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Blogs » madan_gautam's blog
Glimpses of Vedanta Part---1
Submitted by madan_gautam on Tue, 02/24/2009 - 13:33.
Santana Dharma
E-Text Source: www.celextel.org
Glimpses of Vedanta
By S. N. Sastri
1. Introduction to Advaita Vedanta
2. Mind is the key to happiness
3. Bondage and Liberation are only in the Mind
4. Means To Self-realisation
5. Anatomy of Bhakti
6. Gitacharya and Gopijanavallabha
7. Vishayananda to Brahmananda
The term 'Vedanta' stands for the Upanishads as a whole, which form part of the Vedas. It would therefore be appropriate to give a general account of the Vedas before going on to deal with Vedanta.
In the Indian tradition, philosophy is termed 'darsana', a Sanskrit word meaning 'seeing' or 'experiencing'. This indicates that the aim of philosophy in India is direct experience of the ultimate Reality and not mere intellectual speculation as in Western philosophy. The Indian philosophical systems are classified into two broad categories known as 'aastika darsanas' and 'naastika darsanas'. There are no exact equivalents to these terms in English, though the terms 'orthodox' and 'unorthodox' are sometimes used. It would be wholly misleading to use the terms 'theistic' and 'atheistic' for these categories. The term 'aastika' has been defined as referring to a person who, or a system which, accepts, (1) the authority of the Vedas, (2) the doctrine of rebirth and (3) the existence of other 'lokas' or spheres of experience. In the category of aastika darsanas fall those systems which accept the authority of the Vedas. These are the six systems known as Nyaya, Vaiseshika, Sankhya, Yoga, Purvamimamsa and Uttaramimamsa (or Vedanta). Even among these six, it is only the last two that base themselves directly on the Vedas and accept nothing that goes against them. The other four systems are based more on independent grounds of logic and reasoning, but they too are not opposed to the Vedas.
In the category of naastika darsanas fall the four schools of Buddhism, Jainism and the Carvaka (or atheistic) school, which do not accept the authority of the Vedas. These also make up a total of six.
All the six aastika darsanas regard the Vedas as the record of the divine truths revealed to the sages (Rishis or seers) in their supra-normal consciousness. The sages are not the authors of the Vedas. They are known as 'seers' of the Vedic mantras. The traditional view is that the Vedas are eternal. The word 'Veda' means primarily 'knowledge' and secondarily the books in which that knowledge is recorded. This is not knowledge of the external world, but the knowledge of the supreme Truth which cannot be attained by any effort of the human mind. It has been categorically declared by our ancient sages that the Vedas have no validity in matters which fall within the domain of other valid means of knowledge such as perception and inference. Sri Sankara says in his Bhashya on the Bhagavadgita, ch.18, verse 66: "The validity of the Vedas holds good only with regard to matters which cannot be known through such other valid means of knowledge as direct perception, etc., because the validity of the Vedas lies in revealing what is beyond direct perception. Even a hundred Vedic statements cannot become valid if they say that fire is cold or non-luminous. If a Vedic text says that fire is cold or non-luminous, one should assume that the intended meaning of the text is different, for otherwise its validity cannot be maintained. One should not interpret it in such a way as to contradict some other valid means of knowledge".
Because of this clear demarcation of the spheres of validity of the Vedas on the one hand and the other means of knowledge relied on by science on the other, no conflict between science and the Vedas can arise, similar to those which arose between the Church and the discoveries of scientists like Copernicus and Galileo in Europe. It is this knowledge contained in the Vedas that is considered to be eternal. Just as the law of gravity existed and operated even before it was discovered by Newton, the knowledge contained in the Vedas existed even before it became known to the sages.
The Vedas are considered to be 'apaurusheya', i.e., they are not human compositions. Even God is not the author of the Vedas. The eternal knowledge contained in the Vedas is only revealed by God to the sages in each cycle of creation. The Vedas are 'seen' or 'heard' by the sages and recorded by them or their disciples for the benefit of posterity. The Vedas are therefore termed sruti, or 'what is heard'. As distinguished from these are the smritis, which are all human compositions, based on the srutis. The Itihasas and Puranas come under the category of smriti. According to Manu, the greatest lawgiver of India, the smritis should be considered as an elaboration of the Vedas. However, it is an inviolable rule that, where there is a difference between the sruti and the smriti on any matter, the sruti has to be upheld and the smriti should be interpreted in conformity with it. The truths enshrined in the Vedas have been actually experienced again and again by successive generations of great souls. The experiences of great saints like Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Bhagavan Ramana in recent times bear testimony to the authenticity of all that is stated in the Upanishads.
The Vedas are four in number-- Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda. Each Veda consists of three parts-- the karma-kanda, the upasana-kanda and the jnana-kanda. The karma-kanda is divided into samhitas and brahmanas. The samhitas are collections of mantras, or hymns in verse, most of which are praises or prayers addressed to various gods such as Indra, Varuna and Agni. They are chanted during the performance of sacrifices. The brahmanas are mostly in prose and contain detailed descriptions of sacrifices and instructions for the performance of sacrificial rites. The upasana-kanda deals with various meditations. The jnana-kanda consists of the Upanishads and this is what is denoted by the term 'Vedanta'.
These three kandas are, however, not mutually exclusive compartments. The highest philosophical truths, similar to those expounded in the Upanishads, are found also in the samhita and brahmana portions which deal mainly with Vedic rituals. It is further noteworthy that the Isavasyopanishad appears in the samhita portion of the Sukla Yajurveda, the Brihadaranyakopanishad forms the concluding portion of the Satapathabrahmana of the Sukla Yajurveda, the Chandogyopanishad constitutes eight chapters of the Chandogyabrahmana of Samaveda and the Kenopanishad forms the ninth chapter of the Talavakarabrahmana of Samaveda. All these form part of jnanakanda, in spite of their being located right inside the samhitas or brahmanas. The term 'Vedanta' should therefore be understood to mean the ultimate conclusion or the highest philosophy of the Vedas and not the end portion of the Vedas.
The triple texts
The source books of Vedanta are the triple texts, Prasthanatraya, namely, the Upanishads, the Bhagavadgita and the Brahmasutras.
The word 'Upanishad' is derived by adding the prefixes 'upa' (near) and ni' (with certainty) to the verbal root 'sad' meaning ' to destroy, to go to and to loosen'. By the word 'Upanishad' is meant the knowledge that destroys the seeds of worldly existence such as ignorance in the case of those seekers of liberation who, after cultivating detachment towards all enjoyments, approach (upa, sad) this knowledge and then deliberate on it with steadiness and certainty (ni). Though this knowledge is the primary meaning of the word, it is used also to denote the book that contains this knowledge, in a secondary sense. This knowledge is known as 'Brahmavidya'. The theme of all the Upanishads is Brahman, which is identical with the individual self. This subject is dealt with in detail later on.
It is not known with any certainty how many Upanishads existed originally, but 108 are now available to us. There are commentaries, known as 'bhashya' by Sri Sankara on eleven of these, namely, Isa, Kena, Katha, Prasna, Mundaka, Mandukya, Aitareya, Taittiriya, Chandogya, Brihadaranyaka and Nrsimhatapani upanishads. There is also a commentary on Svetasvatara upanishad, but there is difference of opinion among modern scholars about its authorship, though tradition attributes it to Sri Sankara.
The Bhagavadgita
This is the second of the triple texts. It forms part of the great epic Mahabharata and is given the same authority as the upanishads. As is well known, the Bhagavadgita contains the teachings of Lord Krishna to Arjuna on the battle field of Kurukshetra. Sri Sankara has described it as the essence of the Vedas.
The Brahmasutras
This work is attributed to sage Veda-Vyasa. It consists of short aphorisms, called sutras. There are in all 555 aphorisms. A total of 192 topics, known as adhikaranas are dealt with in these aphorisms. The purpose of these aphorisms is to explain the real import of various terms and statements in the upanishads and to reconcile apparent contradictions. Sri Sankara has explained the meanings of these aphorisms from the Advaitic point of view in his commentaries, known as 'Bhashya'.
contd. in Part---2
madan_gautam's blog
good effort
seeming as theoretical essential elements are touched in this vedanta glimpses is good for those to whom introduction of vedanta is needed.
submitted with respect and regard.
OM,SHANTI.
NIDHI PARKASH | Tue, 08/11/2009 - 18:03
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Love is effortless and hate requires much effort.
— Lester Levenson

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TLC Announces New Addition to "What Not to Wear" Team
Renowned celebrity hair stylist Ted Gibson will come aboard on Friday's episode.
[via press release from TLC]
Celebrity Hair Stylist Ted Gibson Makes His Debut on July 24 at 9pm
(New York, NY) � Renowned celebrity hair stylist Ted Gibson has joined the team of experts on TLC's WHAT NOT TO WEAR, it was announced today by SVP of Production and Development Nancy Daniels. Gibson's premiere episode will air this Friday, July 24 at 9pm ET/PT.
"We are thrilled to welcome Ted onto the What Not to Wear team, and into the TLC family," states Daniels. "His credibility and reputation within the beauty and fashion industry serves as the perfect complement to our already stellar group of experts on the show. We want to thank Nick Arrojo for his amazing work over the years. As he moves on, we wish him all the best."
Gibson - one of the most sought-after hair stylists in the industry - has appeared in a variety of publications including Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Elle, Marie Claire, and Vanity Fair and backstage at some of the most high-profile runway shows. Additionally, Gibson can be seen regularly on "The Today Show" and has shared his expertise on "Oprah," "Queer Eye for the Straight Guy," "The Insider," "Good Morning America," "Movie and a Makeover," "Inside Edition," and "Entertainment Tonight."
Best known for coiffing some of Hollywood's top starlets, Gibson has worked with celebrities including Angelina Jolie, Anne Hathaway, Debra Messing, Gabrielle Union, Lake Bell and Zoe Saldana. He also owns the well-known Flatiron salon in NYC, which is frequented by everyone from top models and actresses to everyday New York women, and recently opened his second salon in Washington D.C. Moreover, he is working on opening his third salon in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. in the W Hotel, and has a luxurious product line that has been honored with numerous industry awards.
"I am extremely excited about joining the TLC/What Not To Wear family," says Gibson. "Being part of the beauty, style and fashion team of experts is an extension of what I do in my salons, at red carpet events and on the covers of magazines. The biggest reward is helping women realize their potential beauty and encouraging them to be their best selves."
TLC's innovative docu-series and reality-based programming include favorites Jon & Kate Plus 8, Little People, Big World, What Not to Wear, 18 Kids and Counting, and LA Ink. TLC defined home design with Trading Spaces and continues to renovate the genre. TLC's daytime lineup includes the Emmy Award-winning A Baby Story. The channel is available in more than 98 million homes in the US, nearly 8 million homes in Canada and through the website at www.tlc.com. TLC is part of Discovery Communications (NASDAQ: DISCA, DISCB, DISCK), the world's number one nonfiction media company reaching more than 1.5 billion cumulative subscribers in over 170 countries.
· ENTERTAINMENT TONIGHT (SYNDICATION)
· INSIDE EDITION (SYNDICATION)
· INSIDER, THE (SYNDICATION)
· OPRAH WINFREY SHOW, THE (SYNDICATION)
· QUEER EYE (BRAVO)
· WHAT NOT TO WEAR (TLC)


text:
Q: C++ multi client server sry but my english.
it's a simple application client-server written in C++
the operating system is OpenSUSE 13.1 Linux
I do not know how to do multi client
if you could help me I would appreciate much
All this is work with only one client
i need help, thanks
This is the
Server.cpp
#include "ServerSocket.cpp"
#include "SocketException.h"
#include <string>
#include <iostream>

int main ()
{
  std::cout << "running....\n";

  try
    {
      // Create the socket
      ServerSocket server ( 2020 );

      while ( true )
    {

      ServerSocket new_sock;
      server.accept ( new_sock );

      try
        {
          while ( true )
        {
          std::string data;
          new_sock >> data;
          std::cout << "in::" << data << std::endl;
          new_sock << data; // Respuesta
        }
        }
      catch ( SocketException& ) {}

    }
    }
  catch ( SocketException& e )
    {
      std::cout << "Exception was caught:" << e.description() << "\nExiting.\n";
    }

  return 0;
}

This is the
Client.cpp
#include "ClientSocket.cpp"
#include "SocketException.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main ( )
{
  try
    {

      ClientSocket client_socket ( "localhost", 2020 );

      std::string reply;

      try
    {

      std::string Envio = "";
      while(Envio != "Exit")
      {
          getline(std::cin, Envio);
          client_socket << Envio;
          client_socket >> reply;

          }

    }
      catch ( SocketException& ) {}

      std::cout << "We received this response from the server:\n\"" << reply << "\"\n";;

    }
  catch ( SocketException& e )
    {
      std::cout << "Exception was caught:" << e.description() << "\n";
    }

  return 0;
}

A: Your server stops accepting connections after the very first one, and enters an infinite loop (the inner while (true)).
How to fix this depends on how your server should serve the clients. If it accepts connection, receives request, sends reply and then forgets about the client, then you do not need the inner while (true): just << and >> operations (probably you should also close the connection), and then proceed to the next accept. If you need several connections to be alive, consider making your application multi-threaded (maybe spawning a new thread for each connection if number of connections is not large).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
NMSU
LOCAL BRIEFS: NMSU's Botello named WAC Hitter of the Week
DENVER – New Mexico State baseball's Austin Botello earned the Western Athletic Conference Hitter of the Week honor on Monday after a strong weekend at the plate in the team's four-game home stand against Mount St. Mary's.
The weekend series saw the senior lead a potent offense that outscored the Mountaineers, 73-10, in a 4-0 series sweep. Botello was 15 of 23 at the plate, hitting for a WAC-best .652 average with a 1.043 slugging percentage and .678 on-base percentage. The Aggie outfielder finished the week with three doubles, two home runs, nine runs scored, 12 RBI and one stolen base.
Botello had multiple hits in each game over the weekend, leading the team with 20 over four games. The Galveston, Texas native began the series with two hits in three at-bats in a 13-2 victory for the Aggies on Friday night. Saturday featured a doubleheader for the team, as they won both games to a combined score of 31-7. Over the two contests, Botello had six hits, with one double, one homer and five RBI.
The senior's best game came on Sunday afternoon in the weekend finale as the Aggies beat Mount St. Mary's 29-1. Botello posted a career-high six hits in seven at-bats (.857), a feat not accomplished since Kristoffer Koerper on May 11, 2014. The afternoon matchup also saw the Aggie add five RBI with one double and a round tripper.
Aggies take third at WAC indoor championships
NAMPA, Idaho - The New Mexico State track and field team placed third overall as the Aggies scored 112 points at the WAC Indoor Track and Field Championships on Saturday.
The Aggies had many first place finishes at the meet. One of which included Crissey Amberg, who won the mile as she clocked in at 4:54.79 to win the gold medal. She was the only racer to finish the event in under five minutes. Amberg also placed second in the 3000 meters with a time of 10:08.52.
Lashira Tremble won the 60 meter dash. The freshman ran 7.61 in the event finals to claim the top time.
On the field, Oñate High School graduate Keyarha Wilson won the women's high jump. The freshman jumped 1.68m (5-6) to win the event. Kayli Farmer took home the silver as she jumped a best 1.65m (5-5).
Amberg was chosen as the Outstanding Track Performer and Tremble was named Freshman of the Year. Those who made the podium in their respective events were named to the WAC First-Team.
Aggie women finish 6th at Westbrook Spring Invitational
PEORIA, Ariz. – The New Mexico State women's golf team completed the 54-hole Westbrook Spring Invitational in Peoria, Arizona on Monday. After three rounds of play, the Aggies finished in sixth place out of 13 teams after posting a final score of 874 (+10).
Kristen Cline led the way for the Aggies as the senior posted totals of 67-78-69—214 (-2) and finished in a tie for sixth place. Cline finished with a team-leading 10 birdies and 37 holes for par. Pun Chanachai was second for NMSU, tying for 27th, after scores of 72-77-71—220 (+4).
As a team, the Aggies posted the best stroke average of all 13 teams on the par 4 at 4.05. The squad ultimately finished with 38 birdies and 176 holes for par over the invitational.
NMSU women can't corral Texas-Arlington on the road
LAS CRUCES – The New Mexico State women's tennis team couldn't get past Texas-Arlington on Sunday at the UTA Tennis Center and fell 4-0.
The Mavericks were sharp out of the gate, blanking the NMSU No. 1 doubles pair before clinching the match with a 6-3 victory on court No. 2. Lindsay Harlas and Gabrielle Joyce were leading 4-3 at No. 3 doubles when the doubles point was clinched.
NMSU trailed UTA 2-0 in singles action when Eli Arnaudova was bested by UTA's Anna Wichert 6-0, 6-1 on court No. 5. Rebecca Keijzerwaard suffered the same fate at No. 3 singles and fell 6-0, 6-2 before the Mavericks claimed the match on court No. 4 with a 6-1, 6-1 victory.


text:
Q: Loop keeps overwriting value of update("$max") in java for mongodb I have loop that iterates through the events that happened in one hour. Each event has fields called floor and height. My task is to get the maximum value of height for each floor. I'd appreciate some advise. Also I was wondering if that's possible using max method from update.
I tried using max method from update, however, when loop keeps iterating maxHeight keeps being over written.
Also I tried to have some class variable that will hold the value of maxHeight that I need, however, maxHeight should be unique for each floor, and using global variable returns maxHeight among all the floors.
Query query = new Query();
Update update = new Update();

events.forEach(event -> {
    getMaxHeight(update, tripEntity, tenant.toLowerCase());
});

mongoTemplate.upsert(query, update, "somecollection");

private void getMaxHeight(Update update, Event event) {
    update.max(event.getFloor(), "maxHeight"), event.getHeight());
}

A: Ok, I ended up moving upsert inside the loop and using max.
    events.forEach(event -> {
       Query query = new Query();
       Update update = new Update();
       getMaxHeight(update, tripEntity, tenant.toLowerCase());
       mongoTemplate.upsert(query, update, "somecollection");
    });

    private void getMaxHeight(Update update, Event event) {
    update.max(event.getFloor(), "maxHeight"), event.getHeight());
}


text:
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is one of the circumventricular organs of the brain. It is a small glandular structure  that is located in the posterior region of the third ventricle, near the entrance of the cerebral aqueduct.  The name of the SCO comes from its location beneath the posterior commissure, a bundle of nerve fibers interconnecting parts of the two hemispheres of the brain. The SCO is one of the first differentiated brain structures to develop. Although it is evolutionarily an ancient structure that is present throughout the chordate phylum, its arrangement varies somewhat among species. Functions of the SCO are unknown; some evidence indicates it may participate in clearance of certain compounds from the cerebrospinal fluid, and possibly in morphogenetic mechanisms, such as development of the posterior commissure.

Structure

Cells of the subcommissural organ, which are specialized in the secretion of glycoproteins (see below), are arranged into two layers: a superficial layer called the ependyma and an underlying layer called the hypendyma. The ependyma consists of long, columnar cells that release their secretions into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. The hypendyma (which is most prominent in mammals) is characterized by numerous capillaries and glial cells. Hypendymal cells and ependymal cells both are secretory in nature; their processes project to local blood vessels and also to the subarachnoidal space.

The ependymal cell bodies present a clear zonation that is especially marked in certain species: 1) In the perinuclear region, large and dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) are the most distinctive ultrastructural feature of virtually all species; 2) the intermediate region consists mainly of RER and Golgi apparatus; 3) the subapical region is relatively narrow, and includes microtubules, mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; and 4) the apical region comprises a large protrusion into the ventricle. There are no neuronal cell bodies within the subcommissural organ, although the specialized cells receive some innervation from outside neurons.

Function
Ependymal cells secrete high molecular mass glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid, in which the bulk of them condense to form a filamentous structure named Reissner's fiber. The subcommissural organ/Reissner's fiber complex is thought to be involved in the reabsorption and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, and with functions related to electrolyte and water balance.

One of the proteins secreted by the subcommissural organ, and which is present in Reissner's fiber, is spondin. SCO-spondin is a "giant" (5000 amino acids) glycoprotein (thrombospondin superfamily) found in Vertebrata. This glycoprotein shares molecular domains with axonal pathfinding molecules. The ependymal cells and the SCO–spondin secretion are thought to play a role in homeostasis.

The ependymal cells of the SCO are also involved in the production of brain transthyretin, a protein involved in the transport of thyroid hormones in blood.

Some studies indicate the presence of both tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve fibers and dopamine receptors in the SCO ependyma. In addition, there is evidence suggesting that the SCO activity in adult animals may be regulated by serotonin.

All capillaries in the central nervous system with a functional blood-brain barrier express glucose transporters (GLUT1). These transporters are generally absent in leaky barrier structures. The circumventricular organs that are known to have leaky barrier capillaries were stained by fibronectin antibodies but not by GLUT1 antibodies. The subcommissural organ appears to be unique in that it shows neither GLUT1 nor capillary.

Reissner's fiber

Reissner's fiber is also thought to be important in morphogenetic neuronal processes, being involved in neuronal survival, aggregation and neurite extension. In vitro studies demonstrated that the presence of RF, in conjunction with glial cells, is essential to the survival of neuronal cells. The studies seem to point that the RF might bind some of the growth factors produced by glial cells and transport them to the neurons. On the process of neuronal aggregation, RF seems to serve as a control factor in direct cell-to-cell communication, favoring neuronal aggregation when the density of neurons is low and preventing this aggregation when the density gets higher. Although the mechanism behind this is not well understood, it is known to be linked to the different domains in SCO-spondin that are related to coagulation factors and TSRs, as referred above. Furthermore, the RF as a part on the neurite extension, promoting neurite outgrowth from both spinal and cortical neurons, in cell cultures, which may also be connected to the TSR domains of SCO-spondin.

SCO-spondin, a glycoprotein of the SCO/RF complex
The primary structure of the major constituent of bovine RF, SCO-spondin, has been fully established as a large N-glycosylated protein (450 kDa). Many lines of evidence denote that SCO-spondin plays a role in CNS development. This molecule belongs to a protein superfamily exhibiting conserved motifs of the thrombospondin type 1 repeat. Proteins of this family are strongly expressed during mammalian CNS development, being involved in mechanisms of cellular adhesion and axonal pathfinding (a process by which neurons send out axons to reach the correct targets during neural development).

Numerous investigations have been directed towards the identification and characterization of the secretory compounds of the SCO, clarifying partially its function. Immunoblot analyses of bovine SCO using antibodies against RF glycoproteins allowed the identification of high molecular weight glycoproteins of 540, 450, 320 and 190 kDa.
The 540 and the 320 kDa compounds would correspond to precursor forms.

Multidomain organization

The main SCO-spondin isoform consists of multiple domains. This multidomain organization is a special feature of the Chordate Phylum, and there is a high degree of conservation in the amino acids composition in mammals. The complete sequence and modular organization of SCO-spondin was first characterized in Bos taurus.
The structure of this protein is unique as it presents a mosaic arrangement of these domains along the backbone.

The putative function of SCO-spondin in neuronal differentiation is discussed regarding these features and homologies with other developmental molecules of the central nervous system exhibiting TSR domains, and involved in axonal guidance. Peptides corresponding to SCO-spondin TSR domains strongly increased adhesivity and neuritic outgrowth of cortical neurons and induced disaggregation of spinal cord neurons. Therefore, it is a candidate to interfere with neuronal development and/or axonal guidance during ontogenesis of the central nervous system in the modulation of side-to-side and side-to-substratum interactions, and also in promoting neurite outgrowth.

The identification of conserved domains including Emilin (EMI), von Willebrand factor D (vWD) low-density lipoprotein receptor type A repeats (LDLrA) domains, SCO repeats (SCORs), 26 thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs),  a coagulation factor 5/8 type C (FA5-8C) or discoidin motif and a C-terminal cystin knot (CTCK) domain provides a wider insight into the putative function of this protein.  Similar types of arrangement was encountered in zonadhesins and immunoglobulin G (IgG) FC binding fragment which may account for SCO-spondin functional aspect on promoting cell-to-substratum adhesivity.

The presence of low-density lipoprotein receptor type A (LDLrA) domains repeated ten times in the consensus sequence could provide a hint as to the function of SCORs, since LDLrA are known to interact with proteases or protease inhibitors. There may be a functional link between LDLrAs and SCORs, which could both be involved in the regulation of either protease activation or protease inhibition. The motifs coagulation factor 5/8 type C or discoidin and thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR) present in SCO-spondin consensus were initially described in blood proteins, where they were shown to play a role in coagulation or platelet aggregation. SCO-spondin and F-spondin share a similar pattern of expression in the floor plate, flexural organ and subcommissural organ and could have a redundant activity. The biological function of F-spondin and SCO-spondin on the deflection of commissural axons in the neural tube was assessed respectively by experiments of gain and loss of function and by analyses of mutants with defective floor plate. F-spondin and SCO-spondin were both shown to promote neurite outgrowth of various neuronal cell populations, in cell culture.

SCO-spondin may interfere with several biological events during early ontogenetical development of the CNS. Nevertheless, SCO-spondin is also present during the adult life, and similarly to thrombospondins, which act on various biological systems, i.e., neuronal differentiation, angiogenesis and platelet aggregation.

Development

SCO
Despite being a much conserved structure throughout evolution, there are some differences on the SCO from different mammals. It is the first secretory structure to differentiate and remains fully developed and functional during the life of almost every vertebrate, excluding bats, anthropoid apes and humans. More specifically, in humans, the SCO development has a regressive nature. It reaches its apex development in fetus from 3 to 5 month old, functioning as a fully active secretory structure of the brain during this time span, and extending from the pineal recess over the posterior commissure to the mesocoelic recess. It is composed by a characteristic high columnar epithelium, which is not found in the adult SCO. Following this maxed developed state, the SCO starts regressing and in children from 3 to 4 years old it already has a vestigial character, being reduced to islet like structures on the adult. Although the remaining cells can possess some secretory material the SCO is truly vestigial in both structure and secretory function, in adults.

SCO-spondin
As part of the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF), SCO-spondin is of the uttermost importance in the development of the neuronal system, being a key protein in the balancing of differentiation and proliferation of the neuroepithelium. It starts being secreted by the diencephalic floor plate in the first embryonic stages playing an important part in the development and differentiation of structures such as the pineal gland. In particular, the SCO-spondin appears to have a major role on the growth of the posterior commissure (PC), which was proved when mutants lacking SCO, and hence having no SCO-spondin, were unable to form a functional PC. On early stages of development the axonal growth is stimulated, being inhibited afterwards. A steep gradient of spondin expression in the neuroepithelium signals the need for different processes to take place, favoring the fasciculation on the cephalic region and the incorporation of new neurons on the caudal region. As such, the lower concentrations of SCO-spondin in the caudal region favor the axonal outgrowth and incorporation of new axons on the posterior commissure and the higher concentrations in the cephalic region promotes the interactions between the neighboring axons. In conjugation with the secretion of SCO-spondin, the midline positioning of the SCO assumes a great importance on the axon guidance process. This positioning facilitates the signaling of the turning points for the axons, through the spreading of spondin.
In addition to the functions in axon guidance and related growth of the posterior commissure, the SCO-spondin also appears to have a role on the adhesion of the trophoblast to the uterine walls.
There is a slightly different SCO-spondin produced in the trophoblast, most likely due to alternative splicing. This spondin may recognize the classic protein on the uterine wall, facilitating the adhesion.

Clinical significance

Hydrocephalus

Given that the subcommissural organ is not highly permeable and does not possess fenestrated capillaries like other subventricular organs, it has emerged as a major site of congenital hydrocephalus. It is suggested that this is related to immunological blockage of SCO secretions and Sylvian's aqueduct malformation and obliteration or turbulent cerebrospinal fluid flow due to the absence of Reissner's fibers. There is evidence that in transgenic mice the overexpression of Sox3 in the dorsal midline of the diencephalon in a dose-dependent manner and that the conditional inactivation of presenilin-1 or the lack of huntingtin in wnt cell lineages leads to congenital hydrocephalus, which highlights the role of these proteins mediating the relation between the SCO and the condition (see also: Wnt signaling pathway for more information). A more recent study using HTx rats reinforced the idea that the abnormal and dysfunction of the SCO precedes the development of the hydrocephalus.

Other disease
It is reported that in spontaneously hypertensive rats there is a relation between SCO and hypertension due to changing in its secretor activity and protein composition.

History

In 1860, Ernst Reissner, anatomist at the University of Dorpat, published a monograph on the microscopic structure of the spinal cord of Petromyzon fluviatilis. He described a string of 1.5 μm in diameter characterized by its high refringence, its extremely regular shape, and its lying free within the central canal. In 1866, Karl Kutschin confirmed Reissner's observations and named the fibrous structure Reissner's fiber.

Edinger (1892) described, in sharks, what later was known as "the subcommissural organ". Studnicka (1900), called attention to uncommonly tall ependymal cells covering the posterior comissure of P. fluviatilis. Sargent, also in 1900, establishes the basis of what is presently regarded as the subcomissural organ – Reissner fiber complex. Finally, in 1910, Dendy and Nicholls introduce the term "subcommissural organ" to describe this brain gland.

The rich vascularization of the SCO was first reported by Pesonen (1940). In 1958, Helmut Hofer postulated that this organ, despite its structural and functional differences from other circumventricular organs, is a highly secretory component of the circumventricular organ system.

References

Diencephalon

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Voya Financial Launches Wealth Portfolios Product, Expanding Advisory Program
Retirement News Release
WINDSOR, Conn., May 19, 2016 /PRNewswire/ -- Voya Financial, Inc. (NYSE: VOYA), announced today that its retail broker-dealer and registered investment advisor Voya Financial Advisors, Inc., has launched the Voya Wealth Portfolios product, the latest addition to its suite of turnkey offerings available on the firm's WealthSolutions wealth management platform. As a result of this new advisory-focused solution, financial advisors affiliated with Voya Financial Advisors now have access to leading fund families and the ability to provide a best-in-class team approach to constructing investment portfolios. This strategy is focused on finding the right asset allocation mix to match a client's individual financial needs and risk tolerance.
The Voya Wealth Portfolios product supports the firm's ongoing commitment to strengthen its advisory business, which grew by 30 percent during 2015. The new offering also provides an opportunity for advisors to deliver holistic support that can help clients get ready to retire better by planning, investing and protecting their savings. This reinforces Voya's efforts to further expand its advisory business.
"The introduction of Voya Wealth Portfolios provides an added opportunity for our advisors to focus on what matters most — deepening client relationships, building holistic financial plans and running their businesses," said Tom Halloran, president of Voya Financial Advisors. "As a leading broker-dealer and investment advisor in the industry, it's important that we arm our advisors with the right solutions to help their clients plan and feel confident about their future. In doing this, we are also positioning ourselves to be successful in the new regulatory environment while supporting our vision to be America's Retirement Company™."
Voya Wealth Portfolios is a turnkey solution that includes four different series of portfolios that are fully invested in a specific mutual fund company. These fund partners represent four leading brands in the industry with successful track records. Within each of the Voya Wealth Portfolios are five model options that advisors can work with to give them broad flexibility when building an investment portfolio for their clients.
Advisors who operate with Voya Wealth Portfolios have access to an institutionally recognized sub-advisor known for robust research and investment consulting services. Working together with Voya Financial Advisors, the firm FDx Advisors provides investment and research support to help manage the asset allocation as well as the fiduciary risk in the fund selection for Voya Wealth Portfolios. With an objective of growth by generating interest, capital gains and dividends for individual accounts, each model maintains an appropriate risk level and is adjusted annually in response to changes in the market.
Since its launch, the Voya Wealth Portfolios offering is proving to be popular with advisors — even drawing new advisors to the advisory platform. "We've seen great interest among advisors," commented Andre Robinson, head of advisory services at Voya Financial Advisors. "Working together with FDx and the fund companies, we designed a solution that allows us to move commission-based accounts into advisory accounts with comparable funds. With this approach, portfolios are reviewed by fund managers that our advisors and clients have come to know and trust."
Voya Wealth Portfolios also allows advisors to better integrate advisory solutions for clients with smaller accounts. Steve Dunlap, president and COO of FolioDynamix, noted, "Our team of research professionals worked closely with hand-picked investment managers to put the most optimal, innovative solution in place for Voya Financial Advisors. The Voya models are constructed and monitored based on risk-tolerance assessments to determine proper asset allocation, enabling advisors to offer a professionally managed advisory account option to investors of any size."
With the broad range of available models, advisors are able to align their clients with the investment portfolio that best suits their needs. "The decisions made with my clients on how to invest their funds may impact nearly every aspect of their lives down the road," noted Joe O'Boyle, a California-based advisor with Voya Financial Advisors. "With so much at stake, it's great to have a solution that can support their personalized goals while offering access to professionals with the extensive experience, tools and resources."
In support of its expanding advisory business, Voya Financial Advisors also provides a "white glove" services team and suite of resources to assist advisors with all aspects of growing their advisory business, including support with best practices, case consultation, product and technology training, and conversion assistance.
Voya Financial Advisors is an independent broker-dealer and registered investment advisor focused on helping advance the retirement readiness and financial security needs of Americans. For more information, visit www.voyafa.com.
As an industry leader and advocate for greater retirement readiness, Voya Financial is committed to delivering on its vision to be America's Retirement Company™ and its mission to make a secure financial future possible — one person, one family, one institution at a time.
Laura Maulucci
Logo - http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20150206/174115LOGO


text:
package org.ops4j.pax.exam.wildfly80;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;

import org.ops4j.io.StreamUtils;
import org.ops4j.io.ZipExploder;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/**
 * Downloads a ZIP archive from a given URL and unpacks it into a given directory.
 *
 * @author Harald Wellmann
 *
 */
public class ZipInstaller {

    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ZipInstaller.class);

    private URL zipUrl;
    private File installDir;

    /**
     * Constructs installer with archive URL and install path.
     *
     * @param zipUrl archive URL
     * @param installRoot install root directory
     */
    public ZipInstaller(URL zipUrl, String installRoot) {
        this.zipUrl = zipUrl;
        this.installDir = new File(installRoot);
    }

    /**
     * Download and unpacks the archive.
     *
     * @throws IOException on I/O errors
     */
    public void downloadAndInstall() throws IOException {
        installDir.mkdirs();

        File tempFile = File.createTempFile("pax-exam", ".zip");
        FileOutputStream os = null;
        LOG.info("downloading {} to {}", zipUrl, tempFile);
        try {
            os = new FileOutputStream(tempFile);
            StreamUtils.copyStream(zipUrl.openStream(), os, true);

            LOG.info("unzipping into {}", installDir);
            ZipExploder exploder = new ZipExploder();
            exploder.processFile(tempFile, installDir);
        }
        finally {
            tempFile.delete();
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
MÖTLEY CRÜE — Saints Of Los Angeles
MetalMusicArchives.com — the ultimate metal music online community, from the creators of progarchives.com
3.59 | 9 ratings | 1 review
Album · 2008
Filed under Hard Rock
By MÖTLEY CRÜE
1. L. A. M. F. (1:21)
2. Face Down In The Dirt (3:44)
3. What's It Gonna Take (3:45)
4. Down At The Whisky (3:50)
5. Saints Of Los Angeles (Gang Vocal) (3:40)
6. Mutherfucker Of The Year (3:55)
7. The Animal In Me (4:16)
8. Welcome To The Machine (3:00)
9. Just Another Psycho (3:36)
10. Chicks = Trouble (3:13)
11. This Ain't A Love Song (3:25)
12. White Trash Circus (2:51)
13. Goin' Out Swingin' (3:27)
Line-up/Musicians
- Vince Neil / vocals
- Mick Mars / guitar
- Nikki Sixx / bass
- Tommy Lee / drums
Label: Mötley, Eleven Seven
Thanks to Pekka, Lynx33, diamondblack, 666sharon666 for the updates
Buy MÖTLEY CRÜE - SAINTS OF LOS ANGELES music
More places to buy metal & MÖTLEY CRÜE music
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MÖTLEY CRÜE SAINTS OF LOS ANGELES reviews
Specialists/collaborators reviews
It can safely be said that the last Mötley Crüe album that received any kind of respect and/or commercial success was 1989's Dr. Feelgood. After that they fired their vocalist, made a flop of an album, re-hired the old singer and made an album that flopped even more, and then lost their drummer and made an album that nobody noticed. And now 19 years after their last triumph Vince is there, Tommy is there and Nikki and Mick are obviously still where they always were. But are the songs?
Yes. Written mostly by Nikki Sixx with a group of helping hands including the newest Gunner DJ Ashba and producer James Michael the album includes many pieces that challenge their very best material from the 80s. Much like Shout at the Devil in 1983 the album begins with a short, atmospheric intro build up, though this time about the perils of Los Angeles rather than the children of the beast, which then kicks into an infectious rocker called Face Down in the Dirt. That chorus will stick in your head for a long time.
Down at the Whiskey, the title track, Animal in Me, Goin' Out Swingin'... Many more quality cuts to carry the album proudly to the finish line, but just like the Devil 25 years ago, this album has its share of weaker tracks, like What's It Gonna Take and This Ain't a Love Song. Not necessarily very weak, but weaker than the best of the selection. Anyway, after almost two decades of experimentation or just casually being lost at sea, the band is back with a vengeance, tackling the high energy glam metal of the glory days.
But in addition to the creepy nippleless chicks on the cover, one major flaw of the album is the very compressed sound, which can be pretty hard on the ears at least in headphone listening. In the louder parts, and I presume nobody is surprised by the fact that that's pretty much all this album has, it feels like everything is squeezed though a tiny tube and then blown on the eardrum. Somebody should have brought their 1994 self titled album to the studio to check how proper heaviness is achieved without sacrificing sound quality.
I believe many old time fans to be satisfied with this one, at least a newcomer like me spins it pretty much just as often as the early works. Recommended.
Members reviews
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Saints Of Los Angeles Contents
Album infos
Specialists reviews


Again in 2010, McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) described African progress potential because the "Lions on the move.It has since given the green gentle as you will be capable of see on the checklist of our high ten richest international locations in Africa. Because of the continents oil-wealthy soil, human capital, sports, and athleticism amongst many others, this can be a rising continent.
African is the second largest continent on planet earth with fifty four sovereign states. Although regarded because the poorest amongst them, African has seen progressive development with constant and zeal to maneuver forward. McKinsey International Institute intends to list the richest African international locations in accordance with their GDP (Gross Home Product). Many would refer it as the full market worth of the goods and providers produced by the economic system of the subject nation.
Sit tight as a result of we are assured that a few of the main points might surprise you. Among the top ten African richest nations, you will realize that; actually, a few of them have a better GDP than massive nations like China, India or even Brazil.
One of many continents pride because of their steady manufacturing of oil, automobile spare parts, and an enormous tourist attraction. All of this portrays an ideal diverse market the nation has with the inclusion of small industries and local factories of their key cities.
Its capital metropolis, Tunis is well known for its comfort oil Refinery Process zones. This is a metropolis the place you would barely make ten strides with out finding a nice shade to rest comfortably. Their lifestyle and cultural traditions are the primary key aspect to tourist attraction.
Many of the western vacationers love touring international locations bordering the Mediterranean Sea which may be costly. Tunisia is an exception because their prices are real affordable and favorable compared to the remaining.
Libya owns the biggest oil reserve in Africa which has primarily been their major revenue source. Their oil sector boosts with over eighty% of your complete countries GDP coming from oil exports. Nonetheless, in the identical trade, you can find that the nation earns immensely from gas and gypsum.
Positioned within the Maghreb region of the North a part of Africa, Libya is the fourth largest nation in Africa. This country is some of the populous nations in Africa and 108th most populated nation on this planet.
Libya might have one of many crazy numbers, however they've successfully managed to sustain everybody. Their wealth and capability to regulate it will get them a spot on the record of the highest richest countries in Africa.
Angola presents one of the prettiest cities in the region regarding comfort, cleanliness, class and most significantly safety and friendliness of her people. Their wealth is derived massively from their oil sector which provides over 50% of the nation's whole earnings.
The country has as effectively bountiful agricultural lands in addition to their minerals in diamonds. The government is thought to be one of many African most creating countries primarily as a result of they are nonetheless healing from their long time civil warfare which lasted 2002.
Many have argued that if all African countries wealth was measured as from 2002, Angola could be in the highest two richest countries in Africa.
We have to level out that even though the country imports huge quantities of their food stuff, they are in a good agricultural state presently. Experts believe that with time, they're nearing a place where they will be exporting the same.
Their current progress and developments of their principal cities have made the nation peoples destination point.
Kenya as quantity seven in the record of the wealthiest international locations in Africa comes as one very a lot wanted optimistic for the country. Having been ranked on prime in some of not so pleasing incidents like corruption, extrajudicial murder cases, ICC suspects from excessive workplaces of the president himself and his Vice President, this is excellent news.
Compared to the other East African and Central Africa nations, Kenya has the very best GDP. Nairobi, Its capital, is the regional hub main in the native industries and revolutionary youth.
Kenya exports a wide variety of things including espresso, Tea, Fish at the moment in addition to recent flowers. Their Athletics have been on the front line in adding the Nation's wealth.
Kenya is a country that enjoys an immense political and social stability within the region.
Khartoum is Sudan's capital city and the spine of the nation's success in growth and growth. In contrast with the remainder of the nations within the region, Sudan is likely one of the richest countries in Africa by GDP.
Earlier than the break up up to type South Sudan back in 2011, this country was ranked quantity seventeenth within the list of the quickest rising nations in the world.
This splitting was so irritating and essential because eighty% of the country's oil went to South Sudan which is presently a rustic by itself. Although South Sudan may have nearly all of oil sections, it's a landlocked nation and must depend on Sudan ports as well as to access the oil refineries.
Sudan is a country that has potential, sources and capable expertise to develop and develop, however it's regrettably amongst probably the most corrupt countries in Africa and the world.
Once named as the primary most aggressive economy not just in North Africa however Africa at large, Morocco is the fifth African richest country presently. This nation performs a major function within the region's economic affairs. Textiles, Telecommunication, Tourism, and Agriculture, are the highest pullers of Morocco's financial system and finances.
Their Tourism sector has grown immensely because of their Authorities plans and their traditions which have attracted Western vacationers in the area.
Mining is another one and manufacturing, each provides up a big deal in the country's GDP.
Up so far, one can guess what is most rich in North African soil, oil in fact. Algeria enjoys a healthy circulation of oil from their lands despite the challenges this nation faces within the struggle to diversify her financial system.
Their power sector remains the key source of the nation's earnings with the addition of the minerals.
Stories have it that long ago, Romans collected a handful quantity of marbles and stones from the quarries that are referred to as Algeria (Myths concerning the international locations title).
Egypt is one among the first rising States in Africa presently third in the checklist of the richest nations in Africa. Their wealth comes from natural gas, tourism, agriculture which was their most commendable development especially because of their massive house of their lands been deserts.
In addition they add on that the revenues from the Suez Canal as well as their huge quantities of petroleum exports.
The remittances of their many citizens working in locations like Qatar, Dubai and other abroad nations add to the wealth income of the country.
Everybody knows South Africa for their land rich with the most beneficial minerals like Gold and Diamonds. They mine the biggest percentage of the gold within the area which add quite a lot of wealth of their financial system.
South Africa is as well known for their vacationer attraction websites and their fluency of English language in comparison with the remainder of the international locations in Africa.
Their high cities like Johannesburg and Cape City present the most effective scenes, no surprise each authority musician and artists shoot their video clips in South Africa.
The country is as well-known for his or her lovely jewellery and amazing mountains and buildings. There is little question that South African is among the top wealthiest international locations in Africa and in the world as well.
One in all their frequent and famously recognized issues is their motion pictures. Even the 4 years outdated little one is aware of Ramsey Noah :). The industry will not be all rich locally, but it surely has performed an important role in advertising the nations traditions abroad hence attraction millions of tourist's 12 months in, year out.
Nigeria is a country that in some way managed to do a lot when the remainder of the African international locations were not. Their infrastructure, availability of considerable natural resources, purposeful and corrupt free impartial nicely-developed legal corporations.
Their monetary and transport sectors play a fundamental function in moving this nation ahead.
Amongst other African international locations, Nigeria acts as the largest buying and selling accomplice with the United States of America. Companies like Citigroup reveals that by 2010-2050, Nigeria will top the area and get in the top most grown countries when it comes to GDP globally.
We believe that the figures and maybe the positions of the highest ten richest nations in Africa are susceptible to changing in future. Nations are improving and growing hence growing their GDP. The competitiveness will clearly alter this listing, and so we will be on the look out to edit any new adjustments.


text:
Carlos Vilar (1930–2021), was an Argentine Snipe sailor.

Carlos Vilar may also refer to:

Carlos Alcántara Vilar (born 1964), Peruvian stand-up comedian and actor
Carlos Vilar, architect on HSBC Bank Argentina

See also
Carlos Villar Turrau, Spanish general
Carlos Villar, character in Safe House (2012 film)


text:
Trumbull School On CPS Closings List
By Adeshina Emmanuel |&nbspMarch 21, 2013 11:25am | Updated on March 21, 2013 12:11pm
@Public_Ade
ANDERSONVILLE — Teachers and Local School Council members at Lyman Trumbull Elementary School told DNAinfo Chicago Thursday morning that their school is on a list of schools recommended for closure by Chicago Public Schools.
Trumbull LSC member Ali Burke, also a parent with children at the school, confirmed the news, citing conversations with school officials she said have been barred from speaking to the media.
Burke said that the school will be closed "outright," not consolidated, and that its special education population will be split between McPherson, McCutcheon and Chappell elementary schools.
Two school employees who asked to remain anonymous confirmed the news.
"I am shocked. I am completely disgusted. I can't believe we're still on the list," Burke said. "We have 37 percent special education students at our school, and they've even added kids in the last week — they sent us three more special education students."
She argued that the space utilization formula CPS has been using to determine if schools are eligible for closure erroneously placed Trumbull on the list without accounting for their special education program, which demands smaller class sizes than the 30-student average used in CPS calculations.
Burke noted that the school's inclusion is only "a recommendation," and that more hearings will be held in the next two months.
"We're going to continue to fight it for 60 days," Burke said.
Garfield Park »
Two Years After Being Shot, Tyquone Greer Ready For Division I Hoops
GoFundMe To Help Ailing Jenner Principal Has Raised $28,000
Bicyclist Hit With Drum Starts GoFundMe To Pay For Braces


There may be instances where a room is either too small or it is otherwise undesirable to have a second light fixture on the ceiling. Natural Light has an ingenious solution! The light kit can be installed in the previous fixture's ceiling rough out or can be added anywhere with additional electrical wiring. The light kit is available in 2 different models: single bulb and dual bulb. The light kit can hold standard, CFL (compact fluorescent) or LED light bulbs.
Natural Light offers a 5 Year Product Warranty on all Light Kits!
The Light Kit adds an electric light fixture inside the tubular skylight for night time use and is wired to a standard wall switch.
How Does the Light Kit Work?
The light kit adds an electric light fixture into your tubular skylight for night time use. The light fixture is installed directly into the lower portion of the light pipe and is wired to a wall switch. For maximum energy efficiency, Natural Light recommends using CFL or LED bulbs.
Installation of the light kit is very straightforward, but does require electrical wiring skills. A small hole is drilled in the lower section of the light pipe to accommodate the light fixture. The main lamp bracket comes assembled, but needs to be attached to the light pipe with the supplied nuts and washers. The kit must be wired to 120 VAC supply according to local codes and must be properly grounded. Complete instructions are included with each kit for easy installation. Additional wiring may require a licensed professional.


text:
package io.github.jokoframework.porandu.daemon;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.management.InstanceNotFoundException;
import javax.management.MBeanServerConnection;
import javax.management.remote.JMXConnector;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.util.ClassUtils;

/**
 * Basic daemon implementation for a Spring Boot app.
 *
 * @author Stephane Nicoll
 */
public class SpringBootService {

	public void start(String[] args) throws Exception {
		if (args.length == 0) {
			throw new IllegalStateException("Spring Boot application class must be provided.");
		}
		Class<?> springBootApp = ClassUtils.resolveClassName(args[0],
				SpringBootService.class.getClassLoader());
		System.out.println("Starting Spring Boot application [" + springBootApp.getName() + "]");
		SpringApplication.run(springBootApp);
	}

	public void stop(String[] args) throws IOException {
		System.out.println("Stopping Spring Boot application...");
		int jmxPort = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
		String jmxName = SpringApplicationAdminClient.DEFAULT_OBJECT_NAME;
		JMXConnector connector = SpringApplicationAdminClient.connect(jmxPort);
		try {
			MBeanServerConnection connection = connector.getMBeanServerConnection();
			try {
				new SpringApplicationAdminClient(connection, jmxName).stop();
			}
			catch (InstanceNotFoundException ex) {
				throw new IllegalStateException("Spring application lifecycle JMX bean not " +
						"found, could not stop application gracefully", ex);
			}
		}
		finally {
			connector.close();
		}
	}

}


Both at our Amsterdam office and in Curaçao, the partners work with experienced lawyers, tax consultants and top-level advisers. And with a good number of young, ambitious toppers and lawyer trainees. The common denominator is: smart, goal-oriented and with courage. Click & Meet.


Loafers and sports shoes are a harbinger of one of the main themes of the season – strikingly sturdy soles that in these pieces of footwear bring to the fore the contrast between dazzling white and the soft camel shade of the suede leather, embellished with folksy fringes. This marvellous mish-mash of influences has been accented with small studs and golden python-print details. Studs crop up again in degradé detailing to claim their rightful place as a focal decorative element and means to emphasise the design of leather sandals featuring a squared heel. These sandals are elevated with a refined pale beige palette or come in black, tan or dark-brown, in a flat version or boasting oversized buckles whose masculine-looking silhouette is counterpointed by a wedge.
A winning combination of python print and a gleaming gold and silver palette turns up on elegant high-heeled sandals, featuring ankle straps and set on a foot-flattering wedge. The sneakers, Mary-Jane shoes and loafers with side buckles reference the opulence of nineteen-twenties haute couture with sparkling accents in gold, silver or tonal black sequins. Whereas classic sneakers, Nebula models, peeptoe or closed slingback sandals and ballet flats with a small square toe pay tribute to the nineties and playfully explore a houndstooth pattern and pretty pastels which coordinate with white for a fervently feminine vibe.
The sneakers, slingbacks and novel sandal/sneaker hybrids astound with a bold aesthetic accented by contrasting graphic elements in a white/red and black/white colourway. More mellow hues delight on the sneakers set on thick soles made from rubber and transparent gel, accentuating the beauty of the peerless patchworks in natural-looking leather on the upper. A similar colour palette is used for subtler pieces in the collection, such as fringed loafers and leisure sneakers with perforated patterning on the panel.


I don't want to speak for Rod here. Nor do I want to superimpose on The Little Way, a deeply personal meditation on social and family bonds, a polemical or partisan quality that it in fact mercifully avoids. But I don't think I'm misreading Rod at all in saying that technocracy is not what enabled his particular illusion of independence. That illusion stemmed from the desires of his own heart: a desire to escape the stifling atmosphere of rural America and discover the wider world; to pursue a life of the mind; to experience, as the British playwright David Hare put it in his screenplay for The Hours, the "violent jolt" of life in the metropolis.
Our culture stokes this desire, and in no small way our economy depends on it. When politicians tirelessly invoke the "American Dream," when we celebrate social mobility and "churn," we are encouraging millions of young Rod Drehers to leave their Starhills and become "boomers," as the poet Wendell Berry (via Wallace Stegner) describes those whose ambition compels them to leave home.
This is not to dispute Levin's point about a large and active state "pulverizing" civil society; the phenomenon is real and, as I've written before, a purportedly morally neutral state will always and inevitably tip its hand about what it believes to be positive goods.
And if you ask, say, big government-loving Bruce Springsteen what he thinks about the role of civil society, he would no doubt reel off the names of dozens of locally based voluntary associations and charities that serve struggling citizens. When he sings "We Take Care of Our Own," I very much doubt he has only the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services in mind.
Lastly, I want to push back some at this notion of illusory independence (and perhaps contradict myself in the process). If you ask someone who's been unemployed for any length of time whether he's aware of their dependence on others, he might tell you he's all too aware of it—and deeply humiliated by it.
Posted in Books, Conservatism, Culture, Economics, Immigration, Politics, Ideas, America. Tagged Wendell Berry, Yuval Levin, Samuel Goldman, Rod Dreher, David Hare.
This supposed "blind spot"–i.e., the alleged need of technocratically-administered entitlements–to encourage widespread migration and upward-mobility seems to fly in the face of empirical research (http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2012/02/griswold_on_imm.html).


text:
Toggle navigation FLIGHTS
Flight history for Ryanair flight FR7243
ATD —
FROM Luqa (MLA)
TO Dublin (DUB)
28 Jan 2022 Luqa (MLA) Dublin (DUB) 73H — 06:00 — 09:55
Scheduled Play
9H-QCU
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Home > Breaking News > Industry News > The Work Truck Show® 2011 Editors' Choice Award Goes to Dakota Bodies
The Work Truck Show® 2011 Editors' Choice Award Goes to Dakota Bodies
FARMINGTON HILLS, MI (March 22, 2011) ' Dakota Bodies, Inc. (Watertown, SD) has won The Work Truck Show® 2011 Editors' Choice Award for its new Component Body. Impressed by the Component Body's flexibility and versatility, a panel of trade media editors and fleet managers attending the event named it the most innovative product introduced at the Show, which was held at the Indiana Convention Center in Indianapolis, IN, March 8-10.
The panel chooses the Editors' Choice Award winner from products introduced through the Work Truck Show New Product Spotlight and New Product Media Guide programs. Judges selected the Component Body as the winner from a field of 90 entries. The Component Body is sold as a service body kit that upfitters can assemble in 16 different configurations to meet a customer's specific needs. Components are huck-bolted together, making them easily interchangeable. The Component Body is available in galvanneal, aluminum or stainless steel, with a pre-assembled powder-coated finish.
The Component Body has advantages for both upfitters and end-users. Because a single kit can be configured into 16 different bodies, upfitters drastically reduce their inventory costs and are able to provide a customized body to end-users within a very short time. The Editors' Choice Award judging panel was also impressed by the service and maintenance benefits of the Component Body. If a component gets damaged, it can be replaced, without the need to buy a whole new body.
'We are delighted to win the Editors' Choice Award," says Dan Dahl, sales manager for Dakota Bodies. 'It's very difficult as a body manufacturer to come up with a new product that will really grab the attention and satisfy the needs of a lot of people in this industry. We were really pleased with the large number of people who came to our Work Truck Show booth because they were very interested in the Component Body."
The Work Truck Show 2011, North America's largest work truck event, was held in conjunction with the 47th Annual NTEA Convention. Produced annually by the NTEA, the Work Truck Show showcases over 500,000 square feet of Class 1-8 vocational trucks and equipment. The event also features more than 40 educational and technical training programs. The Work Truck Show 2012 returns to the Indiana Convention Center. It will be held in conjunction with the 48th Annual NTEA Convention March 6-8, 2012, with educational sessions kicking off March 5. Online registration opens at NTEA.com in October. For more information, visit www.ntea.com or call 1-800-441-NTEA (6832).
For more information about Dakota Bodies, visit www.dakotabodies.com.
NTEA, the association for the work truck industry, was established in 1964. The Association currently represents nearly 1,600 companies that manufacture, distribute, install, sell and repair commercial trucks, truck bodies, truck equipment, trailers and accessories. Buyers of work trucks and the major commercial truck chassis manufacturers also belong to the Association. NTEA provides in-depth technical information, education, and member programs and services, and produces The Work Truck Show. The Association maintains its administrative headquarters in suburban Detroit and a government relations office in Washington, DC.
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Nevada FFA members, parents and guest, numbering 255, attended the annual Nevada FFA Banquet, held at Gates Hall on Thursday, March 7. Everyone enjoyed a dinner of smoked Windsor chops, catered by Mid West Pack, with sides including cheesy au gratin potatoes, green beans with bacon and onion, dinner roll and chilled fresh citrus lemonade. For dessert, Chris Lloyd made chocolate brownie cake à la mode. Kate Huse assisted with the preparation of green beans and accompanying items. Mike and Patsy Ackerman also volunteered with serving the meal.
The Greenhand and chapter degrees were awarded to members, with accompanying pins. Awards included all of the FFA Career Development Events, Leadership events, and several local businesses and individuals were recognized for their contributions and donations. Certifications of appreciation went to, Dale and Andy Swanson, John Finneseth of Heartland Cooperative, Jim and Steve Owen, Mike Wright, Jeff and Jim Collins, Jeff Anderson, Dave Hobbs, Family of the late Charlie Spaid, Kody Asmus, Dustin Smith, family of the late Wilbert Hadley, Bill Couser, Charlie and Chris Lloyd, Rick Hawbaker and Tyler McDonald, and Garrett Anderson of Van Wall Equipment.
Star Greenhand First Year member went to Addison Anderson, and Star Chapter member to Jay Calentine. At the end of the banquet, an iMovie was presented showing highlights of the chapter since one year ago. The iMovie was formatted, edited and finalized by Kaitlin Wegner and chapter officers. The FFA officer team remarked how much they appreciate the extra effort and time that Kevin Cooper gives. Cooper received a standing ovation from the entire attendance.


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Q: Use of ordering to sort array of arrays, ascending and descending I would like to sort an array of tuples by 3rd and first element so I used the following code:
import scala.util.Sorting
val pairs = Array(("a", 5, 2), ("c", 3, 1), ("b", 1, 3))

// sort by the 3rd element, then 1st
Sorting.quickSort(pairs)(Ordering[(Int, String)].on(x => (x._3, x._1)))

My question is that, in the previous example I can sort by both the third and the first elements ascending or both of them descending (use reverse). but how to sort by the third element ascending and the 1st element descending.
Please, in your answer consider the following case:
Array[Array[People]]

where in this case I do not know the exact size of the inner array (depends on the file schema that I read into this array) and I want to sort by all the items in side (some ascending and some descending).
Edit:
It looks like, i got miss understood.
Here is my full case:
I have the following classes:
  sealed trait GValue extends Serializable with Ordered[GValue]{
def compare(o: GValue): Int = {
  o match {
    case GDouble(v) => this.asInstanceOf[GDouble].v compare v
    case GString(v) => this.asInstanceOf[GString].v compare v
  }
}

case class GDouble(v: Double) extends GValue

case class GString(v: String) extends GValue

and i want to do a code like this.
// (startInterval, StopInterval, ArrayOfColumns)
    val intervals: Array[(Long,Long,Array[GValue])] =
Array((10,20,Array(GDouble(10.2), GString("alarm"), GString("error"),GDouble("100.234"))),
    (30,2000,Array(GDouble(-10.2), GString("alarm"), GString("warn"),GDouble("0.234"))))

The schema or the inner array would change based on the input file (in the example it is Double,String, String, Double but it might be Double, Double or something else).
I would like to find a way to sort with out covering all the cases of the inner array (in regards to type and length), ascending and descending.
what i do currently is to change the inner array to Iterable and then use  Ordering[Iterable[GValue]] for sorting or  Ordering[Iterable[GValue]].reverse. But i want to sort in separated directions (ascending for the first column and then descending for the second then ascending to the third and so on)

A: Using Régis Jean-Gilles' CompositeOrdering from another question, we can compose multiple Orderings.
// Ordering to sort an Array[GValue] by column "col"
def orderByColumn(col: Int) = Ordering.by { ar: Array[GValue] => ar(col - 1) }

val `By Col3-Desc/Col1` =
  CompositeOrdering(orderByColumn(3).reverse, orderByColumn(1))

val `By Col1/Col2/Col3` =
  CompositeOrdering(orderByColumn(1), orderByColumn(2), orderByColumn(3))

Now we can sort an array of type Array[GValue], and you could sort your intervals using sortBy :
intervals.sortBy(_._3)(`By Col3-Desc/Col1`)

If you want to sort the intervals array with Sorting.quickSort, we need an Ordering for the tuple :
type Interval = (Long, Long, Array[GValue])
implicit object tupleByArray extends Ordering[Interval] {
  def compare(a: Interval, b: Interval) = a._3 compare b._3
}

Now you can sort your intervals using Sorting.quickSort:
implicit val arrOrd = `By Col3-Desc/Col1`
Sorting.quickSort(intervals)

// Array[(Long, Long, Array[GValue])] =
// Array(
//  (30,2000,Array(GDouble(-10.2), GString(alarm), GString(warn),  GDouble(0.234))),
//  (10,20,Array(GDouble(10.2), GString(alarm), GString(error), GDouble(100.234)))
// )

I leave my answer from before the question was updated :
There is a great article by Eric Loots on sorting on multiple fields.
In your case of Array[People] this could look like :
case class People(name: String, age: Int)

object PeopleOrdering {
  // sort by name descending and age ascending
  implicit object `By Name-Rev/Age` extends Ordering[People] {
    def compare(a: People, b: People): Int = {
      import scala.math.Ordered._
      implicit val ord = Ordering.Tuple2[String, Int]
      (b.name, a.age) compare (a.name, b.age)
    }
  }
}

val people = Array(People("Alice", 40), People("Bob", 50), People("Charlie", 20))
Sorting.quickSort(people)(PeopleOrdering.`By Name-Rev/Age`)
// > people
// Array[People] = Array(People(Bob,20), People(Bob,50), People(Alice,40))

val array = Array(people, Array(People("B", 1), People("C", 2)))
array.foreach(ps => Sorting.quickSort(ps)(PeopleOrdering.`By Name-Rev/Age`))
// > array
// Array[Array[People]] = Array(
//   Array(People(Bob,20), People(Bob,50), People(Alice,40)),
//   Array(People(C,2), People(B,1))
// )

A: For your example where you want to order Strings desceding add this before sorting
  implicit object ReverseStringOrdering extends Ordering[String] {
    def compare(x: String, y: String) = -1 * x.compareTo(y)
  }

So, in general just add implicit Ordering object of type you want to sort descending with overridden compare method. This solution works only if you sort by different types.
If you want to sort by first item ascending and second descending add this before sorting:
 implicit def AscFirstDescSecondTuple2[T1, T2](implicit ord1: Ordering[T1], ord2: Ordering[T2]): Ordering[(T1, T2)] =
    new Ordering[(T1, T2)]{
      def compare(x: (T1, T2), y: (T1, T2)): Int = {
        val compare1 = ord1.compare(x._1, y._1)
        if (compare1 != 0) return compare1
        val compare2 = -1 * ord2.compare(x._2, y._2)
        if (compare2 != 0) return compare2
        0
      }
    }


In order to create a perfect space for health and fitness inside your house, you should preferably know the size of the room before incorporating various design ideas. A perfect home gym gives you the freedom to exercise from the comfort and privacy of your house and many modern homes are integrating innovative design ideas to create an ideal place to work out daily without any hassles. A workout room in your house usually gives you the liberty to do exercise anytime. You can easily avoid taking expensive gym membership or travelling a long distance after a busy day by creating a space for workout inside your house. Health and fitness is an important factor to reduce health related diseases and having a gym in your house not only keeps you fit but also helps to prevent many diseases.
There are numerous modern home gym ideas available at Homify. It's advisable to browse through the website for getting the perfect modern home gym inspiration. You can also hire a professional t for creating inviting place inside your room for doing regular workouts. An expert can easy utilize the space appropriately. You should consult a trainer to procure the perfect equipment for your modern exercise room. It's advisable to make a design plan that perfectly suits your needs is important for preventing expensive mistakes. Most people think that creating area for a fitness room can be very expensive but it's not like that. You can create an exclusive area for doing workouts inside your house on a budget too. From small apartments to big houses, a home gym can easily be incorporated. There are numerous modern gym ideas and inspiration available online. Doing a bit of research can easily help you creating a proper design brief. If you are building your house from scratch, you can tell the architect for creating an exclusive room for exercise.
Where can I find modern home gym inspiration?
There are various places to look for while designing your personalized fitness room. Doing extensive research work before creating the design plan is extremely important for the homeowner to prevent making expensive mistakes. Most people procure equipment that are not used regularly. You should focus on your needs and understand the size of the room before making a decision. At Homify, you will find hundreds of visually stunning home gym ideas however you should select the design according to your budget and requirements. Your exercise room should also complement the overall décor of the house hence always concentrate on the space, colour, lighting options before making any decision.
You can also take ideas from a friend's home. You can also consult someone who is an expert in designing home gyms. An expert knows the technicalities of installing equipment. They can easily help the homeowner in procurement and installation. An expert can take all the hassles away from the homeowner. You can also read design magazines to get the perfect modern home gym design idea for your exercise room. Most people want to create a space especially to lose weight hence a treadmill is a must, to begin with. If you are planning to do only cardio and Yoga, an empty room with the right kind of floor mat can be sufficient. In case, you are planning to flaunt a chiselled appearance, you should consult a trainer before buying the perfect machine for your training. It's all about your requirement and the space available.
How do I go about building a modern home gym?
If you are building this space from scratch, you can tell the architect to construct windows for proper flow of air. Creating an open space is important for getting enough breathing space. You should always consider having space which is clutter-free. If you want to do Yoga or dance, your exercise room should have enough space and mirrors while you should procure the right elliptical equipment if you want to flaunt a perfect body. The modern home gym is all about creating an area for the homeowner to stay fit. It's important to install a TV in this area for entertainment. You should also keep a fridge in your gym however you can avoid unimportant things for preventing injuries. A bigger space will give you enough legroom to do your workouts easily. You can do the cardio workouts in a bigger room. Modern gyms usually use wooden floors. Gym floors need to be tougher because it undergoes regular wear and tear. Wooden floors can withstand heavy weights. Wooden floors also look good and easily complement modern décor however you should regularly clean them to remove the moisture.
What wall colour is appropriate for a modern home gym design?
The modern home gym should look inviting enough to tempt the homeowner to spend time in this space. You should decorate the walls with soft shades for creating a visually stunning area. Hues like white, cream, turquoise are extremely suitable for modern homes. The colour of your exercise room should be subtle. You can also install mirrors in this space. Mirrors help to prevent exercising mistakes. You can also track your performance and change in your appearance by looking at the mirrors. You should always choose hues that reflect positivity hence using soft shades can easily inspire you to do more workouts. It's always advisable to do a bit of research before selecting the perfect hue for your walls. You shouldn't make mistakes by choosing contrasting shades that may not complement the other rooms. Hiring a professional is extremely important for attaining the perfect look for this space of your house. An expert has access to painters and other resources. They can easily make your work easier. In order to achieve an aesthetically pleasing workout room, you can also shortlist exclusive designs from Homify. The colour of your walls can also be a mood healer. Soft colours are always very soothing and relaxing. A home gym is not only a place for fitness but it also helps you to relax and unwind after a busy day hence choosing the right shade and lighting is very important to create a delightful room.
What are the most appropriate modern gym flooring options?
The floors of an exercise room should be the strongest of all. The floors are the important part of this space hence you should do a bit of research before choosing the right material for your floors. The fitness room undergoes regular wear and tear due to workouts and weights hence using wooden floor is appropriate for a home gym. You can also consult a design expert for selecting the right material according to your needs. It's advisable to use a scratch resistant material in your gym room. The continuous dragging of heavy equipment during workouts require a floor that can withstand the heaviest of equipment hence you should invest more in the floors for avoiding high maintenance cost in future. There are various home gym flooring options available at Homify. You can easily shortlist few designs according to your needs. You should also consult a trainer for the equipment before designing your floors.
From chin-up bar to free standing punching bag, from adjustable dumbbells to stretching mat, from jump rope to exercise bands, from core training wheels to an exercise ball, there are many fitness products that can be procured for your home gym. The treadmill is one of the most popular fitness equipment for a modern fitness room. You should understand your requirements before procuring and installing these products. It's advisable to consult a trainer before procuring the equipment. You can easily avoid making expensive mistakes by doing extensive research. You should also buy products from reputed source. Focusing on the quality is extremely important for maintaining a standard looking weight room in your house. High-quality products also last long. Hiring an expert for procuring gym equipment is highly recommended. A professional deal with these products regularly hence they can guide you properly.
How do I convert a spare room into a home gym?
Converting a spare room into a home gym is a great idea however you should understand the space properly before installing fitness products. You should also understand your requirements before designing the space. The spare room may require renovation for making the area look inviting. You can easily buy fitness products like a treadmill, exercise ball, dumbbells, chin-up bars etc. however it's advisable to know the size of the room before purchasing the products. The room should have enough space for movement. A clutter-free exercise room can also prevent injuries hence you should buy products which is extremely important. Most people commit mistakes by buying all equipment however they never use them in future. You should also consult an interior designer before choosing the colour for the walls and flooring options for this space.
From bigger spare room to small spaces, you can get sufficient ideas to make a fully functional home gym by browsing through various designs at Homify. Consulting an expert can also help you a lot in procurement and installation of fitness products. A well-designed fitness room not only helps you in staying fit but also speaks a lot about the personality of the homeowner. From an empty room for Yoga to a fully equipped room for bodybuilding, you can easily create the perfect workout space in your house. Space is never a constraint if you have to the will. If you are passionate enough to flaunt a desirable appearance, you should consider creating a home gym from scratch. Unlike yesteryears, people are now making spaces for workouts in small apartments. Having a home gym can easily make your life better.


Trang is a people-focused leader. A background in marketing and communications in Technology as well leading NFP Boards has been built around her dynamic personal style and her deep commitment to building long-lasting relationships with clients, stakeholders and teams. Trang has an ability to align planning, implementation and offer development with budget management and clear performance reporting to senior leadership teams to deliver solutions on time, within budget and to the standard required (or better!).
Trang is also actively involved in the not-for-profit sector, working to improve community services that support women and children. To this commitment she brings her understanding of service delivery, client care and best practice methodologies. A dedicated worker, committed to delivering results for her organisations and always looking for innovative ways to meet her goals with professionalism.
With 15+ years experience in Marketing in the B2B corporate sector with vendors, system integrators, ICT and Telecommunications companies, Trang is passionate about marketing that enhances customer experience at the heart of the conversation, and supporting women and refugees.


Population estimates of alcohol misusers who access DWP benefits.
Estimates the number of problem drinkers in Britain who draw the main unemployment and welfare benefits in order to assess how many claimants may need additional help for addiction and related problems before they can move into employment. Contrasts with similar figures for problem drug users.
Summary This study aimed to estimate the number of people who are accessing Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) benefits and who have a problematic relationship with alcohol. It follows a similar study, also commissioned by DWP, which estimated the number of Problem Drug Users (PDUs) who access DWP benefits. This study combines the most accurate, relevant and up-to-date data on the number of dependent drinkers with a score of 20 or more in the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), The AUDIT is a clinical assessment tool designed to identify people who may be dependent drinkers. A diagnosis of dependence is made by a clinician following further tests. Dependent drinkers with an AUDIT score of 20+ are very likely to be experiencing physical and social problems (including, possibly, problems maintaining employment) due to their excessive alcohol consumption, or storing up such problems for themselves in the future. derived from survey data, with benefit uptake data to produce estimates for 2008.
Alcohol dependence is defined as "a cluster of behavioural, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that may develop after repeated alcohol use [typically including ...] a strong desire to consume alcohol, impaired control over its use, persistent drinking despite harmful consequences [such as liver disease or depression caused by drinking], a higher priority given to drinking than to other activities and obligations, increased alcohol tolerance, and a physical withdrawal reaction when alcohol use is discontinued".
The AUDIT 20+ group was selected for these estimates as it is believed to contain those individuals who are most likely to require treatment before they can overcome their alcohol misuse issues, and those for whom alcohol misuse is most likely to represent a barrier to employment. A separate report contains the findings from a literature review and qualitative study with problem drinkers accessing treatment, and professionals who work with them, to illuminate these individuals� experiences of employment and the benefit system.
The Coalition Government has stated that it is committed to tackling drug and alcohol addiction, which is one of the most damaging root causes of poverty. The Government has also stated that it advocates an approach to addressing addiction that is firmly rooted in the concept of recovery and reintegration; a process through which an individual is enabled to overcome the symptoms and causes of their dependency and reintegrate back into society. DWP have responsibility for the �recovery and reintegration� strand of the 2010 Drug Strategy. This strand acknowledges that recovery does not begin or end with treatment, but encompasses employment, education and skills, family support, probation and wider health services around treatment in a holistic fashion to support sustained recovery. The population estimates contained here will inform the development of this strand of the strategy by providing information on the estimated number of individuals who may need additional help for their addiction, and related problems, before they are able to move off benefits and into employment.
• Disability Living Allowance (DLA).
• Incapacity Benefit Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) was introduced in October 2008 to replace IB, IS and Severe Disablement Allowance (SDA) for new claimants. However, it is not included in these estimates as they were derived from 2007 and 2008 survey data, and so predate the introduction of ESA. (IB).
A combined �main benefits� group was constructed to estimate the number of individuals in receipt of one or more of these benefits. The number of people within the main benefits group will be smaller than the sum of those in receipt of each individual benefit as individuals can be in receipt of more than one type of benefit at the same time. Estimates for the main benefits group were also derived by gender, age group, and Government Office Region (GOR).
Alcohol (or drug) dependence does not of itself confer entitlement to disability-related benefits including IB. To qualify for these benefits, claimants have to undertake a medical assessment of incapacity which assesses the effects of their condition on their ability to carry out a number of everyday activities relevant to work. People with alcohol or drug dependence may have other diagnoses, for example mental illness, which result in their incapacity for work.
For England only in 2008, it was estimated that there were 630,000 working age individuals who were dependent drinkers with an AUDIT score of 20 or more.
Below are estimates of the number of dependent drinkers with an AUDIT score of 20+ in England who are in receipt of each of the four main DWP benefits, and one or more of those benefits.
Approximately 160,000 individuals in receipt of one or more �main benefits� are estimated to fall into the AUDIT 20+ dependent drinker group. Around 100,000 of this group are in receipt of IB, around 90,000 in receipt of IS, and just under 30,000 in receipt of DLA. Approximately 25,000 receive JSA.
It can be inferred from the findings that individuals in receipt of benefits are almost twice as likely to be AUDIT 20+ dependent drinkers as those who are not on benefits although this difference has not been tested for statistical significance. It is not surprising that AUDIT 20+ drinkers are more prevalent in the benefit population given the symptoms and behaviour surrounding dependence which may make it difficult to achieve and sustain employment. However, it should be noted that only a quarter (25%) of individuals who are AUDIT 20+ dependent drinkers are in receipt of benefits, meaning that the majority are managing to sustain employment or support themselves in other ways.
The estimated number of AUDIT 20+ dependent drinkers in receipt of the four main benefits is around 100,000 fewer than the estimated number of problem drug users (PDUs) who are in receipt of the main benefits (160,000 compared with 270,000). It appears that dependent drinkers in receipt of benefits are almost twice as likely to be on IB and DLA as PDUs in receipt of benefits, but less likely to be on JSA. The proportions claiming IS are roughly similar. However, again these differences have not been tested for significance.
It is interesting to note that whilst 80% of PDUs of working age in England are estimated to be in receipt of benefit, only a quarter (25%) of AUDIT 20+ dependent drinkers are estimated to be claiming benefit. This suggests that dependent drinkers are more able to sustain employment, or support themselves in other ways, than PDUs.
It should be remembered that the alcohol and drug using groups are not mutually exclusive. An indication of the extent of this overlap is given by 2008/09 National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS), which shows that 16.5% of problem drug users presenting for treatment also have alcohol misuse problems.
Data from the NTA shows that, in 2008/09, around 100,000 people accessed treatment for alcohol misuse problems. It is not known what proportion of the 100,000 in structured treatment were in receipt of DWP benefits. However, we do know from the National Alcohol Treatment Monitoring System that around 75% of those individuals of working age who entered treatment for an alcohol misuse problem in 2008/9 had not undertaken any work in the month prior to entering treatment. It is therefore reasonable to assume that those who seek treatment are significantly more likely to find that their alcohol misuse represents a barrier to employment than those dependent drinkers who do not access treatment, and (based on this) are more likely to be in receipt of benefits.
We can also conclude that a substantial number of the 160,000 AUDIT 20+ dependent drinkers in receipt of one or more of the four main benefits in England are not receiving structured treatment for their alcohol problems (although they may be receiving other interventions).
This study has estimated that there are around 100,000 AUDIT 20+ dependent drinkers in receipt of IB, however only approximately 40,000 individuals cited As reported in the Local Alcohol Profiles for England: http://www.nwph.net/alcohol/lape/download.htm alcohol misuse as the main reason for claiming that benefit. This may be because many IB claimants who fall into the AUDIT 20+ group have other conditions, for example mental illness, which result in their incapacity for work.
This study has demonstrated that a substantial number of individuals who are in receipt of the main DWP benefits have a problematic relationship with alcohol.


Invest Northern Ireland today announced a major investment by the Imagine Communications Group.
With support from Invest NI, the Irish firm has established a new company, Imagine Telecommunications NI Ltd, which will provide customer care and technical support services to clients across Ireland from a customer contact centre based in the A:Tek centre in Armagh. Invest NI has offered £2.44 million of support towards the creation of 304 jobs and the investment is expected to deliver almost £4 million of wages and salaries annually into the local economy.
Making the announcement, Ian Murphy, Managing Director of Clients and Entrepreneurship, Invest NI said: "Private sector growth is crucial to Northern Ireland's future economic prosperity and this major commitment by Imagine is a positive step forward in our work to create wealth and prosperity in the local economy.
"As one of the fastest growing telecommunications groups in the Republic of Ireland, Imagine will bring quality employment, career development and training opportunities to the Armagh area, taking advantage of rapid development in the contact centre sector and a highly skilled and talented workforce.
"Such a landmark investment by a high growth Irish firm is indicative of the growing international confidence in Northern Ireland, following the recent announcement by ICICI OneSource to create 1000 jobs in Belfast and the North West. Today's announcement in Armagh clearly demonstrates the strength of Northern Ireland as the most cost effective location on the British Isles for contact centre investment," added Mr Murphy.