text:
Electrode for energy storage devices and electrochemical supercapacitor based on said electrode
An electrode comprises an electrically conductive substrate, a layer of energy accumulating redox polymer deposited onto the substrate, the redox polymer comprising a polymer metal complex with a substituted tetra-dentate Schiff's base selected from the group: poly-[Me(R, R′—Y)], wherein Me is a transition metal; Y is a bridge group binding the atoms of Nitrogen in the Schiff's base; R is an electron-donating substituent comprising a functional group (X)O—, —COO(X), where (X) is an alkali metal; R′ is Hydrogen or Halogen; and wherein
the polymer metal complex has the following structure: The electrochemical capacitor comprises a case housing the above-described positive electrode and a negative electrode disposed inside the case, and an electrolyte filling the space between the electrodes.
Timonov, Alexander (St. Petersburg, RU)
Logvinov, Sergey (St. Petersburg, RU)
Pivunov, Dmitry (St. Petersburg, RU)
H01M4/60; H01G9/00; H01G9/042; H01G9/155; H01M4/137; H01M4/38
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THOMAS, ERIC W
K&L Gates LLP-Boston (BOSTON, MA, US)
1. An electrode comprising an electrically conductive substrate, a layer of energy accumulating redox polymer deposited onto the substrate, the redox polymer comprising a polymer metal complex with a substituted tetra-dentate Schiff's base selected from the group: poly-[Me(R, R′—Y)], wherein Me is a transition metal; Y is a bridge group binding the atoms of Nitrogen in the Schiff's base; R is an electron-donating substituent comprising a functional group (X)O—, —COO(X), where (X) is an alkali metal; R′ is Hydrogen or Halogen; and wherein the polymer metal complex has the following structure: with n selected from the range from 2 to 50000.
2. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the alkali metal is Li or Na.
3. The electrode according to claim 2, wherein the bridge group Y binding the atoms of Nitrogen in the Schiff's base comprises Salen, which is a residue of bis(salicylaldehyde)-ethylenediamine.
4. The electrode according to claim 2, wherein Saltmen, which is a residue of bis(salicylaldehyde)-tetramethylethylenediamine, is used as the bridge group —Y, binding the atoms of Nitrogen in the Shiff's base.
6. The electrode according to claim 2, wherein the polymer metal complex comprises the transition metal selected from the group consisting of Ni, Pd, Co, Cu, and Fe.
7. The electrode according to claim 2, wherein the conductive substrate is made of carbon fiber and has a complex relief surface.
8. The electrode according to claim 2, wherein the conductive substrate is made of carbon and has a metal coating.
9. The electrode according to claim 2, wherein the conductive substrate is made of metal and has a complex relief surface.
10. The electrode according to claim 2, wherein the conductive substrate is made of a polymer with electronic conduction made as a film, porous structure or foam.
11. An electrochemical capacitor comprising a case housing a positive electrode and a negative electrode disposed inside the case, and an electrolyte filling the space between the electrodes, wherein the positive electrode is made accordingly to any of the claims 1-10.
12. The capacitor according to claim 11, wherein the negative electrode comprises an active material containing the same alkali metal contained in the composition of the electron-donating substituent of the redox polymer of the positive electrode.
13. The capacitor according to claim 11, wherein the negative electrode comprises an electrically conductive substrate, a layer of energy accumulating redox polymer deposited onto the substrate, the redox polymer comprising a polymer metal complex with a substituted tetra-dentate Schiff's base selected from the group: poly-[Me(R, R′—Y)], wherein Me is a transition metal; Y is a bridge group binding the atoms of Nitrogen in the Schiff's base; R is an electron-donating substituent comprising a functional group (X)O—, —COO(X), where (X) is an alkali metal contained in the composition of the electron-donating substituent of the energy-accumulation redox polymer of the positive electrode; R′ is Hydrogen or Halogen; and wherein the polymer metal complex has the following structure: with n selected from the range from 2 to 50000.
14. The capacitor according to claim 11, wherein the negative electrode comprises a conducting substrate and a layer of energy-accumulating redox polymer deposited onto the substrate, wherein the redox polymer is a polymer metal complex with a substituted tetra-dentate Schiff's base selected from the group: poly-[Me(R, R′—Y)], where: Me—transition metal; Y—the bridge group binding the atoms of nitrogen in the Schiff's base; R—electron-donating substituent in the form of a functional group (X)O—, —COO(X), where (X)—an alkali metal contained in the composition of the electron-donating substituent of the energy-accumulation redox polymer of the positive electrode; R′—H or Hlg, at that, the compound has the following structure: where n can be any value in the range from 2 to 50000.
15. The capacitor according to claim 11, wherein the electrolyte is a solution of a compound in an organic solvent, which compound is soluble in the solvent to a concentration of no less than 0.01 mol/l and which contains ions electrochemically inactive within the range of potentials from −3.0 to +1.5 V.
16. The capacitor according to claim 15, wherein the compound is a salt of the alkali metal contained in the electron-donating substituent of the energy-accumulating redox polymer of the positive electrode, the salt of the alkali metal selected from the group consisting of perchlorates, tetrafluoroborates, and hexafluorophosphates.
17. The capacitor according to claim 15, wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, dimethyl ketone, and propylene carbonate.
18. The capacitor according to claim 11, wherein the electrolyte comprises a stabilizer.
19. The capacitor according to claim 11, wherein the electrolyte comprises a thickener for transitioning the electrolyte into a gel-like state.
20. The capacitor according to claim 11, further comprising a separator disposed between the electrodes and dividing an internal space of the capacitor into a cathode and an anode space.
21. The capacitor according to claim 11, wherein the case is made of a material resistant to the action of the electrolyte.
22. The capacitor according to claim 11, further comprising a device for pouring an electrolyte, a safety valve and a fastening element mounted on the case of the capacitor.
The invention claimed herein relates to electrical engineering, and more specifically, to electrodes and electrode-based energy storage devices and may be used for the creation of electrochemical energy storage devices or secondary sources of current, such as supercapacitors.
Secondary sources of current make it possible to accumulate, store and release electric power to an external electric circuit. Among these secondary sources are conventional batteries, conventional capacitors and electrochemical capacitors (also called Supercapacitors or Ultracapacitors).
An electrochemical supercapacitor usually comprises a hermetically sealed housing filled with an electrolyte, a positive electrode (cathode) and a negative electrode (anode) placed inside the housing, a separator, such as a membrane that separates the anode space from the cathode space and special lead terminals coupling the supercapacitor to external electric circuits.
Electrochemical supercapacitors are based on the capacitive (not battery type) or Faradic (battery type) method for storing electrical power. In the first case the capacity of the double electrical layer formed at the electrolyte/electrode boundary is used for energy storage. Typically carbon materials having a large specific surface are used in capacitive devices as electrodes. During the charge/discharge process in a capacitive device no chemical or phase changes take place on the electrode surface or inside the electrode.
In the devices of the second type the charge/discharge process is accompanied by redox reactions on the surfaces of the electrodes. In contrast to batteries, these processes take place inside a thin layer of an electrically active compound on the surface of the electrodes. In the most well known supercapacitors of this type the surface of the electrodes is covered with metal oxides.
Typically both methods of energy accumulation are implemented in real devices, however, it is always possible to tell which method makes the main contribution to the energy accumulation process and to classify the capacitor by the energy storing method.
Electrochemical supercapacitors exhibit a very high specific power up to as high as 10 kW/kg and a long service life of up to 1 million charge/discharge cycles. These characteristics provide for a wide range of potential applications for such electrochemical supercapacitors.
Nevertheless, known electrochemical supercapacitors have disadvantages, of which the most important is their low specific energy capacity. The value of the specific energy capacity of commercially available products is within the range of 1-10 W·h/kg.
The maximal values of the specific energy capacity of about 30 W·h/kg were claimed for the electrochemical supercapacitors of the Faradic type comprising carbon electrodes with ruthenium oxide on their surface. However, the high cost of ruthenium hinders the wide application of such devices.
The above-described disadvantages are based on objective factors. The maximal values of the specific energy capacity of the known supercapacitors are limited primarily by the nature of the metal oxides—the materials used in electrode manufacture, which also contributes to the high cost of these devices.
In an international application "Polymer-modified electrode for energy storage devices and electrochemical supercapacitor based on said polymer-modified electrode", WO03065536A2, a chemically modified electrode comprises a conducting substrate and a layer of an energy-accumulating redox polymer deposited onto the layer. The redox polymer is a stack-type polymer complex compound of a transition metal having at least two different degrees of oxidation. The redox polymer also comprises monomer fragments of a planar structure with a branched system of conjugated π-bonds and the deviation from the plane of no greater than 0.1 nm.
A polymer metal complex with a substituted tetra-dentate Schiff's base may be used as the polymer complex compound of a transition metal—for example, the compound from the group: poly-[Me(R, R′-Salen)],
where: Me—transition metal;
Salen—residue of bis-(salicylaldehyde)-ethylenediamine in Schiff's base;
R—H or electron-donating substituent, for example, CH3O—, C2H5O—, HO— or —CH3;
R′—H or Hlg,
may be used as said polymer metal complex.
Energy-accumulating devices with electrodes comprising redox polymers can possess the properties of different types of supercapacitors and of electrochemical batteries, i.e. a high specific power and high specific energy capacity, respectively. The main distinguishing feature of the known electrochemical capacitor is the design of its electrodes—at least one of them is made as a chemically modified electrode.
It should be noted that the examples given in the international application WO03065536A2 don't exhaust the possible ways of using the polymer metal complexes with substituted tetra-dentate Schiff's base.
The present invention provides an electrode with a high specific energy capacity by using new polymer metal complexes with a substituted tetra-dentate Schiff's base, as well as provides an electrochemical capacitor based on this electrode.
The electrode for energy storage devices comprises a conducting substrate with a deposited layer of an energy-accumulating redox polymer being a polymer metal complex with a substituted tetra-dentate Schiff's base from the group: poly-[Me(R, R′—Y)],
Y—a bridge group binding the atoms of nitrogen in the Schiff's base;
R—an electron-donating substituent which is a functional group (X)O—, —COO(X), where (X) is an alkali metal, for example, Li or Na;
R′—H or Hlg;
The polymer metal complex has the following structure:
where n may take any value within the range from 2 to 50000.
The novel electrode differs from the one described in application WO03065536 in that an alkali metal —(X), for example Li or Na, is used in the functional group (X)O—, —COO(X) of the electron-donating substituent R. Use of an alkali metal allows increasing the specific energy capacity of the energy storage device.
Salen, which is a residue of bis(salicylaldehyde)-ethylenediamine, can be used as a bridge group —Y binding the atoms of nitrogen in the Shiff's base. In this case the compound has the following structure:
Saltmen, which is a residue of bis(salicylaldehyde)-tetramethylethylenediamine, can be used as a bridge group —Y, binding the atoms of nitrogen in the Shiff's base. In this case the compound has the following structure:
Salphen, which is a residue of bis-(salicylaldehyde)-o-phenylenediamine can be used as a bridge group —Y, binding the atoms of nitrogen in the Shiff's base.
A metal selected from the group consisting of Ni, Pd, Co, Cu, and Fe can be used as a transition metal in a polymer complex compound.
A structure having large specific surface made of a material which is electronically conductive and electrochemically inactive within the range of potentials from −3.0 V to +1.5 V can be used as a conducting substrate (hereinafter the potentials are given relative to the chlorine-silver reference electrode). For example, carbon fiber and other carbon materials with large specific surface, carbon materials with metal coating, metal electrodes with complex-relief surface can be used. Besides, polymers with electronic conduction in the form of films, porous structures, foams, etc. may be used as a conductive substrate material.
The types of polymer metal complexes used in the above-described electrode belong to the class of redox polymers which have a directed electronic redox-conduction. The formation of the bonds between the fragments can be considered from the viewpoint of the donor-acceptor intermolecular interaction between a ligand of one molecule and a metal center of another molecule. As a result, the formation of the so-called "monomer" or "stack" macromolecules takes place. It is noted that the formation of the "stack" structures of the polymer, as it has also been discovered by the inventors, is possible only through the use of monomers having a square-planar spatial structure. Schematically this formation process may be depicted in the following way:
From the outside an aggregation of these macromolecules looks like a solid transparent film on the surface of the electrode, the film having a different color depending upon the nature of the metal and the presence of substituents in the structure of the ligand.
Polymer metal complexes are bound to the surface of the inert electrode as a result of chemosorption.
The charge transfer in polymer metal complexes happens due to "electron hopping" between the metal centers with different charge states and can be described in terms of a diffusion model. Oxidation or reducton of polymer metal complexes associated with the change of the charge state of the metal centers and with the directed charge transfer over the polymer chain is accompanied by the penetration of the charge-compensating counter-ions into the polymer or by their exiting from the polymer. The charge-compensating counter-ions are located in the electrolyte solution surrounding the polymer.
The above-described electrode can be employed as a positive electrode of the electrochemical capacitor.
The electrochemical capacitor comprises a case, housing a positive and negative electrodes disposed inside the case and an electrolyte that fills the space between the electrodes.
The negative electrode can be made by different methods.
In one of the embodiments of the invention, the negative electrode comprises an active material containing the same alkali metal contained in the composition of the electron-donating substituent of the energy-accumulating redox polymer of the positive electrode.
The electrode material is able to "absorb" the active the metal, which is used in the composition of the functional group (the radical) R of the positive electrode, from the electrolyte in order to retain in its structure and to release, described above.
Thus, for example, if the group LiO— or —COOLi is used as R in the redox polymer, then graphite or any other material used as a negative electrode material in the commercially accessible lithium ion batteries can be used as a material of the negative electrode. In this case lithium will be used as the active material. In case when the group NaO— or —COONa is used as R of the redox polymer, then any material capable of retaining sodium in its structure and releasing sodium (i.e. capable of reversible intercalation) can be used as an active material of the negative electrode.
In another embodiment, the negative electrode is made as a conducting substrate, onto which a layer of energy-accumulating redox polymer is deposited, with said redox polymer being a polymer metal complex with substituted tetra-dentate Schiff's base from the group: poly-[Me(R, R′—Y)],
Y—the bridge group binding the atoms of nitrogen in the Schiff's base;
R—electron-donating substituent in the form of a functional group (X)O—, —COO(X), where (X)—an alkali metal contained in the composition of the electron-donating substituent of the energy-accumulation redox polymer of the positive electrode;
at that, the compound has the following structure:
where n can be any value in the range from 2 to 50000.
Salen—residue of bis(salicylaldehyde)-ethylenediamine, or Saltmen—residue of bis(salicylaldehyde)-tetramethylethylenediamine or Salphen—residue of bis(salicylaldehyde)-o-phenylenediamine can be used as a bridge group —Y that binds the atoms of nitrogen in Schiff's base.
The negative electrode can also be made as a conducting substrate, onto which a layer of energy-accumulating redox polymer is deposited, with said redox polymer being a polymer metal complex with a substituted tetra-dentate Schiff's base, from the group: poly-[Me(R, R′—Y)],
R—electron-donating substituent in the form of a functional group H, CH3O—, C2H5O—, HO—, —CH3;
R′—H or Hlg, at that, the structure of this compound is as follows:
where n can take any value within the range of 2 to 50000.
Salen—residue of bis(salicylaldehyde)-ethylenediamine, or Saltmen—residue of bis(salicylaldehyde)-tetramethylethylenediamine, or Salphen—residue of bis(salicylaldehyde)-o-phenylenediamene may be used as a bridge group —Y that binds the atoms of nitrogen in Schiff's base.
The electrolyte is a solution of a compound (in an organic solvent), which is soluble in the said solvent to a concentration of no less than 0.01 mol/l and which contains the electrochemically inactive (within the range of potentials from −3.0 to +1.5 V) ions—i.e. anions as well as cations of an alkali metal in its composition. The alkali metal is a component of the electron-donating substituent of the energy-accumulating redox polymer of the positive electrode. Salts of the used metal (for example, the salts of lithium—perchlorates, tetrafluoroborates, hexafluorophosphates and other compounds meeting the above requirements) are the examples of such compounds.
A solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, dimethyl ketone, and propylene carbonate can be used as the organic solvent.
Besides, the electrolyte composition can contain additional compounds—stabilizers extending the service life and enhancing the reliability and stability of properties and other parameters. Thickeners that transform the electrolyte into a gel-like state can be used to improve service properties. A gel electrolyte enables one to lower the sturdiness requirements of the case and therefore to create compact energy-storage devices of various shapes.
A separator dividing the internal space of the capacitor into a cathode and anode space can be disposed between the electrodes in order to prevent any the short circuit between the electrodes.
The case of the capacitor is made of a material resistant to the action of the electrolyte. Auxiliary components (e.g. a device for pouring an electrolyte, safety valves and fastening elements) are mounted on the case of the capacitor.
The invention is illustrated with the following graphic materials.
FIG. 1 presents a schematic diagram of the electrochemical supercapacitor.
FIG. 2 illustrates a process of charging and discharging of the electrochemical supercapacitor.
FIG. 3 illustrates another process of charging and discharging of the electrochemical supercapacitor.
The capacitor consists of a case 1, electrodes—2 and 3, an electrolyte 4, lead terminals—5 and 6, a separator 7, as illustrated in FIG. 1.
Let us consider the operation of the invention claimed herein based on an example of the electrochemical energy-storage device as shown in FIG. 2, in which the function of a positive electrode is performed by an electrode 11. Any of said redox polymers 13 having group LiO— or —COOLi as R can be deposited onto a conducting substrate 12, while the function of a negative electrode is performed by a lithium electrode 14 in which metal lithium 16 is implanted in a carbon base 15. The device is filled with an electrolyte containing one of the above-described lithium salts as a compound used for the creation of ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. The salt of the electrolyte is schematically shown in the form of lithium cations 17 and anions 18.
During the charging of the device (as shown in FIG. 2a) positive and negative potentials are supplied to positive electrode 11 and negative electrode 14, respectively. The range of positive potentials may be from 0.85 V to 1.3 V, the range of negative potentials may be from −2.7 V to −3.5 V. Under such conditions redox polymer 13 on positive electrode 11 transitions to the oxidized state, the ions of lithium 17 separate from the molecules of redox polymer 13 being oxidized, thus compensating for the change of its charge, diffuse to negative electrode 14 and are reduced from the electrolyte in the volume of graphite 15 on negative electrode 14.
During the discharging process of the device (see FIG. 2b) redox polymer 13 is reduced on positive electrode 11, metallic lithium 16 is oxidized on negative electrode 14, the ions of lithium 17 return to the electrolyte, diffuse to positive electrode 11 and are aggregated with the molecules of redox polymer 13, thus compensating for the change of its charge.
Let us consider another example (shown FIG. 3), when the function of a positive electrode is performed by electrode 11, which is chemically modified by any of the above-described redox polymers, which have the group LiO— or —COOLi as R, while the function of a negative electrode is performed by an electrode 21, which is chemically modified by any of the redox polymers and which has the same transition metal as the redox polymer on positive electrode 11. The transfer of the ions of lithium 17 in the process of charging (see FIG. 3a) and of discharging (see FIG. 3b) will take place in accordance with the mechanism described above. The difference is in that if previously (see FIG. 2a) in the process of charging the ions of lithium 17 were reduced in the structure of graphite 15 to metallic lithium 16, now the redox polymer 23 is reduced on electrode 21 in the process of charging, while the lithium ions 24 are retained near the molecules of polymer 23 in the inter-stack space by the electrostatic forces (they are not chemically aggregated with the ligand molecules as they do on positive electrode 11) compensating for the variation of the charge of the redox polymer.
The design of the electrochemical energy-storage device described in the example with a graphite (lithium) negative electrode is advantageously different from the known lithium-ion batteries, because it has a higher energy capacity, which is achieved due to the higher potentials of the positive electrode (1.1 V-1.3 V as compared to 0.4 V-0.6 V) and a higher power. The latter is achieved due to the fact that the redox polymer may be reduction in the course of discharging at a rate which is many times higher than the rate of reduction of the positive electrode of lithium-ion batteries. This device also has a lower cost, since the electrode based on a less expensive redox polymer is employed instead of the expensive electrode based on the oxides of metals.
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Trips You Need to Take As Soon As You Retire from Trips You Need to Take As Soon As You Retire
Trips You Need to Take As Soon As You Retire
You don't have to fantasize about ditching all of your possessions and hitting the road after you've made giving up work official. The "retire and travel" dream is very much alive. Once the reality of your new situation sets in – that you're actually free and have all the time in the world – your next step is to start planning several trips.
Witnessing the phenomenon of the Northern Lights is a must. Photos don't do them justice. The marvel appears in many shades but pale green and pink are the most common. One of the best places to go is Tromsø, Norway, where you can see this natural phenomenon for more than 250 nights a year. Go on an aurora-chasing snowmobile or a bus tour. Greenland is another hot spot to see the dancing Northern Lights.
Go on a European tour
How about traveling through Europe in a camper van? Or backpacking from city to city? You can also see much of the Old Continent by cruising down one of its major rivers. Some of the most affordable holiday destinations in Europe in 2017 are Budapest in Hungary, Rhodes in Greece, Sunny Beach in Bulgaria, and Algarve in Portugal. Don't forget about small towns — walk through a picturesque market town, visit an old castle where you can stay for the night, sleep in an ancient cave. You are not likely to be offered these thrilling experiences in a crowded mega-city cramped with tourists.
Gamble in Las Vegas
Vegas is not just for young party-goers around Spring Break. Gambling in Sin City is in the top three of bucket list things to do after retirement, according to research. In case you don't strike it rich, embark on a few adventures just a short journey off the Strip. You name it — hiking, mountain biking, rappelling, sky-diving, zip-lining, and even snowboarding — Las Vegas and the surrounding area just about has it all.
Ride a hot air balloon
Imagine lifting off, and the only thing separating you from the ground is a basket and a couple thousand feet. This is a great idea for an adventurous date. Excitement is in the thin high-altitude air. Luckily, there are great opportunities all over the country. Drifting with the whim of the wind, most trips will have you floating for about an hour and you never quite know where you'll land.
Contrary to popular belief, sharks are generally not a threat to people. The giant sea creatures do not normally hunt humans. Encountering the giant fish is an exhilarating adventure many people want to experience. Swimming with sharks or looking at them from inside a cage is on many thrill-seekers' bucket lists. Resorts and tour agencies offer the chance to get very close to the ocean's most terrifying creature.
Explore the Galapagos Islands
The Galapagos Islands is a place of rare beauty and astonishing wildlife that has captivated adventure travelers for centuries — and it is slowly disappearing, so visit while you still can. The pristine environment and low visitor impact is due to the strict visitation regulations enforced by the Galapagos National Park,. A dive into the waters of the Galapagos offers a chance to see extremely unique and diverse wildlife population. There are gorgeous beaches and both easy and challenging hiking trails, offering views that will take your breath away.
A road trip across the U.S.
Dino Reichmuth/ unsplash.com
Considering how cheap gas is these days, there is nothing stopping you from cranking up the music and hitting the open road. Criss-cross the country via its most iconic roads and see for yourself why the ultimate American road trip has been the theme of so many books and movies. Witness first-hand why the Going-to-the Sun Road, the Blue Ridge Parkway, and the Seward Highway are on so many travelers' lists of essential things to do.
Visit Utah's national parks
Utah's "Mighty Five" national parks — Zion, Bryce Canyon, Capitol Reef, Arches, and Canyonlands — must be on your next trip's itinerary. Avoid sweltering hot temperatures in the summer. Spring is the time to see the waterfalls of Zion in their prime and the gorgeous contrast between the red rocks and the abundance of green foliage all over these parks. Explore the Arches and its more than 2,000 natural stone formations, unlike those anywhere else in the world. Visitors love the three-mile round-trip trek to Delicate Arch and the Fiery Furnace Walks, both real gems.
Visit secluded adventure destinations
Imagine a charming village that is so remote that it is in danger of depopulation. Be one of the few to go there; you'll have incredible stories to tell. Until 2004, when a tunnel was built, the only ways to get to the Gasadalur Village on Faroe Islands were by hiking over the mountain terrain that rises over 2,000 feet or climbing up the cliff face from a ship. Isolated spots usually have a very well-preserved history and local culture which make them even more appealing and worth the trip.
Take an expedition cruise
The most popular cruises will take you to warm places with sandy beaches; people like these kinds of trips because they can swim in pools and sip cocktails all day along the way. But expedition cruises are growing in popularity. These are keyed to adventurers who are looking for more thrilling experiences. Explore Alaska from a boat. You'll cool off when the weather is hot, and see glaciers up close — and spot truly wild animals such as bears, seals, and whales. You'll also get a chance to kayak to remote areas between Alaska and Russia.
Golf in Scotland
People associate Scotland with incredible castles and golf, for a good reason. The game as you know it was born there — it has been part of the sporting landscape in Scotland since at least the fifteenth century — so you can expect some of the best courses in the world. Scotland has 578 of them, with the highest concentrations being around Glasgow and Edinburgh.
Wild safari
Visit Maasai Mara in Kenya which offers wide range of safaris , variously involving hot air balloons, walking, photographing, and more… The reserve, along with the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, form Africa's most diverse ecosystem. The best time to visit is between July and October, to witness the wildebeest migration, famous as the World Cup of Wildlife. The world's remaining gorilla population, fewer than 1,000 of them, lives in four national parks in two countries, Rwanda and Uganda, according to the African Wildlife Foundation. Gorilla trekking is an immensely popular safari activity in both places.
A week-long train ride
Choose the scenic route over the quick flight and make getting to your destination part of the vacation. Don't risk long lines, delays, lost luggage horror stories, and annoying fellow passengers. Instead, relax, take in the stunning sights, and explore parts of the world you have never seen before. Traveling by train may seem like traveling through time, but passengers continue to be thrilled by mountain summits, lavish landscapes, narrow and scary tunnels, and even terrifyingly steep grades.
Scuba diving in Belize
Scuba diving is a thrilling experience anywhere, but in this tiny Central American nation there are more than 400 islands, white sandy beaches along 185 miles of coastline, and the longest unbroken barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. Stellar coral formations, big fish sightings, and 25 miles of barrier reef sitting less than a mile offshore make Ambergris Caye a fascinating dive location for the whole family. The famous Blue Hole in Belize is one of the most stunning scuba diving locations when seen from above. It's beautiful underwater as well, with clear waters, rich sea life, and lots of sunshine. It's also one of the most dangerous, descending more than 400 feet down into the earth.
Tour the Arctic
Cruise the fjords with a guide, who will stop at popular attractions along the way and teach you about local history. If you want to see the region's amazing wildlife, a safari is the right choice. Another favorite pursuit is kayaking near the polar bears and beluga whales. Some of the most thrilling adventures in Iceland include cruising Jökulsárlón Lagoon and exploring the Mýrdalsjökull Glacier and the Holuhraun Lava Fields.
It's never too late to learn a new language. More than 2.3 million American citizens live away from the homeland. The most popular countries are, understandably, south and north of the U.S. border. Many Americans are moving to places where the life expectancy is much higher than in their own country, due to improvements in lifestyle, medications, and better healthcare. They also go because people are happier there, according to international surveys.
Run & Race
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Agile's goal is to help patients achieve their goals in restoring a full and active life. Our focus is to help patients reduce pain, improve their physical function and maximize their physical well-being. Be it recovering from a surgery, working through a chronic injury, or participating in extreme athletic pursuits, the extensive services offered at Agile provide a complete solution to your injury or physical limitation.
At Agile Physical Therapy, patients receive a comprehensive evaluation of posture, strength, range of motion and a functional biomechanical analysis of the involved region by one of our Physical Therapists. In order to best address patient needs, therapists collaborate with patients to develop a specific treatment program that addresses the impairments to normal movement. Treatment may include: joint mobilization, soft tissue mobilization (including Graston), general manual techniques, postural re-education, traction, therapeutic exercise, modalities, use of advanced fitness equipment, preventive injury education, and orthotic intervention- to name some of the therapy options.
At Agile, we work with a lot of running athletes and have developed a program to thoroughly assess and treat injuries specific to runners. Agile offers a one hour assessment including: video capture of your running gait on our Woodway Treadmill, a full-body physical screening examination to determine specific strength, flexibility or coordination impairments which could contribute to abnormal running mechanics and injury. Care is then taken to develop an individualized treatment plan to help correct these impairments and improve movement efficiency.
Agile offers wellness services to help patients improve health and performance after the physical therapy goals have been met. Great attention is applied to injury prevention education, performance enhancement and sport-specific biomechanics and technique.
Our classes are offered on a seasonal basis and vary based on demand. Please contact our office for the current class availability.Cost: $30 per session with a maximum of 6 participants, not billable to insurance. Please see our full listing of courses including: Core Conditioning, Cycling, Pilates, Conditioning for High School Athletes, and Injury Prevention. All courses are held at Agile's Main Office location.
The Agile offices exist in a cycling mecca, and our experience in working with cycling athletes continues to grow. We work with a lot of cyclists ranging in ability from elite professional competitors to the occasional community rider.
Our mission is to improve your movement efficiency and comfort on the bike, all the while preventing you from those nagging injuries that can derail your riding.


The 2400w steam iron, gold white Iron is manufactured by Tefal and was added around June 2018.
This version of the Iron comes in Color : White.
The best price for the Tefal 2400W Steam Iron, Gold in Kuwait is KWD 23 sold at Best and available with free shipping and delivery within 3-5 days.
Product is also sold at Best for a price up to KWD 23.


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Things to Keep in Mind If You're Considering a Career in Technology
Technology is the practice of using scientific investigation and methods to produce goods and services. It is an important part of everyday life. Whether it is manufacturing food, building cars, or making medical devices, technology has become an essential part of everyday life. There are numerous industries that rely on technology. And with the constant evolution of technology, many more are likely to emerge in the coming years. If you're considering a career in technology, here are some things to keep in mind.
Tech jargon is often used as a prefix to other computer-related words. This makes it easy to mix and match the terms and make them more appealing. In fact, most tech jobs are rooted in the internet, so you will find references to it in all sorts of places. But you shouldn't be limited to that. If you're interested in creating a great new product, don't be afraid to use the term "tech" in your title.
While the Big Five dominate the tech industry, hundreds of thousands of smaller companies are making waves in their own spheres. While the Big Five may be credited with revolutionizing consumption and communication, there are also a number of other innovators in every industry. These include Facebook and Instagram, among many others. While these companies may be the kings of the tech industry, they're still just the tip of the iceberg. They're also leaders in their field, and their success is only increasing.
As the world's population grows, it is essential to invest in tech to feed ourselves and our future generations. The Internet has revolutionized many industries. Airbnb, Uber, and Auto Trader are all examples of tech companies disrupting their respective industries. These companies are all innovating in ways that make life easier for consumers, while simultaneously making profits. But the differences between them are not just limited to their products. Rather, the differences between them are largely based on the technology they employ.
Being a tech company is not the same as owning the technology that is needed to run their business. Unlike a traditional business, a tech company needs to develop its own technology and distinguish itself from its competition. This can only be done if the company creates the technology, or develops it itself. As a result, they're more likely to be successful and stay in business. And as a result, they're more likely than not to fail.
While many people believe Apple is a tech company, the truth is that it was the work of thousands of people, from engineers to designers to marketers and more. The technology that makes the iPhone possible isn't just Steve Jobs' creation. It was actually the work of hundreds of other people. Even a simple auto-trader or a car dealer can be considered a tech company. A tech employee can do a lot for society.


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The Grand Victorian Era of San Francisco's Historic Cliff House
October 14, 2013 /in Architecture/by Charlie Hintz
Of it's multiple incarnations, the Victorian chateau era of San Francisco's historic Cliff House was by far the most grand.
The Cliff House is perched on cliff overlooking the ocean and the ruins of the historic Sutro Baths in San Francisco. The first incarnation of house was built with lumber from a ship wrecked on the rocks below in 1858.
After changing hands several times, the house was damaged in 1887 when an abandoned schooner loaded with dynamite ran aground and exploded. Then a chimney fire reduced the structure to ashes in 1894.
By far the most grandiose of the Cliff House's various incarnations, the eight-story Victorian chateau was built on the site by Adolph Sutro in 1896. Though it survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, a 1907 fire burned it to the ground in less than two hours.
Photos of the Victorian-Era Cliff House
The basis of the structure that stands today was built after the fire in 1909.
https://www.cultofweird.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/cliff-house-san-francisco-1896.jpg 1172 1500 Charlie Hintz https://www.cultofweird.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/cultofweird-new-logo.png Charlie Hintz2013-10-14 10:32:462020-03-07 18:33:25The Grand Victorian Era of San Francisco's Historic Cliff House
Giant Rock: Alien Encounters and Eternal Life in the Mojave Desert
Coffin of Young Girl Found Beneath San Francisco Home
Girl Found in 145-Year-Old Grave Beneath San Francisco Home Gets 2nd Burial
Welcome to Colma, San Francisco's Cemetery City
Identity of Young Victorian Girl Found Beneath San Francisco Home Revealed


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Written by: Pierce Brown
eBook-Red-Rising.pdf
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER���Pierce Brown�s relentlessly entertaining debut channels the excitement of�The Hunger Games�by Suzanne Collins and�Ender�s Game�by Orson Scott Card.
�Ender, Katniss, and now Darrow.��Scott Sigler
NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY�ENTERTAINMENT WEEKLY, BUZZFEED,�AND�SHELF AWARENESS
�I live for the dream that my children will be born free,� she says. �That they will be what they like. That they will own the land their father gave them.�
�I live for you,� I say sadly.
Eo kisses my cheek. �Then you must live for more.�
Darrow is a Red, a member of the lowest caste in the color-coded society of the future. Like his fellow Reds, he works all day, believing that he and his people are making the surface of Mars livable for future generations. Yet he spends his life willingly, knowing that his blood and sweat will one day result in a better world for his children.
But Darrow and his kind have been betrayed. Soon he discovers that humanity reached the surface generations ago. Vast cities and lush wilds spread across the planet. Darrow�and Reds like him�are nothing more than slaves to a decadent ruling class.
Inspired by a longing for justice, and driven by the memory of lost love, Darrow sacrifices everything to infiltrate the legendary Institute, a proving ground for the dominant Gold caste, where the next generation of humanity�s overlords struggle for power.� He will be forced to compete for his life and the very future of civilization against the best and most brutal of Society�s ruling class. There, he will stop at nothing to bring down his enemies . . . even if it means he has to become one of them to do so.
BONUS: This edition includes an excerpt from Pierce Brown's Golden Son.
�[A] spectacular adventure . . . one heart-pounding ride . . . Pierce Brown�s dizzyingly good debut novel evokes The Hunger Games, Lord of the Flies, and Ender�s Game. . . . [Red Rising] has everything it needs to become meteoric.��Entertainment Weekly
�[A] top-notch debut novel . . . Red Rising ascends above a crowded dystopian field.��USA Today
�Red Rising is a sophisticated vision. . . . Brown will find a devoted audience.��Richmond Times-Dispatch
�A story of vengeance, warfare and the quest for power . . . reminiscent of The Hunger Games and Game of Thrones.��Kirkus Reviews


With the Retro Gaming Nacht nearing, we just visited The Reality: one of the big lanparties in The Netherlands. The relax/retro gaming area looked amazing and was pretty crowded. Check out the timelapse made by [HOP]SilentSimon and the cool pictures.


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The ideomotor phenomenon is a psychological phenomenon wherein a subject makes motions unconsciously. Also called ideomotor response (or ideomotor reflex) and abbreviated to IMR, it is a concept in hypnosis and psychological research. It is derived from the terms "ideo" (idea, or mental representation) and "motor" (muscular action). The phrase is most commonly used in reference to the process whereby a thought or mental image brings about a seemingly "reflexive" or automatic muscular reaction, often of minuscule degree, and potentially outside of the awareness of the subject. As in responses to pain, the body sometimes reacts reflexively with an ideomotor effect to ideas alone without the person consciously deciding to take action. The effects of automatic writing, dowsing, facilitated communication, applied kinesiology, and ouija boards have been attributed to the phenomenon.

The associated term "ideo-dynamic response" (or "reflex") applies to a wider domain, and extends to the description of all bodily reactions (including ideo-motor and ideo-sensory responses) caused in a similar manner by certain ideas, e.g., the salivation often caused by imagining sucking a lemon, which is a secretory response. The notion of an ideo-dynamic response contributed to James Braid's first neuropsychological explanation of the principle through which suggestion operated in hypnotism.

History of scientific investigation

With the rise of Spiritualism in 1840s, mediums devised and refined a variety of techniques for communicating, ostensibly, with the spirit world including table-turning and planchette writing boards (the precursor to later Ouija boards). These phenomena and devices quickly became the subject of scientific investigation.

The term Ideomotor was first used in a scientific paper discussing the means through which these spiritualistic phenomena produced effect, by William Benjamin Carpenter in 1852, hence the alternative term "Carpenter effect".  Carpenter derived the word ideomotor from the components ideo, meaning "idea" or "mental representation", and motor, meaning "muscular action".  In the paper, Carpenter explained his theory that muscular movement can be independent of conscious desires or emotions.

Carpenter was a friend and collaborator of James Braid, the founder of modern hypnotism. Braid soon adopted Carpenter's ideo-motor terminology, to facilitate the transmission of his most fundamental views, based upon those of his teacher, the philosopher Thomas Brown, that the efficacy of hypnotic suggestion was contingent upon the subject's concentration upon a single (thus, "dominant") idea. In 1855, Braid explained his decision to abandon his earlier term "mono-ideo-motor", based on Carpenter's (1852) "ideo-motor principle", and adopt the more appropriate and more descriptive term "mono-ideo-dynamic". His decision was based upon suggestions made to Carpenter (in 1854) by their friend in common, Daniel Noble, that the activity that Carpenter was describing would be more accurately understood in its wider applications (viz., wider than pendulums and ouija boards) if it were to denominated the "ideo-dynamic principle":In order that I may do full justice to two esteemed friends, I beg to state, in connection with this term monoideo-dynamics, that, several years ago, Dr. W. B. Carpenter introduced the term ideo-motor to characterise the reflex or automatic muscular motions which arise merely from ideas associated with motion existing in the mind, without any conscious effort of volition. In 1853, in referring to this term, Daniel Noble said, "Ideo-dynamic would probably constitute a phraseology more appropriate, as applicable to a wider range of phenomena." In this opinion I quite concurred, because I was well aware that an idea could arrest as well as excite motion automatically, not only in the muscles of voluntary motion, but also as regards the condition of every other function of the body. I have, therefore, adopted the term monoideo-dynamics, as still more comprehensive and characteristic as regards the true mental relations which subsist during all dynamic changes which take place, in every other function of the body, as well as in the muscles of voluntary motion.Scientific tests by the English scientist Michael Faraday, Manchester surgeon James Braid, the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul, and the American psychologists William James and Ray Hyman have demonstrated that many phenomena attributed to spiritual or paranormal forces, or to mysterious "energies", are actually due to ideomotor action. Furthermore, these tests demonstrate that "honest, intelligent people can unconsciously engage in muscular activity that is consistent with their expectations". They also show that suggestions that can guide behavior can be given by subtle clues (Hyman 1977).

Some operators claim to use ideomotor responses to communicate with a subject's "unconscious mind" using a system of physical signals (such as finger movements) for the unconscious mind to indicate "yes", "no", "I don't know", or "I'm not ready to know that consciously".

A simple experiment to demonstrate the ideomotor effect is to allow a hand-held pendulum to hover over a sheet of paper. The paper has words such as "yes", "no", and "maybe" printed on it. Small movements in the hand, in response to questions, can cause the pendulum to move towards the words on the paper. This technique has been used for experiments in extrasensory perception, lie detection, and ouija boards. This type of experiment was used by Kreskin and has also been used by illusionists such as Derren Brown.
 A 2019 study of automatic pendulum movements using a motion capture system showed that pendulum effect is produced when the fingers holding the pendulum generate an oscillating frequency close to the resonant frequency of the pendulum. At an appropriate frequency, very small driving movements of the arm are sufficient to produce relatively large pendulum motion.

Uses

Responding to questions

It is strongly associated with the practice of analytical hypnotherapy based on "uncovering techniques" such as Watkins' "affect bridge", whereby a subject's "yes", "no", "I don't know", or "I don't want to answer" responses to an operator's questions are indicated by physical movements rather than verbal signals; and are produced per medium of a pre-determined (between operator and subject) and pre-calibrated set of responses.

See also

Footnotes

References

 Anderson, J.W., "Defensive Maneuvers In Two Incidents Involving The Chevreul Pendulum: A Clinical Note", International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Vol. XXV, No. 1, (1977), pp. 4–6.
 Braid, J., "Mysterious Table Moving", The Manchester Examiner and Times, Vol. 5, No. 469, (Saturday, 30 April 1853), p. 5, col.B.
 Braid, J., Hypnotic Therapeutics, Illustrated by Cases: With an Appendix on Table-Moving and Spirit-Rapping. Reprinted from the Monthly Journal of Medical Science for July 1853, Murray and Gibbs, (Edinburgh), 1853.
 Braid, J., "Letter to Michael Faraday on the phenomenon of "Table Turning" [written on 22 August 1853]", reprinted at pp. 560–561 of James, F.A.J.L., The Correspondence of Michael Faraday, Volume 4: January 1849 – October 1855, Institution of Electrical Engineers, (London), 1999.
 Braid, J., The Physiology of Fascination, and the Critics Criticised, John Murray, (Manchester), 1855.
 Carpenter, W.B., "On the Influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition", Royal Institution of Great Britain, (Proceedings), 1852, (12 March 1852), pp. 147–153.
 Carroll, R.T. (2003). "Ideomotor effect". The Skeptic's Dictionary.
 Cheek, D.B., "Some Applications of Hypnosis and Ideomotor Questioning Methods for Analysis and Therapy in Medicine", American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, Vol. 5, No. 2, (October 1962), pp. 92–104.
 Cheuvrel. Michel E., De la Baguette Divinatoire et du Pendule Dit Explorateur (On the Divining Rod and the So-called Exploratory Pendulum), Maillet-Bachelier, Paris, 1854.

 Faraday, M., "Experimental Investigation of Table-Moving", Athenaeum, No. 1340, (July 1853), pp. 801–803.
 Faraday, M., "Table-Turning", The Times, No. 21468, (30 June 1853), p. 8.

 Noble, D., "Three Lectures on the Correlation of Psychology and Physiology: I. General Remarks on the Physiology of the Brain and Nervous System, etc.", Association Medical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 79, (7 July 1854), pp. 586–588; "II. Of Emotional Sensibility, and its Reactions", No. 80, (14 July 1854), pp. 615–616; "III. On Ideas, and Their Dynamic Influence ", No. 81, (21 July 1854), pp. 642–646.

 Shenefelt, Philip D., "Ideomotor Signaling: From Divining Spiritual Messages to Discerning Subconscious Answers during Hypnosis and Hypnoanalysis, a Historical Perspective", American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, Vol. 53, No. 3, (January 2011), pp. 157–167.
 Spitz, H.H. & Marcuard, Y., "Chevreul's Report on the Mysterious Oscillations of the Hand-Held Pendulum: A French Chemist's 1833 Open Letter to Ampère", The Skeptical Inquirer, (July/August 2001) Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 35–39.

 Sudduth, W.X., "Suggestion as an Ideo-Dynamic Force", pp. 255–262 in Anon, Bulletin of the Medico-Legal Congress: Held at the Federal Building in the City of New York, September 4, 5th, and 6th, 1895, Medico-Legal Journal for Medico-Legal Society, (New York), 1895.

 Yeates, L.B., James Braid: Surgeon, Gentleman Scientist, and Hypnotist, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013.

Human physiology
Hypnosis
Phenomena
Parapsychology

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It's hard to believe 2018 is almost over! It's been a great year full of firsts, growth, and challenges here at HoneIn. We're so excited for what's coming in 2019 but first, we took a look back on some of our favorite accomplishments in 2018.
With a new year almost upon us, it's time to make sure your strategic plan is ready for action. Follow the ten tips below and you'll be achieving your goals in no time!


How can arthritis be treated without surgery?
There are actually many effective treatments for foot arthritis without surgery being necessary. Conservative care is always our first option, and surgery is reserved as a "last resort" for eliminating pain. Shoe changes, pads, and orthotics are some of the most common remedies. They change the foot's support, helping reduce impacts on your lower limbs while absorbing shock. Orthotics can also control abnormal foot motion, minimizing stress on an arthritic joint. Physical therapy can help improve and maintain your range of motion in a stiff area. In some cases, a brace or stiff shoe can prevent the joint from moving too much and causing discomfort. Our staff at Gulf South Foot & Ankle, LLC may suggest pain medications for you, too. These could be oral medicines or direct injections, depending on your needs.
If you're struggling with arthritis in your feet, don't avoid seeking help because you're afraid you'll need surgery. Let Dr. Leon Watkins, Dr. Maria Markiewicz, and Dr. Charles Caplis show how nonsurgical therapies can help you. Call our Metairie, LA, office at (504)-708-4810 to make an appointment today.


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"Silent resistance" by profs to employment equity discussion at Senate
Administration pushes back against request for earlier release of course outlines
by Saima Desai and Cem Ertekin
Tamim Sujat
McGill's Senate convened for its second meeting of the year on February 17. Senate met to discuss, among other things, a question regarding course outlines and the state of employment equity at McGill.
Employment equity discussion
On Senate's agenda was an open discussion regarding employment equity at McGill. A working group had previously been created to prepare a report, which was completed in August 2015.
At Senate, the working group sought feedback on three questions: what milestones McGill should set for itself, whether it is time for McGill's Employment Equity Policy to be reviewed, and what initiatives should be pursued to improve equity outcomes in recruitment and retention.
According to the working group's report, "While the Employment Equity Policy has been in place for nearly a decade, [McGill's] tenure track professoriate has not become noticeably more diverse, despite some improvement in women's representation."
Since 2008, the proportion of tenure-track professors who are women has increased from 17.3 per cent to 20.5 per cent, corresponding to a net increase of 16 people. At the same time, the total number of employees self-identifying as Aboriginal has actually gone down from 17 to 16.
"I was hoping for a really cross-McGill, cross-faculty, cross-department sort of discussion. […] I didn't really see that happen."
One senator asked if the reason why the numbers haven't been increasing may be that people from the designated groups were not applying for positions, saying "that could be a major impact in our ability to diversify."
In response to this question, Science Senator Marina Smailes said, "I think that it would be potentially something of a target to also include recruitment processes, if we are actually going out and specifically targeting people in order to have those relevant number of applicants."
In an interview with The Daily, Students' Society of McGill University (SSMU) VP University Affairs Chloe Rourke said, "There is certainly a misconception that there aren't qualified candidates, particularly of colour, but also in general from those designated groups. There are qualified candidates from those designated groups. McGill, just for whatever reason, isn't recruiting them or hiring them."
Also speaking to The Daily, Arts Senator Alex Kpeglo-Hennessy said, "I was hoping for a really cross-McGill, cross-faculty, cross-department sort of discussion. […] I didn't really see that happen."
"For the most part I would really say that the administration, it seems to be moving in a very positive direction very quickly. But, at the same time, there is a lot of silent resistance from professors and departments. It was really disappointing to not hear from deans or professors as often. […] It was very much all students and the [Associate Provost (Policies, Procedures and Equity)] talking," Kpeglo-Hennessy continued.
Kpeglo-Hennessy and Arts Senator Erin Sobat submitted a question regarding course outlines, which was answered by Deputy Provost (Student Life and Learning) Ollivier Dyens.
The question asked whether "methods of course evaluations could be added to course descriptions," and whether "the University would be willing to ask for tentative course outlines that include basic information such as a breakdown of assignments."
The preambulatory clauses to the question noted that "the Charter of Student Rights only requires that course outlines be made available to students within the first week of classes in each respective term," and "the McGill eCalendar contains no information on methods of evaluation within classes." Further, "MyCourses opens access to course materials on the first day of classes, and only to those registered or on the waitlist of a class."
"If we are able to pick and choose our semesters to understand the course loads that we're putting ourselves into, students will be able to prevent some of the stress and inability to complete work that comes in the middle of the semester."
In his written response, Dyens said, "Asking for definite course syllabi nine to twelve months in advance of the start of the course would not allow most professors to include the most up-to-date research in their courses," and would also prevent professors from incorporating student feedback from the previous semester into a revised syllabus.
"There may be so many things changing in the course outline, the added value to the students would be much less than the detriment," Dyens said.
Faculty of Education Senator Alenoush Saroyan added, "As a professor, I don't think assessments should drive learning. Learning should be for the sake of learning. You also don't want professors recycling outlines that are ten years old. Syllabi should be refreshed every year – I need to think about who my students are, and I can't do that nine months in advance."
In an interview with The Daily, Kpeglo-Hennessy said, "At the moment, students are forced to pick their courses largely based on the name of the course and a two -sentence description. That's really not sufficient when you're planning a degree."
To Kpeglo-Hennessy, this is also a matter of increasing accessibility to courses. "At the end of the day, if we are able to pick and choose our semesters to understand the course loads that we're putting ourselves into, students will be able to prevent some of the stress and inability to complete work that comes in the middle of the semester," he explained.


This spectacular condominium with 3 bedrooms and 3.5 bathrooms is the perfect 'house in the sky'. Located in the heart of the Marina, and is just 5 minutes from the International Airport and 10-15 minutes to Downtown. Walking distance to many of acclaimed bars, restaurants, golf courses and art galleries. The property has panoramic views overlooking the Pacific Ocean.


Having lived in eight countries across four continents, I am the chaotic blend of a multi-cultural background. When not asking "why", I entertain an equal affection for "why not?" I get excited about learning effective approaches to using business skills as part of solving the world's most pressing problems. Between glasses of wine paired with great conversation, I can be found covered in sugar from my latest baking project, collecting random experiences in places I've never been, and wandering the endless thought paths of a good book.


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Careers at SumUp
Diversity, Inclusion & Belonging at SumUp
SumUp's Organisational Vision
Autonomy in Context
The SumUp Tech Radar
Engineering & Product
Back to all jobs
Our Wildly Transformational Fundamentals
Our Wildly Transformational Fundamentals are ideas, practices, and frameworks on which we want to build and grow our organisation.
An enduring organisation that is people-positive and that constantly innovates from within; an organism made up of small, autonomous, cross-functional teams pursuing a variety of missions, guided by one joint vision and a common set of values.
What does an enduring organisation look like?
An enduring organization is like a living organism that survives and thrives by adapting to its environment and changing over time. It develops resilience by learning from its successes and failures, and it is able to regenerate and repair itself to remain healthy.
Like any organism, SumUp is made up of cells that work together. Our cells are teams of smart, healthy, motivated people. Those cells function best when they have the nutrients and support they need: a strong sense of purpose, the autonomy to take a wide range of decisions and a work environment where we can grow, where it is safe to be ourselves, where compensation is fair and which is fun. To ensure the cells are acting in concert and taking the organism in the direction it wants to go requires a meaningful vision and bold goals from the leadership.
As the environment in which we operate changes, we want SumUp to stay healthy by adapting and evolving over time. To that end, we are building a culture where constant learning and self-improvement are integral to every facet of how we operate. That's what we mean by an enduring organisation.
Being a people-positive organisation means making the development and happiness of our people an important, continuing goal. It includes getting the best talent, giving them honest feedback, and empowering them to make decisions in pursuit of our mission and in line with our values. We want SumUp to be a place where people development is integral to our organisational vision, where radical candour is practiced regularly, where "political" behavior has no place, and where everyone enjoys working together.
Innovation from within
Adaptability requires innovation, and to be scalable, innovation needs to happen spontaneously and systemically within the organisation. We owe much of SumUp's success to cultivating a culture of innovation. We do that by setting the bar high and challenging ourselves to figure out a way to clear it. Wild ideas and creative solutions are encouraged. We keep a constant stable of loonshots that we invest in, even where doing so goes against conventional "business sense". If you have a great idea for how to help SumUp achieve its vision, we want to support you in going for it.
Small, autonomous & cross-functional teams
Agility is the essence of an enduring organisation, and we strive to create an organisation that fosters it. We are not into hierarchies and bureaucracy; we believe in giving SumUppers the autonomy to be creative, take risks, engage in thoughtful experimentation, and break unnecessary rules. If we fail, we want to fail fast and try something else. We want to bring a lean mentality to everything we do, regardless of how big we get. Our end goal is to build an anti-fragile, agile organisation that can excel in any environment.
To achieve that goal, SumUp's organisation is built around small, autonomous, cross-functional teams. Each team owns a particular value stream, has the full set of necessary skills, and is given the freedom to deliver that value stream as they see fit. Rather than having teams specialised in one function, we try to build cross-functional teams that are self-sufficient, self-organized and self-motivated.
To balance autonomy we have to equally embrace accountability. Autonomy is not simply giving people the freedom to do as they please. We have adopted a "context over control" approach to decision making that emphasises the importance of cross-functional collaboration and communication so that decision makers have what they need to make informed decisions on their own. People must then take ownership of their decisions and must foster such accountability on their team so that we can learn from both our successes and our failures.
This fundamental shift from a hierarchical, top-down approach of control to a bottom-up approach of giving context ties in with our goal of being a continuously learning, continuously adapting organisation. We want to approach every task as a learning opportunity, empowering us to make smarter decisions tomorrow.
Variety of missions guided by one shared vision
SumUp's vision is a world where small merchants can be successful doing what they love. A vision as broad and multifaceted as that can only be achieved by breaking it down into smaller steps and individual missions. In SumUp's early years, we focussed our efforts on becoming the world's first global card acceptance brand. Since then, our activities have evolved far beyond card payments, with teams today working on missions ranging from consumer financial services to CRM to point-of-sale SaaS products. But through all that, our vision remains the same and provides a north star to ensure that all teams are moving in the same direction.
Common set of values
For the cells in the SumUp organism to stay connected and work well together, it is essential that teams share a common set of values. We don't have a bunch of rules and processes for "how we work". Instead, it's OK for teams to work differently if that is what they want as long as we all embrace and exhibit our core values around the three pillars of "We Care," "Team First" and "Founders' Mentality". By agreeing that those values should guide everything we do at SumUp, we enable our teams to have substantial autonomy in making decisions for themselves, and we create a work environment where everyone can thrive.


B. James 2:10 For whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all.
A. Condemn to death: Leviticus 5:17 And if a soul sin, and commit any of these things which are forbidden to be done by the commandments of the LORD; though he wist it not, yet is he guilty, and shall bear his iniquity.
B. Require Atonement: Numbers 15:28 And the priest shall make an atonement for the soul that sinneth ignorantly, when he sinneth by ignorance before the LORD, to make an atonement for him; and it shall be forgiven him.
(1) 1John 1:9 If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.
A. No sacrifice available (OT): Numbers 15:30 But the soul that doeth ought presumptuously, whether he be born in the land, or a stranger, the same reproacheth the LORD; and that soul shall be cut off from among his people.
(1) 1John 5:16 There is a sin unto death: I do not say that he shall pray for it.
trespass that he hath trespassed, and in his sin that he hath sinned, in them shall he die.
4. Romans 14:23 "And he that doubteth is damned if he eat, because he eateth not of faith: for whatsoever is not of faith is sin."
5. James 4:17 Therefore to him that knoweth to do good, and doeth it not, to him it is sin.
James (like Paul) is not defining sin, rather he is saying that a person is guilty of sin (transgression of the law) if he KNOWS to do good and refuses to do it. For example if a Christian knows he should keep the sabbath holy and does not do it, he is COMMITTING sin.
Conversely, the Christian who does not yet know to keep the sabbath is not held to be guilty of COMMITTING (willful) sin -for in order to commit sin one must deliberately break a known law of God. The word "commit" means: to perpetrate. If a person unwittingly breaks God's law he is not actually committing sin. It is a sin of ignorance and covered by the blood of Christ until the Holy Spirit exposes the sin.
1st Stage of Sin - DRAWN AWAY!
"But every man is tempted, when he is drawn away of his own lust, and enticed."
2nd Stage. SIN BROUGHT FORTH!
"Then when lust hath conceived, it bringeth forth sin:"
in the mind of the believer actual transgression is not very far away and is inevitable unless the person slams on his spiritual brakes and puts a stop to the process. This can only be done by an express act of the will and calling upon Jesus to rescue him from Sin's power.
3rd Stage: AN ACT OF SIN AND DEATH!
If the person does not stop entertaining his lusts, the power of sin will have its way and the person will soon commit sin by choosing to set aside God's Law. Then Sin, "when it is finished (Greek: Apoteleo 658, "to complete entirely i.e. consummate.") BRINGETH FORTH DEATH"!


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25 states unite to fight Microsoft motion
In a tussle over jurisdiction, 25 states rally behind the nine states still in litigation with the software giant, filing briefs opposing the company's motion for dismissal of its federal case.
April 22, 2002 12:59 a.m. PT
WASHINGTON--In three separate legal briefs filed Friday, a total of 34 states opposed a Microsoft motion that a federal judge should dismiss the remaining portion of its antitrust case.
Nine states and the District of Columbia return to court Monday to determine a remedy for the company's antitrust violations. But Microsoft had asked U.S. District Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly to dismiss the states' litigation, arguing that the states should not be allowed to set antitrust policy over the Justice Department. The Justice Department and nine other states settled the case in November.
Twenty-five additional states rallied Friday behind the nine litigating states--California, Connecticut, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Utah and West Virginia, along with the District of Columbia--in an attempt to protect states' jurisdiction over antitrust matters.
Twenty-four of those additional states--Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin and the Commonwealth of Kentucky--filed a joint brief, saying they "take no position in this Memorandum on the merits of the underlying" antitrust case. New York filed a separate brief. The nine litigating states filed a brief of their own.
In their brief, the 24 states argued that the Clayton Act grants them the authority to continue a case "even when the federal government has proposed to settle a case. Congress has granted the states clear authority to proceed independently under Section 16, despite the fact that the federal government has chosen not to act, has proposed to settle a case, has in fact settled a case, or has taken the matter to trial." New York raised similar concerns.
"We have strong relationships with many of the state attorneys general," said Microsoft spokesman Jim Desler. "We work with them on various activities and initiatives. On this issue, we agree to disagree. While the states do have a role in antitrust enforcement, the non-settling states stepped outside the boundaries of that role when they chose to pursue a different course from the Justice Department, resulting in conflicting national competition policy."
In making the filing, the states are trying to protect their sovereignty over antitrust matters, something a dismissal could potentially undermine, said legal experts.
"There are a lot of us who, having done antitrust defense, would like to see this whole dual-sovereignty issue resolved," said Emmett Stanton, an antitrust lawyer with Fenwick & West in Palo Alto, Calif. "If there was a case to challenge this, this would be the one."
The "friends of court" briefs filed by the 25 states were not expected, but a third brief from the litigating states came as no surprise. The states rebutted Microsoft's request more in the context of the overall antitrust case than in regard to the sovereignty issue.
They argued that Microsoft's request is "effectively, a motion to set aside the Court of Appeals' mandate."
In June 2000, seven judges unanimously upheld eight separate antitrust violations against Microsoft.
The filings could give the litigating states important air cover as they return to court next week for what could be as much as eight weeks of testimony. They are looking for stiffer sanctions than those proposed by the Justice Department and the settling states. The settlement largely puts restrictions on Microsoft's business practices. The litigating states also want restrictions on how Microsoft develops and deploys software.
While overseeing the settlement proceeding, Kollar-Kotelly must weigh whether the settlement meets the standard demanded by the Nixon-era Tunney Act. That law requires that a settlement be in the public interest and that no backroom dealmaking influence the process. Kollar-Kotelly could reject or approve the proposed deal at any time.
Discuss: 25 states unite to fight Microsoft motion


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"Size is certainly important, but we're starting to look at different measures that give us a more nuanced understanding of how brains, especially in primates, evolved over time," says Mary Silcox.
When researchers reconstructed two endocasts of Paramys, the oldest and best-preserved rodent skulls on record, they were shocked at how big the animal's brain was.
The key difference is that Paramys was relatively smaller than even the most primitive primates in the neocortex region, the part of the brain that deals with "higher" brain functions like sight and hearing.
"It also sheds some light on what's unique about primate brains—they were not always exceptionally large, but they were certainly 'smart'," says Mary Silcox, an associate professor.
One of the specimens of Paramys was a large rodent by modern standards—about three kilograms, roughly the size of a small cat—that lived during the mid-Eocene, some 47 to 49 million years ago.
Bertrand and Silcox also examined the skull of another with a body mass of about one kilogram that lived around 50 to 52 million years ago.
The goal was to better understand brain evolution in early rodents. While there's been some research looking at how the neocortical surface of primates has increased over time, practically nothing prior to this has been done on rodents.
What fascinates both Bertrand and Silcox is that Paramys's brain was larger than some later occurring rodents, which contradicts the idea that brains generally increase in size over time.
"It's been assumed for a while that mammal brain size increases over time. The idea is that it's probably an evolutionary arms race because if prey become smarter predators have to adapt. But these animals were already pretty smart prey items to begin with," says Silcox.
The research also shows that the obsession with brain size, especially in the human paleontological literature, makes little sense since size is not the only indicator of intelligence.
"Size is certainly important, but we're starting to look at different measures that give us a more nuanced understanding of how brains, especially in primates, evolved over time," says Silcox.
The team's paper appears in the journal Royal Society B.


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LHHH Season 6 cast details leaking out ahead of midsummer premiere date
John May 27, 2019 Apple Watts, Gossip, K. Michelle, Love and Hip Hop Hollywood, Moniece Slaughter, Princess Love, Ray J, Reality TV, Summer Bunni No Comments
LHHH Season 6 is gearing up for its midsummer premiere, and plenty of gossip about the new cast & upcoming storylines is starting to leak out. So far, in addition to the entire main cast and almost every supporting cast member, we've found out about a newbie starting a huge brawl with A1 and Lyrica; K. Michelle trying surrogacy again; and a whole slew of familiar faces from the past few years who've since left the show.
Last autumn, VH1 decided to shake things up by announcing it had fired Eastern TV, Love & Hip Hop Hollywood's long-running production company, and was looking to take the show in a new direction. At the time, the gossip was that the network wanted something more like a "black Real Housewives," with an emphasis on couples and family drama rather than single people.
What's new about LHHH Season 6?
Of course, the gossip indicates that a couples-only or couples-heavy format isn't necessarily what's happened. Based on what we've learned (including plenty from the always-reliable @BestRealityBlog), it looks like the main cast for LHHH Season 6 will be as follows:
-Ray J and Princess Love
-Moniece Slaughter, who apparently couldn't get out of her contract after all
-A1 and Lyrica Anderson, who recently became parents
-Teairra Mari (under a cloud)
-K. Michelle
-Apple Watts (promoted from supporting cast last year).
That means Brooke Valentine and Marcus Black, who also just welcomed a baby, are no longer on the show. It also means Safaree, who hasn't been spotted filming at all, is now on LHHNY full-time. And longtime cast member Nikki Baby seems also to have been let go.
Of the single main cast members, Apple Watts was a no-brainer to return. She was the breakout star of LHHH Season 5, not quite on the level of Cardi B back in her LHHNY days but definitely the cast member who got the biggest positive reaction. And it's possible that LHHH Season 6 will spend more time on Apple's early days, including her mysterious arrests.
K. Michelle was the biggest name to join last year when she jumped over from Love & Hip Hop Atlanta, and quickly fit right in. She's said to be trying for more children with a surrogate, and it's rumored that her still-anonymous surrogate will appear on the show as well.
Plus, K. Michelle has claimed that LHHH Season 6 will be her last. If that's true, she may be thinking of going out in grand fashion.
The rest of the Season 6 cast contains some surprises
The cast members have also started sharing more and more on-set pics on social media. Here's a recent one from Misster Ray:
Gang Gang Gang ❤ @kmichelle @AppleWatts & Brittani B pic.twitter.com/8x6HTEEC4u
— Ray Cunningham (@MissterRay) May 22, 2019
Newbie Brittany B is a part of K. Michelle's crew, and seems to be one of the bigger names among the supporting cast. But the biggest so far has to be Summer Bunni, best known as Offset's alleged mistress, who's been seen filming for at least a couple of months now. It's Summer who apparently threw hands at Lyrica, which may or may not have caused both Lyrica and A1 to refuse to film any more scenes with Summer.
Oh — and that rumor about Faith Evans and Stevie J following in K. Michelle's footsteps and making the move out Hollywood way looks to be just that: a rumor and nothing more. The two of them have been filming something for awhile, but it's now believed to be a pilot for their own potential reality show.
VH1 hasn't yet announced when LHHH Season 6 will premiere. Since the last two seasons both debuted in July — and since LHHATL only has five more weeks left before its reunion — we're assuming that Love & Hip Hop Hollywood will continue that pattern this year.
(Photo credit: LHHH Season 6 via VH1, Instagram)
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