text:
Update on Pinay Hong Kong HSW Who Died From "Fall" in Shenzen, China - Employers Arrested
(This was the news, almost exactly one year ago)
The Hong Kong employers of a Filipino domestic helper who plunged to her death from a building in Shenzhen last month were arrested on Thursday on suspicion of conspiracy to defraud.
They were released on bail and will have to report to police in mid-September in a case that has raised concerns about employers taking their helpers to work outside the city illegally.
The 47-year-old man, identified only by his surname, Gu, and his wife surnamed Liu, 32, both Hong Kong residents,were arrested at police headquarters in Wan Chai.
"They were suspected to have made a false statement to the relevant government department, claiming that the female foreign domestic helper employed by them would work in Hong Kong only," a police spokesman said.
Lorain Asuncion, 28, fell from a building in Shenzhen on July 24 after it was claimed her employers sent her to work there at a relative's home.
source: SCMP
It was almost exactly a year ago when a Filipina helper died in Hong Kong due to an accident when she fell from a high building while cleaning the windows of her employer's apartment. Since then, Hong Kong authorities have implemented strict rules regarding this type of work.
Now, another incident of death of a Filipina worker happened in China. But this time, the circumstances are more suspicious since the helper is actually based in Hong Kong but died in mainland China.
Authorities are investigating the suspicious death of 28-year-old Filipino domestic helper who allegedly fell from a building on the mainland after being sent there to work by her Hong Kong employers. Officials have classified the tragedy as a "suspected case of human-trafficking".
The case revealed a "dangerous trend" of Hong Kong employers dispatching or bringing their helpers to work illegally outside the city, mostly bringing them to mainland China.
The family of the dead worker, Lorain Asuncion, are in Hong Kong to seek answers to what really happened to her. They said before her death she had shared her fear each time she had to go to the mainland with her employer.
According to Asuncion's relatives, she had been taken to the mainland about four times since October 2016, when she started employment with the couple. It is said, she was afraid because she could not understand the language. And when in the mainland, she did not have access to social networks, so she could not talk to her family, according to her aunt, Susan Escorial.
Strict rules implemented in Hong Kong are almost never followed in China as the government in Hong Kong is autonomous. Thus, migrant worker and labor protections laws are left in Hong Kong whenever employers bring their helpers to China. This itself is illegal, except in cases where the helpers are there as tourists - perhaps only to help take care of young children and not to do domestic work.
On July 24, Asuncion's family was informed by her Hong Kong agency, Sunlight Employment Agency, that she had fallen to her death that day from the seventh floor of an apartment building in Shenzhen, China. They were not informed as to what she was doing in China.
They had no other details, according to her family, as Lorain's employer refused to meet them, choosing instead to answer questions only via the consulate.
"We were told that she jumped. But we think the death of my sister is very suspicious. We want to know what happened and have justice," said Jenevieve Javier, 29. Asuncion's family is seeking the help of a lawyer to pursue compensation claims in the city.
Her family feels the loss of not being able to see Lorain again. They were looking forward to her returning to the house she was building in the Philippines. "She was a very hardworking girl, and she has so many dreams," recalled her aunt, holding back tears."We hope this does not happen to others."
A spokesman for the Philippine Consulate General in Guangzhou said Asuncion's body was in a morgue in Shenzhen. The consulate was in touch with the Guangdong Public Security Department to obtain the autopsy and the police reports as well as the death certificate.
It is surprising to learn that Hong Kong does not have laws on trafficking household workers. That's why, migrant worker's rights groups said the number of cases of Hong Kong employers taking their helpers to the mainland has grown in recent years.
They said there were also cases of maids hired in Hong Kong who ended up being taken illegally to work full-time for families on the mainland.
Asuncion's death came reports suggested last month the Chinese government was considering allowing foreign domestic workers to be hired in five top cities. Late last year, foreigners as well as Hong Kong and Macau residents in Guangdong province were allowed to hire helpers from abroad.
Danilo Baldon, an assistant to nationals at the consulate in Hong Kong, said the office received about four complaints in past months of domestic helpers who were taken to the mainland China against their wishes for stretches of time. But it was difficult to estimate the extent of the problem. "We don't know, because they don't report it for fear of having their contracts terminated," he said.
Rights group leaders warned employers who took their helpers abroad that they were "both taking a risk: the helper goes as a tourist, which means that she does not have a permit to work there, and the employer is usually breaching the contract and should be held responsible if something happens."
Hong Kong has also campaigned hard to inform the public about the dangers of cleaning windows. New rules stipulated in the Standard Employment Contract are supposed to be implemented at the beginning of this year.
Working in another address not stated in the contract is also illegal. Yet time and again, foreign workers, including Filipinos, find themselves stuck between the rules and the commands of their employers.
The US State Department's annual report on human-trafficking released in June said that "some foreign domestic workers sign contracts to work in Hong Kong, but upon arrival are sent to work in mainland China." Advocates have called for an anti-human trafficking law, as current provisions forbid human-trafficking for the purpose of prostitution, but not for forced labor.
A spokesman for the Labour Department said if employers breach contracts, including "arranging foreign domestic helpers to work in places other than set out", that will be taken into consideration in assessing the employers' future applications for employing helpers.
The department also said that a person who makes a false statement to the immigration - for instance, someone playing as a front for a family in the mainland – is liable to prosecution and might receive a maximum fine of HK$150,000 and imprisonment for 14 years.
sources: SCMP, Shanghaiist, HK01
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Tags compensation claim, Death Claim, Employer Liability, FDH, Hong Kong, human trafficking, Labor Law, lawyer, Migrant Worker, ofw, OFW Death, personal injury claim, POEA, Shenzen, violation, window cleaning ban
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As always, the year starts with an impending hurricane of extracurricular activities and many opportunities to take the lead in various areas. The production of this student-run periodical being one of the very first, uniting us as the one community - the one family - that we are. Though it shall not be the only initiative of its kind.
Deadlines are being set. The brainstorming process is to be running at all times, and again, all students must be involved. Primary,secondary, boy or girl, every student must have an idea of what's happening every day in school, and every last one of us must absolutely play a role in whatever is happening in the school at all times. We are all a part of the Westminster school, we all matter.


text:
Hudson Valley UFO Sightings, 1982 - 1986
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Watch the video on YouTube: https://youtu.be/syj1T11xFMA
It's often claimed that ufology is not a science because UFO sightings don't follow any patterns, or obey any "rules" that could be tested scientifically. But a string of sightings in the suburbs north of New York City demonstrate that UFOs are also far from random: over several years in the early 1980s, thousands of people saw V-shaped and circular formations of lights over the Hudson Valley, many as large as football fields. The sightings came in waves, often recurring in the same few areas, and frequently on the same few days of the week. Though these patterns are difficult to explain, they suggest that there is some logic to UFO activity that may one day be explained by science.
The First Wave
The first recorded sighting in the Hudson Valley area occurred just a few minutes before midnight on December 31, 1981. An anonymous off-duty police officer and his family saw a boomerang-shaped object drift slowly overtop of their home in Kent, New York. The family could see a solid structure with roughly 15 red, green, and white lights anchored to its underside. It maintained a constant altitude of about 150 meters, moved at a gentle walking pace, and made only a faint hum. At one point, the lights went out, and three blinding white lights in the shape of a triangle appeared in their place. About 5 seconds later, the coloured ones returned, and the object drifted out of sight.(1) 55 year-old Edwin Hansen saw what appeared to be the same object as he was driving down Interstate 84, just moments after the family's sighting. Hansen, among others, stopped on the side of the road after spotting a boomerang-shaped formation of lights that projected a bright beam of light to the ground. It was so large that it filled the sky in front of him, and it made slow, tight circles in the air. Just as he thought he'd like to get a closer look, the object moved in his direction. He panicked as it approached, but then heard a voice in his head that instructed him not to be afraid. At the same time, the object turned away and the beam went out. Hansen said that he "felt thoughts that weren't [his] own," and believed that he had received a telepathic communication from the UFO.(2) Many other witnesses reported similar communications in the next few years, or felt that the UFO had read their minds.
Nearly two months later, on February 26, 1982, Monique O'Driscoll and her daughter followed a lighted object down several miles of country road, and watched it pass over their car. When it stopped to hover above a frozen lake, Monique got out of her car to watch it. The object had about 50 red, blue, and amber lights, and a large amber light in the middle. It was about 60 to 90 meters across and perfectly silent. Its underside was lined with metal beams and criss-crossed supports, like the underside of a bridge. Although it began to turn away, at the exact moment that she wished for it to stay, it turned back and flew towards her, then retreated when she got scared.(3) There were several witnesses nearby who saw the same object at the exact same time, and later when it crossed over the I-84. The Police in Kent and Carmel, New York, and Danbury, Connecticut, all received a flood of calls about a UFO that night.(4)
The sightings resumed the next Spring. On the evening of March 17, 1983, a woman in Brewster, New York, saw a V-shaped object with numerous lights "all the colours of the rainbow" arranged along its wings, and one large light in the centre. It then made a sharp turn and flew two doors down to the home of Dennis Sant, the Deputy Clerk for Putnam County. Sant had seen the object hovering over his yard earlier that night, and confessed that he felt a strong urge to look for it outside.(5) He found it hovering over the I-84, then ran inside to get his family. As soon as he wished that he could get a closer look, it rotated in his direction, then floated towards him and stopped about 12 meters away. The object was just under 40 meters long, and more than 100 meters wide. It had many red, green, and white lights along its sides, and an amber light that swept from one end of the V to the other. As it hovered there, the lights grew to be three times as bright. Sant and his father were so close to it that they could see its dark metal surface, and hear a finely-tuned engine sound.(6)
The following week, on March 24, another wave of sightings occurred, mostly in Yorktown. Many of the witnesses were Yorktown police officers who admitted that their switchboard had been flooded with calls reporting a large, boomerang-shaped UFO with red, blue, and green lights.(7) Police in the nearby village of New Castle received a flood of calls as well, describing an object as large as a football field.(8) Bill Hele, a meteorologist, saw an asymmetrical V-shaped object that was about 400 meters long, with six or seven lights. The object descended from about 600 to 300 meters altitude, and slowed as it approached. Hele realized that the lights were all changing colors at different times, as if lit by a rotating prism within the structure. Suddenly, all the lights went out, leaving nothing in their place, as if whatever object was supporting them had simply disappeared. The lights reappeared 30 - 40 seconds later, and a few seconds after that, the object turned to the north and flew away, as the lights changed to a slime green.(9) At the same time, people 15 miles north in Putnam county saw a smaller object exhibiting similar behaviours.(10) It was a big night for sightings, and this time, the press caught wind.
On March 26, the West-chester-Rockland Daily Item published a story on the sightings, as did the North County News, and that night, the lights returned. The publicity brought the sightings to the attention of amateur UFO investigator Philip J. Imbrogno. Imbrogno began collecting witnesses' statements with assistance from J. Allen Hynek, former consultant to US Air Force Project Blue Book, and investigators from Hynek's own Center for UFO Studies.(11) The team set up two phone lines to collect witness depositions, and shared them in local papers. They took more than 100 calls in the first 10 hours of the papers' publication, and eventually received over 300 calls about the lights on March 24. They estimated that there were several thousand witnesses that night. 85% of the sightings occurred over an area less than 60 square km in Westchester and Putnam counties, along the Taconic parkway.(12)
The reports described the same type of boomerang-shaped object, usually moving between 20 to 50 kmph.(13) Many times, the UFOs were seen to hover over bodies of water. But every sighting involved somewhat different behavior. Witnesses reported seeing the lights jump positions in the sky; disappear and reappear in place; and release self-propelled lighted objects. Some even saw lights detach from the formation and move on their own.(14) On October 26, a group of witnesses saw a formation of seven white lights fly overhead. The central one remained in place, but the six others began jumping around independently, before reforming and flying off as one.(15) Others saw a small red "probe" detach from the UFO. On October 28, Jim Booke, a biomedical engineer, saw a massive, lighted, boomerang-shaped object fly up and hover over the Croton Falls Reservoir. It was at least 30 meters long, with nine red lights along its sides. It began to move around the reservoir, while maintaining a constant altitude of about 4.5 meters above water level. Each time that it stopped, it released a cherry-red light and projected a type of screen from its underside that appeared to interact with the water.(16) The object made no noise at all, and its lights went out every time another car passed by.
The Yorktown police eventually declared that the UFOs over the Hudson Valley were nothing but a group of planes flying in formation, although they were unable to identify the culprits, and the Putnam police stated that the lights belonged to a squadron of ultralight aircraft flying in formation.(17) However, ultralights bounce around in the breeze, and would be nearly impossible to fly in perfect formation. Also, they make an engine noise like a lawn mower that would have been perfectly audible in nearly every sighting.(18) The Federal Aviation Administration told police on multiple occasions that the lights belonged to unspecified planes or helicopters, and later conducted an investigation of the sightings, but never shared their conclusions.(19) The Police departments in Brewster and Carmel said that an official at Stewart Air Force Base told them that the lights were planes being transferred from the base, though others at the base denied this.(20) In April, 1983, a group of private pilots buzzed the area in a v-shaped formation of planes in an attempt to fool the locals into thinking they were seeing UFOs. But many of the witnesses that Imbrogno's team spoke with had seen these planes as well as the UFOs, and could easily tell the difference. For the next four months, people in the Hudson Valley reported seeing similar formations of planes, in what many assumed was some government effort to confuse the issue.(21) In the midst of a flap on Halloween night, 1984, a small plane landed at the Stormville airport, where the UFO had been seen, and a state trooper apprehended him, and accused him of causing the sightings. Though the pilot denied it, and the officer never charged him, debunkers have cited the report he wrote as proof of a hoax.(22)
The Second Wave
Public excitement over the first wave of sightings died down in the following months. However, on March 25, 1984, almost exactly a year after the big flap, another wave of sightings began, and several more occurred that summer. This time around, the shapes and behaviours of the UFOs were more varied than ever. Imbrogno's team received reports about flying Xs, crosses, and circular formations: one cross formation was even captured on video.(23) Several witnesses reported UFOs that hovered overhead and bathed them in beams of light.(24) On March 25 alone, an estimated 200 - 300 people saw a UFO, again over the Taconic Parkway. The Carmel police had at least 20 calls, and saw the UFO themselves: a lieutenant with the department said that he felt sure it wasn't a conventional aircraft.(25) There were more sightings on March 31, and many more that summer.(26) On June 11, 1984, a giant, V-shaped formation of lights buzzed a town board meeting in New Castle county.(27) Several officers saw the object, and a neighbouring county's airport tracked it on radar. On July 12, and then again on July 19 and 24, people saw circular formations of lights across Connecticut and New York state. Imbrogno and Hynek estimated that there were 5000 witnesses on the first night alone.(28) At least 12 of these were police officers, and one was the Danbury County Chief, Nelson Macedo. Macedo was on a fishing boat on Candlewood lake with family and friends when they all saw a circular object rimmed with 20 - 30 multi-coloured lights hovering high overhead. The lights seemed to be spinning, though the object was still. When the operator shut the boat's lights off, the object's lights went out as well, and on and off again with the same effect.(29) On July 24, Bob Pozzuoli of Brewster, New York, captured some lights on film.(30)
Later that summer, Imbrogno and Peter Gersten, a lawyer and ufologist, decided to arrange a conference in Brewster in an effort to draw the public's attention to the recurring waves of UFOs. Reporter Andy Blum did a story on the effort, alerting a host of regional news outlets. Over 1500 people attended the conference on August 25, including more than 75 reporters from the likes of the New York Times, ABC, and the Chicago Tribune.(31) Here the investigators showed the Pozzuoli film, which was subsequently broadcast on TV news. HBO aired a special production on UFOs in 1985, and sent Pozzuoli's film to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, where a specialist was unable to identify the source of the lights.(32) The New York state police and the FAA were invited to present, but declined. Still, the conference caused a media splash, and the additional exposure brought new sightings to the team's attention.(33) They learned that on two occasions in June, workers and guards at Indian Point nuclear reactor complex had seen an object hover over the site, and that the facility's security systems mysteriously shut down during the encounters.(34) There were more sightings the night after the conference, but very few after that, and sightings declined in the following years.(35) In the midst of this decline, on March 21, 1985, Imbrogno's team finally saw a UFO for themselves. Immediately after leaving the University of Bridgeport to take part in a call-in TV show about the sightings, the team saw a circular structure ringed in lights hovering over a 15-story building, watched it turn in the sky, and chased it down the interstate.(36)
Hynek and Imbrogno teamed up with Journalist Bob Pratt to write a book on their investigation. Hynek died in 1986, but the book was published the next year, the last work to bear his name. Although the sightings decreased in frequency after 1984, Imbrogno continued to collect reports in the Hudson valley for years after, and sightings continue to this day.(37) Imbrogno's credibility took a hit when it was discovered that he had fabricated many of his supposed scientific and military credentials. Still, UFO debunkers have had remarkably little to say about the reports that he collected. Even Philip Klass, the preeminent skeptic of ufology, claimed that the Hudson Valley sightings may be the hardest ever to explain. Those who have endeavoured to do so have mostly fallen back on the implausible mystery airplane theory, as Discover magazine did in a 1984 article.(38) In 1992, Unsolved Mysteries devoted an episode to the Hudson Valley sightings, and interviewed many of the police officers who had seen a UFO, lending credibility to their accounts.
With all the reports they'd collected, Imbrogno's team noticed a few patterns in the data, and made some interesting discoveries. First, reports were remarkably consistent in their descriptions of triangular or boomerang-shaped objects, and sometimes circular ones. These kinds of objects had been reported in a number of southern states since the mid 1970s, and similar reports in the US date back at least as far as 1951.(39) Just a few years later, in 1989 and 90, there was a wave of sightings over Belgium that involved black, triangular objects that behaved much in the same way as the Hudson Valley UFOs. In 1997, a giant lighted, V-shaped object buzzed the city of Phoenix, Arizona. However, not all of the witnesses in the Hudson Valley reported the same UFOs: a building inspector in Torrington, Connecticut, saw a cigar-shaped craft with four windows, and the guards at the Indian Point reactor saw an object shaped like an ice-cream cone.(40) And while some insisted that there was a solid structure behind the lights, many others were certain that there wasn't. It's unclear if the discrepancies between witnesses' accounts are due to errors in observation, or if they are indicative of a wide variety of sighted objects.
Sightings were heavily clustered, geographically, and they fell disproportionately often on Monday, Thursday, and Sunday nights.(41) What's more, some of the biggest nights for sightings in 1984 fell on almost the exact same days as the biggest nights from the year before. No one has been able to make sense of these curious anomalies in the data, nor have they been able to explain why there is such a concentration of sightings in the same 3600 square kilometers of the Hudson Valley region.(42) However, Imbrogno's team noted that some of the areas most frequently visited by UFOs contained a lot of government-owned land. This land is rich in iron ore, and dotted by abandoned mines, and locals also claim to have experienced an unusual number of electrical disturbances here.(43)
Lastly, witnesses frequently claimed to have had some form of telepathic exchange with the UFOs they saw. Such claims are common in UFO reports, and suggests that there is an intelligence behind the UFO phenomenon that is able to interface with the human mind directly. Imbrogno's team also received several reports of so-called "missing time," as well as strange dreams and abduction experiences that occurred at the same time as the sightings, although the abduction phenomenon was not well understood at the time.(44) Elsewhere, Hynek noted that such incidents of "high strangeness" were typical of UFO reports, and very difficult to explain.
Over 30 years later, the Hudson Valley sightings of the early-to-mid 1980s remain some of the longest-running, and most intensely studied in UFO history. Many sightings involved trained observers and multiple, independent witnesses, and some were even corroborated on radar. What's more, the data that Hynek and Imbrogno collected shows that the UFO activity over the Hudson Valley followed a number of strange but discernible patterns. We can't exactly predict a UFO sighting, but we also can't say that there is no logic to the phenomenon: it may just be that we don't yet understand how that logic operates.
1) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 5 - 6.
3) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 8 - 10.
4) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 10 - 12.
8) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 39.
10) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 25, 34 - 35.
11) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 14 - 15.
13) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 71, 94.
14) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 37.
16) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 2-3.
21) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 45 - 47, 50.
22) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 150 - 152; Glen Garelik, "Special Report: The Great Hudson Valley UFO Mystery." Discover. November 1984, 20. The Discover article is available in a document compiled and hosted by UFO History Files, accessed August 17, 2019: http://ufohistoryfiles.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/338C.pdf; the same argument is used in Brian Dunning, "The Hudson Valley UFO Mystery." Skeptoid. Nov 21, 2017. Accessed August 17, 2019: https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4598.
23) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 79, 88 - 89, 93.
24) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 102 - 103, 105.
30) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 109.
33) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 128 - 129.
37) Bauder, David. "Hot Spot for UFO Fans : N.Y.'s Hudson Valley Draws the Hopeful Faithful Each Night." LA Times. November 20, 1988. Accessed August 17, 2019: https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-20-mn-572-story.html.
38) See Garelik and Dunning, cited above.
39) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 13 - 14.; 186.
40) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 85 - 6, 5.
42) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 4.
44) Hynek et al., Night Siege, 132; throughout in "Chapter 13: High Strangeness," 157 - 166.
Dunning, Brian. "The Hudson Valley UFO Mystery." Skeptoid. Nov 21, 2017. Accessed August 17, 2019: https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4598.
Garelik, Glen. "Special Report: The Great Hudson Valley UFO Mystery." Discover. November 1984, 17 - 20. Available as part of a compilation by UFO History Files, accessed August 17, 2019: http://ufohistoryfiles.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/338C.pdf.
Hynek, J. Allen, Philip J. Imbrogno, and Bob Pratt. Night Siege: The Hudson Valley UFO Sightings. New York: Ballantine Books, 1987.
Randle, Kevin. "The Crash of Philip J. Imbrogno. July 17, 2011. Accessed August 17, 2019: http://kevinrandle.blogspot.com/2011/07/crash-of-philip-j-imbrogno.html.
Schmalz, Jeffrey. "Strange Sights Brighten the Night Skies Upstate." New York Times. Saturday, August 25, 1984. Preview available:
https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/25/nyregion/strange-sights-brighten-the-night-skies-upstate.html.
For Further resources, including newspaper clippings and witness's drawings of the UFOs they saw, see the material compiled in the following documents:
Discover article, witness drawings:
http://ufohistoryfiles.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/338C.pdf.
Newspaper clippings:
http://files.afu.se/Downloads/Magazines/United%20States/UFO%20Newsclipping%20Service/UFO%20Newsclipping%20Service%20-%201984%2011%20-%20no%20184.pdf.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Your Daily Science Source
Three rocky exoplanets have been found orbiting a star just 12 light-years away
Three new exoplanets have been found orbiting a nearby star, and one of them is ranked pretty highly for potential habitability.
All three are rocky, and within the vicinity of Earth-sized – and the outermost is orbiting the star in the habitable zone, where temperatures are compatible with the possibility of liquid water on the surface.
The star is Gliese 1061, at a distance of 3.67 parsecs – around 12 light-years away – making it the 20th closest star to the Solar System. And its three planets are Gliese 1016 b, Gliese 1016 c and Gliese 1016 d.
The research team also found evidence that could indicate a fourth planet, but ultimately ruled it out as stellar activity. The findings are reported on preprint server arXiv, and have been submitted to the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Gliese 1061 is a red dwarf. These stars are cool and faint, which means their habitable zone is a lot closer to the star than a hotter, brighter star – like the Sun, for instance. And planets orbiting their stars closely are easier to find than stars much farther out.
This makes them a great target for habitable exoplanet searches, but that doesn't mean they're necessarily hospitable.
Red dwarfs are often restless and wild, lashing the space around them with stellar flares.
Such is the case with Proxima b, the rocky exoplanet found orbiting in the habitable zone of our nearest stellar neighbour, Proxima Centauri.
Gliese 1061 is a lot like Proxima Centauri, but there is one key difference: it's a heck of a lot quieter. Which means – you guessed it – potentially higher chances of habitability.
All three planets were detected using the radial velocity, or "wobble", method.
While many exoplanets are identified by looking at dips in light as the planets pass between us and their star (the transit method), in this instance, the stars' orbits are angled so that they never pass between us and the star. That means we have to detect them using gravity.
You see, although it seems like a star might be more or less fixed in position, the planet and the star actually orbit a mutual centre of gravity. This is usually inside the star, since it is so much more massive than its planets, but the tug of the planet is enough to pull the star just ever-so-slightly off-centre as it moves around.
If you have precise enough detection methods – which we do – this wobble can be used not just to infer the presence of a planet (or several planets), but to calculate their mass, based on how much the star is wobbling.
This returned some pretty interesting masses for Gliese 1061's planets. Gliese 1016 b – the innermost planet – is 1.38 times the mass of Earth. The middle planet, Gliese 1016 c, is 1.75 times the mass of Earth. And the outermost planet, Gliese 1016 d, is 1.68 times the mass of Earth.
This is also how we infer the planets are rocky, since those masses are rarely seen in gaseous exoplanets.
All three planets orbit the star much closer than any of the Solar System's planets. Gliese 1016 b whips round every 3.1 days; Gliese 1016 c every 6.7 days; and Gliese 1016 d every 13 days. The star is so cool that these orbits place Gliese 1016 d in the habitable zone, and Gliese 1016 c is right on the innermost cusp of the habitable zone.
Of course, this doesn't mean life is waiting for us to find it just 12 light-years away.
As the researchers note, the star may be relatively quiet now, but it probably was quite active in its recent past. If it has been bathing its planets in stellar radiation, any life that was there is unlikely to have survived.
But it does add to the tally of rocky planets in nearby space. According to the Exoplanet Archive, somewhere in the vicinity of 70 exoplanets have been located within 10 parsecs (32.6 light-years) of the Solar System, many of them small and possibly rocky.
And just a couple of months ago, astronomers revealed the presence of two Earth-like planets orbiting Teegarden's star 12.5 light-years away. With at least half of all red dwarf stars thought to have rocky planets, our local neighbourhood suddenly seems quite bustling, really.
The research has been submitted to the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, and is available on arXiv.
This article was originally published by Sciencealert.com. Read the original article here.
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Good news for the people of Cape Town: "Day Zero," when South Africa's second most-populated city is expected to run out of water has been pushed back. But it's only a very temporary reprieve. The city is now expected to go waterless — and confront all the chaos that it implies — on July 9 rather than June 4 as previously expected.
Admittedly, residents deserve praise for their efforts to drastically reduce water consumption — by more than half compared to four years ago. But given the forces at play in nature, and in conjunction with climate change, there's only so much the people of Cape Town can do. After four years of below average rainfall, the city's reservoirs are nearly depleted. Images of the Theewaterskloof Dam, which looks more like a desert these days, offer a glimpse of just how critical the situation is.
There's only so much the people of Cape Town can do.
Cape Town may be the world's first major city to run out of water, but it's not the only one facing serious shortages. On the other side of the Atlantic, São Paulo has been in a water crisis of its own for several years now, and though things have slightly improved since the problem peaked in 2015, water levels in the city's reservoirs are still well below what they used to be.
In Brazil's capital, Brasilia, a water rationing program had to be put in place last year after the local authorities declared a state of emergency. Under that program, the vast majority of residents have water only six days a week.
In neighboring Colombia, observers warn that rationing measures might be necessary in the capital Bogotá as early as next year. Some critics say it's a technical problem stemming from delays in construction projects that were supposed to improve water supplies to the high-altitude (2,640 meters above sea level) metropolis. But in a recent column in the Colombian daily El Espectador, writer Juan Pablo Ruiz Soto points instead to deforestation in the Amazon basin.
The rainforest, he writes, "plays a crucial role in the regulation of our continent's climate, especially on rainfall, the water cycle, both inside the rainforest and its periphery." The deforestation taking place there, he adds, is affecting both São Paulo and Bogotá, though not at the same time nor with the same intensity. "São Paulo is already experiencing these effects and Bogotá might experience them in a not so distant future," Ruiz Soto argues.
Scientist agree that the rainforest is able to retain water and distribute it across the continent via so-called "flying rivers," and that deforestation has drastically reduced this capacity. Worse, the Amazonian region is now being hit by a severe drought. That, in turn, is causing vast wildfires, which are destroying such vast areas of forest, as well as producing so much CO2 that, according to a recent report from Folha de S. Paulo, the drought could be as bad for the overall climate as deforestation itself.
Worse, the Amazonian region is now being hit by a severe drought.
Sadly, politicians in South Africa, Brazil, and just about everywhere else, for that matter, are failing to rise to the challenge, as noted in a recent article in The Washington Post. Two years ago, at the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris, leaders from 195 countries reached an historic deal to cut emissions. And yet, as "modest" as their pledges were, countries are "falling short anyway," reporters Brady Dennis and Chris Mooney conclude. "In short, the world is off target."
Water rationing only goes so far as to delay the coming disasters. Avoiding them from happening altogether, if that's even possible, may take more than nice words and empty promises.
O Mandela, Where Art Thou?


During the past 15 years, infrastructure as an asset class has become increasingly accessible to retail investors.
Mark Brennan, Fund Manager at Foresight Group, features in Portfolio Adviser discussing how 'momentum continues to build for infrastructure.
Please click on the article to visit the site.
To view the article as a pdf please click here.