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American History Ingersoll
Robert Ingersoll
Syllabus (Text Below)
Class 42 Syllabus Ingersoll and American Freethought
Robert Green Ingersoll and the Golden Age of American Freethought.
The lecture will discuss the Golden Age of Freethought in the United States from about 1860-1900 and its chief spokesperson, Robert Green Ingersoll (1833- 1899.)
Freethought took place against the backdrop of the Gilded Age.
Gilded Age- Inequality between rich and workers, technological advances, corporate mode of business became the dominant model, age of the great railroads, robber barons, great economic growth. However, the Gilded Age suffered two serious recessions. Some scholars find the Gilded Age somewhat similar to present conditions in the United States.
From before the onset of the Civil War in the early 1860's into the 1900's, the United States underwent its third extensive religious revival, called the Third Great Awakening. The country experienced the growth of churches and church membership, a Catholic School system, the rise of missionary zeal, the rise of the Salvation Army, and the YMCA. Dwight L. Moody's sermons and speeches were in demand.
The Protestant religion aligned itself with the Republican Party. The Republican Party was, from its Civil War days and from its leadership by Abraham Lincoln, during the early post war years, the more liberal of the two parties. The Democrats were more conservative.
This era was significant in the rise of the demand for Woman Suffrage and Equality. The Temperance Movement, the majority of whose members were women, aligned itself with suffrage. The 14th Amendment to the Constitution gave blacks the right to suffrage, but not women. The birth control access fight began as well.
Against this backdrop, freethought rose, flourished and gained members.
Freethought defined:
Five essentials, or characteristics of freethought delineated and discussed.
Susan Jacoby outlines the rise of church affiliation in the Gilded Age. More than 43% of Americans were affiliated. Growth of Black Churches after the Civil War, comprised of freed slaves.
Not only Catholic immigration, but Jewish arrivals to the United States. Many Jews were not affiliated, instead were atheist or secular.
Emma Goldman, the birth control movement, Atheism touched on.
Felix Adler began the Ethical Culture Society in 1876. Many German Jews grew ties with freethinkers.
Areas of social reform embraced by freethinkers in general- free speech, women's rights and suffrage, access to birth control education and devices, better conditions for prisoners and so on.
Most important issue for freethinkers during Gilded Age was separation of church and state. Strong opposition to government funding for private Catholic schools.
Growth of the freethought magazines- The Truth Seeker, 1873. Boston Investigator, 1831, Blue Grass Blade, the Iconoclast, Lucifer the Lightbearer and others.
The lecture circuit was the most influential freethought venue. Americans traveled hundreds of miles to hear speakers like Robert G. Ingersoll.
Women in freethought- Emma Goldman, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Matilda Joslyn Gage and others. Gage's influence on L. Frank Baum's Wizard of Oz.
Sex radicalism and Free Love Movement.
Anthony Comstock and his draconian postal laws.
Intellectual currents of the age helped give rise to the Freethought movement.
Lyell, Darwin, Huxley and their books- scientific explanations for human development and nature that contradicted the Bible. German critics began to explore the Bible as a historical and literary document.
Educated American people began to understand that the earth was extremely old, that the Bible was a cultural artifact, and evolution was the answer to human origin.
Robert Green Ingersoll and his rise on the influential lecture circuit. He was called "The Great Agnostic." People were both amused and educated by lectures during this era. They were interested in various ideas, not necessarily ideas they agreed with.
Ingersoll born in Illinois in 1833. His father was a fundamentalist minister but both parents were fervent abolitionists.
Later, Ingersoll amused audiences with his miserable, religious Sundays as a child.
Ingersoll's childhood, schooling, exposure to the Bible and Shakespeare.
Studied law and exposed to freethought .
Later, Ingersoll became a colonel in the Northern Army.
Marriage to Eva Parker, who came from a freethought family. Eva gave birth to two daughters. Eva and her family encouraged Ingersoll to use his gifts for freethought, which he did.
Ingersoll and his beloved brother, Clark, established a lucrative law practice. Robert Ingersoll appointed Attorney General of Illinois 1867- 1869.
Ingersoll in demand for his oratorical skills by the Republican Party to campaign for office seekers, but ineligible for office because of his reputation as a freethinker.
Ingersoll's important political and religious speeches.
Ingersoll's famous cases- The Star Route political corruption trial, his defense of Ezra Harvey Heywood and E.M. Bennett for dissemination of so-called "obscene material," according to the Comstock Laws. His defense of Charles B. Reynolds in Reynold's Blasphemy case.
The Liberal League and Ingersoll's departure from it due to a conflict over whether to put the repeal of the Comstock Laws on its platform.
Ingersoll friend to United States Presidents, Mark Twain and Walt Whitman, American authors.
Ingersoll never ceased his attacks on religion throughout his life.
Delineation of reasons for Ingersoll's importance.
Ingersoll a Paine humanist, not a social Darwinist.
Ingersoll- either an atheist or an agnostic.
Died in 1899, issue of his complete works, 12 volumes in 1900.
What we freethinkers in this present age owe Ingersoll and why we need to keep his memory alive.
Ingersoll and American Freethought
The books and articles I refer to during the talk may be found in the Bibliography at the end of the written lecture at AtheistScholar.org. The lecture has several references to other talks that will expand some of the issues for interested readers.
This lecture will be concerned with the Golden Age of American Freethought, from about 1860 to 1900, and its most famous spokesperson, Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899.) The events and spread of freethought played out against the backdrop of a very conservative, although dynamic, period of American history. Many books about Ingersoll and freethought often merely mention the Gilded Age in passing, but I would like to talk about what conditions were like in our nation during the flowering of unbelief.
Mark Twain, the irreverent novelist, wrote a book he titled "The Gilded Age" in 1873. The meaning of his title was that the era's corruption was covered over with a shiny surface. Gilt is a gold overlay on a cheaper material, like silver or wood. It is usually employed as a cheap substitute for expensive, solid gold. The period from about 1870 to 1900 was very energetic, with many new forms of industry, corporations and technological inventions. It is often seen as a time of huge inequality between the wages of the business owners and the workers, of government corruption, of robber barons, dishonest business practices and so on. It was. But the picture is much more complex than such a shallow description.
The United States economy grew at a very rapid rate during the Gilded Age, with the output of corn, wheat, coal and railroad track increasing in the 200th percentiles. This era is sometimes called the Second Industrial Revolution. 500,000 patents were issued for new inventions and the United States became a world leader in the field of applied technology. Wages rose quickly, but the earnings of the wealthy and the business class far outstripped the rest of the population. In many ways, the inequality and technological advance were quite similar to economic conditions in the present day. The wealthiest households, 2%, had control of 2/3 of the nation's wealth. The left wing historian, Howard Zinn, maintained that such unfair disparity, coupled with terrible working conditions for the working class and a precarious job market gave rise to the populist, anarchist and socialist movements. Nevertheless, the wages for the working classes were higher in America than most of Europe. Immigrants flooded the United States, further depressing the job market.
The allegations of the rapacious and unfair tactics of the great industrialists, such as John D. Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew W. Mellon and other so-called "Robber Barons," were often true. But many of these business men ultimately endowed libraries, colleges, universities, hospital and museums in the United States.
The Gilded Age saw increased mechanization, the great Intercontinental Railroad, more use of machines for production, and the rise of corporations, machine shops and engineering colleges. There was an expansion of the American middle class.
But the poor were oppressed. There was no employment compensation for those workers injured on their jobs, and the rate of injury to employees was high. This period also saw the rise of labor unions as well as frequent strikes by disgruntled workers. The new mode of doing business was now the corporate model, and there was a decrease in the number of small farms. Despite the great inventions that increased productivity during the era, there were serious depressions, such as the Panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893. Reformers were at work as well, attempting to gain an eight hour day for workers, abolish child labor, institute civil service reform and attain woman's suffrage, among other goals.
I would like to emphasize that while freethought was very strong during the Gilded Age, so was religion. The United States was experiencing what is called The Third Great Awakening, a significant religious revival and its accompanying activism that began before the Civil War of 1861-1865 and lasted until the 20th Century. There was a belief among many of the religious that the Second Coming of Christ would come about after the entire earth became reformed. This notion gave impetus to the Protestant denominations in the United States. Many of the Methodist, Episcopalian, Presbyterian and Congregationalist Churches experienced rapid growth of members and of wealth. New religions were begun, as well, such as the Holiness, Nazarene and Christian Science faiths. Missionary work became popular and its practitioners were zealous. There was a wave of what has been called "muscular Christianity," a movement that emphasized piety but dedicated to physical health. Muscular Christianity engaged in an aggressive outreach to those who were unchurched.
This era saw the rise of the Salvation Army in the United States, along with the influential growth of the YMCA and other Christian groups. Most of the mainstream Protestant churches supported the Republican Party. The new Catholic immigrants arrived in the United States accompanied by their faith and their priests. The Roman Catholic Church began to build a nationwide network of Catholic schools. Some Protestant denominations built their own schools as well. Church schools gave rise to the controversy over government funding of private religious schools in a nation where the Constitution prescribed separation of church and state.
Revivalism came to the fore after the Civil War, as part of America's Third Great Awakening. Dwight L. Moody (1837-1899) was a popular evangelist and publisher. Hymn composer, Ira D. Sankey, and Moody often collaborated. They also preached to large crowds all over Europe. Moody centered his United States activity around the Chicago, Illinois area and was the founder of the Moody Bible Institute. The Woman's Temperance Union united many Protestant women in the crusade against liquor, pornography and prostitution. Some good actually came out of the temperance movement, however, as it helped to raise the demand for woman's suffrage. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution had extended the right to vote to black people, but not to women. The push for women to have access to birth control information gained strength at this time, too.
This lecture has provided a glance at a dynamic era in United States history. It was against this mainstream culture that freethought, always in a precarious position, grew and flourished.
It gained the numbers and strength it needed to push back against the vociferous Christian culture that had flooded the country. There were draconian laws in place that freethinkers were forced to contend with, sometimes being prosecuted and jailed for outspoken views that contradicted received opinion.
Before I begin to talk about its Golden Age and its avatar, Robert Ingersoll, I would like to take a few minutes to discuss what freethought is and what its principles consist of. Freethought is the basic philosophic position that ideas and opinion should be based on science and reason, not faith or religion or societal tradition. The philosopher, Paul Foulkes, gave a speech to the National Secular Society in 1966, in which he laid out what he considered the five essentials or characteristics of freethought. I will quote his categories, and then I shall try to elaborate on them before turning to the freethought movement in the United States and its Golden Era. Foulkes maintained that freethought (1) has no party line; (2) no absolutes, (3) no censorship, (4) no sacred books and (5) no sacred names.
I am gratefully indebted to Foulkes for the following discussion on freethought. No party line means exactly what it says- in freethought, political and philosophical labels are up to each individual who adheres to the freethought stance to adopt. The second characteristic is very important- the notion that there are absolutes is not part of the freethought philosophy. This does not mean that most freethinkers are moral relativists; some are, but most are not. Freethinkers may understand they do not always know which moral standards are right, but most of them clearly understand which are wrong. Religion has the claim on absolutes that are valid for all time.
Freethinkers know knowledge is provisional, and find the claim for eternal concepts ridiculous. Knowledge and scientific findings change with time; thinking people change their minds with valid new information. Here are some of the things freethinkers know are wrong, as listed by David Tribe: "witch phenomena and persecution, flat-earthism, geocentrism, fortune telling, belief in demon possession, trial by ordeal, animal and human sacrifice, slavery, torture, exploitation, extortion, child abuse and major felonies. Note how many of the "wrongs" listed have either been practiced by religion or approved by it.
With regard to the third principle, no censorship, most freethinkers are against curbs on free expression, always and everywhere. Here is a list of laws which are often applied indiscriminately by religion and by oppressive governments: sedition, obscenity, blasphemy, and defamation. Tribe maintains that the aim of such laws is to stifle legitimate criticism of tyranny, prudery, absurdity and corruption. Most freethinkers try to save manuscripts and books from oblivion, says Tribe, or from burning. They are also in favor of trying to save authors and artists, printers, publishers and booksellers from fines, jail, or in some countries, the death penalty. Most of us do, however, have qualms about the publication of child pornography, and statements that incite to violence or racial hatred. Most freethinkers are against malicious libel. Many freethinkers disagree on keeping military secrets, military, not government secrets, under wraps. Do all such "secrets" truly pertain to our security? It's an area of controversy.
On point four, freethinking individuals may have favorite books, but they have no sacred, inerrant books. Many religious fundamentalists believe that the Bible is inerrant, written by men inspired by god. It is not only the Christians who have such notions. Most religions have their sacred books, which not only purport to be the final word on theological issues, but issue commentary on physical science, such as the age of the earth. The so-called inerrant books also issue prescriptives concerning morality, such as marriage should be between a man and a woman, and on social customs, such as women should keep their hair covered in public.
Freethinkers do have books which they respect and enjoy, but do not venerate. Some of the works they respect are Darwin's Origin of Species (1859), almost anything written by the biologist, Richard Dawkins, the author of The Blind Watchmaker, (1986) Thomas Paine's Rights of Man, (1791) and The Age of Reason (1794), and the speeches of Robert Ingersoll.
Freethinkers are against sacred books because they are aware they have been written by men who were not divinely inspired. Such sacred tomes contain moral, scientific and cultural "facts" which belong to centuries past and continue to be employed by demagogues, religion and political candidates and parties in order to manipulate people. Claims about the sacredness of outdated volumes need to be combated again and again. The final point, number five, is that we freethinkers do not venerate our leaders and writers or think they are infallible or to be blindly followed.
We consider certain authors and experts whose works are the result of deep study and thought as worthy of studying and accepting. But we do not confer sanctity on those thinkers and writers we respect.
Now that I have discussed some aspects of contemporary freethought, I would like to move back to its Golden Age. Early freethinkers were a rowdy lot, many embracing only one or two of the above characteristics of modern freethinkers. I would like to emphasize that the majority of both modern and historical freethinkers have been united on one important and outstanding issue- the separation of church and state. Most freethinkers have always desired to see a secular state, as well.
According to Susan Jacoby, the fact of religious expansion during the same period as Freethought's Golden Age was something of a paradox. She dates the era from 1875 to 1914 as the high water mark for freethought's significant influence on American society. Here are some of Jacoby's figures, which bear out my earlier statements about the Gilded Age being an age of religious fervor. Between 1850 and 1906, capital expenditures for construction of churches tripled. By one estimate, more than 43% of Americans in 1910, compared with only 5% in 1790, had formal ties to a church or synagogue. A significant portion of the growth of church erection was due to the new congregations being established by liberated former slaves in the Southern states. Jacoby states that blacks clung to the one institution whites did not interfere with- their churches- so the black community did not play much of a part in the freethought movement. W.E.B. Dubois was the exception, but he had been brought up in Massachusetts rather than the south.
As I have already mentioned, the growth in Catholic Church membership was very strong, as immigrants from eastern and southern Europe entered the United States.
The matter was quite different with regard to the Jewish immigration, which occurred during the same time frame. Rabbis arrived in America along with other Jewish immigrants, but Jews were very different from one another in both their beliefs and religious observances. There was a strong current of atheism and agnosticism among many Jewish immigrants, especially those from Germany, and the current grew stronger with Jewish immigration from Poland and Russia. The German-Jewish immigrants started to form connections with American freethinkers. Felix Adler founded the Ethical Culture Society in 1876. The Truth Seeker, the most important of the plethora of freethought publications that flourished during that era, always covered Adler's lectures with enthusiasm. Ingersoll's lectures were frequently translated into Yiddish. His most popular speech with Jewish citizens was "Some Mistakes of Moses." We shall be spending more time with Jewish freethought next month when the lecture will discuss with Emma Goldman, atheism, anarchism and birth control.
Late 19th Century freethinkers were involved in many diverse areas of social reform and are often difficult to characterize. Some of the areas were free speech, women's rights and suffrage, free dissemination of birth control information, better conditions in prison, the end of the death penalty and so on.
But the most important issues were the same ones that freethinkers are united on in the present day- separation of church and state and strong opposition to state support of institutions that propagated religion, such as the Catholic School network. Most freethinkers opposed using government money for Catholic and Protestant religious schools, and were vehement about using government funds to strengthen the public school system. By the late nineteenth century, those who were for public schooling free of any religious propaganda or content were called secularists by both friends and enemies.
Freethought periodicals proliferated after the Civil War. Please see Tom Flynn's excellent article, "Unbelief in the United States," listed in the bibliography at the end of the written lecture at AtheistScholar.org for an extensive listing of them. I have already mentioned the famous Truth Seeker, begun by D.M. Bennett and his wife, Mary, in 1873. It remained influential until about 1937. There were also the Boston Investigator, 1831, the Blue Grass Blade, the Freethought Ideal and Freethought Vindicator. Some interesting names were the Iconoclast, and what a lovely title- Lucifer, the Light-Bearer, which was based in Topeka, Kansas. More influential than the periodicals, however, was the lecture circuit that was so popular in the United States during that era. But I shall expand on that topic when I begin to talk about Robert Green Ingersoll, the foremost proponent of freethought in the United States during its Golden Age.
I shall be talking about some of the most important women in the American freethought movement in next month's lecture, when I speak about Emma Goldman and her contribution to the birth control movement.
Please see the lecture on Atheist History in the United States at AtheistScholar.org for a more comprehensive listing of the influential women in the movement for woman's suffrage and emancipation. One of the most significant women was Susan B. Anthony. She was personally agnostic, but encouraged alliance between her most important cause, the suffrage movement she was strongly affiliated with, and the Christian Temperance groups. However, some scholars state that by courting the temperance groups, she betrayed Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Matilda Joslyn Gage, her close allies and supporters, who became alienated by suffrage's increasing conservatism. Stanton was a member of the Secular Union and a regular writer for the Free Thinker. In 1895, she published The Woman's Bible, an expose of male misogyny in the Christian Bible. She had been an important member of the women's rights movement before coming out as a freethinker, so her memory was not as obscured as was Matilda Joslyn Gage's.
Gage's 1893 Woman, Church and State attacked religion, especially Christianity, for propagating women's oppression. Gage had a significant influence on her son-in-law, L. Frank Baum. His 1900 book, the wonderful Wizard of Oz, later made into a movie, with the injunction to "pay no attention to the man behind the curtain," reveals the contribution Gage made to Baum's thinking. Fortunately, present day women's study programs have begun to acknowledge her important contributions to the early woman's movement.
According to Bill Flynn, sex radicalism and the free-love movement was distinctly American and original to America.
Anarchy had its roots in Europe. Birth control was a very important issue during the freethought era, which I shall be taking up in a few moments when I begin to discuss Ingersoll. But I will deal with these issues in more depth with my next lecture on Emma Goldman and Anarchism in America. During this lecture, we shall encounter Anthony Comstock and his postal laws against dissemination of obscene material through the postal system, which included birth control information. But he will have an even more prominent place in the Goldman lecture. He was a religious opponent of freethought and sexuality. Religion, as I have said in previous lectures, never rests, and Comstock is a sterling example of the continuous, vigorous resistance of religion to freedom.
On the intellectual front, Lyell, Darwin and Huxley did much to open the way for freethought with their books and ideas. Biblical criticism began to reveal the Bible as a cultural artifact, and its tenets, narratives and statements were subjected to the same standards of veracity as other documents. The German critics were most rigorous in their research and the results had a positive impact on the freethought movement of the United States. Please see Biblical Criticism at AtheistScholar.org.
Charles Lyell (1797-1875), a British geologist, was determined to free geology from, as he stated, "Moses." Biblical fundamentalists attempted to reconcile geology with Genesis. They argued that the earth's geology demonstrated that it had been changed and formed by the one catastrophic Noah's Flood of the Bible. (Please see The Conflict between religion and science and Noah's Flood at AtheistScholar.org for more detailed discussion of these issues.)
Lyell's 1830 Principles of Geology argued, cohesively and vehemently, for the concept of gradual change of the earth's geology and strictly local floods. His concept became the more popular and accepted one. The book helped freethought to flourish in America when educated people were exposed to the science in it.
Lyell's work, in turn, had some influence on Charles Darwin, whose 1859 Origin of Species, was at complete odds with the Genesis narrative of creation. (Please see Evolution versus Creationism, Intelligent Design and The Conflict between Science and Religion at AtheistScholar.org for more complete discussions of these issues.) Thomas Henry Huxley, Darwin's fierce defender and exponent, published Man's Place in Nature in 1863. Huxley maintained that humans had arisen and been formed by the same evolutionary forces as other animals. Darwin confirmed Huxley's statements in his 1871 Descent of Man. Then in 1874, William Draper, a chemist and historian, published a vehement book, History of the Conflict between Science and Religion. Bill Flynn states that Draper first produced the "military metaphor" of the conflict. More volumes from other authors on the topic followed.
Bill Flynn maintains that among many educated Americans, the ideas that the Earth was very old, that the Bible was a cultural artifact, developing over time, and that living things had gone through a gradual process of evolution rather than an instant act of creation, were accepted as true. Freethinking was strengthened, heartened and buoyed up by all the preceding currents I have mentioned.
Now I would like to turn to Robert Green Ingersoll, the man who exemplified the best of freethought in his character and his actions. He was an intrepid and humorous foe of religion, a lawyer and orator who was the most brilliant lecturer and apologist for irreligion in his era. The people, events and ideas that I have just discussed would create an environment that would influence him and help form him as a freethinker. His own character and cultural stance would leave an indelible mark on the age and pave the way for later infidels of the 20th Century, such as the great Clarence Darrow and others. He helped smooth the path for secularism in our own age as well, which is enjoying a current resurgence of irreligion.
To achieve a flavor of the atmosphere in which Ingersoll lectured, we need to look back to a time before our current television and news culture. Audiences now receive sound bites from radio and television stations that copy each other. Many of our citizens accept received opinion from the media and parrot it in conversation with others. The situation is somewhat better with regard to web culture, but too many of us are guilty of going exclusively to those sites with which we are in agreement, never exposing ourselves to different points of view.
In the late 19th Century, the most popular and educational events were lectures that people attended from all parts of the country. In big cities such as New York, people paid as much as a dollar to hear speakers such as Ingersoll. In Dowagiac, Michigan, where the most prominent business man was a freethinker, people could pay a nickel and listen to heretical lectures at the Universalist Church. The large and well-established newspapers treated such talks as news events to be reported.
Farmers saddled up their horses and buggies and rode sometimes as much as 400 miles to hear Robert Ingersoll. It was a heady era, in which many citizens were eager and willing to expose themselves to different ideas, to weigh the evidence of the things they were told and to decide for themselves what they believed.
Robert Ingersoll sometimes made as much as $7,000 a lecture, in an era that did not have the income tax. At the height of his career, his lectures and thriving law practice brought him $150,000 to $200,000 a year. He often spent a yearly sum of $25,000 or more on charity and good causes, and lost a fair sum on bad investments, like his friend, the novelist Mark Twain. Ingersoll was called the "Great Agnostic," the title we use to refer to him today.
Ingersoll was born in Dresden in upstate New York in 1833. The Ingersoll Birthplace Museum is in the modest, wood frame house he was born in. It is open for visitors and is run by the Council for Secular Humanism, an organization supported by the Center for Inquiry. His parents were the Reverend John Ingersoll and his wife, Mary Livingston Ingersoll. The area they lived in was a hotbed for dissident ideas and religion. Abolitionists and pro-slavery advocates clashed there. The Reverend Ingersoll was a fundamentalist minister, but he was also a fervent abolitionist, as was his wife. Mary Ingersoll publicly petitioned the District of Columbia to abolish slavery shortly after New York abolished the practice. Women were not supposed to engage in such behavior and Mary became the object of some criticism.
Reverend Ingersoll was frequently in conflict with his members. He was overbearing when he expressed his views on abolition and other points of religion as well.
He was, for many years, an old-fashioned Calvinist. Consequently he often found himself at odds with his parishioners and moved on to new churches, sometimes at his own desire and sometimes at the request of his members.
Robert Green Ingersoll often made even Christians roar with laughter when he described the dour misery of Sundays when he was a child. "When I was a boy," he recalled, "Sunday was considered too holy to be happy in. When the sun fell below the horizon on Saturday evening, there was a darkness fell upon the house ten thousand times deeper than that of night. Nobody said a pleasant word. Nobody laughed; nobody smiled; the child that looked the sickest was regarded as the most pious. That night you could not even crack hickory nuts. If you were caught chewing gum, it was only another evidence of the total depravity of the human heart." This was the kind of humor Ingersoll was known for and his great personal charm added to the charisma he exercised on his audiences. Die hard Methodists would whoop with laughter at his sallies on the ridiculous excesses of organized religion, and sometimes, even clergymen were seen to smile.
Robert Ingersoll's mother, Mary, died in 1835. She was an easy prey to illness because she was worn out from childbearing and from the moves their family made. Ebon, often called Clark, was only four at the time, and Robert was one and a half. The two boys were very close all their lives, going into a law practice as partners until Clark's death in 1879. The older children were nine, ten and twelve.
Robert's formal education was often interrupted by his father's frequent change of parishes, but he did attend various schools at all the locales they lived in.
He learned to read at five years old, and he had the opportunity to peruse his father's library as he grew older. Later, he encountered an old gentleman reading Shakespeare. He was so moved by the writing that he went out the next day and bought a complete edition of the bard for $4.00, a hard sum to come by in that era. His love of Shakespeare and the irreverent Scottish poet, Robert Burns, (1759-1796) remained with him all his life. Around this time, he began to view the Protestant ministers, Jonathan Edwards and Calvin, as insane and to question many Christian notions. He was moving away from his early upbringing.
He left school and tried various occupations, finally passing the county board exams to become a teacher. Later he found employment as an assistant to the clerk of the county and circuit courts. While studying law in the offices of Willis Allen and his son, John, around 1853, Ingersoll was exposed to John's irreligious ideas. John was spoken of as an atheist and Ingersoll had many conversations with him. Ultimately, both Ingersoll and his brother, Clark, read for the bar on their own and both passed the exams and requirements. They went into law together in 1859 and quickly developed a thriving law practice in Peoria, Illinois. From his letters during that period of his life, it appears that Ingersoll still believed in a vague sort of deity. But he was adopting irreligion more and more. He made a few forays into politics but had only lukewarm success.
On April 12, 1861, the bombardment at Fort Sumter began, which was the first battle of the Civil War. Robert Ingersoll raised a regiment, and then entered the Union Army with the rank of colonel. In 1862, he, along with many of his men, was taken prisoner by the Confederates.
He was shortly paroled and left the army in 1863. He had acquitted himself well in battle and was, during his lifetime, usually addressed as Colonel Ingersoll. In the meantime, he had married Eva Parker, a young woman from a distinguished family with very unorthodox religious views. Eva's parents loved Voltaire and Thomas Paine, the great freethinkers of the Enlightenment. Her very intelligent grandmother was said to have been an infidel. Eva was an important influence on Ingersoll's development as a freethinker.
Ingersoll was appointed Attorney General of Illinois during the years 1867 to 1869, which was the only office he would ever hold. As his development into a freethinker progressed and became established, he was increasingly seen by his Republican Party as ineligible for election to public office. However, as his oratorical skills and fame grew, he was always in demand to speak for other Republican candidates. He was the most famous post Civil War speaker of the Republican Party. In June, 1876, he agreed to nominate James G. Blaine as the candidate for the United States presidency at the National Republican Convention. He was applauded for ten minutes before he even began. His speech compared Blaine to a "plumed knight," and his reputation as an orator became firmly established with this successful address, although it was Hayes and not Blaine who was nominated in the end.
It is important to remember that during that post Civil War era, the Republican Party was more liberal than the Democratic one. The Republicans had been led during the Civil War years by Abraham Lincoln, and their party was known to have taken the harder lines against both slavery and secession.
The Democrats were less liberal by far. Ingersoll campaigned for the Republican presidential candidates from Grant to McKinley and helped them win. He refused to campaign for Blaine at a later date and Blaine lost the presidency. One of Ingersoll's objections to Blaine was what he perceived as Blaine's pandering to the Protestant religion.
I have mentioned how important Ingersoll's wife and new in-laws were in encouraging his openly agnostic and anti-organized religious stance. They urged him to use his formidable skills to expose the wrongs of organized religion, and he did so until his death in 1899. His florid oratory, his scathing humor and his formidable intellect made him an opponent of religion to be feared. He particularly loathed the doctrine of eternal punishment and attacked it regularly.
Here are some of the titles from his huge repertoire of two, three and four hour speeches, which usually cost fifty cents to attend, the equivalent of $7.oo today. Revivalists would often speak for free, but were shunned in favor of Ingersoll. He spoke on "The Gods," "Heretics and Heresies," "The Ghosts," "About the Holy Bible," and "Some Mistakes of Moses," among other irreverent topics.
Ingersoll was a friend to many American presidents and accepted by the American establishment. He represented corporations in suits brought against them and sometimes defended politicians and government officials accused of corruption. But he used many of his profits to do pro bono work for people who could not afford legal costs. They were the grateful recipients of his formidable legal skills.
Ingersoll's most famous government case was the Star Route scandal in the late 1800's. He was lead counsel for Stephen W. Dorsey, who was an old friend. Dorsey and other Republicans were accused of corruption when they awarded postal contracts to private businesses. There was no direct evidence that money had actually changed hands between the defendants and the business men who obtained the routes in the south and the west. However, Susan Jacoby, one of Ingersoll's best biographers, is fairly sure it had. Two long trials ensued but Dorsey and the others were all acquitted. The notorious case helped to lead to reforms in the civil service. Ingersoll was not a saint. But when all the facts of his life are weighed, he was a good, admirable, charitable and evolved human being.
I would now like to glance at some of the cases he undertook for freethinkers and his involvement with an important freethought organization, The National Liberal League. Ingersoll became its vice president in 1877. The League's members were very opposed to the infamous Comstock Laws, which prohibited the circulation of immoral or obscene matters through the United States mails. The next lecture, on Emma Goldman, will have much more to say about Anthony Comstock, the religious zealot and sin-obsessed special agent of the Post Office. Although the Comstock Laws made it, probably purposefully, difficult to define immoral or obscene matter, Anthony Comstock had no problem with the definition. Orvin Larson states that Comstock maintained that the designation of obscene or immoral material included advertisements for abortions, contraceptive information, erotic pictures and stories, serious but unconventional treatments of sex, love and marriage, and freethought materials.
The Liberal League scrutinized the laws and the majority of the members were in favor of a platform that included a resolution to repeal them. A vocal minority, Ingersoll among them, wanted an amendment to protect those who expressed honest and conscientious opinions, and did not want to press for repeal. Ingersoll, happily married and the father of two daughters, was very much against promiscuity and free love of any kind, so while in favor of birth control and universal suffrage, he wanted no part of immoral behavior or expressions of immorality.
In 1877, the same year Ingersoll became the League's vice president, Comstock arrested Ezra Harvey Heywood and D.M. Bennett, the publisher of the Truth Seeker, on charges of mailing obscene matter through the mails. Harvey had been an abolitionist and at the time of the charges, was a fervent supporter of labor reform, woman's suffrage and temperance. He was married, but advocated free love. He was arrested for mailing Cupid's Yokes, his own work, and Trail's Sexual Physiology, a medical work. Bennett was arrested for mailing his An Open Letter to Jesus Christ, and a scientific treatise, How Do Marsupials Propagate? This last was by a clergyman.
Ingersoll wrote to the Postmaster General and enclosed the two publications Bennett had sent through the mails. He also protested Comstock's methods. Bennett's printers had been visited by Comstock and threatened with arrest if they continued to print The Truth Seeker. Furthermore, Comstock had attempted to coerce the American News company to stop selling the publication. The case against Bennett was dismissed.
Ingersoll did not help with Heywood's case. He found Heywood's opinions in Cupid's Yokes simply silly. Heywood maintained that marriage was legalized prostitution and so on. He was sentenced to two years in prison but obtained a presidential pardon.
Bennett found himself in trouble again in 1878. He was apprehended because Comstock, seeking to entrap him, had sent him an illiterate letter under a different name with $3.50 enclosed. The letter asked for several tracts, one of which the author said, "was Cupid's something or other." Bennett mailed him Cupid's Yokes and was arrested. He was convicted and sentenced to thirteen months hard labor in the penitentiary. Ingersoll tried to intervene with Hayes, the United States President, but Hayes would not grant Bennett a pardon because of political pressure and dislike of overturning the Appeals Court.
Ingersoll discovered many prejudicial decisions the judge had made at Bennett's trial, such as throwing out the testimony of scholars and experts who did not find the work obscene. Ingersoll did a thorough job of laying out the many legal mistakes connected with Bennett's case. But in the meantime, the Society for the Suppression of Vice, a powerful group, mounted significant pressure on Hayes to have Bennett incarcerated. Then, to Ingersoll's chagrin, indiscreet letters that the married Bennett had written to another woman became public. Ingersoll dropped his efforts on Bennett's behalf with the appearance of the letters and Hayes did not grant a pardon. Bennett served out his entire sentence.
The Liberal League had many excellent goals, the foremost one being the complete secularization of the state. The members wanted to abolish Sunday Laws, civil recognition of religious feast days and Thanksgiving, religious worship in public institutions and teaching the Bible in public schools. They also endorsed universal education, universal suffrage and equal civil rights for all citizens. In 1880, after several years of various disagreements between members, the Liberal League met in Chicago, Illinois. Ingersoll stated that he would resign if the League pressed for repeal of the Comstock Laws. He warned the League would be accused of favoring the dissemination of immoral and obscene matter. The League passed the resolution to repeal the Comstock Laws and Ingersoll resigned, along with several other delegates. Some members of the League admitted later that Ingersoll's resignation had been partly responsible for the League's failure in political action.
During these heated trials and controversies, Ingersoll never ceased his attacks on organized religion. Time does not allow quoting enough of his perspicacious and outrageously funny remarks about religion, but a small gathering that is particularly well chosen, is collected in Ingersoll: Immortal Infidel, which I have listed in the Bibliography. Here are a few samples. "There may be a god, who will make us happy in another world. If he does, it will be more than he was able to accomplish in this." "Is there an intelligent man or woman in the world who now believes the Garden of Eden story? If you find a man who believes it, strike his forehead and you will hear an echo." On the Christian Trinity: "The Father is uncreated, the son uncreated, the Holy Ghost uncreated. The Father is incomprehensible, the son incomprehensible, the Holy Ghost incomprehensible.
And that is the reason we know so much about the thing." I heartily recommend reading Ingersoll himself, first for enlightenment and then for laughter.
Ingersoll usually did not take cases involving criminal law, but when the case of Charles B. Reynolds came up, involving blasphemy, Ingersoll was most eager to engage with the court. In 1886, Reynolds, a former minister, arrived in Boonton, New Jersey, to give some freethought speeches and hold tent meetings. A suspicious and angry crowd pulled the canvas of his tent down, and threw rotten eggs and vegetables at Reynolds. He escaped the violent group, leaving behind a large amount of freethought pamphlets, which many citizens read.
But on October 13 of the same year, he appeared in Morristown, New Jersey, to distribute pamphlets. Reynolds's pamphlet depicted a tent in the background, and pigs in the foreground of the front cover. Reynolds himself was shown as scattering pearls to the swine, and there were slogans that said: "Pig Sty of the Holy Virgin." A Methodist minister held a bucket labeled "Methodist slop," and the other sty showed a Catholic priest, whose bucket was labeled "Catholic swill." The entire pamphlet was filled with such remarks and drawings.
Ingersoll had serous throat difficulty at that time, and argued the 1887 case after recovering from surgery. He was eloquent, as always, pointing out that the dominant religion historically labeled alternative views as blasphemy. He asked New Jersey to show it was not rooted in the Dark Ages. But Reynolds was found guilty. The Judge was lenient, fining Reynolds $25.00 plus court costs. Ingersoll paid the $50.00 court costs out of his own pocket.
A Presbyterian minister asked to shake hands with Ingersoll, telling him that his speech was the noblest defense of liberty the minister had ever heard. Ingersoll lost the case, but he had won the war. He so thoroughly ridiculed and criticized blasphemy notions that no state in America has ever brought another blasphemy case forward. The Reynolds trial is just one instance of Ingersoll battling for freedom of belief and not seeking any monetary reward.
Ingersoll was so famous for his oratory that a speech he made in 1876 on behalf of Rutherford B. Hayes, who was running for President of the United States, was attended by an estimated crowd of 50,000 people. His speech was given in a huge venue, the Interstate Industrial Arts Exposition Building in Chicago, and there was no public address system. Most of the crowd would not have been able to make out the speech and they knew it, but they wanted to hear the sound of his voice.
Ingersoll was not only an associate to presidents of the United States, he was also the friend of two of our greatest authors, Mark Twain and Walt Whitman. Twain heard him and then met him at a banquet given for Ulysses S. Grant in 1870. Twain wrote his wife about how moved he was by Ingersoll's speech. The two men kept up a correspondence all their lives.
Ingersoll did not meet Whitman until 1890, but had exchanged letters with him. Whitman's Leaves of Grass, which Ingersoll first read in the middle 1860's, was one of his favorite poems. Whitman said of Ingersoll: "Ingersoll stands for perfect poise, nonchalance, equability; he is non-conventional: runs on like a stream: is sweet, fluid- as they say in the Bible, like precious ointment."
They did disagree on some issues, however. Ingersoll did not care for Whitman's pantheism. He said: "The weakest thing about Whitman was his god belief- that in some way, all is good." In 1892, Whitman died, and Ingersoll, who had promised that he would speak at Whitman's funeral, attended the last rites and spoke to a crowd of approximately 3,000 people.
On January 25, 1893, Ingersoll gave the dedicatory speech for the New Theatre in Dowagiac, Michigan. I mentioned Dowagiac earlier. The owner of Round Oak Stove Company, Phil D. Beckwith, was a millionaire and an atheist. He died before he could build a theatre, so his wife and children built one in his memory. Its exterior was decorated by large stone medallions of people Beckwith admired, such as Voltaire and Thomas Paine. Ingersoll was pictured on a medallion as well. Beckwith was a model businessman and employer. His workers were treated very well, receiving both good salaries and working conditions.
Susan Jacoby points out that Ingersoll was one of "the grand doubters who labored to clear the environment of poisonous certitude for future generations." Here are Jacoby's reasons why Robert G. Ingersoll was so important to secular thinkers, both past and present. I am quoting from Jacoby's biography of Ingersoll. "First he explained the true meaning and value of science as a system of inquiry whose tentative conclusions were always open to modification by new evidence. Second, Ingersoll made the connection between repressive religion and everyday burdens and injustices as no one had before him. As far as he was concerned, there were no social injustices in which religion did not play a major role.
Finally, Ingersoll's primary civic aim was the restoration of the historical memory of a founding generation that had explicitly rejected theocracy as the basis for a national government."
Robert Green Ingersoll was an important figure who spoke for social justice and equality of opportunity, against racism, anti-Semitism, sexism and the abuse of children. His discussion against vivisection of animals was a brilliant polemic; he ended the piece by saying that people who vivisected their fellow creatures were no friends of his, that he did not want to touch their hands. As we have seen, Ingersoll was for women's suffrage and universal suffrage. As the Republican Party began to move further from its earlier stance of pressing for civil rights, Ingersoll began to criticize some of its positions, but remained a member.
Susan Jacoby's biography of Ingersoll makes some significant points about his importance that have been neglected by other writers. She speaks of the two divergent strains in American secular thought and puts Ingersoll firmly in the tradition of Thomas Paine's humanism. Paine's humanism was recognition of common humanity rather than tooth and claw competition. He wanted a world where wealth and social status would no longer overshadow merit and intellect as the important focus of human society. Paine believed the separation of church and state would help lay the foundation for true equality, as well as guaranteeing freedom of conscience.
Jacoby points out that there was another, undesirable current of American secularism that began with the popularity of Herbert Spenser and the social Darwinism of the 19th Century.
Jacoby argues that this strain has continued "through the objectivism and exaltation of the Ubermensch preached by the 20th Century atheist and unregulated market idolater, Ayn Rand. Jacoby places Ingersoll squarely in the humanist camp rather than the social Darwinist one. I shall be discussing social Darwinism vis-à-vis secular humanism in a future lecture.
Was Ingersoll an atheist, or as he is often called, "The Great Agnostic?" He settled the question with his own words, when he said: "An agnostic is an atheist, an atheist is an agnostic." What is most important about his freethought was that he was a secularist, which formed the basis of what he believed could be a happy and productive life for humanity.
Susan Jacoby exhorts new atheists of this era to pay our debt to Robert Green Ingersoll by keeping his memory alive. We owe so much to Ingersoll, who spoke eloquently and appealed to the reason of his fellow Americans. He reached not only ivory tower intellectuals but ordinary Americans, many of whom responded. We are presently engaged in a war with those religious fundamentalists who attempt to claim that the United States was founded as a Christian nation rather than a secular one, who would try to turn back the clock on women's rights, black rights and gay rights. They would remove the teaching of Darwinian evolution in our public schools and replace it with the non science of Intelligent Design. They would prevent family planning by banning contraceptive use and would force women to bear children they cannot care for by banning abortion. In short, these Christian fundamentalists would turn our secular government into a theocracy. We must fight them with all our energy and keep the memory of Ingersoll alive.
I would like to close this lecture with the words of Ingersoll, himself, with his own eloquent words on secularism:
"Secularism is the religion of humanity. It embraces the affairs of this world. It is interested in everything that touches the welfare of sentient beings; it advocates attention to the planet on which we happen to live; it means that each individual counts for something; it is a declaration of intellectual independence, it means the pew is superior to the pulpit, that those who bear the burdens shall have the profits and they who fill the purse shall hold the strings. It is a protest against being the serf, subject or slave of any phantom or of the priest of any phantom. It is a protest against wasting this life for the sake of one we know not of. It proposes to let the gods take care of themselves…It is living for ourselves and each other, for the present instead for the past, for this world instead of another…It is striving to do away with violence and vice, ignorance, poverty and disease…
It does not believe in praying and receiving but in earning and deserving… It says to the whole world, Work that you may eat, drink and be clothed; work that you may enjoy; work that you may not want; work that you may give and never need."
Bibliography A Ingersoll and American Freethought
Calhoun, Charles W., Ed. The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America. 2nd Ed. Essays by scholars. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, Publishers, 2006.
Cramer, C.H. Royal Bob: The Life of Robert G. Ingersoll. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1952.
Finke, Roger and Rodney Stark. The Churching of America, 1776-1990. Westport, CT.: Greenwood, 1978.
Flynn, Tom and Roger E. Greeley. "Robert Green Ingersoll." In Tom Flynn, Ed. The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief." Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 2007. 423-427.
________. "Unbelief in the United States. In Tom Flynn, Ed. The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 2007. 784-791.
Gaylor, Annie Laurie. Women Without Superstition. Madison, WI.: Freedom From Religion Foundation, 1997.
Greeley, Roger E., Ed. Ingersoll: Immortal Infidel. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1977.
Hecht, Jennifer Michael. Doubt: A History. New York: Harper San Francisco, 2003.
Ingersoll, Robert G. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll. 12 vols. New York: Dresden, 1900.
Jacoby, Susan. The Great Agnostic: Robert Ingersoll and American Freethought. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2013.
_________. Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2009.
Larson, Orvin. American Infidel: Robert G. Ingersoll. 2nd Ed. New York: Citadel Press, 1992.
Macdonald, George E. Fifty Years of Freethought. 2 vols. New York: Truthseeker Company, 1929.
Smith, Frank. Robert G. Ingersoll: A Life. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1990.


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Tyndall Park Equestrian Services is an authorized dealer for System Fencing, Stalls and Equipment in British Columbia.
Located just outside of Salmon Arm, we are pleased to offer the equine community throughout British Columbia the best in fencing products, horse stalls and a wide variety of accessories and equipment. For more information or to order products, please call Janice Tyndall at 250-833-0100.


Functioning, healthy groundwater ecosystems are essential for high quality drinking water, and they minimize costs of processing groundwater for drinking purposes.
GroundCare is a multidisciplinary project, which is led by the Helmholz Institute in Munich, Germany and funded by the BMBF (German federal Ministry of education and Research). The aim is to parametrize and to quantify groundwater ecosystem services as a basis for sustainable water management and water pollution control by biomonitoring. In other words: the development of biological assessment techniques.
Multiple parameters are evaluated (physico-chemical parameters, microbial and fauna community composition, ecotoxicological effects). Invertebrate fauna is investigated at five sites all across Germany. During the project, molecular identification through DNA Barcoding and Metabarcoding of groundwater invertebrates is being implemented and compared to traditional morphological bio-assessment. The subterranean fauna can be used as bio-indicators to validate groundwater conditions, in particular surface water intrusion. For the water suppliers, surface water intrusion means an increased risk of contamination. The discrimination of epigean from stygobiotic fauna is the simple and basic idea of this approach.
A very specific kind of water treatment is used by the water works in Würzburg (Bavaria), one of the fife study sites, which is located directly along the Main river bank. Uncommonly, they use part time river bank filtration if land-side groundwater levels are low. Another possibility is the extraction of Main River water by near-bank wells, followed by intensive water treatment and then the water is infiltrated again.
The question asked was, whether the fauna indicates this specific situation or not. In the area, three types of subsurface waters can be distinguished, which are land-side groundwater, riverbank water and artificially infiltrated Main river water. Representative bores were sampled four times over one year for invertebrates. First results clearly show that the faunal patterns reflect these different hydrological situations.


Finally the moon came out so that I can model measuring it. Check here for the post. Lots of fun. Question: What do you think you will observe as you collect data? Where will the moon go? How does this information help you understand the earth, the moon and the sun?


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text:
Seven fabulous Ferraris at Revival 2022
Event Coverage, Goodwood Revival
Ethan Jupp
There's no denying that Ferrari has been the defining marque of this year's Goodwood Revival, with our celebratory parade of fine road and racing machinery from the storied Italian marque's early history. Putting together a list of our favourites from the event is therefore tough, with such a selection of significant examples in attendance. We've done our best, mind.
Ferrari 250 LM
You won't miss the Giallo Modena 250 LM that was due to be a feature of the RAC TT Celebration, as well as the celebratory parade for the Scuderia. This stunning example raced at the Nürburgring, Spa and Monza in early 1965 without much success, before coming agonisingly close to the Le Mans win that same year, finishing just five laps behind the winning NART LM of Masten Gregory and Jochen Rindt. At Revival it would have had a modern Le Mans legend behind the wheel, the outstanding Emanuele Pirro, in the RAC TT, had it not started to feel a little poorly.
Ferrari 275P
Preceding the above LM's exploits at Le Mans in 1965 was this Ferrari 275P, though it had rather more success. It's one of very few chassis in history (including a Porsche 956 that featured at 79MM earlier this year) that have won Le Mans twice. In this Ferrari's case, 1963 and 1964 were its years on the top step, cementing its place as endurance racing royalty. Granted when it won in 1963 it was a 250P but it's the same chassis, so we won't begrudge it. Especially given that it's the last factory-ran Ferrari ever to win Le Mans. It also took honours at the 1964 24 Hours of Sebring.
Ferrari TR58
If you didn't already know, you do now. Ferrari was once as dominant at Le Mans as it was in F1 during the Schumacher era, winning the world famous enduro six years on the trot from 1960 to 1965. Before that streak though, the Scuderia's powers at La Sarthe were suitably exercised by Phil Hill and Olivier Gendebien in 1958, with this Ferrari 250 TR58. As much in the heat of battle with the torrential rain as they were their competitors, Hill is said to have had to listen out for downshifting cars ahead to know when to slow down for Mulsanne corner. Still against those odds, the Scuderia's third Le Mans win was secured and the three-year streak of the Jaguar D-Type broken.
Lancia-Ferrari D50
Ferrari's history isn't all home-grown glory and absolute success, with a number of curious stories spanning its history. Early on in its F1 journey, Ferrari ran the innovative Lancia D50 grand prix cars, before buying up the company's assets and re-branding and re-engineering it. There's always room for debate over how much Ferrari is in the D50, no matter its year, but the intrigue of the story and discussion earns it a place on this list. As does the entirely unmistakable design, which puts the fuel in panier tanks between the wheels, aiding weight distribution and aerodynamics. A Ferrari iteration of the D50 was driven by Juan Manuel Fangio to win the 1956 F1 World Driver's Championship
Ferrari 250 SWB
Seeing the competition potential of the 250 GT platform, it wasn't long before Enzo Ferrari ordered the creation of a lighter-on-its-feet Short Wheelbase variant. Closing out the 1950s and into the early 1960s, 250 SWBs carved out a place in history as one of the great closed cockpit sports GTs of the era. Here at Goodwood, we of course remember the Rob Walker cars fondly, as driven to victory at our Goodwood TT in 1960 and 1961 by the late great Sir Stirling Moss. Both cars were seen trundling around our circuit side by side during the Ferrari parade, while a number of SWBs were seen battling at full speed in the Stirling Moss Memorial Trophy.
Ferrari 225 S Vignale Berlinetta.
Of course predating the famous 250 as Ferrari's premier sports GT car was the Ferrari 212/225, a Vignale Berlinetta sports racer version of which is here at Revival. This diminutive little coupe has lived a storied life, first being sold in America. It secured a second in class at the 1953 12 hours of Sebring. It also secured a win at the Carrera Sagua-Havana in Cuba in 1955, having been sold to a Cuban racer in 1955. It's been with its current owner since 2013 and has been seen since at the Monaco Historique, the Revival, the Mille Miglia and Tour Auto. A beautiful example of an early Ferrari sportscar and one we've picked, if not for its competition history, but its sheer aesthetic beauty, a faculty as important as performance in the history of Ferrari.
Ferrari 250 GTO/64
The 225 is a curious one to contrast with a Ferrari GT car of the mid-60s, on the cusp of being usurped in terms of competition efficacy by mid-engined machinery. Indeed, the silhouette of the 250 GTO and GTO 64 is the one by which most typical long-bonneted GT cars we know and love today have abided, from Ferrari and beyond. A storming machine in period, it racked up numerous wins at Goodwood, including the TT in the hands of Graham Hill and has been in the same ownership since 1969. A true Goodwood great, it's been racing at the Revival since the very first event in 1998. It's probably the throughline car for the Revival this year, as a great Ferrari and a car in which Hill racked up one of his many victories.
Photography by Jochen van Cawenberge, Peter Summers, Jordan Butters and Joe Harding.
The new Moderna is a 1960s Ferrari greatest hits album
Video: The eight most amazing Ferrari racing cars at the Revival
Video: Revival 2022's most beautiful cars
Celebrating the 75th Anniversary of Ferrari at Revival
250 SWB
Charging is holding back the switch to EVs
Axon's Automotive Anorak: A few of our favourite things
GRR Garage: Nissan X‑Trail – Orange is the new black
Why Peugeot is right to try and build cars that last longer
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text:
Dose-dependent suppression of the neutrophil respiratory burst by lidocaine
P. M. Hyvönen, Michael Kowolik
Background: Oxygen radical production is thought to be fundamental to the pathogenesis of post-ischaemic reperfusion injury which is routinely managed with lidocaine. Attention has, therefore, focused on the suppression of the neutrophil respiratory burst with a therapeutic endpoint. The widest application of lidocaine remains in local analgesia. Methods: A standard chemiluminescence technique was used to assess the human neutrophil leukocyte response to increasing doses of lidocaine in the presence or absence of particulate hydroxyapatite. Results: No reduction of oxygen radical production was seen at the drug concentration of 1 mg/ml. A clear, concentration-dependent inhibition was seen at 2 mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml and 8 mg/ml concentrations. These drug concentrations may be reached at or near the site of injection in local anaesthetic use. Conclusion: Lidocaine showed profound anti-inflammatory action in this experimental system. Controlled studies in the clinical setting would identify the optimal analgesic and anti-inflammatory dosage, whilst preserving host defence without compromising tissue repair.
Respiratory Burst
Durapatite
Local Anesthetics
Reperfusion Injury
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Anesthetics, local: lidocaine
Immunology: neutrophil, reactive oxygen species
Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Hyvönen, P. M., & Kowolik, M. (1998). Dose-dependent suppression of the neutrophil respiratory burst by lidocaine. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 42(5), 565-569.
Dose-dependent suppression of the neutrophil respiratory burst by lidocaine. / Hyvönen, P. M.; Kowolik, Michael.
In: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 42, No. 5, 1998, p. 565-569.
Hyvönen, PM & Kowolik, M 1998, 'Dose-dependent suppression of the neutrophil respiratory burst by lidocaine', Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 565-569.
Hyvönen PM, Kowolik M. Dose-dependent suppression of the neutrophil respiratory burst by lidocaine. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1998;42(5):565-569.
Hyvönen, P. M. ; Kowolik, Michael. / Dose-dependent suppression of the neutrophil respiratory burst by lidocaine. In: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1998 ; Vol. 42, No. 5. pp. 565-569.
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title = "Dose-dependent suppression of the neutrophil respiratory burst by lidocaine",
abstract = "Background: Oxygen radical production is thought to be fundamental to the pathogenesis of post-ischaemic reperfusion injury which is routinely managed with lidocaine. Attention has, therefore, focused on the suppression of the neutrophil respiratory burst with a therapeutic endpoint. The widest application of lidocaine remains in local analgesia. Methods: A standard chemiluminescence technique was used to assess the human neutrophil leukocyte response to increasing doses of lidocaine in the presence or absence of particulate hydroxyapatite. Results: No reduction of oxygen radical production was seen at the drug concentration of 1 mg/ml. A clear, concentration-dependent inhibition was seen at 2 mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml and 8 mg/ml concentrations. These drug concentrations may be reached at or near the site of injection in local anaesthetic use. Conclusion: Lidocaine showed profound anti-inflammatory action in this experimental system. Controlled studies in the clinical setting would identify the optimal analgesic and anti-inflammatory dosage, whilst preserving host defence without compromising tissue repair.",
keywords = "Anesthetics, local: lidocaine, Immunology: neutrophil, reactive oxygen species",
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T1 - Dose-dependent suppression of the neutrophil respiratory burst by lidocaine
AU - Hyvönen, P. M.
AU - Kowolik, Michael
N2 - Background: Oxygen radical production is thought to be fundamental to the pathogenesis of post-ischaemic reperfusion injury which is routinely managed with lidocaine. Attention has, therefore, focused on the suppression of the neutrophil respiratory burst with a therapeutic endpoint. The widest application of lidocaine remains in local analgesia. Methods: A standard chemiluminescence technique was used to assess the human neutrophil leukocyte response to increasing doses of lidocaine in the presence or absence of particulate hydroxyapatite. Results: No reduction of oxygen radical production was seen at the drug concentration of 1 mg/ml. A clear, concentration-dependent inhibition was seen at 2 mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml and 8 mg/ml concentrations. These drug concentrations may be reached at or near the site of injection in local anaesthetic use. Conclusion: Lidocaine showed profound anti-inflammatory action in this experimental system. Controlled studies in the clinical setting would identify the optimal analgesic and anti-inflammatory dosage, whilst preserving host defence without compromising tissue repair.
AB - Background: Oxygen radical production is thought to be fundamental to the pathogenesis of post-ischaemic reperfusion injury which is routinely managed with lidocaine. Attention has, therefore, focused on the suppression of the neutrophil respiratory burst with a therapeutic endpoint. The widest application of lidocaine remains in local analgesia. Methods: A standard chemiluminescence technique was used to assess the human neutrophil leukocyte response to increasing doses of lidocaine in the presence or absence of particulate hydroxyapatite. Results: No reduction of oxygen radical production was seen at the drug concentration of 1 mg/ml. A clear, concentration-dependent inhibition was seen at 2 mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml and 8 mg/ml concentrations. These drug concentrations may be reached at or near the site of injection in local anaesthetic use. Conclusion: Lidocaine showed profound anti-inflammatory action in this experimental system. Controlled studies in the clinical setting would identify the optimal analgesic and anti-inflammatory dosage, whilst preserving host defence without compromising tissue repair.
KW - Anesthetics, local: lidocaine
KW - Immunology: neutrophil, reactive oxygen species
JO - Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
JF - Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica


18:4 And Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that [was] upon him, and gave it to David, and his garments, even to his sword, and to his bow, and to his girdle.
18:5 And David went out whithersoever Saul sent him, [and] behaved himself wisely: and Saul set him over the men of war, and he was accepted in the sight of all the people, and also in the sight of Saul's servants.
18:7 And the women answered [one another] as they played, and said, Saul hath slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands.
18:8 And Saul was very wroth, and the saying displeased him; and he said, They have ascribed unto David ten thousands, and to me they have ascribed [but] thousands: and [what] can he have more but the kingdom?
18:10 And it came to pass on the morrow, that the evil spirit from God came upon Saul, and he prophesied in the midst of the house: and David played with his hand, as at other times: and [there was] a javelin in Saul's hand.
18:11 And Saul cast the javelin; for he said, I will smite David even to the wall [with it]. And David avoided out of his presence twice.
18:14 And David behaved himself wisely in all his ways; and the LORD [was] with him.
18:18 And David said unto Saul, Who [am] I? and what [is] my life, [or] my father's family in Israel, that I should be son in law to the king?
18:21 And Saul said, I will give him her, that she may be a snare to him, and that the hand of the Philistines may be against him. Wherefore Saul said to David, Thou shalt this day be my son in law in [the one of] the twain.
18:22 And Saul commanded his servants, [saying], Commune with David secretly, and say, Behold, the king hath delight in thee, and all his servants love thee: now therefore be the king's son in law.
18:23 And Saul's servants spake those words in the ears of David. And David said, Seemeth it to you [a] light [thing] to be a king's son in law, seeing that I [am] a poor man, and lightly esteemed?
18:28 And Saul saw and knew that the LORD [was] with David, and [that] Michal Saul's daughter loved him.
18:30 Then the princes of the Philistines went forth: and it came to pass, after they went forth, [that] David behaved himself more wisely than all the servants of Saul; so that his name was much set by.


Traditional ~ this style is formal. You'll find superior craftsmanship in crown moldings, trim, and other woodworking. Even though white tones are popular now, you will also find rich woods such as mahogany or cherry throughout a home.
Contemporary ~ This style is simple and understated with clean lines and muted neutrals with bold pops of color.
Transitional ~ The marrying of both traditional and contemporary. Creamy tone on tone whites keep it elegant. While subtle pops of blue and gold bring contemporary elements into this space.
Mid-Century Modern ~ This 1950's post-war style incorporates minimalist design. You'll find open floor plans and large open windows incorporated into the building aesthetic. I personally think of hairpin legs and tweed fabrics.
Eclectic ~ This playful design style incorporates a little bit of everything from different time periods. It allows one to really incorporate their personality into their space. Carefully blended colors and patterns with old and new textural pieces carefully curate an eclectic design.
Coastal ~ I think the name of this design style speaks for itself. However, you don't have to done your home in seashells to pull off this look. Light airy fabrics blended with the colors of the sea blend naturally. Bring in natural water washed woods and earthy plants to incorporate a sense of nature.
Modern Farmhouse ~ This design style, made very popular by Joanna Gaines on HGTV's Fixer Upper, is a beautiful mix of vintage and urban elements. The base of this design is a combination of blacks, whites, and weathered woods. Incorporating modern decor pieces with industrial objects of the past brings it all together.
The list doesn't end here. There's also rustic, industrial, bohemian, cottage, french country…the list truly is endless.
Also, you don't have to be all in on one particular style. Mixing one or two styles together can really create a space of your own. This is where a great stylist can certainly help you achieve a certain look that's all your own; a place you would be happy to call home.


Growing up in outback Mt Isa Dean started life with a healthy dose of country values whilst learning the Real Estate ropes through his family's successful Real Estate Agency. Years later Dean can now be called a local Townsville resident, licensed Real Estate Agent and Auctioneer and enjoys a healthy balance between his great loves being his family and real estate.
Upfront and honest, Dean prides himself on providing realistic expectations to both vendors and buyers, and turning what can often be a stressful experience into an enjoyable one. A committed, local agent who consistently exceeds client expectations, Dean Dank is the ideal choice when it comes to buying or selling property.
When we were thinking about selling our property, we contacted 4 agencies for advice on price etc. Dean Dank was the best. Thorough and approachable, he always kept us in the loop. He was there with us when we decided on a realistic selling price which was acceptable to us and he was very close to the mark. Our property sold in 3 and a half weeks. Thank you Dean for your professional handling of the sale and the friendly assistance of your sales team. We"ll be recommending Explore Property to anyone who is seeking to sell their property.
Bought and sold with Dean and had no problems. Would recommend him to others looking for a good agent.
Our experience with Dean and Explore property was very professional right from the start to the end. Dean worked so hard to ensure our home was given every opportunity to be sold. Dean is an agent I would recommend to anyone wanting to sell a home.


Father, I come to You just as I am without a plea but only upon the finished work of Jesus Christ. I come boldly to seek your face today. Honour and praise to You for this provision Lord! I stand amazed at the wonders of all Your works all around me everyday, Thank you Lord! Knowing that as I seek you, You'll reveal yourself more and more to me, I say thank You! You guide … [Read more...] about When nothing else will do…………… just pray!!
Who can find one? The Virtuous Woman!
I recently prepared a talk on the above topic and my research was so inspiring. As I started my research I soon discovered that it was indeed a great topic for the 21st century woman. We all need to closely look in the lives of the great women of the Bible and see why they were referred to as the Virtuous Women in their days. My text is largely from Proverbs 31: 1- 31 Who … [Read more...] about Who can find one? The Virtuous Woman!


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BMW buying ING's car leasing arm for $1 billion
By Simon Kennedy
Published: July 8, 2011 4:15 a.m. ET
SimonKennedy
LONDON (MarketWatch) -- Dutch banking and insurance firm ING Group NV INGA, +0.00% said Friday that it has agreed to sell its ING Car Lease division to BMW AG BMW, -0.48% for an expected total price of 700 million euros ($1 billion). ING said the sale reflects its plan to simplify the business and focus on its core banking operations. The deal is expected to release 530 million euros of capital and add 0.17 percentage points to the group's core Tier 1 capital ratio.
ING Groep N.V. Netherlands: Euronext Amsterdam: INGA
Open €10.65
High €10.69
Low €10.58
Bayerische Motoren Werke AG Germany: Frankfurt	: BMW


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HomeEthereumEthereum Classic Price Analysis: Can ETC/USD Hold The $10.00 Support?
Ethereum classic price tumbled and broke the $12.50 and $11.20 support levels against the US dollar.
There is a key connecting bearish trend line forming with resistance at $11.30 on the hourly chart of the ETC/USD pair (Data feed via Kraken).
The pair is slowly correcting higher towards the $11.00 and $11.30 resistance levels.
Ethereum classic price made a sharp U-turn against the US Dollar and Bitcoin. ETC/USD broke the $12.50 support and is currently at risk of clearing $10.00.
It seems like ETC price was rejected from well above the $14.00 level against the US dollar. The ETC/USD pair traded and consolidated above the $12.50 support for some time. However, sellers had the upper hand as they succeeded in clearing the $12.50 support. The price declined sharply below the $12.00 and $11.50 levels. The decline was such that the price even broke the $11.20 and $10.50 support levels.
A new monthly low was formed at $10.11 and the price is currently correcting higher. It is testing the 23.6% Fib retracement level of the last drop from the $13.43 high to $10.11 low. There is also a key connecting bearish trend line forming with resistance at $11.30 on the hourly chart of the ETC/USD pair. Above the trend line, the next important resistance is near $11.80. It represents the 50% Fib retracement level of the last drop from the $13.43 high to $10.11 low. On the downside, the $10.00 support zone holds a lot of significance.
The chart suggests that ETC price may correct a few points towards $11.50-12.00 zone. However, if buyers fail to take control above $11.20, the price may decline further. In the mentioned case, ETC could even break the $10.00 handle to test the $9.25 support.
Hourly MACD – The MACD for ETC/USD is placed heavily in the bullish zone.
Hourly RSI – The RSI for ETC/USD is now well below the 30 level.


Our team makes sure that not only our range offers great performance but meet the desired industry standards as well. The unmatched testing facilities at our premises makes their task easier and help us meet the clients' expectations and deliver cost-effective products.
Any organization that is able to retain and sustain its client base is termed successful, as client satisfaction is the key indicator of the prosperity of any business entity. In that sense, we are proud to acknowledge that we are successful as our clients are happy with our products & services and look forward to our range. We put in great efforts to retain their faith by continually offering high-end products that operate flawlessly and are extremely durable.
We devise methods to ensure quality of our range and offer reliable after-sales services so that there are no product related grievances. Further, our range is offered at leading prices on time that helps us fetch bulk order from our clients.


GOT A CHANCE to see the Beatles 50th anniversary show last night, a rerun of Sunday's CBS show. Man, was it great to see some of the great experienced guys and younger rockers paying tribute to George, Paul, John and Ringo.
Loved Imagine Dragons and their version of "Revolution." Dave Grohl, Jeff Lynne and band smoked "Hey Bulldog." Joe Walsh and Gary Clark Jr. might want to think about putting a new band together, if their cover of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" is any indication.
I have several guitar students really into the songs of Ed Sheeran, and now I know why after his rendition of "In My Life."
While most of the covers were classics and well-known Beatles songs, there were a few less popular versions. By far the best was Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart doing "Fool On The Hill" from Magical Mystery Tour.
And how is this for the backing band - Steve Lukather and Peter Frampton on guitar, Kenny Aronoff on drums and Don Was as the director.
Think about it - Paul and Ringo are in their, what, 70s? And they are still up there and getting people to go absolutely crazy with music and charisma, charm and wit.
Oh. Did I mention I love the Eurythmics?


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Miguel Bento: Utopian Set Design for London Fashion Week
On the third day of London Fashion Week, the British Fashion Council awarded Miguel Bento with the best Set Design for their fifth annual International Fashion Showcase. The only problem? Bento was nowhere to be found. "I just didn't think I was going to win anything," he admits to us later that night. We are standing in Somerset House, outside of a room labeled Portugal, where five emerging Portuguese fashion designers have their sustainable garments on display as part of the IFS's Fashion Utopias presentation. Bento has designed the set for his home country: a massive, multicolored cork structure that frames the entire room. We manage to snag him away from the crowd of people vying for his attention for a grand total of 10 minutes.
Miguel constructing the set for Portugal's exhibition at the International Fashion Showcase
"THERE'S NO WASTE WITH CORK, BECAUSE YOU CAN ALWAYS COMPRESS IT AND MAKE NEW MATERIAL."
The Portuguese born, London based set designer is certainly humble despite the whirlwind success he has enjoyed since graduating from Central Saint Martins in 2013. At only 25, his work has been featured in a range of magazine titles, including Vogue Hommes International, Dazed and Confused and Wallpaper*, and he has worked alongside a slew of renowned photographers: Laurence Ellis, Brett Lloyd and Frederik Heyman, just to name a few.
Bento got his start with the Performance Design course at CSM, where he did a mix of things related to stage setup. A fortunate internship with Gary Card, one of the hottest set designers in London, eventually led to a full time job. "That was the reason I ended up doing set design," he explains. During his time with Card, Bento dabbled in everything, working alongside his boss from the start to finish of a brief. "Even the administrative stuff, which is actually really important even if you don't realize it." Bento took the skills he learned with Card and embarked on his own projects, which he had been evolving for some time. He now works entirely for himself, and has built quite a strong reputation in the set design community. Case in point was Sunday when the British Fashion Council created an award category specifically for him.
"THE INDUSTRY'S LACK OF SUSTAINABILITY IS DEFINITELY A WORRY ON PEOPLE'S MIND, ESPECIALLY FOR THE YOUNGER GENERATION."
His phone buzzes for the third time during our conversation, his popularity bringing us back to the present moment and his current display for the IFS. The theme of sustainability runs throughout the multi-room exhibit, with 13 countries each exploring a utopian vision for fashion. Cork is Bento's material of choice, and he has Amorim, world leader in cork production, sponsoring all of his design endeavors. "People see cork as only really used in wine bottles, just something to be thrown away," Bento explains. By partnering with Amorim, he is reintroducing cork to the fashion industry as an acceptable sustainable material. "I wanted to mainly explore the waste that's produced within fashion and in general. There's no waste with cork, because you can always compress it and make new material." He is not alone in advocating the benefits of the commonly overlooked material. Parisian fashion house, Chloé, constructed the entire runway out of cork for their Spring show, and sculptural cork wedged heels stood out amongst Chanel couture in January.
Amorim has allowed Bento complete freedom with his work, almost too much in his opinion. His only guidelines were to "just make something that's really cool looking." Cool is certainly one way to describe the massive stone-like structure that juts out at all sorts of angles into the gallery space; Brutalist is another. His transformation of the cork bears an uncanny resemblance to a heavy slab of Brutalist concrete, more at place within the Barbican Centre than in a fashion setting. Bento wanted to take the material out of its original context and show people "a different perspective on what can be done with cork."
Once again, he is ahead of the curve with respect to his sustainable designs. As the fashion industry becomes more and more centered on immediate gratification, Bento has taken a step back and thought about other alternatives. The industry's lack of sustainability is "definitely a worry on people's mind, especially for the younger generation." His face lights up as he further lists off the numerous beneficial qualities of cork, explaining how it's created from the mere dust off a factory floor and harvested from the bark of the tree. He then shakes his head and laughs, still not confident with the interest being taken in his work. "I sound like such a geek, but I did kind of fall in love with it."
Words Alice Cammack
Photography Ellen Syrjala for 1 Granary
Meet Kate: the blue-fringed Knitwear student who modelled for Margiela
The Masters: Grace Weller
A Closer Look at the Kering Sustainability Project
Masters of NYC: Anna-Marie Grüber
Developing actual body support through fashion.
The strength found in slowness with Barbara Grispini
The D/ARK showroom founder discusses the importance of good behaviour, why young designers shouldn't be given too much at once, and why greater importance should be placed on keeping things slow.
Surviving fashion school? It's only the first step
Marco Baitella, experimentally crafting shoes at the Royal College of Art


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User-Centric Mindsets: An Interview with our Product Designer
Meghan Horvath
About the User-Centric Mindsets series:Product Design and the people behind it are the bread and butter to great user experiences for your organization. With this series, we're digging into UX Design with none other than our own Usabilla Product Designer Gal Agmon. Sit tight as we dive into everything from accessibility in feedback forms to creating the right design principles.
This is part 1 of the User-Centric Mindsets Series (read part 2, 3 and 4).
In this episode…from daily challenges to her love for psychology and human behavior, Gal shares what led her to a career in UX.
Name: Gal Agmon
Hometown: Tel Aviv
Role at Usabilla: Senior Product Designer
Department: Product
Office Location: Amsterdam
How would you define your role?
I call myself a Product Designer.
Within a given day, I touch upon everything from UX research and strategy to UI and interaction design. As I see it, a Product Designer is shaping each element of the product: what it is, how it looks and how it feels.
To help you visualize, let's take the example of designing a chair. You pick the color of the chair and the material; that's visual design. You then choose the shape of the chair, which represents the user interface. That decision is made based on the interaction expected from that chair, aka interaction design.
To understand the interaction the user will have with the chair, you need to understand for whom you are designing it and why. For me, this means I need to speak to the end user. By observing and analyzing, I can grasp what chair I can make that will both serve their needs and stand out from the rest, while still sticking to standards so that it's comfortable.
In the end, you may discover that they actually need a sofa.
Source: UX Planet, Eugen Eşanu
When did you start your career as a UX Designer?
I've always had an interest in visual design with a focus on innovation, as well as creative and critical thinking in general. When I studied Visual Communication in Israel, I envisioned becoming an illustrator or graphic designer and working for some cultural institute or at an artsy magazine.
It was really my love for psychology and studying human behavior that led me to UX. I was a guide in the scouts and commander in the army back home, which definitely fueled the move toward human interaction and UX design as a career path.
How long have you been with Usabilla?
When I first moved to Amsterdam, I worked for a start-up as a UX/UI Designer. I then found Usabilla, and that's where I really focused on design thinking. I've been here for 2 years now.
I started as a UI Designer with my first project of redesigning the feedback form and smileys. I'm also proud to have started the concept team at Usabilla, which is a multidisciplinary group of people who needed to come up with the long term vision for the Usabilla product. The 4 of us started as a separate team, but now we are integrated within the actual Scrum teams.
What is a scrum team?
The product development teams in Usabilla are based on an 'Ask, Analyze, Act' framework, which means each of these groups has a Product Owner, as well as Back-End Developers, Front-End Developers and a UX Designer. I'm the UX Designer for the Analyze team.
What are some of your sources of inspiration (brands, people, etc.)?
My users. Whether it's a product evaluation call or concept/user testing, I try to talk to at least one user a week. Talking to people, you can better connect the dots of the full story and not just the problem itself. This way, I can understand from a holistic view how to solve something.
I take a lot of UX inspiration from other tools that are not necessarily in my field. This helps me innovate and be a bit more creative by analyzing successful components and user flows and reinterpreting them into my domain or users' needs.
I also just love products that use micro-interactions and humor in their designs. They have a place and big role even in a B2B company like Usabilla. Tools like Slack, Asana, Intercom and Mailchimp are great, for instance.
What has been the biggest challenge as a UX Designer?
Building a new platform for the Usabilla product was a big decision. In the past year, we had to make a change in order to take things to the next level.
From a holistic view we wanted to put design at the heart of the organization and place user needs first so we could make the best platform we could. This led to the decision that we needed to restructure, which entails a lot of conversations and communication with development, design and product but also big decisions from management.
What is your goal with this User-Centric Mindsets series?
A lot of our customers are dealing with things I deal with every day, which is trying to get design at the center of your organization. Making features and product development by understanding users better on a day to day basis is the goal.
From big things to small things like accessibility and elements of UX design to the design process and design thinking, it'd be nice to share ongoing learnings with like-minded people. I'm looking forward to it!
Why Usabilla?
What makes Usabilla unique is that each person on the digital teams of our customers is empowered to easily set up a form, ask questions and very quickly get responses that they can then act upon.
Because of how Usabilla is designed, anyone can quickly draw insights and understand what their users need. It's no longer the job of a user researcher to set up a survey, gather insights and eventually inform the rest of the team.
Everyone, regardless of their role, has accountability for their users' feedback. This shared responsibility among people to know their users best is what makes our customers at Usabilla so user-centric and strong.
Curious to read more blogs in the User-Centric Mindsets Series? Click below.
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Each day of theweek for the last ten years, our bird specialist named Cristian organized a morning tour in the Arenal Observatory Lodge. Every morning, starting early, the tour begins with small talk to begin the walk-through of the property fields.
We are know how to put on a party - big time. If you are lucky enough to share a holiday or fiesta with our local people, it will add a whole new dimension to your vacation.
The 1st Arenal Annual Christmas Bird Counts, sponsored by Arenal Observatory Lodge and conducted by International and local bird watchers, bird lovers and volunteers, were held throughout the Arenal area. The counts attempt to record every individual bird encountered within 8 different routes and during 8 hours of one calendar day during December 7, 2013. The Christmas Bird Counts identified 341 bird species only in Arenal surrounding area; this represents 38% of Costa Rica´s Biodiversity.
We had a very pleasant and enjoyable stay at the lodge and in the La Fortuna area in general. My group was especially pleased with their accommodations and I was happy with my room as well, even though my view was not quite as good and I couldn't see the birds that they had so close to their rooms!
Exceptional location and views of Arenal Volcano.
Eco friendly resort so you can get up close to the wildlife.
Self-guided hikes and walks within the vast hotel grounds.
If you weren´t impressed by - or couldn´t see - the volcano, take a ride around Lake Arenal, Costa Rica´s largest lake at 33km/20miles long. The view of the countryside is wonderful.
Arenal Volcano is a very famous and an international tourist spot. It is known as the best holiday spot in Costa Rica.


On July 1, 2011 the Advisory Committee to the Director, CDC published the "Ethical Considerations for Decision Making Regarding Allocation of Mechanical Ventilators during a Severe Influenza Pandemic or Other Public Health Emergency" an earlier document dealt with vaccines and other priorities. Let's hope that Ebola does not come to this level of decision making, or H1N1, MERS, SARS, Anthrax, Marburg and HEV68 for that matter.
We have raised these issues several times in the past, as with this post in 2009 concerning the ineffective CDC response to the major H1N1 outbreak that year, and the confusion around allocation of scarce respirators.


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