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My quest blog
Seeking Art, Nature, Humanity and Understanding
Guns and American Exceptionalism
By Henry Lewis February 18, 2018 ( 10 )
"17 left dead in 6 short minutes of terror" read the latest headline!
The merchants of death and their cult of gun owners is still marching triumphantly in the aftermath of yet another mass killing spree at an American school.
As usual, there are only a few lone voices crying in the wilderness, demanding the US government take measures to stop the slaughter of innocents.
Do that many Americans really feel that the right to have unrestricted freedom to own and carry military-grade automatic weapons is more important than the safety of the people they love the most? Because, I'm sorry, that's the way it looks to the rest of the world at the moment.
People from Australia, a country that changed gun ownership laws in response to mass shootings there, are quick to point out that their sensible laws have stopped this sort of mass bloodshed from happening on Australian soil.
Japan is another country that could provide a model for sensible gun ownership laws in the USA. Oh, I can hear the gun nuts crying 'give me liberty' now!
Yes, I do realize that many Americans don't care what anyone outside their own group of friends thinks, much less people who live on the other side of the planet and have a 'strange' English accent or speak a different language.
However, if we are really beings who prioritize the safety of our family and friends, then I think it's time for us to all open our eyes and see how other countries have solved what I believe to be America's greatest crisis—the continued slaughter of innocent children, teens and adults by individuals using military-style weapons.
Statistics vs Emotions
I could write an entire post filled with valid statistics proving just how gun-crazy many Americans are compared to their peers in other developed countries, but all that information is readily available online and is reprinted in the media after each mass killing in the USA. Plus, it doesn't seem that seeing the ugly side of America's love affair with guns spelled out in statistics does much to change the average American's opinion on changing current gun laws.
It appears that the vast majority of the American public has become desensitized to mass shootings within their own country. After each incident, there are the usual comments such as "pray for America", "it's not the weapon, it's the individual who is responsible for the shooting deaths", "if guns are taken away from good guys, then only bad guys will have them" , along with lots of finger pointing. And, oh yes, Americans usually rush out to buy even more weapons just in case this is the incident that sways public sentiment against virtually unrestricted gun ownership.
But then no concrete action is taken by a dysfunctional government to change the situation. This merely sets the stage for the next horrific event.
Of course, I understand that the person who pulls the trigger is the 'killer', but the gun manufacturers who have created their own brands of weapons of mass destruction that can indiscriminately kill large numbers of innocent people in minutes are to blame as well. So too are government officials who are charged with protecting the public, and this may be a case of protecting the public from themselves.
Times have changed
Growing up on a farm in rural North Carolina in a house where gun ownership was seen as something that was passed down from one generation to another, I would target shoot with other family members on holidays when the relatives came to visit. I had friends who went hunting with their rifles and dogs.
And, yes, I know many people will vow that they are responsible gun owners and keep their weapons safely locked away. While that may be true, there are many others who are irresponsible.
So, I do understand how natural gun ownership feels to many Americans. I 'get' how emotional the debate can be regarding the 2nd Amendment to the American Constitution—the right to bear arms.
But here's my point: I believe that changing American cultural perspectives and sophisticated weapons technology has changed the reality of gun ownership.
Even those gun owners who 'think' they're responsible can become a danger to themselves and society when alcohol, drugs (including prescription medications) and the emotions involved in personal relationships are thrown into the mix. And, I haven't even touched on mental illness yet!
Killing machines
In Scotland, where I lived and studied, the main weapon used in violent attacks is the knife because the UK has very strict gun laws. Because proximity is important when a person is set on killing others with a knife, the number of victims is limited.
Some will argue that we've also witnessed cars and trucks being used as weapons, but again they can only be used as killing machines under a certain set of circumstances where there's no barrier to the vehicle's movement.
With a high-powered automatic weapon, an unbalanced person can be far away from their victims. The Las Vegas shootings in 2017 are a good example of the 'impersonal' nature of these crimes committed with today's sophisticated weaponry.
Why is it necessary for a citizen of the USA to own a weapon such as the popular military-style AR-15 which has been used in many of the mass shooting over the last few years from Sandy Hook to Orlando to this latest mass shooting in Parkland, Florida?
Do individuals really need an automatic, military-style weapon to protect them from a vicious deer while hunting or to keep prowlers off their neatly landscaped suburban patios?
If you're going to go out and purchase something to keep the family home secure, how about installing an alarm system instead of buying an assault weapon? At least the lives of small children won't be endangered when they instinctively decide to play with the buttons on the alarm.
It seems to me that buying the newest, most rapid-firing guns on the market has become the latest form of keeping up with the Jones's, as individuals show off their latest purchase at the gun range on a Saturday afternoon.
As a gun owner, do you really feel safer when you know that both you and your neighbors are armed to the teeth?
Because I have to tell you I don't feel safer being in a restaurant in the USA and knowing that many of the diners around me are packing a concealed weapon, as allowed by law in many States.
Identifying a psychopathic killer?
My belief is that there are far too many isolated, neurotic humans on earth who are simply too mentally fragile to be trusted with the great destructive power of a military-grade killing machine.
Since mental illness doesn't always openly manifest itself and can be easily hidden, I'd like to know how the NRA, its supporters and all those useless legislators in Washington, D. C. are going to go about weeding out the nice, sane, responsible citizen gun owners from those who are capable of so much bloodshed, because the patchwork of State and Federal laws in place at the moment clearly isn't working.
I understand that many Americans want less government interference in their lives, instead of new regulations that infringe on their behavior and what they perceive to be their 'rights', but in other areas where public safety is concerned, from operating a train to driving a car, government guidelines are clearly set to prevent accidents and deaths from occurring.
Why should machines that are created for only one purpose–to kill–not be subject to strict government regulation? And why do Americans have an extremely different point of view on this topic from citizens of other developed nations?
The concept of American Exceptionalism—the idea that the USA's institutions and population are uniquely endowed with both exceptional qualities and the freedom to behave and perform in a superior way to people in other countries—has been part of American mainstream thinking for many decades.
Based on my experience of living, working and interacting with government institutions and individuals in countries on four continents, I feel this is a myth that's preventing America from correcting some serious imbalances in its culture and government policy.
I've read that people in abusive relationships often convince themselves that the abuser will eventually stop the betrayal and violent behavior. This illogical view of human nature often means victims delay developing a plan of action for removing themselves from the situation.
In similar fashion, I think it's almost impossible for the average American, who doesn't travel and has never lived outside the USA, to have a completely objective view of the very culture that dictates their daily habits and cultural behavior in the first place.
Admittedly, guns have long been an important part of American culture, from the days of the Wild West when an outlaw (or your neighbor) could gun you down in the streets of your town, to today's paranoid fear of terrorists, gangs and the over-reach of the federal government.
Aren't Americans wise and strong enough to admit that the epidemic of gun violence is out of control and it's time for sensible action to stop the slaughter?
Why can't many Americans accept that exceptional levels of gun violence are a cancer eating at the very heart of their culture?
Time to pull our heads out of the sand
I know personally of situations in the USA where families fear what kind of violence their neighbors may perpetrate on them and those around them. Gosh, I wonder how many guns so and so has in their house!
What does the future hold for America's neighborhoods when a gun feels like the best way to settle a dispute? Has the number of guns a person owns become the yardstick by which Americans judge strength and character?
In my humble opinion, it's WAY past time to look beyond America's shores for solutions that can help us all live more safely and without fear of being gunned down while going about our daily lives.
So, to all the gun-show devotees who believe that having more weapons in circulation makes America a safer place to be, I say bullshit! The truth can't be hidden any longer. We all must accept that this continued pattern of killing is a detriment to American society.
Categories: Culture, PoliticsTags: American Exceptionalism, gun laws in the USA, gun violence, mass shootings, violence in America
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10 comments ›
Gireesh Navath
February 18, 2018 • 7:54 pm
Thought provoking reasoning but many a time such sober thoughts fall into deaf ears; sigh!
It goes on like a routine now and the hue and cry last hardly a week. The discussion goes on when another mass killing happens.
Is there no end to it? How come many young people who have no clue what a meaningful life is get hold of weapons of mass destruction? (Yes, they are weapons of mass destruction; not for personal safety. )
Henry Lewis
Gireesh…Your thoughts on this very important topic are greatly appreciated. The vast divide between world views in the USA is truly alarming. One group arms themselves for some sort of civil conflict, while the other group begs for sensible gun controls. My fear is that the ones who are heavily arming themselves are creating a self-fulfilling prophecy–they will create the very conditions they are seeking to defend themselves from. I worry for my friends and family living in such a violent country. Thanks for your support of My Quest Blog!
Lesleykluchin
Excellent post. I totally agree with your sentiments. And today 45 mentioned arming teachers. As a teacher there is no way I'd pick up a gun and try to kill someone. I don't recognize my country any more.
Ditto! I don't recognize the USA anymore either. I thought living abroad and studying other cultures for 15 years would grant me keener insights into my own, but that hasn't been the case. I've somehow lost touch with what I knew as the essence of American culture, although I do recognize there are still many friendly, helpful Americans around. Still, I wonder if extreme social isolation brought about by car culture and social media alienation (in addition to being saturated by violence in video games and Hollywood films) has created these young white male killers! Despite the cultural influences, we must have sensible gun legislation to stop the slaughter immediately while we work on solving the underlying issues! Thanks for sharing your thoughts.
I think it's a combination of all that, but it is also about bigotry. This current administration has likened itself in many ways to Hitler and his minions. I feel that everything I studied in history is repeating itself. The bigotry, anti-semitism, misogyny that takes place in Washington and around the country is intolerable. Hopefully,this new generation of young people will get lawmakers to change gun policies. I truly hope that happens soon. I fear for my grandchildren every day.
It's true Lesley. Even though I only spend a few months at most in the USA each year, I fear for the safety of my friends and family who are spread all around the country. During the 9 years I spend living in the Middle East, some of my relatives would plead with me to return to the USA where I would 'be safer'. In these situations, I usually let out a good-natured laugh before letting them know that I felt much safer in that part of the world than in the USA (except when driving). And, I absolutely agree that 45 has done nothing but stir the pot in an effort to divide and conquer, I do hope having new voices organizing and speaking out will make a difference, but I fear the only people in Washington that are heard are the lobbyist who can help fund political campaigns. Maybe some of these younger people taking up this cause now will form PACs and raise funds in order to put candidates in office who will vote sensibly on new weapons regulations. Thanks again for taking the time to share your thoughts!
chorner101
This is your most brilliant piece so far. There are so many truths you have hit upon. I flashed on a standup routine that Chris Rock recently did in which he was powerfully criticizing the gun laws. He said that the argument in support of gun owners that states it is not the gun that kills, it is the person holding the gun, simply doesn't hold water. His point was that if you had a knife, there is no way you would be able to kill 100 people in one killing spree….but if you were able to do it somehow, then 97 of those people deserved to die if they just stood around and watched someone with a knife stabbing people all over the place doing nothing until it became their turn to be stabbed. He put it much better in his comic routine,…..but it is such a no-brainer that a person with heavy-duty guns is capable of killing FAR more people than a person with a knife. The Las Vegas shooting spree killed 58 people and injured 851. How in sam hill can you possibly argue that the military grade weapons used in that massacre were not important to the outcome, that it was just the man pulling the trigger that was responsible?! Honestly, for the life of me, I cannot understand how demand for gun ownership rights could possibly be understood to include guns capable of killing many innocent people within seconds. By the way, I read that the person who sold the ammunition used in the Las Vegas massacre has been charged with not having a license for manufacturing armor-piercing bullets. Hopefully, this will lead to more actions against those who provide the means by which mentally ill people can accrue an arsenal of highly deadly weapons. (Frankly, I believe that ANYONE who wants to own a semi-automatic gun has got to be mentally ill.) It is necessary to widen the web of responsibility for these mass shootings. If legislators won't instigate immediate measures to control this out-of-control situation, at least in the case of the bullet manufacturer, the criminal complaint was filed in Phoenix (the home of the weapons manufacturer) in a federal district court by an FBI Special Agenta assigned to the Las Vegas, Nevada division. I say BRAVO to him, and I sincerely hope that many others come forward to press charges against those who have facilitated (and are facilitating) the manufacture and sale of heinously deadly weaponry that could never be used for hunting animals for sport. I could go on forever on this topic, but I will bring this to a close by saying that I am so very grateful that you wrote this piece, and I will share it on my FB page. I hope everyone who reads it does the same.
Excellent points Carolyn! Thanks so much for taking the time to write such a powerful response! By the way, I love Chris Rock. And thanks SO much for your support!
Ellen Hawley
Good point about American exceptionalism. I've been gone a long time–eleven years in Cornwall now–and tend to forget what a strong part of American belief it is.
Thanks for sharing your thoughts Ellen. The myth of American exceptionalism seems to be very ingrained in the minds of many Americans and even more so in the country's institutions. Teaching abroad, I was often shocked by the fact teachers were often forced to follow an Americentric curriculum when it was clearly irrelevant to the needs of the local student population. The American program managers would defend the decision by saying the USA has the world's best universities, therefore blah blah blah. One of my main aims for writing this blog is to motivate others (especially Americans) to learn about the world outside their country's borders. There is so much we can learn from those in other parts of the world. Thanks again for your support!
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Q: How to render CSS only according to screen size of end user? İn a classic application When the end user enters the page, we try to give all the CSS belonging to the page. However, end user only interested in with visible part of the page. We load CSS components belongs to visible page size,but non-visible part as well.
How i can make it possible load CSS components when needed?
For example: When end user scrolls down,then load required CSS components.
Thanks.

A: You can do this by the @media query.
@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {
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}

This way you can do this with all screen sizes
You can read more about this at:
https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css3_pr_mediaquery.asp

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Q: Can I install OSX Safari 5.1 for one user and Safari 5.05 for another user - same CPU? I'm running OSX 10.6.8 with Safari 5.01 with my main user account, which is an admin account.
I would like to do some testing with Safari 5.1 before I fully commit to it.
Can I install Safari 5.1 in another user account (non-admin) and keep the Safari 5.05 functional in my admin account?
Can I just install it in the ~/Applications directory of the non-admin user?

A: The person behind Multi-Safari has documented the procedure to create a Safari application with a self-contained WebKit framework here.
Basically it involves duplicating the Safari application, opening the contents and creating a Frameworks folder inside, copying the Framework from /System/Library/Frameworks and then performing some jiggery-pokery to get the application to prefer to use the self-contained framework over the one in the Library folder.
(I decided not to copy his instructions word for word, as his website didn't use Creative Commons.)

A: Why don't you install a Webkit beta? It will be similar to 5.1 (or probably 5.2!) and you can install it alongside your older version of Safari.
You can get it here:
http://nightly.webkit.org/
In case you haven't encountered them before these betas are the truly cutting edge versions of Safari as it is developed.
TBH I have been using 5.1 since the Dev betas (months ago!) and have found them very stable and fast - better than 5.0 IMO.

A: While they don't have version 5, you could install Safari 5.1 as your main browser and then use Multi-Safari to access an earlier version. I hope this helps a little bit.

A: No, I don't think so. Reason is that Safari updates replace the whole webkit framework which is a part of OS X, so you can only have one version at a time.


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The major test of a modern U.S. university, according to Clark Kerr, President Emeritus and former Chancellor at the University of California, is how wisely and how quickly it is able to adjust to important new possibilities. As its popularity and presence has grown on college campuses, planning has become the process-oriented means to pass the test of change referred to by Kerr. Planning has been defined by Marvin Peterson as the "conscious process by which an institution assesses its current state and the likely future condition of its environment, identifies possible future states for itself, and then develops organizational strategies, policies and procedures for selecting and getting to one or more of them" (Peterson, p. 12).
Planning became a necessary component of higher-education administration after World War II, due to the rapid expansion and growth of federal policies regarding access to, and financial support of, higher education. Soon thereafter came the surge of baby boomers into colleges, and in the 1990s institutions prepared for and responded to the echo boom of college-age students on campuses across the United States. In addition, colleges have become increasingly heterogeneous as more diverse populations have been admitted, resulting in the need for planning regarding financial aid, student services, remedial education, vocational education, and more.
Furthermore, various types of postsecondary knowledge providers have emerged, such as private companies offering degrees via the Internet, corporations providing their own internal education and training, and traditional institutions collaborating with industry. Simultaneously, the knowledge industry has become quite consumer driven. The convenience and affordability of postsecondary education has caused students, employers, and institutions themselves to rethink the very core of the institutional mission, and to plan for the future much differently than ever before. Globalization has broadened the institutional view of the regions served, as well as placement of students in intern-ships, exchange programs, and careers. All these factors have produced an approach to planning that includes much more than simple short-term budgeting. Rather, planning encompasses short-and long-range plans connecting budget, capital outlay, programming, enrollment, and every element of a college or university.
Following World War II and through the 1960s, the purpose of long-range planning was to justify resources. Use of long-range planning presupposes that the environment is fairly stable and predictable, and that resources are certain. This use of long-range terminology has been trivialized because it often was, in effect, the university budgeting process. The idea that planning was tied to a dollar amount meant that the planning process actually represented how to spend resources. The popularity of this method declined in the latter part of the 1970s, because it did not account for certain environmental aspects that became critical.
As long-range planning began to seem limited, strategic planning became the buzz phrase in both business and in higher education. Frequently advocated in the late 1970s and 1980s, strategic planning's primary purpose is to cultivate adaptation in a rapidly changing environment by designing a plan and corresponding strategies for the future. The institutional situation is assessed for opportunities and threats via scanning the regional, national, and global external environments, the most distinctive feature of this form of planning. Also, internal strengths and weaknesses are defined for needed strategies for survival and enhancements. Strategy implies that the approach is more short-term, and possibly reactive to a current situation. This process assumes that some aspects of the organization do not require intervention and seeks to find the problem areas that need improvement. Often this occurs when the environment is unstable and relatively unpredictable.
Whereas long-range planning is typically responsive in nature, and strategic planning is adaptive, contextual planning is proactive. Particularly in the 1990s, planning progressively became connected to fundraising as federal and state financial subsidies declined. Needing to compensate for the loss of funding, institutions were forced to seek funding support from private sources. Combined with the impact of technology, globalization, and the increasing presence of nontraditional-age learners to the collegiate environment, institutions have sought new and different ways to plan for the realities of uncertainty.
Emergent virtual universities have caused leaders to move away from thinking about planning at a traditional physical campus and toward being more perceptive about planning for other possibilities. Existing as part of an increasingly complex organization with little stability, new and different planning models are constantly implemented, based on political demands, business models, or internal leadership. This method of planning assumes uncertain financial resources, an ever more competitive environment, and a critical public.
The higher-education mantra since the 1990s has called for improved access for students, increased quality, enhanced accountability of expenditures, and more and better use of technology. While these promote positive change, the irony is that there is no easy solution to achieve change, and the solution is different for each institution. In order to progress toward goals, it has become necessary for strategic planning to be linked to major programs, such as institutional research, institutional advancement (also known as development or fundraising), and data management (also known as data warehousing).
Planning has spurred more and different kinds of analytic studies in order to make internal and external comparisons, both historical and contemporary. These studies are used not only to plan for programmatic and curricular transformation, but also to identify competing institutions and potential students and donors. This information is critical to raising the private funds that have become necessary for many institutions.
Due to the constantly changing environment of higher education, research has shown that planning should be an ongoing, rather than occasional, process, done in collaboration with institutional research and assessment. There already exists a massive amount of data related to planning. As higher education continues to search for ways to manage this information, data support and knowledge-management systems will become increasingly crucial to effective planning.
The thoughtful and effective leaders of change have resisted the idea of planning as a formal process. An effective planning process should be a broad-based balance of deliberate and emergent strategies, and should involve the participation of middle managers. Fundamental to this idea is that planning should not be bogged down in specific strategy; but should create broad visions. Additionally, a positive relationship between managers and planners or administration is critical to successful implementation of plans. This requires strong leadership that will include hands-on contributions by frontline managers and faculty. A pragmatic consideration that can assist in bolstering internal political relationships at institutions is frequent and thorough information dissemination. These considerations will allow for participation at many levels, and will make good communication a cornerstone of the process. Essentially, planning at the institutional level is connected to planning at the division level, which is integrated with individual plans and includes leadership and vision at every echelon.
As the paradigm of higher education continues to shift, it is clear that the institutions that resist change are predestined to decline, and possibly fail. Effective leaders realize that reasonable risks must be taken in order to attend to the demands of a changing and competitive environment. "A lack of thoughtful change could lead to inept adaptation and undermine the quality of our universities" (Rowley et al., p. 19). While the approach and methods vary, it is clear that planning is a vital component of successful contemporary higher education.
See also: INSTITUTIONAL ADVANCEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION; RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION.
KERR, CLARK. 2001. The Uses of the University, 5th edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
PETERSON, MARVIN. 1999a. "Analyzing Alternative Approaches to Planning." In ASHE Reader on Planning and Institutional Research, ed. Marvin Peterson. Needham Heights, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing.
PETERSON, MARVIN. 1999b. "Using Contextual Planning to Transform Institutions." In ASHE Reader on Planning and Institutional Research, ed. Marvin Peterson. Needham Heights, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing.
ROWLEY, DANIEL JAMES; LUJAN, HERMAN D.; and DOLENCE, MICHAEL G., eds. 1997. Strategic Change in Colleges and Universities. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.


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text:
Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering
Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering pp 237-271 | Cite as
Bituminous Binders and Mixtures
José Neves
António Correia Diogo
Luís de Picado Santos
First Online: 01 December 2014
The subject of this chapter is to present materials for construction and civil engineering that incorporate bitumen and bituminous binders in its composition to be used in waterproofing systems and pavements of transport infrastructures, e.g. roads and airfields. General properties of bitumen, bitumen binders and bitumen emulsions are described. Waterproofing systems and bituminous mixtures are the main materials regarding the use of bitumen and bituminous binders for main civil engineering purposes. In the case of bituminous mixtures, the composition, properties and main products and applications are presented in the perspective of their use in pavement layers. Surface treatments and other special products and applications are also included. The main technical requirements are related to the materials, techniques and equipments involved during the design, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation and recycling of these bituminous materials.
Asphalt Bitumen Bitumen emulsion Bituminous mixture Pavement Waterproofing system Surface treatment
[S-1] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1426—Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of needle penetration. Brussels: CEN (2007)
[S-1a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D5/D5M—Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2013)
[S-2] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12591—Bitumen and bituminous binders—Specifications for paving grade bitumens. Brussels: CEN (2009)
[S-3] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12597—Petroleum products, bitumen and bituminous binders—Terminology. Brussels: CEN (2000)
[S-3a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D8—Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2013)
[S-4] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1427—Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of the softening point—Ring and ball method. Brussels: CEN (2007)
[S-4a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D36/D36M—Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus). West Conshohocken: ASTM (2012)
[S-5] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13302—Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of dynamic viscosity of a bituminous binder using a rotating spindle apparatus. Brussels: CEN (2010)
[S-5a] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13302—Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of dynamic viscosity of bituminous binder using a rotating spindle apparatus. Brussels: CEN (2010)
[S-6] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12607—Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of the resistance to hardening under the influence of heat and air- Part 1: RTFOT. Brussels: CEN (2007)
[S-6a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D6521—Standard Practice for Accelerated Aging of Asphalt Binder Using a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV). West Conshohocken: ASTM (2013)
[S-7] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN ISO 2592—Petroleum products—Determination of flash and fire points: Cleveland open cup method. Brussels: CEN (2001)
[S-7a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D92—Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2012)
[S-8] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12592—Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of solubility. Brussels: CEN (2007)
[S-8a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D5546—Standard Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Binders in Toluene by Centrifuge. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2009)
[S-8b] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D2042—Standard Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in Trichloroethylene. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2009)
[S-9] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12593—Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of the Fraass breaking point. Brussels: CEN (2007)
[S-10] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12595—Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of kinematic viscosity. Brussels: CEN (2007)
[S-10a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D2170/D2170M—Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens). West Conshohocken: ASTM (2010)
[S-11] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 14023—"Bitumen and bituminous binders—Framework specification for polymer modified bitumens". Brussels: CEN (2010)
[S-11a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D6154—Standard Specification for Chemically Modified Asphalt Cement for Use in Pavement Construction. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2009)
[S-12] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13924—Bitumen and bituminous binders—Specifications for hard paving grade bitumens. Brussels: CEN (2006)
[S-12a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D946/D946M—Standard Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Cement for Use in Pavement Construction. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2009)
[S-13] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13808—"Bitumen and bituminous binders, Framework for specifying cationic bituminous emulsions" Brussels: CEN (2005)
[S-13a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D2397—Standard Specification for Cationic Emulsified Asphalt. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2012)
[S-14] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13707—Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Reinforced bitumen sheets for roof waterproofing. Definitions and characteristics. Brussels: CEN (2013)
[S-14a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D226/D226M—Standard Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2009)
[S-14b] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D2626/D2626M—Standard Specification for Asphalt-Saturated and Coated Organic Felt Base Sheet Used in Roofing. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2012)
[S-14c] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D2178/D2178M—Standard Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2013)
[S-15] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1109—Flexible sheets for waterproofing—Bitumen sheets for roof waterproofing—Determination of flexibility at low temperature. Brussels: CEN (2013)
[S-16] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1110—Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Bitumen sheets for roof waterproofing. Determination of flow resistance at elevated temperature. Brussels: CEN (2010)
[S-17] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1296—Flexible sheets for waterproofing—Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roofing—Method of artificial ageing by long term exposure to elevated temperature. Brussels: CEN (2001)
[S-18] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1297—Flexible sheets for waterproofing—Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roofing—Method of artificial ageing by long term exposure to the combination of UV radiation, elevated temperature and water. Brussels: CEN (2004)
[S-19] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12594—Bitumen and bituminous binders. Preparation of test samples. Brussels: CEN (2004)
[S-19a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D140/D140M—Standard Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2009)
[S-20] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D449-03—Standards specification for asphalt used in dampproofing and waterproofing. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2008)
[S-21] Associación Española de Normalización y Certificación (AENOR)—Reglamento particular de la marca AENOR para impermeabilizantes bituminosos para cubiertas. Madrid: AENOR, (2010)
[S-22] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13043 Aggregates for bituminous mixtures and surface treatments for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas. Brussels: CEN (2002)
[S-22a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D6155—Standard Specification for Nontraditional Coarse Aggregates for Bituminous Paving Mixtures. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2013).
[S-22b] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D692/D692M—Standard Specification for Coarse Aggregate for Bituminous Paving Mixtures. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2009).
[S-23] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 933-9—Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Part 9: Assessment of fines—Methylene blue test. Brussels: CEN (2009)
[S-23a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—C1777—Standard Test Method for Rapid Determination of the Methylene Blue Value for Fine Aggregate or Mineral Filler Using a Colorimeter. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2013)
[S-24] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 933-3 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Part 3: Determination of particle shape ― Flakiness index. Brussels: CEN (2013)
[S-24a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D3398—Standard Test Method for Index of Aggregate Particle Shape and Texture. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2006)
[S-25] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 933-5/A1 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates—Part 5: Determination of percentage of crushed and broken surfaces in coarse aggregate particles. Brussels: CEN (2013)
[S-25a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D5821—Standard Test Method for Determining the Percentage of Fractured Particles in Coarse Aggregate. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2006)
[S-26] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1097-2—Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Part 2: Methods for the determination of resistance to fragmentation. Brussels: CEN (2010)
[S-26a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—C131—Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2006)
[S-26b] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—C535—Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2012)
[S-27] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1097-1 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Part 1: Determination of the resistance to wear (micro-Deval). Brussels: CEN (2011)
[S-27a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D7428—Standard Test Method for Resistance of Fine Aggregate to Degradation by Abrasion in the Micro-Deval Apparatus. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2008)
[S-27b] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D6928—Standard Test Method for Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to Degradation by Abrasion in the Micro-Deval Apparatus. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2010)
[S-28] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1097-8—Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Determination of the polished stone value. Brussels: CEN (2009)
[S-28a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D3319—Standard Practice for Accelerated Polishing of Aggregates Using the British Wheel. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2011).
[S-28b] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—E660-90—Standard Practice for Accelerated Polishing of Aggregates or Pavement Surfaces Using a Small-Wheel, Circular Track Polishing Machine. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2011).
[S-29] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1097-6—Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Part 6: Determination of particle density and water absorption. Brussels: CEN (2013)
[S-29a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—C127—Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2012)
[S-29b] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—C128—Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2012)
[S-30] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1097-3—Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Determination of loose bulk density and voids. Brussels: CEN (1998)
[S-30a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—C29/C29M—Standard Test Method for Bulk Density ("Unit Weight") and Voids in Aggregate. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2009)
[S-31] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1367-2—Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates. Part 2: Magnesium sulfate test. Brussels: CEN (2009)
[S-32] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1367-5—Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates. Determination of resistance to thermal shock. Brussels: CEN (2011)
[S-33] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12697-11—Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 11: Determination of the affinity between aggregate and bitumen. Brussels: CEN (2005)
[S-33a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D5100/D5100M—Standard Test Method for Adhesion of Mineral Aggregate to Hot Bitumen. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2010)
[S-34] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 1367-3—Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates. Boiling test for Sonnenbrand basalt. Brussels: CEN (2009)
[S-35] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12697-34—Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Marshall test. Brussels: CEN (2012)
[S-35a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D6927—Standard test method for Marshall Stability and Flow of Bituminous Mixtures. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2006)
[S-36] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12697-8—Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 8: Determination of void characteristics of bituminous specimens. Brussels: CEN (2003)
[S-36a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D3203/D3203M—Standard Test Method for Percent Air Voids in Compacted Dense and Open Bituminous Paving Mixtures. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2011)
[S-37] US Army, MIL-STD-620A—Military Standard: Test methods for bituminous paving materials (1966)
[S-38] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12697-22—Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 22: Wheel tracking. Brussels: CEN (2009)
[S-39] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12697-12—Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 12: Determination of the water sensitivity of bituminous specimens. Brussels: CEN (2008)
[S-39a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D41075—Standard Test Method for Effect of Water on Compressive Strength of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2011)
[S-39b] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D4867/D4867M—Standard Test Method for Effect of Moisture on Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixtures. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2009)
[S-40] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12697-40—Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 40: In situ drainability. Brussels: CEN (2005)
[S-40a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—E2380/E2380M—Standard Test Method for Measuring Pavement Texture Drainage Using an Outflow Meter. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2009)
[S-41] NLT 327—Permeabilidad in situ de pavimentos drenantes com el permeámetro LCS (2000)
[S-42] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12697-17 + A1—Bituminous mixtures—Test methods for hot mix asphalt—Part 17: Particle loss of porous asphalt specimen. Brussels: CEN (2007)
[S-43] NLT 362—Efecto del agua sobre la cohesión de mezclas betuminosas de granulometría abierta, mediante el ensayo cántabro de pérdida por desgaste (1992)
[S-44] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 12697-24—Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 24: Resistance to fatigue. Brussels: CEN (2007)
[S-44a] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—D7460—Standard Test Method for Determining Fatigue Failure of Compacted Asphalt Concrete Subjected to Repeated Flexural Bending. West Conshohocken: ASTM (2010).
[S-45] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13108-1—Bituminous mixtures—Material specifications—Part 1: Asphalt Concrete. Brussels: CEN (2008)
[S-46] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13108-2—Bituminous mixtures—Material specifications—Part 2: Asphalt Concrete for very thin layers. Brussels: CEN (2006)
[S-47] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13108-3—Bituminous mixtures—Material specifications—Part 3: Soft Asphalt. Brussels: CEN (2006)
[S-48] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13108-4—Bituminous mixtures—Material specifications—Part 4: Hot Rolled Asphalt. Brussels: CEN (2006)
[S-49] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13108-5—Bituminous mixtures—Material specifications—Part 5: Stone Mastic Asphalt. Brussels: CEN (2006)
[S-50] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13108-6—Bituminous mixtures—Material specifications—Part 6: Mastic Asphalt. Brussels: CEN (2006)
[S-51] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13108-7—Bituminous mixtures—Material specifications—Part 7: Porous Asphalt. Brussels: CEN (2006)
[S-52] European Committee for Standardization (CEN)—EN 13108-8—Bituminous mixtures—Material specifications—Part 8: Reclaimed asphalt. Brussels: CEN (2005)
Books/Magazines/Journals
International Journal of Pavement Engineering
Road Materials and Pavement Design
Construction and Building Materials
Associations/Organisations/Societies
EAPA—European Asphalt Pavement Association: http://www.eapa.org/
PIARC—World Road Association: http://www.piarc.org/
ISAP—International Society for Asphalt Pavements: http://asphalt.org/
AAPT—Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists: http://www.asphalttechnology.org/
Shell Company: http://www.shell.com/
BP: http://www.bp.com/
CEPSA: http://www.cepsa.com/
GALP: http://www.galpenergia.com/
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© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
1.Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and GeoresourcesInstituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
2.Department of Chemical EngineeringInstituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
Neves J., Correia Diogo A., de Picado Santos L. (2015) Bituminous Binders and Mixtures. In: Gonçalves M., Margarido F. (eds) Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering. Springer, Cham
First Online 01 December 2014
Publisher Name Springer, Cham
eBook Packages Engineering


Some engineers will turn up the mic pre gain so that the fader can be set to the unity gain mark, but this is not necessarily a good practice. Here's why.
Establishing proper gain structure in a sound system is important. You can sometimes "get by" if the various devices are mismatched in gain. But when you need extra level from the system, or additional headroom to keep distortion down to an absolute minimum, or a very low noise flow for recording, a mismatched system will not perform properly. Ideally, each device in the system, and that includes Input Faders, Sub Masters, and Output Faders should be set to unity gain as a starting point. That is, 1 volt applied to an input should equal 1 volt at the output. Of course adjustments to faders have to be continually made for musicality. It's perfectly OK to have a given fader at the low end of its scale – if the instrument or voice it's related to is also low in level. Some engineers will turn up the mic pre gain so that the fader can be set to the unity gain mark, but this is not necessarily a good practice, unless the mic is abnormally low in output. In any case, cranking the mic pre upwards is likely to result in increased noise and cause the preamp to overload on transients. Mic pre amps are much more inclined towards becoming noisy when set too high, than the line level signals that run throughout the rest of the console.
Most modern outboard equipment, and this includes amplifiers, can handle pretty high drive levels, so the issue of matching should not be very difficult. That is unless a given product or products is misstated, or has been downright measured wrong by the designers (there's a classic case of this with a very expensive parametric equalizer from a well-known company). Another problem, much more common, is when an input level on an amplifier, equlizer, limiter, or other line level device is turned down too far. A detailed description as to 'why,' follows.
In the early days of audio it was common to see 600-ohm matching transformers installed in inputs and outputs, often in tube pre-amps and tube amps. This led to the belief that all connections should be matching. The industry progressed and it was determined that it would be better to send a low impedance pre-amp output to a "bridging" input of 20K ohms or even as high as 50K ohms. While this was a better approach that did not unduly load the pre-amp's output stage, it left operating engineers (as opposed to electrical design engineers) in the dark. What to do?
Today, all preamp inputs are scalable with adjustable gain to accommodate a wide range of input sources. Microphones deliver as little as six (or more) orders-of-magnitude lower voltage than line level sources, and the line levels that are used in the console itself.
There's a difference between consumer levels for decks and players that use -10 dbv as their standard max level, while pro gear can usually provide +18 dbv to +24, or greater. This is a gain factor of more than 20X.
Virtually all modern pro and semi-pro devices have balanced inputs. It's problematic for the designer to place the input attenuator (volume control) at the very front of the circuit. It would have to be a dual-gang pot, one gang for each side of the balanced line, laser trimmed so that both gangs track extremely closely. Otherwise, any adjustment will reduce the Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) of the balanced line, as well as changing the impedance of the input. So it's basically just not done. Not to mention that a highly accurate dual-pot in which the gangs track perfectly is a very expensive component, and one that's hard to get. Plus, it would have to be of the linear taper type for accuracy, not the usual log taper of a typical volume control. Many may find this difficult to use. A linear-taper pot reduces level by -6 dB in the first half of its rotation, then all the remaining gain reduction, down to infinity, in the second half. Audio taper pots are much more intuitive in use.
So what is done is the input goes to an op-amp, usually through DC blocking capacitors, with four resistors establishing the input impedance (usually 10K to 20K ohms) This de-balances the signal. Then, a normal, inexpensive pot is placed next in the circuit. It can be audio taper or linear taper, or any kind of taper. It doesn't matter because this will be a single gang pot with no need to accurately track a second gang.
From there, the circuit does whatever it's supposed to do, then the output stage, typically of low impedance, consists of another op-amp connected almost in reverse to the input op-amp. Here, as in the input, DC blocking is very good practice, so some large-value capacitors are usually the last components in the circuit, expect for the output connector itself. Just after the output of the op-amp and before the DC blocking capacitors, a resistor sets the output impedance, usually of a value of 50 ohms. The resistors and capacitors together form a high-pass filter, so it's important for the designer to make sure the values of the components do not roll-off low frequencies prematurely.
What all this means for the operator and/or the system commissioner, is that gain pots on the input of amplifiers, speaker processors, bus limiters, outboard equalisers, and so on, should be set to maximum. Otherwise, at low settings, the devices upstream will be cranking out voltage, possibly overloading the amplifier's front end op amp (or other device), and still there may not be enough gain in the system to achieve the acoustic levels that are desired. Input pots should be used for minor adjustments, let's say -3 dB or so, but never turned down to half or less. Why do they even exist? On some amplifiers they don't but on those where they do, small gain changes can balance the left and right loudspeakers to match in level, or perhaps to subtly adjust delay speakers. Plus, almost every amp has one so it would be difficult for a design engineer to convince marketing not to include them.
Here's where things get just a little tricky. A balanced line delivers 6 dB greater voltage to a balanced line receiver than an unbalanced line. If you are working with balanced and unbalanced connections in your system, you should be acutely aware of this. A balanced source can drive an unbalanced load, and an unbalanced source can drive a balanced load. But in both cases the gain will be -6 dB less than a balanced-to-balanced connection. That's a significant loss of headroom and should be avoided on the main outputs, if at all possible. It's probably not an issue for an aux feed to a small cry room, where the loudspeaker is likely to be operated at a very low level. But when it comes to those hefty mains...you want all the headroom you can get, especially for a dynamic and powerful worship band.
This is a practice that is questionable at best. It will come close to shorting the pin 3 side of the op-amp. It may cause the other side driving pin 2 to go into oscillation. This is to be avoided unless there are special circumstances that are beyond the scope of this paper.
On an input, it's perfectly alright and may reduce the tendency for the otherwise 'floating' pin 3 side of the op-amp to cause noise or other interference.
Limiters and compressors are in the business of being "triggered" at a given threshold, one that's adjustable. Once the threshold is exceeded, they reduce gain by a factor that is also adjustable. If the gain reduction is significant, the output level of the limiter (also sometimes called "make-up" gain), can be used to restore the gain through the device to something approaching unity. The price to pay is greater noise in the system. This is equally true whether the compressor/limiter is built-in to the console, or if it is an outboard device. If contained within the console's bag of tricks, at least you don't have to think about balanced vs. unbalanced.
Now that we have discussed optimizing gain, it may be time to start from scratch and re-set all the controls in your system from mic inputs, to console outputs, to the rest of the gear. It may take a re-orientation period if the gain settings have been sub-optimal in the past, but it will be a worthwhile exercise in terms of lower noise, greater headroom, and the ability to achieve the full operating level of your loudspeaker system.
One small correction to Dale's excellent reply: dBv is the old designation for a 0.775 volt reference. It was changed for clarity to dBu (u = unterminated voltage source) and used for professional references like +24 dBu maximum or +4 dBu nominal.
dBV is the 1.0 volt reference used today as the consumer reference nominal level -10 dBV.
When you set gain structure you start at the input gain and work your way through the signal paths.
One current approach is to set all gains throughout the signal paths so every gain stage clips at the same time. This of course may exclude the power amplifier output levels. This is an acceptable approach and is the easiest to train technicians and to establish predictable results.
Also, you mentioned tying pin 3 to ground on the input. What should also be mentioned that you never tie both output of one device and the input to the next device. Otherwise a ground loop is almost certain to occur.
Tim, I hope you have better things to do than to write as you have. I could dispute virtually everyone of your points, but frankly I do not have the time or interest in getting into a back-and-forth match with you, which this would surely become.
So hold your ideas close to your limited knowledge base and I hope you feel better about yourself, by writing as you have.From my standpoint, following 40+ years of experience in designing and manufacturing equipment, including consulting on front-ends for some of the companies you've named, it's no more than a rant. Rant on, my friend!
I don't have enough time here to point out of the 10+ incorrect statements Ken has made in this article. He is a decent speaker designer, however his understanding of gain structure, matched I/O impedance transmission line circuits and bridged op-amp circuits is abysmal. Turning amplifier input attenuators all the way up is the greatest reason system HF units are blown up and is the SINGLE BIGGEST MISTAKE IN SETTING GAIN STRUCTURE INCORRECTLY. Honestly, anyone from Crown or QSC would LOL at this statement.
There are quite a few serious errors in the above article. Due to the 5000 word limit, only the major ones are noted in quotes below and commented on.
"There's a difference between consumer levels for decks and players that use -10 dbv as their standard max level, while pro gear can usually provide +18 dbv to +24, or greater. This is a gain factor of more than 20X."
Repeat after me: Nominal... Max... Nominal... Max... Nominal... Max..... Learn the difference. Consumer gear typically runs at a Nominal level of -10dBv, (0.316 Volts) with a max above +6 dBv (2 Volts) for at least 16 dB headroom. Pro gear runs a max of about +21 dBu for a single driven output on +/- 15V rails, to +28 dBu or more for dual driven balanced outputs from higher voltage power supplies. Nominal level is however many dB of headroom you want below the max level. dBv is referenced to 1 volt, dBu is referenced to 0.775 volts, about 2 dB difference.
"What all this means for the operator and/or the system commissioner, is that gain pots on the input of amplifiers, speaker processors, bus limiters, outboard equalizers, and so on, should be set to maximum."
This is complete and utter BS, based on a total lack of understanding of the concepts of make-up gain, input sensitivity for rated output, etc. For instance, let's say the manufacturer of a line level input, line level output widget wants it to be usable with a source that may be a bit lower in level. They will mark the input level control with -infinity at the bottom, zero or unity in the middle and +10 at the top. Assuming nominal level in and out, the correct setting is at unity. The manufacturer marks the control unity even though the control itself is actually reducing the level 10 dB, then they add 10 dB of make-up gain after the control.
In the case of power amplifiers, the knob should be called "input sensitivity" and should be labeled with dBu levels required to make the amplifier reach clipping. Full up might be 0 or 1 or 2 dBu, middle might be +10 dBu, 9:00 o'clock might be +20 dBu, etc. This labeling is rare, but if you find an old Peavey CS800 that's old enough to vote, you will see just that. For maximum output and lowest system noise, the input knob should be set as low as possible, while still allowing the amplifier to be driven to the clipping point by the previous gear. At this level the previous gear should also all be at or near clipping. Setting the control any higher means that all the previous gear is wasting headroom and running noisier than it needs to.
Ken is quite correct that the input circuitry has it's own clipping point that is not effected by the input level control. Therefore amplifiers and other gear should have a maximum input level specification. Better manufacturers like Crown and QSC do publish this, some others do not.
"A balanced line delivers 6 dB greater voltage to a balanced line receiver than an unbalanced line."
Again, this is based on not understanding the differences between dual driven balanced output, single driven balanced output sometimes called impedance balanced, transformer balanced output, and cross-coupled balanced output. More below.
"Tying Pin 3 to Ground on an Unbalanced Output This is a practice that is questionable at best."
And it's absolutely necessary when unbalancing a transformer or cross-coupled output.
A Single Driven (Impedance Balanced) output will deliver the same nominal and maximum output to either a balanced or unbalanced input.
A dual driven output will require the low side (pin-3) to not be connected, and as a result will have 6 dB lower nominal and 6 dB lower maximum output, with no change in headroom.
A cross-coupled output will require the low side to be grounded at the output for stability when connecting to an unbalanced input. This will result in no loss of nominal level, but a 6 dB decrease in maximum level and therefore a 6 dB loss of headroom as well. This must be compensated by turning down the output on the driving device by 6 dB.
A transformer output can have it's low side grounded at the unbalanced input and will remain stable and provide low frequency ground loop noise reduction benefits, with no loss of nominal or maximum level or headroom.
Hopefully this will keep someone from messing up their gain structure by following bad advise.
The principal purpose of a balanced audio circuit is to reject common mode noise, like hum. It is not used to provide more level, and the levels used in most pro audio gear have been standardized for years. Although you don't have to operate at those levels, keeping the input and outputs in an audio system specified at matching common levels will go a long ways towards having a system that is easy or even pleasant to use. The mic preamp though, is the most important gain stage in the system. This stage, besides having the most gain, also sets the system noise floor (This is well known from communications system theory, and applies to radio systems as well). The more gain you have dialed in the preamp, the higher the noise will be (plus the frequency response on the high end may suffer a little, and you may also get some 'group delay' kind of phase shift. (This is also why good quality preamps, that have a lot of gain and are also quiet, are so expensive.) Make up your gain later in the system, usually in the channel the preamp feeds. Starting with the unity gain mark is not a bad idea. You will use less gain in the preamp, which is a good thing. However, this is not a hard and fast rule, and there will be plenty of exceptions. Last but not least, sticking to good quality gear, designed to work with industry standards, is an investment that pays off in the long run.


text:
Q: AD Server integration for User Authentication in WiJungle I have 100 windows PC's in our organization and all are connected to Active Directory Server. We have two working shifts, is it possible that as and when people from different shifts login in to the same PC, they get the internet access and respective firewall policies are applied.

A: Yes, feature is called WiJungle Authentication Suite.
Steps:

*

*Go to User Management->Authentication Server->Add Server

*Select AD and add all respective fields.

*Import AD Wizard->select user groups->import

*Open AD Server

*Install WAS Service and App

*Fill Admin username and password


Kentucky has 49 needle exchanges and many already have a one-for-one policy, but not all. Dennis Chaney heads the Barren River District Health Department which currently operated two exchanges in Warren and Barren counties. He says there can be benefits to one-for-one exchanges, such as holding intravenous drug users more accountable.
"We know whenever any of us are held accountable for something, that brings about long-term sustained behavior change," Chaney told WKU Public Radio.
Some research suggests that requiring a one-for-one exchange creates a barrier to participation. Louisville currently uses a needs-based model, which allows the number of new needles dispensed to be greater than the number returned. Some health experts fear that limiting the offerings of clean needles won't do enough in preventing the spread of blood-borne diseases like HIV and Hepatitis C.
Health departments use the needle exchange programs to engage with drug users anonymously while offering education, free testing, and treatment options.
In the two-and-a-half years since Warren County launched its needle exchange program, more than 30,000 clean needles have been handed out to intravenous drug users, according to health department data. Chaney says since the program began in 2016, two drug users have entered treatment and recovery.
The Bowling Green program is serving about 140 consistent clients and 18 percent of them are coming from surrounding counties and Tennessee. More than half of those served by the exchange say they use drugs three to five times a day, and for most, meth remains their drug of choice.
While their conversations are confidential and users don't have to give their names, Chaney says the health department does ask for their zip codes. Based upon that information, the health department recently began a second needle exchange in Bowling Green.
Once a month, clean syringes are being handed out at The Foundry in downtown Bowling Green on East 11th St. The second location is offered the 4th Friday of every month from 2:00-4:00 p.m.
Fort Mitchell will soon be home to a new initiative targeting the nation's opioid epidemic.


The eat in, all stainless kitchen overlooks the private, lush backyard and boast a walk in pantry. The lower level offers spacious family room with built ins, perfect for entertaining a large crowd. Separate bedroom with walk in closet & slider to rear yard. Sleek quartz bath & laundry center. Garage features numerous storage cabinets. Upper level offers 3 bedrooms, one of which features a Murphy bed! Bedrooms have mirrored closet doors,w built ins. Double doors lead to spacious en suite master, w alcove window & awesome sky lit bath w soaking tub, all glass shower and large walk in closet. Private rear yard has resort feel, two level entertaining areas w pristine pool & spa. Draught tolerant plants encompass the property. So many special things to mention.
This 10525 Quail Springs Ct., San Diego, CA 92131 isn't just an address... but rather a potential home and part of a potential community to call home. When you search for 10525 Quail Springs Ct. you most likely don't just want to know the price or how many bedrooms or baths it has but you want to see interior photos, get nearby school information and community ammenities. You want to know if there are any homeowner or neighborhood and mello-roos taxes associated with 10525 Quail Springs Ct.. At AlexiouRealty.com we give you access to all this information as listed by the listed agent.
Make your home search easier when you search properties at AlexiouRealty.com and find all information you need to make an educated decision prior to touring this home at 10525 Quail Springs Ct.. Call or contact us by email using the contact forms to find out additional information not available to public or to schedule an appointment to see the home at 10525 Quail Springs Ct.. You can also save this home to be notified by email of any price or status changes when you register (feature coming soon).
This 2,650 square feet, 2 Story Detached home at 10525 Quail Springs Ct., San Diego, CA 92131 was built in 1982, it has 4 bedrooms, 3 baths and priced at $1,150,000.
Is this property at 10525 Quail Springs Ct. the right one that fits your needs and you can call home? If it is, we can help you from answering any and all your questions, taking the initial tour of this home to making a successful offer and a smooth closing through escrow once the offer is accepted. If this isn't the right home for you, let us know and we can help you find the one that is. With almost 20 years of real estate and negotiation experience as well as easily accessible information in this site with listings that cover everything from property size to local school information, map location and community information, you are most likely to find the home that you are looking for without any hassle from us. We never call or bother you with unnecessary emails. We'll only contact you to provide you the information you asked for.


Bruce Lutz competing at the 2010 International Karate Championships in Las Vegas with Kenpo Long Form 5.
Master Trejo talks rear kicks.
Here is a short video overview of Camp Kenpo 2011.
Here is a short video overview of Camp Kenpo 2012.
A short montage of video clips from Master Trejo's seminars held at Scott Halsey's Kenpo Karate.


text:
Millions of children at risk of going unimmunised
9:53 June 20, 2010
Geneva – Millions of children in the world's poorest countries must be protected against diarrhoea and pneumonia with new life-saving vaccines in spite of the global economic crisis, donors to the GAVI Alliance have vowed.
"It would be unconscionable to let children die when we have effective new vaccines ready to be introduced and a delivery platform in place to reach nearly 80% of them on a routine basis," said Gustavo Gonzalez-Canali, who represents France, Germany, Luxembourg and the EC donor constituency on the GAVI Board.
Developing countries have the highest burden of disease and I greatly hope the world's donor nations will hear our call for vaccines
Guillermo Gonzalez, Nicaraguan Minister of Health
"There is a strong determination among the donor community to make good on our promises to introduce these new vaccines. It is true that all donors are feeling the pinch in these tight economic times, but the money required is not so much in the greater scheme of things and we know that immunisation is a highly cost-effective investment," he added.
Increased support
At a meeting in Geneva on Wednesday and Thursday 16-17 June, the Board agreed in principle to move forward with funding for applications from 15 developing countries and also agreed in principle to call for a new round of applications
As a consequence it confirmed that GAVI will hold its first replenishment meeting on 6 October in New York. Donors and potential donors will be invited to come with firm financial commitments to support GAVI's immunisation programmes.
The demand for the new vaccines is being driven by developing countries, many of which have made substantial investments of their own in building up their immunisation platforms and health systems and are now reaching up to 80% of children with routine immunisation with support from GAVI and its partners.
"Developing countries have the highest burden of disease and I greatly hope the world's donor nations will hear our call for vaccines that can give our children the same protection against disease as children in richer countries enjoy. This is a matter of equity," said Nicaraguan Minister of Health Guillermo Gonzalez, who represents developing country governments on the Board.
"Children have a right to health and we have it in our power to set them on a path to healthy and productive lives. There comes a time to stop talking and start doing. I sincerely hope that we will see donors put their money on the table. Without this funding for immunisation, the world will not reach Millennium Development Goal 4 to reduce under-five mortality by two-thirds by 2015," said GAVI Board Chair Mary Robinson.
Funding imperative
The Board heard that GAVI needs US$ 4.3 billion between now and 2015 if it is to continue its current programmes and roll out new vaccines against pneumococcal disease and rotavirus to more than 40 countries. This figure includes an additional US$ 2.6 billion over and above current levels of funding.
If it gets the money, GAVI can help developing countries immunise more than 240 million children and prevent some four million deaths by 2015, including one million from pneumococcus and rotavirus diarrhoea, the two main causes of pneumonia and diarrhoea, respectively. GAVI's sustained support for routine childhood vaccination programmes and strong health systems is an important driver of this impact.
Civil society organisations all over the world are strong advocates for increased funding for GAVI's immunisation programmes.
"We demand that governments seize the opportunity that immunisation represents for millions of children in the developing world," said Faruque Ahmed from BRAC who represents civil society organisations on the GAVI Board. "If ever there was a time to deliver on their commitments the time is now."
"If governments really mean to achieve the MDGs, as they have committed to, we must tackle the top child killers — pneumonia and diarrhoea," said independent GAVI Board member Dagfinn Hoybraten, a Norwegian MP. "We are reaching the moment of truth. We know the needs, we have the proof that immunisation works. Now what is needed is real leadership."
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giant red bull ant


text:
Q: How to use REST API with SSRS 2012? How to use REST API with SSRS 2012 ?
Is it even possible ? I had dataset where I called a webservice with SOAP but I don't know how I could modify this for a new REST api.
With SOAP I had this:
<Query>
    <Method Namespace="http://foo.fr/webservices/" Name= "getContractXml">
         <Parameters>
             <Parameter Name="codeContract">
                 <DefaultValue>752125</DefaultValue>
             </Parameter>
         </Parameters>
    </Method>
  <SoapAction>http://foo.fr/webservices/getContractXml</SoapAction></Query>

How to change this to call a REST webservice, in https, with the same name and parameters?


The Town of Rocky Mountain House has retained CORVUS Business Advisors to help in the review and update of the Town's Off-Site Levy Bylaw and associated Off-Site Levy Rates. The Town has now finalized the proposed new Off-site levy rate and has developed a new model of calculating the Off-site levy rate on an annual basis.
You can find the Off-Site Levy Review Report dated October 25, 2016 from CORVUS Business Advisors here.
The next stage in review and adoption of the new Off-site Levy rates is a public information night meeting, to be held on Tuesday, January 24, 2017 from 5:00 pm to 7:00 pm at the Christensen Wellness Center. Following this session, a new Off-Site Levy Bylaw and Policy will be drafted and presented to Town Council for first reading.