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Roberts, Thomas William (Tom) (1856–1931)
by Helen Topliss
Tom Roberts, 1920-25
State Library of Victoria, 49320812
Thomas William (Tom) Roberts (1856-1931), artist, was born on 9 March 1856 at Dorchester, Dorset, England, elder son of Richard Roberts, journalist, and his wife Matilda Agnes Cela, née Evans. Tom was educated at Dorchester Grammar School. After her husband's death Matilda and her three children migrated in 1869 to Melbourne where they lived at Collingwood. The first years were difficult for a poor family and Tom helped his mother to sew satchels after work. He soon became interested in art and studied at the Collingwood and Carlton artisans' schools of design in 1873; at the latter Louis Buvelot and Eugen von Guerard awarded him a prize for a landscape. In 1874 he joined the National Gallery School where he attended Thomas Clark's classes in design. Though the school listed his occupation as photographer, his responsibilities at Stewart's, photographers in Bourke Street, were confined to arranging backdrops and studio sets and sometimes posing the sitters for portraits.
Roberts was one of the first painters to recognize the special character of the Australian landscape; Studley Park, Kew, was close to where he lived (in Johnston Street) and he introduced his friend Fred McCubbin to the native flora there. Encouraged by Clark and his other teachers, Roberts resolved to gain further experience in London, and the Victorian Academy of Arts helped by providing him with a bursary. Already ambitious to paint subject pictures, he had attended anatomy classes at the University of Melbourne. Roberts was the first major Australian painter to be selected to study at the Royal Academy of Arts which he attended from 1881 to 1884, benefiting especially from tuition in anatomy and perspective. To help make ends meet he contributed illustrations to the Graphic.
In London he was especially influenced by a variety of regional groups who eventually formed the nucleus of the New English Arts Club in 1886; these artists from centres such as Newlyn and Glasgow rejected the strictly historicizing Academy style. Other strong influences were Whistler and the popular plein air painters such as Bastien Lepage and his British followers. Roberts toured Spain in 1883 with the future Labor politician Dr William Maloney and fellow artist John Peter Russell. Although he spent only a few weeks in Spain it was a joyous and formative experience which encouraged his naturalistic bent. Two Spanish painters he met in Granada, Lorreano Barrau and Ramon Casas, emphasized certain popular notions of Impressionism and plein air principles. In 1884 Roberts continued his pursuit of momentary effects in small studies of the seascape and several figure studies painted during a holiday at Venice—small exercises in a Whistlerian mode.
He returned to Melbourne in 1885 at precisely the right moment to instigate a new school of painting based on plein air practice which, in Australia as elsewhere, was allied to notions of nationalism and regionalism. Roberts's Melbourne colleagues immediately benefited from his experience; Arthur Streeton, for one, later claimed that 'Bulldog's' example was crucial. His sense of mission and enthusiasm were important in a period when painters and writers were seeking local self-definition. His dedication put him in the forefront of the group of painters which became known as the Heidelberg school.
The first camp was set up at Box Hill in 1886 at Housten's Paddock, scene of 'The Artists' Camp' and 'A Summer Morning Tiff'. 'We went to the bush', said Roberts, 'and, as was always our ambition, tried to get it down as truly as we could'. Early in 1887, painting at the seaside outer suburbs, Beaumaris and Mentone, Roberts first met Streeton and recorded the long hot summer in key pictures such as 'Mentone' and 'The Sunny South'. Charles Conder joined them from Sydney in 1888. In 1889 they established a hilltop camp at Eaglemont with sweeping views of the Yarra valley.
In August that year Roberts, Streeton and Conder arranged their 9 x 5 (inches) Exhibition of Impressions (with a few contributions also by four others including McCubbin) which further defined the Heidelberg movement in the public mind. The 182 small panels, of which Roberts contributed 62, were all painted on cigar-box lids and uniformly framed in flat wide lengths of kauri wood. Roberts had brought home a few 9 x 5 impressions painted in London; the first item in the catalogue was one of his Thames-side studies. The staging of the exhibition mirrored the artists' desire to display their artistic practice in an Aesthetic and Bohemian framework. The decorations of Liberty silks and the red silk background on which they were hung, as well as the elegant flower arrangements, were consonant with Roberts's practice at his studio in Grosvenor Chambers, at the fashionable 'Paris' end of Collins Street. At social and artistic soirées there, patrons could see his latest work in a setting decked out with chinoiserie, bric-a-brac, drapes, and with the addition of musical performances which were an important part of the mise en scène. Streeton claimed that Roberts was the first to bring bunches of gum tips into town.
The catalogue of the Impressions Exhibition had quoted Gérôme: 'When you draw, form is the important thing; but in painting the first thing to look for is the general impression of colour'. It continued: 'An effect is only momentary … Two half hours are never alike'. The Ruskinite James Smith condemned four-fifths of the exhibits as 'a pain to the eye'. When Roberts showed 'Shearing the Rams' in 1890, Smith found the painting too naturalistic: 'art should be of all times, not of one time, of all places, not of one place'. Roberts countered: 'by making art the perfect expression of one time and one place, it becomes for all time and of all places'.
Roberts and his colleagues had a few discriminating supporters and patrons, but the public was unimpressed and the National Gallery gave no encouragement. In 1891, with Melbourne falling into deep economic depression, Roberts followed Streeton to Sydney where the National Art Gallery of New South Wales had a positive policy of acquiring Australian pictures. In October Roberts established a camp at Sirius Cove, Mosman Bay, where Streeton and A. H. Fullwood joined him.
As part of his urge to develop a national art, since 1889 Roberts had been investigating the possibilities of painting historical subject-pictures, describing the experience of 'strong masculine labour'. Drawing on the basic tenets of naturalism, he developed an aim to record historical processes, especially agricultural and pastoral methods which were fast disappearing. For three years in a row he visited Brocklesby station in the Riverina where he painted 'Shearing the Rams', which came to be considered the definitive image of an emerging national identity. In the earlier 1890s he travelled widely from Sydney in search of subject-matter—riding long distances, living hard—notably to the property of his friend Duncan Anderson near Inverell. The paintings 'Shearing at Newstead: The Golden Fleece' (1894) and 'Bailed up' (1895-1927) were major consequences.
Roberts was a reader: his love for the English romantic poets is reflected in the titles of some of his paintings. In particular he read the works of his Dorset elder Thomas Hardy with whom he had had a childhood association. Far from the Madding Crowd was a favourite book and he had an early ambition to illustrate Hardy's novels. The influence can be traced directly: in Hardy's use of the word 'impression' and in his poetic, melancholic twilight scenes; his depiction of shearers at work; his contrasts of city and country, of a vanishing way of life, and his artist's assumption of the task of historical recorder; and in his interest in a regional, provincial culture. Later, in England, Roberts returned several times to Dorset.
In Sydney Roberts fell naturally into close touch with J. F. Archibald of the Bulletin whom he had met on board ship in 1885, 'Breaker Morant', 'Banjo' Paterson and many other writers and journalists at his Pitt Street studio. He was a member of the Dawn to Dusk Club. His democratic, nationalist tendencies were reinforced. In this period Roberts attempted every area of representation; his portraits of literary, artistic and political figures are as important as his landscape and subject pictures. More than half his paintings between 1885 and 1900 were portraits, a means of earning a living that he much preferred to teaching (to which he succumbed from 1896). He would much rather have painted more historical subjects, but they were time-consuming, expensive in materials and difficult to sell. Some of his portraits are 'official' and impersonal; those of friends and intimates more often demonstrate his talent and intelligence, and many of women and girls show great flair. The number of distinguished public figures he painted, however, such as Sir Henry Parkes, Major General Hutton, Alfred Hill and Marshall-Hall, led him eventually to develop an interest in a historical portrait-record of Australian types: in 1900 he exhibited a series of twenty-three informal panel-portraits, much influenced by Whistler. And, mainly on his trip north in 1892 to Queensland and the Torres Strait Islands, he painted Aborigines as individuals rather than types.
Through his close friend S. W. Pring, Roberts met again a former art-student Elizabeth (Lillie) Williamson and married her on 30 April 1896 at St Hilary's Church, East Kew, Melbourne. They settled at Balmain, Sydney, and had one son Caleb, born in 1898.
Roberts was a born leader and mentor to younger painters. Russell had been distraught when Roberts left for home in 1885. Conder affectionately addressed him as 'friend, philosopher and guide'. It is not known to what extent Roberts took the lead in 1886 in forming the Australian Artists' Association as a body of professional painters in opposition to the Victorian Academy of Arts, and in forming the Victorian Artists' Society in 1888, but he was a committee-member of both bodies. He was also secretary of the literature and art section at the 1889 Melbourne meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. Then in Sydney he was founding chairman (1895-97) of the Society of Artists. He was the one artist articulate and bold enough to duel, vigorously and stylishly, with James Smith and others in the Argus. He worked assiduously to promote the status of the artist and of art as a profession, demanding respect rather than patronage. Largely through his eminent portrait-sitters, he gained an entrée to Sydney society where he felt he was representing his profession and gaining recognition for it. There was more than a touch of flamboyance, however, in his top hat and red satin-lined cloak and, remembering his rise from poverty and hardship, he was no doubt well satisfied by his social prominence. But, as J. S. MacDonald later said, 'he convinced by his arguments, he convinced by his painting … he convinced by his presence'.
At the close of the century Roberts had decided to leave Australia because of the bad economic conditions and lack of patronage—'there seemed so little in front of us'. However, when in 1901 he was invited to attend the opening of the Commonwealth Parliament in Melbourne, he was commissioned to paint the official picture. His 'Minute Book' reflects his excitement. Roberts was to paint 250 figures for which he was offered more than one thousand guineas and expenses. The work took two and a half years but it gave him financial security. In 1903 he embarked for England to complete the 'Big Picture' (1570 sq. feet, 518 cm x 305 cm). He had 'longed and longed' to return to England, but he did not receive the patronage he expected despite his contacts with Royalty while painting the picture, and, uncertain of the direction his art should follow, he entered a 'black period' for several years. Although Roberts had considered the commission to be the peak of his career, the need to represent accurately so many figures and the importance he placed on the task sapped his energy and weakened his eyesight.
Portraits were again his bread and butter; one was 'hung on the line' at the Royal Academy in 1910, but he barely made ends meet during sixteen years in London. Lillie Roberts became well known for her handsome carved frames. Tom corresponded with Prime Minister Alfred Deakin with whom, as a sitter, he had immediately struck up a warm friendship—Deakin was 'ever ready for five minutes' chaff'—and in 1910 he unavailingly offered his services in establishing a national portrait gallery. In 1913 Roberts held an exhibition of alpine landscapes, but his confidence had been lacking and his hopes disappointed. He had organized an Australian artist group based on the Chelsea Arts Club and was often nostalgic for the 'Sunny South'.
During World War I, understating his age (59), he enlisted in 1915 with several other Australian artists as an orderly, undertaking menial tasks, at the 3rd London General Hospital, Wandsworth; he became corporal, then sergeant, in charge of the dental department, and remembered the hospital with great affection. He returned to Australia in December 1919, stayed for a year and held exhibitions in Melbourne and Sydney whose success encouraged him to return finally early in 1923.
Roberts and his wife settled at Kallista in the Dandenongs in a small cottage they named Talisman. He was particularly fond of the countryside there and returned to painting small formal landscapes in a low-key tonal Impressionism which he had rediscovered in a small panel painted in 1914 at Lake Como. Lillie Roberts died in 1928 and on 27 August he married her childhood friend Jean Irving Boyes at Illawarra, Tasmania. His last work 'Ring a Ring a Roses' was a nostalgic reprise of a landscape painted at Cremorne, Sydney, in the early 1890s. He died at Talisman on 14 September 1931 and was cremated. His wife and son by his first marriage survived him.
Roberts was a slim 5 ft 10 ins (178 cm), brown-eyed, brown-bearded, prematurely balding; he retained his English accent. He was direct, definite and straightforward in manner, loved an argument and relating anecdotes, in his younger days was often the life of a party. (Sir) Frederic Eggleston, a friend of the 1920s, recalled: 'He was a great talker, full of fun and whims and wisdom, but he was no egotist … He would not permit the silent listener. Every moment brought the call for active comradeship, participation in the passing of life and the enjoyment of beauty. He could not have lived without this active interchange of affection and friendship'.
In the first third of the century his reputation, such as it was, slumped. The contrast with Sir Arthur Streeton is striking; Roberts was offered no honour. In his earlier Melbourne days he had been outspoken and suffered many 'nasty knocks' from critics and art-officialdom. The trustees of the National Gallery did not purchase one of his works until 1920—a portrait painted in London. R. H. Croll's Tom Roberts: Father of Australian Landscape Painting (1935), which included many reminiscences by associates, began his return to fame. In more recent years it has been recognized that Roberts was at least as distinguished a painter as Streeton, in the wider sense a much more significant figure, and heroic in his claims for art and as a patriot.
His readiness to absorb major current influences and his energy in disseminating them made him one of the prime movers in the development of a national movement in painting. A portrait of him by Conder is in a private collection and a self-portrait is in the Art Gallery of New South Wales.
V. Spate, Tom Roberts (Melb, 1972)
H. Topliss, Tom Roberts, 1856-1931: A Catalogue Raisonne (Melb, 1985), and for bibliography
Tom Roberts papers (State Library of New South Wales).
Clarke, Marian (sitter)
Springthorpe, John William (sitter)
Fairfax, James Oswald (sitter)
Dyer, Louise Berta (sitter)
Helen Topliss, 'Roberts, Thomas William (Tom) (1856–1931)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/roberts-thomas-william-tom-8229/text14405, published first in hardcopy 1988, accessed online 17 January 2021.
This article has been amended since its original publication. View Original
Dorchester, Dorset, England
Kallista, Victoria, Australia
landscape artist
portraitist


What if I have my period at the time of my first gynaecological fertility appointment?
You do not need to worry. In principle, the fact that you may be menstruating on the day of the appointment is not a problem.


Download GIS data via Snohomish County's FTP site.
Maps and GIS Data for purchase.
Snohomish County's published map services which include: basemaps, cadastral, demography, districts, drainage, environmental, hydrography, imagery, planning, river photos, topography, transportation, and utilities that can be used in web based mapping applications.


The Aspen Music Festival and School's box office at Harris Concert Hall will open for the summer season today. It will be open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays through the summer.
The festival's Locals Pass is now on sale at the box office. The $60 pass makes available deeply discounted tickets for up to six concerts through the season: Sunday Aspen Festival Orchestra concerts for $30 (a $52 savings off the regular price), Friday Aspen Chamber Symphony concerts for $20 ($60 off) or any other regularly scheduled concert or Opera Scenes Master Class for $15 (up to $50 off).
The pass also offers free admission to four dress rehearsals or instrumental master classes. Opera tickets are also available with the Locals Pass this year for Bernstein's "Trouble in Tahiti" concert performance (Aug. 2) for $15 and/or the fully staged opera production of Offenbach's "Les contes d'Hoffmann" (Aug. 14, 16, or 18) for $20. The Final Sunday Aspen Festival Orchestra performance of Berlioz's "Symphonie fantastique" at the discounted price of $50 (regularly $90).
Locals must present a valid Colorado driver's license or state-issued identification with a Roaring Fork Valley address to purchase Locals Pass.
Season schedule and more information at http://www.aspenmusicfestival.com.
Income categories to qualify for units under the Aspen-Pitkin County Housing Authority have changed to align qualifications between sales and rental processes. The Housing Authority also is now using Area Median Income (AMI) to set income maximums.
Sales qualifications had measured households by number of dependents in the household and had seven categories, plus resident occupied. Rental qualifications measured by number of adults in the household and only had four categories, plus resident occupied.
Also, the figures used for the maximums in each category were outdated and no longer support the program, according to an APCHA press release.
Some households in both the APCHA sales and rental programs may see an adjustment to their current categories based on the changes. The changes took effect May 14.
The changes are as follows: Both sales and rental households will be measured by number of persons in the household; both sales and rental categories will be categories one through five, plus resident occupied; maximum incomes for each category will be set using the Pitkin County AMI and will be adjusted on an annual basis.
The city of Aspen has enacted a "stage one" water shortage due to low snowpack and drought conditions in the area.
The goal is to decrease community-wide water use. This means the city government will take mandatory conservation measures, while Aspen water customers are asked to take voluntary conservation measures. Stage one also includes a temporary rate increase for city customers with high water use.
A specific focus during drought condition is irrigation as it represents the most intensive use of water for all Aspen customers.
Two additional buses have been added to daily service between the Brush Creek Intercept Lot and Rubey Park.
The additional service is to encourage commuters to use mass transit during the Castle Creek Bridge and Hallam Street improvement project. Officials also hope more buses help reduce wait times and accommodate additional riders during peak travel times. In town, there are four free bus and shuttle routes connecting popular destinations in the city and the Downtowner shuttle with free door-to-door service in the core.
RFTA bus service is free from the Brush Creek Intercept Lot through Aspen. Parking at all RFTA park and ride locations, including the Intercept Lot and Buttermilk, is free.
The city also offers a free carpool matching service through commuterconnect.net. Carpools of two or more adults can pick up a daily carpool permit at the airport parking information kiosk, allowing for free parking in designated carpool or residential spaces in Aspen.
The project team invites the community to participate in the next monthly project update meeting occurring at 4 p.m. on Wednesday in the Sister Cities room at City Hall. The meeting will cover upcoming work schedules, traffic impacts and will begin looking at impacts for August and September. Following the meeting, there will also be a conference call recap at 5 p.m. Conference call information is available on the project website, castlecreekbridge.com.


The coefficient functions of the gluon condensate [G2], in the correlators of heavy-quark vector, axial, scalar and pseudoscalar currents, are obtained analytically, to two loops, for all values of z = q2/4m2. In the limiting cases z --> 0, z --> 1, and z --> -infinity, comparisons are made with previous partial results. Approximation methods, based on these limiting cases, are critically assessed, with a view to three-loop work. High accuracy is achieved using a few moments as input. A single moment, combined with only the leading threshold and asymptotic behaviours, gives the two-loop corrections to better than 1% in the next 10 moments. A two-loop fit to vector data yields [alpha(s)/piG2] almost-equal-to 0.021 GeV4.
BROADHURST DJ, BAIKOV PA, ILYIN VA, Fleischer J, TARASOV OV, SMIRNOV VA. 2-LOOP GLUON-CONDENSATE CONTRIBUTIONS TO HEAVY-QUARK CURRENT CORRELATORS - EXACT RESULTS AND APPROXIMATIONS. PHYSICS LETTERS B. 1994;329(1):103-110.
BROADHURST, D. J., BAIKOV, P. A., ILYIN, V. A., Fleischer, J., TARASOV, O. V., and SMIRNOV, V. A. (1994). 2-LOOP GLUON-CONDENSATE CONTRIBUTIONS TO HEAVY-QUARK CURRENT CORRELATORS - EXACT RESULTS AND APPROXIMATIONS. PHYSICS LETTERS B 329, 103-110.
BROADHURST, D.J., et al., 1994. 2-LOOP GLUON-CONDENSATE CONTRIBUTIONS TO HEAVY-QUARK CURRENT CORRELATORS - EXACT RESULTS AND APPROXIMATIONS. PHYSICS LETTERS B, 329(1), p 103-110.
BROADHURST, DJ, BAIKOV, PA, ILYIN, VA, Fleischer, Jochem, TARASOV, OV, and SMIRNOV, VA. "2-LOOP GLUON-CONDENSATE CONTRIBUTIONS TO HEAVY-QUARK CURRENT CORRELATORS - EXACT RESULTS AND APPROXIMATIONS". PHYSICS LETTERS B 329.1 (1994): 103-110.


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Leesburg, FL – Car Accident at US-27 & Plantation Blvd Intersection
Leesburg, FL (June 17, 2021) – Before 7 a.m. on the morning of Thursday, June 17, a car accident occurred at an intersection in Leesburg.
According to Lake County officials, the accident happened at the intersection of US-27 and Plantation Boulevard. Police confirmed that two vehicles were traveling in the area when they entered the intersection at the same time. The vehicles involved in the accident were badly damaged as a result.
Paramedics, fire crews, and numerous other responders were present at the scene to help those in need. One or more victims, who have not yet been identified, were taken to local hospitals for treatment of their injuries.
The intersection was blocked in several lanes for a period of time.
No further details have been released but the investigation into the accident continues.
Hundreds of thousands of people are injured as a result of car accidents throughout the state of Florida every single year. These accidents happen in the blink of an eye in many different areas but intersections are among the most common. Millions of intersection-related accidents occur every year throughout the U.S. In just one recent year's time, in fact, over 2.5 million intersection accidents happened due to the outright reckless acts of others. Many people wonder what options are available for them after they have been seriously injured in a Florida car accident. Luckily, no matter what types of injuries or other damages you have received in an accident, you can move forward with a claim. It is essential that you have a dedicated legal advocate on your side at this time.
Knowing and actually understanding your rights is an important factor in a Florida car accident case. However, this is not always an easy reality to face, especially if you are not well-versed in accident laws within the state of Florida. Many severe injuries stem from these accidents including spinal cord injuries, traumatic brain injuries, organ damage, and more. These injuries tend to land victims in the hospital for an extended period of time, on top of keeping them out of work for some time. If you have been hurt in a car accident, you should be prepared to speak with a Florida personal injury attorney that you can trust.
At Your Damage Lawyer by Chad J. Robinson, PLLC, we have diligently assisted those injured in serious Florida car accidents over the years. If you have suffered from minor or permanent injuries, your car accident claim is important no matter what. You may wonder how you can move forward physically, emotionally, and financially. Speaking with an attorney can ensure that you receive the compensation that you deserve for aspects such as medical expenses, lost wages, pain and suffering, and so much more. You have a variety of options and should never have to stand alone. Please do not hesitate to contact an accident attorney in Florida at (561) 564-0233 for more information.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Restaurant at the Dobieszków Hotel offers a traditional cuisine and serves healthy balanced meals prepared under the supervision of a nutrition expert.
The coffee in the restaurant is a blend of the best beans from Brazil and Colombia, brewed by a professional barista.
The dishes are prepared by experienced chefs and served by well-trained waiters' staff. The restaurant has a large room for 70 people and a well-equipped kitchen with modern facilities.
Only here you can taste the specialties of our cuisine: the famous dobieszkowski borscht, goulash soup, marinated prime rib of beef with garlic butter served with grilled vegetables and balsamic cream, and salmon on arugula with pears and jasmine rice.


On behalf of the entire Eagle Faculty and Staff, I want to thank you all for the amazing faculty luncheon you provided on Friday. I am sure I speak for all of us when I say that it was a real treat to come together as a school family and share in a delicious meal. The opportunity for us to do so is rare, which makes it very special and we are grateful for your generosity.
I am hopeful that everyone had a meaningful parent-teacher conference over the past few weeks. Our faculty sincerely appreciates the opportunity to come together with you to advance our goal of providing the best education for your child.
One last note, I am sure that everyone has enjoyed the snow and is looking forward to more. Considering we have entered the snow season, please send snow gear with your child next week. We will be having outside recess and snow gear (snow pants, jackets, boots, hats, and gloves or mittens) is a must for playing in the snow. Please also make sure that your child's name is in his or her gear to make sure nothing is lost!


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Jeremy Corbyn attacks George Osborne and slams 'prophecies of doom' in referendum campaign
Sebastian Whale
Jeremy Corbyn today hit out at George Osborne's claims that Brexit will plunge the UK into a year-long recession.
Jeremy Corbyn made a major EU speech in central London today
In what was billed as his strongest pro-EU speech to date, the Labour leader also attacked the "prophecies of doom" being put forward by both sides of the EU referendum debate.
His intervention followed polling which showed Labour voters are unsure of the party's position on Europe.
Jeremy Corbyn: Brexit will destroy the rights of millions of UK workers
Alistair Darling: I hope Jeremy Corbyn gets more involved in EU Remain fight
Mr Corbyn, who was a long-standing eurosceptic but now backs Britain staying in the EU, said the Chancellor's economic record meant his latest forecasts could be ignored.
In a major speech in central London, he said: "Just over a week ago, George Osborne claimed that the British economy would enter a year-long recession if we voted to leave. This is the same George Osborne who predicted his austerity policies would close the deficit by 2015. That's now scheduled for 2021.
"It's the same George Osborne who said the British economy would be 'carried aloft by the march of the makers' yet the manufacturing sector has stagnated ever since, and manufacturing employment declined.
"The biggest risk of recession in this country is from a Conservative Government that is failing, failing on the deficit, failing on the debt, failing to rebalance the economy and failing to boost productivity."
MYTH-MAKING
Both sides of the EU campaign have been accused of pursuing a Project Fear agenda, with Remain facing particular criticism for its pessimistic predictions of life outside the bloc.
Mr Corbyn said: "There are just three weeks to go until the referendum vote on 23 June but too much of the debate so far has been dominated by myth-making and prophecies of doom.
"In the final stage of this referendum, as we get closer to what is expected by many to be a very tight vote, it does not help the debate over such a serious issue if the hype and histrionic claims continue or worse intensify.
"I believe the EU has the potential to deliver positive change for the people of Britain if there was a radical, reforming government to drive that agenda. Too often what has held back the EU is having to move at the pace of the slowest. Too often that has been the British government."
Mr Corbyn also appeared to back up claims by pro-Brexit campaigners that a proposed trade deal between the US and the EU could lead to the privatisation of the NHS.
He urged the Prime Minister to block the Transatlantic Trade and Investment partnership treaty "that threatens our public services, our consumer and employment rights".
He also acknowledged that large-scale immigration could cause strain on public services, as he announced a Labour government would reintroduce a cash fund to help communities alleviate the pressure.
"This isn't the fault of migrants. It's a failure of government," he said. "By abolishing the Migrant Impact Fund, David Cameron's Coalition undermined the proper preparation and investment that communities need to adapt."
Mr Corbyn insisted that the EU is not perfect in its current form, which is why while Labour "makes the case to remain, we also make the Labour case for reform".
He also warned that the Conservatives would destroy the rights of millions of workers if Britain votes to quit the EU.
The Labour leader said "a Tory Brexit negotiation would be a disaster for the majority of people in Britain".
Mr Corbyn pointed to new research that shows that 26.7 million people in the UK enjoy workplace rights that are protected by Britain's EU membership.
They include 28 days of paid annual leave, at least one day off per week and 11 consecutive hours' rest in any 24-hour period.
Other workplace rights, which Mr Corbyn will say are protected by the EU, include maternity leave and equality legislation.
The Labour leader said: "A vote to Leave means a Conservative government would then be in charge of negotiating Britain's exit. Everything they have done as a government so far means we could not rely on them to protect the workplace rights that millions rely on."
NFB: EU Settlement Scheme presents challenges for construction workers
Many skilled construction workers may not have the language or technical skills to understand how to apply for settled status


Jordan J. Ryan is assistant professor of New Testament at the University of Dubuque. Previously, he was visiting assistant professor of New Testament and archaeology at Wheaton College. He recently received his doctorate from McMaster University in Ontario, Canada.


Heart disease has long been one of the leading causes of death in the United States, but unfortunately, many people still have a poor understanding of the things they can do daily to prevent it. Your cardiologist will be able to offer treatment and advice, but taking proactive steps to protect your health remains perhaps the single most important thing you can do.
Below you'll find a guide to some dietary tips that should help promote a healthy heart. Following these suggestions should put you in a position to have to seek out cardiological care less frequently, and, when you do need to seek out care, you'll already be in a position to dramatically improve your fortunes.
One of the most important realities that you should face about your diet is that, often times, it's not what you eat but how you eat it. Even the healthiest foods in the world, when consumed in excess, can cause fat accumulation and risk heading down the path towards obesity.
Forcing yourself to use plates and bowls which hold a smaller volume of food is a great way to encourage portion control. You should also consider seeking out foods which are particularly nutrient dense, as you'll be able to consume smaller amounts of them but still have a feeling of fullness and satisfaction.
From a young age, any time dietary habits are taught in America, one of the central tenets is an increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Unfortunately, these efforts are often in vain, as many people have an inadequate understanding of why such a change is necessary.
Fruits and vegetables contain high concentrations of digestible fibers that help to regulate your digestive situation and encourage heart health. They also help you to avoid filling up on foods with a much higher fat content that may cause a buildup in your blood vessels that will put a significant strain on your heart.
Modern fad dieting has moved people away from grains and carbohydrates almost entirely, but the truth is that they can actually be very good for your heart. Whole grains play a significant role in regulating your blood pressure, decreasing the stress on your heart. They are also a great source of fiber, as with fruits and vegetables, and trying a new whole grain such as quinoa can allow you to find a new food that will prevent you from filling up on an old, fatty favorite.


Dodge has always made some great big honking V8's and the modern iteration of the venerable Hemi is certainly no slouch. If you really want to perk it up however nothing beats good old fashioned forced induction.
The Hellcat is the top tier of the MOPAR world right now and has been shoehorned into a ton of vehicles as of late. The Rebel TRX uses a similar supercharged 6.2L v8 setup. While not technically classified as a Hellcat, we'll consider this 575 horsepower truck, that debuted at the State Fair of Texas, a bonafide winner!
Beyond the supercharged Hemi the revival of the TRX package, RAM's off road trim level, is a welcome addition to the lineup. The Rebel is a fine truck all on its own but I think most people were hoping for a bit more of a MOPAR Raptor.
The supercharged engine will be mated to their TorqueFlite 8HP70 eight-speed automatic transmission. Highly doubtful the side exit exhaust makes production but hopefully everything else does.
If produced the Rebel TRX would be the most powerful half ton truck on the market and if the suspension is done right certainly a Raptor fighter. I wonder when GM is going to join this game?


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< Back to collections by Bruno Barbey
Bruno Barbey - ALGERIA. Algiers. 20th Anniversary of Algerian Liberation.1974
ALGERIA. Algiers. PLO leader Yassir ARAFAT (center, foreground) attending a reception in the 'Algiers Peoples' Palace. To his left is King FAYSAL of Saudi Arabi
ALGIERIA: Algiers 1974 From left to right: PLO leader Yasser ARAFAT with Algerian President BOUMEDIENNE and President SADAT of Egypt.
ALGERIA. Algiers. 1974. King FAYSAL of Saudi Arabia.
Celebrations for the 20th anniversary of the insurrection (1st November 1954) which led to Algerian independance from France in 1962.
ALGERIA. Algiers. 20th Anniversary of Algerian Liberation.1974
From left to right: President of Tunisia Habib BOURGUIBA with Algerian President BOUMEDIENNE.
From left to right: PLO leader Yasser ARAFAT with Algerian President BOUMEDIENNE and President SADAT of Egypt.
Hafez AL-ASSAD, President of Syria.
ALGERIA. Algiers. 20th Anniversary of Algerian Liberation. 1974.
Children parading with pencils as symbols of the movement towards complete literacy.
Children parading with pencils as symbols of the movement towards complete literary.
A float symbolising the economic development of Algeria.
Algerian students parading on a float.
Algerian People' s National Army on parade, carrying picks which symbolise them as "Pioneers of the Road to African Unity".
ALGERIA. Algiers. 20th Anniversary of the Algerian Liberation. 1974.
ALGERIA. Algiers. 20th Anniversary of Algerian Liberation. President of Algeria Houari BOUMEDIENE with Pre


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Free Trial classes by arrangement, please contact us for details.


text:
RCR membership provides a host of exclusive benefits to help you invest in your career and keep up with the latest developments in your field.
How to apply for RCR membership
Please email membership@rcr.ac.uk to apply for RCR membership. You will be sent an application form for the category of membership you wish to apply for. Depending on the category of membership you are applying for, you may be asked to provide the following supporting documents:
A letter from your HR department stating the grade at which you are employed
Evidence of your eligibility to practise
Your primary and postgraduate medical certificates.
All applications are considered on an individual basis. Please see the full list of membership categories and fees
Our specialist distance learning Postgraduate Certificate in Medical Education for Radiology or for Oncology, created by the RCR in collaboration with the University of Dundee, is designed for anyone interested in developing their careers in medical education. With an international audience in mind, this course is delivered entirely online and is not limited to the RCR/UK curriculum.
Radiologists may be interested in the Radiology-Integrated Training Initiative (R-ITI), an e-learning package designed to support training, CPD and exam preparation in radiology. Radiologists outside the UK can access R-ITI by purchasing a licence from eIntegrity. RCR discounts are available for individual licences.
e-Proton is an e-learning resource designed to support the education and training of staff in preparation for increasing use of proton beam therapy (PBT).
The RCR e-learning hub provides easy access to a wide range of online learning resources, including interactive online modules, videos, self-tests, webinars and useful articles
The RCR offers plenty of advice to radiologists and clinical oncologists who would like to work in the UK, as well as a collaboration with Health Education England who can offer Global Fellows opportunities
Free European Society of Radiology (ESR) membership
The RCR has agreed with the ESR that clinical radiology members residing in Europe who are in current practice and in good standing are able to register free of charge for ESR Full Membership. Radiology trainees are able to register free of charge for ESR Membership in Training. The ESR also offers free Corresponding Membership to those residing outside Europe. ESR membership gives you access to all ESR membership benefits, including reduced registration fees for the European Congress of Radiology
Overseas Ambassadors
Benefits of RCR membership
R-ITI for overseas users
European Society of Radiology membership
Visit the e-learning hub
The RCR has appointed two overseas ambassadors to represent the RCR outside the UK


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Restlessness: Inability to relax or calm oneself.
Introduction: Restlessness needs to be distinguished from other similar symptoms such as hyperactivity, nervousness, or irritability.
Possible causes of symptom: Restlessness: The following medical conditions are some of the possible causes of Restlessness as a symptom. There are likely to be other possible causes, so ask your doctor about your symptoms.
Anxiety - general everyday anxiety may cause restlessness as a symptom.
Anxiety disorders - almost all anxiety disorders may cause restlessness symptoms.
Conditions listing symptoms: Restlessness: The following list of conditions have 'Restlessness' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. This computer-generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom.
Conditions listing complications: Restlessness: The following list of conditions have 'Restlessness' or similar listed as a complication in our database. The distinction between a symptom and complication is not always clear, and conditions mentioning this symptom as a complication may also be relevant. This computer-generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom.


text:
Q: Download ContentVersion.VersionData in Python I have the following Python code using simple_salesforce module:
    def get_email_template(sf, agreement_id):

         email_templates = sf.query(f"""
            SELECT VersionData, Title, PathOnClient
            FROM ContentVersion
            WHERE FirstPublishLocationId = '{agreement_id}'
            AND pathonclient = 'email.html'
         """)['records']

         if len(email_templates) != 0:
            return base64.b64decode(email_templates[0]['VersionData'])
         return None

The following is the error log:
    Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "c:\code\Python\social\social_messaging.py", line 293, in <module>
    email_template = get_email_template(sf, agreement_id)
  File "c:\code\Python\social\social_messaging.py", line 113, in get_email_template
    return base64.b64decode(email_templates[0]['VersionData'])
  File "C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\base64.py", line 87, in b64decode
    return binascii.a2b_base64(s)
binascii.Error: Incorrect padding

index.html is uploaded and attached to Contract object as a File and contains simple html.
I might be doing the conversion wrong. Any help is appreciated.
Thanks.
OP: Final Solution after David's post below:
    def get_email_template(sf, agreement_id):

        email_templates = sf.query(f"""
                SELECT VersionData, Title, PathOnClient
                FROM ContentVersion
                WHERE FirstPublishLocationId = '{agreement_id}'
                AND pathonclient = 'email_template.html'
        """)['records']

        if len(email_templates) != 0:
            url = f"https://{sf.sf_instance}{email_templates[0]['VersionData']}"

            response = requests.get(url, headers={"Authorization": "OAuth " + sf.session_id,
                                                "Content-Type": "application/octet-stream"})
            if response.ok:
                return(bytes.decode(response.content))
            else:
                log.debug(f"Couldn't download %s" % url)
        return None

    # end get_email_template

A: You're decoding data that's not actually Base64.
When you query ContentVersion, the VersionData attribute that you're returned does not contain the binary content of the version. Rather, it contains a relative URL you can retrieve to obtain the binary data - specifically, it's the relevant sObject Blob Retrieve endpoint.
For example, you might get back
services/data/v47.0/sobjects/ContentVersion/0683600000XXXXXAAQ/VersionData

which you can retrieve to get the binary content for this particular ContentVersion.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Dr. Dan Nickolas Macchiarella, Embry-Riddle on Map Oyster Reefs Using UAS
Interview with Dr. Dan Nickolas Macchiarella, Professor of Aeronautical Science on Map Oyster Reefs Using UAS
1 Welcome Dan Macchiarella, Tell us a little about yourself. How have you got interested in UAV technology?
2 Tell us about your collaboration between UCF and the Embry-Riddle. What motivated you to use drones to map oyster reefs?
3 Tell us on your project members and what sets them apart. Any exciting memories about how the crew came together?
4 What was the most challenging scope of your project? Was it locating a safe destination for the drones to be launched and recovered?
5 Who are you covering? What types of industries/people have you noticed are most keen on environmental-monitoring jobs using UAS?
6 You talk about creating methodologies to map regions remotely. What are the dangers of the method environmental data traditionally have been gathered? And how is your UAS technology can solve these issues?
7 You have talked about many positive applications of drones, including monitoring elephant herds and spotting poachers. What have been a few other conservation efforts which UAS have been part of, should you happen to be aware? What are some of the advantages of using UAS for this kind of work?
8 What do drone pilots need to understand about FAA compliance and registration particularly with the FAA heading toward effective UAS integration into the National Airspace System?
9 What advice do you offer fresh drone operators in getting the most from their investment?
10 What are a few of the most creative ways you have seen drones getting used?
11 What is the demand for coastal mapping drone technology now? How has it changed since you launched your project?
12 What advances on drone technology you are excited about?
13 Have you ever crashed a quadcopter? If so, could you share what happened?
14 What have been a few particularly memorable events you have been involved? What did you cherish from that encounter?
15 For those companies or people who are using remote control drones in their organization, what actions should they undertake to safeguard themselves against financial liabilities?
16 Where can we locate you when you are not behind drones? Is there something else which we have not touched on you would love to convey with our audience?
17 Check out Nickolas Macchiarella on the web
Dr. Dan Macchiarella
Professor of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Science
We are happy to present yet another exciting edition of our UAV Interview Series.
Our interviewee for this post will be well-renowned Dr. Dan Macchiarella, professor of Aeronautical Science.
For those of who have not heard of Dan, he is a professor at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and holds a Ph.D. in Computing Tech in Education.
In this interview, we spoke in-depth with Dan about Embry-Riddle and UCF collaboration to map oyster reefs using UAS.
If you enjoyed the interview, please share and like to support MyDearDrone.
Welcome Dan Macchiarella, Tell us a little about yourself. How have you got interested in UAV technology?
I am a professor at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University located in Daytona Beach, Florida. My specialization centers on adapting technologies to enhance flight operations, education, and training.
Initially, I focused on manned flight. In 2011, we started a degree program in unmanned aircraft systems science. It was apparent to me that unmanned systems would change, and in some cases, revolutionize, the way we function in our world.
Tell us about your collaboration between UCF and the Embry-Riddle. What motivated you to use drones to map oyster reefs?
Working with UCF's National Center for Integrated Coastal Research brings together our strengths and UCF's.
By using UAS, we can remotely sense hard-to-get-to areas. UCF has ongoing research in coastal areas. These areas are traditionally difficult to reach by boat or land. Using UAS makes access easier and provides an aerial perspective.
Tell us on your project members and what sets them apart. Any exciting memories about how the crew came together?
The students working on the oyster reef project are enrolled in Embry-Riddle's UAS degree program in Daytona Beach.
All three are students and experienced small UAS pilots. They also are experienced in planning and organizing field operations for UAS.
In addition to working on the oyster reef project, they are working on a summer study abroad to document cultural heritage locations in the Republic of Kosovo. We are in Kosovo now.
What was the most challenging scope of your project? Was it locating a safe destination for the drones to be launched and recovered?
I think the two main challenges are obtaining an optimal ground sample distance and getting within visual line of sight range to the oyster reef.
We are conducting multiple test flights with various platforms and filters. The aim is to be able to image an oyster reef and count all individual oysters.
Due to current regulatory requirements, we are only conducting a visual line of sight operations. Once, provisions are in place for routine beyond visual line of sight flight we will be able to fully exploit the mobility of UAS to access remote oyster locations – locations that are inaccessible by boat or land.
Who are you covering? What types of industries/people have you noticed are most keen on environmental-monitoring jobs using UAS?
I think we are serving, firstly, the academic community by pioneering techniques for remote sensing the environment – secondly, coastal communities in general.
The seas are rising at about 1/8th of an inch a year. UAS can readily facilitate the monitoring of the effects.
You talk about creating methodologies to map regions remotely. What are the dangers of the method environmental data traditionally have been gathered? And how is your UAS technology can solve these issues?
Remote sensing and in situ data have been in use for many years with mapping. UAS being flown at low altitudes and directed by subject matter experts brings a new dimension to this type of work.
Drones can be rapidly tasked and re-tasked to collect data as needed.
You have talked about many positive applications of drones, including monitoring elephant herds and spotting poachers. What have been a few other conservation efforts which UAS have been part of, should you happen to be aware? What are some of the advantages of using UAS for this kind of work?
UAS are in use to monitor various aspects of our world in a low altitude and high fidelity way. Helping to protect against poaching is one example.
Another example I'm working on at this time is the protection of cultural heritage and archeological sites.
Detailed imagery – visible light or LiDAR-derived – can enable change detection to determine if unauthorized access, removal of artifacts or damage is occurring.
What do drone pilots need to understand about FAA compliance and registration particularly with the FAA heading toward effective UAS integration into the National Airspace System?
The FAA's move toward regulating UAS flight and operations is good for the industry and those who benefit from the use of UAS.
Once UAS is integrated into the NAS, operations can become 'normalized.' Access to airspace in the same manner that manned aircraft now enjoy will allow widespread use.
The FAA's integration will come with increased levels of UAS pilot certification and practical testing.
Overall, the net effect will be to increase the level of expertise and professionalism among the community of UAS operators.
What advice do you offer fresh drone operators in getting the most from their investment?
When choosing a system, work backward from the need of the intended customer. Typically, this means that the UAS payload is the most critical consideration.
Keep in mind what is known as Moore's Law – the number of transistors present in a given device will double about every 18 months.
A UAS that costs a small fortune today may be much cheaper in a year and a half, or, for the same money a year and a half from now you could buy a much more capable system.
What are a few of the most creative ways you have seen drones getting used?
One of my interests is the rapid development of virtual objects using UAS captured imagery and photogrammetric techniques. We have done this type of work at disaster locations and historical sites.
What is the demand for coastal mapping drone technology now? How has it changed since you launched your project?
I think there is a high growth opportunity for mapping and environmental monitoring. The FAA regulatory environment is throttling extensive use.
Once UAS flight is regular and permissible in the NAS, we will see more application.
Presently, use is possible, but, not all areas are readily accessible due to various reasons, including controlled airspace and densely populated areas.
What advances on drone technology you are excited about?
Excited about increasing levels of autonomy and subsequently greater ease of use for operators and end-users of UAS imagery, and one-day cargo.
Have you ever crashed a quadcopter? If so, could you share what happened?
I think we all have had a few bumps along the way. Since the FAA does not require a practical test (i.e., hands-on real flight demonstration of skill), it is incumbent upon remote pilots to self-assess knowledge and skills and keep flight operations within their limits.
What have been a few particularly memorable events you have been involved? What did you cherish from that encounter?
My most memorable event was imaging the Ottoman fortress at Novoberda in Kosovo. This work was completed in coordination with the US Embassy Kosovo and Cultural Heritage without Borders. Students planned the flights, flew the flights, and processed resulting images into virtual objects and orthomosaic maps.
For those companies or people who are using remote control drones in their organization, what actions should they undertake to safeguard themselves against financial liabilities?
Various insurers provide comprehensive policies and even policies for individual flights.
Where can we locate you when you are not behind drones? Is there something else which we have not touched on you would love to convey with our audience?
When I'm not teaching and working, I like to play with my grandkids, fish, and boat.
Check out Nickolas Macchiarella on the web
Faculty Webpage: https://faculty.erau.edu/Dan.Macchiarella
Press Release: https://news.erau.edu/headlines/embry-riddle-ucf-partner-to-map-oyster-reefs-using-uas


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The total amount of investment raised by games firms was almost $6bn in 2018.
That's going off a report by Digi-Capital, which says that the total investment figure for last year was $5.7bn. That's more than double the $2bn that was recorded in 2017.
The bulk of this figure - $5bn - was raised before the end of October per a previous report from Digi-Capital.
This was largely helped by the massive $1.25bn investment that Epic Games scored for the year. Second place went to Douyu, with $630m while Shanda Games took the No.3 position with a $474m influx of cash. Fourth and fifth places went to Huya and Voodoo, raising $462m and $200m respectively.
Merger and acquisitions were no slouch either, bringing in more than $22bn. The biggest deals here were Naspers its two per cent stake in Tencent for a cool $10bn, as well as the Chinese games and tech giant buying up five per cent of Ubisoft for $2bn.
Much like 2017, it was the mobile was behind the vast majority of acquisition dollars last year. The MMO and MOBA genres, as well as console and PC, made up the rest of this space, according to Digi-Capital.
Furthermore, the research firm points to the games market being increasingly more consolidated, with the Top Ten publicly-listed publishers being behind 75 per cent of revenue from floated companies.
The firm also points to a huge dip in IPOs, with 2018's figure clocking in at a whopping 90 per cent lower than previously seen. That's not reflective of the UK, where we saw a number of game firms go public during the year.


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text:
Exchange Rate Home >> Country Info >> Argentina
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Select Country: Afghanistan Akrotiri Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Arctic Ocean Argentina Armenia Aruba Ashmore and Cartier Islands Atlantic Ocean Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dhekelia Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia European Union Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon Gambia, The Gaza Strip Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and McDonald Islands Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indian Ocean Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Jan Mayen Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, North Korea, South Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia, Federated States of Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Navassa Island Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pacific Ocean Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paracel Islands Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Islands Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Barthelemy Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Southern Ocean Spain Spratly Islands Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City (Holy See) Venezuela Vietnam Virgin Islands Wake Island Wallis and Futuna West Bank Western Sahara World Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
Introduction Back To Top
In 1816, the United Provinces of the Rio Plata declared their independence from Spain. After Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay went their separate ways, the area that remained became Argentina. The country's population and culture were heavily shaped by immigrants from throughout Europe, but most particularly Italy and Spain, which provided the largest percentage of newcomers from 1860 to 1930. Up until about the mid-20th century, much of Argentina's history was dominated by periods of internal political conflict between Federalists and Unitarians and between civilian and military factions. After World War II, an era of Peronist populism and direct and indirect military interference in subsequent governments was followed by a military junta that took power in 1976. Democracy returned in 1983 after a failed bid to seize the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands by force, and has persisted despite numerous challenges, the most formidable of which was a severe economic crisis in 2001-02 that led to violent public protests and the resignation of several interim presidents.
Geography Back To Top
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 29.19 cu km/yr (17%/9%/74%)
per capita: 753 cu m/yr (2000)
Total renewable water resources:
814 cu km (2000)
Land boundaries:
border countries: Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,261 km, Chile 5,308 km, Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 580 km
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest
Map references:
34 00 S, 64 00 W
fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Laguna del Carbon -105 m (located between Puerto San Julian and Comandante Luis Piedra Buena in the province of Santa Cruz)
highest point: Cerro Aconcagua 6,960 m (located in the northwestern corner of the province of Mendoza)
rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border
Geography - note:
second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location relative to sea lanes between the South Atlantic and the South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); diverse geophysical landscapes range from tropical climates in the north to tundra in the far south; Cerro Aconcagua is the Western Hemisphere's tallest mountain, while Laguna del Carbon is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere
total: 2,766,890 sq km
land: 2,736,690 sq km
Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Chile and Uruguay
Coastline:
Area - comparative:
slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US
Irrigated land:
15,500 sq km (2003)
Environment - current issues:
environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an industrializing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation, desertification, air pollution, and water pollution
note: Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhouse gas targets
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
Natural hazards:
San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the pampas and northeast; heavy flooding
arable land: 10.03%
permanent crops: 0.36%
other: 89.61% (2005)
People Back To Top
Total fertility rate:
2.37 children born/woman (2008 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
130,000 (2001 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 76.36 years
male: 73.11 years
female: 79.77 years (2008 est.)
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2008)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
female: 97.2% (2001 census)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Ethnic groups:
white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-white groups 3%
Median age:
total: 29.7 years
40.482 million (July 2008 est.)
Education expenditures:
3.8% of GDP (2004)
Population growth rate:
1.068% (2008 est.)
Spanish (official), Italian, English, German, French
Death rate:
7.43 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 11.78 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 13.12 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 10.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 15 years
male: 14 years
female: 16 years (2005)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 25.8% (male 5,341,642/female 5,095,325)
15-64 years: 63.5% (male 12,807,458/female 12,884,745)
65 years and over: 10.8% (male 1,784,652/female 2,568,176) (2008 est.)
Birth rate:
18.11 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Religions:
nominally Roman Catholic 92% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, other 4%
noun: Argentine(s)
adjective: Argentine
Government Back To Top
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Earl Anthony WAYNE
embassy: Avenida Colombia 4300, C1425GMN Buenos Aires
mailing address: international mail: use embassy street address; APO address: US Embassy Buenos Aires, Unit 4334, APO AA 34034
National holiday:
Revolution Day, 25 May (1810)
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA); Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural Confederation or CRA (small to medium landowners' association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association); Central of Argentine Workers or CTA (a radical union for employed and unemployed workers); General Confederation of Labor or CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); White and Blue CGT (dissident CGT labor confederation); Roman Catholic Church
other: business organizations; Peronist-dominated labor movement; Piquetero groups (popular protest organizations that can be either pro or anti-government); students
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Hector Marcos TIMERMAN
chancery: 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
International organization participation:
AfDB (nonregional members), Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (associate), FAO, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Legislative branch:
bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate (72 seats; members are elected by direct vote; presently one-third of the members elected every two years to serve six-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies (257 seats; members are elected by direct vote; one-half of the members elected every two years to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 28 October 2007 (next to be held in 2009); Chamber of Deputies - last held last held 28 October 2007 (next to be held in 2009)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA; seats by bloc or party - FpV 12, UCR 4, CC 4, other 4; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA; seats by bloc or party - FpV 5, UCR 10, PJ 10, PRO 6, CC 16, FJ 2, other 31; note - as of 1 January 2009, the composition of the entire legislature is as follows: Senate - seats by bloc or party - FpV 42, UCR 8, CC 2, other 20; Chamber of Deputies - seats by bloc or party - FpV 119, UCR 24, CC 18, PS 10, PRO 9, other 77
Legal system:
mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known as the Sun of May
Independence:
9 July 1816 (from Spain)
Country name (Goverment):
conventional long form: Argentine Republic
conventional short form: Argentina
local long form: Republica Argentina
local short form: Argentina
Political parties and leaders:
Coalicion Civica (a broad coalition loosely affiliated with Elisa CARRIO); Front for Victory or FpV (a broad coalition, including elements of the UCR and numerous provincial parties) [Nestor KIRCHNER]; Interbloque Federal or IF (a broad coalition of approximately 12 parties including PRO); Justicialist Party or PJ [Nestor KIRCHNER]; Radical Civic Union or UCR [Gerardo MORALES]; Republican Proposal or PRO [Mauricio MACRI] (including Federal Recreate Movement or RECREAR [Esteban BULLRICH]; Socialist Party or PS [Ruben GIUSTINIANI]; Union For All [Patricia BULLRICH]; several provincial parties
name: Buenos Aires
geographic coordinates: 34 36 S, 58 40 W
time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends third Saturday in March; note - a new policy of daylight saving time was initiated by the government on 30 December 2007
Constitution:
1 May 1853; amended many times starting in 1860
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since 10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10 December 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since 10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10 December 2007)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held 28 October 2007 (next election to be held in 2011)
election results: Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER elected president; percent of vote - Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER 45%, Elisa CARRIO 23%, Roberto LAVAGNA 17%, Alberto Rodriguez SAA 8%
Administrative divisions:
23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 autonomous city* (distrito federal); Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Capital Federal*, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego - Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur, Tucuman
note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (the Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president with approval of the Senate)
note: the Supreme Court currently has seven judges, and the Argentine Congress in 2006 passed a bill to gradually reduce the number of Supreme Court judges to five
Economy Back To Top
Exports - partners:
Brazil 19.1%, China 9.4%, US 7.9%, Chile 7.6% (2007)
Electricity - consumption:
97.72 billion kWh (2006 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
Electricity - imports:
Current account balance:
$6 billion (2008 est.)
Debt - external:
$135.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
7.8% (September 2008)
Oil - exports:
339,900 bbl/day (2005)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Investment (gross fixed):
24% of GDP (2008 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
$72.55 billion (31 December 2007)
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$585 billion (2008 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
$338.7 billion (2008 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
49 (January-March 2007)
Argentine pesos (ARS) per US dollar - 3.1636 (2008 est.), 3.1105 (2007), 3.0543 (2006), 2.9037 (2005), 2.9233 (2004)
GDP - real growth rate:
Stock of money:
Labor force:
note: urban areas only (2008 est.)
Imports - partners:
Brazil 34.6%, US 12.6%, China 12%, Germany 5% (2007)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
22% based on non-official estimates; the much lower official rate lacks credibility (2008 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 9.2%
Oil - imports:
23,380 bbl/day (2005)
Exports:
$73 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
44.1 billion cu m (2007 est.)
Currency (code):
Economy - overview:
Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. Although one of the world's wealthiest countries 100 years ago, Argentina suffered during most of the 20th century from recurring economic crises, persistent fiscal and current account deficits, high inflation, mounting external debt, and capital flight. A severe depression, growing public and external indebtedness, and a bank run culminated in 2001 in the most serious economic, social, and political crisis in the country's turbulent history. Interim President Adolfo RODRIGUEZ SAA declared a default - the largest in history - on the government's foreign debt in December of that year, and abruptly resigned only a few days after taking office. His successor, Eduardo DUHALDE, announced an end to the peso's decade-long 1-to-1 peg to the US dollar in early 2002. The economy bottomed out that year, with real GDP 18% smaller than in 1998 and almost 60% of Argentines under the poverty line. Real GDP rebounded to grow by an average 9% annually over the subsequent five years, taking advantage of previously idled industrial capacity and labor, an audacious debt restructuring and reduced debt burden, excellent international financial conditions, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies. Inflation also increased, however, during the administration of President Nestor KIRCHNER, which responded with price restraints on businesses, as well as export taxes and restraints, and beginning in early 2007, with understating inflation data. Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER succeeded her husband as President in late 2007, but was stymied in her efforts to hike export taxes still further by protesting farmers. Her government nationalized private pension funds in late 2008, which bolstered government coffers, but failed to assuage investors' concerns about the direction of economic policy.
Natural gas - exports:
2.6 billion cu m (2007 est.)
machinery, motor vehicles, petroleum and natural gas, organic chemicals, plastics
food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel
Electricity - exports:
2.628 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line:
23.4% (January-June 2007)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
28% (28 November 2008)
Stock of quasi money:
Electricity - production:
109.4 billion kWh (2006 est.)
$59.9 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.)
Oil - proved reserves:
2.587 billion bbl (1 January 2008 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 1%
industry: 23%
services: 76% (2008 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
446 billion cu m (1 January 2008 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$45.9 billion (15 December 2008)
Oil - consumption:
440,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$26.81 billion (2008 est.)
Public debt:
51% of GDP (June 2008)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$69.1 billion (2008 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
Currency code:
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1%
highest 10%: 35% (January-March 2007)
soybeans and derivatives, petroleum and gas, vehicles, corn, wheat
Economic aid - recipient:
$99.66 million (2005)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 52.2%
hydro: 40.8%
nuclear: 6.7%
other: 0.2% (2001)
Natural gas - imports:
Natural gas - production:
revenues: $86.3 billion
expenditures: $80.4 billion (2008 est.)
Fiscal year:
Oil - production:
Communications Back To Top
9.309 million (2007)
Telephones - main lines in use:
9.5 million (2007)
7.95 million (1997)
Internet country code:
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 260 (includes 10 inactive stations), FM (probably more than 1,000, mostly unlicensed), shortwave 6 (1998)
24.3 million (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
40.402 million (2007)
Television broadcast stations:
42 (plus 444 repeaters) (1997)
Telephone system:
general assessment: by opening the telecommunications market to competition and foreign investment with the "Telecommunications Liberalization Plan of 1998," Argentina encouraged the growth of modern telecommunications technology; fiber-optic cable trunk lines are being installed between all major cities; major networks are entirely digital and the availability of telephone service is improving; fixed-line telephone density is gradually increasing reaching nearly 25 lines per 100 people in 2007; mobile telephone subscribership has been increasing rapidly and has reached a level of 100 telephones per 100 persons
domestic: microwave radio relay, fiber-optic cable, and a domestic satellite system with 40 earth stations serve the trunk network; more than 110,000 pay telephones are installed and mobile telephone use is rapidly expanding; broadband services are gaining ground
international: country code - 54; landing point for the Atlantis-2, UNISUR, and South America-1 optical submarine cable systems that provide links to Europe, Africa, South and Central America, and US; satellite earth stations - 112; 2 international gateways near Buenos Aires (2007)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
Internet hosts:
Transportation Back To Top
Waterways:
11,000 km (2007)
Pipelines:
gas 28,657 km; liquid petroleum gas 41 km; oil 5,607 km; refined products 3,052 km; unknown (oil/water) 13 km (2007)
Railways:
total: 31,902 km
broad gauge: 20,858 km 1.676-m gauge (141 km electrified)
standard gauge: 2,885 km 1.435-m gauge (26 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 7,922 km 1.000-m gauge; 237 km 0.750-m gauge (2006)
Ports and terminals:
Arroyo Seco, Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, La Plata, Punta Colorada, Rosario, San Lorenzo-San Martin
Heliports:
Merchant marine:
by type: bulk carrier 3, cargo 9, chemical tanker 2, container 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 24, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 14 (Brazil 1, Chile 7, Spain 2, UK 4)
registered in other countries: 19 (Liberia 3, Panama 8, Paraguay 5, Uruguay 3) (2008)
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 26
914 to 1,523 m: 50
total: 231,374 km
paved: 69,412 km (includes 734 km of expressways)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 515
under 914 m: 556 (2007)
Military Back To Top
Military service age and obligation:
18-24 years of age for voluntary military service (18-21 requires parental permission); no conscription (2001)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 10,029,488
females age 16-49: 9,889,002 (2008 est.)
Military - note:
the Argentine military is a well-organized force constrained by the country's prolonged economic hardship; the country has recently experienced a strong recovery, and the military is implementing a modernization plan aimed at making the ground forces lighter and more responsive (2008)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 8,352,147
Military branches:
Argentine Army (Ejercito Argentino), Navy of the Argentine Republic (Armada Republica; includes naval aviation and naval infantry), Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Argentina, FAA) (2008)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 348,310
female: 332,944 (2008 est.)
Military expenditures:
Transnational Issues Back To Top
Disputes - international:
Argentina continues to assert its claims to the UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed no longer to seek settlement by force; territorial claim in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean claims; unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; in 2006, Argentina went to the ICJ to protest, on environmental grounds, the construction of two pulp mills in Uruguay on the Uruguay River, which forms the boundary; both parties presented their pleadings in 2007 with Argentina's reply in January and Uruguay's rejoinder in July 2008; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001 has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)
Trafficking in persons:
current situation: Argentina is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor; most victims are trafficked within the country, from rural to urban areas; child sex tourism is a problem; foreign women and children, primarily from Paraguay, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic, are trafficked to Argentina for commercial sexual exploitation; Argentine women and girls are also trafficked to neighboring countries, Mexico, and Western Europe for sexual exploitation; a significant number of Bolivians, Peruvians, and Paraguayans are trafficked into the country for forced labor in sweatshops, agriculture, and as domestic servants
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - despite some progress, Argentina remains on the Tier 2 Watch List for the third consecutive year for its failure to show evidence of increasing efforts to combat human trafficking, particularly in terms of providing adequate assistance to victims and curbing official complicity with trafficking activity, especially on the provincial and local levels; the Argentine Congress has demonstrated progress by enacting much-needed and first-ever federal anti-trafficking legislation (2008)
Illicit drugs:
a transshipment country for cocaine headed for Europe; some money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area; law enforcement corruption; a source for precursor chemicals; increasing domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers, especially cocaine base and synthetic drugs
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Just because someone doesn't have a blog, does that make them elusive? I'm right here...anyone can find me.
Well, yes, that's true. But everyone is here at BHR. It's like the bar on "Cheers."
... only without so much drinking going on. As far as I know.
Everyone just hides their beer under the table around here.


I'm sure it was said when this story first broke, but what a collection of quality films!
Whatever, but is he not banned from owning or using an jPhone for the next 20 years?
If he was watching The Bounty Hunter, maybe they thought he'd suffered enough.
I'm gobsmacked you could even get sentenced for six months for a crime like this.
That seems like a very light sentence, especially as he was obviously funding people trafficking, child-prostitution and terrorism... or have I been mis-informed ?
"Quashed" is not the right word. He's had his sentence reduced. If it was quashed he'd no longer be convicted of the offence.
I think somebody is forgetting just how good that iPhone is. To quote the technical specifications of the iPhone 4, "Video recording, HD (720p) up to 30 frames per second with audio".
..you get a high-definition 720p image of someone's head wandering past the screen, and 48khz professional quality hollering and cheering from the dumb fucks who just have to go to a cinema on the first day of a new release and pretend it's a football match?
"High definition" 720p image shot through a crappy microscopic lens + 48kHz "professional" audio recorded through a crappy microscopic microphone then both compressed until all living daylight are squeezed out of them can hardly qualify as "theft" of a cinematic masterpiece.
Perhaps FACT implies that its members' movies are such dross that no matter how bad is the quality of the recording they can't look any worse than they already are on the big screen.
Otherwise, surely, they would have been too embarrassed to even call the off-the-screen recordings "piracy" let alone humiliate themselves by suing the "pirates".
The Custodial Sentence was quashed, and was replaced by a Community Order.
Hang on a second. He recorded the movies on an iPhone?? Who on earth would want to watch something in the wonderfully crappy quality you'd get from that?
At least smuggled a HD camera in and a Tripod for gods sake.
Paris because at least her images are clear.....sadly.
How can anyone get anything near an acceptable copy of anything using any phone? You need at least a monopod (1 legged tripod) to stabilise the camera.
The guy was stupid to even try recording it. Now he has a record ... for nothing.
I still don't understand how it's fraud?
If someone posts "Alice In Wonderland CAM" on TPB, for example, then how is that fraud? Surely anyone going to the site and downloading it knows what it is: A copyright-breaking bad-quality camcorder recording?* If he was caught flogging DVDs labelled as the real thing then fine, it's fraud, even if someone of average intelligence ought to be asking how he could produce copies of a blockbuster early for £5 or whatever.
As things stand, why was it even possible to bring a fraud case?
*another thing that amazes me is that people watch these -- but that's another question.
And probably not even of the same film.
i.e. it's not. But they want to jack up the penalty.
He should be locked up for crimes against video quality (not just his choice of movie, but his chosen recording device) and for polluting the bittorrents with this crap!
I see they're redifining the meaning of fraud now as well!?!
So you're commenting on a case in the UK and post a link referring to US law. Either you didn't bother reading past the first sentence or you're one of those idiots who think US law applies all over the globe.
no risk he would re-offend? WTF?!!!
Leviten, who was present in court on Wednesday, said Nimley's successful appeal against the jail term had been won based on his age and the argument that there was no risk he would re-offend.
No risk he would re-offend? WTF?!!! Has he suddenly lost his sight? Grown an alergy to technology? what utter BOLLOX!
"A Harrow man who was thrown in jail for six months for fraudulently filming Hollywood films."
Was he filming it or was he pretending to film it?
Sledgehammer cracks nut. The movie company should have had to do the running on this one, sued him for damages by having to prove that his breach of contract resulted in lost ticket or DVD sales. Criminal justice is a very expensive thing for the taxpayer to have to fund and there are much worse crimes which are not investigated properly due to lack of police, public prosecutor and court time. Jail is a very expensive and scarce taxpayer funded resource also. Plenty of reasons why the criminal law is the wrong vehicle here.
Seems the movie studios are royally screwing the taxpayer here.
..but there are also several reasons why this could be considered a criminal act in a way that something like copying a DVD wouldn't. For example the fraud act covers "obtaining services dishonestly" (section 11 IIRC) which boils down to obtaining a service which you haven't paid for. In this case you could argue that he paid to view the movie, he didn't pay to film it on his iPhone.
I seem to recall the Theft act of 1978 covers a very similar offence. That of itself shows how awkward a system of common law can be. Un many cases, the prosecutors need to interpret the law in order to work out what to prosecute for, sometimes the court's interpretation differes and the accused walks even though they might be considered guilty of something else. For that reason many people argue that a system of administrative certainty would be better. Lawyers don't agree, mainly because they probably wouldn't make as much money under such a system.
if reviewer John Bloggs of the Daily Echo writes in his review "with this director, this writer and these actors this film should have been a masterpiece of family entertainment rather than the bowl of steaming puke it really is" and the film company the puts on all it 's adverts "a masterpiece of family entertainment, John Bloggs, Daily Echo" that is not considered fraud. All this guy was really doing was a try before you buy service and the film industry were panicking because people were seeing the dross being put out before they had been conned out of their ticket money. The film industry, like the record industry, is bereft of ideas and constantly fails to provide a watchable product, with some exceptions, so is resorting to this type of action to make itself feel good and find a scapegoat for their own inadequacies. If anyone should be prosecuted it's the film company exec's for constantly defrauding the public.
Wow. When I finally snap and murder a commentard, I want you to defend me, Andrew. Your reasoning is impeccable. I bet you'd get the poor bugger's family sent down for glaring at me in court.
Thank you;-) oh Great Moderatrix. Seriously though, I would have had no problem with him being sued under Copyright Law but using the Fraud Act is using a sledgehammer to crack a nut. It's quite interesting that these multimillion dollar companies are so poor that they are unable to launch a legal action by themselves and have to rely on you and me paying for it from our taxes whether we agree with the action or not. Cynical moi!!!!!!!
"if reviewer John Bloggs of the Daily Echo writes in his review "with this director, this writer and these actors this film should have been a masterpiece of family entertainment rather than the bowl of steaming puke it really is" and the film company the puts on all it 's adverts "a masterpiece of family entertainment, John Bloggs, Daily Echo" that is not considered fraud. "
Didn't I read a couple of years ago that quoting reviews in that way is now breaking the rules? Not actually illegal but in breach of the advertising rules.
The trial Beak was excessively harsh by any measurement and he was properly brought to heel by more experienced, temperate brethren who can recognise a miscarriage of justice that exceeds even the usual Hug-A-Plod attitude that comes from British benches.
"... Jack Bolton, Andrew Griffin, and Nathan Marshall (all with previous criminal records) who used a mobile phone to film themselves carrying out depraved assaults on their 17-year-old victim. The terrified teenager – who suffers from Asperger's syndrome, a form of autism – was also pelted with dog mess, had his limbs scratched with sandpaper and was forced to drink vodka and gin until he passed out.
Mobile phone footage showed the yobs laughing and joking as they made him endure other abuse and, in a final humiliating assault, they applied adhesive tape to his genital area before ripping the tape off. Judge Jonathan Geake imposed three-month curfews on them and ordered them to carry out 80 hours' unpaid community work as 'an intensive alternative to custody'. When exactly did it become acceptable for a non-custodial sentence to be handed out to people like these?"
80hrs community service in total for torture and assault. ... thats even less than for flogging copied DVDs at the local car boot (120hrs, £1000 fine, confiscation of car, computer equipment).
WTF is "justice" in this country?
"A person is guilty of an offence if he has in his possession or under his control any article for use in the course of or in connection with any fraud."
I assume I'm not the only person spotting the screw up.
Could be applied to any item at any time anywhere (and obviously has been). Looks like this law needs tearing up, shame it didn't make it to the supreme court.
So they're fighting illegal transfer (theft) of intellectual rights, not copyright infringements?
No matter how they wrap it, use it in stupid acronyms and so on, piracy is NOT THEFT! - Theft implies that something is taken from the owner by a thief with the purpose of either resale or personal use. When you make an illegal copy you take/remove nothing so it cannot be theft by definition.
You present this as if you've spotted something new. It's much the same as the "going equipped" offences that have been on the books for ages. In order to secure a conviction for "going equipped to commit burgalry" or whatever the offence happens to be the prosecution would not only have to prove beyond reasonalble doubt that the accused was carrying a bunch of burglarious implements, but that they intended to use them to commit burglary. It's really the equivalent of a "conspiracy to commit burglary" charge, but applied to an individual.
For example it's not an offence to carry a set of lock picks. However if PC plod caught me examining the lock on your front door and upon searching me he found a set of lock picks in my pocket then I could be charged with going equipped to commit burglary. It's not conspiracy, because I haven't conspired with anybody.