassium, iron and trace minerals.
.• Seaweed is being used for the Production of hydrocolloids. This is currently the second largest application of seaweeds. Hydrocolloids (alginate, agar, and carrageenan) are commonly used in the food industry as thickener.
• Use of seaweed as animal feed, for poultry and fish has a long history. In coastal communities seaweeds were gathered onshore and fed to animals. In Island, Scotland and Ireland seaweed grazing was not uncommon and used to replace stock when these were not available. Because of the nature grazing animals and fish are best adapted to eat relative large amounts of seaweed. (5-15%)Current research focuses on the use of seaweeds as replacement for dominant feedstock such as soy and fishmeal.• Pharmaceutical and the chemicals industries are interested in seaweed as a renewable source of fine chemicals and medicine. Research into the functional characteristics of seaweeds is on-going.
• Bioactive substances inside the different seaweed species can be extracted to produce products suitable for utilisation in health and functional food applications.
Components of seaweed have shown positive effects in the treatment of various diseases.
Reduce eutrophication of seas through strategic positioning of production facilities because nutrients are taken up during growth and removed by harvesting the seaweed.
• Use of seaweed and algae as an alternative source of marine protein of fish meal in fish feeds, reducing overfishing.
• Reduce dependency on soy import for feeding livestock and thereby combat deforestation in soy producing countries.
• For use of the production of fine chemicals and bio-fuel reducing fossil fuel usage.
.• Seaweeds are a potential source of bio energy, with various production processes available. Interest in the use of algae as a source of bio fuels has become technical feasible and need to prevent shortage in the future including possible market disturbances. The use of bio ethanol as an alternative steadily increases around the world. Accordingly, there have been significantly increasing endeavors on the technology development that facilitate the transformation of bio renewable s into transportation fuels.
To meet this end, many technologies have employed sugar- and corn-based biomass for the industrial production of bioethanol, especially in Brazil and U. S., respectively. While they contributed a lot to the commercialization process, the viability of the so-called 1st generation biofuels is somewhat questionable because of their conflict with food supply.
The key factor influencing bio fuel efficacy is whether native ecosystems can be maintained or not. No matter how effective biomass is for producing ethanol, its benefits quickly decrease if all the tropical forests are being razed to make energy crops, leading to another type of a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission pathway.
To solve this crisis, a new type of biomass is now being developed and their biofuels can be produced locally in sustainable systems. The seaweeds (macro algae) be an excellent alternative raw material as a new marine biomass for biofuel production growing along the shallow coastal area of many countries and easy to cultivate.
It mainly consists of polysaccharide complexes of fibre and agar whose basic monomer is glucose and galactose residue, respectively.
Generally, there are five major bottom lines for a bioethanol process to be economically viable: the feedstock must be plentiful, inexpensive, in high energy conversion rate, in low demand for food industry, and finally, has to be cultivated in sustainable systems. Most seaweed shows very fast growing rate (4 – 6 harvest cycles per year) with high CO2 fixation ability. Furthermore, they can be mass cultivated using seawater and free sunlight without any need of nitrogen-based fertilizer which has been a significant source of GHG that also destroys stratospheric ozone. In addition, they do not contain any lignin that has to be eliminated prior to hydrolysis step, which has been a major obstacle to increase production cost in lignocellulose process. Furthermore, the seaweed has ability to absorb nitrogen and phosphorous thereby purifying sea water which leads to oceans' sustainability.
The second-generation biofuels are derived from non-food feedstock. They are not only extracted from microalgae but also other microbial sources, ligno-cellulosic biomass, rice straw and bio-ethers, and are seen as a better option for addressing the food and energy security and environmental concerns.
Our global economy literally runs on energy. Economic growth combined with a rising population has led to a steady increase in the global energy demands. If the governments around the world stick to current policies, the world will need almost 60% more energy in 2030 than today. It is now estimated that China and India alone would need about 45% of the total amount of fossil oil produced worldwide to meet demand. Energy security concerns are forcing countries world over to look and shift to alternatives like biofuels in the form of bioethanol, biodiesel etc. Since biofuels can be produced from a diverse set of crops each country is adopting a strategy that exploits the comparative advantages it holds with respect to such crops and will differ. It is important to develop a clear strategy and road map for the bioenergy sector and utilizing the biomass resources available optimally; to benefit the bio-economy.
In addition, from a 'planet' perspective, seaweed production is attractive because it can also contribute to tackling climate change through the production of biofuels. The chemical composition of algae makes it well suited for conversion into biofuels. In general, microalgae are potential sources of bio-oils whilst macro algae are potential better sources of carbohydrates for fermentation or thermo-chemical based conversions.
Micro algae are microscopic algae that typically range from uni-cells to colonies and filaments of up to a few hundred cells. Microalgae include prokaryotes (cyanobacteria and blue-green algae) and eukaryotes (green algae, diatoms, red algae and others. There are thousands of microalgae species, only some of which have been studied for biofuel production. Microalgae are particularly suited to biofuel production due to their high photosynthetic growth rates, high lipid content, low land usage and high carbon dioxide absorption. Despite that the costs for aquatic biomass production for energy applications are currently too high to compete with bio energy applications from biomass produced on land. However, there is potential to improve the value of algae if the parts of the biomass that cannot be converted into fuels are utilized for food, feed, chemicals, cosmetics, biomaterials or even pharmaceutical applications.
About 26% of fossil oil alone is used for transport of material and products worldwide and therefore an economic necessity. Given the virtually unlimited thirst for energy (the world's largest industry by far) it is likely that many of these approaches will lead to commercial implementation, with the most efficient, scalable and cost-effective ones having global impact and with others having impact in certain regions by virtue of geographical and/or political considerations. Among the former there is growing consensus that the most promising global-scale biomass solution is represented by algae since they are Mother Nature's most efficient practitioners of photosynthesis (the fixation of carbon dioxide), resulting in the highest yields of biomass and oils among all aquatic species, which are in turn an order of magnitude more efficient than terrestrial plants. Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded than on the basis of energy density alone (i.e. neglecting likely differences in handling costs), the cost of transporting crude bio-oil should be approximately six times less than that of transporting wood chips or other types of raw biomass (at equivalent energy content).
This suggests that biomass transportation costs could be reduced by converting biomass to bio-oil at the point of harvest, and then transporting the bio-oil to a centralized bio refinery for further processing into fuels and chemicals or to a location where it can be directly utilized (such as a power plant). A problem associated with algal biomass is the relatively high water content. It normally requires pre-treatments to reduce the water content and increase the energy density. This requirement consequently increases the energy cost. However, direct hydrothermal liquefaction in sub-critical water conditions can be employed to convert the wet biomass to liquid fuel without reducing the water content. In order to generate significant volumes of biomass for any biofuel industry, cultivation will be required in the long-term. Cultivation can occur, subject to appropriate licences, either at near shore locations, or offshore. While the algae industry is relatively well developed for food, feed and nutraceutical applications, along with high value products, algae for biofuel is in its infancy.
The high biomass productivity of both micro and macro algae, along with favourable biomass compositions, make them ideal feedstock's for conversion into a range of biofuels.
Contact: sjeng2245@gmail.com
Welcome To The Euro-zone.
Investing in the New (old) World.
Seaweed Zeewier Alga marina Algue Alga Meerespflanze
Oil made from seaweed & algae
Sea Lettuce/Ulva
Dessert land & aquaculture
Okinawa Seaweed
Salt water plants
Seaweed Market
Seaweed Capsules
Farming of Fish and other creatures
The search for oil rich Algae/seaweeds
Algae, bio ethanol & fuel
The Algae for Oil race
Wild seaweed Info Site
Seafood Capsules
Wild Seafoods
Centenarians
For a new and better world
As early as 2020, 75 million to 250 million people in Africa will suffer water shortages, residents of Asia's megacities will be at great risk of river and coastal flooding, Europeans can expect extensive species loss, and North Americans will experience longer and hotter heat waves and greater competition for water, the report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says.
The algae/seaweed-for-oil & diesel
Seafood energy health Pharma. cosmetics kelp petfood drinks wine cancer capsules
Seaweed online info site bio-fuel and algae Free energy
SeaweedZeewierAlga marina AlgueAlgae
Seaweed producers.
Seaweed Ireland
Irish Seaweed
sea plant site
Seakelp
Our earth
Wild sea vegetables
Seaweed milk shakes
Seaweed shop
Seaweed products for health
Do stay young
Cactus products
Self catering accommodation Ireland
Seaweed shopping


Winery, Pizza, Chocolate and Christmas Lights Tour - Saturday, December 17, 2016 - 5:30 p.m. to 10 p.m.
Put more jingle in your spirit with this fun evening that starts with a wine tasting, pizza and cheeseboard at Two Corks and a Bottle. Then we'll board our bus for several terrific dessert stops. Finally, we'll glide through past some wondrous Christmas lights displays in the Park Cities. Afterward, listen to holiday jazz at Two Corks by the Mark McKenzie Jazz Quartet. Price includes wine tasting, food at venues, beverages on the bus (you can also bring your own), tour guide and more. Must be 21 or over. The perfect holiday date night or fun night with friends!


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Dynomene kroppi is een krabbensoort uit de familie van de Dynomenidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 2001 door McLay.

Dynomenidae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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[New Webcast] Brian Madden and Shikha Mittal Discuss Industry Trends and More!
Author: Nina Seth
Nina Seth is a senior product marketing manager for VMware EUC. Nina holds a Master of Business Administration from San Jose State University and a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from the University of California at Davis.
As you may have heard by now EUC industry expert Brian Madden from BrianMadden.com and BriForum fame joined VMware End-User Computing in April of this year. We are thrilled to get his insights and wisdom on end-user computing and on technology in general, and Brian definitely has a lot to say on these topics.
To share Brian's wisdom with our community and to learn more about the happenings within VMware End-User Computing, Director of Product Management for Horizon Cloud, Shikha Mittal sat down with him to discuss a number of hot-button topics including:
What's happening in the world of end-user computing
How VMware is moving desktop virtualization to the cloud
How VMware gives customers many options to choose from – Horizon Cloud, Horizon 7, and Horizon on VMC on AWS – to host desktops and apps on-prem and across various clouds
Customer insights on the use of VDI and RDSH
The future of VDI
While I certainly don't want to let the cat out the bag, you'll see that Brian and Shikha had a fun and lively discussion about the evolution of end-user computing, what we are doing here at VMware, and much more.
Don't wait. Set up some time today to watch Brian Madden and Shikha Mittal talk about the world of End-User Computing. If you're a fan of VMware, End-User Computing, Brian Madden, Shikha Mittal, and or Horizon products, you won't want to miss this webcast. Get some popcorn and a drink, and find a comfy chair to spend 30 minutes with our EUC experts.
VMworld Is Coming Soon. Which Cloud Sessions Will…
Industry Expert Brian Madden Joins VMware EUC Team
Calling Mobility Partners! Don't Miss EUC Sessions…
Know Before You Go – Top EUC Sessions at VMworld!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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← How a poll is interpreted by news organizations
Domestic policy: A lack of confidence →
Foreign policy: A lack of confidence
North Carolina residents express lukewarm confidence at best in the candidates running for the White House this fall, according to the latest Elon University Poll, though incumbent President Barack Obama receives higher marks for handling both domestic and foreign policy issues than his Republican rivals.
While Obama inspires more confidence in his ability to handle foreign policy issues, those who say they have little or no confidence in him is about the same — 42% express confidence vs. 43% that don't. A statistical tie.
It's much worse with the GOP contenders.
Confident Little confidence
Newt Gingrich 28% 51%
Mitt Romney 24% 41%
Rick Santorum 22% 50%
Ron Paul 18% 55%
By far, Romney has the most people who rate him smack in the middle between "not confident" and "great deal of confidence." Twenty-nine percent of the respondents said basically that when it comes to handling foreign policy, Romney will do OK.
Obama is polling better for three reasons:
1. He has a foreign policy track record. Bin Laden and other terrorists have been killed during his administration. He spoke out during the Arab Spring. And he grabs the headlines when he talks about Iran, Afghanistan and the Middle East. People may not like the positions he takes, but they see how he handles things. Only 2% of the respondents said they didn't know. (The poll was in the field during the news coverage of Obama's comment to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev about greater "flexibility" on negotiations regarding missile defense after the election.)
2. On the Republican side, people's political loyalties are dispersed among the four candidates. Once a nominee is selected, the confidence factor will consolidate. And, as ABC reports, Romney sees opportunity to challenge the president.
3. Obama has visited North Carolina almost as often as a tractor-trailer making the weekly Florida to New York run on I95. Republicans have been busy campaigning elsewhere. North Carolinians want to see and hear candidates in person…or at least read that the candidate has come to their part of the state.
This entry was posted in Foreign policy, National politics and tagged Barack Obama, Mitt Romney, Newt Gingrich, Rick Santorum, Ron Paul. Bookmark the permalink.
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Sex charges against Crossville minister going to grand jury
WATE 6 TV, Tennessee/July 26, 2006
By Erica Estep
Crossville -- Cumberland County Minister Benji Persinger was in court Wednesday answering to charges he fondled a 14-year-old child while members of his church youth group were at his house.
Before the hearing, Persinger sat in silence with his arm around his wife for support. Just a few feet away sat his accuser, a 14-year-old girl, with her Mom and a friend.
The court room was so quiet you could hear the floor creaking and the sniffles of the accuser. When the girl took the witness stand, she described through her tears what happened at Persinger's home on February 26.
"He was talking about how nice our bodies were and what a cute butt I had," she said.
The accuser said Benji Persinger touched her inappropriately at least two times. She cried throughout the hearing while describing what happened.
"He kind of put his arm around me and he touched like my leg, my inner thigh, and, like, my butt and stuff," she said. "I kind of moved a little bit and he kind of moved his hand."
Persinger, the girl's former pastor, didn't take his eyes off his accuser while she spoke. He is charged with sexual battery by an authority figure.
On the stand the accuser took a deep breath and sighed. "I was standing beside his chair and he was rubbing my shoulder like this (she demonstrates) and he was also rubbing the side and touched the underside, uh."
"Of your breast?" Assistant District Attorney Gary McKenzie asked. "Yes," the teen answered.
The judge ruled there was enough evidence presented Wednesday to send the case on to a grand jury that will decide whether Persinger should stand trial.
"We want to make sure justice is served and at the same time, we want to make sure we protect these children," McKenzie explained.
The sex scandal doesn't stop in Cumberland County. Persinger has been indicted on charges in Fentress County as well. The most serious charge there is rape. The case in Fentress County involves a 15-year-old girl.
Fentress County District Attorney John Gallaway says the former pastor of Bridge of Hope Ministries is charged with rape, sexual battery by an authority figure and statutory rape in his county.
Persinger is expected to go to trial in that case on November 2.


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Solving the Riddle of Microsoft and Your Computer
Mark Riddle
Solving the Riddle of Microsoft and Your Computer provides easy to follow step by step instructions. Chapter one provides some useful facts about your computer. This Chapter describes such things as how to operate your mouse; how to modify your screen saver and printer settings; options for printing files; how to use different functions of the calculator; playing and storing music; using Snipping Tool to capture images; determining amount of Radom Access Memory (RAM) is on your computer; determining your computer name; how to use Microsoft Excel to keep track of financial transactions. Chapter two discusses how to use Microsoft File Explorer. I refer to File Explorer as the electronic filing cabinet. This chapter provides a description of the drives in your computer; how to create top level and sub-folders in your C-Drive also known as the hard drive; how to find files in File Explorer; copying files from the C-Drive and changing properties on files. Chapter three is the real meat of this book. It provides detailed information on the most useful Microsoft Word functions. You will learn how to use pull down menus to include (Find, Replace, Tracking Changes, Accepting or Rejecting Changes, saving files, Print Preview, Printing, inserting Headers and Footers); additional topics on cover pages, inserting blank pages, inserting page breaks, inserting tables and inserting pictures; next you will learn how to adjust margins, adjust orientation, adjusting size of paper, inserting columns, inserting page and section breaks, how to vertical line numbers; an in depth discussion concerning interactive table of contents; other useful tools include inserting symbols, inserting footnotes, inserting text boxes, inserting other files into Word, how to use Format Painter, description of formatting fonts and how to insert splits in Word.
Mark Riddle:
Mark S. Riddle is a recently retired Government Civilian from United States Space Force (USSF) Space Operations Command (SpOC) where he served as Work Flow Manager for the largest SpOC division for the past seven years. Mark also served honorably in the United States Air Force for twenty-four years. He earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Colorado Christian University in Computer Information Systems Management. Mark also earned his Master of Science degree from Webster University in Space Systems Operations Management. He lives in Colorado Springs, Colorado with his wife Norma.
Publisher Name AuthorHouse
Imprint AuthorHouse
Publication Date Nov 08, 2021
Extent 52.0 Pages
Computers & Technology » Information technology: general issues
Technology » Technology: general issues


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Important note: although I use references about the current President, my question should be regarded as a general one, not specifically related to Donald Trump.
But, nothing about any mental health examination.
In a letter to the New York Times, 35 mental health professionals warned that the "grave emotional instability" indicated in Mr Trump's speech and actions made him "incapable of serving safely as president".
I am not interested in the actual details, only that there is a doubt coming from the some professionals about the mental health of the President. Of course, without proper professional evaluation, everything can be regarded as speculation.
On the theoretical level, according to this article, it is not impossible for one to suddenly develop mental illness, but this is typically linked to other condition. So, it can happen during a four-year term.
Most mental disorders develop slowly and get worse with time. Therefore, the sudden onset of a mental disorder is a red flag for biological abnormalities such as vascular disease, strokes, nutritional deficits, infections, hormone irregularities, tumors, or exposure to toxins.
Well, the Constitution provides that the president can be impeached for treason, bribery, and what it calls other high crimes and misdemeanors.
The Constitution doesn't actually define what "other high crimes and misdemeanors" means. The historical sense is that it basically means, kind of, serious political crimes, sort of crimes against the state, crimes that involve abuse of office, abuse of power, abuse of trust.
So, nothing about mental illness.
I assume that mental health assessment is harder to be objectively performed, as opposed to physical one, which deals with clear intervals of normality, but I think that many aspects reached scientific consensus and can be used.
Although driving a car (is done by one person) is very different from running a country (an entire staff exists), one could argue that running a country is by far more complex.
Question: is there a legal way that can be used to force the President of United States to undergo a mental health examination?
No. There is no way that interested members of the public or Congress could force the President of the United States to undergo a mental health examination.
In principle, a mental health examination could be ordered for the President, like anyone else, incident to a criminal prosecution of him for some crime committed in his personal, rather than official capacity, or by someone in his family seeking to impose a guardianship or conservatorship upon him.
But, none of those resources are available to the general public and in practice, it is beyond implausible that this would happen.
Thus, a mental health examination, even if Mr. Trump "failed it" would have no formal relevance to his ability to stay in office.
Instead, the threshold issue is vested in the cabinet, and in the event of a dispute with the President, the ultimate resolution is vested in Congress. Congress might have the authority to use its subpoena power to compel a mental examination of the President at that stage (i.e. after the cabinet triggers the process and the President resists it) in furtherance of its deliberative duty under Section 4 of the 25th Amendment, but that is far from obvious. The manner in which its deliberations are to proceed in the three weeks allotted to Congress to make its decision are not spelled out.
Outdated laws exist on the books where the President, in theory, could be involuntarily be committed for mental health treatment. Such treatment would obviously entail a mental health evaluation.
Washington DC Code, Title 21, Chapter 9 titled Persons with Mental Illness Found in Certain Federal Reservations applies. The White House is a federal reservation.
(a) A United States commissioner specially designated by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia or by the United States District Court for the District of Maryland may commit to Saint Elizabeths Hospital, for observation and diagnosis, a person found in a place over which the United States has exclusive or concurrent jurisdiction in Arlington County, Fairfax County, Loudoun County or the city of Alexandria, in the State of Virginia, or in Montgomery County or Prince Georges County in the State of Maryland, who is alleged, and is believed by the commissioner, to be a person with a mental illness. A United States commissioner specially designated by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia has like jurisdiction and authority in the case of any person temporarily detained in Saint Elizabeths Hospital, pursuant to section 21-903.
So, a Law Enforcement officer could bring the President to St. Elizabeth's Hospital for evaluation. The United States District Court for the District of Columbia would decide how to proceed.
Also, some rogue law enforcement officer apprehending the President? Heh, that would make a good book, or movie script.
Also #2, there may be jurisdictional collisions. The President is Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. Does that make him subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)?? If so, an entirely different system applies.
Important point as @ohwilleke's answer points out in his last two paragraphs: the President is still the President until constitutional processes resolve otherwise.
"Mental heath" is, more or less, the consensus of some majority of people. Mental behavior which significantly exceeds the average (the "norm") is considered abnormal. This "norm" for mental health has changed over the years; it is not some universally fixed standard.
So, in a way, the population of the United States decides whether a candidate has the mental ability and health to become president. A kind of re-examination is scheduled every four years, to accommodate the fact that the mental state of the president or that of the average population might change over time.
To allow some "elite" to decide who is fit for the job and who is not violates the democratic principle. The constitution requires that the general population decides. It does not provide any provision for an elite of "mental specialists" to override the will of the people.
It's hard to force anyone, let alone the President of United States, to undergo an involuntary mental evaluation (which is what the linked NYT letter was asking for). Remember, a serious mental evaluation requires some time to perform, and if it's involuntary that means you have to place them in custody. There's due process rights at that point, which means you need a court order. In my experience with this (I have a relative with mental issues) the courts are reluctant to do this to anyone not deemed an immediate threat (i.e. making threats to harm people, brandishing weapons, etc.).
So, barring some public meltdown (where people outside the White House see this happening), the answer is no. A judge would have to have a pretty compelling reason to have the President arrested and held for evaluation, and I would say such a judge would be more reluctant than normal to do so.
Can the President be removed for mental health reasons?
Ford is famous for saying that impeachable offenses are whatever Congress says they are. In fairness to Ford, his statement may be more than just a cynical observation about the irrelevance of constitutional scholarship to D.C. Realpolitik. There is evidence that the Founding Fathers were intentionally vague. Initially, the framers considered defining impeachable offenses as just "treason or bribery" (rather than the ultimate definition of "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors"). They tacked on the additional phrase because George Mason worried that "treason or bribery" was insufficient for removing a president who began to display dictatorial tendencies. The sophisticated version of the Ford argument--not attributable to Ford, of course--is basically that the framers offered a squishy definition in faith that Congress would know an impeachable offense when it saw one.
At the end of the day, Congress has to define what it sees as an Impeachable offense. The process itself is designed to be difficult, so that this would not be a commonly used political tool (only two Presidents have been impeached, and neither were removed from office by the Senate). Basically, Congress needs a clear mandate from the people to remove the President. If you had a President make a series of metal meltdowns in public (i.e. making statements that show diminished capacity), I could easily see such a scenario arise. Ironically, Impeachment could be more expedient than an involuntary mental health evaluation, given that it would rely on political tides and not judicial precedent.
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In America would it be possible to detain a President on the grounds of insanity?


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Home About Us Newsroom MetLife finalist in prestigious ANZIIF Awards – Life Insurer of the Year, D&I
MetLife Australia has been named a finalist in two categories for the 17th annual ANZIIF Australian Insurance Industry Awards, which recognise excellence and professionalism in the insurance sector.
MetLife finalist in prestigious ANZIIF Awards – Life Insurer of the Year, D&I
Sydney September 14, 2021
MetLife is again a finalist in the Life Insurance Company of the Year category, after winning the award in 2019. MetLife has also been named a finalist in the Excellence in Workplace Diversity and Inclusion category.
With the industry significantly impacted by the COVID pandemic throughout 2020 and 2021, MetLife has shown its commitment to customers, business partners and people during this difficult time.
MetLife CEO Richard Nunn said: "We've focused on our customers, partners and people, and we're thrilled to be a finalist for Life Insurance Company of the Year and in the Excellence in Workplace Diversity and Inclusion category.
"Being recognised in these two categories reflects our people-first approach, our commitment to our partners and customers, and our ability to adapt to the rapidly changing life insurance industry."
The 2021 ANZIIF Awards mark the return of one of the insurance industry's most prestigious awards, having been cancelled in 2020 due to COVID. The ANZIIF awards are an annual celebration of the accomplishments of businesses and individuals across the Australian insurance industry. The winners will be announced by ANZIIF on 26 October.
MetLife Australia
sarah.kelly@metlife.com
MetLife Insurance Limited (MetLife), an affiliate of MetLife, Inc., is a specialist provider of life insurance to affinity partners, superannuation trustees and employers in Australia. MetLife has expertise in designing and executing direct insurance programs for partners' customers and insurance solutions to meet the needs of specific member groups. MetLife has been a specialist provider of life risk insurance products in Australia since 2005. For more information, visit metlife.com.au.
MetLife, Inc. (NYSE: MET), through its subsidiaries and affiliates, is one of the world's leading financial services companies, providing insurance, annuities, employee benefits and asset management to help its individual and institutional customers navigate their changing world. Founded in 1868, MetLife has operations in more than 40 countries and holds leading market positions in the United States, Japan, Latin America, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. For more information, visit metlife.com.


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Tag: acceleration
Movies, Tv And Acceleration
Contemplating that a variety of us spend a considerable amount of time in bars, it is superb how few films feature bars as a central ingredient of the story. Twilight is a love story where a woman named Bella Swan falls in love with a vampire named Edward. Bella is somewhat of an outcast, who always feels misunderstood and bored by the individuals her age. She stays continues in this melancholy state till she meets and falls in love with a Vampire. Bella is the classic woman who by no means really slot in. She goes to highschool with a bunch of preppy children in Phoenix Arizona after which she eventually strikes to Washington to stick with her dad.
There are lots of British castles, and there are various motion pictures that feature British castles. These motion pictures are usually extra concerning the later center ages and the Victorian period the place the castles function a lush setting for the political and social intricacies of the instances. Two excellent examples of this are the movie Shakespeare in Love, which was filmed in Broughton Fortress and Remains of the Day, which was filmed in Powderham Citadel. This Victorian era use of British castles wasn't exclusive although. There are numerous English castles which have a feel of the middle ages and Outdated Wordour citadel was used as the ancestral dwelling of Robin Hood in Kevin Costner's Robin Hood Prince of Thieves.
Shankar Anna (Srihari) is a messiah of the lots, which continues to be combating for his or her welfare. His only precedence in life is her youthful sister Madhumita (Yami Gautam).On the other hand, Rishi (Tarun) is a pacesetter within the pupil union, which falls to Madhumita during one of his college issues. Even Madhumita develops emotions for Rishi, and when she decides to reveal his love, Rishi brother places his eye on Madhumita. He comes dwelling and says Rishi he is in love and decided to marry the lady he has just seen. Is Rishi that the girl needs to marry his brother's Madhumita? Will he sacrifice his love for his family? How he convince Madhumita? Is Rishi Shankar go in opposition to Anna?For answers to all these questions, you need to watch this movie on the massive display.
Ink & Paint — Primarily based on Mindy Johnson's Disney history ebook of the identical identify, Ink & Paint is a documentary collection that chronicles the historical past of animation at Disney and the way an unsung workforce of trailblazing women helped create a few of the greatest animated movies of all time." The collection will reportedly premiere in yr two. It is not usually identified but due to the low price range of this movie, numerous Stallone's relations played minor roles. Stallone's father performed the one that rung the bell to signal the start and end of a spherical; his brother Frank played a road corner singer, and his first wife Sasha served because the set photographer.
Keep Communication Avenues Open. Within the movie, one character turns off his tv and takes his cellphone off the hook, costing priceless time and enter in solving the crisis. Be sure to can get in contact with people in your workforce. Create a coverage if you happen to should. We have had the luck to be round to see the output of one the greatest of movie artists, who has worked consistently to explore and elevate the gangster film every time he's tackled it. There won't be another one like The Irishman, from Martin Scorsese or otherwise.
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The concept of single premium immediate annuities (SPIA) actually sprang from a much simpler time when there weren't any stock markets, interest rates or financial institutions peddling scores of different financial products. The original annuities were a simple arrangement between a government and its citizens to provide for annual income payments in exchange for a lump sum of money. These days governments issue bonds as a way to borrow money from their citizens for which they are paid interest. And, SPIA annuities are now issued by life insurance companies, but little else has changed in terms of their purpose.
Anyone who is concerned with the possibility of outliving their income sources is a strong candidate for an SPIA annuity. And that might include the vast majority of Baby Boomers, 80% of whom think that their retirement savings are insufficient to be able to generate 20 to 30 years of income. With an SPIA annuity, for all or a part of their retirement income they could be assured that they won't outlive their income.
It is a simple exchange, one commitment for another. An individual commits a lump sum of money to a life insurance company that then commits to that individual a guaranteed stream of income payments. As determined by the individual, the income guarantee can cover a specific period of time, or it can cover the person's lifetime. In either case, the life insurer guarantees that all of the principle plus all of the interest it is projected to earn, will be paid out in equal periodic installments, typically monthly, until it is completely distributed.
The most important aspect of that guarantee is that, even if the individual lives beyond his or her life expectancy, the life insurer is still committed to make the periodic payments until the individual dies. This is the longevity insurance that makes SPIA annuities so unique and compelling, especially in an era of uncertainty for people approaching retirement.
Once a lump sum of money is deposited with a life insurer and the income payments begin, the money cannot be returned except through the periodic payments. So, it is vitally important to make a sound decision as to the amount of money to be deposited. Most planners will work from an income need standpoint. That is, calculating your overall need for income and how much can be generated from various income sources. If you have multiple income sources, the SPIA can be used as a part of a portfolio of income investments to create a safety net, or foundation of income to act as a stabilizer.
Given a certain amount of income that would be needed on a monthly basis, a life insurer could calculate the amount of money that would need to be deposited. Or, given a dollar amount to be deposited, the calculation would produce an amount of monthly income that could be generated.
In either case, the calculation involves several key factors, such as your age when the income is to begin, your life expectancy based on actuarial tables, and a project interest rate. Once the number of payment periods is determined (either specified number of periods, or the number of periods as determined by your life expectancy), the life insurer comes up with a payout rate, which is fixed percentage of the annuity balance that is to be paid each period. The payout rate includes an exclusion ratio that determines the amount of the payment that is comprised of principal, and is, therefore, excluded from taxes. Much like a mortgage in reverse, the SPIA annuity is calculated to distribute the entire principal along with interest earnings by the last scheduled payment period. If the schedule of payments is based on life expectancy, the number of payment periods becomes indefinite once the individual lifetime surpasses its life expectancy.
One of the more important steps in the SPIA process is to determine how the annuity payments are to be structured. In its simplest form, an SPIA is paid out on a single life which means that, if the individual dies prior to life expectancy or a specified period of time, the income payments simply stop and the life insurer keeps the remaining balance.
Individuals with spouses will usually structure the SPIA as a joint life annuity so that, the annuity payments will continue for the second spouse after the death of the first spouse. The payout rate for joint life annuities is reduced by an amount that covers the additional cost of insuring two lives.
Additionally, an SPIA can be structured to return all or a portion of the annuity balance to a named beneficiary at the death of the primary annuitants. Instead of continuing the annuity payments, the annuity proceeds are paid to the beneficiary in installments over a five to ten year period.
The fact that SPIA annuities have been providing income security for hundreds of years is somewhat of a double-edged sword when it comes to appreciating their importance. On one side, they are nearly as old as the hills, which might lead to a characterization of being stodgy or even out-dated. On the other side, they are still the only financial instrument that can offer the ultimate in financial security which, if you ask millions of retiring Baby Boomers, would never get old.
SPIA annuities are not difficult to understand. It's their application in an individual's retirement plan that requires careful analysis to determine their suitability and their value. While they may not be suitable for everyone, they can play a vital role in just about anyone's retirement income portfolio where stability, predictability and general peace-of-mind are desired attributes.
Most of the information available on annuities today emphasizes their record of safety and their role as an asset and income safety net in the context of an overall financial plan. And, while there are many reasons to trumpet their advantages and benefits, owning annuities doesn't come without some risk. On the risk-reward spectrum, all investments entail some sort of risk. Understanding annuities and how they work in relation to your own specific needs, priorities, and tolerance for risk will help to expose what risks, if any, they present to you.
Perhaps the biggest risk factor associated with annuities is the restriction on access to funds. Although annuities do allow for complete access through surrendering the contract, the fees and penalties that could be triggered could adversely impact the principal amount. An investment in an annuity needs to be made with the knowledge that it is a long term investment which may not perform to expectations if funds are accessed too early in the contract.
Annuities should not be considered if there is not a sufficient amount of liquid assets available elsewhere in your portfolio. Still, they do allow for partial access through a once-annual withdrawal of up to 10% of your account balance without incurring a fee. A surrender fee, ranging from 5% to 12%, is charged on any withdrawal that exceeds 10% in a year during the contract's surrender period. Because the fee gradually declines throughout the surrender period, they eventually vanish.
Anytime your assets are exposed to the fluctuations of a market, such as stocks or bonds, they are subject to market risk, which means they could lose value. Market risk is not an issue for fixed annuities as the rate of return is based on a fixed yield and supported by rate guarantees. But, with variable annuities, which include separate investment accounts, the risk of fluctuation in the value of the accounts is tied directly to the performance of the markets. Indexed annuities, while linked to the movement of stock indexes, provide enough downside protection that market risk is not a concern.
For investors who have low or no tolerance for market risk, fixed or indexed annuities are the most suitable investment choices. Some variable annuities offer the option to purchase a minimum rate guarantee which would ensure that, even in market declines, your account value will receive some positive rate of return.
The risk of interest rate movement affects all annuities in some way or another. For fixed annuities, especially those with a multi-year rate guarantee, the risk is that interest rates rise quickly while your funds are locked into a lower yield. Conversely, if your rate is guaranteed for just one year, the risk is that interest rates suddenly fall, and your renewed rate is lower than your initial rate.
Interest rate movements also affect the stock and bond markets. If you own a variable annuity with funds invested in stock and bond accounts, an increase in interest rates could cause those markets to decline. The best risk mitigation strategy is to have a balanced and diversified allocation strategy so that any movement in interest rate will only adversely affect one part of your portfolio.
The risk of inflation affects the long term impact of your annuity accumulation, and ultimately, the purchasing power of future annuity income. In terms of its devaluing capabilities, a dollar today will be worth half as much in 20 years based on the current rate of inflation. Should the rate of inflation increase, that timeframe will shorten. This puts any portfolio that isn't properly invested as a hedge against inflation at risk. While the owners of fixed annuities may enjoy the current comfort of having no market risk, the risk of inflation can have even more devastating consequences. Only a properly balance and diversified portfolio of varying asset classes can provide the essential offset to inflation.
There are two types of taxation risk associated with owning annuities. The first has to do with the potential tax consequences of the annuity contract itself. The big advantage of annuities it the tax deferral of earnings within the contract. They are then taxed when withdrawn at retirement. One of the planning theories behind owning annuities is that your tax bracket is higher while you are accumulating earnings, and then it drops after retirement so that you will pay fewer taxes on the annuity withdrawals. The risk is that your bracket remains the same, or, due to an unforeseen change in the tax law, it increases. It still doesn't erase the impact that tax deferred earnings had over the years on your accumulation.
The second kind of taxation risk it the possibility that changes in the tax law could impact the tax treatment of annuities in the future. Although it's not mandated, most tax law changes that affect investments include a "grandfather" provision which protects existing investments.
Annuity contracts and all of their guarantees and obligations are backed strictly by the assets of the issuing life insurance company. Perhaps the greatest risk an annuity owner faces is that the issuing life insurer runs into financial trouble or becomes insolvent. It is also important to note, however, that this risk has yet to materialize to the extent that an annuity owner has ever lost any money. While there have been some instance of insolvency, the collective strength of the life insurance industry has, time and again, come to the fore to rescue the policyholders of a diminished life insurer.
Any degree of credit risk can be reduced, if not eliminated, by investing in annuities issued by the most credit worthy life insurers who meet the stringent standards of independent rating companies. The most highly rated companies have the strongest balance sheets and are deemed to be resistant to economic cycles.
For any one investment, there really is no way to get around risk. It comes in many different forms, and some forms are less obvious, but potentially more destructive than others. Annuities are inherently low risk investments; however, to limit your allocation to one type of annuity could actually increase your exposure to risk. One of the most effective risk reduction strategies is to own a portfolio of annuities that can counter the different exposures to risk. A portfolio consisting of a variable contract (or two), an indexed annuity and a fixed annuity, would provide enough countering effects to minimize any type of risk.
The decision to purchase a particular annuity is based on several factors including an investor's financial circumstances as well as the features present in the product that, at the time, closely matched the investor's needs and preferences. As time passes, financial circumstances can change and an annuity's features may no longer be the match they once were. Or, perhaps the annuity is no longer performing as expected. There could be any number of reasons why someone would want to change their investment, and annuity contracts do allow for such changes, however, a "rollover" from one annuity to another annuity is not one of them.
It is possible, however, to change from one annuity to another, but that process is referred to as a direct transfer which is described below. First, let's take a step back and define "rollover" so that the difference is clear. A rollover, as described in the tax code, is when the holder of a qualified plan such as an IRA takes a complete, physical distribution from the plan, and then rolls it or deposits it into another IRA. The rollover must occur within 60 days of the distribution in order to avoid a tax consequence.
Annuities are non-qualified plans which aren't covered under the rollover rules. If a full distribution is taken from an annuity it requires that the annuity contract be surrendered which automatically triggers a taxable event. The amount of the distribution that is comprised of earnings from the contract will need to be reported as ordinary income and taxed in the year of the distribution.
If annuity is purchased inside of a qualified plan, then technically, the distribution, or surrendered funds, can be rolled over to another qualified plan and another annuity can be purchased inside that plan. And, it is possible to roll a qualified plan distribution into an annuity as long as the annuity is set up by the life insurance company as an IRA annuity. The bottom-line is that a tax-free rollover can only occur between two tax-qualified accounts.
If not a Rollover, then What?
Annuity owners are allowed to change their annuity investment through what is known as a direct transfer which is allowed under IRC. Section 1035. Also known as a 1035 Exchange, the direct transfer is facilitated by the current annuity provider and the new annuity provider, so the annuity owner never touches the funds. This is the only way that the transfer can occur without a tax consequence.
In order for the transfer to occur, the first annuity has to be surrendered. That means that, if it occurs during the contract's surrender period, a surrender fee will apply. If the surrender period has expired, then the funds can be transferred without charge. And that is one of the main caveats of a tax-free 1035 exchange of annuities, and that is when a new annuity is purchased, the surrender period begins anew.
If you have made the decision to exchange your annuity, great care should be taken to ensure that you will be improving your situation. Obviously, the new annuity should be fully vetted for a complete understanding of its fees, expenses and surrender provisions. Understanding that you will be purchasing a new annuity with a fresh surrender period, it is important to have a long term time horizon in your thinking. You may be able to find an annuity with a shorter surrender period, but be aware that it may have higher internal expenses as an offset.
Also, once you have made the exchange decision, and have selected a new annuity, you could be at risk if the exchange process is delayed at either end. For instance, you may have selected an annuity based on its high promotional rate. If the exchange process takes too long, it is possible that the promotional rate on the new annuity is no longer available when the funds are finally received by the new provider. Although annuity providers are required to begin processing an exchange as soon as they receive the request, they have been known to take the as much time as they are allowed in order to keep your money working for them as long as possible. So, it is possible to miss a promotional rate or a significant move in the market (if you're exchanging to a variable contract).
The same care taken with your initial annuity investment should be taken with the exchange into another annuity product. The new annuity product should be a solid match for your investment objectives, timeline, preferences and risk tolerance. When done properly, an annuity exchange should put you in a better financial position than before the exchange.
Annuities have come a long way since the days when they were a simple exchange of cash for income. In their 2000 year history they have been used primarily as a way for governments or institutions to raise capital which was repaid to an individual in the form of a lifetime stream of income. Not until the 20th century did their use expand to serve the savings needs of individuals who had lost confidence in the banks during the Great Depression. Today, annuities are used in many ways to address the needs of individuals and businesses.
The original purpose of annuities was that of an income generator. But, for a Roman citizen who wasn't expected to live much beyond the age of 28, the need for a secure, lifetime income source was not nearly as great as the need today with life expectancies stretching out beyond the age of 87. Annuities are still the only vehicle that can assure retirees that they won't outlive their income source.
Annuity payouts are based on the amount of the initial investment amount, the number of payment periods, and an assumed rate of interest. For a lifetime income, the number of annuity payments is based on a person's life expectancy. Annuities are an insured contract, which means that, if a person lives beyond his or her life expectancy the life insurance company is obligated to continue the income payments for life.
Annuities are often used by individuals and businesses to structure a payment schedule for a specific number of payments, based on a specific payment amount. Businesses might use annuities to establish a payment plan for compensating an employee or a business partner in a buyout situation. These are legal arrangements that usually require structure and guarantees that can only be provided by instruments such as annuities.
Annuities are the primary vehicle used when a financial settlement is made between parties involving a series of payments as opposed to a lump sum payment, also referred to as a structured settlement. Lottery winnings also use a structured settlement annuity when they are paid in equal installments over ten or twenty years.
During the Great Depression, life insurers added a savings component to annuities to enable people to safely put money aside for retirement when the banks were closing up shop. Back then, annuities were considered to be safer than bank savings because the savings deposits were kept on reserve by the life insurer as opposed to being loaned out to borrowers as the banks would do.
Today, annuities are still considered to be among the safest savings vehicles because of the strict reserves requirements to which life insurer must adhere as well as the state guaranty funds that protect policyholder accounts up to $250,000 in some states.
After World War II, when incomes started to climb and the top tax bracket topped out at 90%, an annuity investment was introduced that allowed investors to earn stock market returns without having to pay taxes on their earnings. Essentially, life insurers adapted the savings component of annuities to incorporate separate investment accounts, similar to mutual funds in which investors could choose among professionally managed stock and bond portfolios.
Because annuities are afforded the same tax treatment as qualified plans, as far as the tax deferral of accumulated earnings, they became attractive alternatives for investors who could benefit from tax savings on their investments. During the 1980's, when interest rates climbed into double digits, fixed yield annuities became a popular alternative to taxable bank CDs and other fixed yield investments.
For hundreds of years, people have turned towards annuities for assurance in times of uncertainty. The safety and guarantees built into the contracts that are backed by life insurance companies provide people with peace-of-mind that is sorely needed after the shocks of market crashes or economic meltdowns. Even the more risk tolerant investors need to inject some stability and predictability into their retirement portfolios and annuities are a way to do that.
Under state and federal statutes assets such as pension plans, life insurance and annuities are protected from civil liabilities, liens and debt claims. It is an accepted practice for individuals to arrange their assets in a way that will shield them from claims so long as it is not done with intent to defraud. In some states, assets held in annuities are fully protected against liability claims, but in others, their exemption in limited to a specific dollar amount. In a few states, annuities are not exempt and, therefore, they are vulnerable to claims.
Very few investment vehicles are as multi-faceted as annuities. Their unique features and characteristics combine to create a number of possibilities for their use in a variety of financial situations, which is why they remain one of the more popular financial planning tools today. Their immense popularity is only exceeded by their complexity, so, there use should be considered along with the guidance of a knowledgeable financial professional who specializes in annuities.


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CIPIL Annual Spring Conference
The CIPIL Spring Conference is held annually in early March. The conference aims to bring together academics, practitioners and students to discuss current issues in intellectual property law.
2023 SPRING CONFERENCE - IN MEMORY OF PROFESSOR BILL CORNISH:
Friday 17th March 2023 (Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge) - 'Intellectual Property Rights as Allied Rights: Bill Cornish and the Making of Today's Intellectual Property System'
2021 and 2022:
Sadly, because of constraints put in place as a result of the global pandemic, the 2021 CIPIL Annual Spring Conference did not take place. In 2022 CIPIL was the co-sponsor of the European Policy for Intellectual Property (EPIP) Conference which was held at the Faculty of Law here in Cambridge. We hope to resume our ordinary Spring conference event once again in 2023 - details to be announced in due course.


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