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Angel Snow
Franklin, Tennessee, United States | Established. Jan 01, 2014 | SELF
Franklin, Tennessee, United States | SELF
Band Americana Singer/Songwriter
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"Song Premier: Angel Snow "Lie Awake""
We first heard Angel Snow's intoxicating music during her Ryman Auditorium debut, opening for Alison Krauss. Snow co-wrote three of the songs on Krauss's latest album, Paper Airplane, with Alison's brother Viktor. One of those songs was "Lie Awake," which held a powerful sway over the current queen of bluegrass.
"I remember hearing Viktor play the riff on the guitar and I had a story emerge immediately," says Snow of the song's origins. "It's about a woman that's trying to escape her abusive husband and she's always trying to figure out a way to leave him. Viktor sent it to Alison, and I was in total shock when she called me and said the band wanted to record the song along with two others for her next record."
"Lie Awake" will be featured on Snow's upcoming solo album. As for Krauss's version, Snow says "I love it. They were able to capture that dark, pensive feeling that the song conveys and totally brought the story to life."
Listen to track below.
- American Songwriter
"Alison Krauss and Union Station Return to the Ryman Auditorium"
Onstage at the Ryman on Saturday night, Alison Krauss shared a personal story. "There's these little ice cream balls you can buy at Trader Joe's. Today I ate three of them, and then I took a nap, for like, three hours. I guess you're only supposed to eat one. And that's what I did today."
News flash: Alison Krauss is funny. So are the members or her band, Union Station, the wizards of bluegrass whom Krauss has been paired with for over twnety years. Their good-natured stage banter had the crowd, who were already in a hooting and hollering mood, howling. Maybe folks were just happy to see them together again — it'd been seven years since they last toured. In the interim, Krauss teamed up with Robert Plant for a celebrated album, Raising Sand, while Union Station dobro master Jerry Douglas toured with Elvis Costello. The band reconvened to record 2011's Paper Airplane, an album which finds them at the top of their game, and will no doubt add to their prodigious stack of Grammys come election time (Krauss has won 26, more than any other female artist in history.)
If the jokes were funny, the songs were often doleful. "People come up to us and say, hey, how come you sing all these sad songs? And I guess that's cause we're sad people," quipped Krauss. She soon introduced the room to a handful of Nashville songwriters who'd contributed to their albums over the years, who stood up and waved as the house lights came up. "They're sad people too," she said.
Krauss and co. harmonized, sawed and picked their way through songs from Paper Airplane and their deep catalog. Along the way, they covered Richard Thompson ("Dimming Of The Day") and The Foundations' 1967 soul classic "Now That I've Found You." Union Station's Dan Tyminski handled lead vocals on a number of songs, including a crowd-pleasing "Man Of Constant Sorrow" from the O Brother soundtrack.
Opening act Angel Snow also cast a spell over the crowd. They adopted her early, and not just because of her angelic good looks. Her songs, which were played to perfection by her all-acoustic band, have an air of magic to them — at times sounding like Gillian Welch mixed with Sarah Mclachlan; other times, like an Appalachian Fiona Apple or Jeff Buckley. Krauss discovered Snow's music via her CD demo, and ended up including her song "Lie Awake" on Paper Airplane. Watching Snow on this night, on the famed Ryman stage, it felt like a star was born.
"30A Songwriters Festival, Angel Snow, Daphne Williams, Madison Violet"
Here are three more acts that shined at the 30A Songwriters Festival: Cool Canadian female duo Madison Violet, Daphne Willis, and a singer who really stood out: Angel Snow
Angel has a smoky voice that cuts right to your heart. I immediately bought her CD (which has no tracks printed on it and just has a copy of her driver's license as "cover art") and listened to it repeatedly on the drive home. Snow -- who collaborates with Alison Krauss's brother Victor -- is one to watch.
- festgrrl
"Alison Krauss and Union Station soar again with Paper Airplane"
Alison Krauss is a spectacularly gifted vocalist, fiddle player and producer. Since her first album at age 16, each of the remarkable projects the Illinois native has been involved with over the past two-and-a-half decades, whether one of her own albums or the countless tracks she's been asked to contribute to by everyone from Brad Paisley and Dolly Parton to James Taylor and Elvis Costello, has been imbued with something profoundly ethereal -- you can't quite put your finger on it, but you know without a doubt it's special. Alison's nuanced interpretations of the work of some of the finest songwriters of our time have not only caused her fan base to expand from regional U.S. fiddle contests while she was a youngster to international stages while barely in her 20s, they have also earned the singer a record 26 Grammy awards, the most for any female artist in history.
Most recently, Alison's stunning 2007 collaboration with Led Zeppelin lead singer Robert Plant, 'Raising Sand,' garnered Grammy honors for Album and Record of the Year, among other awards. While a planned follow-up from the duo will have to wait for a while, Alison has returned to the group she has anchored since the mid-1980s. Alison Krauss and Union Station (Dan Tyminski, Ron Block, Barry Bales and Jerry Douglas) have skillfully guided bluegrass music into the 21st century and are responsible for a great deal of the genre's increased popularity in recent years.
The group's upcoming album, their first since 2004's 'Lonely Runs Both Ways' and their sixth all-new studio disc since 1989, is 'Paper Airplane,' due out April 12 on Rounder Records. The title may conjure visions of something feather-light and directionless, but the collection's overall theme, finding hope in the midst of despair, isn't exactly a carefree journey among the clouds. In the capable hands (and voices) of Alison Krauss and Union Station, the journey is one worth taking.
In this exclusive conversation with The Boot, Alison shares details of how she has evolved both professionally and personally since her first recordings as a teen phenom. She also introduces us to a few of the songwriters who contributed to 'Paper Airplane,' including one she's known her entire life.
What is the process like for you when you're looking for songs to record?
Songs come from all over the place. You can't predict what you're going to like. You might like something that doesn't fit right now. What was working for you at one point, something you've loved for years and years, when you get together with everybody, you think, this doesn't match up with what's going on with you personally. So, it gets pushed aside. Even though I'm not writing the songs, they have to be true to the time to be satisfying.
Do you usually know right away that something will be a good fit?
Sometimes I can tell by the title that it's not going to happen, if the title is too descriptive. But then you think, "Well, what if this is the exception?"
Are you listening to the melody first or to the lyrics?
Lyrics, usually. I'm better at messing around with the melody and chords, altering things to be more suitable, to make more sense to me. Lyrics are kind of the whole thing; it's the message. Something might have a beautiful melody but if it's not the truth coming out of your mouth, it's not appealing.
Do you usually have a particular theme in mind for an album or does a theme eventually just emerge?
I don't actively go, "OK, here's the theme and let's find things to go with this theme." If you're following what's speaking to you or what's making sense at the end of that record and you look back, there is a theme. It's not tangible at the start.
So, what's the theme of 'Paper Airplane'?
I'll speak for myself because the guys [in Union Station] don't really want to hear about ... they're like, "Whatever, you like it, you don't like it." [laughs] It's not something I've thought about until people ask me about it. To me, it's like being in the middle of a very trying time and knowing it will end, but at the moment you're in the middle of it.
'Paper Airplane' was written by Robert Lee Castleman. He's someone whose songs you've recorded quite a bit. How did that song find its way to you?
We recorded in July and August and I said, "We don't have it, we've got to stop and let me go look for some more things." So we took a break, and I went looking for stuff. I called R.L. and said, "Where are you?" I had known that he was in a place of being uninspired. I was lost. Sidney Cox [another frequent contributor to Alison's albums] was lost. We kept having these conversations of, "I just can't find it. Nothing is sad enough. Nothing is resounding. I'm not able to connect with these things I'm singing about," which is a very empty feeling. If you're not connecting with what you're singing, it doesn't mean the material is bad or that they aren't beautiful songs. They just weren't speaking to me yet.
- Stephen L. Bitts "The Boot"
"Tennessean highlights Snow/Krauss Residency"
Angel Snow and Viktor Krauss bring Sarah Siskind, the Bittersweets and more to Mad Donna's
PUBLISHED BY DAVE PAULSON ON NOVEMBER 12, 2009 IN NEWS.
Nashville musicians Angel Snow and Viktor Krauss start up a four-week residency at Mad Donna's in East Nashville on November 29th, and they've assembled a killer collection of special guests for the run.
Singer-songwriters/Old Black Kettle members Julie Lee and Sarah Siskind, Americana/pop duo The Bittersweets and former Nashville indie-folk standout Jennifer Niceley — who's spent the last year or so in East Tennessee — will join Snow and Krauss on separate shows.
The residency will also let Snow and Krauss show off the musical products of the six months they've spent collaborating. The pair were introduced by Viktor's sister, Alison Krauss.
Shows will take place on Sundays at 6 p.m. starting on November 29 and running through December 20. Here's the full schedule:
November 29 — with Julie Lee
December 6 — with Sarah Siskind
December 13 — with The Bittersweets
December 20 — with Jennifer Niceley
- Dave Paulson
"No Depression on Viktor Krauss 'II'"
Reference points for this second release from longtime Lyle Lovett bassist Viktor Krauss are plentiful - Daniel Lanois, Bill Frisell and Ennio Morricone all spring to mind - but somehow Krauss comes off as more original than derivative. Employing effects laden guitar & synthesizers as their primary instruments, Krauss & his small ensemble craft jazz-tinged, soundscape-ish arrangements weighted with substance. Instrumentals comprise half the disc, and that's where Krauss shines brightest. The radiant No Time Like The Past finds Krauss and fellow guitarists Dean Parks creating the antithesis of the prototypical guitar duel, weaving their six strings instead into a thrilling tapestry. Likewise, the loopy space-jazz excursion Pinky Ring sounds like something from Jeff Beck's Blow by Blow, had Beck been accompanied by a twin brother.
- by Russell Hall
"American Songwriter on Viktor Krauss 'II'"
The long-time bassist for Lyle Lovett and session player for others in prog-country and contemporary Americana has crafted another fine solo effort. Imagine a soundtrack to a rootsy, somewhat shadowy indie flick that hovers between rural wandering and suburban quests for the real, and you'd hire Krauss in an instant to give you the score. He decks out his simple folkish melodies with intricate guitar parts and keyboard textures that envelop the multiple voices of Dean Parks' session axe and rock backbeats. Shawn Colvin's girlish guest vocals give an innocent, dreamy turn to the pscyhedelia of Pink Floyd's Shine on You Crazy Diamond.
- by Bill Levine
"Nashville Scene Snow on the Horizon"
Angel Snow w/Viktor Krauss at Mad Donnas
Snow on the Horizon
By Michael McCall
Angel Snow's winter opening in her new hometown comes wrapped in prestige and bowed with high anticipation. Why such great expectations for a relatively unknown singer-songwriter?
The buzz comes primarily from word of her six months of songwriting and wood-shedding with Krauss, a bassist known for collaborating with the most estimable of artists. Recently on the road with Lyle Lovett, Krauss (who also has released two solo albums) has toured and recorded with Elvis Costello, Jerry Douglas, John Fogerty and Bill Frisell, among others.
But as of late he's devoted himself to recording a new album with Snow; what they've created is delicate and experimental, with moody arrangements that allow for unexpected revelations.
The duo open a residency of four consecutive Sundays, each paired with a respected friend. Julie Lee opens the premiere night. ?Sun., Nov. 29, 6 p.m., 2009 - Nashville Scene
"Shootout star: Winning prestigious singer/songwriter competition reaffirms Chickamauga native's career plans"
Casey Phillips
Singer/songwriter Angel Snow said her journey from budding songstress to winning the prestigious Eddie's Attic Open Mic Shootout in Atlanta was one of careful timing.
Taking first place at the event on Nov. 28 was the fulfillment of a long-term goal, the Chickamauga, Ga., native said.
"I still can't believe I won. It was like a little dream that came true," she said. "I've got much bigger dreams, but this is something I felt like I needed to accomplish, and I finally did."
She outplayed about two dozen other singer/songwriters to win the judges' nod.
The Shootout lasted five hours with four rounds of performances. By winning, Ms. Snow joined the ranks of previous Shootout victors, some of whom, like John Mayer and Jennifer Nettles, went on to become national touring artists.
Going into the competition, Ms. Snow, whose aunt recently had passed away, was financially and emotionally down and out.
Ms. Snow said her hopes sank even lower when confronted by her competitors, many of whom had flown in from as far away as California and Halifax, Nova Scotia.
"I was like, 'I'm broke, what am I doing going all the way down in Atlanta? I can't even afford gas money,' " she said. "I was so blown away by these talented musicians.
"I have a huge respect for anyone who flies all the way out from California to be part of it. It's like, 'Well, I didn't drive out that far.' "
Although Ms. Snow said she never expected to make it past the opening round, winning was as much a result of passionate songwriting and her smoldering alto vocals as a philosophy of patience she's applied to her career since she left for Nashville three years ago.
"I've taken it in long steps," she said. "It's been time-consuming, but everything is happening right on time. I haven't rushed anything."
Ms. Snow said just because she's won the Shootout doesn't mean she plans to seek out other contests or change her methodical approach to playing music.
Music should be about more than that, she said.
"Passion goes way deeper than just feeling that you have to get enough money to do this or that or have fancy stuff," she said. "I feel like competing against these people is a miserable way to do things.
"We should all just be learning from each other."
The Eddie's Attic Open Mic Shootout is held bi-annually on the first Saturday in June and the Friday after Thanksgiving. The candidate pool consists of winners from weekly open mike competitions held every Monday night. During the Shootout, competitors are paired off and compete in front of a panel of judges who decide who goes on to the next round. The winner wins a prize of $1,000.
Eddie's Attic general manager Eddie Owen had this to say about Angel Snow: "I love her to death. I don't think it's very easy to put in a style, which is cool. I really I think she's a fine songwriter. One of my favorite songwriters who plays here was a woman named Rose Cousins from Halifax, Nova Scotia, but she didn't win; Angel did."
* The first song Chickamauga, Ga., native singer/songwriter Angel Snow learned to play was "Simple Man" by Lynyrd Skynyrd.
* When she was born, Snow's mother wanted to name her, Daisy, until her brother stepped in and wanted the name, Angel.
* If inspiration for a song strikes Snow while she's in traffic, she'll record it on her cell phone.
Singer/songwriter Angel Snow will start recording a new EP in April with an anticipated release date later that spring. Her next appearance in Chattanooga will be at JJ's Bohemia (231 M.L. King Blvd.) on Jan. 31. Visit her Web site at www.angelsnow.net
- Chattanooga Times Free Press
"Angel Snow to perform at Riverbend"
06/02/08 by Josh O'Bryant
Singer, songwriter and musician Angel Snow will perform Sunday at 6 p.m. on the Unum Stage at Riverbend in Chattanooga. This will be Snow's first time playing her soft folk rock at Riverbend.
Snow lives in Nashville, but is originally from Chickamauga. She is a 1999 graduate of Gordon Lee High School. Snow attended Chattanooga State, where she earned a two-year degree in psychology and a two-year certificate in theatre.
"I have been singing my whole life, ever since I was a little girl," Snow said. "I have been playing guitar since I was fifteen." Snow perfected her singing at Elizabeth Lee United Methodist Church in Chickamauga.
According to Snow, she learned to play an acoustic guitar. "My brother Canon plays acoustic guitar. He influenced me, but I didn't learn from him really, I just kind of taught myself," Snow said.
Snow performed in local talent shows in high school and eventually started to take gigs playing at parties. Around the age of 18, she began playing shows in Chattanooga at the Blue Angel Cafe, The Mud Pie and The Attic.
During her summer leave from college, Snow worked at Yellowstone National Park and Yosemite National Park. Snow spent a year working at Hunter Museum in Chattanooga and then moved to Philadelphia.
"That was when I really knew I needed to pursue this music thing, living up there," Snow said. Snow decided to travel to New York on the weekends to continue her musical aspirations.
According to Snow, playing the open mic nights in Philadelphia was not the best fit for her and her genre of music due to the huge hip hop scene.
After moving around quite a bit, Snow located to Nashville in 2006. "The first year was really hard," Snow said. "So I just started from the bottom and just started playing open mic nights and writers' nights and stuff like that and just trying to get in the rounds, playing with just whoever."
A lot of Snow's songs were written around this time. Songs like "California" and "Coals and Water" are about a lot of her personal experiences and her take on other's experiences.
After a while, Snow started to get booked performing at the Blue Bird Cafe in Nashville, The Basement and The Mercy Lounge. During this time, she started to form her band with Jason Goforth, who plays lap steel guitar for the band. The two met at a Gillian Welch show, which is a well-known Americana singer. Prior to performing with Goforth, Snow played some shows with LaFayette native Ben Scoggins.
After a while in Nashville, Snow ran into an old friend and LaFayette native Sarah Gilbert Skates.
Skates, a 27-year-old 1999 graduate of LaFayette High School, had heard that Snow was living in Nashville and looked her up on craigslist.org and myspace.com, where she found her contact information. Skates caught up with Snow at one of her shows and the two re-connected with each other.
Skates attended Middle Tennessee State University, where she studied in the music business program and graduated in 2003. Skates had moved to Nashville in 2004, where she lives with her husband Burney Skates of LaFayette.
After Snow and Skates re-connected, the two decided to join forces and Skates became her manager. Skates juggles managing Snow while working for Music Row magazine in Nashville, where she is the news editor. "We have done some cool stuff lately," Skates said of her collaboration with Snow. According to Skates, Snow will perform at Night Fall in Chattanooga on August 29.
"I am really excited about it (playing at Riverbend)," Snow said.
As Snow continues to reap the benefits from her hard work on her musical dreams, she gives big thanks to her family and friends for being her inspiration. "Through the music, I want to inspire people," Snow said. "I want it to be therapeutic." - Walker County Messenger
"PerformingSongwriter.com Angel Snow wins Eddie's Attic Shootout"
Indie-folk musician, Angel Snow, is likely to join the list of breakthrough musicians with the amazing talent that scored her the victory at latest Eddie's Attic's Bi-Annual Open Mic Shootout XXIX. The Shootout, started by founder, Eddie Owen, provides a rare opportunity for up-and-coming talent to showcase their music in front of a sold-out room of music industry professionals and avid music fans. In spite of the competitive premise of the event, it has actually proven to be a profound community building experience for all the songwriters involved. Great friendships as well as musical collaborations have grown out of this exciting night. The names that have competed in past Open Mic Shootout events, over the years, have gone on to national acclaim, with past winners including John Mayer and Sugarland's Jennifer Nettles. It is unmistakable that Angel Snow's ability to woo her audience with intensely brilliant lyrics and a smoldering alto will earn a place for her next to these worthy predecessors.
Eddie's Attic, located in Decatur, Georgia, is a popular live music venue for aspiring and accomplished songwriters. Not only is Eddie's Attic the premier venue for singer-songwriters in the Southeast, but also boasts the list of alumni that have passed through their doors. In its first 16 years Eddie's Attic has been the springboard for an amazing number of local Decatur artists who have gone on to receive national recognition - names like Shawn Mullins, Josh Joplin, Billy Pilgrim, Kristen Hall, Caroline Aiken, Michelle Malone, and Matthew Kahler. - PerformingSongwriter.com
"Snow, Krauss pair up for Barking Legs"
Snow, Krauss pair up for Barking Legs show
By: Casey Phillips
Father may know best most of the time, but on occasion, a sister knows her stuff, too.
If that sister happens to be a 26-time Grammy winner like Alison Krauss, it pays to take her advice, especially when it comes to music.
Last year, when Alison advised her older brother, bassist/composer Viktor Krauss, that she'd found the ideal songwriting partner in songstress Angel Snow, he was ready to give her a shot.
The resulting partnership has since bloomed into a full-fledged performing duet that Viktor Krauss said is the best collaborative exerience he's ever had.
"A lot of the time when you write tunes with somebody, you think, 'That's nice, but it's not necessarily something I'd listen to all the time or listen to recreationally,' " he said.
"This was the first time I'd ever worked with somebody ... where I'd repeatedly want to listen to these tunes over and over again. That's been a really special thing for me, that it goes beyond being proud of something you had input into."
So far, Snow and Krauss have about 15 tunes completed or almost completed since they started working together last March. About eight or nine of those pieces will be part of their set when they take the stage at Barking Legs Theater tonight, Krauss said.
Krauss comes from a background of rock music influenced by the evocative imagery of film soundtracks. He has provided session backing for a veritable who's who of artists, from Lyle Lovett and Sam Bush to Elvis Costello.
Snow, formerly of Chickamauga, Ga., won over the judges with her sultry vocals at the prestigious, biannual Eddie's Attic Open Mike Shootout in Atlanta in November 2008.
Even if he's got a claim to seniority in their relationship, Krauss said he's already learned to trust Snow's creative judgment.
"The way she performs and sings, she has a very believable quality to it," he said. "It's almost like something she's lived herself.
"If I were to jump in ... that will feel like I'm watering it down a little bit."
http://www.viktorkrauss.com
http://www.angelsnow.net
* What: Viktor Krauss, Angel Snow, Ryan Oyer, Flashbax and Alex Thompson.
* When: 8 p.m. today.
* Where: Barking Legs Theater, 1307 Dodds Ave.
* Admission: $12.
* Phone: 624-5347.
* Venue Web site: www.barkinglegs.org.
* Related links at fyi.timesfreepress.com.
FILM FANATIC
Viktor Krauss is a bit of a nut for film soundtracks. Here are a few of his favorites:
* "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" by John Williams
* "Taxi Driver" by Bernard Herman
* "American Beauty" by Thomas Newman
Composer/bassist Viktor Krauss and singer/songwriter Angel Snow are working on an untitled project they hope to release by October. Krauss said he estimates they're 30 percent to 40 percent done.
Demo versions of "Loose Ends," "These Days" and "Lie Awake," all of which came from Viktor Krauss' collaboration with Angel Snow, are available on her MySpace profile (www.myspace.com/angelsnowmusic).
"Q&A with bassist Viktor Krauss, brother of Emmy-winning bluegrass songstress Alison Krauss"
Apr. 16--Chattanooga Times Free Press entertainment reporter Casey Phillips spoke with bassist Viktor Krauss, brother of Emmy-winning bluegrass songstress Alison Krauss, about his latest collaboration, why he loves movie soundtracks and the power of the bass.
CP: Clearly, your sister, with all
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her Grammys, could be considered pretty musical, and you've made a career of it as well. Are you the exception to the rule in the Krauss family?
VK: It's just she and I. My parents both dabbled in music and enrolled us into anything we would possibly latch on to. It wasn't sports for me. (Laughs.) Alison was a little more talented at that than I was. At least, she wasn't picked last for sports. (Laughs.) To see what we took to, we were both encouraged to pick instruments. At age five, she started on violin. I was a little older and started on piano. My parents didn't necessarily playing the both instrument, and there are only so many instruments that can be played, physically, at that age.
CP: Is it tough being a musician with an sibling who has gained such notoriety? Do you find that her success works in your favor or against you?
VK: You know, that's kind of a hard thing to pinpoint. It can go either way. There is certainly an expectation, in terms of having the same gene pool. (Laughs.) Also, I think people are quick to pigeon hole, in terms of what one sibling does putting you in the same place musically or place expectations of the same thing on a family member. It's like J.S. Bach or C.B. Bach, not to compare myself to them. (Laughs.) I don't know how they're compared. Maybe I'm conscious of knowing that I'm compared to her a lot or that there's interest based on that. Sometimes, I have to hope that people are interested in me just because of what I do as opposed to the cachet of the more well-known sibling.
CP: You're currently in the process of collaborating with one of our area's singer/songwriters, Angel Snow. How did that collaboration come about? I know it had something to do with your sister, didn't it?
VK: Yeah, it did. (laughs.) It was interesting. It all happened really quickly. I showed some stuff to my sister that I'd been doing, and we had an animated discussion about how she felt it to be really important that I find a collaborator. I've written tunes with other people, and some work and some don't. She said, "Wouldn't it be great if you had somebody who you really respected what they did to work with?" Then, she said, "I really want to find you a collaborator or somebody who's a great lyricist."
For my solo record, she said a lot of my stuff was just screaming to have it be a song rather than just an instrumental. She said, "Well, let me call some people. I'll find a poet. You need a poet."
I was on this tour with Lyle Lovett, and within a couple of days, she called me -- actually, it was on a cruise where it was like $5 a minute -- and she said, "I've found your person." She told me how she met her. It was a friend of a friend of Alison's. She said I really had to hear her.
She called me a couple of times, and she said, "This is just unbelievable." She was reading the lyrics to "California" to me over the phone. Within two lines, she said she knew she was something special. I came back from the tour and she gave me the CD, and I said, "Wow, this is great."
My sister specifically wanted me to write a tune that was modeled after a type of song. On that same cruise, I had found something I liked and started writing a melody to it. I talked to Angel on the phone after hearing her record, and I thought it was really great. We ended up scheduling a time to get together, and I played her the song saying, "I had this idea, and this is a tune we're possibly looking to have my sister do." I don't think this had much bearing on Angel's frame of thought, at least that was my impression.
I played her the tune, and it ended up sparking something for her right away, lyrically. It seemed like within about 20 minutes, it was completely written. I had this melody where I was singing these nonsense words. I make these work tapes that are almost kind of arranged, so it was figured out.
I remember she left after we worked it out, and it was great, but we didn't record anything. I called my sister back, and I said, "Oh yeah, she was wonderful," and she asked if we recorded anything. I said, "No, actually we didn't." And she said, "Oh you should record it."
I called her back after we met later that afternoon, and she came back and we recorded it. It was terrific. I was able to send a recording back to my sister, and she just went nuts over it.
That pattern kind of happened a few times. Right now, we're in the middle of the record, so we don't necessarily write every time, but every time we do, almost that exact pattern happens where there's a spark of something I play or sh - Chattanooga Times Free Press-Casey Phillips
""Magnetic" Gets a Great Review at Americana Fest 2014"
Nashville's Angel Snow was a complete (yet welcome) change from Dustbowl's swing-tastic shenanigans. It was as if all the oxygen in the room had escaped while Snow performed her yet-to-be-released single, "Magnetic." Her phrasing and subtle guitar work were one of the highlights of the evening, and the crowd responded with rapturous applause. Watch of for Angel in future -- she's definitely going places. - Cameron Matthews from The Bluegrass Situation
"Cover Lay Down"
New Artists, Old Songs:
Angel Snow, Sam Jacobs, and Jon Regen Cover Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, and Journey
Nashville singer-songwriter Angel Snow has recorded exactly one album, with but a single cover, but I've never been so happy to have finally been discovered by the industry as I was when I stuck Fortune Tellers into my CD player. Angel's promotional materials describe her sound as "classic Americana folk with a modern edge", and that's spot on, but it doesn't begin to capture the incredible emotive power that Angel can wring from spare, ringing guitarwork and a plaintive country vocal style versatile enough to go from the the open tonality of Natalie Merchant to the weary yet hopeful backporch intimacy of Caroline Herring.
In short, Angel Snow's music is wry and confessional, raw and open, and I've fallen in love with it. I was so eager to hear more that I asked her manager to pass along a few questions. Here's Angel's thoughts on Dylan:
"Bob Dylan is a favorite of mine not only because his music continues to transcend time, but also because it was -- and is still -- so profound. His music left some flabbergasted (I love that word) and others outraged, and yet still he did what he felt he had to do. Maybe it was because he had to get his emotions out. Whatever his reasons for pushing that envelope, he still managed to keep his storytelling talent intact. Dylan's train of thought -– now that's something I'd like to dig into."
Compared to the rest of Fortune Tellers, Angel's solo Dylan cover is sparse, but no less intimate. Add a bit more open-throated power, a light application of well-produced slow bass, kit drums, and gospel organ, and some vulnerable and introspective songwriting, and you've got a total package that's already on my Best of 2008 list. Download the Dylan, check out a few more tracks at Angel Snow's myspace page, and then pick up Fortune Tellers.
- Boy Howdy
Angel Snow "Fortune Tellers"
Streaming tracks available at angelsnow.net, itunes, amazon, spotify
Angel Snow "Angel Snow"
"Angel Snow's music is absolutely beautiful. When she sings I hold my breath." --Alison Krauss
"A mini-masterpiece." MusicRow magazine critic Robert K. Oermann
With two records now behind her, and a major boost from acclaimed star Alison Krauss, Snow's lifelong dreams are coming to fruition. Krauss and Union Station recorded three songs written by Snow for the deluxe edition of the band's latest album.
"When I met Alison I knew that something was about to happen in my life," Snow recalls. "The stars aligned in one afternoon, and I met her at the home of a mutual friend. I gave her a CD and she asked me to come to her house the next day. She made me realize that better things were in store for me. It was more than I could have ever hoped for.
"She felt like her brother Viktor and I would have cool creative chemistry. She was right on, because a week later Vik and I wrote the song 'Lie Awake' on our first meeting. And that song ended up on the latest Alison Krauss and Union Station record." Viktor Krauss also ended up being the producer for her eponymous critically acclaimed sophomore record.
Much like the music of her greatest influences, Snow's songs veer between imagined stories like this one and real-life experiences, always showing incredible sympathy for the suffering and downtrodden. Among her favorite songwriters are Radiohead's Thom Yorke, Peter Gabriel, Brian Eno, Bob Dylan, Trent Reznor, and Elliot Smith.
Currently, Snow is moving into more of an indie/electronic sound, and is excited about what the future holds. A new record is in the making with New York City producer, Lee Groves (Gwen Stefani, Britney Spears, The Black Eyed Peas). They have been collaborating over the last year and look forward to bringing these brand new songs to light.
Dan Pinson
SoundCloud Profile


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Nasal microbiota and symptom persistence in acute respiratory tract infections in infants
Roland P. Neumann, Markus Hilty, Binbin Xu, Jakob Usemann, Insa Korten, Moana Mika, Loretta Müller, Philipp Latzin, Urs Frey on behalf of the BILD study group
ERJ Open Research 2018 4: 00066-2018; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00066-2018
Roland P. Neumann
1University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
7Both authors contributed equally
Markus Hilty
2Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
3Dept of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
Binbin Xu
Jakob Usemann
4Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
ORCID record for Jakob Usemann
Insa Korten
Moana Mika
5Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Loretta Müller
Philipp Latzin
ORCID record for Philipp Latzin
Urs Frey
For correspondence: urs.frey@ukbb.ch
Acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) in infancy have been implicated in the development of chronic respiratory disease, but the complex interplay between viruses, bacteria and host is not completely understood. We aimed to prospectively determine whether nasal microbiota changes occur between the onset of the first symptomatic ARI in the first year of life and 3 weeks later, and to explore possible associations with the duration of respiratory symptoms, as well as with host, environmental and viral factors.
Nasal microbiota of 167 infants were determined at both time-points by 16S ribosomal RNA-encoding gene PCR amplification and subsequent pyrosequencing. Infants were clustered based on their nasal microbiota using hierarchical clustering methods at both time-points.
We identified five dominant infant clusters with distinct microbiota at the onset of ARI but only three clusters after 3 weeks. In these three clusters, symptom persistence was overrepresented in the Streptococcaceae-dominated cluster and underrepresented in the cluster dominated by "Others" (p<0.001). Duration of symptoms was not associated with the type of respiratory virus.
Infants with prolonged respiratory symptoms after their first ARI tend to exhibit distinct microbial compositions, indicating close microbiota–host interactions that seem to be of importance for symptom persistence and recovery.
Nasal microbiota in infants is associated with symptom persistence after acute symptomatic respiratory infections. http://ow.ly/3Mhh30mC1wJ
Viral infections in infancy and childhood represent a risk factor for the subsequent development of asthma [1–3]. In addition to viral infections, bacterial colonisation of the airways in neonates with certain species of bacteria, particularly Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, has been shown to be associated with the development of childhood asthma [4, 5]. It has been hypothesised that viral infections may sustainably alter epithelial function, increasing the risk for chronic airway disease [6], and that changes in microbial diversity may play a role, particularly in symptomatic infants [7, 8]. It has also been recognised that the airway microbiota in patients with asthma exhibit distinct differences compared with healthy subjects [9–11]. Bacterial airway colonisation seems to influence and modulate respiratory morbidity in various conditions such as asthma, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [12–14].
Composition of the airway microbiota is highly dynamic and various environmental factors have been shown to influence colonisation patterns. Antimicrobial exposure and vaccinations, as well as tobacco smoke exposure, can lead to changes in the airway microbiota [15, 16]. In a prospective cohort study, we investigated the nasal microbiota in infants longitudinally during the first year of life [17], in the absence of acute respiratory tract infections (ARI). We showed that the composition of nasal microbiota in infants is highly dynamic and seems to be predominantly influenced by age and season. However, little is known about how and to what degree ARIs, which are often caused by viruses, influence the dynamically changing microbiota. Interactions between viruses and bacteria are well known [18], but their relationship to respiratory symptoms is not completely understood. Recently, Korten et al. [7] demonstrated for human rhinovirus (HRV) that the microbiota primarily changes in cases of symptomatic ARI, but not in cases of asymptomatic HRV colonisation. In the study by Korten et al. [7], nasal swabs were taken biweekly throughout the first year of life irrespective of presence or absence of symptoms and not necessarily at the onset of the very first ARI. Bosch et al. [19] observed an advanced "microbiota age" in infants with more frequent ARIs in the first year of life. Thus, we hypothesise that the first symptomatic viral infection in infection-naïve infants may induce distinct changes in microbiota following commonly observed respiratory viruses. We also hypothesise that distinct clusters of infants with specific microbial response patterns can be identified, which could be associated with severity of clinical symptom response and host risk factors, such as risk for atopy, as suggested by Teo et al. [5].
In a prospective birth cohort of healthy infection-naïve infants, we aimed to: 1) determine whether clusters based on the upper respiratory tract microbiota changed between the onset of the first symptomatic ARI, caused by common respiratory viruses, and 3 weeks later; 2) explore the duration of respiratory symptoms, after the onset of symptoms, in relation to microbiota or virus type; and 3) investigate the association of host factors, environmental factors and respiratory viruses with infant clusters based on bacterial composition.
This study was performed as part of the Basel Bern Infant Lung Development (BILD) cohort study [20]. The study was approved by the local ethics committees (Ethics Committee of the Canton of Bern and Ethics Committee of Basel (EKBB)). Informed written parental consent was obtained prior to enrolment in the study. Infants from this prospective birth cohort were followed by weekly standardised telephone interviews, as previously described [21]. Parents were advised to call the study team as soon as their child presented with symptoms of an ARI, which was defined as more than two consecutive days of cough and/or wheeze accompanied by fever (>38°C), rhinitis, otitis media or pharyngitis [20]. Nasal swabs were taken at the onset of the ARI (swab A) and 3 weeks later (swab B), as described in the supplementary methods. Nasal swabs were analysed by real-time PCR assays targeting five different respiratory viruses (human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/EV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human coronavirus (HCoV) and human parainfluenza virus (HPIV)), which have been shown to be the most common viruses in our population [2]. Details on the methods of viral analysis are provided in the supplementary methods. The results of viral studies of a subset of infants, also reported in this study, have been reported previously [2]. Infants were regarded to be at an increased risk for atopy if the infants' mother, father or siblings were suffering from eczema, allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma. Extensive data on several host factors were collected using questionnaires [20].
Microbiota analysis
Nasal swabs were prospectively taken at the onset of the first ARI and 3 weeks later. Nasal swabs were further analysed by amplification of the variable regions V3 to V5 of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene by PCR and 454 Titanium FLX sequencing, as described previously [15]. We defined a cut-off value of 70 reads per sample. The reads from 454 Titanium amplicon sequencing were submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive (accession number: PRJEB20454). Details of the microbiota analysis, the estimation of relative bacterial abundances and the microbiota clustering can be found the supplementary methods.
Descriptive statistics were used to explore and analyse the association between host and environmental factors and viruses with nasal microbiota. Assuming non-normal distribution, Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon-signed rank sum tests were used. Fisher's exact tests, Chi-squared tests and enrichment analyses [22] were employed where appropriate. Associations between clusters and symptoms were evaluated using logistic regression analyses and adjusted for season and age. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata 11 software (StataCorp. 2009. Stata Statistical Software: Release 11; StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) and Matlab 2015b (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA).
A total of 252 infants met the criteria for an ARI during the study period. Nasal swabs were available from 200 infants. After exclusion of low-quality samples, nasal swabs of 197 infants were analysed, including 183 complete nasal swab pairs, i.e. available data from the onset of ARI (swab A) and 3 weeks later (swab B). Prior to final analysis, an additional 16 study participants were excluded due to antibiotic exposure within 4 weeks prior to either swabbing, resulting in 167 nasal swab pairs (figure 1). Table 1 summarises the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study population.
Flow chart of the study population. ARI: acute respiratory tract infection.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
Description of bacterial composition and diversity
The mean±sd number of reads was 1246.6±684.0. There were only seven out of 334 samples with <250 reads. Composition of the microbial communities consisted of the five most abundant families (Moraxellaceae, Streptococcaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Pasteurellaceae and Staphylococcaceae); the remaining families were grouped together as "Others" (table 2). Among "Others", the most prevalent families included Neisseriaceae, Prevotellaceae, Acidaminococcaceae and Flavobacteriaceae. Median (interquartile range (IQR)) bacterial density was not significantly different between swabs at both time-points (swab A: 41.5 (37.8) versus swab B: 32.4 (43.1) ng·µL−1). Bacterial abundances of Corynebacteriaceae and "Others" at the onset of ARI were significantly lower than 3 weeks later (median (IQR) swab A: 0.1% (0.7) versus swab B: 0.2% (1.1), p=0.002 and median (IQR) swab A: 6.6% (14.7) versus swab B: 9.4% (27.3), p=0.004, respectively) (table 2). Shannon Diversity Index (SDI) and bacterial richness of all samples were lower at the onset of ARI compared to 3 weeks later (median (IQR) SDI 1.0 (0.8) versus 1.1 (1.2), p=0.013; median (IQR) bacterial richness 33 (35) versus 38 (36), p=0.052) (table 2).
Abundances of bacterial families and alpha diversity measurements at the onset of the acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) and 3 weeks after the onset
Infant cluster analysis based on bacterial families
Five main clusters could be identified in swab A (n=165), whereas only three main clusters could be identified in swab B (n=155) (figure 2). The five most prevalent clusters at swab A were cluster A1 (Moraxellaceae-dominated, 33.9%), cluster A2 (Moraxellaceae and Streptococcaceae-dominated, 30.9%), cluster A3 (Streptococcaceae-dominated, 18.8%), cluster A4 ("Others"-dominated, 8.5%) and cluster A5 (Pasteurellaceae-dominated, 7.9%). The three clusters based on bacterial abundances at swab B were cluster B1 (Moraxellaceae-dominated, 61.9%), cluster B2 ("Others"-dominated, 21.9%) and cluster B3 (Streptococcaceae-dominated, 16.1%) (figure 2). The most abundant cluster in both swabs was dominated by Moraxellaceae, which showed the lowest bacterial diversity (median (IQR) SDI A1: 0.67 (0.63); B1: 0.88 (0.76)). The number of infants in this cluster increased between swab A and B from 33.9% to 61.9% (figure 3). Bacterial diversity was highest in clusters A4 and B2 (median (IQR) SDI A4: 2.54 (1.52); B2: 2.40 (0.56)). Differences in the SDI and Jaccard dissimilarity indices between infant clusters were significant (p<0.001) (table S1).
Composition of the most common clusters at the a) onset of the first acute respiratory tract infection (swab A) and b) 3 weeks later (swab B) illustrated as bacterial abundances of the five most common bacterial families with the remaining grouped as "Others". Clusters with sizes of <5% are not depicted.
Results of hierarchical clustering based on the microbial composition at the onset of the first acute respiratory tract infection (swab A) and 3 weeks later (swab B). The size of the circles and the numbers inside indicate the number of individuals assigned to each cluster. The connecting bars indicate the transition from one particular cluster to another between swabs A and B; the size of the bars corresponds to the number of transitioning individuals. The dominating bacterial families in the clusters are as follows. A1: Moraxellaceae; A2: Moraxellaceae and Streptococcaeae; A3: Streptococcaceae; A4: "Others"; A5: Pasteurellaceae; B1: Moraxellaceae; B2: "Others"; B3: Streptococcaceae. Areas in the circles of darker green on the left side of the panel indicate the proportion of infants at swab A in each cluster who were asymptomatic at swab B compared to the proportion of symptomatic infants at swab B (lighter green). Areas in the circles of darker orange on the right side of the panel indicate the proportion of asymptomatic infants at swab B compared to the proportion of symptomatic infants (lighter orange). SDI: Shannon Diversity Index, presented as the median value.
Influence of host and environmental factors on infant clusters
Associations with the following factors were explored: age, season at first ARI, sex, cohabitating siblings, caesarean section, atopy, childcare attendance, breastfeeding status and environmental tobacco smoke exposure (tables S2 and S3). Statistically significant differences between clusters at the onset of infection could be seen in infants with risk for atopy, with higher proportions in cluster A2 and A5 (76.5% and 84.6%, respectively) compared to cluster A3 (38.7%) (p=0.008). In swab B, childcare attendance was overrepresented in the Moraxellaceae-dominated cluster B1 (p=0.030).
Results of viral analysis
Real-time PCR detected viruses in 108 (64.7%) infants. The most abundant viruses in swab A were RSV (17.8%), followed by HRV/EV (13.8%), HPIV (11.4%), HMPV (6.0%) and HCoV (5.4%). 3 weeks after the onset of ARI (swab B) the number of detected viruses was lower (except for HCoV), the most frequently detected viruses were RSV (11.4%), followed by HRV/EV (10.8%), HCoV (6.0%), HPIV (3.0%) and HMPV (3.0%). In 59 (35.3%) subjects none of the targeted viruses could be detected. At the onset of infection, only HMPV occurrence was significantly different between the clusters, with the highest detection rate in cluster A3 (16.1%) (p=0.030) (table S4). 3 weeks later, HRV/EV was overrepresented in the Moraxellaceae-dominated cluster B1 (14.6%) versus B2 (2.9%) and B3 (0.0%) (p=0.030); HCoV was overrepresented in cluster B3 (20.0%) versus B1 (4.2%) and B2 (0.0%) (p=0.007). HRV and HCoV were both underrepresented in the "Others"-dominated cluster B2 (p=0.020 and p<0.001, respectively) (table S5).
Duration of respiratory symptoms and infant clusters
Symptom persistence after the onset of infection showed a mean±sd (range, median) duration of 2.3±1.5 (1–11, 2) weeks. Presence of symptoms 2 weeks after the onset of ARI showed a borderline significant difference between clusters determined at swab A (p=0.061): symptomatic infants were more common in cluster A2 (37.3%, p=0.025) and underrepresented in clusters A3 (12.9%, p<0.01) and A4 (7.1%, p<0.01) (table 3).
Infant clusters at the onset of acute respiratory tract infection (swab A) and subsequent presence of symptoms
Presence of symptoms 3 weeks after the onset of ARI was different between clusters in swab B (p<0.001). There were less symptomatic infants in cluster B2 (5.9%, odds ratio (95% CI) 0.2 (0.0–0.7)) and more symptomatic infants in clusters B1 (29.2%) and B3 (56.0%, odds ratio (95% CI) 3.3 (1.3–8.0)) (figure 3, table 4 and table S6). Adjusting for host and environmental factors did not change these associations (table S7). Interestingly, SDI in swab B was much higher in cluster B2 (median (IQR) SDI: 2.40 (0.56)) compared to B1 (0.88 (0.76)) and B3 (1.06 (0.69)) (p<0.001; table S1).
Infant clusters 3 weeks after onset of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) (swab B) and subsequent presence of symptoms after the onset of the first ARI
Overall, in clusters with lower diversity and overrepresentation of Moraxellaceae or Streptococcaceae (A1, B1 and B3) the proportion of persistently symptomatic patients was higher, whereas infants in clusters characterised by high diversity and overrepresentation of "Others" (A4 and B2), showed more rapid symptom recovery following ARI (figure 3 and table 4).
The type of virus at swab A and swab B was not associated with the duration of respiratory symptoms (tables S8–S10).
Using an unsupervised approach in a representative, prospective, central European white healthy birth cohort [20], we could show that the nasal microbiota of infection-naïve infants exhibited five distinct major microbial patterns at the onset of the first ARI, largely independent of the type of common respiratory virus. 3 weeks after the onset of the ARI, these five distinct clusters became three dominant clusters. The duration of respiratory symptoms was associated with clusters based on microbiota 3 weeks after the onset of infection, but not with commonly observed respiratory viruses, indicating close microbiota–host interactions.
Bacterial composition of nasal swabs in our study consisted primarily of five families (Moraxellaceae, Streptococcaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Pasteurellaceae and Staphylococcaceae), which is comparable to previous studies on microbiota in infants and young children [5, 7, 15, 17, 23]. In contrast to a previous study from our group [7], where nasal swabs were taken biweekly throughout the first year of life irrespective of presence or absence of respiratory symptoms, in this study we focused specifically on the nasal microbiota at the very first ARI and 3 weeks later.
We observed less symptomatic infants in the "Others"-dominated cluster B2 3 weeks after the onset of infection. Bacterial abundances of Staphylococcaceae and Corynebacteriaceae were significantly higher in cluster B2 than in clusters B1 or B3 (figure 2). Similarly, Teo et al. [5] recognised Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium as commensals, which seem to be associated with respiratory health. Bosch et al. [19] observed an underrepresentation of Dolosigranulum and Corynebacterium and an overrepresentation of Moraxellaceae in infants with more frequent ARI in their first year of life. 3 weeks after the onset of ARI, we found most symptomatic infants in the Streptococcaceae-dominated cluster B3.
HRV/EV detection was higher in the Moraxellaceae-dominated cluster B1. This is consistent with published observations. Korten et al. [7] reported a higher abundance of Moraxellaceae in infants with symptomatic HRV/EV infections. Kloepfer et al. [24] found similarly increased detection rates of M. catarrhalis and S. pneumoniae associated with HRV/EV. Bosch et al. [19] found the more frequent ARI in infants with a premature predominance of Moraxellaceae.
The strength of the study is the relatively high number of infants studied from a prospective birth cohort with comprehensive information on antenatal and postnatal history, including weekly telephone interviews to monitor respiratory symptoms [20]. However, due to the high variability of the microbiota, it is possible that significant differences in the bacterial composition associated with certain viruses and host factors could only become obvious with an even larger study sample. A limitation of our study is that the age at onset of ARI naturally varied, since the focus of this prospective study was to study the very first symptomatic ARI in infants. Our study design precludes information on the nasal microbiota in an asymptomatic period immediately prior to the first ARI. Additional information on this could help identify changes in the bacterial composition which might have preceded symptoms of the ARI.
Viral–bacterial interactions are complex and certain combinations of viruses and bacteria can exert either synergistic or inhibitory effects. It seems that certain bacteria can lead to an enhanced or reduced inflammatory response, and thereby modulate the burden of respiratory symptoms [8]. In clusters of infants with persistent symptoms 3 weeks after the onset of infection the microbiota was dominated by Moraxellaceae and Streptococcaceae. A higher abundance of these two potentially pathogenic bacterial families might result in an ARI with sustained symptoms. This is in accordance with a recent study of young children showing an exaggerated inflammatory response to RSV in the presence of nasopharyngeal microbiota enriched with H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae [8]. In contrast, in cluster B2, in which infants had fewer symptoms, the microbiota contained higher abundances of Corynebacteriaceae and Staphylococcaceae. These organisms have similarly been identified by Teo et al. [5] to be associated with respiratory health [19]. Nasopharyngeal Staphylococcus aureus was found to be associated with lower disease severity in RSV infections [8]. Biesbroek et al. [23] and Bosch et al. [19] reported less ARI in infants with nasopharyngeal microbiota dominated by Corynebacterium and Dolosigranulum. Whether these organisms are simply biomarkers indicating respiratory health, or whether they have immediate protective effects on the respiratory tract, remains unclear. Cluster B2 was also characterised by higher bacterial diversity compared to the other clusters. Lower diversity in infants with longer persistence of symptoms could reflect an outgrowth of certain potentially pathogenic bacterial families, e.g. Moraxellaceae, or potentially a lack of beneficial microbiota. It has been shown that the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells is higher after stimulation by M. catarrhalis and H. influenzae compared to Prevotella strains, common commensals of the respiratory tract microbiota. Co-stimulation with Prevotella reduces the H. influenzae-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [25]. This could indicate that commensals, such as Prevotella and others, are not only filling a niche, but are also functionally important for the maintenance of "healthy" equilibrium. In a recent study, we observed that a lower bacterial diversity was associated with more frequent HRV infections in the first year of life [26].
Manipulation of airway microbiota with, for example, probiotics seems attractive, but a prerequisite would be to know the "ideal" microbial composition associated with respiratory health and the highest resilience.
In conclusion, infants with prolonged respiratory symptoms after their very first ARI exhibit distinct nasal microbiota compared to infants with faster recovery, indicating the presence of close microbiota–host interactions. Future studies will need to reveal how the microbial composition influences the dynamic equilibrium of viruses and bacteria, and how this is related to inflammation, mucosal function, immune development and subsequent chronic lung disease.
Please note: supplementary material is not edited by the Editorial Office, and is uploaded as it has been supplied by the author.
Supplementary methods 00066-2018_Supplementary_methods
Supplementary table S1 00066-2018_Table_S1
Supplementary table S10 00066-2018_Table_S10
The authors appreciate the contribution of M. Graf, S. Lüscher, and L. Beul (Division of Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Pediatrics, Inselspital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland) and of M. Weber-Fringeli, N. Wellauer and A. Padiyath (University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland) for sample and data collection. Most of all, the authors thank the children and their families that have agreed to participate in the Basel–Bern Infant Lung Development (BILD) cohort study.
The current BILD cohort study group is: Pinelopi Anagnostopoulou, Bern; Urs Frey, Basel; Oliver Fuchs, Bern; Olga Gorlanova, Basel; Insa Korten, Bern; Claudia Kuehni, Bern; Philipp Latzin, Bern; Elena Proietti, Zurich; Martin Röösli, Basel; Anne Schmidt, London; and Jakob Usemann, Basel.
This article has supplementary material available from openres.ersjournals.com
Conflict of interest: R.P. Neumann reports grants from Vifor AG, Villars-sur-Glâne, Switzerland (unrestricted research grant for laboratory materials for this study), during the conduct of the study.
Conflict of interest: M. Hilty has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: B. Xu has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: J. Usemann has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: I. Korten has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: M. Mika has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: L. Müller has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: P. Latzin reports personal fees from Gilead, Novartis, Polyphor, Roche, Santhera, Schwabe, Vertex, Vifor and Zambon.
Conflict of interest: U. Frey reports grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 320030_163311), during the conduct of the study.
Support statement: This work was supported by Vifor AG, Villars-sur-Glâne, Switzerland. Funding information for this article has been deposited with the Crossref Funder Registry.
Received May 14, 2018.
Accepted October 26, 2018.
Copyright ©ERS 2018
This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence 4.0.
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Nasal microbiota and respiratory tract infections: the role of viral detection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; in press [https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201710-2020LE].
Vol 4 Issue 4 Table of Contents
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Police name officer who killed unarmed black man in Phoenix
By David Schwartz
Demonstrators hold protest rally week after unarmed man was shot dead by police in Phoenix
Demonstrators cross the 7th avenue bridge in downtown Phoenix the week after an unarmed man was shot dead by police, in Phoenix, Arizona December 8, 2014. Police say Rumain Brisbon, 34, was killed on December 2 as he struggled with a policeman who suspected he was selling drugs and erroneously believed he felt the handle of a gun in the man's pocket. Brisbon was actually carrying a pill bottle, and an attorney for his mother said accounts from witnesses did not tally with the police version. REUTERS/Deanna Dent (UNITED STATES - Tags: CRIME LAW CIVIL UNREST)
PHOENIX (Reuters) - Phoenix police on Tuesday released the name of the 30-year-old white officer who fatally shot an unarmed black man during a struggle last week, after protests by activists who demanded his identity be made public.
About 200 chanting demonstrators angered by the killing faced off with police in riot gear late on Monday in downtown Phoenix, the latest in a wave of demonstrations across the country over the killing of unarmed black men by police.
A spokesman for the Phoenix Police Department said Mark Rine, a seven-year veteran of the force, had been reassigned to "non-enforcement duty" pending the investigation into the Dec. 2 shooting of 34-year-old Rumain Brisbon.
"It has been seven days since the incident and we didn't want to hold off on releasing the name any longer," said the spokesman, Sergeant Trent Crump. "He's now had time to mitigate any threats he might receive."
Demonstrations have erupted across the United States in recent weeks after two grand juries opted not to indict white police officers in the deaths of unarmed black men in Ferguson, Missouri, and New York City.
Police said Rine shot Brisbon after a struggle during which the officer believed he felt the handle of a gun in the man's pocket. It turned out to be a pill bottle.
An attorney for Brisbon's mother and his 9-year-old daughter has questioned the police account of the incident and called for an independent probe into what happened.
The Rev. Jarrett Maupin, a local civil rights activist and protest leader, said the demonstrations would continue until the officer was held accountable.
"This is a very minor victory in a long campaign for justice for Rumain Brisbon and for justice against police brutality," said Maupin, adding that Rine should be removed from the police department.
Phoenix police said internal and criminal investigations had begun and that the results would be turned over to the Maricopa County attorney to decide on any charges.
(Reporting by David Schwartz; Editing by Daniel Wallis and Peter Cooney)
Atari hotel, Wienermobile warning, goat mayor's K-9 rival: News from around our 50 states
Harbor Group International Acquires Luxury Apartment Community in Phoenix Submarket
Gunman jailed after forcing police officer's head underwater in 'grotesque' attack


Economics is the social science that studies how societies use their scarce resources to produce goods and services. Studying economics will prepare students to identify problems and the solutions to those problems throughout their professional career. Graduates are prepared to make informed decisions in management, marketing, finance or the public sector based on economic information.
Students in the economics program study unemployment, inflation, economic growth, the distribution of income and wealth, the balance of payments and exchange rates, as well as topics related to labor, banking, the environment, health care, poverty and governing systems and policies. Learning more about economics helps students understand how businesses, workers, consumers and governments interact in domestic and international markets.
Many economics majors elect to double major in economics and a related business or liberal arts field. An economics major from UW-River Falls has excellent employment opportunities in the 21st century.
The mission of the Economics department is to provide students with analytical, critical thinking, research and communication skills that are necessary for advancing in the public sector, the non-profit sector and the business sector or for seeking an advanced degree.
Use economic theory to critically examine problems in the U.S. and global economy.
Demonstrate and apply knowledge gained in the area of statistics.
Conduct economic research and present results.
The Economics department has a diverse and outstanding faculty with expertise in the areas of public finance, government regulation of business, the economics of developing countries, labor economics, the economics of discrimination, money and banking, international economics and business law. The department also has strengths in statistics and quantitative analysis. Faculty members are excellent teachers and scholars and have a strong tradition of close interaction with students.


Episode Info: Many people are terrified of public speaking. The idea of standing in front of a group of 5 or 5,000 people freezes them with fear. However, because so many people are afraid of public speaking, it's a marketable skill. If you can apply some basic principles and push through the fear, you can find yourself in a profitable career.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Way To Heaven (German: Himmelweg) is a 2004 play by the award-winning Spanish playwright Juan Mayorga.

The play is about a notorious incident in 1944 in which a delegation from the International Red Cross visited the Theresienstadt concentration camp. What they saw was a model cleaned up for their visit, and they were duped by the Nazi camp officials into reporting to the world that conditions were good, and that they saw no evidence to support reports of mass murder.

Plot summary
According to The New York Times review of the 2009 production in New York, the play has five sections. It opens with a monologue by the Red Cross inspector. Next a series of tableaux are shown that had been directed by the Nazis, such as a small girl at play teaching her doll to swim. In the third scene, the camp commandant receives the Red Cross visitor (in the event, a commission of several members had visited.) "The world", the commandant tells the Red Cross representative, "is moving toward unity".

The commandant forces a Jewish prisoner named Gershom Gottfried into producing an opera for the Red Cross visitors. In the final scene, Gottfried urges his players to "focus on their words and gestures," to perform this piece. He knows they have to ignore the daily trains taking prisoners from Theresienstadt to what the audience knows and the prisoners fear are death camps. "If we do it well", he tells a frightened young performer, "we'll see Mummy again, on one of those trains."

Response
The Independent calls Way to Heaven "a compelling, cunningly constructed play".

nytheatre.com called Way to Heaven "extremely intelligent and surprisingly evenhanded" in its treatment of the Nazi perpetrators, Red Cross commissioners, and Jewish victims.

The New York Times calls it a "spare, elegant work".

Production history
The play premiered at Málaga's Teatro Alameda in 2003; in 2004, it was performed at Madrid's Teatro María Guerrero. Translated to English, it was played at London's Royal Court Theatre in 2005. The play has been produced world-wide, including Dublin, Oslo, Paris, Buenos Aires, Brussels, New York, Los Angeles, Melbourne and, most recently, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Athens, Greece, Seoul and Barcelona.

When the play opened in New York in 2009, the New York Times review noted that it had been "a hit in Europe and South America." It was produced in the U.S. by Burning Coal Theatre Company in 2009, and in New York City that year by Equilicuá Producciones.  In the 2010–2011 season, it was co-produced off-Broadway by Equilicuá Producciones and Repertorio Español, and at the REP at University of Delaware in 2011. All the US productions were directed by Matthew Earnest.

In 2017, the play was brought to the London stage as part of the Festival of Spanish Theatre in London (Festelón).

Historical references

The Theresienstadt ghetto had a Children's Opera, composed of Jewish children transported to the concentration camp from an orphanage in Prague. They performed  Brundibár, written by an inmate, for the Red Cross commissioners.

The Germans agreed to admit the Red Cross Commission to Theresienstadt only under pressure from the government of Denmark following the invasion of Normandy. The Danish king had demanded that the Red Cross investigate reports that its deported Jewish citizens were being murdered. The Germans stalled before agreeing to permit the visit; they wanted to ensure the continued cooperation of Danish subjects working in war production factories, as they still occupied Denmark and had pressed many residents into labor. Shortly before the visit, the Nazis deported 7,503 people to the Auschwitz concentration camp to eliminate overcrowding. Theresienstadt was cleaned up and staged as a model community. The Red Cross visitors saw newly planted flower gardens and freshly painted houses.

By 1944, the visit to Theresienstadt was only one piece of an accumulating body of information on The Holocaust which the Red Cross learned. Historians consider it significant that the Red Cross' 15-page report on Theresienstadt failed to raise the question of whether mass murder was taking place in Nazi-occupied Europe.

The word Himmelweg (German for path or way to Heaven) was the term used alternately with schlauch (German for hose or tube) at the Nazi death camps to denote the path into the gas chambers.

References

2005 plays
Plays about the Holocaust
Spanish plays

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Thank You to my Good friend's over at denisthevisal and family for this Kreative Award! I recieved a few weeks back and am slow to post. I think my middle name this week is procrastinator. sigh. I sure appreciate their Blog and all the hard work they put into it. It's hard not to fall in love with all their furry family. The stories they come up are fun to follow. Thanks guys. Check out their blog.
Thanks Dennis and family for the award.
Thanks Doraz. Check out her cool blog.
Look I am so lucky to have friends like you. Old friends and now some new friends. S.L.e a welcome back Award. At the blogging party the other day It was so nice Doraz brought a couple of her friends over, I was able to meet William and Brian and Ji. How nice, I went to their blogs to check em out because that's what we do as blogger check out each others blogs. ;+) William also has a second blog which I was so graciously promoted what a cool idea. While I was over at Ji at Jingle blog I played a math game I didn't get the right answer but I could recognize the right answer it was nice she gave awards out to everyone who played the game. They are very pretty. Any of these Awards you see if you would like to have them for your Blog please help yourself. And Gary too bad your so busy camping and fishing.(If your missing Gary you can catch his tweets on his blog.) Last but not least Dennis gave me a wonderful Words of Wisdom Award. Very cool Owl Award! We have been keeping our eyes on the Owl cam watching these little guys grow up. How fun. I am grateful for all my blogging friends and I am glad to meet a few new people in the blogging world as I expand my horizons just a little bit as some of my blogging friends have been taking breaks.
Thanks Purplehatter for the awesome original art work.
take anything you like from the links.


Alien and Monster themed A4 word mat. Add your own text in the editable version.
A4 Landscape sheet with an Alien/Monster themed page border - no lines. Add your own text in the editable version.
A4 Landscape sheet with an Alien/Monster themed page border - wide lines.One fully lined and one half lined.
A4 Landscape sheet with an Alien/Monster themed page border - narrow lines.One fully lined and one half lined.
Alien and Monster themed display letters, Symbols and Characters on a Word document.
A4 sheet with an Alien/Monster themed page border - no lines. Add your own text in the editable version.
A4 sheet with an Alien/Monster themed page border - wide lines. One fully lined and one half lined.
A4 sheet with an Alien/Monster themed page border - narrow lines. One fully lined and one half lined.
Double mounted effect border, 'Alien' display banner. 2 X A4 sheets.
Double mounted effect Alien and Monster themed display words on an A4 sheet.
Green Alien/Monster themed number shapes 0 to 10. Simply place the correct Numicon shape over the images, to see the alien peeping through the holes.
Green Alien/Monster themed number shapes 0 to 10 display banner, 3 x A4 landscape sheets,with a double mount effect border.
Green Alien/Monster themed dice number shapes. Each square measures approx. 11x11cm and fits perfectly into most large game foam dice with pockets.
Green Alien/Monster themed number shapes 0 to 10 matching cards. 4 x A4 landscape sheets.
Red Alien themed number shapes 0 to 10. Simply place the correct Numicon shape over the images, to see the alien peeping through the holes.
Red Alien themed number shapes 0 to 10 display banner, 3 x A4 landscape sheets,with a double mount effect border.
Red Alien themed dice number shapes. Each square measures approx. 11x11cm and fits perfectly into most large game foam dice with pockets.
Red Alien themed number shapes 0 to 10 matching cards. 4 x A4 landscape sheets.
Alien and Monster themed newspaper article worksheets with images. Add your own text in the editable version of this resource.


Who am I? Why am I here? What should I be doing with my life? Why is the world so messed up? Our young people have some big questions, and they need some big answers in order to live life to the fullest. This course is meant to connect students with their source for answers; Jesus Christ. Our relationship with God is our most critical relationship in life. Knowing God, seeking His will for our lives, being loved by God, sharing that love with others in tangible ways...these are the goals of our time together. The class will be part teaching, part small group sharing, part application, and part revelation. Living supernaturally should be natural for God's children. Under God's direction, our lives should be devoted to others through demonstrations of love and acts of service.
 As a tangible way of "living life out loud", students will participate in the Congressional Award Program. Participants earn Bronze, Silver, and Gold Congressional Award Certificates and Bronze, Silver, and Gold Congressional Award Medals. Each level involves setting goals in four program areas: Voluntary Public Service, Personal Development, Physical Fitness, and Expedition/Exploration. Earning The Congressional Award is a fun and interesting way to get more involved in kingdom building, and it looks great on your high school transcript!
Come and join with other Berea students on the adventure of a lifetime.
Discipleship and the Big Questions is a course currently being designed by Judy Musick to connect the youth of Berea with their faith and community.
For the practical application of "love in action", we are using the Congressional Awards Program. When you sign up for the program, please make me (Judy Musick) the student advisor on your documentation.
Link for Congressional Award materials: $15 registration required. Please order online or by mail as you prefer.


text:
Pelargonia (Pelargonium L'Hér.) – rodzaj bylin lub półkrzewów z rodziny bodziszkowatych. Liczy co najmniej 283 gatunki. Występują one głównie w Afryce Południowej (co najmniej 125 gatunków). Liczne gatunki rosną poza tym w Afryce Wschodniej sięgając na północy po Bliski Wschód (do południowej Turcji i Iraku). Nieliczne gatunki rosną w Australii i na Nowej Zelandii, pojedyncze, endemiczne gatunki także na Wyspie Świętej Heleny oraz wyspach Tristan da Cunha. Rośliny z tego rodzaju należą do najbardziej rozpowszechnionych roślin ogrodowych na obszarach wolnych od przymrozków, poza tym uprawiane w pomieszczeniach. Nazwa pochodzi od greckiego słowa "pelargós" (bocian), od podobieństwa rozłupek pelargonii do bocianiego dzioba.

Morfologia
 Pokrój Byliny, półkrzewy, krzewinki i krzewy (do 3 m wysokości). Istnieje również niewielka grupa pelargonii sukulentowych.
 Liście Ulistnienie naprzemianległe. Liście dłoniasto klapowane lub dłoniastodzielne, ogonkowe. U większości gatunków liście są silnie aromatyczne ze względu na olejki eteryczne.
 Kwiaty Wyrastają po dwa lub wiele w kwiatostanach w formie baldachu. Przeważnie mają symetrię dwuboczną – z pięciu działek kielicha górny często wytwarza krótką ostrogę, dwa górne płatki korony są szersze i dłuższe, a także inaczej zabarwione. Płatki są czerwone, różowe, żółte, białe, fioletowe do zielonkawych. Niektóre posiadają kwiaty pełne. Pręcików jest 10, przy czym trzy z nich są często zmarniałe (u większości uprawianych odmian wszystkie są zmarniałe). Zalążnia jest górna, powstaje z 5 owocolistków na szczycie z 5-łatkowym znamieniem.
 Owoce Rozłupnia składająca się z 5 jednonasiennych rozłupek, każda z długim dzióbkiem, często skręconym i owłosionym. Nasiona rozsiewane są autochorycznie.

Systematyka
 Synonimy taksonomiczne
Geraniospermum O. Kuntze
 Pozycja systematyczna według Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (aktualizowany system APG IV z 2016)
Rodzaj z rodziny bodziszkowatych z rzędu bodziszkowców, należących do kladu różowych w obrębie okrytonasiennych. W rodzinie klasyfikowany do podrodziny Geranioideae Arnott. Tworzy grupę bazalną dla kladu obejmującego rodzaje: monsonia (Monsonia), bodziszek (Geranium) i iglica (Erodium).

 Pozycja według systemu Reveala (1993–1999)
Gromada okrytonasienne (Magnoliophyta Cronquist), podgromada Magnoliophytina Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal, klasa Rosopsida Batsch, podklasa różowe (Rosidae Takht.), nadrząd Geranianae Thorne ex Reveal, rząd bodziszkowce (Geraniales Dumort.), podrząd  Geraniineae Bessey in C.K. Adams, rodzina bodziszkowate (Geraniaceae Juss.), plemię Pelargonieae Sweet, rodzaj pelargonia (Pelargonium L'Hér.).

 Wykaz gatunków

Zastosowanie
 Wiele gatunków jest uprawianych jako rośliny ozdobne, w Polsce głównie jako rośliny doniczkowe w mieszkaniach i na balkonach. Do Europy po raz pierwszy przywieziono je z Afryki na początku XIX wieku. Obecnie są one jedną z najważniejszych roślin uprawianych na balkonach i werandach. Ogrodnicy wyhodowali dużą liczbę odmian. Wszystkie uprawiane pelargonie ozdobne to mieszańce. Ogrodnicy dzielą je na 4 główne grupy:
 pelargonie pasiaste, pelargonie rabatowe, gerania muszkatle pochodzące od Pelargonium zonale hort. i P. inquinans hort. Mają wzniesione pędy, liście nerkowate o falistych brzegach wyrastające na długich ogonkach i zazwyczaj posiadające na górnej stronie charakterystyczne wzory. Kwiaty pojedyncze lub pełne, zawsze zebrane w baldachy. Kolor u różnych odmian od białego poprzez róż, czerwień do fioletu. Są uprawiane przeważnie na balkonach.
 pelargonie bluszczolistne pochodzące od Pelargonium peltatum hort. Mają łodygi płożące się, liście mięsiste i błyszczące o kształcie podobnym do liści bluszczu. Kwiaty zebrane są w baldach i są pojedyncze lub pełne w kolorach od białego poprzez różowy, liliowy i purpurowy do fioletowego. Są uprawiane w mieszkaniach i na balkonach.
 pelargonie wielkokwiatowe, pelargonie angielskie pochodzące od Pelargonium grandiflorum hort. Mają wzniesione pędy, liście duże, 5-klapowe o piłkowanych brzegach, owłosione. Kwiaty są duże i zebrane w baldachy. Mają kolor od białego poprzez różowy, liliowy i czerwony do fioletowego. Zazwyczaj są uprawiane w mieszkaniach.
 pelargonie pachnące: Należą tutaj odmiany m.in. pochodzące od gatunków: pelargonia kutnerowata (P. tomentosum Jacq.), pelargonia pachnąca (P. graveolens L'Her.), P. odoratissimum (L.) L'Her., Pelargonium crispum (P. J. Bergius) L'Her.
 Z liści wielu gatunków produkuje się olejek zapachowy wykorzystywany w perfumerii. W tym celu wykorzystuje się głównie gatunki olejkodajne: P. capitatum (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait., P. fragrans (Poir.) Willd., P. graveolens L'Hér. ex Ait., P. krappeanum Knuth, P. odoratissimum (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait., P. radula (Cav.) L'Hérit.

Uprawa, choroby
Do chorób dotykających tę roślinę należą:
 szara pleśń
 rdza pelargonii
 fytoftoroza
 zgorzel zgnilakowa
 wirus żółtej plamistości pelargonii
 bakteryjna zaraza pelargonii

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Bodziszkowate


Cape Air has discontinued service to Anguilla.
Massachusetts airline, Cape Air, affiliated with major airlines like Continental, JetBlue and American Airlines, is known for their flights within Cape Cod.
But, Cape Air flies outside of the Cape, and the States too!
Cape Air flies to many Caribbean islands from San Juan, Puerto Rico, including St. Thomas and Tortola.
Cape Air offers daily Anguilla flights from Puerto Rico.
Eugenio Maria de Hostos Airport in Puerto Rico. (Photo by cavenaghi9)"
*Note: These schedules sometimes change. For the most updated info, visit their official website here.
When we lived in Montreal, and first started traveling to Anguilla, we would fly Montreal-JFK, JFK-Puerto Rico, and then catch an Anguilla flight from Puerto Rico.
Coming from Canada, connecting through the United States added several delays (including long lines at US immigration) and unnecessary travel hours.
We found a solution! Catch a direct charter to St. Maarten, and then take Anguilla Air Services flights to Anguilla from St. Maarten. This routes cuts our travel time from 12 hours to 5 hours!
Now that Yuki and I go to school in New York (and my parents live in Anguilla), we still take the St. Maarten path. The reason is simple... It's faster, smoother.
Many people traveling to Anguilla choose the St. Maarten connection, but Puerto Rico remains a convenient connection for many American residents Anguilla-bound.
In the high season, Cape Air's Anguilla flight costs approximately $350 each way.


text:
Q: Subtracting results from two SQL queries I am trying to subtract the results of the following two SQL queries and am unable to figure it out. I have tried NOT IN and EXCEPT but I think I am doing it incorrectly. Here are my queries:
SELECT DISTINCT first_name, last_name, rating, email, phone
FROM users
WHERE rating !='6';

SELECT DISTINCT first_name, last_name, rating, email, phone
FROM users
JOIN user_transactions
ON users.id=user_transactions.user_id
WHERE rating != '6' AND created_on >= '2014-09-01' AND created_on <= CURDATE();

A: It seems that what you're really trying to do here is get all rows where the rating is not equal to 6, and the created_on date is BEFORE 09/01/2014. If I am right, you can do that all in one query:
SELECT DISTINCT first_name, last_name, rating, email, phone
FROM users u
JOIN user_transactions ut
   ON u.id = ut.user_id
WHERE rating != 6 AND created_on < '2014-09-01';

I made that assumption because you are taking all rows where the rating is not 6, and want to get rid of the rows where the created_on date is between 09/01 and now. Is that not the same as selecting all rows where the created date is before 09/01?

A: You can do what you want with aggregation and a having clause:
SELECT first_name, last_name, rating, email, phone
FROM users u JOIN
     user_transactions ut
     ON u.id = ut.user_id
WHERE rating <> '6';
GROUP BY first_name, last_name, rating, email, phone
HAVING SUM(created_on >= '2014-09-01' AND created_on <= CURDATE()) = 0;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Saab also requested a travel ban which would prevent Guaidó from leaving the country.
Dozens of nations, including most countries in the Western Hemisphere, have recognized Guaidó as the legitimate president of Venezuela and no longer conduct relations with the country through Maduro.
Maduro has said such assistance would be the first step toward a U.S. military intervention.
The United States, the European Union and many Latin American countries joined the opposition in dismissing the legitimacy of presidential elections Maduro won in May.
Maduro has repeatedly accused Bogota of plotting to overthrow him.
"Maduro willing to negotiate with opposition in Venezuela following us sanctions and the cutting off of oil revenues", Trump posted on his Twitter page.
Regarding the widespread food shortages and near-total lack of medicine in the country, Maduro told Americans that "problems arise [in Venezuela] every day like they do anywhere else".
In an interview with Russia's RIA Novosti news agency that aired on Wednesday, Maduro said he has sent letters to the governments of Bolivia, Mexico, Russia and Uruguay to involve them in a new process of dialogue with the opposition.
Russian Federation has been one of Maduro's staunchest supporters, providing the South American country with loans and weapons.
Mr Saab is a key Maduro ally and the high court is stacked with Maduro loyalists.
US National Security Advisor John Bolton warned American businesses not to "deal in gold, oil, or other Venezuelan commodities being stolen from the Venezuelan people by the Maduro mafia".
Global support: Guaido's move has received backing across the globe.
He has received backing from the USA and several major countries but it is the support of the military that he needs most to drive Maduro out of power.
The fight to control Venezuela, which has the world's largest oil reserves, has intensified with new USA sanctions and legal moves that may bring the arrest of opposition leader and self-declared interim president Juan Guaido.
Violent street demonstrations erupted last week when Guaido, during a massive opposition rally in Caracas, declared he had assumed presidential powers and planned to hold fresh elections, ending Maduro's "dictatorship". The opposition argues Maduro's re-election last May was a sham.