text:
Doctor Who Site! :D
NeW tArDiS
New TARDIS (2012)
New Time Vortex?
Thinkgeek! :)
The Doctor's Enemies/Aliens
Sonic Screwdrivers
The Doctor Who Photo Gallery
Series>
Series 7~50th Anniversary
The TARDIS! :)
Sontarans
Weeping Angels
Krillitane
..DEFAULT..
The doctor's regenerations
The doctor's transitions
Romnana's regeneration
The master's regeneration
other regenerations
Bigger on the Inside? TARDIS
SECRET FUN SHTUFF
oswin
News prev.
New Doctor Who Toys
TTSC
New Companion~Clara Oswin Oswald
s7p2e1
s7p1cs
Videos: The name of the Doctor :)
Songs of the Doctor
Martha Jones
was a British physician. She met the Tenth Doctor while in residency at Royal Hope Hospital in London. Following an adventure in which her hospital was transported to the Moon by the Judoon, she began travelling with the Time Lord. (TV: Smith and Jones) Although she would return from those travels mere days later—from the perspective of her colleagues and friends on Earth—she had many adventures with him and met a great many of his other companions.
Likely, her most challenging trip with the Doctor was the one on which she met Captain Jack and the Master. By the end of it, she had spent an entire year walking the surface of the Earth to ensure people everywhere would know the Doctor's name, and would flood the Master's psychoactive Archangel Network. It was only through Martha's long personal journey that the Master's plan was defeated and the year of his horrible reign over Earth was converted into an alternate reality. (TV: Utopia, The Sound of Drums, Last of the Time Lords; PROSE: The Story of Martha)
Unlike other companions, she both fell in love with the Doctor and declared that affection. Because he pointedly failed to return that affection, she eventually decided to part company with him. (TV: Last of the Time Lords)
Nevertheless, she kept a phone to call him. (TV: The Sontaran Strategem) She believed he had arranged for her employment as a UNIT medical officer. This, in turn, led to her liaison with Torchwood Three and eventual reunion with Jack Harkness, (TV: Reset) as well as time amiably spent with Donna Noble. (TV: The Sontaran Stratagem, The Doctor's Daughter) She was a key combatant in the Dalek invasion of Earth. During that crisis, which saw the Earthhurled into the Medusa Cascade, she was prepared to blow up the Earth itself rather than see it be used by Davros and his Daleks. It was during this crisis that she met Sarah Jane Smith, Jackie Tyler, Rose Tyler, and—importantly--Mickey Smith, her future husband.
During his final reward, in which the slowly dying Tenth Doctor visited his companions, he saw Mickey and Martha fighting off a Sontaran invasion. By this time, Smith and Jones were "freelance" defenders of Earth, unaffiliated with any organisation. (TV: The End of Time)
BIOGRAPHY edit EARLY LIFE edit Martha Jones was born in 1986 to Francine and Clive Jones. She had an older sister calledTish, a younger brother, Leo, and a niece, Keisha Jones. When she was a child, Leo pushed Martha off the swing and broke her arm. Going in the ambulance and having her arm plastered fascinated her. She decided to be a doctor right then. (PROSE: The Story of Martha) Martha's parents divorced when she was young. Her siblings and she grew up with their mother. Martha slept in their home's smallest room. (PROSE: Wooden Heart) Martha had three trumpet lessons in Year 6 of primary school. (COMIC: House Pests)
Martha was forced to play peacekeeper in continual family arguments. In 2007, she lost her cousin Adeola Oshodi, who worked for Torchwood One, in the Battle of Canary Wharf.
WITH THE TENTH DOCTOR edit FIRST MEETING edit Martha studied medicine and worked as a student doctor under Mr. Stoker at the Royal Hope Hospital in London, England. (TV: Smith and Jones) In 2008, the hospital was transported tothe Moon by the Judoon. Calm while those around her panicked, Martha worked with theTenth Doctor, who was posing as a patient named John Smith, to track down thePlasmavore, "Florence Finnegan", for whom the Judoon were searching.
As the oxygen in the hospital ran out, Martha gave her last breaths to resuscitate the clinically-dead Doctor, who had thwarted Florence's plan. The Judoon returned the hospital to Earth. That evening, after another family argument at her brother Leo's party, a recovered Martha was approached by the Doctor, who revealed that he was a Time Lordand invited her to join him on a single trip through time and space in the TARDIS, (TV: Smith and Jones) though he kept extending this "single trip". (TV: Gridlock, Daleks in Manhattan)
TRAVELS editMartha in 1599 London. (TV: The Shakespeare Code) The Doctor took Martha to 1599. They met William Shakespeare, who flirted with Martha, calling her his "Dark Lady". The three of them used a "spell" to defeat a trio of witch-like Carrionites who were using Shakespeare's play Love's Labour's Won as a spell to bring other Carrionites to Earth. The Carrionites, along with the play, were sealed away. (TV: The Shakespeare Code)
Martha while kidnapped and taken on the Motorway. (TV: Gridlock) Martha's next trip was to New New York, where they landed in the Undercity. Learning the Doctor had also visited New Earth with Rose, Martha worried she was a "rebound" companion. After the Doctor had opened up the Motorway, Martha witnessed the death of the Face of Boe and heard his final words, "You are not alone". Before they departed New Earth, Martha learned about the Doctor's home planet and the Last Great Time War. (TV: Gridlock)
The Doctor extended Martha's trip in the TARDIS again, going to 1930 New York City, where they found the population of Hooverville being transformed into pig slaves as part of theCult of Skaro's plans to build a race of human-Daleks. Martha was forced to kill pig slaves in remorseful self-defence. (TV: Daleks in Manhattan / Evolution of the Daleks)
Martha meets a Dalek. (TV: Daleks in Manhattan) After the Cult of Skaro's defeat, the Doctor returned Martha home twelve hours after she had left. He overheard a TV news story about a man promising to "change what it means to behuman", and escorted her to the presentation of Prof. Richard Lazarus' rejuvenation device. Uncovering the disastrous effects of Lazarus' work, the Doctor, Martha and her sister Tish helped to kill the monster Lazarus had become. Afterward, the Doctor offered Martha one more trip, but she refused. She no longer wanted to be just a passenger. The Doctor invited her on board the TARDIS, as a full-time companion. (TV: The Lazarus Experiment)
They answered a distress signal in the 42nd century Torajii system: a ship falling towards the sun. The sun was a sentient being possessing the crew members and killing them off, but Martha and the Doctor saved the ship and departed safely. During this adventure, Martha had a brief romance with one of the ship's crew, Riley Vashtee. He wanted her to stay but she chose to remain with the Doctor. (TV: 42)
Martha as a servant in1913. (TV: Human Nature) To escape the Family of Blood, who were hunting him, the Doctor used the Chameleon Arch to turn himself into a human being with no memory of the Doctor. He became John Smith, a teacher at an English public school in 1913, where Martha took a job as a maid. Martha watched helplessly as Smith fell in love with a nurse, Joan Redfern, exclaiming he "had to go and fall in love with a human and it wasn't me".
When the Family of Blood tracked them down, wreaking havoc on the town and school, Martha convinced John Smith to sacrifice his human life and love by reverting to the Doctor. He defeated the Family of Blood, left a heartbroken Joan and rejoined Martha in the TARDIS. (TV: Human Nature / The Family of Blood)
Martha and the Doctor travelled to an old house in Wester Drumlins where Weeping Angelssent them back to 1960s London. The Doctor helped Sally Sparrow recover the TARDIS in the future while Martha took a job in a shop to support them. (TV: Blink)
Martha on the run fromthe Master. (TV: The Sound of Drums) Following a short pit-stop in Cardiff, the TARDIS took Martha and the Doctor to the end of the universe and the planetMalcassairo, where they met Captain Jack Harkness. They also encountered the last humans in the universe, being assisted byProfessor Yana. Martha noticed he had a watch similar to the Doctor's Chameleon Arch, prompting him to open it. The human Yana was transformed back into the Doctor's Time Lord nemesis,the Master, and escaped in the TARDIS. (TV: Utopia)
Martha, Jack, and the Doctor used Jack's vortex manipulator to travel back to 21st century Earth the day after Harold Saxon was voted Prime Minister. Mr Saxon was in fact an alias of the Master, who had been living on Earth for months since his departure from Malcassairo. The Master, who had been manipulating Martha's family since she became a full-time companion, had Francine, Clive, and Tish arrested while Leo escaped. As her family, Jack, and the Doctor were all taken prisoner aboard the Valiant, Martha teleported back to Earth with a mission to defeat the Master. (TV: The Sound of Drums)
THE YEAR THAT NEVER WAS editMartha with The Tenth Doctor saying goodbye to Captain Jack. (TV: Last of the Time Lords) Martha knew what she had to do: spread the word of the Doctor. In her travels, she visited the ruins of New York City, fusion camps in China and toxic pits in Europe. She travelled from England to rebel camps in Europe, where she met the Brigadier's son Calvin. She was interned in a concentration camp in Japan. (PROSE: The Story of Martha) After a year travelling around the world, she met fellow resistance member Tom Milligan. She had spent a year on Earth telling everyone to think of the Doctor at a specific time so the Master could be defeated. This plan worked; the Doctor returned to his original form and the Master was shot by his wife, Lucy Saxon. As a result of the destruction of the Master's paradox machine, only Martha, her family, and the people on board the Valiant retained their memories of that year under the Master.
Although the Doctor wanted her to stay with him, she felt her family needed her more. She also needed to get out of what she saw was an unhealthy relationship of her hoping the Doctor would finally notice her. She stayed on Earth to complete her training as a doctor. To keep in touch, she gave the Doctor her superphone saying that she would call him when she needed him. (TV: Last of the Time Lords) The Eleventh Doctor later expressed guilt regarding her. (TV: Let's Kill Hitler)
UNIT CAREER edit WORK WITH TORCHWOOD editMartha inside theTorchwood hub. (TV:Reset) Martha was recruited by UNIT. She and Captain Jack believed the Tenth Doctor put in a good word for her. She visitedTorchwood Three in Cardiff as a UNIT officer. She became embroiled in their investigation of a medical organisation calledthe Pharm as an undercover agent. She was discovered and captured, and Mayflies were put into her body. Owen Harpersaved her life with an alien surgical device. As Aaron Copleyattempted to shoot Martha, Owen saved her by taking the bullet for her. He was killed. Before Copley could shoot Martha, he was shot by Jack. (TV: Reset)
Martha is captured by the Pharm (TV: Reset) Martha witnessed Owen's return as an undead being through theresurrection gauntlet. She gave him a posthumous physical. "Death", a force possessing Harper, made the gauntlet attack Martha and age her into an old woman. After Owen defeated the Death being, she reverted to normal (TV: Dead Man Walking). She mended Harper's injured hand when, in a fit of self-destruction after Jack decided to relieve him of duty at Torchwood, he deliberately wounded it.
Once Owen Harper was returned to duty, she left for UNIT, a few days after she had begun working with them. (TV: A Day in the Death)
She did not attend Gwen Cooper's wedding because of work, (WEB: Torchwood website) though she did attend both Owen and Tosh's funerals (AUDIO: Lost Souls).
Back at UNIT, she got engaged to her boyfriend, Thomas Milligan, though he left Britain for a while to go to Africa. (TV: The Sontaran Stratagem / The Poison Sky)
REUNION WITH THE DOCTOR editMartha reuniting with the Doctor (TV: The Sontaran Stratagem) Martha called the Doctor when UNIT were about to attack theATMOS factory which secretly formed a key part of a Sontaran invasion plan. She was working under the "by-the-book" Colonel Mace, who was in charge of the operation. Not long after UNIT took control of the factory, Martha was kidnapped by twoSontaran-controlled soldiers and put in a cloning pool to be copied. She was put to sleep but kept alive; her clone needed access to her memories while helping the Sontarans. (TV: The Sontaran Stratagem)
Martha's clone died soon after the Doctor rescued Martha, but Martha was able to convince the clone to help them. Before the clone died, it said Martha had many things she wanted to do and she should do them. While chatting with the Doctor and Donna after the Sontarans' defeat, Martha turned down the Doctor's offer to travel again with him. As soon as she had made her refusal, an unknown force took control of the TARDIS, and dragged them into theTime Vortex. (TV: The Poison Sky)
Martha in the Hath camp. (TV: The Doctor's Daughter) Martha walked out of the TARDIS onto the planet Messaline, remarking that even though she did not want to travel with the Doctor any more, she loved the first step on a new planet. The Doctor was grabbed and his hand put in a machine to form his daughter, Jenny. Soon after, they were attacked by the Hath. Martha was separated from the Doctor and Donna and taken by the Hath. She helped the injured Hath Peck, earning the Hath's trust. They showed her a map of their location.
The Doctor was shown a corresponding map, and made new passages and tunnels appear on both maps. The Doctor phoned Martha and told her where they were heading. Martha went onto the planet's surface and took Hath Peck with her. She slipped into a pool of quicksand, but Hath Peck saved her life, sacrificing his own. Martha found the Temple and was reunited with the Doctor, Donna, and Jenny. They discovered what the humans and Hath were fighting over: the Source, a terraforming device which would make the planet's surface habitable.
Martha says goodbye to the Doctor for the second time. (TV: The Doctor's Daughter) As the Hath and the humans appeared, the Doctor released the Source. General Cobb was enraged and shot at the Doctor, killing Jenny instead. When the Doctor said that there was a possibility she would come back to life, Martha shook her head and confirmed she was dead. The Doctor returned Martha to Earth. She said a fond farewell to Donna and him, and went off to reunite with her fiancé, Thomas Milligan. (TV: The Doctor's Daughter)
FIGHTING THE DALEKS edit Martha moved to New York after promotion to the post of Medical Director on Project Indigo, a teleport device using recovered Sontaran technology. Whilst she was working at UNIT HQ in New York City, Earth was transported to the Medusa Cascade.
General Sanchez gives Martha the Osterhagen key. (TV: The Stolen Earth) When Daleks attacked the base, General Sanchez ordered Martha to use Project Indigo to escape and contact the Doctor. Sanchez also gave her the Osterhagen Key and ordered her to use it should the need arise. Project Indigo, which had never been tested, teleported Martha to her home in London, where she was reunited with her mother. Martha later theorised that her emotions controlled it, sending her home.
Harriet Jones had created a low-level signal and contacted Martha, Torchwood and Sarah Jane Smith to assist Earth and defeat the Daleks. Together they contacted the Doctor and summoned him to help them to fight the Daleks. (TV: The Stolen Earth)
Unsure of whether the Doctor would come, Martha decided to use the Osterhagen Key. Leaving her mother, she teleported to Germany and a secret UNIT base—one of several Osterhagen Key activation points.
Martha and two other UNIT operatives in other locations prepared to activate the Osterhagen Project, but first she contacted the Crucible, warning the Daleks and Davros she would use the key to destroy Earth rather than let it fall into their hands. They teleported her to the Crucible, however. Here, she was joined with the Doctor, Rose Tyler, Mickey Smith, Jackie Tyler, Jack, and Sarah Jane. After the arrival of Donna and the Meta-Crisis Tenth Doctor, they defeated the Daleks and their plans. Martha and the others assisted the Doctor in piloting the TARDIS, towing Earth back to its solar system. (TV: Journey's End)
Martha as a Freelance alien fighter (TV: The End of Time) RETURN TO UNIT AND FREELANCE WORK edit After Earth was returned to its proper place, Martha exited the TARDIS with Jack Harkness, who offered her a job with Torchwood. She did not take Jack's offer to work for Torchwood, but stayed with UNIT.
She phoned Captain Jack when stationed at the CERN Facility inSwitzerland when the Large Hadron Collider was scheduled to be activated. Some of the staff had gone missing, including her old friend Julia Swayles. TheTorchwood 3 team went to Switzerland to investigate and found the person who was responsible was Dr. Harrington. (AUDIO: Lost Souls)
By the time the 456 incident began, she was on her honeymoon. (TV: Children of Earth: Day One)
She decided to go into "freelance" alien fighting with Mickey Smith, whom she had married. One adventure saw Martha and Mickey battle a Sontaran, Jask. Unknown to them, Jask had them cornered and was about to kill them. The Doctor stepped in and knocked out Jask, saving them as his final gift to them prior to his next regeneration . Martha spotted the Doctor. They called out to him, but he walked away without saying a word. As the TARDIS left, Martha embraced her husband sadly, possibly realising what the Doctor's appearance meant. (TV: The End of Time)
Martha occasionally went back to UNIT, however, filling in for her friend Malcolm Taylor as London's scientific advisor. (COMIC: Don't Step on the Grass) She called in the Eleventh Doctor to assist the Japanese branch of UNIT with investigating a mysterious beverage. This was Martha's first interaction with the eleventh incarnation of the Doctor. (COMIC: The Golden Ones)
The Doctor felt guilty about the development of Martha's rather more violent and soldier-like attitude well into his eleventh incarnation. (TV: Let's Kill Hitler (TV story))
DONNA'S WORLD edit In an alternate reality where Donna Noble had turned right for a job interview instead of turning left, Martha was working in the Royal Hope Hospital at the time that the hospital was moved to the Moon by the Judoon. She met Sarah Jane and Luke Smith, as well as Maria Jackson and Clyde Langer, as they investigated the hospital. When the oxygen ran out, everyone in the hospital, including Martha, were left to die of suffocation. She gave the last oxygen tank to fellow student Oliver Morgenstern before dying, leaving him the only survivor. This timeline was negated when Donna sacrificed herself to get her old self to turn left. (TV: Turn Left)
PERSONALITY edit Martha was an intelligent, brave and kind-hearted woman with a great sense of humour. When she was a prisoner of the Daleks, one of them confirmed that she possessed high intelligence. (TV: Daleks in Manhattan) The Doctor was impressed with her theory about having air on the Moon, and he asked her to join him in the hospital balcony to see if they could breathe. (TV: Smith and Jones) Although the Doctor asked more of her than any other companion (watching after him while he was human, walking the world for a year), she rose to every challenge. (TV: Human Nature, Last of the Time Lords)
Martha was willing to accept accept and defend non-humans as friends. She greeted unusual looking species with wonder and even treated injuries. (TV: Utopia, The Doctor's Daughter) She quickly adapted pattern of speech and gesture to communicate more effectively with other species. (TV: Daleks in Manhattan, The Doctor's Daughter)
Martha quickly developed a crush on the Doctor and always wondered if he even noticed her. Martha was envious of Joan Redfern when the Doctor made himself a human namedJohn Smith and fell in love with her saying he "had to go and fall in love with a human, and it wasn't me". (TV: Human Nature/The Family of Blood)
In the Year That Never Was, Martha admitted that she loved the Doctor, but after the Master's defeat, she decided that holding on to the hope that he would return her feelings was not good for her. She was later engaged to Tom, but eventually married Mickey Smithinstead. (TV: The End of Time)
Although she had cause to be jealous of Rose Tyler, Martha seemed genuinely happy for the Doctor when he and Rose were reunited. She got along very well with Donna Noble. After the year that never was, Martha became a close friend of Captain Jack Harkness and although she did not seem to return his overtures, she did not mind when he flirted with her. (TV: Utopia)
SKILLS edit Martha had a scientific mind. Her knowledge, analytical, and problem solving skill were frequently on display. (TV: Daleks in Manhattan, Smith and Jones, The Doctor's Daughter,The Sontaran Stratagem, Reset) Her knowledge and logic allowed her to execute very complicated coordinated plans based on very little information from the Doctor. (TV: Last of the Time Lords) She also proved handy with a gun. (TV: The Family of Blood, The End of Time) Of course, her medical skills proved handy, especially after the experience she gained with aliens and other unusual medical situations, finding her work with UNIT and Torchwood Three. (TV: The Doctor's Daughter, The Sontaran Stratagem, Reset, A Day in the Death)
BEHIND THE SCENES edit TORCHWOOD AND SJA edit Martha's last scene in Journey's End was interpreted as opening the door for a possible return to Torchwood. Although there were unconfirmed rumours that Agyeman was seen at aTorchwood filming location, she did not appear in the Children of Earth miniseries; she was referenced in dialogue as still being with UNIT. Her subsequent appearance at the end of TV:The End of Time again fueled speculation of a possible future Torchwood appearance, which did not come about in the revived Torchwood.
Russell T Davies originally intended for Martha to appear in Torchwood: Children of Earthminiseries and Enemy of the Bane, the series 2 finale of The Sarah Jane Adventures. Freema Agyeman's casting in the ITV series Law & Order: UK resulted initially in herTorchwood appearance being reduced to a cameo, and then eliminated completely (along with an appearance by Mickey Smith).
Later, her schedule also precluded Agyeman from appearing in Sarah Jane, resulting inNicholas Courtney returning as the Brigadier instead. (REF: Doctor Who: The Writer's Tale - The Final Chapter) Had she appeared in these two productions, she would have been the first major character to play an important role in Doctor Who and both of its direct spin-offs (even including the Doctor, who to date has not appeared in Torchwood).


text:
ArkCase Enterprise
ArkCase Open Source
Correspondence Management
FOIA / Public Records / ATIP
ArkCase Security
EVOLVE20
Date: October 6-7, 2020
How To Optimize Data Privacy Requests by 80% and Be CCPA/GDPR Compliant: In a post-WikiLeaks world, data privacy requests are growing as people worry about companies and agencies storing privately identifiable information (PII). Privacy laws such as the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) are posing numerous challenges to entities that store and manage PII.
The freedom of information laws that enable citizens to request disclosure of information require governments and organizations to be open to the public, while adhering to these strict privacy laws. Companies and agencies who collect, process and store PII are struggling to remain compliant with regulations and remain open to people's requests to access their data quickly, easily, and cost-effectively.
Citizens/consumers can now ask a company to disclose and delete any PII that the company owns on the citizen/consumer. The challenge with data privacy requests is that companies and organizations will need to be able to quickly search through all their data, find all PII pertaining to a specific individual and send the requested information to the requester. If the requester demands that this data be deleted, the company will need to have the capability to delete the data completely.
ArkCase, powered by ASG Mobius Content Services, offers organizations a data privacy management solution that will receive, process and respond to requests from citizens/consumer for data disclosure, while following the strict legal frameworks dictated by GDPR, CCPA, FOIA and others.
DC Office of the CIO
DC Public Defender Service
Federal Conference
International Health Agency
US Office of Personnel Management
FOIA / Public Records
Release of Information Management
Victoria Police Goes Live with ArkCase FOIPP
VIENNA, Va, September 24, 2021—The ArkCase Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy (FOIPP) solution is being implemented by Victoria Police of Victoria, British Columbia. The Victoria Police will be using ArkCase's FOIPP solution to execute an improved,...
Why Canadian Government Agencies Should Consider an Automated ATIP Solution
First published on Armedia.com. Reposted with permission. The Access to Information and Privacy Act (ATIP) of Canada came into effect in 1983. With this act, under the control of a federal government institution, Canadian citizens, permanent residents, or other...
Why Every FOIA Agency Needs A Modern Public Records Software like ArkCase FOIA
Handling public records requests is a complex process that many government agencies are rapidly modernizing given the recent reports of large legal fees associated with withholding. In many agencies, employees are still hunting down paper-based documents from multiple...
Why Agencies Pick Open-Source Case Management Software Over Proprietary Options
Government agencies have shown a firm commitment to implement new, improved, and cost-effective IT solutions. As an example, we have seen an increased acceptance of open-source case management software in government agencies for IT modernization efforts. Recognizing...
ArkCase and Robotic Process Automation
Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is generating a lot of buzz these days. Many predict this to be the next growth area in the IT industry which certainly seems to be the case. Just look at the automation bots around us today that are in daily use – Siri, Google Home,...
ArkCase on Twitter
ArkCase on LinkedIn
Copyright © ArkCase, LLC, 2021. All Rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ruth Erdt, ou Vuillemin-Erdt, née le  à Zurich, est une photographe suisse.

Biographie
De 1982 à 1983, Ruth Erdt suit un cours préliminaire à la Kunstgewerbeschule de Zurich. De 1983 à 1987, elle étudie dans la classe spécialisée en design visuel de l'école de design de Zurich et complète sa formation artistique par une participation à la classe spécialisée en photographie de l'Université des Arts de Zurich de 1996 à 2000. De 2008 à 2010, elle étudie pour obtenir un Master of Fine Arts à l'Université des Arts de Zurich. Ruth Erdt travaille comme artiste indépendante depuis 1990. À partir de 2006, elle enseigne comme chargée de cours dans diverses universités.

Ruth Erdt vit et travaille à Zurich et à Berlin. Elle a deux enfants, Pablo et Eva Vuillemin.

Œuvre
En plus de la photographie classique, Ruth Erdt travaille aussi avec des techniques photographiques anciennes telles que le cyanotype et le photogramme. Elle crée également des installations dans l'espace public, comme l'œuvre Kinderbett de 2010 pour son examen de maîtrise à l'Université des arts de Zurich. Un lit de camp assemblé à partir de fusils d'assaut fait partie de l'installation, tout comme des photographies montrant ce lit de camp dans un contexte quotidien avec des enfants armés de fusils. Depuis 2010, elle enregistre les changements structurels de son quartier résidentiel à Zurich dans une longue documentation photographique intitulée Schwamendingen. Elle mêle photographie couleur et noir et blanc, portraits et paysages dans un récit pictural complexe.

Erdt se considère explicitement comme une artiste féministe. Certaines de ses œuvres sont autobiographiques et traitent de sa vie quotidienne. Elle devient elle-même sujet de son œuvre et protagoniste, tout comme ses enfants, partenaires et amis. Elle  travaille sur les Cyanotypes 16-22 avec sa fille, Eva Vuillemin, qui  suit une formation artistique à l'Université des arts de Berlin. Des photographies d'Erdt, prises alors qu'elle est âgée de 16 à 22 ans, sont mises en contraste avec des photographies d'Eva Vuillemin. Les protagonistes des photographies ayant à peu près le même âge, la hiérarchie de la relation mère-fille ainsi que le classement chronologique du processus de vieillissement des photographies s'estompent par l'aliénation des photographies originales par la technique du cyanotype.

En 2020, Erdt aborde de nouveau la relation avec sa fille dans Hear Your Voice. Le thème de l'œuvre est la distance spatiale. Erdt collecte des fragments de texte d'e-mails et de SMS de sa fille, qui vit à Berlin, et les placent avec des portraits de ses archives. Le travail, qui commence fin 2019, aborde un aspect supplémentaire dans le reflet de la proximité et de la distance au cours de l'année 2020 et la pandémie de Covid-19 lorsque la mère et la fille ne peuvent plus se voir pendant une plus longue période en raison des restrictions de voyage. Elle fait imprimer un des portraits de sa fille sur une bâche de camion et l'accroche au mur d'une maison à la périphérie de Zurich.

Des œuvres de Ruth Erdt font partie des collections de la Fotostiftung Schweiz et du Fotomuseum de Winterthour, de la collection d'art du canton de Zurich, de la collection d'art de la ville de Zurich et de la collection d'art de la Zürcher Kantonalbank et du musée Photo Elysée à Lausanne.

Prix et récompenses
 1999, 2000 et 2002 : Bourse d'art de la ville de Zurich
 1999 : Prix suisse de design
 2000 : Prix suisse de design
 2002 : Prix suisse de design
 2008 : Prix Esther Matossi
 2008 : Prix de la Fondation Culturelle UBS
 2009 : Bourse d'atelier, résidence d'artiste à Berlin de la fondation culturelle zougoise Landis & Gyr
 2019 : Prix Visarte pour une chronique pour Freienwil

Publications

.
.
.

Expositions (sélection)

Expositions personnelles
 1999 :  Young, Fotomuseum Winterthour
 2001 : Combine, Message Salon, Zurich
 2005 : Hasen, Hunde und Wurfgeschosse, Message Salon, Zurich
 2008 : The Casting System, Message Salon, Zurich
 2011 : avec Eva Vuillemin: Cyanotypes, Message Salon, Zurich
 2013 : Das stets sich selbst an den Füssen klebt, Message Salon, Zurich
 2014 : In der Hütte, Message Salon, Zurich
 2001 : Familienbilder, Kunstraum, Kreuzlingen
 2002 : The Gang, La Librairie du Musée de l'Elysée, Lausanne
 2010 : Darkroom, Neuropa, Zurich
 2010 : Die Lügner, Fotostiftung Schweiz, Winterthour
 2011 : The Naked House, Next Level, Londres
 2015 : Lokaltermin, Galerie Tenne, Zurich

Expositions collectives
Liste non-exhaustive de ses expositions collectives :
 2001 :  M-Family, Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst, Zurich
 2002 : Ikonen, Musée Coninx, Zurich
 2002 : Backlight 02. 6th International Photographic Triennal, Photographic Center Nykyaika, Tampere, Finlande
 2002 : Swiss Design 2002. Netzwerke/Réseaux/Networks Musée du design de Zurich
 2002 : Prix d'encouragement artistique. Amstelveen, Amsterdam 2002
 2003 : Art photographique contemporain de Suisse. Exposition itinérante, Neuer Berliner Kunstverein
 2003 : 7e Journées photo de Bienne : Auf den Spuren der Zeit., Bienne
 2005 : Per la musica. Castelluccio, Pienza
 2006 : Fragile. Kunsthaus Langenthal
 2008 : Photo de presse suisse 08. Les meilleures photos de presse suisses de 2007, Musée national suisse Zurich
 2010 : Kinderbett. Shedhalle à Zurich
 2012 : Death can dance. Maison de ville Zurich
 2012 : The Golden Cage Cage, Kunstbüro, Berlin
 2012 : Prix municipaux d'art. Helmhaus Zurich
 2012 :  Peter Olpe. Out of Focus,  Musée Suisse de l'Appareil Photographique, Vevey
 2015 : Das Fotobuch und seine Autoren, Bibliothèque nationale suisse, Berne
 2015 : Secret – Contaxta Collection , Kunsthalle de Berne
 2017 : We are Family, Alte Fabrik, Rapperswil

Bibliographie
.

Références

Liens externes

 Site officiel
  Biographie

Naissance en janvier 1965
Naissance à Zurich
Femme photographe suisse
Photographe suisse du XXe siècle
Photographe suisse du XXIe siècle

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


12 Beautiful Recommendation Letter for Graduate School Photographs – free letter of recommendation examples samples free free letter of recommendation examples samples free recommendation letter for students college graduate school for job for scholarship for friend , recommendation letter for graduate school. free graduate school letter of recommendation template a recommendation letter for graduate school is a written endorsement of a graduate school candidate that is submitted with the application recommendations , recommendation letter for graduate school.
sample recommendation letter for graduate school this sample letter from a college dean provides an example of what should be included in a graduate school recommendation . letters of recommendation dozens of letter of recommendation templates you can download and print for free we have tips on writing letters of recommendation as well as letter of , recommendation letter for graduate school. recommendation letter sample for graduate school the recommendation letter sample for graduate school presented in this article will let you know the exact format and the important points that should be .
12 Beautiful Recommendation Letter for Graduate School Photographs – recommendation letter sample for graduate school the recommendation letter sample for graduate school presented in this article will let you know the exact format and the important points that should be . free sample letter of recommendation example free sample letter of recommendation below are the sample reference letters for graduate school admissions by major please be advised that these examples . guidelines for writing letters of recommendation career guidelines for writing letters of recommendation the following guidelines are provided to assist you in formatting letters to allow for ease of , recommendation letter for graduate school.
law school letters of recommendation advice law school letters of recommendation advice by kimberley chin published november 2006 last updated june 2010 this article provides a general overview , recommendation letter for graduate school. how to write a grad school recommendation letter the muse how to write a grad school recommendation letter theres a good chance youll be asked to write letters of recommendation for graduate school . , 12 Beautiful Recommendation Letter for Graduate School Photographs.


Both the shiny and familiar objects are getting plenty of attention from customers at BetStars NJ during the NFL season.
Two "legacy" teams with significant nationwide fandom — the Steelers (5.0 percent) and Cowboys (4.6 percent) — check in at number two and four, respectively.
The AFC's hottest team this season, the Patrick Mahomes-led Chiefs, check in as the third-most popular team for bets at 4.8 percent.
Another team with plenty of nationwide interest, the Saints, rounds out the top five at 4.0 percent of all NFL wagers.
How have these favorite options performed against BetStars' lines? Three — KC, New Orleans and Pittsburgh — have frequently rewarded those who've wagered on them to cover. They sport respective 80.0 percent, 77.8 percent and 66.7 percent success rates versus the spread thus far.
But, it's been a different story for those who've plunked down some bucks on the pair of NFC East representatives. Both the Giants and Cowboys have each failed to beat the number in five of their nine tries.
The Rams, despite boasting a smorgasbord of offensive firepower that would seemingly engender plenty of confidence in moneyline bets, aren't the darlings of bettors by any means — they check in as the NFL team with the fifth-fewest percentage of wagers (2.1) placed on it by BetStars customers. The issue may lie in the Rams' rather surprising inconsistency in covering, despite their sparkling won/loss record — they're only 4-6 (40.0 percent versus the number).
The fast-rising Bears and electric second-year quarterback Mitchell Trubisky may be thrilling the Chicago faithful, but their mostly impressive exploits have largely fallen flat with the East Coast crowd — the Monsters of the Midway rank dead last among NFL teams as the subject of a scant 1.4 percent of wagers. Unlike Los Angeles, Chicago has come through versus the spread twice as often as it's failed — they sport a 6-3 record (66.7 percent) in that regard. However, early-season lack of confidence in Trubisky could have certainly helped drive that sparse action.
Star power is carrying the day when it comes to the hardwood, too.
The drop-off is steep after the top three, but as with the Giants, the Knicks hold plenty of appeal to area bettors. New York currently sports a 6-6-2 record versus the number over its first 14 games.
Consensus #1 Alabama finds itself the recipient of just 0.1 percent of the action at BetStars.
Unanimous runner-up Clemson is doing only slightly better at 0.6 percent.
A team with no shortage of nationwide prominence, history and appeal — No. 3-ranked Notre Dame — has them both beat with a 1.1 percent stake of the action.
Oregon may only have a 3-4 record and checks in fourth in the Pac-10 alone, but they're top dogs at BetStars — 5.1 percent of college pigskin money is being plunked down on the Ducks.
The closest correlations between real-word and BetStars rankings belong to LSU and Washington State. Ranked No. 7 and 10 in the CFP and AP rankings, respectively, the Tigers check in second on BetStars with 3.4 percent of the college football action. Meanwhile, the Cougars' unanimous No. 8 rankings in the official polls are complemented by No. 3 slotting in terms of popularity with BetStars customers (3.3 percent of wagers).
The team closest in proximity to New Jersey holding the highest ranking on BetStars leaderboard is the Penn State Nittany Lions — 2.3 percent of wagers, fourth overall.
It's getting down to do-or-die for some teams in the NFL. There are 13 games on the slate in Week 11, and all eyes will be centered on the Kansas City Chiefs vs. Los Angeles Rams on Monday Night Football. Some operators posted an over/under of 64 on that game early in the week. That's the highest total since these bets first started being recorded in 1986.
Here's a look at all of the spreads and totals at New Jersey sportsbooks for Week 11, along with analysis for each matchup. Check back during the week for updated odds.
Packers at Seahawks (-2.5): The teams will meet for the fifth straight regular season. GB has won the last three. The total opened at 49.5 across the board except at BetStars which gave a half-point value to the over.
Panthers (-4) at Lions: Carolina leads the series 6-2 overall, including a 27-24 win last year.
Texans (-3) at Redskins: The Redskins looked pitiful last week but still the win against Tampa. The books didn't let the score deceive them in setting this line.
Steelers (-4.5) at Jaguars: Rematch of the AFC Divisional round shootout won by Jacksonville, who also won at Heinz Field last October.
Titans at Colts (-2): Tennessee swept the series last year, stopping an 11-game winning streak for Indy. Can Mariota and the Titans stay hot with another road win?
Buccaneers at Giants (-3): The Giants had won five in a row against Tampa before dropping a 25-23 decision last year. William Hill has opened this as a PK on Monday and it climbed all the way to Giants -3 on Sunday.
Cowboys at Falcons (-3.5): Atlanta has won the last three in this rivalry, including a dominant 27-7 victory last season.
Bengals at Ravens: This one opened late because of the uncertainty of Raven QB Joe Flacco. Lamar Jackson will get the start in his place. The Ravens are 2-7 in the last nine meetings of this divisional rivalry.
Broncos at Chargers (-7.5): The teams split the last two seasons after Denver dominated the series by winning eight of the previous nine.
Raiders at Cardinals (-5): Some recency bias goes towards the home team who covered the big number on the road last week against the Chiefs. Prices here are consistent across the board.
Eagles at Saints: Would normally be the highest total of the week if not for the Monday night tack meet in LA. This opened at 8.5 early in the week but the line dropped to 7.5 as of Sunday morning.
Vikings at Bears (-2.5): Big legitimacy test for both QBs in a high-stakes divisional matchup. This one held at 2.5 at most books all week.
Chiefs vs. Rams (-3.5): The total could end up being the highest we've ever seen for an NFL game. The Chiefs (8-2) have been really good ATS this year; the Rams (4-6) have not.
If you haven't joined FanDuel Sportsbook yet, now might be the time. Now through the end of the year, you can get up to $500 back from the sports betting giant.
Nobody likes to join a new website and immediately find themselves in a hole. So, new customers to FanDuel will receive a Risk-Free Bet Up To $500. This promotion awards players a 100 percent refund on their first bet up to $500.
Lose your first bet and the refund will hit your account in the form of a free bet. FanDuel will refund the wager within 72 hours of the bet placement.
Of course, there are a few things to keep in mind. First and foremost, players have to lose the bet in order to receive compensation. A player can't win their first bet and expect a free bet, too.
Players will also have to play through whatever Free Bet amount they receive. In other words, if they get that $500 back, they'll have to wager an equivalent amount to be able to withdraw it.
Here at TheLines, we don't often toot our own horn. However, if you're already thinking about getting on this free $500, you should make sure to sign up through our link.
All you have to do is click this link and follow the signup instructions. Then, make your first deposit, and you'll be all set.
A $500 refund is worth attention for most people. However, it's pretty much par for the course at FanDuel Sportsbook.
You can potentially receive $100 in refunds.
None of these promotions are going to make or break the bank. The important thing is that FanDuel understands how painful a loss in sports can be.
The last thing a sports fan wants after a tough loss is to find themselves lighter in the wallet. So, choose FanDuel for your sports bets, and you can wager with the assurance that FanDuel will help make it right if things go wrong.


One of the best things about WPF is the ability to view and modify your (mostly) running program in the designer (Expression Blend or the designer built in to Visual Studio). Unfortunately, design-time data only really became easy to use with .NET 4.0 and still remains strangely under documented.
I've just updated StudyPlannr with some new AJAX-y operations. You can now change timing and remove schedule items without waiting for the entire page to reload. As part of this, I've also added methods to fetch the entire list of items as JSON. This should make future apps that use the same data much easier.
Next, I'll probably move more of the operations to work without page refreshes. I'd also like to do some refactoring to try to break down the main python file and the increasingly large chunk of JS embedded in the HTML.
I've just uploaded a large update to Medder Schedule. The most visible change is a hopefully more attractive skin. I've also changed the name to StudyPlannr and made it available at StudyPlannr.com.
I'm still trying to make it look better. I'm also working on moving more of the processing/rendering to the client-side to make it more interactive. For example, you will soon be able to change weights and start/end times without waiting for the page to reload. Part of this will require a more extensive REST-like API on the backend that should help make my future iPhone app plans possible.
I just uploaded the first working version of a new application I've been working on for a bit now: Medder Schedule. It's a very simple web app that lets you create schedules for studying. It's aimed at helping medical students (medders) plan their studying. They key cool thing is that it automatically divides up the time give you give it among multiple subjects and allows you to give different subjects different weights to control how the time is allocated.
I'm giving Google App Engine and python a try here. So far, I'm definitely like it. Doing interactivity is definitely not as hard as I thought it would be.


25 Litres Drum of Premium concrete mould oil prevents concrete adhering to formwork surfaces and ensures a clean 'strike' off the formwork subsequent to the concrete pour.
Formwork is both a vital component of the working jobsite and a costly item to replace if it should become damaged frequently.
Our Mould Oil helps ensure that formwork remains free of concrete deposits is therefore an essential task and an efficient and powerful cleaning agent is a vital product to get the job done.
This multi-reactive form release consists of an organic chemical that reacts with the alkali compounds found in concrete. It then releases a film that coats the form to which is it applied to prevent future bonding of concrete to its surface. Our mould oil has great performance characteristics that helps prevent bonding and long clean-up cycles.
With these exclusive ingredients in addition to the product's high molecular weight makes for an extremely effective and well-performing cleaner that combines chemical action with a preventative barrier to provide twice the separation capabilities you would find in a lesser agent.
Speed//STRIKE Formwork Release Agent meets the maximum capacity of VOC content for form release compounds of 450 g/l.
Clean all form surfaces thoroughly prior to application. Remove all rust, scale and/or previously used form release agents from the forms, in accordance with good concrete practices. It is imperative when using new timber forms of all types (plain wooden, plywood, rough cut etc.) that Speed//STRIKE be applied and reapplied until complete saturation has been accomplished prior to first use.
Spraying is the ideal method of application. Use a Mesto sprayer that flows approximately 1 gallon per minute (suitable sprayers available from the accessories section below). Speed//STRIKE may also be applied by roller coating,mopping or brushing. A thin film should be applied for maximum economy and efficiency. Runs or puddles need to be brushed out. For metal forms, the best results are obtained with a spray-on 'fog' application of Speed//STRIKE.
600-1500 sq. ft/USGal (17.7-36.8 sq.m/L), depending on the type and porosity of the form surface.


CYA Soccer receives many questions from our members and we have done our best to compile some of the more common questions/answers below. If you don't find the information you are looking for, please contact the appropriate Coordinator (Senior, Junior, Bantam, Travel or Referee). You will find a list of contacts under the "Contact" button on the CYA Soccer Home Page.
1) How do I find out about field closings?
CYA Soccer will announce all field closures via social media and e-mail distribution. Make sure to follow us on Facebook and Twitter to stay completely up to date. You can find the links to our social pages on the top right corner of our page. You can also contact the Park Authority Hotline: 703-324-5264 . Finally, send a note to your coach if you don't hear from him/her directly.
2) Who determines field closures?
Fairfax County determines field closures based on weather conditions such as snow/ice, and CYA Soccer will make a call based on weather conditions as well. You can also contact your coach directly if you cannot find info on Facebook or Twitter. Fields are closed because of inclement weather or sometimes, even on sunny days when the fields are saturated. CYA has no control over county field closings yet these closures must be adhered to.
3) Can my child play up in age group?
Yes, players born in August and September have the option to 'play up' in the next older age group so that they can be placed on the same team as their school mates. If you want to do that be sure to check the 'request to play up' option when you register. If you wish to have your child play up permanently, please email your request to registrar@chantillyyouth.org so it can be done permanently in the system. If you forgot to do that when you registered, you can go back into the system and amend your registration information. Note you cannot elect to 'play down' in a younger age group.
4) How many kids play on each team?
U5 plays 2v2 (no goalkeepers). U6 plays 3v3 (no goalkeepers). U7 - U8 plays 4v4 (no goalkeepers). U9 - U10 plays 7v7 with goalkeepers. U11 - U12 play 8v8 and U13 - U19 play 11v11. Small sided play has been mandated by Virginia Youth Soccer Association (VYSA) and strongly supported by CYA Soccer.
5) How do I become a referee?
CYA has one of the largest referee cadre's in the state of Virginia! We encourage people aged 13 and older to join the program. You can obtain all of the information by contacting Alan Liotta at cyasoceref@aol.com.
7) How do I get information about Coaching License Courses?
For the D, E, & F licenses and the Youth Coaching Modules contact VYSA at www.vysa.com. CYA often sponsors courses for these licenses. For A, B, & C licenses and National Youth Licenses, please contact US Soccer at www.us-soccer.com or 312.808.1300 and ask for the Coaching Department.
8) Can I request a specific coach or team?
CYA Soccer tries to accommodate requests for team assignments however it is simply not always possible - in particular if you sign up after the coordinators start putting the teams together your request is unlikely to be met. If you have a specific request to be with friends or a particular coach, please add it to the 'special requests' section of the registration form when you register your player. At the start of each season, the coordinators are encouraged to redistribute the players returning from previous seasons. This gives the players the opportunity to experience different coaching styles and to allow them to play with new teammates and make new friends. To the greatest extent possible, teams are formed geographically around the residence of volunteer coaches, taking into account players' neighborhoods and school boundaries, but there should be no expectation that players will be with the same coach or team in consecutive seasons.
No jewelry of any kind will be worn by players. Necklaces can be grabbed and cause injuries, rings can get caught on uniforms or scratch faces, earring posts can be pushed into heads if struck by a ball EVEN when covered by tape. Your player's safety is our utmost priority and these rules will be strictly enforced by CYA coaches - players wearing earrings must remove them for games or practice. This includes starter earrings.
10) Can my child wear eyeglasses or casts or religious jewelry?
Glasses for corrective vision may be worn provided they are properly secured. Casts are allowed provided that these are wrapped in a plastic bubble protector or other similar type of covering that offers protection, and under the condition that the player shall not use the cast in any manner that would endanger the safety of the players on the field. Referee's will determine if the cast has been covered appropriately and will determine if a player will be allowed to play in a game on a case by case basis. In these cases, the referee's decision is final. The Referee permits medical bracelets or jewelry of a clearly religious nature provided they are not deemed dangerous or pose any danger to the players on the field. If approved, these items shall be taped down. Clear tape provides the most visibility for medical bracelets. All other jewelry is not allowed.
11) When will we hear from the coach?
Age group coordinators start putting the teams together after the late registration period starts and typically the rosters are released to the coaches approximately 2 weeks before the season starts (Fall season starts in early September and Spring season starts in early April). Please do not e-mail/call before then as we will be unable to tell you who your child's coach is until the rosters are finalized. You can determine your child's coach by logging into the registration system using your personal information and clicking on the team name (if there is one) beside her name, but note that this is subject to change any time before the rosters are released to the coaches, and don't worry of there's no team name there yet - it simply means that the coordinator has not finished building teams.
12) How are the age groups set up?
Age groups are based upon the child's birth date and Virginia Youth Soccer Association age guidelines. The major groupings are Bantams (ages 5-7), Junior (8-10) and Senior divisions (11 -19).
13) What is Travel Soccer?
Travel Soccer is a more competitive level of play. If you are interested in learning more about Travel Soccer, please contact the CYA Soccer Administrator at soccer@chantillyyouth.org whom you will find on the CYA Soccer Contact's list. Travel soccer starts at U9. Pre-Travel soccer starts at U7-U8.
14) How do I communicate with CYA Soccer regarding a behavior issue for Coach, Player, Referee or Parents?
Contact CYA Soccer. CYA Soccer has a zero-tolerance policy for unsportsmanlike conduct.
15) When are practice times and how many days per week?
Bantam U5 only practice & play on Saturdays. U6 & U7 practice once a week; and all others practice twice a week. Due to the number of kids we have in the program, we typically start practices at 4:30 and end at dark. Your child's practice session will fall in that time frame during the week. The coach determines the day, time and location within the constraints of what is available.
16) Does my child need experience to play?
17) Are CYA Coaches "professional" coaches?
Our recreational coaches are usually parent volunteers some of which have coaching licenses or certificates and participate in a pre and mid-season coaching seminar with our professional coaching staff. Each coach is encouraged to complete a licensing program prior to coaching. This training provides them with the tools they need to develop and coach the players on the team. CYA will reimburse our volunteer coaches for the cost of coaching license classes. Contact soccer@chantillyyouth.org for more information. CYA Soccer also has professional staff coaches to provide assistance and training to both coaches and players. If you are interested in coaching, contact the division coordinator for the desired age group or soccer@chantillyyouth.org.
18) Who referee's the games?
Trained and certified referees referee all of our U8 and up age groups. Coaches/Parent volunteers facilitate the games for the U5-U7 age groups.
20) Can I get a Refund?
REGISTRATION FEES ARE NON-REFUNDABLE. Exceptions to this policy - and the amount to be refunded, if any - may be made at the discretion of the Sport Coordinator on a case-by-case basis for reasons such as injury (prior to season start), moving out of the area, ineligibility due to boundary limitations, or being accepted onto a high school team. Registration fees are refundable if CYA does not field a team or sport.
21) What is the Suburban Friendship League (SFL)?
The Suburban Friendship League (SFL) is a recreational soccer league that includes teams from throughout the Northern Virginia area and DC and Maryland. The SFL season is 8 games and an end-of-season tournament, weather permitting. Only teams in the CYA Senior Program (U11 - U19) play in SFL.
22) What are the Field Sizes?
Field sizes vary by age group. The U.S. Youth Soccer Association recommends the following: For U5/6/7: 20x30 yds.; U8/9: 30x50 yds.; U10 50x70 yds.; U11-U19: play 100x50 up to 120x80 yds.
23) When and Where are games played?
All bantam and junior games are played in the Chantilly area, typically at local Middle and Elementary schools and parks. Most house league games are on Saturdays, but the game times will vary from week to week (typically first game kicks-off about 8:30 am and the final game is over before 5pm). For Senior players, games are not only at home, but also around the Northern Virginia area up to an hour away. At times Sunday games may be scheduled due to field availability, make-up games, and level of participation.
24) What equipment do I need to buy?
All CYA Soccer Players MUST wear shinguards. We strongly recommend cleats. Local sports stores sell shin-guards in sizes that will fit players from the youngest ages up. Remember that everyone will be trying to buy new equipment for the start of the season so shop early! Shin-guards MUST be worn under your player's socks, not on top (where they can come loose and become a tripping hazard for themselves and other players).
25) What size ball should I buy?
U5 – U8 Size 3, U9 – U12 Size 4 and U13 and up Size 5.
26) Does the registration fee include a uniform?
All CYA Soccer Players are required to purchase their own uniform via the selected vendor. It is NOT included in the registration fees effective the Fall 2014. The complete uniform kit is comprised of a Jersey, Shorts and Socks. Your child MUST wear shin guards and have appropriate footwear (cleats are recommended).


Mix garlic salt, garlic powder, onion powder, chili powder and chipotle powder in a bowl.
Toss popcorn with oil. Sprinkle spice mixture over it; toss again to evenly coat. Transfer to a large bowl and serve, or let cool and store in an airtight container for up to 5 days.


text:
All The Rage: Glenn, Moving Men and Signing With A Pen
All the Rage
Team-Up Review: DC Rebirth #1
Big Two, Big Two Reviews, DC Comics
Fairy Tales of Oscar Wilde: The Happy Prince
Indie, Reviews, Small Press
Review: Thunderbolts #1
Seth Fisher: Head Case
Revisiting AMAZING SPIDER-MAN #36 Reminds Us How Far We've Fallen
Big Two, Classic Comics, Marvel Comics
Exclusive Preview – Bucky Barnes Winter Soldier #4 from Marvel
News, Previews
'Will Eisner: Champion of the Graphic Novel' is a Great Tribute to the Master Cartoonist
Books, Classic Comics, Classic Comics Cavalcade
Review: Superman Smashes the Klan #1
Big Two, Big Two Reviews, DC Comics, Reviews
(w) Gene Luen Yang (a) Gurihiru
Tolerance and acceptance. These are traits many Americans claim to possess but prove to time and again to be sorely lacking. There's a supposed pride in being considered a "nation of immigrants" and reverence towards iconography like the Statue of Liberty, but cheers when the current government administration presses hard to curtail all avenues for individuals to emigrate – especially if they don't hail from Europe. Racism, bigotry, and hate have always been an ugly truth of American culture, especially for those that claim to be "good Christians." Unfortunately, while those individuals may have their weekly ritual of attending a service, but they do not practice what the preach, in extreme cases engaging in violent, hateful activities. Back in 1946, the Adventures of Superman radio show aired a special called "Clan of the Fiery Cross" that struck a major blow to these types of people. Now, with a resurgence in hate crimes and white supremacy buoyed by a rise of hateful, right wing politicians across the world, that same story is being revived by award-winning writer Gene Luen Yang in Superman Smashes the Klan #1.
Set in a post-World War II Metropolis, Yang and artist Gurihiru's Superman is a combination of the original Siegel and Shuster comics and the still-amazing Max Fleischer animated shorts. That means "faster than a speeding bullet, more powerful than a locomotive, able to leap tall buildings in a single bound" should be taken literally with regard to his abilities. Though he is, to quote Lois Lane, "Metropolis' most famous resident," this Superman has yet to discover the full extent of his powers and his potential weaknesses. This issue opens with a battle against a villain named Atom Man, who ends up giving Superman his first exposure to Kryptonite. This would be a catalyst for Superman's personal journey throughout the issue (and presumably, the whole miniseries).
It is worth noting that Atom Man is a Nazi. While supporting characters like Lois Lane and Perry White mock this antagonist for his maintaining his views and beliefs in the post-war world, events such as the 2017 Unite the Right event in Charlottesville, VA prove that this is ultimately not to be taken lightly. This carries forward to later in the issue as the Clan of the Fiery Cross, better known as the Klu Klux Klan, take actions to sow fear in the community and eventually make a turn towards violence. Yang does not shy away from the uncomfortable and disturbing material, including the indoctrination of younger generations into this despicable subculture.
Following his confrontation with Atom Man – and Kryptonite exposure – Superman experiences an identity crisis. After all, Superman is himself an immigrant. If you want to get technical, he's an illegal immigrant. Throughout the issue, is fixated on the pain he felt from the Kryptonite, curious as to why it harmed him and no one else. He also begins to recount childhood memories, such as overhearing Ma and Pa Kent talk about how they found him. He also experiences visions of himself and family members as classic, green-skinned and antenna-bearing aliens, which is a great visualization of his turmoil while also reaffirming the late 1940s setting of this story.
While this is a Superman comic, the backbone of this issue is the Lee family, who has relocated from an urban, Chinatown neighborhood to the Metropolis suburbs. Given the setting, Yang's script includes several period-specific peculiarities that add authenticity to the story. There is an emphasis on the part of the parents that English is spoken, in order to better assimilate into society. Assimilation and abandoning cultural identity was a major part of the immigration story for many during the late 19th and well into the 20th century, and to see this reflected here is a reminder of what people sacrifice in order to make a life for themselves in this country.
Yang's script also lays out how a young person may be corrupted into a hateful and intolerant mindset, as a local kid – Chuck Riggs – sees his spot on the Unity House baseball team taken by Tommy. As the scene plays out, it is portrayed as a disagreement between kids. However, when Chuck is explaining what happened to his uncle, the seeds of bigotry are planted. As the issue progresses, it's clear that the opinions of Chuck's uncle haven't fully taken hold. However, there is enough where Chuck will have to truly grapple with what it truly means to be a fan of Superman.
Superman Smashes the Klan #1 might very well be the most impressive release of this week. Yang's script tackles difficult, relevant subject matter and makes it approachable to all readers. Being a Superman comic, it has a broad appeal and wide reach, reinforcing that no matter where one stands on the political spectrum, there is no excuse for the fringe behavior that has been emboldened in recent years. Beautifully crafted artwork by Gurihiru makes this issue stand out even more. While there may be technically better comics available, Superman Smashes the Klan makes the case for being the most important comic of 2019.
Gene Luen YangGurihiruSuperman Smashes the Klan
Review: X-MEN #1 – The Good Times are Here
The Full Run: Final Crisis Tie-in – Legion of 3 Worlds
What Looks Good for the Week of October 16th, 2019
BTFT: These Are Comics You Must Read
Chris Wunderlich


text:
Q: How to Restrict PHP's File Access to DOCUMENT_ROOT Is it possible to restrict PHP's file access to its document root? Basically on my work's server we have our domains in a file structure like:

/home/something/domains/domain1/
/home/something/domains/domain2/
/home/something/domains/domain3/

Right now, any script on domain1 has read and write access to anything in  /home/something/domains/ including all of our other domains. I would like to restrict file access for a script in domain1 to only that domain.
The server is hosted with mediatemple and it is their grid service, so I don't have root access or even vhost config access. We can change php.ini, and i know it offers open_basedir, but it doesn't sound like that solves my problem as I could only restrict file access to /domians/ and not the individual domains. Any help appreciated.
What I'm really trying to do:
This server was recently hacked, and the hackers were overwriting domains/.htaccess which affected all our sites. We have tons of sites and many of them have lots of lines of bad code. They uploaded WSO, a hacking backdoor/shell which gave them full access to everything.  I don't know how they got access, I guess it was either from the timthumb exploit, one of the millions of lines of bad code, or they just got our FTP password somehow. We updated old timthumbs, changed the password and removed all the bad files we found, but since there is a decent chance whatever exploit they found is still on the server, or that we missed some backdoor, I would at least like to limit their access to the actual domain that contains the exploit or unfound backdoor.

A: My initial thought was to set open_basedir for each of the virtual hosts (even if you have to ask your host admin to do it for you), but I am doubtful that will even work because I am fairly certain external/shell commands that run in PHP/scripts will still work on directories outside of the designated tree.
After more consideration, the closest way to configure your setup and get what you want, that I could think of, would be to set up chroot-jailed user accounts for each vhost and have your webserver use those user accounts through a mechanism like the Apache 2 MPM ITK, which I can only assume your hosting provider will have trouble setting up.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Amniotic Fluid Steroid Levels: Fetuses With Adrenal Hyperplasia, 46,XXY Fetuses, and Normal Fetuses
Dennis J. Carson, Akimasa Okuno, Peter A. Lee, Claude J. Migeon
Concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), DHA sulfate (DHAS), progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and hydrocortisone were determined in amniotic fluid obtained at amniocentesis or at elective cesarean section. Male fetuses had significantly higher concentrations of testosterone and androstenedione than female fetuses had between 15 and 21 weeks of gestation but not near term (36 to 40 weeks). In both sexes, progesterone and 17-OHP concentrations fell and DHA, DHAS, and hydrocortisone concentrations increased significantly with advancing gestational age. Amniotic fluid 17-OHP, testosterone, DHA, and androstenedione levels from female fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were more elevated in the second trimester than in the third. Three female fetuses at risk for CAH, but not affected, had normal steroid concentrations. Steroid concentrations from two fetuses with Klinefelter's syndrome were not abnormal.
American Journal of Diseases of Children
https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970390032010
Androstenedione
17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone
Second Pregnancy Trimester
Carson, D. J., Okuno, A., Lee, P. A., & Migeon, C. J. (1982). Amniotic Fluid Steroid Levels: Fetuses With Adrenal Hyperplasia, 46,XXY Fetuses, and Normal Fetuses. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 136(3), 218-222. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970390032010
Carson, Dennis J. ; Okuno, Akimasa ; Lee, Peter A. ; Migeon, Claude J. / Amniotic Fluid Steroid Levels : Fetuses With Adrenal Hyperplasia, 46,XXY Fetuses, and Normal Fetuses. In: American Journal of Diseases of Children. 1982 ; Vol. 136, No. 3. pp. 218-222.
@article{1619da50b94e4e3b83a05fcd51daaac3,
title = "Amniotic Fluid Steroid Levels: Fetuses With Adrenal Hyperplasia, 46,XXY Fetuses, and Normal Fetuses",
abstract = "Concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), DHA sulfate (DHAS), progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and hydrocortisone were determined in amniotic fluid obtained at amniocentesis or at elective cesarean section. Male fetuses had significantly higher concentrations of testosterone and androstenedione than female fetuses had between 15 and 21 weeks of gestation but not near term (36 to 40 weeks). In both sexes, progesterone and 17-OHP concentrations fell and DHA, DHAS, and hydrocortisone concentrations increased significantly with advancing gestational age. Amniotic fluid 17-OHP, testosterone, DHA, and androstenedione levels from female fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were more elevated in the second trimester than in the third. Three female fetuses at risk for CAH, but not affected, had normal steroid concentrations. Steroid concentrations from two fetuses with Klinefelter's syndrome were not abnormal.",
author = "Carson, {Dennis J.} and Akimasa Okuno and Lee, {Peter A.} and Migeon, {Claude J.}",
doi = "10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970390032010",
journal = "JAMA Pediatrics",
publisher = "American Medical Association",
Carson, DJ, Okuno, A, Lee, PA & Migeon, CJ 1982, 'Amniotic Fluid Steroid Levels: Fetuses With Adrenal Hyperplasia, 46,XXY Fetuses, and Normal Fetuses', American Journal of Diseases of Children, vol. 136, no. 3, pp. 218-222. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970390032010
Amniotic Fluid Steroid Levels : Fetuses With Adrenal Hyperplasia, 46,XXY Fetuses, and Normal Fetuses. / Carson, Dennis J.; Okuno, Akimasa; Lee, Peter A.; Migeon, Claude J.
In: American Journal of Diseases of Children, Vol. 136, No. 3, 03.1982, p. 218-222.
T1 - Amniotic Fluid Steroid Levels
T2 - Fetuses With Adrenal Hyperplasia, 46,XXY Fetuses, and Normal Fetuses
AU - Carson, Dennis J.
AU - Okuno, Akimasa
AU - Lee, Peter A.
N2 - Concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), DHA sulfate (DHAS), progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and hydrocortisone were determined in amniotic fluid obtained at amniocentesis or at elective cesarean section. Male fetuses had significantly higher concentrations of testosterone and androstenedione than female fetuses had between 15 and 21 weeks of gestation but not near term (36 to 40 weeks). In both sexes, progesterone and 17-OHP concentrations fell and DHA, DHAS, and hydrocortisone concentrations increased significantly with advancing gestational age. Amniotic fluid 17-OHP, testosterone, DHA, and androstenedione levels from female fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were more elevated in the second trimester than in the third. Three female fetuses at risk for CAH, but not affected, had normal steroid concentrations. Steroid concentrations from two fetuses with Klinefelter's syndrome were not abnormal.
AB - Concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), DHA sulfate (DHAS), progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and hydrocortisone were determined in amniotic fluid obtained at amniocentesis or at elective cesarean section. Male fetuses had significantly higher concentrations of testosterone and androstenedione than female fetuses had between 15 and 21 weeks of gestation but not near term (36 to 40 weeks). In both sexes, progesterone and 17-OHP concentrations fell and DHA, DHAS, and hydrocortisone concentrations increased significantly with advancing gestational age. Amniotic fluid 17-OHP, testosterone, DHA, and androstenedione levels from female fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were more elevated in the second trimester than in the third. Three female fetuses at risk for CAH, but not affected, had normal steroid concentrations. Steroid concentrations from two fetuses with Klinefelter's syndrome were not abnormal.
U2 - 10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970390032010
DO - 10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970390032010
JO - JAMA Pediatrics
JF - JAMA Pediatrics
Carson DJ, Okuno A, Lee PA, Migeon CJ. Amniotic Fluid Steroid Levels: Fetuses With Adrenal Hyperplasia, 46,XXY Fetuses, and Normal Fetuses. American Journal of Diseases of Children. 1982 Mar;136(3):218-222. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970390032010


In just a few days, President Obama will pass Bill Clinton as the slowest Democratic president in history to grant a pardon or commutation of sentence. If history is a guide of any value, he will grant a handful of pardons sometime a couple of weeks into December. As this blog has reported, one out of every two pardons granted over the last 39 years has been granted in December.
When the handful of pardons is dumped, the scene will be predictable enough. In all likelihood, none of them will have even a remote sense of "controversy" about them. Obama was gratuitously critical of Bush's commutation of sentence for Scooter Libby. He also appointed Eric Holder as attorney general, who brought more pardon luggage to that office than any individual in history (Marc Rich, FALN terrorists, etc.). And, of course, Obama, who so condescendingly noted (in a debate) that he could do more than one thing at time, can always claim, to the satisfaction of many, that he has been far too busy doing other, more important things. To top it off, Obama mysteriously retained George W. Bush's pardon attorney! In sum, there is no time for pardon controversies ... at this point.
So, out the innocuous handful of pardons will come.
People who follow the pardon power and comment on such matters frequently (and those representing pardon applicants!) will timidly praise the president for waking up and discovering his constitutional powers. But they will also express their wish that the administration will do more. If pressed about the matter directly, publicly, the president, or his spokesperson, will describe clemency decisions as "tough" decisions, that take time and require patience. The pitiful pose as someone being "pushed" to pardon in haste is/always has been an effective PR ploy. "Ya can't please everybody" blah blah blah.
But let us be the first to say, Mr. President, that dumping a handful of pardons at Christmas is a very sorry way to demonstrate that you (or the DOJ) has anything like a serious clemency program. Instead, it clearly sends the signal that the justice that can only be wrought by acts of mercy is a mere afterthought, inappropriate for the other 11 months of the year, when you see yourself as taking care of "important" stuff.
In addition, Christmastime pardons send a very wrongheaded - if not outright dangerous - signal to the American people that pardons are something like Christmas gifts, passed out during the holiday season, to those who actually may, or may not deserve them. Which is to say, it is no wonder the DOJ and OPA are so shy about pardons. The very timing of them implies their work re the assessment of pardon applications is a joke.
Of course, if the media were to inquire about the "typical" pardon half as much as they do the "controversial" ones, they would learn (and educate the American public to) the fact that the typical act of clemency does not spring anyone from prison or overturn the judgement of judges and juries at all! In fact, the typical act of clemency simply restores the civil rights of individuals who have served their time, waited a prescribed period before applying for clemency and have become productive members of society. Which is to say, their pardon was not really much of anything like a "gift." They earned it. Believe it, dear reader, when a person gets a pardon out of the DOJ in the last 4 decades - it is earned!
So, while some may be encouraged by the morsels of mercy that President Obama distributes while Santa Claus is in the neighborhood, let us be the first to complain. Shame on you, Mr. President. To date, your clemency "policy" deserves nothing but scorn, slight regard and contempt. Like most presidents before you, you should make pardons (and justice) a year-long concern, and insist that it be the year-long concern of the bureaucrats that are supposed to be working on applications all year long. When there is little evidence that they have more interest in clemency than you, they should be summarily removed, pronto.
Obama is the first president I can remember specifically talking about clemency pre-elected. He talked about the "change" needed to the DOJ's clemency. He appeared to really be in favor of clemency (before he was sworn in). It appears to have just been vote pandering. Felons are allowed to vote in many states. I happen to live in one, & do vote.
Here Here! We have paid our dues and just want our civil rights back, that if the charges would have been state, our convictions would have been cleared by now because of time and how we have lived our lives. Keep the heat on the President.
Thank you for your solid work in calling attention to the egregious sentencing in our criminal justice system. It is a lonesome job, but you are raising awareness to the problems and the solution.
The incarceration of of our citizens has become a giant tear in the fabric of society.
I have been waiting for the state of IL for 3yrs on my pardon request. It has been 20yrs since my bad check charge. I applied for a job at walmart and was turned down because of the 20yr old felony.. The only trouble I have been in my life. I believe approve or disapprove , it should be looked at on a timely manner. It is a injustice to the folks like me that have applied ..
I heard from an inside source that Obama's only going to pardon the Thanksgiving turkey again.
I'm sorry. Two turkeys to be exact.


Scott Meares - Allied Mortgage Group, Inc.
I have been in the retail mortgage lending industry since January 2001. During my tenure in the mortgage industry, I have served in the capacity of Loan Officer, Sales Manager and Branch Manager. I have personally originated and closed over 1,000 mortgage loans ranging from standard Conventional mortgages to FHA and VA mortgages. My ongoing goal is to use my vast knowledge and experience to provide my clients with a mortgage experience that is smooth and ultimately places them in the mortgage that is appropriate for them and their families.
Scott was highly professional and took the time to explain all of the options that I either didn't know about or didn't understand. I truly feel like Scott treated the decisions I was making like he was handling his own money and there is no question who I will go to the next time I am applying for a mortgage.
I have used Mr Meares on several occasions to obtain a mortgages or refinance and each time has been a successful and pleasant experience. He is extremely knowledgeable about mortgages and professional, but most of all trust worthy. I would highly recommend Mr.Meares to my family, friends and anyone seeking mortgage services.
Very knowledgeable and professional. Scott went above and beyond throughout the entrie process.
Scott is a helpful, smart and overall great person, I will recommend anyone to work with him!


text:
Press Pass: Avril Lavigne
April 9, 2008 5:58 PM by Tom Whipple
This blond Canadian might have a stage full of instruments dripping shades of cotton candy — including a sparkly pink drum kit and similarly pink piano — but don't expect to see another Britney or Christina walk onto the checkered stage of Avril Lavigne's Best Damn Tour.
"My songs aren't bubblegum pop dance songs and I don't have background dancers on every single song like them," says Lavigne. "I'm not wearing a microphone on my head. I'm playing guitar. I'm playing the drums. I'm playing piano."
The dancers, however, are a change for the angsty songstress who kicked off a string of shows March 5 in Victoria, British Columbia and brings her setlists of Grammy-nominated hits to George Mason University's Patriot Center in Fairfax next Tuesday, April 15. Still, she says the addition is still representational of her rock roots and doesn't portend a metamorphosis into a pop princess.
"The show is going to be very upbeat and the production will be bigger in the sense of my dancers," says Lavigne. "The dancing is very me; it's very kicking and punching and stomping and marching, stuff that I was always doing onstage."
Dancing won't be the only new thing Lavigne's whipped up for fans this tour. Recently having covered Joan Jett's "Bad Reputation," the recorded single will play live to a video montage of images of Lavigne throughout her career — some rumored to include a younger Lavigne flipping the bird. When asked directly about the buzz of hearsay, Lavigne remained vague, yet hinted at her colorful poses from her "Complicated" starting point.
"This was actually Jamie King, my set director's idea. He just wanted to put some fun images up on the screen from when I was 17 with my fists in the air screaming or my little kick shots," says Lavigne. "I was quite animated in a lot of my photo shoots when I first came out."
That fledgling feistiness hasn't faltered since she hit the music scene in 2002 with the release of her first album Let Go. If anything, she says her confidence level in front of fans has grown since her tie-wearing days, despite her introverted tendencies.
"A lot of people don't know this about me, but I'm actually shy around people I don't know. With my first concert, I didn't really talk on stage besides 'Thank you guys, I love you,' or whatever. I was always comfortable singing, but being a performer is a totally different thing," says Lavigne. "Now, I've just kind of learned how to work a crowd, how to talk to an audience. I'm more confident."
The energy of Lavigne's music has also transformed from tour to tour. Referring to songs from her last album, Under My Skin, as "dark and deep," Lavigne's well aware of how the tone of her music can bring a crowd up or down.
"My last record was pretty mid-tempo and serious, like every song was bringing down the audience and I wanted to go up. I just wanted to rock," says Lavigne. "A lot of my inspiration for the Best Damn Thing came from knowing what kind of songs I wanted to play live. I can bring it up with songs like 'Girlfriend' and 'Sk8er Boi,' open and close with those big songs and bring out the dancers, but I can also come down and come out on the piano with 'When You're Gone,' 'Alone' and 'By Myself.'"
There's no doubt Lavigne will be working the crowd by tickling those pink ivories, among other instruments during her live show, though she remains quite modest about her guitar-playing skills.
"I'm not a lead guitarist. I will always say I'm not the greatest player, but I'm good. I love to play guitar. I use it as a writing tool and I love to play it live," says Lavigne.
Of course, a series of recent accolades belie her humble claims. Taking time off from her tour this month to perform at Canada's 2008 Juno Awards, she earned multiple nominations, including Album of the Year — perhaps an example of that "extra love" she said she is shown by the bordering North.
"When I go there, I feel like everyone, my fans, are like 'Woo-hoo, she's Canadian,' and I feel like I've come home. I'm Canada's girl for them," says Lavigne.
• Avril Lavigne plays The Patriot Center Tuesday, April 15. Tickets are $42.50 and doors open at 7 p.m. Boys Like Girls opens the show. For more on Avril Lavigne, visit www.avrillavigne.com.


All projects need simple processes in place to monitor and control cost, progress and quality. It is argued, however, that projects involving innovation and complexity, almost regardless of size, need a "systems approach" to project management. Discuss. 1. Introduction This literature review will discuss Project Management and the apparent need for a systems approach when managing projects involving innovation and complexity compared to using a simple process. In order to conceptualise the discussion, the construction industry will be used to provide a framework for Project Management.
This literature review will firstly outline the context demonstrating the importance of the construction industry to the UK economy. Secondly, provide answers to the questions: what is a simple process and what is the systems approach. Thirdly, to analyse what constitutes a projects involving innovation and complexity. This submission will identify the apparent need for a systems approach, not a simple approach, by reviewing project management, innovation, and complexity.
Like most sectors within the UK, the construction industry has been the subject of many studies relating to theories on innovation, efficiency and productivity (Larsen 2010; Loosemore, Dainty and Lingard 2003). Growth or stagnation, changes in the industry affect many people. The construction industry was estimated at ? 102,363 billion pounds with a workforce estimated at 2,216,000 people and worth approximately 10% of gross domestic produce by the Department for Trade and Industry (Dainty, Green and Bagilhole 2007).
The industry remains crucial to the UK economy for two main reasons. * Firstly it is a key sector for society and culture because buildings and infrastructure are the basis for working, living and leisure (Konepfel 1992). * Secondly it is "one of the pillars of the domestic economy" and therefore is should not be allowed to stagnate (Egan 1998). Dainty et al (2007) suggested that due to the size of the industry it is worthy of research, not just focusing on productivity but on the social element described as 'human capital'.
Systems theorists would view both the economy and the construction industry as open systems, meaning they are linked because they are dependent on each other. Having noted the importance of interrelationships and the cause-effect relationship; Ackoff (1974) suggests that one thing, or event can be taken, to be the cause of another. If this is accepted, the construction industries' people, processes and practices are also significant to the economy. The construction industry is a project-based industry and projects introduce changes within the core business of organisations.
Projects are often temporary with a defined start and end; they also require a number of people from different teams to work together on a short-term basis. Project Management is how to manage a project. Winch (2007) states Project Management adopted its own identity in nineteenth century, to meet the need for the clients, to have a co-ordinator of the different trades on site. In the last 30 years the application of Project Management techniques in construction developed, in response to an increase in complex projects, operating within a fragmented industry, with specialised contractors (Watts 2011).
Walker (2007) said that projects exist in a complex environment and success in construction depends on the way the Architect, Quantity surveyor, Engineer and Contractor work together with the Project Manager directing their perceptions of the project objectives. These contractors work within their own system but merge to form a coalition in order to achieve the project goal as specified by the client (Watts 2011; Walker 2007). To reiterate, the construction industry should not be allowed to stagnate due to its financial and social value.
Atkinson (1999) details the simple processes in order to monitor and control cost, time and quality; this is known as "The Iron Triangle". It is a structured way to measure project success but it has not lived up to the complexity of the construction industry. Atkinson argues that projects need to go beyond simple processes to be successful (Walker 2007; Atkinson 1999). Ackoff (1974) states taking a systems approach consists of three elements, these make up the whole that can be divided into parts, but must be viewed together. Firstly, the behaviour of each element affects the behaviour of the whole. * Secondly, the behaviour of each element that affects the whole depends on the behaviour of at least one other element. * Thirdly all the elements cannot be divided and act independently, they all have an effect on the performance of the whole. Two schools of thought developed within the systems approach, the closed system and the open system. In order to deal with the complexities expressed above, the open system perspective emphasises the interdependences between the organisation and its environment.
The key to the open system is that it takes the view that it must be responsive to the environment in order to survive (Loosemore et al 2012). Drucker (1987) suggests management has become a specific function in our current society; therefore we operate in a 'society of organisations. ' So, both Ackoff and Drucker would agree, the process of Project Management needs to identify and understand the parts of the project taken separately.
Then synthesise, the separate elements in order to understand the whole situation. For example where the problem appears, may not be the root of the problem or where a solution to the problem can be found (Ackoff 1974; Drucker 1987). Lock (2003) looks closely at the simple process of Project Management he notes version one- cost, time and quality: version two also includes dealing with people. The Iron Triangle focuses on the hard systems, but Locks' inclusion of people introduces the soft systems approach.
Kapsali (2011) highlights the importance of adjusting from a closed hard system, she feels that the focus on outputs in terms of process management and not outcomes like goal achievement, only assist top managers to monitor the progress of processes. Therefore the rules used when applying the hard system, only serves to control and does not meet the current needs of Project Management. In contrast the soft system makes a link to human behaviour, this is important because as Atkinson (1999) explains the Project Management Team need to define an approach to measure project objectives that is applicable to their team environment.
Relationships The complexity of projects is in the very nature of projects, they involve people; Lock, Winch and Walker hold the 'people' as an imperative part of the construction process. Walker (2007) notes Bennis's criticism of the classical approach was that it looked at "organisations without people" later commenting that the behavioural approach "people without organisations" does not work either (Walker 2007; Watts 2011; Winch 2007; Lock 2003).
The 'people', within the project team are often responsible for the productivity and efficiency, not the tasks themselves. This leads to the behavioural approach, looking at people as systems, who are motivated to work for a number of reasons. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, explores five levels of human motivation, 1. Physiological- includes the basic needs water, food and shelter; 2. Security- job security a steady income; 3. Social- a sense of belonging; 4. Esteem- recognition for a job well done and 5. Self-actualization (O'Bryan and Pick 1995).
Maslow suggests people are systems; therefore construction professionals will work to fulfill their needs within a project. This is important because it adds to the complexity of the individual; they are not just motivated to achieve the company's goals or the project goals but their own objectives to achieve first. The conflict here is that organisations initiating projects are systems, which operate with their own codes of practice in order to achieve profits or add value to their core business (O'Bryan and Pick 1995).
For most clients, the basis of a project is not the core business; therefore the project itself is only a sub-system of the clients' organisation. The core business is also subject to the changes in the external environment, as mentioned above the economy, but also political, social, environmental, technological and legal. So the objective of the project is dependent on the overall client's vision and how the client is able to react to its' external environment.
Lock (2003) further comments that the primary function of Project Management is to define the scope of the project, understand the clients overall business plan and anticipated schemes. Which is a fundamental concept of systems theory (Winch 2007). 3. Innovation Innovation exists because there is a void in a process, product or service leaving space for new solutions to meet the need and add value. There are two different types of innovation, the breakthrough- where it's a sudden addition or incremental- where the solution is gradual.
Since the Egan (1998) and Latham (1994) reports' there has been a continuous drive to innovate, Project Management can be seen as an incremental innovation. However the systems approach notes that everything affects everything else, therefore, the very nature of Project Management brings about change and even a level of uncertainty in the interlinked open system. As described by Williams et al (2012) "known unknowns" can lead to a number of problems which arise and as Ackoff (1974) mentions impacts on the whole.


Hands up if your Instagram feed was full of placard selfies during the Women's March? Or how about crying emojis on Facebook when the Brexit bill was passed? Chances are, we've all liked, commented or shared something to do with recent political shake-ups.
With 71% of us viewing social media as a platform for our political voices, our profiles are reading like our own personal manifestos. But have we ever stopped to think how these posts could make us look in the eyes of future employers? Nope, us neither.
The truth is, recruiters do their social-media research, with 92% investigating potential candidates online, and more than two-thirds rejecting them because of something they've posted (gulp). To avoid those #careerfails, we asked four employers for their votes on getting political online.