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We Are Social Asia Tuesday TuneUp #3
Simon Kemp
Chinese location-based app Jiepang, partners with Starbucks
Jiepang users who visit one of the 200+ Starbucks outlets across Shanghai and Eastern China can now check in with near-field communication-enabled mobile devices. If 20,000 users check in by 17th December, each of those patrons will receive a free size upgrade on a drink during the following week.
With nearly 1.5 million users and over 300 brand partnerships in China since its launch in May 2010, Jiepang is a location-based app to watch.
Coca-Cola 'gamifies' vending machines in Japan
As part of its Happiness campaign, Coca-Cola is encouraging Japanese consumers to 'check-in' and interact with its 820,000 vending machines across Japan via QR codes affixed to the machines. As part of the 'Happiness Quest', users can create virtual identities for, and customise their favourite vending machines, as well as earn badges. Will the Japanese take to this quirky campaign?
Sina Weibo has over 2 million users in Hong Kong
More than one in four Hong Kong citizens now use Sina Weibo, prompting more than 1,000 brands in the city to set up enterprise accounts on the microblogging platform. Considering that Internet users in the SAR have access to international platforms like Facebook and Twitter (in contrast to their mainland counterparts), Sina Weibo's growth of over 1 million users since March is doubly impressive.
Korea's Cyworld goes global (again)
Korean social network Cyworld will once again attempt to enter the international market, with the launch of Global Cyworld. This new international version of its service will include content in English, Chinese, German, Japanese and Spanish, in addition to Korean, and allow users around the world to connect with one another (a feature that was previously unavailable). Let's see whether Cyworld will succeed this time around.
US guidelines on Facebook 'Like-gating'
Facebook's ad revenue is projected to hit $7 billion in 2012, but this figure might be hit by the recent guidelines put in place by the Better Business Bureau's National Advertising Division (NAD). Marketers need to be careful when requesting users 'Like' a page in order to receive some sort of reward in order to ensure they are not utilising "misleading or artificial means to inflate the number of Facebook 'likes'."
This move has come about after a case was made against eyewear supplier Coastal Contacts for deceptively offering free and discounted products to Facebook users who 'liked' the company's page, and that the number of 'likes' presented to investors had been fraudulently obtained.
The NAD cannot itself enforce decisions, but it can refer cases to the Federal Trade Commission if a marketer does not comply with one of its decisions.
New European guidelines on paid for promotion in social media
Meanwhile, in the UK, the IAB and ISBA jointly released guidelines on the payment for editorial content to specifically promote a brand, product or service within social media, which have been developed in consultation with both the Office of Fair Trading and the ASA's Committee for Advertising Practice.
Facebook gives up on China (for now)
It might have the most faces out of any country in the world, but China will still not have Facebook for a while yet. In an interview with Charlie Rose, Sandberg revealed how government policies were the main reason why expansion into China was not yet possible for Facebook; "it's not really our choice. It's the government's choice, you know. We're not available because they've chosen to make us not available."
CheWen is Renren's niche social network for car fanatics
China's CheWen.com is a social network for car lovers, and has already amassed a user base of 4 million in the span of six months. It encompasses functions of a microblog in being able to 'follow' users and brands, has crowdsourcing elements similar to Quora, and also provides automotive news. In particular, the potential for advertisers to reach wealthy netizens is significant, even though the social network is mostly free of ads at the moment.
Read and Listen from the Ticker
Another Facebook baby birthed at f8, the Ticker has undergone a few changes recently. Now news articles and songs in the Ticker include buttons that allow users to begin reading or listening as soon as they click on them.
Facebook also announced their decision to turn off automatic RSS feed syndication within Facebook Notes from 22 November.
Small, mid-sized music businesses have greatest Facebook reach
Social marketing platform Roost set out to understand how small and mid-sized businesses (SMBs) can use Facebook effectively, and determined that businesses operating in music, entertainment and luxury goods have the highest reach (number of fans). Interestingly enough, SMBs in the music industry have the third lowest activity level amongst 28 industries, even though they have the greatest social audience. On the flipside, SMBs in the medical industry have the lowest reach, but are generally the most active in their Facebook efforts.
LinkedIn announce Group Statistics and improve Events
Taking a leaf out of Facebook's success with Insights, LinkedIn have launched statistics for Groups through an easy-to-use dashboard, focusing on three areas: demographics, growth, and activity.
In the past year there have been over a million RSVPs to hundreds of thousands of professional events on LinkedIn. LinkedIn are now taking Events a step further, making it easier to find the right events to attend and connect with others attending those events.
Budweiser's Man of the Match to be picked by fans
It's never been done before, as the decision of who will be the Budweiser Man of the Match has always been reserved for broadcast commentating teams. But now Budweiser are handing over responsibility to their fans, and for every FA cup game this season the Budweiser Man of the Match will be chosen by fans via the Budweiser UK Facebook page or through the free Budweiser Man of the Match app for smartphones. Knowing how football fans love a joke, this may lead to some interesting results…
When a bird leaves the nest, can it take the flock with it?
As a court picks over PhoneDog's complaint that one of its former journalists, Noah Kravitz, failed to surrender the password and thus the fans to a Twitter account originally tied to the company name, it's left everyone debating the rights to digital possessions. In an era where journalists are encouraged to brand themselves, this type of dispute is becoming more frequent. Is leaving a job becoming more like a social media divorce?
Buzzword alert! The proliferation of 'social television'
From X Factor to Glee, TV programmes are utilising social networks to improve engagement with and among fans. Studies have discovered that up to 80% of television viewers now incorporate a 'second screen' into their viewing habits, and apps such as Zeebox – of which Channel 4 have become the first broadcaster to trial – are facilitating this new intersected experience. Media analysts believe that this development will continue to grow. Why? As our very own Robin Grant points out, stories are social:
We've moved on from a temporary aberration where, through the invention of the printing press all the way through to the invention of TV, communication became one-way for a few hundred years. That's not the natural human state. Social media has brought us all back around the campfire and allowed us to talk to each other and to take part in the stories people are telling.
Branded hangouts on Google+
With brand pages recently enabled on Google +, it will be interesting to see how brands make use of the social network for marketing purposes. UK Opticians Specsavers are staking a claim to the first celebrity 'hangout' on the platform, with fashion bloggers invited to video chat with brand ambassador Gok Wan. The event will be integrated with other social sites – Specsavers' YouTube channel will broadcast the event and Facebook will have corresponding live status updates.
Two-thirds of Brits support silencing social media during social unrest
A poll has revealed that two-thirds of UK adults believe that shutting down social networks such as Twitter and BlackBerry Messenger during times of social unrest would help prevent it spreading and worsening. Unsurprisingly, support for action against social networks was strongest among over-65s and weakest among 18 to 24-year-olds, who are the heaviest users of these services.
But as news editor of Index of Censorship, Padraig Reidy, argues:
It's very worrying that people would believe shutting down social networks would be in any way desirable. The vast majority of social network use during the unrest was people spreading information and helping each other get home safely.
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Okręty US Navy o nazwie USS "Rathburne", pochodzącej od Johna Rathbuna. "Rathburne" jest nieprawidłowo zapisanym nazwiskiem Rathbun, które bywa także zapisywane Rathbourne, Rathburn lub Rathbon:
Pierwszy "Rathburne" (DD-113) był niszczycielem typu Wickes zwodowanym w 1917 i skreślonym z listy w 1945.
Drugi "Rathburne" (DE-1057) był fregatą typu Knox, zwodowaną w 1969, skreśloną z listy w 1995 i zatopiony ogniem dział BAP Montero w trakcie ćwiczeń SINKEX wchodzących w skład RIMPAC 2002.
Rathburne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Religion as a Factor in US Foreign Policy
June 9, 2021 June 9, 2021 UniqueWritersBay
The influence of religion in the interactions of the state is among the great and least implicit security challenges of the 21st century. Additionally, the role of religion in international politics presents an intellectual contest to politics, religion, and international relations scholars. Although religion has developed as an important factor in some assessments of international relations, unexplored and controversial questions remain regarding the religious role in states' foreign policies. Several empirical types of research have tried to determine the opinions that supporters of various faiths hold regarding foreign policy and to examine if international conflicts have happened along the religious line after the end of the cold war (Warner & Walker, 2011, p.113). This paper evaluates the engagement of religion in the U.S. foreign policy to determine the basic problem of involving religion in foreign policy and the main obstacles in making the religious value of foreign nations the basis for U.S. foreign policy conduct.
Read also The Supreme Court and Foreign Policy
The Basic Problem with Making Religion a Relevant Factor in USFP
One basic problem with making religion a relevant factor in USFP is that religion is a multifaceted phenomenon that plays different roles in the lives of people. Religion is a source of world values and views and a source of legitimacy and identity. Religion is also regarded as a set of communally held spiritual beliefs voiced in a discourse, interpreted and perpetuated by communities, institutions, and related practices (Warner & Walker, 2011, p.114). The complexity of religion and diversity in religious values, views, and beliefs makes it hard to integrate religion in USFP, especially in a situation where it is not clear on which religious values to uphold, and the impact this may bring to the directed group; with different religious values.
Read also Role of Salvation in Religion For Individual and Community
The USFP normally focuses on the relationship between the U.S. and other foreign countries. In most cases, the targeted countries have different religious norms compared to the majority in the U.S. Moreover, even the U.S. has minority religions which illustrate a lack of uniformity in the religious beliefs of a country. This makes it hard to promote religious freedom agenda as they are likely to be diverse. According to Casey (2014), there is also a lack of good relations between different religious groups and hence, making it hard to identify a common voice or values in these religions. The religious diversity from one country to another or one religion to another makes it hard to have a common ground or common interest that politicians can work with to engage religious agenda in foreign policy. One religious group finds the beliefs of another group incorrect or intolerable based on their judgment.
Read also Effects of Foreign Interference in Iraq, Iranian Interests in Iraq and Nujaba Group's Activities in the Middle East
It is therefore more. For instance Saudi Arabia values Islamic religious values more, while the U.S. values Christian religious values more. It is likely that any religious agenda promoted by the U.S. over Saudi Arabia may interfere with their beliefs, and hence likely to be biased in Saudi Arabian's face. This creates a possibility of provoking unnecessary resistance, rivalry, or conflict that will make it hard to achieve the policy agenda. Religious agenda is thus likely to be biased when directed to another country since they are not universal. The inability to share religious beliefs makes one group intolerant to the other.
Read also Religion as the Core Imperative for Colonies in America
The Main Obstacle to Making Religious Value of Foreign Nations the Basis for the Conduct of USFP
The main obstacle in making religious values of foreign nations the basis for the conduct of USFP is that they are not shared, and most of them may be unjust or inhuman to the other group. For instance, Islam practices early marriages where girls are put in an arranged marriage at a young age, some even below ten (Council on Foreign Relations, 2015). This is considered as violence against women and girls, and human rights in the U.S (Council on Foreign Relations, 2015).
It is therefore hard for the U.S. to embrace such practices and respect them as religious values of the countries practicing them while making their foreign policies. (Haynes, 2008, p.144) religions can use soft power to influence foreign policy formation in the U.S. However, they cannot impose their beliefs on another nation, in a quest to ally. The targeted nation may refuse to be compelled to follow religious norms they do not believe in for political benefits. Moreover, a similar approach may be used by others to agree to international treaties that the U.S. tries to woo them into. This can result in negative feelings towards different countries that do not share religious values but wish to share political advantages.
Read also Religion in the American Society And The World
There is also the aspect of separation between state and religion. The separation of church and state reduced church influence on the state matters. In a situation where the state does not interfere with religious matters, then it had for a long time worked with little consultation from the church or the religion (Nieuwenhuis, 2012, p155). This gives religion little influence on political matters, though the general Christianity values are considered especially in the formation of federal policies, it does not have a powerful influence for internal matters, and hence it would not have a great influence on foreign matters where multicultural issues are regarded while formulating those policies.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Best Shuffle Schools In San Francisco Near Me
German academies in
schools in
public schools in
french schools
opposition academies in
1. San Francisco School
Address: 300 Gaven St, San Francisco, CA 94134
Web page: http://www.sfschool.org/
Near San Francisco School:
a 143 meters away jazz concerts: Jazz Chez Hanny
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Guy: Art school
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Near San Francisco High School of the Arts:
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Near The Bay School of San Francisco:
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Near New School of San Francisco:
a 100 meters away lawyers specialising in inheritance in: Button Law Inc.
Business: The New School of San Francisco is a public school committed to inquiry based, equity and personalized learning. We are a K-12 school currently serving K-4th grade.
6. Lowell High School
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Web page: https://www.sfusd.edu/school/lowell-high-school
Near Lowell High School:
a 172 meters away magic lessons: Everyday Magic Inc
Business: Founded in 1856 in San Francisco, Lowell High School is the oldest public high school west of the Mississippi. It is ranked as one of the highest performing public high schools in California, and has been recognized 4 times as a National Blue Ribbon School, 8 times as a California Distinguished School, and one time as a Gold Ribbon School. Lowell has been consistently ranked #1 in the Western Region for the number of Advanced Placement Exams given.
7. San Francisco City Academy
Address: 232 Jones St, San Francisco, CA 94102
Guy: Private educational institution
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a 10 meters away couples clubs in: Power Exchange
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Business: SF International is a small school that offers a unique program designed for recent immigrant students who have attended school in the United States for four years or less. SF International teachers are specially trained to offer extra support to help every student develop their academic English skills while they learn the content they need to graduate and be prepared for college.
10. Brandeis School of San Francisco
Address: 655 Brotherhood Way, San Francisco, CA 94132
Web page: http://www.sfbrandeis.org/
Near Brandeis School of San Francisco:
a 10 meters away kids summer camps: Camp Galileo
Business: Brandeis is a K–8, independent, coeducational day school. Our academic environment is focused on relevance and rooted in Jewish values, traditions, & culture.
11. San Francisco Day School
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Web page: http://www.sfds.net/
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a 79 meters away blood donation locations in: Vitalant - San Francisco (Masonic Ave)
12. The Academy - San Francisco @ McAteer
Address: 555 Portola Dr, San Francisco, CA 94131
Web page: https://beta.sfusd.edu/school/academy-san-francisco-mcateer
Near The Academy - San Francisco @ McAteer:
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Business: The Academy offers a rigorous and relevant curriculum to meet the needs of our diverse student body. All students complete their a-g requirements during their 4 years and graduate college-eligible. Thanks to a partnership with CCSF, many of our graduates also graduate already having earned transferable college credits.
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Web page: http://www.urbanschool.org/
Near Urban School:
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Address: 2026 Divisadero St, San Francisco, CA 94115
Guy: Preschool
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a 3 meters away jewelry courses in: Lauren O. Jewels
Business: The Russian Hill School is a mixed age preschool that addresses the social, emotional and educational needs of children between ages of three and six through an innovative arts and project based curriculum.
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Address: 1520 Lyon St, San Francisco, CA 94115
Schedule: Open ⋅ Closes 5AM
Web page: http://www.littleschool.org/
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16. TALK English Schools - San Francisco School
Address: Anchorage Plaza, 2800 Leavenworth St UNIT 205, San Francisco, CA 94133
Web page: http://www.talk.edu/english-schools/san-francisco
Near TALK English Schools - San Francisco School:
a 18 meters away Bike Tours: Bay City Bike Rentals and Tours
"One of the best schools I've ever been to if not the best."
Business: Learn English in San Francisco. TALK English Schools offer Intensive, general & professional English courses in California. Contact us today and start learning English with TALK.
17. San Francisco University High School
Address: 3065 Jackson St, San Francisco, CA 94115
Web page: http://www.sfuhs.org/
Near San Francisco University High School:
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18. San Francisco Pacific Academy
Address: 3301 Balboa St, San Francisco, CA 94121
Web page: http://www.sanfranciscoacademy.org/
Near San Francisco Pacific Academy:
a 15 meters away veterinarians: Balboa Pet Hospital
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5 You will appear in the first positions of Google as the best in shuffle schools in.


Stunning Bayfront custom home by Masterpiece Homes. This is an incredible find with all of the appointments and features you expect from this builder. The home boasts an open concept with walls of windows, "miles" of balconies, chef's island kitchen with granite clad counter tops, designer stainless appliances and more. Elegant master suite with incredible views of the bay, a spa quality bath with Jacuzzi tub, glass enclosed separate steam shower and large walk in closets. Gorgeous rich wood flooring on the first level with most recently installed. Crystal pool/spa. Elevator to all three levels, six car covered parking with open pavilion overlooking the bay. Perfect place to enjoy the serenity of a morning sunrise and the drama and beauty of a sunset over the bay. Call for a personal tour!


This page lists the top college bookstores in Nevada. CampusBooks.com offers huge savings on textbooks over college bookstore prices. Don't believe us? Click on your school to compare their textbook prices with CampusBooks.com prices.
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When you need the book today, the Community College of Southern Nevada Bookstore may be your best bet. And now with our CampusBooks.com Local Library and Bookstore feature, you can compare online prices and Community College of Southern Nevada Bookstore prices and see if your book is in stock at Community College of Southern Nevada Bookstore. The choices for students at Community College of Southern Nevada has never been more abundant or more convenient!
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For the last few years, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Bookstore has taken a bad rap. And it has responded by stepping up its games to make textbooks more affordable by including textbook rentals, eBooks, and more used books, all of which benefit students at University of Nevada, Las Vegas . And of course, the convenience of the college bookstore is great -- immediate pick-up and no shipping costs. So don.t write University of Nevada, Las Vegas Bookstore off; they may have the deal that.s right for you! See for yourself: use the CampusBooks.com Local Library and Bookstore feature to compare online prices and University of Nevada, Las Vegas Bookstore prices and find the deal that.s best for you.


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Affleck on "Argo" -- and a dig at "ZDT"?
In a Terry Gross interview, the actor-director talks about staying true "to the events that you're telling"
Check out this article! https://www.salon.com/2013/01/16/affleck_on_argo_and_a_dig_at_zdt/
Kerry Lauerman
Terry Gross' interview with Ben Affleck on Tuesday's "Fresh Air" is a uniformly interesting discussion about the making of Affleck's "Argo," and the effort and ethics that go into bringing quasi-historical depictions to the big screen. But it becomes particularly interesting about halfway in, when Gross asks Affleck about his approach to handling history in a motion picture. He admits to taking creative license with the movie:
Affleck: It's OK to embellish, it's OK to compress, as long as you don't fundamentally change the nature of the story and of what happened.
Gross: ... As a viewer whenever I see a biopic or a historical film, I'm always wondering what's true and what's false, and what can I trust. Because I think movies that are historical have usually a dual goal, one is to like enlighten you about this really interesting story that actually happened and the other is to entertain you, because it's a movie. As someone who is interested in historical accuracy and journalistic accuracy I know that movies aren't journalism except for documentaries . . .
Affleck: Unless they say they're journalism, yeah.
That sure sounds like a dig at "Zero Dark Thirty" director Kathryn Bigelow, who has called her film "journalistic" in its approach -- and continues to face serious criticism that her film falsely portrays torture as a key to the capture and killing of Osama bin Laden. (Recently, Dick Cheney daughter and chief defender Liz Cheney tweeted: "Just saw Zero Dark Thirty. Excellent film about years of heroism, including in the enhanced interrogation program, that led to bin Laden.")
When Gross mentions "Zero Dark Thirty," Affleck dodges briefly, saying, "I wouldn't want to comment on any other filmmaker's work except to say that I understand that there is a push and pull" in choosing how to portray a real story and make it a film. But he goes on to say that "I deeply, deeply believe that one has to stay true to the essence of the events that you're telling because you're conferring meaning. You want people to walk out of there and say, I understand this more deeply. And that -- if you corrupt that, it's a tremendous betrayal."
"Argo" faced some mild criticism from some critics who thought the dramatic finale stretched the truth too far, and faced early challenges by Canadian critics, who felt their government was given too little credit -- which Affleck addressed in tweaking the film's postscript language. But it has largely avoided any real concerns over its history -- perhaps because it never claimed to be anything more than a movie.
Kerry Lauerman is Salon's Editor in Chief. Follow him on Twitter and Facebook.
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Argo Ben Affleck Kathryn Bigelow Zero Dark Thirty
What's behind the AOC-Pelosi feud?


Advance Commercial Equipment Ltd has been a leading supplier of equipment and supplies for restaurants, hotels, hospitals and government institutions for the last 30 years and has taken a leading role in the development of the Caribbean in food service technology, international health and safety standards and customer service. As a manufacturer direct representative based out of Trinidad, Advance has serviced numerous clienteles including KFC, Pizza Hut, T.G.I. Friday's, Mario's Pizzeria, Pizza Boy's, Church's Chicken, Government Ministries, etc. Our regional focus has allowed us to complete projects not only in Trinidad and Tobago, but also in countries ranging from Puerto Rico to Guyana, in all aspects of supply, installation and commissioning. We pride ourselves on having relationships with leading manufacturers such as True, Hoshizaki, Hobart, Vulcan, Garland, Royal Range, Frymaster, Pitco, Henny Penny, Taylor, Amerikooler, BKI, Groen, Cleveland, Greenheck, Clarke, Unimac, Speed Queen and many others. With a strong team of factory trained technicians and a knowledgeable support staff with international training but local understanding, the firm has defined a new role for itself in this market.


text:
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import { Observable } from "rxjs/Observable";
import { CarService } from "../../services/car.service";

@Component({
  selector: 'card-list',
  templateUrl: './card-list.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./card-list.component.css']
})
export class CardListComponent implements OnInit {
  cars: Observable<any>;

  constructor(private carService: CarService) { }

  ngOnInit() {
    this.cars = this.carService.cars;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Intermediaries the focus of EU Digital Services Act Intermediaries the focus of EU Digital Services Act
Intermediaries the focus of EU Digital Services Act
Out-Law News | 17 Dec 2020 | 3:18 pm | 5 min. read
Online intermediaries in the EU face a complex set of new obligations relating to the supply of goods, services and digital content under the proposed new EU Digital Services Act (DSA).
The draft legislation published by the European Commission is wide-ranging and was issued alongside separate proposals for a new Digital Markets Act.
One of the DSA's core purposes is to establish a revised framework for the removal of illegal content and standardise EU rules in relation to the liability of providers of intermediary services – building on the existing framework outlined in the E-Commerce Directive.
New "due diligence" obligations on 'providers of intermediary services' are also proposed. Baseline requirements would apply to all providers under the Commission's four-stage plans, with further obligations added at each step for hosting providers, online platforms and very large online platforms respectively.
Stage one – the proposed baseline requirements
Providers of intermediary services are defined as those that provide a 'mere conduit' service, a 'caching' service, or a 'hosting' service.
All three terms feature in the existing E-Commerce Directive and the current definitions are carried over into the draft DSA.
In essence, a mere conduit is a service that passes information between a sender and recipient over a communication network, or facilitates access to that network.
A caching service is one that involves the automatic, intermediate and temporary storage of information to smooth the further transmission of information.
A hosting service consists of the storage of information provided by, and at the request of, recipients.
Under the draft DSA, all such providers would be required to identify and disclose a single point of contact, as well as reference the restrictions they impose on the use of their services within their terms and conditions. A new duty to report on content moderation activities is also envisaged.
Stage two – proposals impacting hosting providers and online platforms
The second tranche of obligations proposed would impact hosting providers, including online platforms.
An 'online platform' is a hosting service that goes further by disseminating information to the public on behalf of recipients, subject to listed exceptions.
Hosting providers and online platforms would need to establish "easy to access, user-friendly" mechanisms that enable users to notify them of the presence of illegal content on their platforms and provide an explanation to users in cases where they acted to disable access to or remove information.
Stage three – proposals impacting online platforms
Among the most significant additional requirements applicable to just online platforms under the Commission's proposals is a duty to notify law enforcement agencies where they become aware of "any information giving rise to a suspicion that a serious criminal offence involving a threat to the life or safety of persons has taken place, is taking place or is likely to take place".
Online platforms would also be required to suspend "frequent" publishers of illegal content and be responsive to "trusted flaggers" – bodies designated as specialists in detecting, identifying and notifying illegal content – in promptly reviewing and making determinations on the removal or disablement of content flagged to them.
Under the proposals, online platforms that facilitate trade between businesses and consumers would also be obliged to require traders to gather a number of details from the trader to enable them to be traced. The platforms would also be obliged to make reasonable efforts to assess whether the information provided is reliable, ask traders to update the information provided when it is not, and ultimately suspend traders that fail to provide complete information.
Additional transparency reporting is also envisaged. Online platforms would need to report, among other things, the number of average monthly users they have, the number of suspensions they imposed on users, and the number of out-of-court settlements reached in relation to content removal.
New obligations around digital advertising on online platforms are also proposed. Online platforms would need to ensure adverts are signposted to users "in a clear and unambiguous manner and in real time". This would include informing users of the identity of the advertiser and providing "meaningful information about the main parameters used to determine" how the advert came to be displayed to them.
Data protection law expert Michele Voznick of Pinsent Masons, the law firm behind Out-Law, said: "The proposals for transparency, and meaningful explanations about the parameters for online advertising being displayed to specific individuals, particularly when based on profiling, would give new information to users and complement the GDPR. This additional information about online advertising should allow individuals to better understand how their personal data is used and why they are receiving certain advertising."
Stage four – proposals impacting very large online platforms
'Very large online platforms' are defined as those that provide their services to a number of average monthly active recipients of the service in the EU equal to or higher than 45 million – roughly 10% of the 450m consumers within the EU market. The most extensive requirements proposed by the Commission under the draft DSA would apply to those businesses.
Under the Commission's plans, very large online platforms would face a new duty to identify, analyse and assess "significant systemic risks stemming from the functioning and use made of their services" in the EU, including in relation to the dissemination of illegal content through their services; any negative effects for the exercise of a range of fundamental rights, including to privacy, freedom of expression, prohibition of discrimination and children's rights; and the intentional manipulation of their service. "Reasonable, proportionate and effective mitigation measures, tailored to the specific systemic risks identified" would then need to be implemented by the platforms.
Very large online platforms would also be expected to appoint compliance officers to monitor compliance with the DSA, and open themselves up to external audit, share data with regulators upon request, and be transparent to users about recommendations they display.
The draft DSA also makes provision for the establishment of new codes of conduct on issues such as addressing illegal content and systemic risks, and on meeting the proposed new obligations around online advertising.
Scope is also provided in the proposals for the Commission to work with industry and other stakeholders on new "crisis protocols" to help disseminate public security or public health information.
Supervision and enforcement
Each EU member state would be required to appoint a Digital Services Coordinator (DSC) – a regulator responsible for enforcement of the DSA. Technology law expert Dr. Nils Rauer of Pinsent Masons said it is proposed that these DSCs would be given far-reaching investigation and monitoring powers, and that a stiff penalties regime is also envisaged.
Rauer said: "Member states would be responsible for establishing 'effective, proportionate and dissuasive' penalties for non-compliance, but the Regulation leaves it open for fines of up to 6% of a provider's total turnover in the preceding financial year to be imposed if core provisions of the legislation are not adhered to. Smaller, more technical, infringements could trigger fines up to 1% of the total turnover. In addition, periodic penalty payments not exceeding 5% of the average daily turnover in the preceding financial year per day are outlined as an option."
The position in the UK
There is a separate, but similar, journey towards greater regulation of 'big tech' underway in the UK.
Last year, the government consulted on proposals for how online intermediaries might address what it has termed as "online harms". In February this year, the government published an initial response to the feedback it had received, and earlier this week it published its full consultation response.
The government has committed to introducing a new Online Safety Bill in 2021. This legislation, it said, will, like the DSA, outline what intermediaries will be required to do to address both illegal content and other harmful content, and will draw a distinction between those two things. One significant change proposed is the introduction of a new duty of care for some online service providers.
Both the draft DSA and the Online Safety Bill, when it is published, will be subject to change as the legislation is scrutinised by law makers.
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Dr. Nils Rauer, MJI
Rechtsanwalt, Partner
+49 69 506026 012 [email protected]
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