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Your guide to the judicial candidates
For better or worse, Pennsylvania voters are asked every two years to vote for judges at every level of the court system, from Municipal to State Supreme. guide offers a high-level understanding of our city's judicial election process and some of the candidates competing for a coveted seat on the bench in the 2021 general in Pennsylvania.
Who's Running for Judge in PA?
Pennsylvanians will choose the people presiding over courts from city to state this year. Here's what you need to know to cast your ballot.
What else is on the ballot?
See our comprehensive election guide
If you didn't choose to vote by mail, polls will be open on November 2, 2021, from 7am to 8pm. You know the drill—you are able to vote as long as you get in line by 8pm, even if it takes you hours to get inside.
During this election cycle, Philadelphians will be deciding on district attorney and city controller, and a slew of judges running for seats in state and local courts. There are also four ballot questions concerning changes in our city charter—including one vote on cannabis legalization. Here's everything you need to know:
Voters' Guide: Pennsylvania General Election 2021
Voting by mail this fall, or heading to the polls on November 2? Our voters' guide lays out everything that will be on your ballot.
Send us your guest commentary
The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who stipulate to the best of their ability that it is fact-based and non-defamatory.
Have something to share? Send it over.
Guest Commentary: 12 Candidates for 12 Judicial Vacancies—An Electoral Joke
A prominent public interest attorney walks us through the farce of electing judges in Philadelphia
BY Richie Feder
So why is it again that we choose our judges here in Pennsylvania through elections? To give the people a direct say in who fills these important positions? To provide for direct accountability to the public? To take the selection process out of the back rooms and away from political leaders?
Hah! Not in Philadelphia!
If there really is anyone left who genuinely believes that electing judges is good for democracy, the so-called "election" for Common Pleas judges in Philadelphia this year should put an end to that bad joke. There are 12 vacancies on the court this year, and exactly 12 names on the ballot from which to choose. Vladimir Putin had more opponents in his most recent "re-election" than do these judicial "candidates." Yet these "candidates" are effectively guaranteed 10-year terms on the bench, just for getting their names onto the ballot.
PHILADELPHIA VOTERS' RESOURCES
Your guide to all the judges running in the 2021 general election in PA
Philly voters' guide to the general election—who else is running and more
How to check your registration, find your polling place and more
Everything else you need to know to vote in PA this fall
Okay, I hear the defenders of the system cry, but everyone knows that Philadelphia is a one-party town, and the real action is in the Democratic primary. But that response is inaccurate, as a factual matter and as a practical matter.
The facts are critical here. Only eight of these 12 "candidates" had to win a contested primary. The other four are the beneficiaries of "magic seats"—vacancies that magically appeared after the filing date for the primary. The reason for these sudden vacancies is open to speculation; the consequences of this phenomenon, however, are very apparent—the "candidates" for these four magic seats are selected by the ward leaders of the Democratic City Committee, behind closed doors, without any public scrutiny, let alone public choice.
Vladimir Putin had more opponents in his most recent "re-election" than do these judicial "candidates." Yet these "candidates" are effectively guaranteed 10-year terms on the bench, just for getting their names onto the ballot.
But maybe the party bosses understand what the voters want, and understand what makes a good judge? Not likely. One of the four "candidates" selected by the Democratic Committee actually lost to eight other candidates in the May primary. The other three, who didn't even bother to run in the primary, also didn't bother to submit their names for evaluation by the Philadelphia Bar Association. Here, too, one can only guess as to the reasons why. Yet, for most thoughtful voters in the city, the Bar Association is the only objective source for evaluation of a candidate's qualifications to be a judge.
Moreover, as a practical matter, who are we kidding when we suggest that a judicial primary reflects the will of the voters? Fewer than six percent of Philadelphia adults voted for the candidate who eked out the eighth and final spot in the Democratic primary this year. If you're reading this, you're probably one of the few who voted for anyone in that primary. Raise your hand if you remember the names of any of the candidates? Raise your other hand if you remember anything about their qualifications? I don't see too many hands.
RELATED: Breaking down the Court of Common Pleas elections in Philadelphia
Finally, why is there not even the appearance of a contest for the 12 open seats in November? Because, for at least the past decade, the Republican Party (if it even still exists in Philadelphia) apparently has chosen not to contest judicial elections here.
Electing judges presents all kinds of well-documented problems, even when there are genuine elections. The ugly influence of political contributions. The unseemly effects of trolling for political endorsements. The reality that, for most voters, the choice might as well come down to a flip of the coin. But merely presenting the facade of an election, without any actual electoral choice, means that, when you flip that coin, the rules are "heads I win, tails you lose." And, make no mistake about it—it's the public that loses.
There are many fine ideas about how best to pick judges. There are no good arguments to support the current system.
Richie Feder is an adjunct faculty member at Temple and Penn Law Schools, has a private municipal/public interest law practice, and is the former Chief of Appeals and Legislation at the City Law Department.
The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who stipulate to the best of their ability that it is fact-based and non-defamatory
MORE ON THE 2021 ELECTION IN PHILADELPHIA
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Guest Commentary: Unions Are On the Ballot This Election Season
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Header photo by Tingey Injury Law Firm on Unsplash


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My history as video gamer part 2: the 1990's (work in progress)
Ah, the 1990s. It doesn't feel too long ago when those 2 decades came and went. The 1990's and 2000's definitely brought lots of changes in my life and game systems have changed dramatically in those 10 years. Interestingly, I would end up moving 4 different times during that decade. It was also the decade when I spent the vast majority of my schooling years, starting with 2nd grade back in 1990 and ending with my sophomore year in high school (though I also went to college for about 6 years, so I didn't fully finish my schooling career till 2007).
(coming soon): Mallard Drive house in Illinois
(coming soon): my former homes in Silver Firs then and now pictures
Where do I begin when it comes to the 1990's? I definitely saw lots of changes in my life during those 10 years. Back in 1990, I was still living on Timber Lane near Lindenhurst, Illionis and I would live in that home till I was in 3rd grade. After that, we moved to our second home on Mallard Drive (just across street where my old friend, Matt Bleich used to live, though he ended up moving to Florida many years later). 1991 was the year whem my other brother, Justin was born (November 1, 1991). I remember me and Brett spent the night with him downstairs that night. Video game wise, I still had the regular NES and it wasn't till christmas of 1993 till I upgraded to the Sega Genesis (though also got the Sega Game Gear maybe about a year or 2 before that). By the way, who here was a Sonic the Hedgehog fan? I remember playing through Sonic the Hedgehogs 1-3 as well as sonic and knuckles. Even remember doing Sonic CD, Knuckles Chaotix on the 3DX and eventually Sonic Adventures 1 and 2 on the Sega Dreamcast. While there are plenty of games I liked on the Super Nintendo (like Super Mario World, Castlevania Dracula X, Mega Man X, and Contra 3) I ended up getting a Sega Genesis instead. Back then, I did not have a job, so I usually had to rely on "Santa Claus" (aka mom and dad) to buy the games or systems I wanted for me.
Brief highlights of the 1990's (which I will expand on later):
- Getting the Sega Geneis (16 bit days), though eventually I would also get the Sega CD and 32 X add ons as well
- Birth of my other brother, Justin (back in 1991)
- Going to Florida and Disneyworld twice
- Moving to the Seattle area (1994) and living in 2 different houses in Silver Firs
- Moving to Snohomish (current house I live in)
- Middle School and High School years
- Experience with the Nintendo 64, sony playstation, and Sega Dreamcast
- Going to Canada for the first time (field trip to Vancouver, BC)
Posted by Ryan Jones at 11:05 PM
Star Wars Battlefront Xbox One Review
Who here has played the new Star Wars Battlefront game yet? For my birthday, I got a $50 gift certificate for game stop and decided to save it for when the new Star Wars battlefront game came out back in December, and used it to help buy the game. By the way, I still remember when the original 2 Star Wars Battlefront games came out for the regular Xbox (some were playable on the 360 too via the Backwards compatibility feature) and definitely liked playing through the 2 games.
Above is a random gameplay video from the new Star Wars battlefront game.
Dice's version of Star Wars battlefront definitely gets a huge makeover definitely has a "Call of Duty" or Battlefield style feel. The game is primarily set in the original trillogy, though the game also has Sullust (seems to be from the expanded universe) as well as Jakku from Star Wars Force Awakens. The game reminds me alot of Battlefield 1943 on the Xbox 360 in many ways, which was somewhat like an online only Call of Duty game where players can play as either as the Americans or Japanese (usually chosen randomly between battles), reliving various battles in the Pacific during World War with one side usually coming out on top at the end of each mission. Star Wars Battlefront has a similar feel where you play either as the Rebel Alliance of Galactic empire, except that the game is much bigger. While the game does have plenty of things for single players to do, such as training missions, battle matches (where gamers play for points) as well as an extensive survival mode where the player's character is stranded on a planet (like Hoth or Tatooine) and must survive many waves of imperial forces before being able to leave the plent, the game is definitely best played on the online multiplayer mode (aka Xbox Live). In online multiplayer mode the game gets much more interesting and fun to do with many different modes to play in. Some of the most popular modes to play in my opinion includes:
-Fighter squadron (where you pilot an Xwing, Awing, tie fighter or tie interceptor) and go up against other pilots (though some enemy ships are controlled by AI forces too). Sometimes you can fly a millenium falcon or Boba Fett's Slave I ship, but you have to get a special power up to play as them.
- Walker Assault Mission. These maps are often huge with players playing either as the rebel forces or imperials The imperials launch an invasion against rebel forces, while it is up to the rebels to try and destroy the AT-AT Walkers. Game ends when either the rebels destroy 2 AT-AT walkers or when the rebels are no longer able to call up the y wing squadron.
- Domination: the goal of the mission is for one side to control all of the major points on the map on a planet.
- Heroes vs Battle (perhaps my favorite). In this mode, legendary heroe(Han Solo, Leia, Luke Skywalker) go up against Star Wars Villians (currently Boba Fett, Darth Vader, and Emperor Palpatine). Each hero or villan has their own unique abilities and powers. For example, Luke can whack people with his light saber and even has the force push availability, Darth Vader can use force choke on his enemies in additon to his usual lightsaber availabilities, and Palpatine can use his signature force lightning against opponents too). Only 6 players can control a hero or villian at a time (3 per side) so whenever there are extra players, they play as either rebel soldiers or storm troopers tasked with providing protection for their heroes and villian coutner parts. The game randomly chooses who play as a hero/villian or who plays as a rebel soldier / storm trooper and usually changes each round (one round you might play as say, Han Solo, another round you might control Princess Leia, and occsionally you might control a rebel soldier or storm trooper instead). Also, if you die as a hero or villian, you automatically assume the role as a rebel or storm trooper. I would like to see more heroes and villans added to the mix (such as Chewbacca, Kylo Ren, Darth Maul, etc) I am sure if they are added, they will come as DLC.
Things I like about Star Wars Battlefront:
- Great multiplayer mode. Almost like a Battlefield or Call of Duty game.
- Lots of variety.
- Stunning graphics. You definitely feel like you are in the Star Wars universe. Each planet and map have their unique feels and looks. Tatooine feels like the desert planet it was in the movies (even has a Sarlacc creature lurking in the sands too, if you know where to look). Hoth is incredible too and feels like you are reliving the battle of Hoth from Empire Strikes back
- It is often fun playing as heroes or villians. Adds some variety to the game play
- The training missions are fun too and somewhat extensive. In one mission, you pilot an X wing and go up against tie fighters. In another mission, you control one of the speeders on Hoth and have to try and destroy At-At or At-St walkers. Conversely there are plenty of fun imperial missions too, such as one mission where you control either Darth Vader or Palpatine and slaughter rebel troops on Hoth or pilot speeder bikes on Endor too (btw they are easy to crash in my opinion, making the mission extra challenging).
- This game will definitely be a hit for Star Wars fans in many ways especially when being able to relive various battles and events in the Star Wars Saga as well as challenging other players too.
Negative Aspects about Star Wars Battlefront. Sure this game might not be for everyone
- Limited Single player mode. Personally I find that the online mode offers alot more than single player mode. Single player will likely get old and boring after a while. Sure there are plenty of training missions you can do, survival maps to play through as well as battles to relive, but single player only offers so much for the player. You will definitely get more out of the game with the online multiplayer mode
- Limited number of maps and planets to play through. The Star Wars universe is much bigger than planets like Tatooine, Hoth, Sullust, Endor, and Jakku. I hope Dice and EA add more maps over time, such as Coruscant (wouldn't it be fun to relive the battle of Coruscant that appears at the beginnign of Revente of the Sith), Genosis, and even Naboo along with various maps and planets from the Clone Wars. Even Force Awakens has got to give Dice some more inspiration too (such as the battle on the Star Killer Base).
- I would also like it if they added more heroes and villians to the mix too. They should also include Kylo Ren, Chewbacca and other heroes in the mix.
Overall Grade: A-
Interested in getting Star Wars battlefront? You can either buy it at your local retailers ro order it online at Amazon.
Other platform differences:
I remember trying the demo version of Star Wars battlefront on the PS4 at one of the Walmart stores, but I found the controls are easier to master on the Xbox one version Other than that, I don't know too much about the other versions. If you have the PS4 or PC version, feel free to share your experiences in the comments below.
Labels: Star Wars Battlefront, xbox one
My history as a Video Gamer part 1 - NES Era
I got an email request recently asking about my history as a gamer and I think that now would be a good time for me to share my story. Like most kids growing up in the 1980s and 90s, I have had lots of exposure to video games in many different forms. My history is quite extensive too. My history is too long to do in one post, so I will have to break it up into several posts. In this post, I will explore the NES days
Above is a picture of Mountain View, California as it is today as of 2010. It was in Mountain View where I was born. Memories I have of those years are very faint at best (though I do have some pictures and videos of those years) considering that I ended up moving to Illinois when I was about 2 years old. Though sometimes I do get that home style feeling when visiting northern and central California (especially the Sacramento area). Interestingly, I haven't been to Mountainview in many years. Probably would not mind going there again someday seeing how much it has changed since I moved, though my family rarely takes trips to that part of California so I don't see myself going there again any time soon.
My video game history in the 1980s (NES and Atarti Era)
I don't recall owning an Atari, but I did get my first game system when I was 7, the classic Nintendo. However, I do remember when I was about 4 years old, I used to visit my grandpa on my Mom's side (Joe Shackelford) in Rancho Cordova, California (he used to live there before moving to Washington State in 2004 and later passing away during the summer of 2005) and I remember getting to know one of his neighbor's kids and playing video games with him sometimes. Back then, my dad was in the Navy (mostly stationed in Illinois, though he was stationed in Mountain View for a while, where I was born), and remember he got deployed to Japan for a few months and me and my mother flew out to California from Chicago (yes I used to live in the Chicago area long before moving to the Seattle area back in 1994) and staying with him for several months (it was a long time ago, so I don't remember all of the details). Can't remember if he had an atari or sega master system, but he had at least one of the 2 game systems. I also faintly remember Aunt Linda (one of my Aunts) used to have an Atari system at her apartment (she lives in the Sacramento area too and had a son too, though I can't remember his name since he moved out when I was still young) and play some games on that. Around the time I turned 7, the classic NES was already becoming popular with fellow kids and friends in my neighborhood and remember playing nintendo games with some of them (such as Super Mario Bros and Contra). Eventually, I got my own Nintendo and got games like Super Mario, Duck Hunt, and others. That game system definitely brings back memories. I still remember playing games like Mario Bros 1 and 3, Mega Mans 2-4, Contra, Duck Tales, Chip and Dale Rescue Rangers, Teenage Ninja Turtles 2 (The Arcade Game), and even Battletoads (took a long time for me to beat that game too). I kind of got addicted to video games during those years too as I could spend long hours playging some of the games I had and often even visited friends and playing Nintendo at their houses too (most notably playing Mega Man 2 at this kid named Stephen's house). Also was friends with Michael Blocker and he had games like Contra, Super Mario 2, and Mike Tyson's Puch out and used to play those games from time to time as well. I remember some of the kids gave me a hard time for being hooked on video games too, and at least one kid spreaded false rumors about me plaing Mega Man 3 while he was gone at his house, though I faintly remember that day and have no memory of going there while he was gone (hey even if I did I probably didn't know better back then considering that I was probably only 8 or 9 years old at the time).
Most memorable games from the NES days:
- Mega Man 2, 3 and 4. I remember used to have a friend named, Stephen Santiago (lost touch with him after moving to Washington State) and I remember how I used to often have sleep overs at his house ang play video games like Mega Man 2 and 3 with him sometimes. By the way, I did get the Mega Man Anniversary collection for the Xbox, which was fun to play through (as it features all of the classic mega man games, except for Mega Man and Bass, Mega Man 9, and Mega Man 10). I remember I used to spend long hours playing through that game (sometimes spending several hours in one sitting playing the games from beginning to end).
- Super Mario bros. You know you are a typical 1980s kid when you have played through classic Super Mario bros at least once or twice. I remember getting hooked on this game too and would often spend long hours playing through the 8 worlds. I remember visiting friends and doing 2 player super mario bros with them from time to time (one person plays as Mario while others play as Luigi). By the way, this was far cry from say New Super Mario bros Wii or Wii U where 2 or more players can play simultaneously. Back then, players usually switched off between their characters die (which can mean long or short waits for the other player depending on how good the other player is).
- Super Mario bros 3. This was definitely one of the better sequels in the series (besides Super Mario World and others). The game is huge compared to the first game and features huge maps of each world. By the way, good luck playing the game from end to end without using the whistles since back then, there was no save feature, so if you wanted to play from end to end, you would either have to use the hidden whistles to get from one world to the other or if you are the diehard type, you could spend long hours playing the game from end to end too (definitely could take an entire day to play from end to end in my opinon considering that each world is long with several boss fights in between each world and each getting progressively harder than the previous ones).
- Contra and Super Contra. Definitely 2 classics in the contra series. By the way, who remembers the Komnai code (up, up, down, down, left, right, left, right, b, a, start)? It is almost essential to know for players serious about beating the game considering that getting hit even once usually results in instant death for the players and you only get so many lives and continues before you have to start over from the beginning.
- Ninja Turtles 2 Arcade game. I remember playing this game in the arcades before a version came out for the consoles too. Forget the first ninja turtles game, Ninja Turtles 2 was definitely awesome. Given the difficulty of the game, along with the fact that you only get 3 continues, most people probably won't make it to the final boss against shredder though there are some cheats players can exploit to get there. Also, the game even has its classic villans for enemies and boss fights too, such as foot soldiers, mousers, krang, baxter, beabop and rocksteady, casey jones, and even shredder himself. The game is also one of several arcade style ninja turtles games for consoles since developers would later develop Ninja Turtles 3, Ninja Turtles 4 Turtles in Time (for the Super Nintendo) and later Ninja Turtles Hyperstone Heist for the sega genesis. I remember you can also either play the game on solo or team up with another player and work together to play through the game. By the way, wouldn't it be awesome if a version of the games came out for Xbox One and utilized the 4 player system either locally or via Xbox Live? That would be awesome. They could even remake the games and give them arcade style graphics instead of the old 8 bit or 16 bit graphics too.
- Mega Man 3. This game was definitely a hit in the classic mega man series. Set sometime after the events of Mega Man 2, Dr Wily is at it again and it is up to Mega Man to foil his plans once again (a theme that would happen again and again over time). This game is also unique in several ways that in addition to fighting the usual 8 robot masters, you also have to fight a whole another set of robot masters from Mega Man 2 (in the form of the gamma robots that uses the abilities of their fallen comrades) in remixed versions of some of the levels you went through earlier. It is also the first game in the series to introduce Protman too (back then he seems to be hostile to Mega Man, at least till the end). It is also one of the few classic mega man games where the boss music changes between the regular robot master bosses and later the wily castle bosses. In many other games, the boss music either stays the same most of the time or doesn't change till the final boss. It is also one of the last games in the series where capcom gets creative with Mega Man's final confrontation with Wily. From Mega Man 4 onwards, the final boss (where Wily telports around the room) is more or less the same (barring capcoms creativity for Wily's first form). I remember some kids used to bully me over this game and one kid spreaded false rumors about me going to his house while he was gone and playing mega man 3. My memories from the incident are sketchy, but even if I did do that, I probably didn't know better back then (was probably about 8 years old at the time) and was probably set up too.
- Battletoads This game was definitely one of the most challenging games I have played on the NES, but definitely one of the more fun ones too. You play as one or 2 super hero toads in their quest to save Pimple and their girlfriend Angelica from the evil Dark Queen in an adventure consisting of 12 huge levels full of enemies, obstacles to overcome and other challenges to get through along with the occasional boss fights along the way too. By the way, if you thought level 3, the turbo tunnel was hard, that was just the beginning my friend as the game is 12 levels long with each level getting progressively tougher to play through than the previous ones, plus you do have several more similar levels such as surf city (where you are riding a surf board instead of a bike) and volkmire inferno (where you fly a plane through a fire filled level). The final 3 levels get insanely hard too and you only get so many lives and 3 continues before it is game over. I also like how the dark queen taunts the players on the way. It took me many attempts to beat the game, but eventually I was able to get to the end and defeat the dark queen on the top of the tower of shadows, with help from game genie of course. Good luck beating the game without game genie if you insist on not cheating.
- Castlevania Simons Quest as well as Castlevania 3. I remember the earliest incarnations of the castlevania series. Took along time to beat Simons Quest, but it was pretty fun to play through non the less and is one of the more different titles in the series. Castlevania 3 was pretty fun to play through too considering that you can either play as Trevor, Alucard or their allies going up against Dracula and his cronies. It is also the first Castlevania game to feature the "big battle" boss music too (which would eventually happen again in Circle of the Moon). By the way, newer castlevania games (especially Symphony of the Night Style castlevania) games would give the series a huge boost. So far my favorites are probably Dracula X, Symphony of the night, portrait of ruin, dawn of sorrows, order of ecclesia as well as Castlevania Harmony of Despair.
Other honorable mentions:
- Double Dragon
- Mike Tyson's punch out - I remember playing this game with Mario posing as the referee and you do several levels' worth of boxing matches with Mike Tyson himself being the end boss in the game.
- Duck tales and rescue rangers. These were fun game based on their cartoon counter parts, both developed by capcom. By the way, there seems to be a remake version of Ducktales for the xbox one.
- Adventure Island
- North and South - I remember me and my brother Brett would play this civil war themed game sometimes where one of us would play as the union soldiers and the other plays as the confederates. Doing various battles and even doing these levels where you have to try and rob a train or steal an enemy flag. Usually Brett would beat me, but it was still fun playing through sometimes.
- Superman. This was a classic rpg game where you play as Superman in his quest to rid the world of its villans. Never beat the game myself, but it was fun to play nonetheless. Kind of hard to get to the end of the game if you don't know what you are doing.
- Bart vs Space Mutants - long before the simpsons game on the Xbox 360, there was Bart vs Space Mutants. Only rented this game, but never actually beat the game (back then, you usually had to go to the local store like Blockbuster or even Ben Franklin if you wanted to rent games). Not sure how people rent games now that Blockbuster and many other well know video stores have gone out of business.
- Super Mario 2 (this game was definitely an odd bunch in the series compared to the other super mario games)
- and many others
Other noteworthy memories:
Picture of my former house on Timber Lane when I was living in Lindenhurst in Illinois. The area is more developed than it used to be and obviously has new owners (also I don't always remember the extra floor there), but that is where I used live back when I was in Illinois. By the way, back in the 1980's the house used to back up to a cornfield (with a farm in the distance) and the McDonalds Forest preserve was a short walk away, providing easy access for families who want to go on a hike there.
- Back then, I was living in Lindenhurst, Illinois (situated about half way between Chicago and Milwalkee maybe about 5 miles south of the Wisconsin border). Lots of fond memories there (even have home videos of those years). I remember I used to take more trips to Wisconsin than I did going to various places in Illinois. Of course, I was too young to drive back then, so I had to rely on my parents to take me places. I also remember going on camping trips to places like Door County and Minoqua in Wisconsin. Even went on a cabin trip to Ely Minnesota once (north of Duluth). Interestingly, my family is talking about going on a trip to Door County this fall. Not clear if or when we will do such a trip, but it would mark my second time going to Wisconsin since moving to Washington (the first time occured back in the summer of 2000 when I visited my old friend, Matt Bleich and we went on a camping trip to Sturgeon Bay in Wisconsin).
- I remember having this toy red jeep that I would drive around along with Brett and Matt.
- I had some other friends like Megan Kasper, Michael Blocker (lost touch with him, though my mother is still friends with his mother, Debbie along with her older sister, Joni), Sara Koth (lost touch with her) and Stephen Santiago. Sometimes I would go to friends houses and play nintendo with them too.
- I don't remember doing the Sega Master system back then, though I did eventually get the Sega Game gear, which does seem to have some the games from the sega master system. Most if not all kids back then either had an atari or nintendo.
- I definitely have lots of other fond memories from those years, such as going to several different elementary schools before getting mainstreamed at Millburn (before then, I also attended school at BJ Hooper in Lindenhurst, a school near Lake Villa and later a school in Antioch). Was placed in an early childhood program too, so I was pretty much in some form of schooling from when I was about 3 years old through the end of my college years.
- Used to do block parties on 4th of july, Halloween parties at my old house, etc too.
- Remember going to Chuck e Cheeses for birthdays sometimes too (most notably when I turned 5 years old). I also used to like this girl named Heidi too (though I ended up losing touch with her after moving to Washington State).
- It was also during my time in Illinois where I would break a bone on 3 different occasions. First time I popped my shoulder after messing around on a one of those spider web poles you see in some playgrounds (did this thing that some kids would do where you would climb around the poles before sliding down, and that proved to be a mistake for me since I lost my grip and fell). Ended up in a cast for a while then. Also broke my pinkie finger once not too long after that (I think I tripped on something and broke it that way). The third time it happened was when I was living on Mallard drive and fell backwards from a playground bridge. Was taunting some kids (didn't know better) when I slipped and fell (definitely learned my lesson from that) and ended up in a cast for the whole summer. Luckily I haven't broken any bones since then so far.
- Unlike present time where I live with 2 dogs (a golden retriever and a shih tzu), we did have a dog for a little while there, a springer spaniel named crocket (he looked like snoopy). Unfortunately the dog had behavior problems and did not fit well in the family so we ended up giving him away. It wouldn't be till 1997 till we got our second dog (Teddy the golden retriever).
Well that is all for this post. Stay tuned for post number 2 (the 1990s').
Noteworthy moments in the 1990s': Sega Genesis Days, computer games (such as Xwing and Mech Warrior 2), Sega CD, Nintendo 64, Sega Dreamcast, and Playstation. Even moved about 4 times during those years too.
Labels: childhood, illinois, memories, nes, nintendo, video games
50 Ways To Die In Super Mario Bros X
Here is a funny video for super mario fans here.
My history as video gamer part 2: the 1990's (work...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Staufenberg suffered heavy damage during the Thirty Years War. The fortress was plundered by French marauders during the reign of Louis XIV, the Sun King. The subsequent plan to rebuild the stronghold into a French fort, however, failed due to a lack of access to drinking water. And the castle was once again returned to the ownership of the House of the Margrave of Baden. In 1693, Louis William Margrave of Baden, the "Türkenlouis" and godchild of the Sun King, reacquired the castle. Befitting the style of the time, it was expanded into a 'Romantic' castle in 1832.


Extruded mesh, net or ( distance ) netting is commonly used for all kind of applications, from filtration / support to esthetic applications. Extruded mesh differs from woven meshes. They have a greater dimensional stability and rigidity, as the joint structure is welded together. It is available in many different varieties, with regard to application and specification. Averinox delivers a standard program or extruded netting can be produced as per your specification.
Applied materials are mostly polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE). Design features like wire style & diameter in combination with weight per m² result in a certain rigidity. Herebelow you can find some examples of our standard specifications.
Extruded mesh is produced in rolls and made available in rolls or cut panels. From a spinning dye, threads are moulded over eachother into a tubular net. By cutting the net open, a flat net is created. Extrusion is a versatile process that allows production of nets varying from 1 mm to 300 mm mesh opening. Extruded meshes are also produced in rigid tubular shape.
As indicated above, applications can be found almost everywhere: from guarding and filtering to reinforcing or (industrial) supporting applications.
Averinox is able to advise you the appropriate extruded mesh type for your application. Moreover, we participate with you in the development of new applications and solutions. Standard extruded meshes are deliverable from stock or can be produced as per your specification.
More general information about extruded netting can be found here: Download Page. Averinox has a large number of standard types available. Please contact us for a personal advice in your situation.


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Thanks to information provided by local indigenous people, however, some things are known about C. attonitifer's behaviour. Known as "chandachuly" by tribes in the area, the spider is said to prey mostly on insects, with females enlarging existing tarantulas' borrows instead of digging their own. Additionally, its venom is reportedly not dangerous to humans, although fatalities have occurred from bites getting infected.


text:
Q: Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Call to a member function isLoggedIn() on null in
di.xml

<preference for="Magento\Catalog\Controller\Adminhtml\Category\Save" type="Modulename\Complexgrd\Controller\Adminhtml\Category\Save" />

Save.php

<?php
namespace Modulename\Complexgrd\Controller\Adminhtml\Category;

class Save extends \Magento\Catalog\Controller\Adminhtml\Category\Save
{

protected $storeManager;

public function __construct(
\Magento\Store\Model\StoreManagerInterface $storeManager
) {
    $this->storeManager = $storeManager;
}

    public function execute()
    {

        /** @var \Magento\Backend\Model\View\Result\Redirect $resultRedirect */

        $resultRedirect = $this->resultRedirectFactory->create();
        /*$resultRedirect = $this->resultRedirect->create(ResultFactory::TYPE_REDIRECT);*/

        $category = $this->_initCategory();

        if (!$category) {
            return $resultRedirect->setPath('catalog/*/', ['_current' => true, 'id' => null]);
        }

        $data['general'] = $this->getRequest()->getPostValue();
        $categoryPostData = $data['general'];

        $isNewCategory = !isset($categoryPostData['entity_id']);
        $categoryPostData = $this->stringToBoolConverting($categoryPostData);
        $categoryPostData = $this->imagePreprocessing($categoryPostData);
        $categoryPostData = $this->dateTimePreprocessing($category, $categoryPostData);
        $storeId = isset($categoryPostData['store_id']) ? $categoryPostData['store_id'] : null;

        $store = $this->storeManager->getStore($storeId);
        $this->storeManager->setCurrentStore($store->getCode());

        $store->setCurrentStore($store->getCode());
        $parentId = isset($categoryPostData['parent']) ? $categoryPostData['parent'] : null;
        if ($categoryPostData) {
            $category->addData($this->_filterCategoryPostData($categoryPostData));
            if ($isNewCategory) {
                $parentCategory = $this->getParentCategory($parentId, $storeId);
                $category->setPath($parentCategory->getPath());
                $category->setParentId($parentCategory->getId());
            }

            /**
             * Process "Use Config Settings" checkboxes
             */

            $useConfig = [];
            if (isset($categoryPostData['use_config']) && !empty($categoryPostData['use_config'])) {
                foreach ($categoryPostData['use_config'] as $attributeCode => $attributeValue) {
                    if ($attributeValue) {
                        $useConfig[] = $attributeCode;
                        $category->setData($attributeCode, null);
                    }
                }
            }

            $category->setAttributeSetId($category->getDefaultAttributeSetId());

            if (isset($categoryPostData['category_products'])
                && is_string($categoryPostData['category_products'])
                && !$category->getProductsReadonly()
            ) {
                $products = json_decode($categoryPostData['category_products'], true);
                $category->setPostedProducts($products);
            }
            $this->_eventManager->dispatch(
                'catalog_category_prepare_save',
                ['category' => $category, 'request' => $this->getRequest()]
            );

            /**
             * Check "Use Default Value" checkboxes values
             */
            if (isset($categoryPostData['use_default']) && !empty($categoryPostData['use_default'])) {
                foreach ($categoryPostData['use_default'] as $attributeCode => $attributeValue) {
                    if ($attributeValue) {
                        $category->setData($attributeCode, null);
                    }
                }
            }

            /**
             * Proceed with $_POST['use_config']
             * set into category model for processing through validation
             */
            $category->setData('use_post_data_config', $useConfig);

            try {
                $categoryResource = $category->getResource();
                if ($category->hasCustomDesignTo()) {
                    $categoryResource->getAttribute('custom_design_from')->setMaxValue($category->getCustomDesignTo());
                }

                $validate = $category->validate();
                if ($validate !== true) {
                    foreach ($validate as $code => $error) {
                        if ($error === true) {
                            $attribute = $categoryResource->getAttribute($code)->getFrontend()->getLabel();
                            throw new \Magento\Framework\Exception\LocalizedException(
                                __('Attribute "%1" is required.', $attribute)
                            );
                        } else {
                            throw new \Exception($error);
                        }
                    }
                }

                $category->unsetData('use_post_data_config');

                $category->save();
                $this->messageManager->addSuccess(__('You saved the category.'));
            } catch (\Magento\Framework\Exception\AlreadyExistsException $e) {
                $this->messageManager->addError($e->getMessage());
                $this->_objectManager->get(\Psr\Log\LoggerInterface::class)->critical($e);
                $this->_getSession()->setCategoryData($categoryPostData);
            } catch (\Magento\Framework\Exception\LocalizedException $e) {
                $this->messageManager->addError($e->getMessage());
                $this->_objectManager->get(\Psr\Log\LoggerInterface::class)->critical($e);
                $this->_getSession()->setCategoryData($categoryPostData);
            } catch (\Exception $e) {
                $this->messageManager->addError(__('Something went wrong while saving the category.'.$e->getMessage()));
                $this->_objectManager->get(\Psr\Log\LoggerInterface::class)->critical($e);
                $this->_getSession()->setCategoryData($categoryPostData);
            }
        }
    }

}

Getting this error:
Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Call to a member function isLoggedIn() on null in
/var/www/html/M2/vendor/magento/module-backend/App/AbstractAction.php:252 Stack trace: #0
/var/www/html/M2/vendor/magento/module-backend/App/AbstractAction.php(205): Magento\Backend\App\AbstractAction->_processUrlKeys() #1
/var/www/html/M2/vendor/magento/framework/Interception/Interceptor.php(74): Magento\Backend\App\AbstractAction->dispatch(Object(Magento\Framework\App\Request\Http)) #2
/var/www/html/M2/vendor/magento/framework/Interception/Chain/Chain.php(70): Modulename\Complexgrd\Controller\Adminhtml\Category\Save\Interceptor->___callParent('dispatch', Array) #3
/var/www/html/M2/vendor/magento/framework/Interception/Chain/Chain.php(63): Magento\Framework\Interception\Chain\Chain->invokeNext('Modulename\\Comple...', 'dispatch', Object(Modulename\Complexgrd\Controller\Adminhtml\Category\Save\Interceptor), Array, 'adminAuthentica...') #4
/var/www/html/M2/vendor/magento/module-backend/ in
/var/www/html/M2/vendor/magento/module-backend/App/AbstractAction.php on line 252

If any one idea please share and help me as soon as

A: If you need to declare __construct() method in your Admin controller then you should call
public function __construct(
    \Magento\Backend\App\Action\Context $context,
    ...
) {

    parent::__construct($context);
    ...
}

In your case, you'd look at parent class \Magento\Catalog\Controller\Adminhtml\Category\Save __construct() method to see which parameters you need to pass

A: Change your constructor with below code:
public function __construct(\Magento\Backend\App\Action\Context $context,
    \Magento\Framework\Controller\Result\RawFactory $resultRawFactory,
    \Magento\Framework\Controller\Result\JsonFactory $resultJsonFactory,
    \Magento\Framework\View\LayoutFactory $layoutFactory,
    \Magento\Framework\Stdlib\DateTime\Filter\Date $dateFilter, StoreManagerInterface $storeManager,
    \Magento\Store\Model\StoreManagerInterface $storeManager
    \Magento\Eav\Model\Config $eavConfig = null)
   {
       $this->storeManager = $storeManager;
       parent::__construct($context, $resultRawFactory, $resultJsonFactory, $layoutFactory, $dateFilter, $storeManager, $eavConfig);
   }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I finally went to Harry Potter World!
As a late birthday treat, my boyfriend took me to Harry Potter World and for Afternoon Tea! We both had been wanting to go to the Warner Bros studios for a very long time so this was such an exciting weekend to look forward to.
Luckily, the studios are just a 40 minute drive from where we live. I know, 40 minutes away and we hadn't been here any sooner? Well I'm glad I can finally tick this off my bucket list. Our tour was between 12:30 and 13:00 and I must say it was quite a fast process to start the tour considering how many people there were. They say you should arrive at least 30 minutes before your tour starts and allow 3 hours for the entire tour but you can generally just go at your own pace. We finished the tour in just over 2 hours.
I've purposely not added too many photos of the tour just because you have to go there yourself and experience the surprises yourself. I must add though it was the first day of 'Hogwarts in the Snow' so it felt really Christmasy!
I have never been so mesmerized in such a long time, I think it's amazing that they've made the tours for the public so we can really go behind the scenes of how the Harry Potter films were made. All the little details that go into things such as set design, costumes, hair, make up, everything! These are all the little details that make the Harry Potter films what they are, everything gets bought to life in a way you can't even describe.
I spent the majority of my time ooing and aahing whilst walking from set to set. I don't think that magical feeling you get when you watch a Harry Potter film or read a Harry Potter book will ever go away. J.K. Rowling is a pure genuis having created such a masterpiece and what's so amazing is that the Harry Potter films and books will always be legendary.
So if you have not yet been here, please go! I highly recommend it.
After the tour we headed to the Mercure hotel for some Afternoon Tea. I absolutely love having Afternoon Tea, it makes me feel fancy and cosy lol, weird combination but it's true. The view from the bar was so gorgeous, the autumn leaves were a beautiful mix of orange, yellow and red tones which just looked sensational. They had cute little Christmas lights in the bar too right by the window and me being obsessed with anything picturesque, I had to get the camera out.
This was just half of my day yesterday, I'll be sharing a blog post later this week on the other half of my day so keep a look out!


text:
The Irish Food Writing Awards 2021
by BRÚ Brewery
in Brewery news, Irish Craft Beer
Home Brewery news
Congratulations to the winner of the Beer Writing Award at The Irish Food Writing Awards, Breandán Kearney for writing published in Good Beer Hunting!
Launched this year, the Irish Food Writing Awards were established to recognise and celebrate the high quality of food and drink writing from throughout the island of Ireland, across print, broadcast and online. BRÚ was delighted to sponsor the 2021 Beer Writing Award.
The inaugural Irish Food Writing Awards were held on Wednesday 10th November in Fallon and Byrne in the Dublin city centre, with a later reception hosted by the Merrion Hotel in their Cellar Bar.
Over 200 entries across 16 categories were received from Irish food and drink journalists, writers, bloggers and photographers from throughout the island of Ireland. Nine of 27 international judges (which included Rene Redzepi from Noma in Copenhagen, food broadcaster Jay Rayner and Tom Parker Bowles) attended the awards event, travelling to Ireland with the support of Tourism Ireland.
Irish Food Writing Awards founder, journalist Suzanne Campbell, said "this is the inaugural awards for journalists and food writers in Ireland to award and push for high standards in food writing and food media. We were overwhelmed with the amount of entries, the quality of the international writers who wanted to be involved as judges and our sponsor companies without which the awards wouldn't have happened. Myself and a colleague Paul O'Connor set this up just this year; it's a non-profit enterprise, and seeing the joy on peoples' faces tonight at the awards was worth all the planning and changes we had to make because of the pandemic. It has been a tough eighteen months for the food sector and for journalists so this is a lovely way to acknowledge the hard work of writers and food media"
Although Breandán was unable to attend the ceremony in person because of travel restrictions, judges Richard Croasdale from Ferment Magazine and Robb Walsh pose with the award here alongside BRÚ Manager, James.
Well done, Breandán!
For more information about the Irish Food Writing Awards and the full list of winners, visit their website here: http://www.irishfoodwritingawards.ie
2021 Corporate Christmas Gift Guide from Rye River
Colder Days and Dark Beers
BRÚ Brewery
BRÚ Brewery was established in 2013 in County Meath, Ireland. It was driven by a passion to brew high quality, accessible beers for everyday drinkers.
Musings on the Inevitable(?) Resurrection & Generification of IPA
Brewery news
Revelation Brown Ale: A Crisp Malt and Rye River Collaboration Brew
OUR YEAR IN BEER 2021
First beers from Lurgan's Spadetown Brewery go on sale


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WedDec 13
Malta Republic Day – December 13, 2023
Malta Republic Day or 'Jum ir-Repubblika' is celebrated in Malta on December 13 every year. It is a public holiday for the general population, and schools and most businesses are closed. Malta is an archipelago in the central Mediterranean, between Sicily and the North African coast. The country is known for its historic sites related to a succession of rulers including the Romans, Moors, Knights of Saint John, French and British. Maltese tourist attractions include numerous fortresses, megalithic temples, and the Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum. It's a tiny nation with just over 500,000 people.
History of Malta Republic Day
Malta was colonized by the French, and their aggression towards the Maltese Catholic traditions made the French very unpopular among the Maltese. During the Napoleonic Wars, the British came to the aid of Malta, which led to Malta seeking the protection of the British Empire. Malta became part of the British Empire in 1814, as convened in the Treaty of Paris that ended the Napoleonic Wars.
Malta gained independence from the British in 1964, but its initial Constitution still recognized Queen Elizabeth II as Head of State of Malta. Ten years later in 1974, Malta became a Republic but continued to be a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. The 1964 Constitution had to be revised, and on December 13, 1974, Malta became a republic with the approval of a new constitution and an elected president as head of state. Sir Anthony Mamo became the first president of the Republic of Malta, succeeding in his position as Malta's governor.
On Republic Day the President of Malta, on behalf of the Government and the people of Malta, honors those Maltese citizens who have made outstanding contributions to their field. Celebrations are held in the Presidential Palace in Valletta, the capital city of Malta. On Republic Street, a military parade is organized by the armed forces of Malta. The streets are decorated with hanging banners of the Maltese flag and the country's colors, red and white. Several events are organized by the Malta Council for Culture and Arts. Popular Maltese folk dances such as the 'il-Maltija' and the 'parata' are also performed at the parade. Fireworks displays are organized all over the archipelago of Malta.
Malta Republic Day timeline
5900 B.C.
Humans Settle in Malta
The first settlers in Malta are farmers, whose farming practices make the island virtually barren.
The French Depart
The French are expelled in 1800 with British, Neapolitan, and Portuguese assistance.
Malta Gains Independence
Malta becomes independent as a Commonwealth and is now known as the State of Malta.
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The country becomes a member state of the European Union.
Malta Republic Day FAQs
What is Malta famous for?
Malta is a popular tourist destination and known for its warm climate and breathtaking landscapes that serve as locations for major film productions. The archipelago is home to some of the oldest temples in the world, such as the Megalithic Temples of Malta.
What was the official language of Malta before 1934?
Italian and Sicilian served as official and cultural languages on the island for centuries, with Italian being an official language in Malta until 1934.
Who was the final ruler of Malta during World War II?
Britain granted Malta self-governance after Malta's loyalty to Britain during World War II.
How To Celebrate Malta Republic Day
The best way to enjoy Malta Republic Day is to visit the country around this time. The country is also home to some spectacular natural and historical sites, and has a vibrant tourist culture.
Enjoy Maltese food
If you can't fly to Malta to celebrate Republic Day, enjoy some famous Maltese dishes. Try Pastizzi, a popular Maltese snack. Maltese bread and pastries are often unique and would be good to try.
Read about Malta
Find books on Maltese history or literature from the region. You will be surprised to see the rich body of work that has emerged from this tiny nation.
5 Facts About Malta That Will Blow Your Mind
One of the world's smallest countries
Out of 236 countries, Malta ranks 204th in size and is the smallest country in the European Union.
The first planned capital city in Europe
Malta's capital, Valletta, was the first-ever planned city in Europe.
The country has more tourists than citizens
There are 3 times more tourists than there are residents on the Maltese islands.
Malta has three official languages
They are English, Maltese, and Maltese Sign Language.
It has some of the world's oldest structures
Some structures date back to 3,600 BC.
Why We Observe Malta Republic Day
It teaches us about the country
Malta Republic Day is a great way to learn about the nation. It had a central role in the region for centuries and affected many other cultures.
Rich culture and heritage
On Malta Republic Day, learn more about Maltese culture. This day encourages us to find out more about Malta's contribution to the arts and culture, and the diversity found in them.
A small place of great importance
Malta was dominated by many nations because of its political and geographical significance. Because of this, Maltese ways affected other nations around it.
Malta Republic Day dates
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text:
We're finally releasing 80 West.
That feels good to actually type. It's been a trip with some interesting detours getting to this point.
I wanted to open Twin Span with 80 West almost 2 years ago. I had all the material, the grain was milled and in the hopper, hops and yeast were on hand, and on brew day, the world ended.
The world as we knew it at least. That was the day the US government admitted that this pandemic was a real problem, and everything screeched to a halt. Twin Span wasn't open yet, but I already had beer in fermenters and grain milled. We had to push our open date back an unknown amount of time. Beer - especially fresh hoppy IPAs don't like waiting around for unknown amounts of time. So I made the call to reduce the amount of beer made, which would drive up the ABV and make it age better. I moved some hops around in the schedule to accommodate the new beefier malt profile. It was going to be an Imperial IPA (or Strong Ale, or Hoppy Barleywine depending on who you asked) at almost 10% ABV.
Its name changed to "80 North" to denote the change in plans and quirky nature. Local travels know that i80 runs east-west, except where it briefly runs north-south a stone's throw from our brewery. The beer was very well received (and it'll return at some point for sure).
80 West detour #1 - "80 North"
I still wanted to brew a true West Coast IPA, but figured it would be too samey to have a smaller version of 80 North on tap at the same time, so I waited, and brewed a few 80 Easts (New England / Hazy / East Coast IPAs). They were also well received.
My partners kept asking when I'd brew 80 West. Eventually, I decided the time was right. I milled all the grain, got the water ready, went to get the hops ready and... the hops weren't there. I thought they had been received, but they were on back order. I couldn't really un-mill the grain - and I didn't want to dump all of the water, so I had to pivot quick. I took inventory of the hops I did have - they were all excellent German lager hops - and I had a bunch of German lager yeast - so I thought I'd give an IPL (India Pale Lager) a shot. After consulting a random word generator online, Tragedy Salad was born.
80 West detour #2 - "Tragedy Salad"
I'm not a superstitious man, but at this point, I was pretty sure 80 West was cursed. I was still asked to brew it, but I didn't dare admit to the Universe that I intended to do so. So I waited. I waited long enough that West Coast IPAs started to come back into fashion, albeit slightly modified for modern tastes. Gone were the copper, almost amber hues with aggressive biting bitterness, replaced with pale malt and a gentler hop bite. The style had morphed into something that straddled the line between old school West and the hazy Easts that had taken over the world.
During a family vacation on the west coast - specifically San Diego - I "researched" many new interpretations of this new West Coast IPA that a few have dubbed "San Diego style IPA". They all followed the pattern of a grist almost entirely of pale or even pils malt, some even including sugar to lighten the color and body even more. All had assertive but not aggressive bitterness with a soft mouthfeel. All packed a hop punch on par with the haze bombs everyone loves - although these typically are a blend of the piney/dank hops that dominated the style in the distant past, and newer, tropical fruit punch notes everyone has expected these past few years.
I developed the recipe for my interpretation of this style in my head during the vacation and when I returned home, I wrote it down. In the blank for recipe name, I hesitated, but dubbed it "80 West".
We have arrived - "80 West"
The recipe, the style, and the world had changed greatly from where I started, but I finally got to 80 West. Cheers.


text:
Standing Orders Etc. (Energy and Climate Change)
Part of Business of the House – in the House of Commons at 11:14 pm on 28th October 2008.
David Chaytor Labour, Bury North 11:14 pm, 28th October 2008
I am grateful for those comments. The conclusion that I draw from the anomaly is that, while the fact that existing Select Committees have a forward programme of work in place supports the case for making no change until 1 January, we also need to review the terms of reference of all the affected Select Committees. The Deputy Leader of the House said that he wanted to review the arrangements. I hope that he will accept that, before any change is made, we need a thorough review of the terms of reference of each of the Committees that will be affected.
Hansard source (Citation: HC Deb, 28 October 2008, c861)


text:
Worlds of Labour
by Eric Hobsbawm
Worlds of Labour is a series of studies that considers the formation and evolution of working classes in the period between the late eighteenth century and the mid-twentieth, scrutinising their 'consciousness', ways of life and the movements they generated. The emphasis throughout the study is on the way labour organisations, policies and ideas were rooted in the everyday reality of working-class life. In the process, leading Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm reveals the daily struggles of working-class militants, many of whom are still unknown to the modern world.
The result is a book that is expansive in scope, but fluent and clear in detail. It will serve as a valuable source of reference to those with an academic interest in the subject, and as an inspiration to those who simply wish to discover the development of working-class movements.
Genre: Humanities / History
On Sale: 8th October 2015


text:
Gender-related differences in the prevalence of voice disorders and awareness of dysphonia| ACTA Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
Vol. 42: Issue 5 - October 2022
DOI: 10.14639/0392-100X-N2018
Gender-related differences in the prevalence of voice disorders and awareness of dysphonia
Maria Raffaella Marchese Ylenia Longobardi Tiziana Di Cesare Giorgia Mari Valeria Terruso Jacopo Galli Lucia D'Alatri
Institute of Otolaryngology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; * M.R. Marchese and Y. Longobardi contibuited equally to this work.
##plugins.themes.healthSciences.article.authorBio##
Ylenia Longobardi
Marchese MR and Longobardi Y contributed equally to this work
Institute of Otolaryngology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
Institute of Otolaryngology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head and Neck Sciences, UOC of Otolaryngology, A. Gemelli IRCCS University Hospital Foundation, Rome, Italy
dysphonia voice therapy gender Voice Handicap Index acoustic analysis
Objective. Considering the impact of dysphonia on public health and the increasing attention to patient-centred care, we evaluated sex-related differences in the prevalence of benign voice disorders, awareness of dysphonia and voice therapy (VT) results.
Methods. One hundred and seventy-one patients, 129 females and 42 males, with functional or organic benign dysphonia underwent Voice Handicap Index (VHI), auditory-perceptual dysphonia severity scoring (GRBAS) and acoustic analysis (Jitter%, Shimmer%, NHR) before and after VT.
Results. Prevalence of each voice disorder was significantly higher among females. Mean time-to-diagnosis (time elapsed until medical consultation) was not different between males and females. The refusal of therapy and VT adherence (mean number of absences and premature dropout) were similar in the two groups. Pre-VT VHI and "G" parameter were worse in women. The percentage of women with abnormal acoustic analysis was significantly higher. Post-VT VHI gain was higher in women, whereas "G" parameter improvement did not differ by sex.
Conclusions. Our study showed a higher prevalence of voice disorders in females. Awareness of dysphonia was not gender related. Females started with worse voice subjective perception and acoustic analysis, but they perceived greater improvement after therapy.
Excluding the well-known epidemiological discrepancy in the distribution of oncological pathologies (e.g., greater male predisposition to laryngeal cancer) supported by habits such as smoking and alcohol which are more common in males, little attention is paid to sex-related differences in the management and treatment of voice diseases 1.
Some anatomical and physiological differences of the phonatory system between the two sexes are widely known, such as the different distribution of hyaluronic acid in the vocal folds which in women is not homogeneous, exposing them more easily to vocal trauma 2. Similarly, a difference in collagen has been documented in adults, with higher levels in men 3. Gender differences were also found in phonatory physiology in terms of subglottic pressure (greater in women) and resistance capacity of the membranous vocal fold to phonotrauma (greater in males) 4. The aging process also seems to have a different impact on the larynx of men and women 5, with a progressive thinning of the vocal fold mucosa and the superficial layer of the lamina propria, an increase in fundamental frequency, a reduction in vocal fold contact in men and an opposite trend in women.
The gender differences observed in the measurement of some acoustic parameters, such as Jitter% (more altered in men), Soft Phonation Index (more altered in women), fundamental frequency (naturally more acute in women), pitch and number of vibratory cycles (higher in women), has led some authors to underline the need to develop different protocols for objective assessment of the voice based on gender 6.
It is known that women are more likely to develop a voice disorder than men 7. Women naturally experience several periods of hormonal imbalance throughout their lifetime that may be related to a higher prevalence of muscle tension dysphonia 8. Receptors for sex hormones have been found on vocal folds, suggesting a link between hormone levels and vocal fold function, which might cause changes in voice production 9. Banai 10 showed that voices of naturally cycling women had higher minimum pitch in the late follicular phase compared with the other phases. In addition, voice intensity was at its lowest in the luteal phase.
Psychosocial and socioeconomic characteristics, personality and behavioural traits, as well as spoiled habits, affect voice production. Personality traits and temperament in women, more than in men, can influence the development of vocal pathologies 11. However, a causal relationship between personality and vocal pathology has not yet been shown. Furthermore, for women, a certainly higher impact of dysphonia on the quality of life has been demonstrated 12. Pharyngeal globus is the symptom that most frequently leads men to undergo specialist examination for dysphonia, while women often present for alterations of the quality of the voice, breath, or cough 11.
Studies on dysphonia consider sex as a risk factor for the development of the disease from a purely epidemiological point of view. To date, there are no studies evaluating the role of gender in the diagnostic or treatment phase of dysphonia.
Considering the perspective to apply personalised medicine and the increasing attention given to gender-specific medicine as a milestone in the progress of patient-centred care, the purpose of this work is to describe sex-related differences in the prevalence of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP), benign vocal folds lesions and functional dysphonia, patients' awareness of dysphonia, voice quality and outcomes using a multidimensional (subjective, auditory perceptual and acoustic) voice assessment before and after voice therapy (VT).
We retrospectively collected data on patients affected from dysphonia who referred to the Phoniatric Unit of the "A. Gemelli" IRCCS University Hospital Foundation of Rome. We excluded patients with diagnosis of psychogenic dysphonia or previous laryngeal surgery. Patients with a history of psychiatric disorders, depression and use of antidepressant medication, patients affected by neurological disorders other than unilateral vocal fold paralysis, especially neurodegenerative disease as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, were also excluded. The study sample was selected according to the following criteria: age between 18 and 65 years; diagnosis of functional dysphonia (as voice disturbance that occurs in the absence of structural or neurologic laryngeal pathological characteristics) or organic dysphonia caused by iatrogenic unilateral vocal fold paralysis or benign vocal fold lesions as Reinke's oedema, polyp, cyst, or nodules; prescription of voice therapy (VT) as only treatment.
Patients underwent a complete multidimensional (subjective, auditory perceptual and acoustic) assessment of voice. This latter included:
the Italian version of Voice Handicap Index (VHI) 13 to evaluate patient's subjective perception of the impact of the dysphonia on the quality of life. It is a questionnaire composed of 30 items equally divided between functional, physical and emotional domains, that analyses the biopsychosocial impact of voice problems. Each question has 5 quantifiable answers (0-4); the final total score (0-120) defines the degree of subjective perception of the voice disorder. VHI was administered before and after VT;
auditory perceptual evaluation of voice quality carried out by a single rater (an expert otolaryngologist (DL) with more than 10 years of experience in the diagnosis and treatment of voice disorders), blind to the diagnosis, using the Grade-Roughness-Breathiness-Asthenia-Strain (GRBAS) scale on recorded voice samples. Voice recordings were directly stored in the host computer using the Computerized Speech Lab (CSL) Model 4500 (Kay Elemetrics, Lincoln Park, NJ). All recordings were made in a quiet room (environmental noise < 30 dB SPL). Voice samples consisted of reading the first three sentences (53 words, 107 syllables) of the passage "Il deserto" (DCA n. U00226, 5 June 2018) at a conversation loudness level and comfortable pitch. For perceptual assessment only the "G" parameter of the GRBAS scale was rated since it reflects the severity of dysphonia integrating all deviant components. The R, B, A and S parameters were not rated because of the wide variability of voice features between the subjects included in the study. The "G" parameter was measured in each patient before and after VT;
acoustic analysis routinely carried out with the Multidimensional Voice Program (MDVP) (model 5105) (Kay Elemetrics, Lincoln Park, NJ). We considered jitter percentage (Jitt%), shimmer percentage (Shim%) and noise to harmonics ratio (NHR). Our normal values were obtained from 100 adult subjects (50 females, 50 males), euphonic, without any previous vocal pathology, aged between 18 and 70 years. In this normative voice parameters vary little according to gender (Tab. I).
The acoustic parameters were evaluated before and after VT on the sustained vowel /a/ produced at a comfortable pitch and loudness level for at least four seconds.
The enrolled subjects were divided in group M (males) and group F (females). For all the cases and for each group we analysed: the prevalence of each voice disorder; patients' awareness of dysphonia by calculating both "time-to-diagnosis" (the time interval between the onset of symptoms and the first medical consultation) and the "VT adherence" (percentage of refusal of VT, mean number of absences to the therapy sessions and premature therapy dropout); mean VHI and "G" parameter improvement after therapy; the number of subjects with abnormal values of the selected acoustic parameters before and after VT.
Moreover, all cases and each group were divided according to diagnosis into "Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis" (UVFP), "Organic Dysphonia" (benign vocal fold lesions as Reinke's oedema, polyp, cyst or nodules) and "Functional Dysphonia". For each type of vocal disorder, data were compared and any differences between group M and group F were analysed.
The data were collected and managed anonymously, and statistical analysis was performed with the Excel program (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA). Continuously distributed data were summarised as mean and categorical variables by absolute frequency and percentages. Differences between the two groups were analysed with Student's test for continuous and normally distributed variables and with Mann-Whitney's test and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. For all tests the significance level was set at p < 0.05.
One hundred and seventy-one of 212 (85.5%) cases were eligible for our study. Forty-one patients were excluded from the analysis due to lack of information in medical records. The females (group F) were 129/171 (75.44%) with a mean age of 48 years (range 28-80); the males (group M) were 42/171 (24.56%) with a mean age of 54 years (range 18-79). For each type of dysphonia, the percentage of females was significantly higher (p < 0.05) confirming the higher prevalence of voice disorders in female gender (Fig. 1). As reported in Figure 1, the prevalence of each voice disorder was not significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05). Within each group (M/F), the prevalence of UVFP, functional dysphonia and the organic ones did not significantly differ (p > 0.05). In both groups the most frequent diagnosis was the UVFP, followed by functional dysphonia and organic dysphonia (Fig. 2).
Awareness of dysphonia
The time-to-diagnosis was a mean of 23.6 (range 1-120) months, 22.7 months in the group M vs 23.9 months in the group F (p > 0.05). Eighty of 129 (62.01%) females and 29/42 (69.04%) males consented to undergo VT (p > 0.05). A total of 62/171 (36.25%) cases refused, 49/129 (37.98%) F vs 13/42 (30.95%) M (p > 0.05). The mean number of therapy sessions was 6.1 (range 4-12) in group M and 6.1 (range 4-8) in group F (p > 0.05). The number of patients who dropped out therapy (15/80-18.75% F vs 8/29-27.58% M) and the mean number of absences to therapy sessions (1.3 F vs 1.5 M) did not significantly differ between the two groups (p > 0.05).
Pre-VT subjective, perceptual and acoustic assessment
The mean VHI total score and the mean partial scores of each domain were significantly higher in the group F (p < 0.05) (Tab. II), especially for the emotional one (11.6 vs 7.1). Comparing VHI results basing on the aetiology of dysphonia, a significant difference between groups was found for UVFP and organic voice disorders. Table III shows auditory perceptual results in each group of subjects. The "G" parameter of GRBAS score was significantly worse in group F (2.1 vs 1.5) (p < 0.05). The greatest difference between groups was found in subjects affected by organic dysphonia (2.2 F vs 1.3 M) (p < 0.05). Moreover, the percentages of patients with abnormal Jitter% and NHR values in group F were significantly higher than in group M (Tab. IV).
Post-VT subjective, perceptual and acoustic assessment
The post-VT VHI total score of group M did not differ compared to the one of group F (Tab. II). Moreover, the post-VT VHI score of each group did not differ based on diagnosis except for the UVFP. Males affected by UVFP scored significantly higher than females in the VHI physical domain (18.5 vs 9.9) (p < 0.05) (Tab. II).
As shown in Table II, the mean total and sub-total VHI scores decreased after VT in both groups, especially for the physical domain. The mean total VHI gain was significantly higher in group F (23.2 vs 7.9) (p < 0.05) demonstrating a major improvement of subjective perception of the quality of voice in women than in men after VT. The improvement of Physical score was significantly higher in group F (10.2 vs 3.6) (p < 0.05). Post-therapy "G" parameter of the GRBAS scale score did not differ between males and females (Tab. III). The results of acoustic analysis are shown in Table IV.
The importance of epidemiologic studies on treatment-seeking population with dysphonia to understand its impact, evaluation and management is known. Thanks to these studies, in fact, we know that functional disorders represent the most common cause of voice disorders (except in childhood) and that "voice professionals" (actors, singers, voice actors, teachers, etc.) represent almost half of the dysphonic population with a higher prevalence of organic dysphonia 14,15. Other frequently detected pathologies are vocal fold nodules, pharyngolaryngeal reflux dysphonia 15, vocal fold paralysis and vocal fold oedema. Furthermore, some Authors report that in the dysphonic population there are more females than males and that children and adolescents represent a minority of the sample 14,16.
In agreement with these data, our dysphonic population was mainly female. Moreover, females had a higher prevalence of all-cause dysphonia probably because, as is known, they use more healthcare resources than males. Nevertheless, the distribution of a dysphonia diagnosis did not differ between the two genders and reflected that in the general population 16.
The literature reports few papers about the sex-related differences of the time between the onset of symptoms and initiation of therapy in cancer patients 17, but no study to date has examined the time-to-diagnosis of benign voice disorders. As such, the current study specifically focused on the time lag to diagnosis basing on the sex/gender related differences. Most research has described disparities about the timely recognition of symptoms by patients. The onset of symptoms may not only be different among men and women, but acknowledgment and validation of symptoms by healthcare providers may be susceptible to sex-based differences. One study noted that when physicians review cases in which patients present significant symptoms, as well as a recent emotionally upsetting event, they are much more likely to consider a man's symptoms as disease-related and that of a woman due to an "emotional upset" 18. Interestingly, in the current study we demonstrated that women were not different in the time-to-diagnosis compared to men. On the other hand, women came to the diagnosis with a subjectively, auditory-perceptually and acoustically significantly poorer quality of voice than men. Therefore, considering both results, it would seem that males may be more sensitive to voice changes or that females have a "wait-and-see" approach; however, the impact of voice disorders on the quality of life is worse in females. In this regard, we assume that the association of two factors may explain the difference: if on one hand the well-known high male to female ratio of laryngeal cancer may alert the subject themself or the general practitioner, on the other the opposite ratio of the functional dysphonia and benign lesions 1 may delay the diagnosis in women. On the other hand, women in our society are generally expected to occupy a nurturant role, both performing daily essential household tasks and taking on the major responsibility for the care of children, spouses and aged relatives 19. Therefore, as a consequence of social obligations towards others and the corresponding demands of others, women are often unable to successfully assume the role of "sick", thus ending up neglecting their health and lengthening the time-to-diagnosis despite perceptually more severe symptoms. Females demonstrate a higher emotional impact of dysphonia, especially in unilateral recurrent nerve laryngeal palsy diagnosis and organic voice disorders, probably because of women being more willing to admit psychological distress.
The literature has assessed sex variability in treatment adherence; Rangabashyam et al. 20 found that gender was an independent factor for the nonadherence to the head and neck tumour board recommendations. A systematic study on voice therapy adherence and influencing factors was first outlined by Van Leer et al. 21. Age, distance to the clinic, marital status, insurance status, medical diagnosis and auditory-perceptual rating of dysphonia did not demonstrate a relationship to voice therapy adherence in previous quantitative studies 22-25. On the contrary, it was demonstrated that patients who underwent evaluation by a otolaryngologist and speech-language pathologist not in the same day showed lower adherence to voice therapy 26. Moreover, Pasternak et al. 27 highlighted the negative impact of having fewer school-aged children in the household. The voice therapy initiation rate obtained in our study did not differ between males and females. In our division, we routinely perform double assessment (speech-therapist and physician) in the same day in all cases. The number of patients who refused voice therapy, attendance at therapy sessions and prevalence of premature end of therapy did not differ by sex, demonstrating a similar awareness of dysphonia. This result is consistent with recent studies that ruled out the role of gender in voice therapy adherence 22,23 and reinforced the prospective of the absent relationship between voice therapy initiation and most patient- and disease-related factors. Finally, voice therapy was effective in both males and females. Our results showed that, despite a similar improvement of the auditory perceptual score, the subjective perception of the biopsychosocial impact of the voice disorder decreased more in women probably because of the worse subjective perception of dysphonia before VT.
Our study showed a higher prevalence of voice disorders in females. Awareness of dysphonia was not gender related. Females started with worse voice subjective perception and acoustic analysis, but they perceived greater improvement after therapy.
Conceptualisation: LD and MRM. Methodology: MRM and YL. Investigation: TDC, GM and VT. Data curation: MRM, YL and TDC. Writing – original draft preparation: MRM, YL and TDC. Writing – review and editing: MRM, LD, JG. Supervision: JG and LD. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Ethical consideration
This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of A. Gemelli IRCCS University Hospital Foundation as retrospective case series study.
The research was conducted ethically, with all study procedures being performed in accordance with the requirements of the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki.
Written informed consent was obtained from each participant/patient for study participation and data publication.
Figure 1.Percentage of males and females by each voice disorder.UVFP: Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis; Tot: Total.
Figure 2.Percentage of unilateral vocal fold paralysis, functional dysphonia and organic dysphonia by male and female.UVFP: Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis; Tot: Total.
Voice parameter
Normal values
Jitter (M ± SD) m/f 0.58 ± 0.65/0.63 ± 0.62
Shimmer (M ± SD) m/f 3.52 ± 0.60/2.99 ± 0.54
NHR (M ± SD) m/f 0.12 ± 0.05/0.11 ± 0.12
Table I.Normative values of voice parameter for adults (m/f = male/female).
VHI score
Pre-VT
Post-VT
Type of dysphonia (N) M F M F M F
Functional score
UVFP 14.2 19.2* 10.7 5.6 3.5 13.6*
(N 69)
Functional dysphonia 6.9 10.5* 7 7.8 -0.1 2.7
Organic dysphonia 6.3 11.2* 5.8 9.2 0.5 2
Total 10.1 14.1* 8.3 6.9 1.8 7.2
(N 171)
Emotional score
UVFP 7.1 14.4* 4.3 5.8 2.8 8.6
Functional dysphonia 8.3 11.3 5.2 5.3 3.1 6
Organic dysphonia 5.4 8.2 4.5 5.5 0.9 2.7
Total 7.1 11.6* 4.6 5.7 2.5 5.9
Physical score
UVFP 20.5 25.4* 18.5* 9.9 2 15.5*
Functional dysphonia 19.5 19.7 9.5 12.2 10 7.5
Organic dysphonia 13.9 21.2* 14 16.9 -0.1 4.3
Total 18.6 22.3* 15 12.1 3.6 10.2*
UVFP 41.9 59.0* 33.6 21.4 8.3 37.6*
Functional dysphonia 34.8 41.6 21.8 25.3 13 16.3
Organic dysphonia 25.6 40.7* 24.3 31.7 1.3 9*
Total 35.8 47.9* 27.9 24.7 7.9 23.2*
Table II.Mean pre-therapy and post-therapy VHI scores in each group of subjects and percentage of improvement.
Score of "G" parameter of GRBAS scale
UVFP 2.0 2.3 1.3 1.4 0.7 0.9
Functional dysphonia 1.8 1.9 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.7
Organic dysphonia 1.3 2.2* 0.4 1.5 0.9 0.7
Total 1.5 2.1* 0.8 1.4 0.7 0.7
Table III.Auditory-perceptual results. The mean scores of the "G" parameter of GRBAS scale obtained before and after voice therapy (VT) in each group and the gain score.
Type of dysphonia (N) Males Females Males Females
Jitter%
UVFP 10/12 46/50 2/9 4/34
(N 69) (52.6%) (92%)* (22.2%) (11.76%)
Functional dysphonia 6/13 3/40 1/5 0/11
(N 53) (46.2%)* (7.5%) (20%) (0%)
Organic dysphonia 0/10 20/39 0/7 5/20
(N 49) (0%) (51.3%)* (0%) (25%)
Total 16/42 69/129 3/21 9/65
(N 171) (38.1%) (53.5%)* (14.3%) (13.8%)
Shimmer%
(N 69) (100%) (94%) (22.2%) (17.6%)
Functional dysphonia 13/13 20/40 1/5 0/11
(N 53) (100%)* (50%) (20%) (0%)
Organic dysphonia 10/10 21/39 4/7 10/20
(N 49) (100%)* (53.8%) (57.14%) (50%)
Total 42/42 88/129 8/2 16/65
(N 171) (100%)* (68.2%) (38.0%) (24,6%)
UVFP 0/19 11/50 0/9 0/34
(N 69) (0%) (22%)* (0%) (0%)
(N 53) (0%) (17.5%) (0%) (0%)
Organic dysphonia 0/10 4/39 0/7 0/20
Total 0/42 22/129 0/21 0/6
(N 171) (0%) (17.1%)* (0%) (0%)
Table IV.Number and percentage of the cases with abnormal values of the acoustic parameters for each group Pre- and Post-Voice Therapy (VT).
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Maria Raffaella Marchese
Tiziana Di Cesare
Giorgia Mari
Valeria Terruso
Jacopo Galli
Lucia D'Alatri
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text:
Esta é a lista de vereadores de Euclides da Cunha para a legislatura 1971–1973.

Vereadores
Das treze vagas em disputa, o placar foi de treze para a ARENA.

Composição das bancadas

 7
Euclides da Cunha 7

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Hernan Cattaneo @ Spybar (02-23-2013)
What: Hernan Cattaneo @ Spybar (02-23-2013)
When: Feb 23rd, 2013 10:00pm - Feb 24th, 2013 4:00am
Where: Spybar  (646 N. Franklin Street, Chicago, IL)
Genres: House
HERNAN CATTANEO | CHRIS WALSH @ SPYBAR
Argentine prog house sensation Hernan Cattaneo returns to his first love -the birthplace of House Music- to play a rare close-and-up-front set in Spybar's friendly confines.
HERNAN CATTANEO (Argentina)
Born in Buenos Aires, Hernán grew up listening to bands like Simply Red, Level 42, Depeche Mode and New Order whilst carefully studying Billboard magazine, the only source of information that was readily available at the time. In 1987, one of his friends visited Vinylmania in New York and returned with some vinyl –Hernán's first exposure to Chicago House...
More info - http://www.residentadvisor.net/dj/hernancattaneo
Also spinning - CHRIS WALSH
Hernan Cattaneo