vSphere HA reports that an agent is in the Agent Unreachable state when the agent for the host cannot be contacted by the master host or by vCenter Server. Consequently, vSphere HA is not able to monitor the virtual machines on the host and might not restart them after a failure.
A vSphere HA agent can be in the Agent Unreachable state for several reasons. This condition most often indicates that a networking problem is preventing vCenter Server from contacting the master host and the agent on the host, or that all hosts in the cluster have failed. This condition can also indicate the unlikely situation that vSphere HA was disabled and then re-enabled on the cluster while vCenter Server could not communicate with the vSphere HA agent on the host, or that the agent on the host has failed, and the watchdog process was unable to restart it.
Determine if vCenter Server is reporting the host as not responding. If so, there is a networking problem or a total cluster failure. After either condition is resolved, vSphere HA should work correctly. If not, reconfigure vSphere HA on the host. Similarly, if vCenter Server reports the hosts are responding but a host's state is Agent Unreachable, reconfigure vSphere HA on that host.


The first analog video color format, which uses one channel and a single cable (the audio tracks transmit in separate channels and cables). All old analog TVs and many digital TVs have composite video inputs (see LG example below). Old analog TVs also included S-video inputs, and many also supported the higher-quality component video. See S-video and component video.
Composite video was created when color was added to black & white TV in 1954. Two color signals (U and V) were multiplexed with the original monochrome signal (Y) and transmitted in the same TV channel (see YUV and NTSC).
The yellow RCA jack is the composite video socket found on myriad video devices. However, professional equipment may not support composite video.
This excerpt from a 2017 LG OLED TV manual shows that even the most modern digital TVs accept analog composite video signals in order to connect to old VCRs and other early video sources.
The VTRs offer S-video connectors in addition to connectors for component and composite video.
For composite video streams, a high quality 3D comb filter for NTSC and PAL with concurrent 3D noise reduction is integrated to reduce artifacts typically found in analog video signals.
2, the models also feature a lamp power of 165 watts as well as inputs for RGB, Composite Video, S-Video and Component Video formats.
The monitor includes two looping composite video inputs, two looping audio inputs, and one Y/C input.
Both are HDTV compatible with direct YpbPr/component, S-Video and composite video inputs.
It accepts a composite video, component video and S-video signal in the formats of NTSC, PAL and SECAM.


A student in my "Mythology and the Movies" class just sent me a link to an editorial in the New York Times about how Ivy League (and other) colleagues are using Harry Potter themes to attract students during recruiting. In one of the reply letters, the Harry Potter event that my class puts on is mentioned.
The student in the New York Times editorial who complained about beings exposed to these recruiting methods was appalled by all things Harry Potter. She felt they should have been left behind, in high school. I, of course, am delighted with the examples she described of references being made to Harry Potter at several colleges she and friends visited. First she supplied me with a lot of good information that I will use as I write about Harry Potter and its incorporation into everyday American culture. Then she confirmed that Middlebury still promotes Quidditch: my son (a high school freshman) wants to go there not only because it is a wonderful college but also because it has Quidditch!
The distressing part is that this student is about to go off to college and already has her mind closed to new ideas and new ways of looking at the world. Talk about failure to see the magic in education! The fact is, we do not escape into Harry Potter's world when we read and then leave it behind when we close the book. The elements of that world come with us. The wonder (hint: college is supposed to be about wonder, and yes, magic) is that the magical world does, indeed, come into ours, everyday, in the most amazing ways. And it is not just about merchandising, Merchandise is not an inherent evil. We use Harry Potter themed props for all sorts of purposes, most of which involved making sense of the world though imaginative stories we create and exchange.
I would suggest to this already jaded student that if she were to mention Harry Potter to a group of college students (like the ones I have in my classes) she would find that there is great variety in their experiences and opinions about the boy wizard. But the important thing is that she had a starting point for those conversations, a series of books that many of them have read and many fell in love with. It would be sad to cut off that potential connection to new and different people in the place that offers the best opportunity to explore it: Hogwarts, er, I mean, college.


Recently I've started teaching both beginner adult classes and beginner kids classes. It's amazing to see the difference between the groups and how this influences my teaching style. Kids are like clay: they can be moulded and taught new skills without too many existing bad habits. But it can be slow going. This is why it is so important to encourage basic life skills like coordination and balance from such a young age. But the most important part is making it FUN!
Adults can be the complete opposite. They have those pre-existing basic skills which make it easier for them to pick up movements. But the challenges come from their history of movement. All of a sudden you find yourself considering injury and exercise history. Even a small detail like the perfect Irish dance turn out becomes a new challenge.
As CID grows, the diversity in skill levels will grow and make every class an exciting experience for everyone.


text:
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// <copyright file="ApiResponse.cs" company="Brandon Seydel">
//   N/A
// </copyright>
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

using MailChimp.Net.Models;

using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace MailChimp.Net.Core
{
    /// <summary>
    /// The api response.
    /// </summary>
    public class ApiResponse
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the account id.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty("account_id")]
        public string AccountId { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the account name.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty("account_name")]
        public string AccountName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the contact.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty("contact")]
        public Contact Contact { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the last login.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty("last_login")]
        public string LastLogin { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the links.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty("_links")]
        public Link[] Links { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the total subscribers.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty("total_subscribers")]
        public int TotalSubscribers { get; set; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The deeper we go into Administration #45 and the more situations similar to the Philadelphia incident are revealed, the more I recall my first, in-your-face experience with racism. It was at my first Chamber of Commerce mixer.
I went home and allowed myself to be physically ill. Then I called my neighbor, a White real estate agent from Arkansas. We were friends; he was accepting of people. I demanded that he tell me precisely what I was facing by being seen as a Black woman who was a block buster in an (essentially) all White community.
While I don't talk about that experience nor the cavalcade of other situations that reinforce and validate (not part of my imagination nor sensitive feelings) that experience, racism exists and endures in many forms.
It is not unconscious bias. It is lack of education, and therefore awareness, and the inability to see things from the other side of the picture. It is about not being able to see people of another race or ethnicity as human beings, individuals who have humanity and deserve respect.
Even in the Deep South, Southern hospitality was predicated on being respectful of others, no matter what their race or station. Unfortunately, it also meant certain members of the population were simply not allowed to partake of the American Pie in the same types of bites as others. To do so was considered a sin against society, violating community standards.
Fortunately, not all Whites held that belief nor practiced it. There were many who strove to cause positive change and more inclusion through their being part of various organizations and associations where their words could be heard and persuade others to see a different, better course from having inclusiveness. It sometimes takes being on the inside to be able to cause a shift in attitudes and positive changes.
Having these experiences has reinforced my belief and conviction that all people are created equal. Each of us deserves the right to reach the greatest possible potential. Therefore, in this matter, I am on the right path. I proclaim my status as an expert in the area of diversity, especially with regard to Title VII diversity. I will continue to develop knowledge and awareness of the issues as well as the case law and statutes that support the right to access. Thus saying, it is also important to be vigilant about the threats to those forms of access and rights to existence. Those rights are embodied in our Constitution and are considered civil rights.
Each specialist, each expert is one based on their particular slice of the picture. There are those who are lawyers and judges. There are also those who are arbitrators and mediators. Let us not overlook the administrative law judges of the EEOC and other governing bodies. And there are the advocates and consultants who focus in discrete issues where they have carved out their own specialties.
Contrary to the belief of some, this expertise is not predicated on mere opinion. In some instances it is developed via first-hand experiences, either witnessing the issue visited on others or having it inflicted on their own selves because of the deficiencies of the abusers.


text:
De Luiksebrug is een liggerbrug over de Ring van Antwerpen in het district Borgerhout van de stad Antwerpen.

De brug verbindt de A13/E313 met de R10 Noordersingel.

De Luiksebrug mag niet verward worden met de Luikbrug, een voormalige brug in de haven van Antwerpen.

Brug in Antwerpen (stad)
Borgerhout
Liggerbrug

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Le Cougar est un véhicule blindé de transport de troupes britannique à roues, entré en service en 2002.

Armement et équipement
Tourelleau télé-opéré et autres en options.

Équipement

Variantes
 Cougar HEV
Badger ILAV
Cougar JERRV
Cougar ISS
Ridgback PPV
Mastiff PPV
Mastiff 2 'Protected Eyes'
Wolfhound
Timberwolf
Fire Support Cougar
Recovery of Airbase Denied by Ordinance (RADBO)

Pays utilisateurs

Voir aussi
 Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Véhicule militaire britannique
Véhicule à transmission intégrale


Buildings for housing or for your business! We build everything you can imagine. At CONSTRU, the details take on special importance in our dwellings of author.
To shape the past into the future!
Because maintaining identity is important, at CONSTRU we rehabilitate without mischaracterizing. We use current techniques, select and incorporate materials that are compatible with existing buildings and work towards sustainable rehabilitation.
Upgrade your house with the best materials!
We renovate interiors completely. CONSTRU also ensures all architectural services for the development of solutions and choice of materials.
Ensure the highest quality level!
At CONSTRU, each building is unique. We develop works of conservation of interior spaces, structures and much more!
2018 CONSTRU BY GRUPO CASAIS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.


DriveTrain Solutions Ltd provide a large range of driver training courses for Berkshire and the Home Counties. Courses include Driver CPC , ALLMI Lorry Loader, Forklift, Long Goods Vehicles (LGV), Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGV), Passenger Carrying Vehicles (PCV). If you have any questions about any of our vocational drivers courses and training please call or visit our website.


LCD manufacturer Japan Display (JDI) has developed a virtual reality-ready screen that more than doubles the pixel quality you'll find in nearly all of the best VR headsets on the market.
JDI, a joint org comprised of Sony, Toshiba and Hitachi, announced this week that its new 3.25-inch screen comes with 1,001 pixels per inch (ppi).
With higher image quality, JDI said, headsets can be smaller and lighter than ever before.
Currently, the HTC Vive Pro comes closest to this number with 615 ppi, while the HTC Vive has 448 ppi, the Oculus Rift has 461 ppi, and Playstation VR has only 386 ppi.
Considering Sony makes PSVR and commits significant resources to JDI, it's possible that the next iteration of PlayStation VR could potentially come with two of JDI's pixel-dense screens built in.
Sony previously used JDI's 6-inch, 18:9 displays for its newest smartphones.
JDI announced that its new screen would ship out by late March 2019.
The company JDI also said its screen has a 2.2msec response time for reduced latency, a 120Hz refresh rate, and a resolution of 2,160 x 2,432.
That beats out PlayStation VR's current 1920 x 1080 resolution. The HTC Vive Pro has a combined resolution of 2,880 x 1,600.
Japan Display's new screen may not be the best impending display headed to the market.
Google is developing an 18-megapixel OLED display that measures 4.3 inches, has 1,443-ppi and a 120Hz refresh rate. The resolution of this display is reportedly 5,657 x 3,182 per eye.
Both Google and JDI's new VR-ready screens will be shown at Display Week 2018 in Los Angeles later this month, where the company will seemingly battle it out for supremacy in the next-gen VR market.
One thing is for certain: these displays aren't for mobile or standalone devices like Google Daydream View, Oculus Go or the Lenovo Mirage Solo. To hit that kind of resolution, you need PC levels of processing power.
So, does that mean a new Google competitor to the high-end VR market is coming to take on Sony's PlayStation VR, along with HTC and Oculus? We could find out more before the month is out.


5. We supply individual reusable plastic plates and bowls solutions to meet the highest standards. Free samples are available.
1. There are many successful cooperation cases with GUANGZHOU HENGDA INDUSTRIES CO.,LTD for our small plastic party bowls. - plastic party plates and bowls is developed using latest technology support for disposable plates and bowls.
2. GUANGZHOU HENGDA INDUSTRIES CO.,LTD invests a lot in technology of cheap plastic plates and bowls.
3. HENGDA Disposable Tableware has made some breakthroughs in improving quality of the reusable plastic plates and bowls. - Relentless pursuit of quality excellence is significant to GUANGZHOU HENGDA INDUSTRIES CO.,LTD. Inquire!


text:
Serpent OS
Smart Dependable Fast Flexible Community
boulder moss
Out of the Bootstrap - Towards Serpent OS
Thursday, December 2, 2021 - Peter O'Connor (Performance Guy)
The initial stone packages that will seed the first Serpent OS repo have now been finalized! This means that work towards setting up the infrastructure for live package updates begins now. We plan on taking time to streamline the processes with a focus of fixing issues at the source. In this way we can make packaging fast and efficient so we can spend time working on features rather than package updates.
The End of Bootstrap
Bootstrapping a distribution involves building a new toolchain and many packages needed to support it. For us bootstrap was getting us to the point where we have built stone packages that we can use to start an initial repository with full working dependencies. This has been enabled by integrating dependencies into moss, creating the first repo index. Of note is that it is already enabled for 32bit support, so we have you covered there. While this is the end of bootstrap, the fun has only just begun!
The first install from the bootstrap
The next goal is to make Serpent OS self-hosting, where we can build packages in a container and update the repo index with the newly built packages. It is essentially a live repository accessible from the internet. There's still plenty of improvements to be made with the tooling, but will soon enable more users to participate in bringing Serpent OS into fruition.
Becoming More Inclusive
While there's a strong focus in Serpent OS on performance, the decision has been made to lower the initial requirements for users. Despite AVX2 being an older technology, there are still computers sold today that don't support it. Because of this (and already having interested users who don't have newer machines), the baseline requirement for Serpent OS will be x86_64-v2, which only requires SSE4.2.
It was always the plan to add support for these machines, just later down the track. In reality, this makes a lot more sense, as there will be many cases where building 2 versions of a package provides little value. This is where a package takes a long time to build and doesn't result in a notable performance improvement. We will always need the x86_64-v2 version of a package to be compatible with the older machines. With this approach we can reduce the build server requirements without a noticeable impact to users as only a few packages you use will be without extra optimizations (and probably don't benefit from them anyway).
I want to make it clear that this will be temporary, with impactful x86_64-v3+ packages rolling out as soon as possible. This change paves the way to integrate our technology stack taking care of your system for you and increases its priority. Users meeting the requirements of the x86_64-v3+ instruction set (this includes additional instructions beyond x86_64-v3) will automatically start installing these faster packages as they become available. Our subscriptions model will seamlessly take care of everything for you behind the scenes so you don't need to read a wiki or forum to learn how to get these faster packages. We can utilize the same approach in future for our ARM stack, offering more optimized packages where it provides the most benefit.
Note that from the bootstrap, most packages built in under 15s and only three took longer than 2 minutes.
Trying Out Some Tweaks From the Get Go
While the project is young is a great time to test out new technologies. The use of clang and lld open up new possibilities to reduce file sizes, shorten load times and decrease memory usage. Some of these choices may have impacts on compatibility, so testing them out will be the best way to grasp that. Making sure that you can run apps like Steam is vital to the experience, so whatever happens we will make sure it works. The good news is that due to the unique architecture of Serpent OS, we can push updates that break compatibility with just a reboot, so if we ever feel the need to change the libc, we can make the change without you having to reinstall! More importantly, we can test major stack updates by rebooting into a staged update and go straight back to the old system, regardless of your file system.
Speed Packaging!
In the early days of the repository, tooling to make creating new packages as simple as possible is vital for efficiency. Spending some time automating as much of the process as possible will take weeks off bringing up Serpent OS. By making packaging as easy as possible will also help users when creating their own packages. While it would be faster to work around issues, the build tooling upgrades will benefit everyone.
The other way we'll be speeding up the process is by holding back some of the tuning options by default. LTO for instance can result in much longer build times so will not initially be the default. The same is true for debug packages, where it slows down progress without any tangible benefit.
Things Are Happening!
We hope you are as excited as we are!
Like What You See? Join the Collective
Work on Serpent OS is made possible by an awesome community. With their continued support we're able to keep working on the project, as well as covering the running costs and purchase of hardware, etc.
Copyright © 2020-2022 Serpent OS Developers
Privacy Policy | About

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Why I can not find reference to iText document? I added the itextpdf-5.5.4 jar file in my project but still I cant not find reference to the methods of the library.
getContentPane().add(tPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
Document d = new Document();

I can only find reference to the Document class of javax.swing.text.

A: I have solved the issue. I had javax.swing.text. imported. After I cleaned unused imports and the try to import itext it worked.
I think the reason is javax.swing.text has document class implemented that's why it was showing that class and preventing me form importing anything for the same class.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Posted inPolitics and Movements: US
Hedges and Wolin (6/8): Can Capitalism and Democracy Coexist?
by Chris Hedges November 2, 2014 September 23, 2020
(Sheldon S. Wolin, died on Oct 21, 2015 at the age of 93) Journalist Chris Hedges and political philosopher Sheldon Wolin continue their discussion of the threats faced by democratic institutions
CHRIS HEDGES, PULITZER-PRIZE WINNING JOURNALIST: Welcome to part six of my interview with Professor Sheldon Wolin, who taught politics for many years at Berkeley and later Princeton. He is the author of several seminal works on political philosophy, including Politics and Vision and Democracy Incorporated.
We were talking about superpower, the way it had corrupted academia, especially in the wake of World War II, the increasing integration of academics into the power system itself. And I wanted to talk a little bit about the nature of superpower, which you describe as essentially the face of inverted totalitarianism. You say that with superpower, power is always projected outwards, which is a fundamental characteristic that Hannah Arendt ascribes to fascism of totalitarianism fascism and that the inability–and she juxtaposes Nazi Germany with countries like Hungary, so that the nature of fascism in a country like Hungary is diluted because they don't have that ability to keep pushing power outwards. We, of course, in our system of inverted totalitarianism, have been constantly expanding–hundreds of bases around the world; we virtually at this point occupy most of the Middle East. And I spent seven years in the Middle East, and to come back to America and have Americans wonder why we are detested is absolutely mystifying, because the facts on the ground, the direct occupation of two countries, the proxy wars that are carried out–Somalia, Pakistan, Yemen–have engendered ISIS and resurrected al-Qaeda and other jihadist movements in a way that is completely understandable and rational from their perspective. So I wondered if you could talk about what that quality of constantly projecting power outward does to the nation and to democracy itself.
SHELDON WOLIN, PROF. EMERITUS POLITICS, PRINCETON: Well, I think in some respects it's pretty apparent what it does in terms of governing institutions. That is, it obviously enhances their power and it increases their scope, and at the same time renders them less and less responsible, even though we've kept the outward framework of elections and criticism and all the free press, etc. But the power is there, and it is–thanks particularly to contemporary technology, it is power that's kind of endlessly expandable.
And it's very different from the sort of imperialism of the 18th or 19th centuries, where resources always had a limit and that territorial and other expansion was severely restricted by it. But now expansionism is accompanied by an ability to impose cultural norms, as well as political norms, on populations that did not have them. And that has made a tremendous difference in the effect of the imperial reach, because it means that it's becoming easier to have it rationalized not only at home, but also abroad. And the differences, I think, are just very, very profound between the kind of expansionism of the contemporary state, like America, and those in the 18th and 19th centuries.
HEDGES: What are the consequences? You talk in Politics and Vision about–you mentioned Thucydides and Thucydides raising up the figure of Pericles, who warned the Athenian demos that expansion, constant expansion, would ultimately destroy Athenian democracy by in essence bringing back the mechanisms for control, the harsh, violence mechanisms of control of empire, back into Athens itself. And that, of course, is what we have done, from the use of drones to militarizing police forces, to the security and surveillance state. What are the consequences, the physical consequences of superpower?
WOLIN: You mean particularly upon the population?
HEDGES: Right. Upon us.
WOLIN: Yeah. Well, I think what it does is create an enormous chasm between the sort of pictures we have of or are given of what our system is in high school, grammar school, even college, and the reality of where we are. I think it's that disjunction that seems to me so kind of perilous, because it means that much of our education is not about the world, our world that we actually live in, but about a world that we idealize and idealize our place in it. That makes it very difficult, I think, for Americans to take a true measure of what their leaders are doing, because it's always cast in a kind of mode that seems so reassuring and seems so self-confirming of the value of American values for the whole world.
And I think that that problem is such that you don't really have a critical attitude in the best sense of the word. I don't mean that the public is never disgruntled or the public is never out of sorts; I'm talking about a critical attitude which really is dealing with things as they are and not with a simple negativism, but is trying to make sense out of where we are and how we've gotten to be where we are. But it requires, I think, a level of political education that we simply haven't begun to explore.
And I think it's become more difficult to kind of get it across to the public, because there's no longer what Dewey and others called the public. The public is now so fragmented and so almost comatose in so many ways that it becomes very difficult to reach them. And there are so many intermediaries of entertainment and diversion and so on that the political message, even when it's presented, which it is, rarely, as some kind of public-spirited set of ideals, just gets lost.
It's a very, very perilous period, I think, because I think the net effect of it is to render the political powers more independent even while they proclaim their democratic basis.
HEDGES: And, of course, superpower creates a bureaucracy which operates in secret, virtually. And I think that is something that we have seen transferred back, that you're no longer allowed to peer into the internal mechanisms of power. And the Obama administration has been quite harsh in terms of going after those few whistleblowers, people within the systems of power who have reached out through the press–Edward Snowden would be an example–to allow the public to see the workings of power, misusing the Espionage Act, which was really the equivalent, I think, of our foreign secrets act, to shut down this kind of lens into how power works. And that is, I think, the disease of superpower itself that has now been brought back, would you say?
WOLIN: Yeah, I think that's substantially correct. The difficulty is really so enormous now in trying to educate a public to awareness of what is happening when there are so many countervailing methods of conditioning and informing that public that are quite concerned to prevent exactly that. And I think it's very much a question of whether the whole idea of a public isn't in such jeopardy that it isn't really faced with a certain kind of antiquarian significance, and nothing more, because the public has, I think, ceased to be a kind of entity that's self-conscious about itself–I mean when everybody may vote and we say the public has expressed itself. And that in one sense, in a quantitative sense, is true. But the real question is: did they, when they asserted themselves or voted in a certain way, were they thinking of themselves as a public, as performing a public act, a political act of a citizen? Or were they expressing resentments or hopes or frustrations more or less of a private character? And I think that it's that kind of a quandary we're in today. And, again, it makes it very difficult to see where the democracy is heading with that kind of level of public knowledge and public political sophistication.
HEDGES: Well, the public is encouraged through the ethos of capitalism to express their interests. And I think it's in Politics and Vision that you speak about how that fragmentation of the public is by design, that people are broken down according to their (quote-unquote) interests, not as a citizen within a democracy, but as a particular group that seeks to acquire certain rights, power, economic advantages. And that fragmentation, which is assiduously cultivated–opinion polls become a way to do that, although, of course, modern public relations do it and campaigns do it, that rather than speak to a public in a presidential campaign, you target quite consciously–these public relations mechanisms within the campaigns will target these fragments to keep them fragmented.
WOLIN: Yeah, I think that's true, and I think that's a very significant development, where they–I mean, the notion of a public had always assumed a kind of cohesive character and some kind of a set of commonalities that justified describing it as a public. But I think that that day has long since gone, because of precisely what you describe, and that is the fragmentation of it, deliberate fragmentation of it, and the skill with which you can slice and dice the public into smaller fragments that can be appealed to, while holding that fragment in relative isolation from what's happening to the other fragments or to the society as a whole. Yeah, you can target now in a way that you couldn't before. Before, you had a blunt instrument called public opinion, and you assumed it, yet you shaped it as you shape some kind of amorphous mass into a whole. But that's not it anymore. It's far more sophisticated, far much more aware of lines of distinction that set one public against another, and that you had to be careful not to ruin your own case by antagonizing one public that you needed for your cause, so that it's become a highly, highly sophisticated operation that has no counterpart, I don't think, in our previous political history.
HEDGES: It makes Walter Lippman look benign.
WOLIN: Yeah, it certainly does. Yeah. I mean, his public is still a coherent whole, even if it's a little crazy.
HEDGES: And I think what's frightening is the way not only the public has been fragmented, but the way that these fragments are manipulated to be turned one against the other. So, for instance, corporate capitalism strips workers of benefits and job protection, pensions, medical plans, and then very skillfully uses that diminished fragment to turn against public sector workers, such as teachers, who still have those benefits. So the question doesn't become, why doesn't everyone have those benefits; the question becomes, to that fragment which is being manipulated by forces of propaganda and public relations, you don't have it, and therefore they shouldn't have it.
WOLIN: They shouldn't have it. Yeah.
HEDGES: And I think that's example of what you are speaking about.
WOLIN: Yeah, I think that's accurate. The ability of the fragmentation strategy is really quite astounding, and it's that we've got such sophisticated means now of targeting and of fashioning messages for specific audiences and insulating those messages from other audiences that it's a new chapter. It's clearly a new chapter. And I think that it's fraught with all kinds of dangerous possibilities for any kind of theory of democracy which requires, I think, some kind of notion of a public sufficiently united to express a will and a preference of what it needs and what it wants. But if you're constantly being divided and subdivided, that's an illusion now, that there is a public.
And the amazing thing, it seems to me, is that the ruling groups can now operate on the assumption that they don't need the traditional notion of something called a public in the broad sense of a coherent whole, that they now have the tools to deal with the very disparities and differences that they have themselves helped to create, so that it's a game in which you manage to undermine the cohesiveness which publics require if they are to be politically effective, and you undermined that. And at the same time, you create these different distinct groups that inevitably find themselves in tension or at odds or in competition with other groups, so that it becomes more of a melee than it does become a way of fashioning majorities.
HEDGES: And this was quite conscious, the destruction of the public.
WOLIN: Oh, absolutely. Absolutely. I mean, again it's that theme we've talked about. They're capable of doing it now, that is, of dealing with fragmented publics who aren't aware of their ties to those fragments but are–everybody feels sort of part of a group that has no particular alliance with another group.
HEDGES: And the cultivation by the dominant forces of that sense of victimhood of your group.
WOLIN: Yeah.
HEDGES: And that victimhood is caused by another fragment.
HEDGES: I mean, that, of course, characterizes the right wing.
WOLIN: Yeah. Yeah.
HEDGES: The reason for our economic decline and our social decline is because of undocumented workers, or because of liberals, or because of homosexuals or whatever.
WOLIN: Yeah. No, that's a time-honored strategy of really not only divide and conquer; subdivide and subdivide and conquer.
HEDGES: They were good students of Hobbes, I guess.
WOLIN: Yeah. Yeah, better than they know.
HEDGES: Thank you very much.
Stay tuned for part seven of my interview with Professor Sheldon Wolin.
Richard Wolff: The Fed's response to inflation is another upward transfer of wealth
Julian Assange and the US government's war on whistleblowers
Chris Hedges is a Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist who was a foreign correspondent for 15 years for The New York Times, where he served as the Middle East bureau chief and Balkan bureau chief for the paper. He previously worked overseas for The Dallas Morning News, The Christian Science Monitor, and NPR. He is the host of show The Chris Hedges Report.
More by Chris Hedges


AUDIO: JUNGLE JIM — "Karnak the Killer"!
Here's a 75th Anniversary tribute to the fine adventure series "Jungle Jim" based on comic strip that was co-created by "Flash Gordon" creator Alex Raymond.
This very episode aired exactly 75 years ago today.
Audio: Grant Morrison on Magic!
A lecture on magic given at the Omega Institute in 2005 by comic book writer Grant Morrison.


text:
Avignon Papacy
Title: Avignon Papacy
Subject: Pope, Papal States, Christianity in the 14th century, Pope Innocent VI, Pope Clement V
Map of the city of Rome, showing an allegorical figure of Rome as a widow in black mourning the Avignon Papacy
The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377, during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon, in France, rather than in Rome.[1] This situation arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown.
Following the strife between Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII, and the death of his successor Benedict XI after only eight months in office, a deadlocked conclave finally elected Clement V, a Frenchman, as Pope in 1305. Clement declined to move to Rome, remaining in France, and in 1309 moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon, where it remained for the next 67 years. This absence from Rome is sometimes referred to as the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy".[2][3] A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon; all were French,[4][5] and they increasingly fell under the influence of the French Crown. Finally, on September 13, 1376, Gregory XI abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome (arriving on January 17, 1377), officially ending the Avignon Papacy.
Despite this return, in 1378 the breakdown in relations between the cardinals and Gregory's successor, Urban VI, gave rise to the Western Schism. This started a second line of Avignon popes, now regarded as illegitimate. The last Avignon pope, Benedict XIII, lost most of his support in 1398, including that of France; following five years of siege by the French, he fled (March 11, 1403) to Perpignan. The schism ended in 1417 at the Council of Constance after only two popes had reigned in opposition to the Papacy in Rome. [6]
1 Avignon popes
2.1 Temporal role of the Roman Church
2.2 Centralization of Church administration
2.3 A political Church
3 Papacy in the 14th century
3.1 Curia
3.2 Cooperation
3.4 Schism
5 Effects on the Papacy
Avignon popes
The Papal palace in Avignon, France.
Among the popes who resided in Avignon, subsequent Catholic historiography grants legitimacy to these:
Pope Clement V: 1305–1314 (curia moved to Avignon March 9, 1309)
Pope John XXII: 1316–1334
Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342
Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352
Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362
Pope Urban V: 1362–1370 (in Rome 1367-1370; returned to Avignon 1370)
Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378 (left Avignon to return to Rome on September 13, 1376)
The two Avignon-based antipopes were:
Clement VII: 1378–1394
Benedict XIII: 1394–1423 (expelled from Avignon in 1403)
Benedict XIII was succeeded by three antipopes, who had little or no public following, and were not resident at Avignon:
Clement VIII: 1423–1429 (recognized in the Kingdom of Aragon; abdicated)
Benedict XIV (Bernard Garnier): 1424–1429 or 1430
Benedict XIV (Jean Carrier): 1430?–1437
The period from 1378 to 1417, when there were rival claimants to the title of pope, is referred to as the "Western Schism" or "the great controversy of the antipopes" by some Roman Catholic scholars and "the second great schism" by many secular and Protestant historians. Parties within the Roman Church were divided in their allegiance among the various claimants to the office of pope. The Council of Constance finally resolved the controversy in 1417 when the election of Pope Martin V was accepted by all.
Avignon and the small enclave to the east (Comtat Venaissin) remained part of the Papal States until the French Revolution, at which time they became part of the French Republic in 1791.[7]
Temporal role of the Roman Church
The Papacy in the Late Middle Ages played a major temporal role in addition to its spiritual role. The conflict between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor was fundamentally a dispute over which of them was the leader of Christendom in secular matters. In the early 14th century, the papacy was well past the prime of its secular rule – its importance had peaked in the 12th and 13th centuries. The success of the early crusades added greatly to the prestige of the Popes as secular leaders of Christendom, with monarchs like the Kings of England, France, and even the Emperor merely acting as Marshals for the popes and leading "their" armies. One exception to this was Frederick II, who was twice excommunicated by the Pope during a single crusade. Frederick II ignored this and was moderately successful in the Holy Land.
Beginning with Clement V, elected 1305, all popes during the residence of the papacy in Avignon were French. However, this fact can make French influence seem greater than it was. Southern France at that time had a culture quite independent from Northern France, where most of the advisers to the King of France were based. Arles was at that time still independent, formally a part of the Holy Roman Empire. The literature produced by the "troubadour" age in the Languedoc area is unique and strongly distinct from that of Royal circles in the north. Even in terms of religion, the South produced its own variant, the Cathar movement, which was ultimately declared heretical. The movement was fueled in no small part by the South's strong sense of independence, even though the South had been severely weakened during the Albigensian Crusade, a hundred years before. By the time of the Avignon Papacy, the power of the French King in this region was uncontested, although legally still not binding.
A stronger impact was made by the move of the Roman Curia from Rome to Poitiers in France in 1305, and then Avignon in 1309. Following the impasse during the previous conclave and to escape from the infighting of the powerful Roman families that had produced earlier Popes, such as the Colonna and the Orsini, the Roman Church looked for a safer place and found it in Avignon, which was surrounded by the lands of the papal fief of Comtat Venaissin. Formally it was part of Arles, but in reality it was under the influence of the French king. During its time in Avignon the Papacy adopted many features of the Royal court: the life-style of its cardinals was more reminiscent of princes than clerics; more and more French cardinals, often relatives of the ruling pope, took key positions; and the proximity of French troops was a constant reminder of where secular power lay, with the memory of Boniface VIII still fresh.
Centralization of Church administration
The temporal role of the Catholic Church increased the pressure upon the Papal court to emulate the governmental practices and procedures of secular courts. The Catholic Church successfully reorganised and centralized its administration under Clement V and John XXII. The Papacy now directly controlled the appointments of benefices, abandoning the customary election process that traditionally allotted this considerable income. Many other forms of payment brought riches to the Holy See and its cardinals: tithes, a ten-percent tax on church property; annates, the income of the first year after filling a position such as a bishopric; special taxes for crusades which never took place; and many forms of dispensation, from the entering of benefices without basic qualifications like literacy for newly appointed priests to the request of a converted Jew to visit his unconverted parents. Popes such as John XXII, Benedict XII and Clement VI reportedly spent fortunes on expensive wardrobe, and at banquets, silver and gold plates were used.
Overall the public life of leading church members began to resemble the lives of princes rather than members of the clergy. This splendor and corruption at the head of the Church found its way to the lower ranks: when a bishop had to pay up to a year's income for gaining a benefice, he sought ways of raising this money from his new office. This was taken to extremes by the pardoners who sold absolutions for all kinds of sins to the poor. Where pardoners were hated but needed to redeem one's soul, the friars who failed to follow the Church's moral commandments by failing their vows of chastity and poverty were despised. This sentiment strengthened movements calling for a return to absolute poverty, relinquishment of all personal and ecclesiastical belongings, and preaching as the Lord and his disciples did.
A political Church
For the Catholic Church, an institution embedded in the secular structure and its focus on property, this was a dangerous development, and beginning in the early 14th century most of these movements were declared heretical. These included the Fraticelli and Waldensian movements in Italy, and the Hussite movement in Bohemia (inspired by John Wycliff in England). Furthermore, the display of wealth by the upper ranks of the church, which contrasted with the common expectation of poverty and strict adherence to principles, was used by the Papacy's enemies in raising charges against the popes: King Philippe of France employed the strategy, as did Emperor Louis IV. In his conflict with the latter, Pope John XXII excommunicated two leading philosophers, Marsilius of Padua and William Ockham, who were outspoken critics of the Papacy, and who had found refuge with Ludwig of Bavaria in Munich. In response William Ockham charged the pope with seventy errors and seven heresies.
The proceedings against the Templars in the Council of Vienne are representative of this time, reflecting the various powers and their relationships. In 1314 the collegium at Vienne convened to make a ruling concerning the Templars. The council, overall unconvinced about the guilt of the order as a whole, was unlikely to condemn the entire order based on the scarce evidence brought forward. Exerting massive pressure in order to gain part of the substantial funds of the Order, the King managed to get the ruling he wanted. Pope Clement V ordered by decree the suppression of the order. In the cathedral of Saint Maurice in Vienne, the King of France and his son the King of Navarre were sitting next to him when he issued the decree. Under pain of excommunication, no one was allowed to speak at that occasion, except when asked by the Pope. The Templars who appeared in Vienne to defend their order were not allowed to present their case: originally cardinals of the collegium ruled that they should be allowed to raise a defense, but after the arrival of the King of France in Vienne, putting pressure on the collegium, this decision was revoked.
Papacy in the 14th century
After the arrest of the Bishop of Pamiers by Philip IV in 1301, Pope Boniface VIII issued the bull Salvator Mundi, retracting all privileges granted to the French king by previous popes, and a few weeks later Ausculta fili with charges against the king, summoning him before a council to Rome. In a bold assertion of Papal sovereignty, Boniface declared that "God has placed us over the Kings and Kingdoms."
In response, Philippe wrote "Your venerable conceitedness may know, that we are nobody's vassal in temporal matters," and called for a meeting of the Estates General, a council of the lords of France, who had supported his position. The King of France issued charges of sodomy, simony, sorcery, and heresy against the pope and summoned him before the council. The pope's response was the strongest affirmation to date of papal sovereignty. In Unam Sanctam (November 18, 1302), he decreed that "it is necessary to salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff." He was preparing a bull that would excommunicate the King of France and put the interdict over France, and to depose the entire clergy of France, when in September 1303, William Nogaret, the strongest critic of the Papacy in the French inner circle, led a delegation to Rome, with intentionally loose orders by the king to bring the pope, if necessary by force, before a council to rule on the charges brought against him. Nogaret coordinated with the cardinals of the Colonna family, long standing rivals against whom the pope had even preached a crusade earlier in his Papacy. In 1303 French and Italian troops attacked the pope in Anagni, his home town, and arrested him. He was freed three days later by the population of Anagni. However, Boniface VIII, then 68 years of age, was deeply shattered by this attack on his own person and died a few weeks later.
Clement V in a later engraving
The death of Pope Boniface VIII deprived the Papacy of its most able politician, who could stand against the secular power of the king of France. After the conciliatory Papacy of heresy. Phillipe exerted strong influence on the cardinals of the collegium, and compliance with his demand could mean a severe blow to the church's authority. Much of Clement's politics was designed to avoid such a blow, which he finally did (persuading Phillipe to leave the trial to the Council of Vienne, where it lapsed). However, the price was concessions on various fronts; despite strong personal doubts, Clement supported Phillipe's proceedings against the Templars, and he personally ruled to suppress the order.
John XXII
One important issue during the papacy of John XXII (born Jacques Duèze in Cahors, and previously Archbishop in Avignon), was his conflict with Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, who denied the sole authority of the Pope to crown the Emperor. Louis followed the example of Philippe IV, and summoned the nobles of Germany to back his position. Marsilius of Padua justified secular supremacy in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. This conflict with the Emperor, often fought out in expensive wars, drove the Papacy even more into the arms of the French king.
Benedict XII
Pope Benedict XII (1334–1342), born Jaques Fournier in Pamiers, was previously active in the inquisition against the Cathar movement. In contrast to the rather bloody picture of the Inquisition in general, he was reported to be very careful about the souls of the examined, taking a lot of time in the proceedings. His interest in pacifying southern France was also motivation for mediating between the King of France and the King of England, before the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War.
Clement VI
Under Pope Clement VI (1342–1352) the French interests started dominating the Papacy. Clement VI had been Archbishop of Rouen and adviser to Philippe IV before, so his links to the French court were much stronger than those of his predecessors. At some point he even financed French war efforts out of his own pockets. He reportedly loved luxurious wardrobe and under his rule the extravagant life style in Avignon reached new heights.
Clement VI is also the pope who reigned during the Black Plague. This epidemic swept through Europe between 1347–1350, and is believed to have killed about one-third of Europe's population. It was in 1348, that the Avignon papacy bought the city of Avignon from the Angevins.[8]
Pope Innocent VI (1352–1362), born Etienne Aubert, was less partisan than Clement VI. He was keen on establishing peace between France and England, having worked to this end in papal delegations in 1345 and 1348. His gaunt appearance and austere manners commanded higher respect in the eyes of nobles at both sides of the conflict. However, he was also indecisive and impressionable, already an old man when being elected Pope. In this situation, the King of France managed to influence the Papacy, although papal legates played key roles in various attempts to stop the conflict. Most notably in 1353 the Bishop of Porto, Guy de Boulogne, tried to set up a conference. After initial successful talks the effort failed, largely due to the mistrust from English side over Guy's strong ties with the French court. In a letter Innocent VI himself wrote to the Duke of Lancaster: "Although we were born in France and although for that and other reasons we hold the realm of France in special affection, yet in working for peace we have put aside our private prejudices and tried to serve the interests of everyone".
With Pope Urban V (1362–70) the control of the French court over the Papacy became more direct. Urban V himself is described as the most austere of the Avignon popes after Benedict XII and probably the most spiritual of all. However, he was not a strategist and made substantial concessions to the French crown especially in finances, a crucial issue during the war with England. In 1369 Pope Urban V supported the marriage of Philip the Bold of Burgundy and Margaret of Flanders, rather than giving dispensation to one of Edward III's sons to marry Margaret. This clearly showed the partisanship of the Papacy, and correspondingly the respect of the church dropped.
Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1376 and ended the Avignon Papacy.
The most influential decision in the reign of Milan, Bologna, Perugia, Pisa, Lucca and Genoa. The papal legate, Robert de Geneva, a relative to the House of Savoy, pursued a particularly ruthless policy against the league to re-establish control over these cities. He convinced Pope Gregory to hire Breton mercenaries. To quell an uprising of the inhabitants of Cesena he hired John Hawkwood and had the majority of the people massacred (between 2,500 and 3,500 people were reported dead). Following such events opposition against the Papacy strengthened. Florence came in open conflict with the Pope, a conflict called "the war of the eight saints" in reference to the eight Florentine councilors who were chosen to orchestrate the conflict. The entire city of Florence was excommunicated and as reply the export of clerical taxes was stopped. The trade was seriously hampered and both sides had to find a solution. In his decision about returning to Rome, the Pope was also under the influence of Catherine of Siena, later canonized, who preached for a return to Rome.
This resolution was short-lived, however, when, having returned the Papal court to Rome, Gregory XI died. A conclave met and elected an Italian pope, Urban VI. Pope Urban alienated the French cardinals, who held a second conclave electing one of their own, Robert of Geneva, who took the name Clement VII, to succeed Gregory XI, thus founding a second line of Avignon popes. Clement VII, along with his successors are not regarded as legitimate, and are referred to as antipopes by the Roman Catholic Church. This situation, known as the Western Schism, persisted from 1378 until the ecumenical Council of Constance (1414–1418) resolved the question of Papal succession and declared the French conclave of 1378 to be invalid. A new Pope, Martin V, was elected in 1417; other illegitimate claimants to succeed to the line of the Avignon Popes (though not resident at Avignon) continued until c. 1437.
The establishment of the church councils, with the power to decide over the position of Pope, was one of the main outcomes of the schism. However, it did not survive long beyond 1417.
The period has been called the "Babylonian captivity" of the popes. When and where this term originated is uncertain although it may have sprung from Petrarch, who in a letter to a friend (1340–1353) written during his stay at Avignon, described Avignon of that time as the "Babylon of the west," referring to the worldly practices of the church hierarchy.[11] The nickname is polemical, in referring to the claim by critics that the prosperity of the church at that time was accompanied by a profound compromise of the Papacy's spiritual integrity, especially in the alleged subordination of the powers of the Church to the ambitions of the French kings. As noted, the "captivity" of the popes at Avignon lasted about the same amount of time as the exile of the Jews in Babylon, making the analogy convenient and rhetorically potent. The Avignon papacy has been and is often today depicted as being totally dependent on the French kings, and sometimes as even being treacherous to its spiritual role and its heritage in Rome.
Almost a century and a half later, Protestant reformer Martin Luther wrote his treatise On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520), but he claimed it had nothing to do with the Western Schism or papacy in Avignon.
Effects on the Papacy
The relationship between the papacy and France changed drastically over the course of the 14th century. Starting with open conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France, it turned to cooperation from 1305 to 1342, and finally to a Papacy under strong influence by the French throne up to 1378. Such partisanship of the Papacy was one of the reasons for the dropping esteem for the institution, which in turn was one of the reasons for the schism from 1378–1417. In the period of the Schism, the power struggle in the Papacy became a battlefield of the major powers, with France supporting the Pope in Avignon and England supporting the Pope in Rome. At the end of the century, still in the state of schism, the Papacy had lost most of its direct political power, and the nation states of France and England were established as two of the main powers in Europe.
Châteauneuf-du-Pape, the wine, means "pope's new castle" and was named after the papal residence in Avignon
Gallicanism
Lollardy
Restorationism (middle ages)
^ The Avignon Papacy, P.N.R. Zutshi, The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1300-c. 1415, Vol. VI, Ed. Michael Jones, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 653.
^ Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason and Hugh S. Pyper, The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought, (Oxford University Press, 2000), 227.
^ Catholic Encyclopaedia entry para 7
^ Joseph F. Kelly, The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History, (Liturgical Press, 2009), 104.
^ Eamon Duffy, Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes, (Yale University Press, 1997), 165.
^ The History of the Council of Constance, page 403, Stephen Whatley, Jacques Lenfant, published by A. Bettesworth, 1730.
^ P. M. Jones, Reform and Revolution in France: The Politics of Transition, 1774-1791, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 13.
^ Avignon Papacy, Thomas M. Izbicki, Medieval France:An Encyclopedia, ed. William Kibler, (Routledge, 1995), 89.
^ Joëlle Rollo-Koster, Raiding Saint Peter: Empty Sees, Violence, and the Initiation of the Great Western Schism (1378), (Brill, 2008), 182.
^ Margaret Harvey, The English in Rome, 1362–1420: Portrait of an Expatriate Community, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 3.
^ "Medieval Sourcebook: Petrarch: Letter Criticizing the Avignon Papacy". Fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-10.
Brost, A., "Religioese und Geistige Bewegungen im Hochmittelalter". In: Golo Mann, August Nitschke (eds.), "Propylaen Weltgeschichte, Band 5. Islam, Die Entstehung Europas", p. 489ff, 1963, Berlin
Ganshof, F.-L., "Das Hochmittelalter". In: Golo Mann, August Nitschke (eds.), "Propylaen Weltgeschichte, Band 5. Islam, Die Entstehung Europas", p. 395ff, 1963, Berlin
Ladurie, E. le Roi. "Montaillou, Catholics and Cathars in a French Village, 1294–1324", trans. B. Bray, 1978. Also published as "Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error".
Myers, A.R., "Europa im 14. Jahrhundert". In: Golo Mann, August Nitschke (eds.), "Propylaen Weltgeschichte, Band 5. Islam, Die Entstehung Europas", p. 563ff, 1963, Berlin
Read, P. P., "The Templars", Phoenix Press. Chapter 17, "The Temple Destroyed"
Renouard, Yves. "Avignon Papacy"
Sumption, J., "Trial by Fire", Faber and Faber, 1999.
Tuchman, B., "A Distant Mirror", Papermac, 1978. Chapter 16 "The Papal Schism"
Vale, M., "The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North, 1200–1500". In: Holmes, G. (ed.) "The Oxford History of Medieval Europe", Oxford University Press, 1988.
Voltaire, F-M, "ESSAI SUR LES MOEURS ET L'ESPRIT DES NATIONS ET SUR LES PRINCIPAUX FAITS DE L'HISTOIRE, DEPUIS CHARLEMAGNE JUSQU'À LOUIS XIII." Vol I, T XI, Chap LXV.
"Weltgeschichte", Sechster Band, Mitteleuropa und Nordeuropa, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig und Wien, 1906. Hans F. Helmolt VI. "Die westliche Entfaltung des Christentums"
Zutschi, P.N.R., The Avignon Papacy. In: Jones, M. (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume VI c.1300-c.1415, pp. 653–673, 2000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Periods of Papal History
Antiquity and Early
During the Roman Empire (until 493)
Under Constantine (312–337)
Ostrogothic Papacy (493–537)
Byzantine Papacy (537–752)
Frankish Papacy (756–857)
Saeculum obscurum (904–964)
Crescentii era (974–1012)
High and Late
Tusculan Papacy (1012–1044 / 1048)
Imperial Papacy (1048–1257)
Wandering Papacy
Viterbo, 1257–1281
Orvieto, 1262–1297
Perugia, 1228–1304
Avignon Papacy (1309–1378)
Western Schism (1378–1417)
Early Modern and
Renaissance Papacy (1417–1534)
Reformation Papacy (1534–1585)
Baroque Papacy (1585–1689)
Revolutionary Papacy (1775–1848)
Roman Question (1870–1929)
Vatican City (1929–present)
WWII (1939–1945)
Articles lacking in-text citations from November 2008
1305 establishments
1378 disestablishments
14th century in France
14th-century Roman Catholicism
History of Catholicism in France
Late Middle Ages
United Kingdom, European Union, Italy, Canada, Spain


The magnificent production facility of Rôtie Cellars provides the stage to celebrate the initial events of the Tenth Anniversary Season of the Walla Walla Chamber Music Festival in style.
The program, featuring Tina Dahl, Meta Weiss, Maria Sampen and Timothy Christie, explores the mature compositions of two child prodigies, Mozart and Chopin. Mozart and Chopin lived a combined 74 years. Both enjoyed fame and attention from the elite circles of Europe. While Mozart concluded his life anonymously in poverty, Chopin concluded his in comparative prosperity, or at least in the care of more prosperous patronage. Both made pilgrimages to Paris, and both won over the city's cultural elite. Chopin stayed, taking French citizenship, while Mozart returned home to Austria. Though the two composers' lives did not overlap, Mozart's Requiem was sung at Chopin's funeral, uniting the two consummate artists in one final musical communion.
The two composers are here united on happier terms as we explore the effervescent Piano Quartet in E flat, K. 493, of Mozart, and the heroic Sonata for Cello and Piano in G minor, Op. 65, of Chopin. Both works demand much of the performers, and will have listeners jumping for joy. Here's to ten great years of chamber music in the Walla Walla Valley!
WWCMF acknowledges the generous support of the Walla Walla Piano Group in providing the Steinway Model B piano for this performance. Bravo, and thank you!
Student and Family Tickets: To purchase our $45 family pass or $8 student ticket, click here.
We kick off the Tenth Anniversary Season with the WWCMF debut of pianist, Henry Kramer. From the sparkling classicism of Haydn to the rapturous harmonies of Ravel's Alborada del gracioso, this recital promises electricity. Henry will also perform works by modern master Gyorgi Ligeti and Spanish hero, Isaac Albéniz. The New York Times has called Henry's performances "triumphant" and "thrilling." You do not want to miss this opportunity to get to know one of the finest up-and-coming artists of our time. WWCMF Founder and Artistic Director, Timothy Christie, will moderate the evening's festivities.
All selections will be announced from the stage.


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Vanderbilt University is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational research university in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1873, the university is named for shipping and rail magnate "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt, who provided Vanderbilt its initial $1 million endowment despite having never been to the South. The Commodore hoped that his gift and the greater work of the university would help to heal the sectional wounds inflicted by the Civil War.
Today, Vanderbilt comprises four undergraduate and six graduate schools, enrolling approximately 11,800 students from all 50 U.S. states and over 90 foreign countries. In its 2008 ranking of universities, U.S. News & World Report placed Vanderbilt 19th overall, and ranked the schools of education, law, medicine, and nursing among the top 20 in the country. The university is among the top 25 recipients of federal educational research funds. Also affiliated with the university are several research institutes, the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center, the Dyer Observatory, and the comprehensive Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), the only Level I trauma center in Middle Tennessee.
With the exception of the off-campus observatory, all of Vanderbilt's facilities are situated on a 330-acre (1.3 km²) plot in the heart of Nashville only 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from downtown. Despite its urban surroundings, the campus itself is a national arboretum and features over 300 species of trees and shrubs.
Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt had a vision of a place that would "contribute to strengthening the ties that should exist between all sections of our common country" when he gave a million dollars to create a university in 1873. Today, that vision has been realized in Vanderbilt, an internationally recognized research university in Nashville, Tennessee, with strong partnerships among its 10 schools, neighboring institutions and the community.
Vanderbilt offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts and sciences, engineering, music, education and human development, as well as a full range of graduate and professional degrees. The combination of cutting edge research, liberal arts and a distinguished medical center creates an invigorating atmosphere where students tailor their education to meet their goals and researchers collaborate to solve complex problems affecting our health, culture and society.
Vanderbilt provides a gateway to greatness, drawing the best and brightest students from across the nation and around the world. Vanderbilt alumni can be found in Congress, on the judicial bench, heading corporations, conducting innovative medical research, writing for and appearing on the stage and screen, and playing in the NFL, NBA and major league baseball.
An independent, privately supported university, Vanderbilt is the largest private employer in Middle Tennessee and the second largest private employer based in the state.
Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt was in his 79th year when he decided to make the gift that founded Vanderbilt University in the spring of 1873. The $1 million that he gave to endow and build the university was the Commodore's only major philanthropy. Methodist Bishop Holland N. McTyeire of Nashville, a cousin of the Commodore's young second wife, went to New York for medical treatment early in 1873 and spent time recovering in the Vanderbilt mansion. He won the Commodore's admiration and support for the project of building a university in the South that would "contribute to strengthening the ties which should exist between all sections of our common country."
McTyeire chose the site for the campus, supervised the construction of buildings and personally planted many of the trees that today make Vanderbilt a National Arboretum. At the outset, the university consisted of one Main Building (now Kirkland Hall), an astronomical observatory and houses for professors. Landon C. Garland was Vanderbilt's first chancellor, serving from 1875 to 1893. He advised McTyeire in selecting the faculty, arranged the curriculum and set the policies of the university.
For the first 40 years of its existence, Vanderbilt was under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. The Vanderbilt Board of Trust severed its ties with the church in June 1914 as a result of a dispute with the bishops over who would appoint university trustees.
From the outset, Vanderbilt met two definitions of a university: It offered work in the liberal arts and sciences beyond the baccalaureate degree and it embraced several professional schools in addition to its college. James H. Kirkland, the longest serving chancellor in university history (1893-1937), followed Chancellor Garland. He guided Vanderbilt to rebuild after a fire in 1905 that consumed the main building, which was renamed in Kirkland's honor, and all its contents. He also navigated the university through the separation from the Methodist Church. Notable advances in graduate studies were made under the third chancellor, Oliver Cromwell Carmichael (1937-46). He also created the Joint University Library, brought about by a coalition of Vanderbilt, Peabody College and Scarritt College.
Remarkable continuity has characterized the government of Vanderbilt. The original charter, issued in 1872, was amended in 1873 to make the legal name of the corporation "The Vanderbilt University." The charter has not been altered since.
The university is self-governing under a Board of Trust that, since the beginning, has elected its own members and officers. The university's general government is vested in the Board of Trust. The immediate government of the university is committed to the chancellor, who is elected by the Board of Trust.
The original Vanderbilt campus consisted of 75 acres. By 1960, the campus had spread to about 260 acres of land. When George Peabody College for Teachers merged with Vanderbilt in 1979, about 53 acres were added.
Vanderbilt's student enrollment tended to double itself each 25 years during the first century of the university's history: 307 in the fall of 1875; 754 in 1900; 1,377 in 1925; 3,529 in 1950; 7,034 in 1975. In the fall of 1999 the enrollment was 10,127.
In the planning of Vanderbilt, the assumption seemed to be that it would be an all-male institution. Yet the board never enacted rules prohibiting women. At least one woman attended Vanderbilt classes every year from 1875 on. Most came to classes by courtesy of professors or as special or irregular (non-degree) students. From 1892 to 1901 women at Vanderbilt gained full legal equality except in one respect -- access to dorms. In 1894 the faculty and board allowed women to compete for academic prizes. By 1897, four or five women entered with each freshman class. By 1913 the student body contained 78 women, or just more than 20 percent of the academic enrollment.
National recognition of the university's status came in 1949 with election of Vanderbilt to membership in the select Association of American Universities. In the 1950s Vanderbilt began to outgrow its provincial roots and to measure its achievements by national standards under the leadership of Chancellor Harvie Branscomb. By its 90th anniversary in 1963, Vanderbilt for the first time ranked in the top 20 private universities in the United States.
Vanderbilt continued to excel in research, and the number of university buildings more than doubled under the leadership of Chancellors Alexander Heard (1963-1982) and Joe B. Wyatt (1982-2000), only the fifth and sixth chancellors in Vanderbilt's long and distinguished history. Heard added three schools (Blair, the Owen Graduate School of Management and Peabody College) to the seven already existing and constructed three dozen buildings. During Wyatt's tenure, Vanderbilt acquired or built one-third of the campus buildings and made great strides in diversity, volunteerism and technology.
The university grew and changed significantly the leadership of its seventh Chancellor Gordon Gee, who served from 2000-2007. Vanderbilt led the country in the rate of growth for academic research funding, which increased to more than $450 million. Applications for admission rose from 8,000 in 2000 to more than 13,000 in 2007, and the university became one of the most selective institutions in the country. Gee flaunted conventional wisdom in 2003 with a radical restructuring of the athletics program, which resulted in improved student athlete academic achievement and a jump in the university's athletic performance, with seven teams being ranked in the top 25 nationally in 2006-2007. During this time the university saw a 50 percent increase in the number of minority students, completed or began construction of more than $700 million in new facilities, including one of the nation's best children's hospitals, and became the most-preferred provider of health care services in middle Tennessee.
On March 1, 2008, Nicholas Zeppos was named Vanderbilt's eighth chancellor.
Today, Vanderbilt University is a private research university of 6,378 undergraduates and 5,229 graduate and professional students. The university comprises 10 schools, a distinguished medical center, a public policy center and The Freedom Forum First Amendment Center. Vanderbilt offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts and sciences, engineering, music, education and human development as well as a full range of graduate and professional degrees. The university is consistently ranked as one of the nation's top 20 universities by publications such as U.S. News & World Report, with several programs and disciplines ranking in the top 10.
The combination of cutting-edge research, liberal arts and a distinguished medical center creates an invigorating atmosphere where students tailor their education to meet their goals and researchers collaborate to solve complex questions affecting our health, culture and society.
An independent, privately supported university employing nearly 2,700 full-time faculty and a staff of over 17,500, Vanderbilt is the largest private employer in Middle Tennessee and the second largest private employer in the state.
STUDENTS (2007/2008)
Undergraduate: 6,532
Graduate and professional: 5,315
Full-time: 11,107
Part-time:740
Men: 5,581 47%
Women: 6,266 53%
Percentage of undergraduates who live on campus: 84%
Percentage of undergraduates receiving some sort of financial aid: 60%
Undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio: 9:1
Number of new freshmen: 1,673
SAT I-verbal mid 50% range: 640-730
SAT I-math mid 50% range: 660-740
ACT mid 50% range: 29-32
Number of applicants: 12,911
Degrees Conferred 2007
Baccalaureate: 1,468
Master's: 1,062
M.D.: 114
Other doctoral: 498
Total degrees conferred: 3,142 No honorary degrees are conferred
Enrollment by School
College of Arts and Science: 3,843
Blair School of Music: 197
School of Engineering: 1,305
School of Nursing: 618
Peabody College: 1,650
Divinity School: 230
Graduate School: 2,121
Law School: 628
Medical School: 624
Owen Graduate School of Management: 519
Division of Unclassified Studies: 25
Residence halls and apartments: 30
Capacity: 4,915
Sorority Houses: 11
Fraternity Houses: 15
More than 320 clubs and organizations
Sororities: 14
Fraternities: 21
Regional Breakdown
New England 4%
Midwest 14%
South 45%
Middle States 13%
West 7%
Southwest 8%
U.S. Territories >.1%
International 8%
Unspecified >.1%
SCHOOLS AND DEGREES
College of Arts and Science: Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts*, Master of Science*, Doctor of Philosophy*
Blair School of Music: Bachelor of Music
Divinity School: Master of Divinity, Master of Theological Studies, Master of Arts*, Doctor of Philosophy*
School of Engineering: Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science, Master of Engineering, Master of Science*, Doctor of Philosophy*
Graduate School: Master of Arts, Master of Arts in Teaching, Master of Liberal Arts and Science, Master of Fine Arts, Master of Science, Doctor of Philosophy
Law School: Master of Laws, Doctor of Jurisprudence, Doctor of Philosophy*
School of Medicine: Master of Laboratory Investigation, Master of Science in Medical Physics, Master of Public Health, Master of Science in Clinical Investigation, Doctor of Audiology, Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Philosophy*
School of Nursing: Master of Science in Nursing, Doctor of Philosophy*
Owen Graduate School of Management: Master of Business Administration, Master of Science in Finance, Master of Accountancy, Doctor of Philosophy*
Peabody College (of education and human development): Bachelor of Science, Master of Education, Master of Public Policy, Doctor of Education, Doctor of Philosophy*
The university is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award bachelor's, master's, education specialist's and doctor's degrees. Contact the Commission on Colleges at 1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, Georgia 30033-4097 or call 404-679-4500 for questions about the accreditation of Vanderbilt University.
Vanderbilt is a member of the Association of American Universities.
Muhammad Yunus, Ph.D. 1971, 2006 Peace Prize for establishing the Grameen Bank and his pioneering the practice of providing micro loans to the impoverished.
Vanderbilt Medical Center faculty member Stanley Cohen, 1986 Prize in Medicine, for his discovery with a colleague of epidermal growth factor.
Stanford Moore, B.A. 1935, 1972 Prize in Chemistry, for fundamental contributions to the understanding of enzyme chemistry.
Vanderbilt Medical Center faculty member Earl Sutherland Jr., 1971 Prize in Medicine, for his discovery of the metabolic regulating compound cyclic AMP.
Vanderbilt physics professor Max Delbruck (1940-47), 1969 Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.
The Times of London
53rd -- Best Universities in the World
26th -- Best in North America
National Research Council survey of graduate programs
Pharmacology Ph.D. program
6th -- Faculty quality
3rd -- Program effectiveness
Religion Ph.D. program
8th -- Program effectiveness
30th -- Graduate Business Schools (Owen Graduate School of Management)
24th -- Executive MBA Programs (Owen Graduate School of Management)
19th -- National Universities
14th -- Best Value
18th -- Research-oriented Medical Schools
3rd -- Graduate Schools of Education (Peabody College)
16th -- Law Schools
19th -- Graduate Schools of Nursing
42nd -- Graduate Engineering Schools
43rd -- Undergraduate Engineering Schools
Kaplan/Newsweek
One of 25 new "Ivies"
Thompson's ISI
1st -- Most cited program in pharmacology
Conference membership:
Southeastern Conference Eastern Division
American Lacrosse Conference (lacrosse)
Men's varsity teams: baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, tennis
Women's varsity teams: basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis, track
Memorial Gymnasium: 14,193
Vanderbilt Stadium: 39,447
School Colors: Black and Gold
School Mascot: The Commodore
Number of living alumni: 114,226
Number of alumni residing in Nashville: 19,314
Alumni Association founded: 1879
Number of alumni clubs worldwide: 35
Located a mile and a half southwest of downtown Nashville, the campus is a park-like setting. Vanderbilt is home to more than 300 tree and shrub varieties and was designated a national arboretum in 1988. Buildings on the original campus date to its founding in 1873. The Peabody section of campus has been a registered National Historic Landmark since 1966. Off-campus facilities include the Vanderbilt Dyer Observatory, situated on a 1,131-foot hill, six miles south of campus.
Grounds area in acres: 330
Number of buildings: 229
Total square footage of physical plant: 16.9 million
University Central: 6.2 million square feet, 37%
Medical Center: 8.9 million square feet, 53%
Real Estate: 1.8 million square feet, 10%
Vanderbilt university ranked 82th in the 2007 THES-QS World University Ranking
Vanderbilt university ranked 101st in the 2008 THES-QS World University Ranking
Vanderbilt university ranked 140th in the 2009 THES-QS World University Ranking
Vanderbilt university ranked 134th in the 2010 QS World University Ranking
Labels: USA, Vanderbilt University


Rhythm Action games come in all shapes and sizes but it's not very often they come with such a visceral attack and grab like Thumper. Even the developer said this is an aggressive and violent game – yet not a single drop of blood is shed.
Thumper is an on rails experience travelling down a long psychedelic tube. You'll need quick reactions and reflexes to bend in time with the tube, avoid obstacles and press the right button to thump back attacks from the various boss attacks that litter the game like an alien infested graveyard. Initially the game has a certain hypnotic beauty like Wipeout and N20 – it's so fast and abstract you'll be coo'ing at the scenery.
Quickly the difficulty ramps up though. Thankfully Thumper breaks each mammoth level up into many chunks and each level only gets longer, more complex and faster. Having a good memory can help and sometimes the game doesn't do a great job of telling you exactly what you should do the first time you encounter a new type of obstacle but its such a small quibble in what is otherwise a near flawless experience, I'm happy to let it slide.
A visceral experience really is the best way to describe it. Everything from the colour palette, to the sound, to the graphics and in particularly the movement of your character has been designed to feel aggressive but fluid. When you fly off in different directions, it's not jerky – it's like your being warped through space and time like a high-speed snake. I haven't experienced anything else quite like it and whilst I haven't personally played the VR mode, I have a friend whom has and he said it was easily one of the most immersive and impressive experiences he has ever had in VR.
As a single player experience, your time will be spent unlocking new areas and trying to do perfect runs of levels. You can handily select the sections of the level you didn't perfect so you can home in on what you want to perfect which is great too. You'll have a difficult enough time just completing the game though as its tough but never unfair.
Yes that is a mouth spewing out the track… he is your level boss!
May overwhelm the weaker of heart!
Easily one of my favourite games from 2016, Thumper is a sensory overload in the best way possible. Whenever I play it, I get transfixed and hypnotised by its elegance and challenge and suddenly think "where did the last hour go?!" If that's not a sign of a fantastic game that sucked me, I don't know what is.


text:
8 Picturesque Places That Should be on Your List When You Visit Ibaraki
Ibaraki offers several attractions for a visitor. Located in the northeast of Tokyo, Ibaraki is famous for mouth-watering cuisines and colorful landscapes.
Augustus Perez
Have you ever heard about Ibaraki? It is the most colorful place located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It is Japan's no. 1 consumer and producer of fermented soybeans. But fermentation of soybeans is not the only tourist attraction; it also has amazing Fukuroda falls. Do you know, Ibaraki is also the birthplace of Aikido? It is a Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba.
Ibaraki Prefecture covers a geographic area of over 2300sq mi and has a population of over 2,800,199 as of 2019. Mito is the largest city here with a measure of 217 km sq. Ibaraki borders Fukushima Prefecture to the north and Saitama Prefecture to the southwest. It has Lake Kasumigaura, which is the second-largest lake in Japan and famous mountain Mount Tsukuba.
Things to Do & Places to Visit in Ibaraki
If you are planning to explore Ibaraki, then here are a few amazing things that you could do when you visit Ibaraki.
1. Mito
Source = Japan-guide
Mito is the capital of Ibaraki. Established in 1841, the Kodokan Mito Han School is a must visiting place here. The school not only teaches fighting techniques but also about medicine. You could see the classrooms where lords studied and also their family quarters. It has a huge plum garden that shows an array of colors and fragrances.
2. The Amazing Garden KAIRAKUEN
Source = Gaijinpot
Located in Mito, Kairakuen is one of the famous gardens in Japan that was built in 1841. If you ever plan to visit Mito, then book your tickets for January to March. These months are plum blossom season and welcome thousands of visitors. Apart from Plum, you could see varieties of pink, red, white blossoms, cedar woods, and bamboo grove.
Another site that attracts the visitors most is Sakura-Yama, a small hill at the park, beyond the JR Joban line. Today, Kairakuen has over 3000 plum trees and over 80 other tree varieties. It is believed that Kairakuen is the second-largest city park in the world after Central Park in New York City.
3. Hitachi Seaside Park
Hitachi Seaside Park covers an area of 190 hectares and has blooming flowers around the year. It is well-known for its baby blue-eyes flowers, daffodils, varieties of tulips, and other flowers.
It also features cycling traits and an amusement park with a Ferris Wheel. It hosts the Rock in Japan Festival in August every year. Hitachi Seaside Park is around two hours journey from Tokyo and features hiking trails throughout the park. You can take the Ibaraki Kotsu bus or taxi to reach Seaside Park.
4. KA-CHAN NO MISE - The Best Shop to Taste Japanese Cuisines
Source = Wixstatic
KA-CHAN NO MISE translates to Mama's shop. It is located near the fish market. The chefs here are the wives of fishermen and cook the freshest seafood that is rarely found. The place is popular among locals and welcomes tourists from around the world.
If you visit this place, then don't forget to order miso soup, rice topped with baby sardines.
5. Ushiku Daibutsu
Source = Cheapoguides
Ushiku Daibutsu is a 120m tall statue of the Buddha Amitabha. It was built in 1995, and since then, it has been a favorite location of the tourists. The statue held the record of the tallest statue from 1993-2018. Inside, there is an exhibition of Buddha that features his history and other achievements.
The statue is made of Bronze and is also known as Amida's Radiance and Compassion Actually Developing and Illuminating Area (ARCADIA). You could also capture seasonal flowers and a small rabbit zoo around the Buddha statue. The Ushiku Daibutsu also holds a Guinness Book of World as the world's largest bronze statue.
6. Fukuroda Waterfall
Source = Wowu
It is one of the three most beautiful waterfalls in Japan. It is 120m high and has a width of 73m. It is nearly two hours drive from Mito and welcomes visitors throughout the year. In winter, the falls might freeze, and during summers, it is framed with green foliage.
It highlights red leaves in spring; this increases its popularity in spring break. There is an elevator that takes you to the top of the area and allows you to see the countryside.
The railings of the platform are surrounded by photographers and couples. There is also a short suspension bridge that shares exotic views of the area and provides patios of small snack houses. You could enjoy the stunning views of the waterfall throughout the winter season.
7. Lake Kasumigaura
Source = Pinimg
Located around 60km to the north-east of Tokyo, Lake Kasumigaura is the biggest lake in the Tokyo area and also the second largest lake in Japan. It covers an area of around 173 km sq & was originally a brackish-water lagoon. Lake Kasumigaura is used for several purposes.
For instance, it is the best place for tourism, irrigation, fishing, and is surrounded by local and other industries. After visiting the lake, you could head towards the Ibaraki flower park that highlights 30,000 roses from around the world. Here are other beautiful lakes that unfold the breathtaking views on earth.
8. Oarai Coast
Source = Intertour
The Oarai beach is one of the most amazing and spectacular beaches in the Kanto area. It is popular amongst surfers, sunbathers, and is a perfect place during summer days. Oarai is also a town in Japan with a population of 17,000. It is bordered on one side by Lake Hinuma and the Pacific Ocean on the other. Oarai beach is a favorite spot for volleyball and seafood lovers. It is well known for giant oysters.
The Oarai coast could be reached by train and car. It is a part of the Oarai Prefectural Seaside Park and underwent improvements so that the elderly and differently-abled people could also enjoy it. It also has The Ibaraki Prefectural Oarai Aquarium or Aquaworld and features the largest shark exhibition in Japan. The exhibition also showcases sea otters, dolphins, and sea lions.
Check out more beach travel destinations that you could explore with your folks.
How to Reach Ibaraki?
The best way to reach Ibaraki is via the JR Joban Line from Ueno station. The JR Joban Line passes through Ibaraki in the north to Tohoku.
If you are visiting Japan for the first time, then these Japanese facts could surprise you. After exploring these amazing places, if you have savings left, then you could spend them ludicrously in several ways.
For instance, the Yunessun Spa Resort in Japan offers pools filled with colorful liquids like red wine. You could dive into a wine-filled spa.
Do you know other things about Ibaraki? If yes, then share your views.
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Translation services 24 is a London-based professional agency that specializes in the Ukrainian interpreting services. We have a great experience providing Ukrainian interpreting both to individual and business clients. To deliver the highest quality outcomes all our Ukrainian interpreters go through a strict selection process as well as relevant trainings. Throughout the project our team of in-house interpretation managers ensure the fulfilment of each requirement and assist in customer-interpreter communication.
Our agency aims to provide best Ukrainian interpretation services. All our clients are treated individually. Each customer account is closely supervised by one of our interpretation project managers. This person will assist throughout every stage of working with us. Interpreting tasks in Ukrainian or any other language highly vary depending on settings, subject, lengths etc. Thus, we make sure that all the requirements are taken into account, and your Ukrainian interpreter is prepared and fully aware of the awaiting task.
Interpreters. Our Ukrainian interpreters are adept in maintaining the flow of communication, grammatical nuances and the accent of the target language. They understand your needs and work towards fulfilling your expectations. You will be provided with true and easy to understand Ukrainian interpretations, however obscure the original texts may be.
Translation services 24 has a rich professional background and a long list of business clients. Our certified court interpreters are fully competent to handle any pressurised situations with dexterity and competency. We have established ourselves as one of the leading Ukrainian interpretation companies in London. Our agency delivers on time and at the contracted cost. We have a strict code of ethics and our professionals are honest in their work. Find out more about our translation services in UK.
So if you need a Ukrainian interpreter in London UK, we are the organization to approach. Translation Services 24 provides interpretation services in over 150 languages worldwide.
Contact us to learn more about our Ukrainian interpreting services in London, or request a free consultation. You can also receive a free quote for any type of our services.


Our ethos is to make beautiful gifts, furniture and homewares from reclaimed wood and foraged materials. Each piece is unique, individually hand-made by us so you'll never find an exact copy! Minor defects from the materials' original function add character to each piece. We aim to take something which is dead, and give it a new lease of life!
A few gift items left in our winter sale! Take a look here.
Made from recycled pallets. Buy two – get one free!
Visit our new website for more furniture design!
I just wanted to say a very big thank you to you all for our fantastic kitchen. I absolutely love it!
Very happy with my new shoe cupboard and picture frame, thank you!
Thank you so much for this beautiful work of art.
It is on our hearth in the centre of our home, a beautiful reminder of a life changing weekend!
I love my 'Unique Gift'!! Thank you very much.
Absolutely love our giant wooden ruler, gorgeous use of a scaffold board & perfect for Seb's room! Thank you!
Bought a gift for my old man at British Gas today. The craftsmanship of these items is absolutely excellent! My mates are already asking where I got it from!
Thank you very much for our wedding guest book we absolutely love it exactly what we wanted.


AusNet Computer & Web Services, bookkeeping service, listed under "Bookkeeping Services" category, is located at 166 Shaftsbury Rd Eastwood NSW, 2122, Australia and can be reached by 0298041423 phone number. AusNet Computer & Web Services has currently 0 reviews.
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Mithai Mandir is a restaurant situated in Vadapalni, Chennai. Cuisines served by Mithai Mandir are Gujarati and Rajasthani and it is a vegetarian restaurant.
It is a small restaurant with 2 floors. The entire restaurant is Air conditioned. The smell of traditional Rajasthani cuisines soon starts to tickle your nostrils once you start ordering your food, making you all the more hungry. The service is reasonably quick here.
If you are familiar with T Nagar Mansukh, this restaurant is their sister concern. Infact they ran the 90s Mansukh which was on Usman Road, together.


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The Watch Me Wall Clock is a design for designers. Conceived by Rasmus Gottliebsen, its vibrant, figurative face is inspired by a color swatch fanned out in all directions. The timeless simplicity of the design combined with its cheerful palette makes this wall clock a bright idea in any office or home. Made from powder-coated aluminum.
Watch Me is a simplistic and figurative wall clock. Its simplistic design makes Watch Me stand out as it brings timeless swathes of color into your room.
Watch Me is inspired by a color swatch, that forms a fan when the colors are folded out. Time passes, whatever we do, but Watch Me adds color to the various times.
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A visit will inspire you!


The Citrix XenApp and XenDesktop Helpdesk Support course provides Helpdesk representatives with the skills required to effectively troubleshoot and resolve end user issues faster, prevent issues from reoccurring and use the proper consoles during troubleshooting to quickly determine the root cause of user issues within a XenApp or XenDesktop environment.
This course is intended for helpdesk representatives that support XenApp and XenDesktop 7.x users.
Complete helpdesk tickets thoroughly with the appropriate documentation.
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Think strategically and use the proper consoles during troubleshooting to quickly determine the root cause of a problem.
An understanding of server, desktop and application virtualization concepts.
Take the free CXD-102 Introduction to Citrix XenDesktop 7 eLearning course.
Take the free CXA-104 Citrix XenApp 7.6: Overview eLearning course.


Designer denim has gotten out of hand — what started out as higher-than-average prices has skyrocketed into $300 and even $400 for a pair of jeans if you're looking for the latest and greatest. Designer Phillip Lim's got a cheeky release for all those denimheads obsessed with indigo: he's done an entire collection in denim, bringing new meaning to the term designer denim and giving his loyal fans one more reason to swipe their credit cards this season.
Lim's had denim in his line, but he's never had an entire collection dedicated to the material. The capsule collection includes a dozen items that all work to makeup a full wardrobe. There are pants and shorts, naturally, but Lim's also offering chic takes on the denim skirt (there's not even a hint of '90s throwback in his sleek, inky pencil), a few coats that are anything but basic jean jackets and even his signature moto jacket done up in denim. Of course, the prices of this capsule collection aren't on par with Lim's collection for Target. Tops start at $195 and the collection's trench rings up at $895, but we didn't say Lim was revolutionizing designer prices, did we?
For more information and to shop the collection, visit www.31philliplim.com.


Filled contour plots are useful for looking at density across two dimensions and are often used to visualize geographic data. It's straightforward to make them in R — once you get your data in the right format, that is.
Add visual weight by using individual items to show counts.


This is my first video. Jharia is situated in Churu district in Rajasthan. Om Prakash Ji Swami is present Gogaji medi (temple) priest in Jharia. Yalsar.com is named after Yalsar village in Sikar district [Rajasthan, India]. We provide an unique platform for watching interviews and blog writing facilities to end users. Yalsar.com gives you an unforgettable experience.