text:
Władysław Frankowski (ur.  w Olszanie, zm. 30 sierpnia 1922 w Słupi) – generał dywizji Wojska Polskiego.

Życiorys
Urodził się 6 grudnia 1859 roku w Olszanie, w powiecie kaniowskim, w rodzinie Ignacego i Teresy z domu Regnault d'Saint Jean d'Angely. Po ukończeniu gimnazjum klasycznego w Kijowie kształcił się w szkole junkrów w Jelizawietgradzie. 16 kwietnia 1878 roku otrzymał stopień korneta i przydział do 14 Jamburgskiego Pułku Ułanów w Pińczowie. Uczestniczył w wojnie rosyjsko-tureckiej. W czasie I wojny światowej dowodził 2 brygadą 12 Dywizji Kawalerii. 28 lutego 1916 roku został zwolniony ze służby z powodu stanu zdrowia.

Od 1917 roku w formacjach polskich w Rosji. W listopadzie 1918 roku został przyjęty do Wojska Polskiego w stopniu generała podporucznika. Początkowo był komendantem wojskowym powiatu pińczowskiego. 12 marca 1920 roku objął Dowództwo Okręgu Generalnego "Kielce". 20 września 1920 roku został zatwierdzony z dniem 1 kwietnia 1920 roku w stopniu generała podporucznika, w kawalerii, w grupie oficerów byłych Korpusów Wschodnich i byłej armii rosyjskiej. Obowiązki dowódcy okręgu pełnił do 12 maja 1921 roku. Od 1 września 1921 roku do 10 czerwca 1922 roku był dowódcą Okręgu Korpusu Nr III w Grodnie. Pełnił też obowiązki zastępcy przewodniczącego Oficerskiego Trybunału Orzekającego. 3 maja 1922 roku został zweryfikowany w stopniu generała dywizji ze starszeństwem z 1 czerwca 1919 roku i 12. lokatą w korpusie generałów. W czerwcu 1922 roku został przeniesiony w stan spoczynku.

Zmarł 30 sierpnia 1922 roku w Słupi, w ziemi kieleckiej, w następstwie "gwałtownej choroby zapalenia płuc". 5 września 1922 roku został pochowany w grobie rodzinnym na cmentarzu Powązkowskim (kwatera 160-4-1,2).

Awanse
 kornet – 16 kwietnia 1878
 porucznik – 20 marca 1880
 sztabsrotmistrz – 21 czerwca 1884
 rotmistrz – 26 lutego 1890
 podpułkownik – 26 lutego 1900
 pułkownik – 5 października 1904
 generał major – 8 września 1913

Ordery i odznaczenia
 Krzyż Oficerski Orderu Legii Honorowej (Francja, 28 maja 1921)
 Krzyż Kawalerski Orderu Korony Włoch (Włochy, 3 sierpnia 1922)
 Order Świętego Włodzimierza kl. 3 (Imperium Rosyjskie, 1911)
 Order Świętej Anny z Mieczami kl. 1 (Imperium Rosyjskie, 5 grudnia 1914)
 Order Świętej Anny kl. 2 (Imperium Rosyjskie, 1902)
 Order Świętego Stanisława z Mieczami kl. 1 (Imperium Rosyjskie, 5 grudnia 1914)
 Order Świętego Stanisława kl. 2 (Imperium Rosyjskie, 1885)

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Członkowie Oficerskiego Trybunału Orzekającego
Generałowie dywizji II Rzeczypospolitej
Pochowani na cmentarzu Powązkowskim w Warszawie
Polacy – generałowie Imperium Rosyjskiego
Polacy – Oficerowie Legii Honorowej
Polacy odznaczeni Orderem Korony Włoch
Polacy odznaczeni Orderem Świętego Stanisława (Imperium Rosyjskie)
Polacy odznaczeni Orderem Świętego Włodzimierza
Polacy odznaczeni Orderem Świętej Anny
Urodzeni w 1859
Zmarli w 1922

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


TYLER, TX (KLTV) - Overgrown and under-maintained for years, an East Texas cemetery had become a concern for many who have loved ones buried in it.
The Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery on Highway 67 in Mount Pleasant had changed ownership several times, and it's state was alarming to those who had family laid to rest there.
For years, some graves had been covered by undergrowth. Others suffered erosion from rain and even damage from feral hogs.
"Over the years, it had become overgrown. Needed some attention needed some care," said Stan Garrett of KRB investments.
KRB stepped in, mainly because there was a deeper connection.
"Ricky Baker and Kelly Baker, the owners of KRB, have family buried here, and about 30 days ago, actually closed on the cemetery and began renovations immediately," Garrett said.
When the brush was cleared away, graves were uncovered that may not have been seen in years.
"From a community standpoint, this property here is beautiful. Just wanted to fix it up to where it could be. We wondered, 'What about the graves that are settling, and the fallen trees?'" Garrett said.
In the process of cleaning up, workers made some startling discoveries. Trees had grown over the tops of graves.
Already, families have begun to thank the company for coming to the rescue.
"We want this to be an area that's going to be well-maintained. Something they'll be proud of. Respect," Garrett said.
KRB personnel say, there's still a lot of work to do, which will include building a retaining fence around the 10-acre cemetery to keep the feral hogs out.


Before Sciambra, the Passini Bakery had been owned and operated since the early 1930's by the Passini family in Vallejo, CA. In 1974 when the Passini family decided to close the business, Carl Sciambra, an Italian immigrant, who was employed by the Passini Bakery, decided he would rather buy the business than go looking for a new job. Thus a new era of business began.
Carl & Barbara Sciambra started their business by delivering from the family station wagon and selling breads from their tiny retail store. They then changed the name to include their own, Sciambra-Passini French Bakery Inc. 37 years later and 8 delivery routes strong, the family run business is still producing great quality bread and offering excellent service to their customers. Currently the Sciambra's oldest son Michael owns and operates the business today, taking the company through yet another decade and era.
Michael Sciambra was just 14 years old when his father tought him how to bake bread. Learning how to pan loaves of bread into a brick oven, considered an ancient art of baking, Michael then progressed forward on more modern methods of baking with the revolving oven, and finally the rack ovens which are still in use today. By the time Michael was 18 years of age he had learned all of the baking positions in the business. Starting with mixing dough's and operating the proof boxes, to baking the breads and readying the orders for delivery.
We hope you will allow us to come to your business and offer you a taste of what Carl & Barbara Sciambra began so long ago: superior product, friendly service, and family produced.


The Unwinder Bath Bomb by The Philly Fyzzlers. Lavender, Lilac, Eucalyptus, Warm Woods, Warm Sugared Vanilla.
All photos by Lady J 2017. Not for distribution.
Labels: DIY and not so DIY, Glitter and Shimmer, I Hate Baths!


text:
Marvelous win of Pakistan against India by 10 wickets in the T20 World Cup: The unforgettable victory 1 year ago
I am proud of my work for my country Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan 1 year ago
Berlin From Money Heist to Feature as Lead Character in 2023 1 year ago
Go Home Trolls, Mira Sethi Does Not Dress for You 1 year ago
Recently launched amazing features of WhatsApp 3 months ago
Business News Trending Trends
FBR Sends Rs 58 Million Tax Notice to Atif Aslam
By Web Desk - January 13, 2021
A few months ago, Atif Aslam received a notice from the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) for tax evasions. Now the latest update on this news is that the renowned signer of Asia still has not paid his income tax. Considering this, another notice has been given to Atif Aslam by the FBR to submit his dues worth Rs 58 Million in a month.
According to reports, Tu Jaanay Na singer was sent the first notice by the FBR in November. He was informed that his flats in Dubai are not mentioned in his taxation details. This leads the FBR to send an official income tax notice to the singer.
Source: Instagram/Atif Aslam
Today, another follow-up notice has been sent to Atif Aslam after carefully auditing his 2018 income. The notice mentions that Aslam has to submit Rs 58 Million in 30 days, local media reported.
Aslam has been given a month's time to submit this amount. Failing to do so in the given time will result in freezing his bank accounts. The FBR will then be able to recover the said amount from his frozen assets, claims the Federal Board of Revenue.
In the light of Tax Laws in Pakistan, people are allowed to pay their taxes in Pakistan or the country they have assets in. This saves them from paying the taxes twice.
The FBR in Pakistan is very active and every now and then, we see it sending notices to the artists. Earlier, it was Rahat Fateh Ali Khan and Sana Fakhar who were notified for the very same reason.
Saba Qamar and Noor Bukhari too have been investigated by the FBR for their incomes, however, the matter was sorted out when they showed evidence of not being involved in any kind of tax evasions.
What do you think about this story? Share your suggestions in the comments section.
Previous Post WhatsApp Introduces New Privacy Policy and Pakistani Memes Are Breaking the Internet
Next Post Pakistani Women Fight Against the Odds to Provide Polio Vaccine
Managed by the Digital Spartans Pakistan web team. we bring News, Updates, Latest Glamours News, Dramas, Films, Reviews, Breaking News from Pakistan Media Industry.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Studying at Southampton University
Why do a CDT iPhD?
The MINDS CDT is based at the Highfield Campus at the University of Southampton, home to both the School of Electronics and Computer Science and the Zepler Institute for Photonics and Nanoelectronics. Electronics and Computer Science is the leading department of its kind in the UK with a long tradition of interdisciplinary research. It hosts the Centre for Machine Intelligence and the Centre for Internet of Things and Pervasive Systems, both centres of research excellence.
The Zepler Institute is the largest electronics and photonics Institute in the UK. It is home to one of the most comprehensive nanofabrication cleanroom and testing facilities in Europe, and, where relevant to their individual project, MINDS students will have fully-funded access to them.
The University is a member of the Alan Turing Institute, providing our students with access to that important network.
What is a CDT PhD What we offer


text:
CATHERINE E. LHAMON
Chair, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
Catherine E. Lhamon is the Chair of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. President Obama appointed Lhamon to a six-year term on the Commission on December 15, 2016, and the Commission unanimously confirmed the President's designation of Lhamon to chair the Commission on December 28, 2016. Lhamon also serves in the cabinet of California Governor Gavin Newsom, where she has been Legal Affairs Secretary since January 2019. Lhamon previously litigated civil rights cases at the National Center for Youth Law.
Before coming to the Commission, Lhamon served as the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Education until January 2017. President Obama nominated her to the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights position on June 10, 2013, and she was unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 1, 2013. Immediately prior to joining the Department of Education, Lhamon was director of impact litigation at Public Counsel, the nation's largest pro bono law firm. Before that, she practiced for a decade at the ACLU of Southern California, ultimately as assistant legal director.
Earlier in her career, Lhamon was a teaching fellow and supervising attorney in the Appellate Litigation Program at Georgetown University Law Center, after clerking for The Honorable William A. Norris on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. In 2016, Politico Magazine named Lhamon one of Politico 50 Thinkers Transforming Politics and the National Action Network honored Lhamon with their Action & Authority Award. In 2015, Yale Law School named Lhamon their Gruber Distinguished Lecturer and the Association of University Centers on Disabilities awarded Lhamon their Special Recognition Award. Chronicle of Higher Education named Lhamon to their 2014 Influence List as the Enforcer. The Daily Journal listed her as one of California's Top Women Litigators in 2010 and 2007, and as one of the Top 20 California Lawyers Under 40 in 2007. In 2004, California Lawyer magazine named Lhamon Attorney of the Year for Civil Rights.
Lhamon received her J.D. from Yale Law School, where she was the Outstanding Woman Law Graduate, and she graduated summa cum laude from Amherst College.


The school has been performing steadily well during its establishments.
Great Lamptey-Mills Institute has won several awards from the early Middle School Certificate Examination through to the Common Entrance Examination to the Basic Education Certificate Examination. (B.E.C.E.). Also the school has won many awards through various sporting activities.


Sam Mylin, a member of Grace Church at Willow Valley, a Grace Brethren congregation in Lancaster, Pa. (John F. Smith, pastor), has been creating a series of paintings based on the Christmas song, The 12 Days of Christmas, for the last twelve years. This year, the last painting will be unveiled and the series displayed together for the final time.
Meaning: Jesus Christ on the Cross! Why a pear tree? Because a pear is the size of the human heart!
Meaning: The Old and New Testaments. Why is this important? Because the Bible is God's authority and work together!
Meaning: "The Trinity God head" and "Hope, Faith, Love." Why French Hens? Because hens stick together, but work produce life!
Meaning: The Four Gospels ( Matthew, Mark, Luke, John). What are they calling? The gospel of Jesus Christ is an invitation to a new relationship with your Creator. New Life! Why are they calling? To bring life to a dying world.
Meaning: The Pentatuch (first five books of the Old Testament). Why rings? Because they connect us with the beginning, deliverance, law, accountability, and obedience! And these books are eternal, never ending!
Meaning: The six days of Creation! Why is creativity so important? Because we were MADE in HIS image! Creativity is not a gift. Creativity is a "given"! We need to reflect our Maker!
Meaning: the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit. Why swans? Because swans are beautiful, majestic, and even as they swim, they do it gracefully. We do not see their feet working, but they are yet we see the beauty.
Meaning: The Beattitudes. What does a cow have to do with Christmas? The Sermon on the Mount was milk for those who listened that day. It was new teaching! New thinking! Jesus spoke of heart issues and more! Like a cow producing milk, we must daily return to the mount for our nourishment!
Meaning: The Nine Fruit of the Spirit. Dancing? The fruit of the Spirit is always moving, growing, and never spoils. It gives energy and nourishment to our soul to live with so much rottenness of our world.
Meaning: The Ten Commandments. What is this leaping? Very simply put, Jesus took these ten commandments and made them two. "Love God with ALL of your heart, mind, soul,and strength. Love others as you love yourself!" Remember, you are made in the image of a living God!
And they witnessed the life of the Greatest Man who ever and still lives!
Meaning: The Twelve Points of the Apostles Creed. Why Drums? Because people begin to believe when they see the beat of a life of an on fire BELIEVING person. One who walks in step with their Creator and Maker. Time is running out. It is time to start looking up! Believe in our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, for He is the only way to the Father! Do you Believe? Do you really Believe? For our God believes is us. He loves us and walks with us daily! Can you feel the beat?


Each component fulfills a unique niche within the system, all of which are described in the PeopleSoft Internet Architecture Components lesson of this course.
With PIA there is no "traditional" client. Workstations simply need to have a supported browser installed. No other applets or connectivity software is needed on the workstation that runs the browser because all processing occurs at the server level. Dynamic HTML, rendered by the Application Server, is passed to the Web Server and sent on to a supported browser interface.
•Application Messaging - System-to-system communication.
•Component Interfaces - Transactions from external systems to PeopleSoft.
•Application Engine - Used in batch application processing.
•File Layouts - Used for integration with legacy systems.
PIA supports pure internet access for all PeopleSoft applications. It enables you to take advantage of all of the PeopleSoft intranet and internet solutions, as well as the PeopleSoft Integration Technologies, such as Application Messaging.
These technologies streamline integration of PeopleSoft applications with other PeopleSoft applications, custom internal systems, eMerchants, and customer trading partner systems. By supporting the open flow of information between systems, the PeopleSoft Integration Technologies provide true internet- based system integration.
The PeopleSoft Internet Architecture delivers intuitive, high-performance, HTML-based thin client applications that run on any machine with internet access. PIA deploys all transactions through a web browser.
(2) Through a portal that may contain non-PeopleSoft content references.
Both of these deployment options are further discussed in the PeopleSoft Development and Deployment lesson of this course. Both options provide the benefits listed above of browser-based deployment.
Less training is needed because most people with access to computers are very familiar with the look and feel of web pages, and know how to navigate within web browsers like Yahoo! and Amazon.com. End users just click a hyperlink to enter the PeopleSoft applications.
Browser-based applications are easily deployed to end users.
By placing a hyperlink in an email or on a corporate website, users can access the applications just like they access any other website.
The cost of deploying browser-based applications is close to zero.
Because the browser-based applications put very small demands on the client machine, the end user does not need a high-end, expensive computer to use PeopleSoft applications. This means lower costs to customers, as they will not need to upgrade their client machines in order to use the latest PeopleSoft release.
These devices use the standard internet technologies: HTTP, HTML, WML, and XML.
A web browser running on a workstation (client) using the HTTP protocol is the most common internet access. The browser does not download any applets nor does it require any plug-ins. Rather, a servlet installed on the Web Server facilitates all browser connections to the Application Server through JOLT.
When the browser sends a request to the Web Server, it is forwarded to the Application Server.
The client workstation is free of any processing responsibility because there are no PeopleSoft executables on the client. This is why PeopleSoft Internet Architecture is termed an "architecture without a client."
With PeopleSoft Internet Architecture, only a single sign-in is needed between PeopleSoft databases. This is possible by leveraging Web Browser cookies that store a unique access token for users when they are initially authenticated. The token in the browser cookie is used to re-authenticate users when they connect to other PeopleSoft systems. This way, a user does not have to go through the sign-in process again. The browser cookie is stored in memory and never written to disk. It is encrypted by the Web Server and check-summed to prevent snooping and tampering.
As you can see, there is no "traditional" client involved in PeopleSoft Internet Architecture. The system sends pure HTML to a supported browser interface, while all processing occurs at the server level.The Web Server must be Java-enabled so that it can run the PeopleSoft-delivered Java Servlets that are installed as part of PeopleSoft Internet Architecture. One of these is the Portal Servlet, which relays all inbound and outbound transaction requests for the browser.
Using JOLT, the Web Server communicates browser requests to the Application Server. The pure HTML that the Application Server generates is formatted and presented in the browser by the Portal Servlet.
Together the Web Server and the Application Server make up the middle-tier of PIA; however, the Application Server does most of the work.
The Application Server is the core of PeopleSoft Internet Architecture. It handles messages from the Web Server through JOLT and executes all PeopleSoft business logic. In addition, it maintains the SQL connection to the Database Server for both browser requests and for the PeopleSoft development environment. PeopleSoft uses TUXEDO to manage database transactions.
At execution time, the Application Server fetches the most recent application definitions from the Metadata Repository of the Database Server. The Application Server caches the definitions in memory and executes the business rules, based on the definitions. Definitions such as pages, are created using the Application Designer tool in the PeopleSoft 8 development environment.
The Application Server consists of numerous PeopleSoft services and server processes that handle transaction requests. One of these server processes, PSAPPSRV, performs all application processing for a PeopleSoft internet session and generates the HTML to be displayed in the browser. For example, it is the PSAPPSRV process of the Application Server that builds and loads the pages which are then transmitted to the browser, as requested, through the Web Server.
As you can see, the Application Server is truly the heart of PeopleSoft Internet Architecture.
Just as in the PeopleSoft three-tier architecture, with the PeopleSoft 8 Internet Architecture, information is stored on the Database Server in three types of tables: System Catalog Tables, PeopleTools Tables, and PeopleSoft Application Data Tables. Each table type contains specific information that is related to running PeopleSoft applications.The PeopleSoft database is the repository for all information that is managed by PeopleSoft applications. Not only is application data stored in the database, but the PeopleSoft metadata is also maintained in the database. Metadata is what drives PeopleSoft Internet Architecture. Because PeopleSoft architectures have always been metadata-driven, PeopleSoft has been able to make the leap from client/server to internet-based applications without having to completely rewrite existing applications.
Several internet-related definitions were enhanced in PeopleTools 8.4 to enable full internet application development. These are the HTML Catalog, images, and style sheets. Just like fields, records, pages, menus, and other definitions, these definitions are stored in the PeopleTools Tables of the Database Server, and are fully upgradeable.
Great info - thanks for sharing gpawar.ps!
Is it possible to have more than one integration gateway per 1 Web, APP, Process Scheduler, DB?
Good explanation about PIA. I really liked it... It would be great if you please tell me any books for complete peoplesoft reference. I'm very new to this peoplesoft and I'm very much eager to learn it.


text:
Influence of accumulation wall and carrier solution composition on lift force in sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation
P. Stephen Williams, Myeong Hee Moon, J. Calvin Giddings
Sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation is an established analytical technique for characterizing particulate materials by size in the approximate diameter range 1-100 μm. Particles are eluted through a thin, parallel-walled channel by a flow of a carrier liquid while a centrifugal field is applied across the thin dimension perpendicular to the flow. During elution, particles are driven towards equilibrium positions between the channel walls where the force due to the applied field is balanced by hydrodynamic lift forces. These lift forces are not yet fully characterized, and calibration using latex standards is at present a necessary prerequisite for size characterization of unknown materials. A greater understanding of the forces involved will ultimately eliminate this need for calibration. The elution of latex standards under various field strength and carrier flow rate regimes yields information on lift force as a function of particle size, flow velocity, position within the channel, and any other controllable system property. The work presented here examines the influence of channel wall and carrier solution composition (ionic strength and pH) on overall lift. It is shown that the observed lift may be described as the sum of a force due to the effects of fluid inertia, an empirical near-wall lift force inversely dependent on particle distance from the wall, and a force due to electrostatic repulsion.
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
Published - 1996 Aug 10
This work was supported by grant CHE-9322472 from the National Science Foundation.
Dive into the research topics of 'Influence of accumulation wall and carrier solution composition on lift force in sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Field Flow Fractionation Chemical Compounds 100%
Fractionation Engineering & Materials Science 99%
Sedimentation Engineering & Materials Science 98%
fractionation Physics & Astronomy 92%
flow distribution Physics & Astronomy 64%
Force Chemical Compounds 51%
Chemical analysis Engineering & Materials Science 49%
Williams, P. S., Moon, M. H., & Giddings, J. C. (1996). Influence of accumulation wall and carrier solution composition on lift force in sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 113(3), 215-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(96)03669-2
Williams, P. Stephen ; Moon, Myeong Hee ; Giddings, J. Calvin. / Influence of accumulation wall and carrier solution composition on lift force in sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation. In: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 1996 ; Vol. 113, No. 3. pp. 215-228.
@article{97281bb090804b8981d4e799e343905d,
title = "Influence of accumulation wall and carrier solution composition on lift force in sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation",
abstract = "Sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation is an established analytical technique for characterizing particulate materials by size in the approximate diameter range 1-100 μm. Particles are eluted through a thin, parallel-walled channel by a flow of a carrier liquid while a centrifugal field is applied across the thin dimension perpendicular to the flow. During elution, particles are driven towards equilibrium positions between the channel walls where the force due to the applied field is balanced by hydrodynamic lift forces. These lift forces are not yet fully characterized, and calibration using latex standards is at present a necessary prerequisite for size characterization of unknown materials. A greater understanding of the forces involved will ultimately eliminate this need for calibration. The elution of latex standards under various field strength and carrier flow rate regimes yields information on lift force as a function of particle size, flow velocity, position within the channel, and any other controllable system property. The work presented here examines the influence of channel wall and carrier solution composition (ionic strength and pH) on overall lift. It is shown that the observed lift may be described as the sum of a force due to the effects of fluid inertia, an empirical near-wall lift force inversely dependent on particle distance from the wall, and a force due to electrostatic repulsion.",
author = "Williams, {P. Stephen} and Moon, {Myeong Hee} and Giddings, {J. Calvin}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by grant CHE-9322472 from the National Science Foundation.",
journal = "Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects",
Williams, PS, Moon, MH & Giddings, JC 1996, 'Influence of accumulation wall and carrier solution composition on lift force in sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation', Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 215-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(96)03669-2
Influence of accumulation wall and carrier solution composition on lift force in sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation. / Williams, P. Stephen; Moon, Myeong Hee; Giddings, J. Calvin.
In: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 113, No. 3, 10.08.1996, p. 215-228.
T1 - Influence of accumulation wall and carrier solution composition on lift force in sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation
AU - Williams, P. Stephen
AU - Moon, Myeong Hee
AU - Giddings, J. Calvin
N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by grant CHE-9322472 from the National Science Foundation.
N2 - Sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation is an established analytical technique for characterizing particulate materials by size in the approximate diameter range 1-100 μm. Particles are eluted through a thin, parallel-walled channel by a flow of a carrier liquid while a centrifugal field is applied across the thin dimension perpendicular to the flow. During elution, particles are driven towards equilibrium positions between the channel walls where the force due to the applied field is balanced by hydrodynamic lift forces. These lift forces are not yet fully characterized, and calibration using latex standards is at present a necessary prerequisite for size characterization of unknown materials. A greater understanding of the forces involved will ultimately eliminate this need for calibration. The elution of latex standards under various field strength and carrier flow rate regimes yields information on lift force as a function of particle size, flow velocity, position within the channel, and any other controllable system property. The work presented here examines the influence of channel wall and carrier solution composition (ionic strength and pH) on overall lift. It is shown that the observed lift may be described as the sum of a force due to the effects of fluid inertia, an empirical near-wall lift force inversely dependent on particle distance from the wall, and a force due to electrostatic repulsion.
AB - Sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation is an established analytical technique for characterizing particulate materials by size in the approximate diameter range 1-100 μm. Particles are eluted through a thin, parallel-walled channel by a flow of a carrier liquid while a centrifugal field is applied across the thin dimension perpendicular to the flow. During elution, particles are driven towards equilibrium positions between the channel walls where the force due to the applied field is balanced by hydrodynamic lift forces. These lift forces are not yet fully characterized, and calibration using latex standards is at present a necessary prerequisite for size characterization of unknown materials. A greater understanding of the forces involved will ultimately eliminate this need for calibration. The elution of latex standards under various field strength and carrier flow rate regimes yields information on lift force as a function of particle size, flow velocity, position within the channel, and any other controllable system property. The work presented here examines the influence of channel wall and carrier solution composition (ionic strength and pH) on overall lift. It is shown that the observed lift may be described as the sum of a force due to the effects of fluid inertia, an empirical near-wall lift force inversely dependent on particle distance from the wall, and a force due to electrostatic repulsion.
JO - Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
JF - Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
Williams PS, Moon MH, Giddings JC. Influence of accumulation wall and carrier solution composition on lift force in sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 1996 Aug 10;113(3):215-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(96)03669-2


text:
The Republic of Ilirida
The Republic of Ilirida (Albanian: Republika e Iliridës) is a self-proclaimed state of Macedonia, declared twice by Nevzat Halili, in 1992 and in 2014. The Republic of Ilirida was a territorial entity self-proclaimed in January 1992 by Party for Democratic Prosperity activists in Struga, Republic of Macedonia, the main organizer being Nevzat Halili.[8] The republic was proclaimed as a result of a referendum on the status of the Albanians which was held in January 1992 and declared illegal by the Macedonian government. 74% out of 92% of those eligible to vote, voted for the autonomy of the Albanians.[9]
Red = Albanians, Yellow = Slavs
The republic would cover approximately half of Macedonia's territory mainly where the Albanians were the ethnic majority in the west and aimed at uniting all Albanians under former Yugoslavia and protecting the other ethnic minorities from perceived discrimination.Later on, the aim of the republic was that of favoring the federalization of Macedonia.[6]
On September 18, 2014, a small crowd of Albanians assembled in Skopje to declare the formation of the Republic of Ilirida.According to Nevzat Halili, the self-proclaimed president, the right of Albanians in Macedonia to self-determination and the proclamation of Ilirida as an autonomous region is based on the United States Constitution. Halili said he seeks for Ilirida to form a confederation with the Republic of Macedonia called Ilirida-Macedonia, based on the former State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.If his plans are ignored by the government of Macedonia, he said he will organize a referendum.[10][11][12]
The Albanian paramilitary
The failed diplomacy, iinequality and discrimination of the Albanians lead to the creation of the paramilitary. The Albanian Paramilitary in Macedonia[13] was a Paramilitary organisation of the Albanians of the Republic of Macedonia in 1993 that was constructed by Nevzat Halili. The organisation was discovered by the Macedonian counterintelligence and participants were arrested and convicted.[14][15]
On 10th November 1993 Deputy Minister of Defense Hisen Haskaj and Deputy Minister for Health Imer Imeri, both Albanian-Macedonian, were arrested under the suspicion of helping of creation of the so-called Albanian Paramilitary in Macedonia.[16]
Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia
Ethnic conflict in Macedonia
The Albanian Orthodox of the Republic of Macedonia
United States Code. House, Office of the Law Revision Counsel. p. 739.
Bechev, Dimitar. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706: Scarecrow Press, INC. p. 93. ISBN 978 0 8108 5565 6. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
Ramet, Sabrina P. Whose Democracy?: Nationalism, Religion, and the Doctrine of Collective Rights in Post-1989 Eastern Europe. 4720 Boston Way, Lanham, Maryland 20706: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC. p. 79. ISBN 0 8476 8324 9. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
Shea, John. Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. Box 611, Jefferson, North Carolina 28640: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 272. ISBN 0 7864 0228 8. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
The Evolution of Civil-Military Relations in South East Europe. p. 20. ISBN 978 3 7908 1572 6. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
Janusz Bugajski (1995). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 116–. ISBN 978-0-7656-1911-2.
Marusic, Sinisa Jakov (19 September 2014). "Albanians Declare 'Republic' in Macedonia". Balkaninsight. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
Whose Democracy? Nationalism, Religion, and the Doctrine of Collective rights in post-1989 eastern Europe Page 80 By Sabrina P. Ramet (1997) ISBN 0-8476-8324-9
Federalism, Regionalism, Local Autonomy and Minorities: Proceedings, Cividale Del Friuli (Italy), 24-26 October 1996 : Conference. Council of Europe. 1 January 1997. p. 82. ISBN 978-92-871-3434-9.
Marusic, Sinisa Jakov (September 19, 2014). "Albanians Declare 'Republic' in Macedonia". Balkaninsight. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
"Albanians proclaim "Republic of Ilirida" in Macedonia". InSerbia. September 19, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
"Republic of Ilirida" declared in Macedonia". b92. September 19, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
refworld.org 01.04.1994 Retrieved 14.05.2015
dw.de 16.09.2014 Retrieved 14.05.2015 (Macedonian)
fokus.mk 24.01.2014 Retrieved 14.05.2015 (Macedonian)
cidcm.umd.edu 16.06.2010 Retrieved 14.05.2015


My latest article on the history of permafrost, climate change and resource extraction in Northern Canada just came out in the most recent issue of Public. It is entitled "Ice as a Counter-Archive: Permafrost, Archival Melt and Climate Futures."
Short recap: Describing three historical moments I discuss how, under the auspices of extraction projects, permafrost's relentless thaw and freeze cycles continuously aided in the creation of new understandings of this frozen soil. Its thaw and freeze cycles were not only integral to the development of large-scale oil drilling and mining but have also resisted it in important ways. These three historical moments are not meant to be a chronological causal account of the idea of permafrost—in fact, these three moments are deeply layered. Although each moment presents a different understanding of permafrost, these differing ideas can also be held simultaneously. Thus, this article is intended to reveal how changes to definitions of nature are mutually constitutive of not only extractive possibilities but also broader society.
The link to the issue is here. And you can download a pdf of my article here.
Photo above: Powerlines slumping in permafrost, Norman Wells, NWT, 1920s. Imperial Oil Collection, Glenbow Museum Archives, Calgary, AB, Canada.


This fall, Courtney will begin her project "Bridging the DC Probate Gap" at AARP's Legal Counsel for the Elderly (LCE). Her project is dedicated to fulfilling a largely unmet legal need by building a network of knowledge and services around probate and estate planning in Washington, DC. As a large segment of our country's population rapidly faces retirement, there is an increasing need to ensure that elders and their families feel prepared in terms of their future healthcare and assets. Unfortunately, elders of color are less likely to have conducted any estate planning—leaving room for potential family conflict, loss of wealth and property, or financial instability. Furthermore, probate can be a confusing, emotional, expensive, and lengthy process. The difficulty of going through the probate process is compounded when one cannot afford to hire an attorney who is willing to help.
Recognizing this gap, Courtney's project will provide the advocacy and awareness that all elders and their families deserve—no matter their income or background—during their time of need. Through this project, she will primarily represent families in a range of probate matters referred to LCE, with a focus on cases involving the transfer of title and deeds of homes. Some of Courtney's work will also be dedicated to guiding elders of color and their families with estate planning. Additionally, she will identify and collaborate with community, legal, and faith-based groups to facilitate informational sessions and clinics around estate planning and probate around the DC area.
Courtney is a dual-degree J.D. and Masters of Public Policy student at the American University Washington College of Law and School of Public Affairs. She has a passion for elder law, with a particular focus on end-of-life care, estate planning, and housing in economically disadvantaged communities of color. While in law school, she served as Chair of the National Lawyers Guild, a Student Attorney in the Women and the Law Clinic, and taught at a DC high school through the Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project. She was also a volunteer at the DC Bar's Probate Resource Center. Courtney is excited to return to LCE, where she was a Summer 2016 intern with the Homebound Elderly Project. Prior to law school, Courtney served as an AmeriCorps VISTA in Austin, TX and two years as an AmeriCorps Member with City Year in San Antonio, TX. She is a 2012 graduate of Furman University and a Mauldin, SC native.


text:
Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality. But, of course, only those who have personality and emotions know what it means to want to escape from these things.
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness . . . it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair . . . in short, the period was so far like the present period . . . .
A person however learned and qualified in his life's work in whom gratitude is absent, is devoid of that beauty of character which makes personality fragrant.
Hazrat Inayat Khan
Attractiveness and magnetism of man's personality is the result of his inner radiance.
Yajur Veda
While one should always study the method of a great artist, one should never imitate his manner. The manner of an artist is essentially individual, the method of an artist is absolutely universal. The first is personality, which no one should copy; the second is perfection, which all should aim at.
I want freedom for the full expression of my personality.
When you give up drinking, you have to deal with that wonderful personality that started you drinking in the first place.
Oscar Levant
We should take care not to make the intellect our god; it has, of course, powerful muscles, but no personality.
He was one of the guys ... there was this perfect communication with him. When I heard he was getting this job, there was no doubt in my mind from a personality standpoint he was perfect for this job.
Bob Golic
It's very hard for adults to change their personality, and Harvard needs a personality who can get all the faculty and schools to work together for the good of the university.
Bruce Alberts
You have to have the right personality, the right work ethic and the right mental toughness. Cameron is showing he can do that.
Tony Ramseyer
Dennis is very affable. He likes to joke all the time. He has a very open personality. I thought I would like to write a piece for him.
Fred Cohen
A city has values as well as slums, excitement as well as conflict a personality that has not yet been obliterated by its highways and gas stations.
Charles Abrams
It's fun to be an ambassador. For anyone who has an outgoing personality, this is a great way to tell the story of Food & Friends or to tell the story of AIDS.
Craig Shniderman
Having a personality now is a good thing, and (bowling) has grabbed a different audience than we've had for a lot of years.
Chris Barnes
Today, to find somebody who's good -- who has the qualifications and doesn't have any of the personality flaws -- those people are hard to find.
Joel Buffington
A trainer's personality can be a critical factor in establishing a personal connection with a client. If their personal skills aren't a match for you, it's not an ideal situation. Somebody can know exercise science but be very deficient in interpersonal skills.
Cedric Bryant
We did hear those comments. That's just his personality. We didn't think he meant anything by them.
Arron Afflalo
She's a wonderful kid and leader with a great personality, a big heart and a great work ethic. Her teammates love her.
Looking at his films, one can feel the characteristics in his personality. To sum up, a gentleman. He is sincere and humble.
Liang Liang


Finding a little girls doll houses can be difficult if it is your first time buying. Playing with dolls and dollhouses have been proven to have a positive effect on kids imagination and creativity, so getting one as a gift is always a good idea. Encourage your daughter to play with her dollhouse. Invite her friends over will engage her and help develop her social skills while playing with toys in her favorite big dollhouse.
It is one of the most customizable activities you could get for your children. With the numerous types of dollhouses available you can get a toy house that will bring your daughter's most specific wish to life.
A wonderful dollhouse for toddler girls made out of safe for children and durable wood. What is great about this toy is that it includes 20 pieces of furniture, a doll family of 4 and a pet dog without any extra purchases. As you can tell from the picture, construction of the dollhouse is completely open-sided so that more than one child can play at once which makes it a perfect toy house to invite all of your children to play together.
This wooden dollhouse for children could be a huge hit at your 3 year olds birthday and it is definitely the best choice for a kid that loves assembling, moving and matching different parts. You will need to distract your toddler for 15 minutes only while your husband assembles this beautiful 23.8″ x 10.2″ x 19.3″ toy house.
Pikolo Kids has created a wonderful large wooden dollhouse filled with 54 detailed furniture pieces to encourage a creative role-play and cognitive skills. This toy house is also customizable as the balcony piece can be detached and reattached to any room, together with movable staircase pieces.
A very clever dollhouse craftsmanship that allows full access for more than one child at a time and the unique cut out roof design makes that even easier. Made with child safe paint and sturdy material this toy measures at 23.6″ x 11.8″ x 28.9″ inches when assembled. A wonderful choice of a birthday gift for a 4 year old girl, twins or a Christmas present for siblings. There is loads of different wooden doll furniture that goes with this doll house and the more accessories the more fun to have.
A masterfully detailed wood dolls house for ages 3 years old and above that includes 54 pieces of wooden furniture that fills 5 rooms. This toy is very functional and made to play and enjoy decorating and rearranging sturdy and easy to grip wooden pieces.
This small wooden dolls house will require some assembly but it will not take more than half an hour. The details are exceptional and furniture pieces include fabric cushions, rugs, bedding and even a shower curtain. In addition, your daughter will be able to play with unbreakable mirrors, lift up the toilet lid and move staircases while playing with this dollhouse that measures 24″ x 18¼ " x 28½" after assembly. This wooden dolhouse is the best choice as a birthday or Christmas gift for a curious and playful little girl.
A wonderful girly dolls houses for children aged 3 years old and above. What we like about this toy is the decorative wood finishes such as charming scalloped trim and pastel colours that will not distract your child from role-playing with dolls. All wood dollhouse frame and big sturdy furniture pieces make this toy safe to play for toddlers.
These wooden dollhouses for toddlers will take you 15 minutes to build and all the tools you need is just a small head screwdriver. All dollhouse wooden pieces are pre-drilled to fit the screws immediately and line up perfectly to make assemble this toy. The dollhouse is finished with high gloss paint which will make it easy to wash off any crayon stains and maintain a germ-free environment for your girl.
This classic Barbie bright pink three-floor dollhouse will make any little girl ecstatic. This can be a wonderful present to leave under the Christmas tree or wrapped with a big ribbon on your daughters birthday. What a fantastic way to stimulate your girl's creativity with the endless possibilities of creating stories with dolls in a big server room dollhouse that has a working elevator, a garage, and a swimming pool!
Our favorite thing about this house for dolls is the interactive "smart" accessories that when placed in the right position light up, move or make noise. There is even a possibility to insert your smartphone into the living room tv to play videos for Barbie dolls for a more realistic play time. Choose a non branded packaging for this Barbie Dreamhouse to make it a surprise gift.
This massive fairytale castle is one of the sturdiest and safest dollhouses you can get for your little girl. Imagine the endless stories she can create during hours of play in this beautiful toy castle.
All accessories and furniture pictured are included but be prepared to spend at least two hours assembling this toy for girls. The dollhouse comes to life with chandeliers that light up, a piano that plays music and a toy toilet that flushes! It is the perfect toy to fit more than one girl at a time and fits fashion dolls perfectly. Our biggest tip is to assemble it before gifting because you don't want to keep your little one anxiously waiting to play in this fairy tail dollhouse.
A beautiful fairytale doll castle that has a beautiful attractive design for little princesses. Spacious layout allows more than one child to play at a time in many rooms of the toy castle. This dollhouse includes seven rooms filled with colorful furniture pieces, detailed outdoor pool, a balcony and a tower.
The beautiful dollhouse room details will immerse your child into hours of storytelling and imaginative play. Make sure you take your time to assemble this toy house as safety is first and any neglected pieces can be potentially dangerous to your little daughter. The only con is the assembly process which will take you up to 3 hours so don't leave it to the night before your kids birthday.
Make your girls dream come true with the best Frozen themed dollhouse available on Amazon. KidKraft has teamed up with Disney and made a quality dollhouse with 4 rooms and 2 big icy balconies. The dollhouse structure and furniture are made out of thick composite wood material and molded plastic. This dollhouse is huge which accommodates fashion dolls as high as 12", includes 19 detailed furniture pieces and an adorable Olaf figurine. Did we mention the beautiful ice queen throne at the top of the Frozen castle and an ice fractal chandelier which also come with the dollhouse?
Be sure to get some batteries before you get this delivered because this dollhouse comes with a light up a frozen sign and a vanity mirror that light up at the push of a button. Beautiful plastic molded staircases and a water/ice fountain make this dollhouse a realistic immersive Frozen experience for your Disney Princess.
Help your little girl get lost in the world of Frozen with this realistic Arendelle Palace dollhouse where Elsa and Anna live. Such an amazing design and detail level will make your girl want to play with this toy house for hours without stopping. This dollhouse set is made from composite wood material and includes a molded plastic staircase and chandelier. Each room can fit dolls of 12" height which is the size of fashion dolls and most Frozen themed dolls.
The main advantage of this fairy tale dollhouse is the easy and organized assembly as every screw is labeled and includes easy to follow illustrated instructions that is estimated to take up to 2 hours to build. We love this beautiful castle for dolls because it is not your typical pink toy made out of plastic but a uniquely designed dollhouse that will let your daughter imagine incredible stories and customize it to suit her.
Your girl can now be a part of Disney's Beauty and the Beast with this magical toy castle. It is designed to fit fashion dolls of 12" high and the mansion includes three spacious levels with charming touches such as a chandelier, masterfully detailed staircase and lots of artwork from the original kids' movie. The full dollhouse set includes 13 pieces of Beauty and the Beast themed furnitures such as the enchanted rose, the adorable footstool dog, wardrobe with doors that open and close and a soft plastic Lumiere figurine that bends.
Any Beauty and the Beast fan would be delighted to get this for her birthday or find the assembled toy under the Christmas tree. Be aware that this toy house is nearly 4 feet tall and requires quite a lot of room to play around, especially if multiple children will be playing with it.
A classic kidkraft barbie house with all of the best quality accessories and decorations any girl would love. Nothing can replace the unique design of Barbie timeless fashion dolls and their houses. What we love about this toy maker is that they are not stuck in time but evolving and improving their products. This smart dollhouse features incredible interactive technology such as the beautiful elaborate hot pink elevator and a pop up flat screen TV. Your child will also be entertained by the doorbell, kitchen timer, fun shower singing and even a silly flushing toilet sounds.
This Barbie townhouse comes with high quality house pieces, stickers and 55 furniture pieces and accessories for your girl to enjoy playing for hours. You will be pleased to know that it is easy to assemble but does require patience because of some small intricate details and making sure the stickers are even and well placed. If your daughter loves playing with fashion doll this dollhouse is a must and we guarantee it is worth every penny.
A masterfully detailed dollhouse that will be an amazing design project for your girl. If your daughter is slightly older but loves making clothes and living spaces for dolls this is the best gift for her. What is unique about this dollhouse is that it looks like a realistic replica of a quaint Victorian house. Features of the dollhouse include high quality exterior details such as ornate window frames, patterned friezes and gables and elegant staircases. Dollhouse interior features colored wall graphics unique to each room.
This handmade wooden house for dolls will require quite a bit of work to assemble but we advise to see this as an opportunity to have a father-daughter activity. You will be delighted to know that all hardware and clear step by step assembly instructions are included with this dollhouse. The only drawback is that this dollhouse does not include Victorian furniture, however, it is available to buy as a separate set.
This quaint beachside bungalow is one of the highest rated dollhouses on Amazon. Be aware that this dollhouse will require to be built and painted following detailed instructions. It is a unique opportunity to teach your soon to be teenage girl how to be patient by helping you assemble a dollhouse. Before you get started to make sure you have all the tools and equipment such as paint, sandpaper, hot glue, tape measure, ruler and other tools by your side to make the dollhouse building process easier.
If your daughter loves arts and crafts this toy house kit will definitely keep her occupied and she will be able to feel accomplished and proud of her doll house with the finished result.
This dollhouse is a definite favorite that will make your daughter the happiest little girl. Disney Frozen Arendelle palace is a definite best seller and made out of the best quality materials that will give you more than you pay for.
We recommend this beautiful dollhouse kids pick because it will let your daughter play in a realistic Frozen castle that will stimulate her imagination.
This Barbie Dreamhouse is the best choice of the dollhouse to get as much as you can for your money. We would recommend this doll house for any little girl as the beautiful pink design will put a big smile on any child.
There is a vast selection childrens doll house and accessories. You can choose a colorful array of different sized houses depending on the doll and child height. There is a big demand for fantasy character-themed dollhouses such as Frozen, Cinderella or almost any other animated movie character.
A popular kids doll houses choice is expandable dollhouses. This involves getting a generic dollhouse shape and getting add-on expansions to grow a custom house when your girl gets more dolls or outgrows the current size dollhouse.
If you are considering getting a truly long-lasting dollhouse for your girl – luxury dollhouses would be the best for you. These types of dollhouses usually look like big Victorian mansions and are made from the best quality materials. A dollhouse is truly a once in a lifetime purchase and you will be able to pass this on from generation to generation of very happy girls with very happy dolls.
The main safety feature you need to consider is the chemical composition of materials of a dollhouse. Your child will be playing with this toy for many hours at a time, therefore, make sure she is not touching any toxic materials. Look for non-toxic paints and finishes on the furniture and the dollhouse itself.
These toddler dollhouses have been developed concerning safe materials for children to play with and most kids toy companies have stopped using lead based paints. If the dollhouse you are getting is made of plastic, then make sure it does not have any BPA added. BPA has been proven to cause cancer and respiratory issues therefore you need to eliminate this from your child's play time.
Make sure there are no loose parts that can cause the toy house structure to collapse. If it is made out of wooden material make sure there are no splinter risks as your daughter will not enjoy playing with the house if it causes her pain.
Dollhouses come in a range of standard sizes that are expressed as a scale ratio, fore example 1:6, 1:12, 1:16 and 1:48. The most widely available dollhouse scale is 1:12 also known as one-inch scale, where doorways will be 6 – 7 inches tall or larger, which will fit almost any regular 5 to 6 inch doll.
A slightly different scale is 1:6 which allows dollhouse to fit common dolls such as Barbie or collectible fantasy figures as a standard doorway would be around 15 inches in a dollhouse and can fit any doll up to that height. The actual full size of a doll house will always be stated in the manufacturer's guidelines to help you match the best fit toy house to your children's needs.
It is very important to create a germ-free environment when your children are playing with a dollhouse. These types of toy houses contain a lot of small furniture pieces and small corners for dust and bacteria to gather. Keep in mind that owning a big doll house with requiring regular upkeep checks and cleanups. See this as an opportunity to introduce your little girl to the importance of cleaning up and make it a joint mother-daughter or father-daughter activity to check every week or two for any dirt that can potentially be dangerous to your child's health.
If you are buying a dollhouse for your girl it is guaranteed that you will need to assemble it once it arrives to your door in a box. An average big multi-story dollhouse will take you from 1.5 to 3 hours to build. Do not get discourages as it is the perfect activity to bond with your little girl and teach how to assemble items.
Typically under the age of 3 is too young to play with a children's doll house because there might be too many small pieces that the child can choke on if not careful. However, if the toy house has large items and made completely toddler proof then you can definitely consider getting it. Always make sure to check the manufacturers recommended age range for a specific doll house you are considering to buy your child.
The best choice for girls a little older than toddler age is dollhouses that are made out of big intricate shapes and have integrated games that require them to match shapes or construct the house and rooms. This is an important age to stimulate your child's development, encourage curiosity, exploration, and imagination through as much creative play as possible. The best toy for a developing child would be big wooden customizable classic dollhouses that come with large parts and all the furniture pieces are made out of one piece for safe play.
Girls over the age of 7 years old might want a large wooden doll house. Be prepared that at this age they will be wishing for barbie and princess dolls and they will need beautiful big doll castles to house them. Children 8 years old and above will have their own likes, dislikes and opinions so it is important to communicate with them and ask what kind of doll house they would like. Don't be surprised if your daughter will ask you for a lot of animated kids movie merchandise as this is the age you will be able to take them to the cinema and finally watch that Frozen DVD. The biggest tips would be to make sure you listen what your little girl likes and wants and try to make her biggest dollhouse dream come true. Ages 7 to 9 years old are the best for throwing big birthday parties so make sure and have a big box with a beautiful fairytale dollhouse wrapped inside for your princes.
Middle School age is when girls start focusing more on social activities like going out with friends to the mall rather than playing with child's dolls house. However, your 13 year old girl might be interested in making outfits and hairstyles for the dolls and that is really important to recognize and encourage the creativity. If you are looking to get a dollhouse for a middle school age girl then it would be beneficial to look into a more sophisticated and collector's item dollhouse. A beautiful luxurious well maintained dollhouse will be a decoration piece even when your child has outgrown the age of playing with dolls.
KidKraft are one of the worlds best affordable kids furniture toy makers that have been around for 50 years. If you are looking to get a beautiful design dollhouse that is of the best quality and can be found almost anywhere in the world – KidKraft is your best choice. This toy furniture company makes the biggest variety of girly dollhouses that can be of any size and material. This is the ultimate dollhouse brand as you can get toy houses for girls of any age.
Barbie is a timeless toy company that prides on their Barbie Dreamhouses. It is one of the more expensive toy makers and their dollhouses do come at a higher price, however because it is such a big franchise that has been making dreamhouses since 1962 you will get the best quality product. Another advantage is that Barbie dolls wooden house almost always include furniture and you d not need to spend extra money on accessories. In addition, the beautiful pink palaces are worth the money and it is a given that your daughter will love it.
Disney is the best-known franchise in the world and they do make the best doll fantasy castles based on their animated movies. Disney toymakers are known for the best quality and original designs that always attract the attention of children and keep them playing for hours. Keep in mind that if you buy a Disney item you will be getting an authentic product with a "stamp of approval".


Popular CSP Accelerator promotion extended through the end of the year, in a boost for New Zealand resellers.
Ingram Micro has announced its popular CSP Accelerator promotion has been extended through the end of the year, in a boost for New Zealand resellers.
With the combination of financial incentives, value-driven support, and flexible billing options, the CSP Accelerator promotion is designed to empower local channel partners across New Zealand quicken cloud success while increasing margins significantly.
Initially launched in the US in August, followed by a global rollout in September, the promotion garnered such widespread traction and ongoing market demand that it has been extended through 31 December, 2015.
"We've observed that many partners want to take advantage of the benefits of CSP, but are challenged to transform their business model quickly," says Renee Bergeron, vice president, Global Cloud Computing, Ingram Micro.
Bergeron says the promotion offers partners 30 days free of unlimited Microsoft CSP subscriptions purchased through the Ingram Micro Cloud Marketplace - these Microsoft cloud solutions include Office 365 and associated add-ons, as well as Enterprise Mobility Suite.
Designed to drive Microsoft CSP sales, the promotion applies to any new Microsoft CSP subscriptions, as well as existing Microsoft Advisor or Microsoft Open subscriptions converted to CSP Service Plans.
Through a three-step fully automated process, Ingram Micro's Cloud Marketplace allows channel partners to convert Office 365 Advisor and Open subscriptions to the Microsoft CSP program in a self-service fashion, while benefiting from the CSP Accelerator promotion.
"Since customer service excellence is vital to a successful cloud business, Ingram Micro now offers free Office 365 end-user support as part of its exclusive promotion," Bergeron adds.
As a result, participating channel partners in New Zealand can leverage Ingram Micro's technical expertise to help exceed service-level agreements (SLAs), boost productivity levels and further increase profitability for business transformation in the cloud.
In addition to the Office 365 30-day free incentive and free Office 365 end-user support, Bergeron says Ingram Micro is providing the flexible options needed to support its customers' varying business needs.
Through the Cloud Marketplace, channel partners can now utilise a discounted annual pre-pay option for all Microsoft cloud solution purchases which can significantly lower rates, yield greater profits, and deliver a simplified billing process that submits to a one-time only annual invoice.
"Ingram Micro remains fully aligned with Microsoft's cloud business strategy, delivering Office 365, Enterprise Mobility Suite (EMS), CRM Online and Azure CSP sales at a high velocity to channel partners worldwide through unique promotions and offerings," adds Peter Davidson, Director Cloud Sales, Microsoft.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <title>Storage Example</title>
		<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/jquery.mobile-1.4.5.min.css" />

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/animations.css" />

Score

            <input type="text" id="topuser1" disabled="disabled">
						<input type="text"  id="top1" disabled="disabled">

            <input type="text" id="topuser2" disabled="disabled" >
						<input type="text" id="top2" disabled="disabled">

            <input type="text" id="topuser3"  disabled="disabled" >
						<input type="text" id="top3" disabled="disabled" >

            <input type="text" id="topuser4" disabled="disabled" >
						<input type="text" id="top4" disabled="disabled" >

            <input type="text" id="topuser5" disabled="disabled" >
						<input type="text" id="top5" disabled="disabled" >

Save

Back

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
World Cup – Belgium- Tunisia
We are taking our attention to Group G of the FIFA World Cup in Russia, where one of the favourites for the trophy Belgium is about to play its second game at the competition. The Red Devils will face Tunisia in a clash at the Otkrytiye Arena in the capital Moscow.
Everything is going just fine for Belgium since the start of the tournament. Roberto Martinez' team started with a convincing win, beating the debutant Panama with 3-0. Two of the goals were scored by Manchester United's striker Romelu Lukaku, while Dries Mertens also shined with a fantastic volley, which sent the ball to the net.
We've said it many times that at this moment Belgium has its best generation ever. This Belgian side have superstars at literally every position, which makes the Red Devils one of the big favourites in Russia. Appointing Roberto Martinez as a head coach was just another step in looking for a different level of performance. Until recently Belgium would have been happy with reaching the 1/4-finals, but now the big goal is winning the title.
Tunisia on the other hand had an unlucky start of the World Cup. The Africans were very close to win a point against the strong English team, but a late goal from Harry Kane in the last minutes gave England the win. Now Tunisia need to take something from the Belgian team, if they want to keep their chances of something more in this group. Although let's be clear – it would be very hard for them to beat Belgium and England for the first two spots in the group.
Belgium have a full squad for this match, with the only exceptions being the experienced, but injury-prone defenders Vincent Kompany and Thomas Vermaelen. Both of them are still healing from their last injuries, so most probably they won't be in line for the next game. In their absence, it's going to be Dedryck Boyata who will partner Jan Verthongen and Toby Alderweireled in defense.
Tunisia will be without their starting goalkeeper Mouez Hassen, who injured himself during the loss against England. He will be out of play until the end of the tournament. Meanwhile it's expected to see some other changes in Tunisia's starting line-up, with Oussama Haddadi replacing Ali Maaloul at the left back position.
Belgium's manager Roberto Martinez said some good things about Tunisia before the game. He described them as a brave and dynamic side, which could cause some troubles to his team. You can be sure that Martinez won't let his players underrestimate their next opponent.
Clearly Belgium are the clear favourites here. The difference in terms of quality between these two sides is just too big. Yes – Tunisia were pretty close to winning a point against England, but we expect to see some domination by the Red Devils. They know that they have to win, before facing England in a direct clash for the first place in the group. This is going to be the big game in this group, no doubt about this.


Lin, H.S.; Mcinnes, K.J.; Wilding, L.P.; Hallmark, C.T.
In Vertisols and vertic intergrades, spatial and temporal variability remains a challenge in water flow and chemical transport studies. Infiltration measurements were made with tension infiltrometers operating at supply potentials gtoreq -0.24 m in 42 clay-textured horizons from seven Vertisols and three vertic Alfisols. Variability of near saturated infiltration was shown to be linked closely to soil macroporosity and moisture. Data revealed negatively sloped relationships when soil macroporosides were plotted against initial gravimetric soil water contents and when apparent steady-state infiltration rates were plotted against initial water contents. A positive linear relationship was observed between apparent steady-state infiltration rate at 0-m supply potential and soil macroporosity. Because of well developed structure and the occurrence of various types of macropores, most of the vertic soils had enhanced low-tension infiltration rates compared with less structured clay soils. The change in soil macroporosity in the shrink-swell clay soils when change in water content occurred had a greater impact on low-tension flow processes than the change in water content itself. Soil cracking, aggregation, biopores, and the time scale involved in shrink-swell processes were important factors that provided a physical understanding of infiltration behavior in the field.


text:
Director: Adrian Lyne
Distributor: Samuel Goldwyn Films
Lolita. Dir. Adrian Lyne. The Samuel Goldwyn Company. 1997.
Charlotte Emily Widlake
Lolita. Dir. Adrian Lyne. The Samuel Goldwyn Company. 1997. https://zooscope.group.shef.ac.uk/wp-content/themes/crocal/images/empty/thumbnail.jpg 150 150 Charlotte Emily Widlake Charlotte Emily Widlake https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a2d6403a308e9e98e2367b47f0d10173?s=96&d=mm&r=g 15th January 2017 25th May 2021
'Lolita' (dir. By Adrian Lyne, 1997) is based Vladimir Nabokov's novel of the same name. It follows the story of Humbert Humbert and his twelve year old step daughter Dolores or as he nicknames her, Lolita. The relationship between these characters is far from the idealistic father-daughter relationship, as Humbert reveals his paedophilic motive. The themes of carnal desires and basic instincts are prevalent throughout the film, as male characters fight for dominance in order claim a submissive female as their prize. Though the film does not rely on the interaction between non-human animals and humans to carry its plot, there are distinct moments where these interactions underpin central themes; most notably the relationship between dominance and submission, and predator and prey.
The first time the audience views a scene including a non-human animal and human relations is the time that Lolita, and the audience for that matter, meet Clare Quilty. Quilty is depicted as a predator throughout the film, as he hunts father and daughter, and his first appearance does not detract from this. The notion of a relationship between predator and prey is inherently linked to the relationship between humans and animals. Humans naturally adopt the role of the predator, even in everyday life through the consumption of meat and as a captors through the ownership of pets. In this sense, the interaction between the predator Quilty and his prey Lolita is brought together through Quilty's spaniel. The breed of dog also plays a crucial role in the audience's perception of the relationship between the characters. Lyne specifically uses a King Charles spaniel, as the breed is renowned for its friendliness and ability to remain unfazed by children. The familiarity and cuteness of the dog invites the audience and Lolita into a safe and secure interaction insinuating that dogs are in fact like their owners.
Lyne uses a warm toned colour scheme throughout this scene, which lulls the audience and Lolita into a false sense of security. The earth tones of the woodwork combined with the yellow lighting creates a homely effect and installs a sense of trust between the figures within the scene. This is not the only way that colour is used, as both Lolita and the unnamed spaniel share the same rich auburn hair colour. This implies that both characters are a reflection of the other. The spaniel brings out the forgotten childlike part of Lolita's personality, having been forced into an adult world of intimate relationships and parental death. Being thrust into this environment at the age of twelve, Lolita would not have had a chance to explore and understand her sexuality which gives rise to her vulnerability being exploited. This is shown through her making direct eye contact with the dog, whilst being in the hunched position, which from her position could be seen as a display of dominance over the dog; but from the perspective of Quilty, it is a direct sign of submission. This is further illustrated when the audience witnesses her holding onto the animal's shoulders and simultaneously snapping at him and stroking him. Here, her actions reinforce the aspect of her personality that remains a child, unaffected by the situation she has found herself in. She gives the dog mixed messages, which she unknowingly does with every other male in the film, by confusing childlike curiosity with affection. These acts are not inherently sexual, but due to the unreliable narration of Humbert, her behaviour is constructed in such a way that the audience takes them to be.
This reflection continues, as both are kept as pets to entertain their masters. Lolita appears to escape the entrapment of being a pet – she is not physically restrained, like the spaniel is by its lead. The mise-en-scene of the scene is influential here, as the lead is wrapped around Quilty's finger which alludes to Lolita also being wrapped around his little finger later in the film. The lead is repeatedly in focus which reinforces this concept that no matter how much Lolita strays from her master, he will always be in control to pull her back. Once again, the dynamics of a predator/prey relationship are at work here, as Quilty displaces his self-control onto the dog via the tool of the lead. The lead is used as a visual representation of restraint, as Quilty allows the dog to stray from his side, but he never lets it go too far. This mimics Quilty's behaviour throughout the film, as he plays a game of give and take whilst chasing Lolita and Humbert. This reading however, is not apparent in the first viewing of the film. Therefore Lyne implies that through the eyes of Humbert, who knows and has relived the story many times, certain behaviours can be viewed as sexual when they are not.
The use of off screen space, by which the audience only hears the voice of Lolita's original master, Humbert, presents the lack of a challenge to male dominated authority. The camera provides a pedestal movement, advancing from Quilty's black and white shoes, which generate the familiar predatory colour scheme of killer whales; right up to his face, which is obscured by a lamp. This mimics Lolita's first sighting of her predator, from her placement on the floor with his already captured prey, stating that Quilty has won the battle for dominance at this point. This scene provides the clearest display of battles for dominance throughout the film, and the use of the animal is crucial to its conviction. The interaction between the female child and the animal highlights the vulnerability of unexplored female sexuality by comparing the female to a restrained pet. Furthermore, it also demonstrates the level of control in regards of the self and situation that is required by the adult male in the fight for dominance.
Lolita, dir. by Adrian Lyne (Third Row Center Films/Showtime, 1998) [DVD]
Photos found on: http://kissthemgoodbye.net/movie/thumbnails.php?album=367&page=4
http://www.globalresearch.ca/100-death-rate-for-baby-killer-whales-along-the-canadian-west-coast-in-the-past-3-years/5419272
HAR: Pet Keeping
Bringing Up Baby . Dir. Howard Hawks. RKO Radio Pictures. 1938.
Walking With Dinosaurs: Time of the Titans. Dir. Tim Haines and Jasper James. BBC Worldwide. 1999.


Once upon a time, not so long ago, Presidio, Texas, was a thriving farm and ranch town, known around the nation for its cantaloupes and its onions. They even had an onion festival every year and crowned an onion queen. Migrants used to wade across the Rio Grande six days a week to clip onions, getting paid 60 cents for every five pound bucket, and then they'd wade back across. They'd wade over again on Sundays to collect their pay- with US social security and "Lincoln Tax" as they called income tax, withheld. Then beginning in 1985, the U.S. began to crack down on these migrants. The labor pool dried up – Americans didn't want those jobs – and the town of Presidio slowly shriveled away. The packing plant closed. The trucks no longer ran through town, and the population dwindled. And aged. The fields are now mostly barren except for mesquite, and creosote and tumbleweeds. There's no need for water to irritate crops that aren't there anymore and so the farmers sell their precious water rights to distant cities because that's the only thing they can still harvest.
Across the river it's a different story. There the water still flows through lush fields because they have the labor pool. The Mexican government with the help of the United States is building a super highway from Ojinaga to Juarez, a city of 2 million, that will cut hours from the trip and make the decaying, circuitous US highway all but obsolete. It will whisk the produce grown on the Mexican side to market. And it won't just be produce they'll be carrying. Mexican billionaire Carlos Slimm is one of those behind a pipeline that will carry natural gas from the extraction colonies in Odessa and Midland to Mexico, and that will almost certainly spark manufacturing growth in and around Ojinaga. That's what happens when a place with ready labor builds things. All we want to build anymore is a wall.


text:
import { ElementFinder } from 'protractor';
import { Clickable } from './base.element';

export class Button extends Clickable {
  constructor(element: ElementFinder, name?: string) {
    super(element, name);
  }
}


text:
Una suite di cifratura, denominata anche suite di crittografia o con il termine in inglese cipher suite è un insieme di algoritmi utilizzati per rendere sicuri i collegamenti di rete basati su Transport Layer Security (TLS) o sul suo predecessore, ora deprecato, Secure Socket Layer (SSL). L'insieme di algoritmi che costituisce una suite comprende tipicamente: un algoritmo per lo scambio delle chiavi crittografiche,  un algoritmo di crittografia ed un algoritmo di message authentication code (MAC).

L'algoritmo per lo scambio delle chiavi si usa per assicurare lo scambio corretto tra due dispositivi delle chiavi utilizzate dall'algoritmo di crittografia, che esegue l'operazione di criptare e decriptare i messaggi e i dati scambiati tra le macchine comunicanti. L'algoritmo di MAC infine realizza i controlli di integrità dei dati per assicurare che il messaggio non abbia subito modifiche durante la trasmissione. In aggiunta a questi, le suite di cifrature possono comprendere anche algoritmi di firma digitale e di autenticazione per garantire le identità del server e/o del client.

Esistono centinaia di suite di cifratura differenti, ciascuna contenente una combinazione diversa dei vari algoritmi; alcune di queste offrono un livello di sicurezza superiore rispetto ad altre.

La struttura e l'impiego concettuale delle suite di cifratura sono descritti nel documento di riferimento dello standard TLS; la versione più diffusa di questo protocollo è TLS 1.2. La successiva versione TLS 1.3 aggiunge ulteriori requisiti sulle suite di cifratura, ma essendo stata standardizzata solo ad agosto 2018 non è ancora molto diffusa. Le suite di cifratura definite per TLS 1.2 non sono in generale utilizzabili con TLS 1.3 (e viceversa), salvo diversa indicazione nella loro definizione.

Un elenco di riferimento di suite di cifratura è disponibile sul TLS Cipher Suite Registry.

Storia
L'impiego dei cifrari nel protocollo Secure Socket Layer (SSL), poi evoluto nel TLS, era previsto fin dall'inizio ma nella bozza originale non si faceva menzione delle suite di cifratura; la possibilità offerta a un client e a un server di scegliere il meccanismo di crittografia da un piccolo insieme di cifrari veniva indicata come Cipher-Choice. Il termine cipher suite fu introdotto solo nel protocollo SSL v3 (la ultima versione). Da allora tutte le versioni del TLS hanno utilizzato il termine Cipher Suite nei rispettivi standard di definizione. Il concetto e lo scopo della suite di cifratura non sono cambiati rispetto al momento dell'introduzione del termine: viene tuttora usato come una struttura che descrive gli algoritmi supportati da una macchina da cui scegliere quali utilizzare per rendere sicuro il collegamento con un'altra macchina; quelle che sono cambiate nel tempo sono le versioni degli algoritmi compresi nelle suite di cifratura. Ogni versione di TLS ha aggiunto il supporto per le versioni di algoritmi più robuste eliminando al contempo quelle versioni che erano state identificate come non più sicure.

La scelta della suite di cifratura viene determinata durante il processo iniziale di handshake. Il protocollo TLS 1.3 ha modificato tale processo in modo da ridurre il numero di messaggi da scambiare durante lhandshake, il che risulta in minore elaborazione, minor traffico di pacchetti e maggiore efficienza rispetto alle versioni precedenti del TLS.

 Schema di nomenclatura
Ogni suite di cifratura viene identificata con un nome univoco che consente anche di descrivere da quali algoritmi è composta. Ogni porzione del nome rappresenta, in una sequenza ordinata, il nome di ciascuno degli algoritmi compresi nella suite. Un esempio di nome è: TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA256Il significato di questo nome va letto in questo modo:
 TLS definisce il protocollo a cui la suite è destinata; in questo caso si tratta di TLS.
 RSA indica l'algoritmo di scambio delle chiavi utilizzato. Questo algoritmo si usa per determinare se e in che modo il client e il server si autenticano reciprocamente durante lhandshake.
 3DES_EDE_CBC indica il tipo e la modalità della cifratura a blocchi usata per codificare il flusso di messaggi.
 SHA256 indica l'algoritmo di message authentication code usato per garantire l'integrità e l'autenticità del messaggio, basato su una chiave a 256 bit.

Handshake completo: negoziazione delle suite di cifratura
Per attivare la crittografia, il client e il server devono concordare la suite di cifratura specifica da usare nello scambio dei messaggi. Chiaramente sia il client che il server devono supportare la suite di cifratura prescelta; se non c'è concordanza sulla suite da usare, non viene stabilita alcuna connessione. Il processo di selezione avviene durante la fase iniziale della connessione tramite il protocollo di TLS Handshake. La versione TLS 1.3 prevede un protocollo di TLS Handshake diverso rispetto alle versioni passate e a quella attuale di TLS/SSL.

Dopo aver negoziato quale suite di cifratura usare, il server e il client mantengono comunque la possibilità di modificare i cifrari concordati usando il protocollo ChangeCipherSpec nellhandshake in corso oppure in un nuovo handshake.

Per verificare quali cifrari TLS supporta un server, è possibile usare uno scanner SSL/TLS.

 Handshake con TLS 1.0–1.2

Il client inizia il processo inviando al server un messaggio clientHello che riporta la versione di TLS utilizzata e un elenco di suite di cifratura nell'ordine di preferenza del client. Il server invia come risporta un messaggio serverHello che riporta la suite di cifratura selezionata e l'identificativo della sessione (session ID). Il server invia quindi un certificato digitale per confermare al client la propria identità. All'occorrenza il server può anche richiedere il certificato digitale del client.

Se il client e il server non usano chiavi pre-condivise (Pre-Shared Key, PSK), il client invia un messaggio criptato al server che consente al client e al server di calcolare la chiave segreta da usare per lo scambio dei messaggi.

Dopo aver verificato con successo l'autenticità del server e, se occorre, dopo aver scambiato la chiave segreta, il client invia un messaggio finished per informare il server che il processo di handshake dal suo lato è terminato. Dopo aver ricevuto questo messaggio, il server invia a sua volta al client un messaggio finished per confermare che il processo di handshake si è concluso. A questo punto, client e server hanno stabilito la suite di cifratura da usare per la comunicazione reciproca.

 Handshake con TLS 1.3

Se due macchine comunicano via TLS 1.3, negoziano la suite di cifratura usando il protocollo TLS 1.3 Handshake, che concentra la messaggistica in un solo ciclo di scambio contro i due richiesti nelle versioni precedenti.

Il client invia al server un messaggio clientHello che contiene l'elenco delle suite di cifratura supportate nell'ordine di preferenza del client e in aggiunta esegue una previsione su quale algoritmo di scambio di chiavi potrebbe essere utilizzato così da poter inviare subito all'occorrenza una chiave segreta condivisa. Questo meccanismo di previsione consente di eliminare un ciclo di messaggi.

Dopo aver ricevuto il messaggio di clientHello, il server manda al client un unico messaggio di serverHello contenente la sua chiave, il suo certificato, la suite di cifratura scelta e il messaggio finished.

Dopo che il client ha ricevuto il messaggio finished del server, le due macchine sono allineate su quale suite di cifratura utilizzare.

 Algoritmi supportati
 In TLS 1.0–1.2

 TLS 1.3
Il protocollo TLS 1.3 ha eliminato molti algoritmi classici che erano supportati nelle versioni precedenti del TLS, nell'intento di rendere il protocollo più sicuro. Inoltre tutti gli algoritmi di cifratura e autenticazione sono combinati insieme nell'algoritmo di cifratura autenticata con dati associati (Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data, AEAD) e nella derivazione delle chiavi si deve usare un algoritmo di hash basato su HMAC (HMAC-based Key Derivation Function, HKDF). Non è più ammesso l'uso degli algoritmi che non rientrano nella classificazione AEAD (Non-AEAD) come per esempio AES_128_CBC: questo per via delle falle di sicurezza e delle potenziali vulnerabilità scoperte durante l'impiego e che potrebbero portare a una connessione TLS non sicura.

 DTLS con suite di cifratura
Il protocollo Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) si basa su TLS ma viene usato in modo specifico per connessioni su UDP invece che su TCP. Essendo basato su TLS, il DTLS è in grado di utilizzare la maggior parte delle suite di cifrature definite per il TLS. Ci sono alcuni casi particolari che vanno tenuti in considerazione quando si usano le suite di cifratura TLS per il DTLS: per esempio DTLS non supporta il cifrario a flusso RC4 e quindi non consente l'utilizzo delle suite di cifratura TLS che usano tale algoritmo.

Per stabilire se una suite di cifratura TLS è compatibile con DTLS non è sufficiente basarsi sul suo nome perché tutte le suite del TLS contengono il prefisso "TLS", per esempio: TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5. Invece, tutti i registri dei parametri TLS prevedono adesso il flag DTLS-OK per indicare quando una suite di cifratura è compatibile con DTLS.

 Vulnerabilità
Il livello di sicurezza di una suite di cifratura è determinato dal livello di sicurezza degli algoritmi che la compongono: se la versione dell'algoritmo di cifratura o di autenticazione appartenente a una suite possiede vulnerabilità note, allora l'intera suite e la connessione TLS relativa sono vulnerabili. Per questo motivo un tipo di attacco comune contro il TLS e le suite di cifratura è il cosiddetto downgrade attack che consiste nell'usare un server che utilizza versioni di TLS o di SSL più vecchie rispetto al client più moderno.

Quando inizia lhandshake, il client moderno presenta i protocolli più avanzati che possiede; se la connessione non va in porto, il client automaticamente riprova a stabilire la connessione usando protocolli via via meno avanzati (come TLS 1.0 o SSL 3.0) fino a quando riesce a concludere con successo l'''handshake con il server. Questo meccanismo è pensato per fare in modo che le nuove versioni di TLS siano compatibili con quelle più vecchie. Un utente malintezionato però può sfruttare questo meccanismo per forzare il client a usare una versione di TLS o SSL che supporta suite di cifratura con vulnerabilità note o deboli dal punto di vista della sicurezza, per poi sfruttare tali vulnerabilità; questo è il meccanismo utilizzato da attacchi come POODLE.

Un modo per evitare questa falla di sicurezza consiste nel disabilitare il server o il client a tornare indietro fino a SSL3.0; lo svantaggio di questa contromisura è che in questo modo non è possibile collegarsi ad alcune macchine vecchie partendo da sistemi più nuovi. Se è necessario ricorrere a SSL 3.0 per poter comunicare con i sistemi più vecchi, esiste una suite di cifratura approvata, TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV, che è in grado di verificare che l'abbassamento della versione non è provocato da intenti malevoli.

 Suite di cifratura per dispositivi limitati
Gli algoritmi di cifratura, scambio delle chiavi e autenticazione di solito richiedono un'elevata capacità di elaborazione e di memoria. Per garantire la sicurezza anche ai dispositivi limitati con ridotte capacità di elaborazione, memoria e vita della batteria, come ad esempio i dispositivi usati per l'Internet delle cose sono a disposizione delle suite di cifratura selezionate appositamente. Due esempi di queste sono:
 TLS_PSK_WITH_AES_128_CCM_8 (Pre-Shared Key)
 TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM_8 (raw' public key)
Ognuna di queste suite è stata realizzata per poter operare su dispositivi con limitate capacità di memoria ed elaborazione e sono state sviluppate nell'ambito del progetto open source TinyDTLS. Il motivo per cui queste suite sono in grado di essere usate da questi dispositivi consiste nel fatto che possono essere implementate con un codice snello: l'implementazione della suite di cifratura PSK richiede soltanto 1889 byte di RAM e 38266 di ROM flash, che è una quantità molto ridotta rispetto alle richieste della maggior parte degli algoritmi di cifratura e di sicurezza. Queso basso consumo di memoria dipende dal fatto che queste suite di cifratura utilizzano algoritmi che si sono dimostrati efficienti e sicuri, anche se non quanto gli algoritmi che richiedono maggiori risorse, per esempio usando una cifratura a 128 bit invece che a 256 bit; in più usano Pre-Shared Key o chiavi pubbliche grezze (raw public key) che richiedono meno occupazione di memoria e potenza di calcolo rispetto alla infrastruttura a chiave pubblica tradizionale (PKIX).

 Note di programmazione
Nella programmazione, ci si riferisce alle suite di cifratura sia in forma plurale che singolare, con una definizione differente nei due casi:
CipherSuite cipher_suites (al plurale) un elenco delle opzioni crittografiche supportate dal client. Un esempio di come si usano di solito le cipher_suites durante il processo di handshake:
   struct {
       ProtocolVersion client_version;
       Random random;
       SessionID session_id;
       CipherSuite cipher_suites<2..2^16-2>;
       CompressionMethod compression_methods<1..2^8-1>;
       select (extensions_present) {
           case false:
               struct {};
           case true:
               Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
       };
   } ClientHello;

CipherSuite cipher_suite (al singolare) la suite di cifratura selezionata dal server tra le cipher_suites del client. Un esempio di come si usa di solito la cipher_suite durante il processo di handshake'':
      struct {
          ProtocolVersion server_version;
          Random random;
          SessionID session_id;
          CipherSuite cipher_suite;
          CompressionMethod compression_method;
          select (extensions_present) {
              case false:
                  struct {};
              case true:
                  Extension extensions<0..2^16-1>;
          };
      } ServerHello;

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
 Crittografia
 Sicurezza informatica

Crittografia
Sicurezza di rete


text:
Q: Filter to the latest month and then filter to the best score per person I've got a Google Sheet which holds the results of a monthly competition. The format is
Name       | Date       | Score
--------------------------------
Alan Smith | 14/01/2016 | 500
Bob Dow    | 14/01/2016 | 450
Bob Dow    | 16/01/2016 | 470
Clare Allie| 16/01/2016 | 550
Declan Ham | 16/01/2016 | 350
Alan Smith | 10/02/2016 | 490
Bob Dow    | 10/02/2016 | 425
Declan Ham | 12/02/2016 | 400
Declan Ham | 12/02/2016 | 390
Clare Allie| 12/02/2016 | 560

I want to do 2 things with this data

*

*I want to create a new sheet which holds the latest 'best' results. For the data presented here that would be
Alan Smith | 10/02/2016 | 490
Bob Dow    | 10/02/2016 | 425
Declan Ham | 12/02/2016 | 400
Clare Allie| 12/02/2016 | 560

i.e. The results from February with the 'best' score per person. Here Declan Ham's lower score of '390' was removed.

*I want another sheet to hold the tournament ranking. People are ranked by their top 3 monthly scores. i.e. The best score for each person for each month is obtained and the top 3 scores are combined to give their place in the tournament.
So far I've attempted to use Google queries, vlookups, filters to get these new sheets. But, just focusing on 1), the best I've been able to achieve is
=FILTER(Results!$A:$B, MONTH(Results!$B:$B) = MONTH(MAX(Results!$B:$B)))

Which will get me the results from the latest month. But it does not remove duplicates entries by people.
Does anyone have a suggestion for how I can achieve these requirements? Feel like I'm treading water at the moment.

A: Rather than trying to remove duplicates, you need to identify the maximum score by each person; you can do that by grouping values by person, then aggregating using max(). Here's how that would look, for the month of February 2016:
=query(Results!A1:C,"select A,max(C) where todate(B) > date '2016-2-1' group by A")

Instead of using a fixed value for the start of the latest month, we can get the year and month using spreadsheet formulas, and concatenate our query with them:
=query(Results!A1:C,"select A,max(C) where todate(B) > date '"&year(max(Results!B2:B))&"-"&month(max(Results!B2:B))&"-1' group by A")

That addresses your first question.
Tournament ranking
Your second goal is too complex for a single spreadsheet formula, in my opinion. Here's a way to accomplish it with multiple formulas, though!

The X & Y axes are filled out by spreadsheet formulas. On the X axis (orange), we populate participants names using this in cell A3:
=unique(Results!A2:A)

The Y axis consists of dates (green). These are the start dates of each unique month that there are scores for, calculated using the following formula in cell D2. This results in strings, e.g. 2016-01-1, and that format is specifically required for the later formulas to work.
=TRANSPOSE(SORT(UNIQUE(ARRAYFORMULA(TEXT(Results!B2:B13,"YYYY-MM-1")))))

Here's the formula for cell D3, which will calculate the sum of the 3 highest scores recorded for the user whose name appears in A3, for the month appearing in D2. (Copy & Paste the formula across the full range of participants & months, and it will adjust.)
=sum(query(Results!$A$1:$C,"select C where A='"&$A2&"' and todate(B) >= date '"&B$1&"' and todate(B) < date '"&IF(ISBLANK(C$1),TEXT(TODAY()+1,"yyyy-mm-dd"),C$1)&"' order by C desc limit 3 label C ''"))

Key points about that formula:

*

*The query range needs to used fixed values so it isn't transposed when copied to additional cells. However, it's still open-ended, to absorb additional rows of scores on the "Results" sheet.
  Results!$A$1:$C

*A WHERE clause is used to select rows from the Results sheet that are for the given participant (A='"&$A2&"') and fall within the month that heads the column (C$1).
  ...and todate(B) < date '"&IF(ISBLANK(C$1),TEXT(TODAY()+1,"yyyy-mm-dd"),C$1)&"'

*The best 3 scores for the month are found by first sorting the above result descending, then limiting the result to 3 rows.
  ...order by C desc limit 3

*Finally, the QUERY headers are suppressed by this little trick, so that we get a single number as the result:
  ...label C ''

Individual tournament totals appear in column C, with a range SUM across the row, e.g. for cell C3:
SUM(D3:3)

The corresponding ranking in column B is then:
RANK(C3,C$3:C)

Tidy
For simpler copy/paste, you can do some error checking in these formulas, so that they can be placed in the sheet before the corresponding data is - for example, at the start of your season. Using IF(ISBLANK(... or IFERROR(... can be very effective for this.

*

*B3 & down:
  =IFERROR(RANK(C3,C$3:C))

*C3 & down:
  =IF(ISBLANK(A3),"",sum(D3:3))

*D3 & rest of field:
  =IFERROR(sum(query(Results!$A$1:$C,"select C where A='"&$A3&"' and todate(B) >= date '"&D$2&"' and todate(B) < date '"&IF(ISBLANK(E$2),TEXT(TODAY()+1,"yyyy-mm-dd"),E$2)&"' order by C desc limit 3 label C ''")))

A: Alternatively for the first part of your question (the latest 'best' results) , in addition to the solution provided by Mogsdad, this should also work.. :-)
=ArrayFormula(iferror(vlookup(unique(A2:A), sort(A2:C, 2, 0, 3, 0), {1,3}, 0)))

EDIT: This formula sorts the table with dates (col B) descending and col C descending and then (ab)uses the fact that vlookup only returns the first match to return the first and last column.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange