Traditionally, videogames have three character archetypes around which all modern character selections are based. Slow but strong, fast but weak, and an average of the two. These basics can be deepened by additional attributes, but this basic model of advantages/disadvantages holds true to this day.
It should be the animator's task to bear these characteristics in mind when balancing the gameplay-specific movement of any given character, as speed attributes are directly affected by the animation. Similarly, the responsiveness of the PC greatly affects the overall feel of the game, so an overview of the general pacing of the game should be at the forefront of the animators mind when designing motions and how they fit together.
As a rule of thumb, the "feel" of the PC should always take precedence over the aesthetics of the animations, so editing and 2nd passes should always be performed with this in mind.
Buttonpress reactions should be similarly balanced depending upon the character's reactions (whilst remaining relative to enemies/other PCs). Animations (such as combat moves) that have direct influence on the player's adeptiveness with the PC and therefore progression through the game can generally be split into three sections for balancing purposes – anticipation/apex/recoil.
Anticipation: Section of an animation that leads up to the Apex. Anticipation lengths are generally longer for NPCs to allow the player time to react, whilst they tend to be fast for the PC so as to not delay too long after the joypad input.
Apex: The frame (or window of frames) when the purpose of the particular animation has been achieved, such as a punch contact point.
Recoil: The remaining section of the animation that returns the character back to a designated pose to allow smooth transition into the next animation, usually an idle cycle.
It is a good idea to create a set of timing "rules" early in the prototyping phase, ie. average PC punch or kick anticipation, around which additional animations can be balanced as fast or slow.
Devil May Cry Series: Instant control reactions helps to promote the feeling of controlling and therefore "being" Dante. Actions are big and so easily read. Addition of procedural jacket/cloak adds secondary animation that would otherwise be lacking. The pinnacle of action game animation.
Dead Or Alive Series: Fast movement allows animators to overcome requiring multiple similar animations instances (some damage actions flip the characters 180 degrees un-noticeably), whilst enabling extreme posing and even "breaking" character's limbs to provide exaggerated, powerful attacks. Quick contact-point reach with almost neglible anticipation avoids sluggishness of fighters like Tekken and Virtua Fighter, allowing for instant pick-up-and-play accessibility.
Resident Evil Series: Though often criticised, the deliberate unresponsiveness of the PC adds greatly to the sense of urgency when assailed by slow, ambling zombies. Drawing the player into the game on a more sub-conscious level.
Prince of Persia – The Sands Of Time: Though by no means a slow-paced game, slower animations are possible due to the instilled lack of urgency when exploring the scenery. Excellent use of multiple animations for the same action (i.e. drawing sword) affords fluid motion whilst not restricting the PC's movement.
As described in the article, Inertia: Making Character-Driving Fun. A racing game would be stripped of fun were the vehicles to obey every whim of the players joypad input with no delay – as it is the satisfaction of taking an apparently heavy vehicle around a corner where the gameplay lies. The same can be said for controlling a character – direct and immediate control via the joypad translates to a weightless PC. Too slow a reaction makes the PC seem sluggish and unresponsive. The control of the character should be tempered by an appropriate dose of unresponsiveness within the context of the project, and this weighting should be inherent in every action the character performs.


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Analysis of a Novel Single Phase AC-DC CUK Converter with Low Input Current, THD to Improve the Overall Power Quality Using PFC
Shadman Sakib1, Ahmed Jawad Kabir2, Md. Shajal Khansur1, Md. Jewel Rana1
1Department of EEE, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2Department of EEE, IUB-Independent University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Correspondence to: Shadman Sakib, Department of EEE, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Solid-state switch mode AC-DC converters having high frequency are used in improving power quality in terms of Power Factor Correction (PFC) at AC mains, reduced Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of input current also precisely regulated DC output in buck, boost, buck-boost, and multilevel modes with unidirectional and bidirectional power flow. In this paper, analysis and design of a novel single phase AC-DC CUK converter circuit have been proposed where Power Factor Correction (PFC) controller scheme has been used in order to obtain better performance than conventional converters. Closed loop technique is applied to the bridgeless converter in order to achieve low input current, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) at input AC mains along with near unity power factor. Performance comparison between the open loop and the closed loop of the proposed converter is made without filtering. The problems arise with the open loop is sufficiently minimized by using power factor correction controller. The performance comparison between proposed and conventional CUK AC-DC converter operating in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) is made based on circuit simulations using PSIM software.
Keywords: CUK Converter, PFC, THD, CCM, PWM, PSIM, SEPIC Converter
Cite this paper: Shadman Sakib, Ahmed Jawad Kabir, Md. Shajal Khansur, Md. Jewel Rana, Analysis of a Novel Single Phase AC-DC CUK Converter with Low Input Current, THD to Improve the Overall Power Quality Using PFC, Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics , Vol. 6 No. 1, 2018, pp. 11-16. doi: 10.5923/j.msse.20180601.02.
2. Proposed Converter
2.1. CUK Converter
3. Principle of Operation
3.1. Single Phase CUK Converter
3.2. Feedback Control to Improve Power Factor
4. Simulation and Results
Solid-state AC-DC conversion of electric power is extensively used in Adjustable-Speed Drivers (ASDs), Switch-Mode Power Supplies (SMPSs), Uninterrupted Power Supplies (UPSs), battery charging, induction heaters, measurement and testing equipements etc. Conventionally, AC-DC converters which are also known as rectifiers, are developed in two stages using diode and thyristors. They provide controlled and uncontrolled DC power along with unidirectional and bidirectional power flow. However, these two-stage AC-DC converters have power quality problem in terms of injected current harmonics which causes poor power factor and voltage distortion, high crest factor. In view of their increased applications, they are being developed in single-stage to improve power qualiy, reduced number of components and increased efficiency. Several standard have been made due to strict requirements of improved power quality at AC mains. Power quality at AC mains can be improved by using filters in existing installations but the demerit is it increases cost, size, weight and losses in the system. These problems can be eleminated by using input curent shapes, high power factor single-stage converters, Power Factor Correction (PFC) converter etc. In recent years, a variety of DC operating applications have soared in usage and numbers. As traditional AC-DC converters suffer due to low quality input currents, high quality rectifiers are in demand in order to uphold the international regulatory policies. Several methods are in use to improve the overall power quality of the system. Research works are ongoing to bring in new techniques too.
Passive filtering improves the THD but it has low input power factor and involves bulky capacitor and inductor [1]. Active filtering requires a smaller sized filter than passive filtering but a DC-DC converter must follow after it [2-6].
On the other hand, CUK topology is advantageous than other topologies due to several reasons but very few significant works have been done on this. CUK converter is better than buck-boost converter as it has continuous input-output current and supplies energy to load both when the switch is open and close. CUK circuit has reduced circuit parameters than SEPIC converter, hence the cost is also reduced [7-10].
The proposed converter is shown in figure 1(a).
Figure 1. CUK Converter (a) Proposed (b) Conventional
The proposed CUK converter has four modes of operation: positive and negative cycles each with switch ON and OFF condition, as shown in figure 2.
Figure 2. Four Modes of Operation of Proposed AC-DC CUK Converter: (a) Mode 1: Positive Half Cycle When S is ON (b) Mode 2: Positive Half Cycle When S is OFF (c) Mode 3: Negative Half Cycle When S is ON (d) Mode 4: Negative Half Cycle When S is OFF
During the positive cycle of the input signal when the switch S is turned ON, current flows in two paths shown in Figure 2(a). The first is from the input, inductor L1, through the switch S, in the second path capacitor C1 and inductor L3 and the output capacitor C0 get charged.
In the positive cycle of the input signal when the switch S is OFF, the diode D6 is forward biased. The input capacitors are disconnected, but current continues to flow through the inductors in two paths, as shown in Figure 2(b).
During the negative cycle of the input signal when the switch S is turned ON, the diode D5 and D6 are reverse biased. Current flows in two paths, as shown in Figure 2(c).
In the negative cycle of the input signal when the switch S is turned OFF and the diode D5 and D6 are forward biased and current continue to flow in two paths shown in Figure 2(d).
During both positive and negative cycle of the supply, the energy transferred to the load is uni-directional, thus, AC-DC conversion is achieved.
Power quality in an electrical system is determined by its power factor. Open loop operation of conventional AC-DC converters suffers from very low power factor which causes several problems in the overall power system. To resolve this issue, proper feedback controller design which improves the input power factor of the converter is of vital importance.
The PFC circuit for the proposed CUK converter along with its control circuit has been shown in Figure 3. The main objective of the PFC circuit is to draw a sinusoidal current, in-phase with the utility voltage. The reference inductor current iL* is of the full-wave rectified form. The requirements on the form and the amplitude of the inductor current, lead to two control loops, the inner current loop, and an outer voltage loop, to provide the required Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal to drive the switch of the proposed CUK converter.
Figure 3. Proposed converter with feedback control to improve power factor and to reduce THD
The simulation of the conventional and proposed CUK AC-DC converter was performed using PSIM 9.1 environment. The design parameters used during the simulation are given in Table 1. In Table 2, both conventional and proposed single phase AC-DC CUK converters circuits were subjected to duty cycle variations at a fixed load of 100Ω and constant switching frequency of 8 kHz, whereas in Table 3, the circuit performance under load variation was conducted for both conventional and proposed converter for the switching frequency of 8 KHz at 50% duty cycle and the performance is monitored in terms of percentage efficiency, input power factor, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the input current, and voltage gain. It is evident from the table that the proposed converter shows better performance than the conventional converter with respect to the measured parameters.
Table 1. Specification of Design Parameters for Open loop Control
Table 2. Performance analysis of proposed CUK converter with duty cycle variation
Comparison for efficiency, input current THD, voltage gain and power factor of the proposed AC-DC CUK converter with conventional converter under duty cycle variation is presented in figure 4.
Figure 4. Graphical Representation of Efficiency (a) Power Factor (b) Voltage Gain (c) and Input Current THD (d) for the Proposed AC-DC CUK Converter with Conventional CUK converter under Duty Cycle Variation
The proposed circuit is subjected to load variation at a constant duty cycle of 50% and the parameter values are observed subsequently. The power factor increases while the load is varied from 20Ω by a value of 10Ω and reaches almost unity 50Ω onwards. The efficiency maintains a high value throughout the variation while the THD is minimized to a satisfactorily low value. The performance analysis of Table 2 is represented graphically in figure 5.
Figure 5. Graphical Representation of Power Factor (a) Efficiency (b) and Input Current THD (c) for the Proposed AC-DC CUK Converter with Conventional CUK Converter Under Load Variation
The input-output waveforms of the proposed input switch CUK converter in open loop is given in figure 6.
Figure 6. Input and Output voltage waveforms of proposed CUK converter
Simulation has been done for the proposed converter with feedback controller which has been shown in Figure 3. The parameters of the circuit are given in Table 4. The PFC controller is designed to obtain an average output voltage of 400 Vdc. The simulation of the designed controller is given in Table 5. The typical input-output waveform of the proposed controller is shown in Figure 7.
Table 4. Parameter Table for close loop controller
Table 5. Comparison between the conventional and proposed AC-DC converter for both without feedback and with feedback control
Figure 7. Input–Output waveforms of the PFC controlled converter of figure 3
The performance of the conventional and proposed CUK converter for open loop and closed loop is shown in Table 5. The proposed CUK with feedback controller scheme outperforms both the other converter circuits based on the individual simulation results. The THD of the input ac mains reduces significantly when a PFC is added whereas the efficiency remains the same and the power factor reaches almost unity. All the three mentioned parameters of table 5 show satisfactory values for the proposed CUK converter with feedback controller which is an applicable achievement of the converter circuit in itself. This performance analysis of Table 5 is shown graphically in figure 8.
Figure 8. Comparison among conventional CUK, proposed CUK for open and closed loop for (a) Input Current THD (b) Power factor and (c) Efficiency
In this paper, a novel AC-DC CUK converter circuit has been presented where the PFC controller scheme has been added to obtain a satisfactory result without using the filter circuit in the input side. Many works have done till now show that it is possible to get good results by using filtering in the input side but it does not allow a comprehensive outcome to improve overall power quality such as THD, power factor and efficiency. Instead of using filtering circuit a power factor correction controller has been added with the proposed converter to get the desired results. Also, the input current THD value has been brought within IEEE prescribed limits. Thus this converter circuit holds promise for future which can be practically realized through hardware implementations.
The authors would like to acknowledge the support and encouragement of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology.
[1] V. Chellappa, J. Gnanavadivel, and N. S. Kumar, "Power quality improvement techniques in AC-DC Cuk converter," in Emerging Trends in Electrical and Computer Technology (ICETECT), 2011 International Conference on, 2011, pp. 430-435.
[2] B. Singh, B. N. Singh, A. Chandra, K. Al-Haddad, A. Pandey, and D. P. Kothari, "A review of single-phase improved power quality AC-DC converters," IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 50, pp. 962-981, 2003.
[3] O. García, J. A. Cobos, R. Prieto, P. Alou, and J. Uceda, "Single phase power factor correction: A survey," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 18, pp. 749-755, 2003.
[4] H. Wei and I. Batarseh, "Comparison of basic converter topologies for power factor correction," in Southeastcon'98. Proceedings. IEEE, 1998, pp. 348-353.
[5] J. C. Salmon, "Techniques for minimizing the input current distortion of current-controlled single-phase boost rectifiers," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 8, pp. 509-520, 1993.
[6] J. W. Kolar and T. Friedli, "The essence of three-phase PFC rectifier systems," in 2011 IEEE 33rd International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), 2011, pp. 1-27.
[7] J. Dunia and B. M. Mwinyiwiwa, "Performance comparison between ĆUK and SEPIC Converters for maximum power point tracking using incremental conductance technique in solar power applications," International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Energetic, Electronic and Communication Engineering, vol. 7, pp. 1638-1643, 2013.
[8] J. Betten, "Benefits of a coupled-inductor SEPIC converter," Power Management, 2011.
[9] C. E. Mullett and O. Semiconductor, "An efficient nonisolated DC-DC converter and a review of the more common topologies," Application Note.
[10] T. Jacob and S. Arun, "Maximum Power Point Tracking of hybrid PV and wind energy systems using a new converter topology," in Green Technologies (ICGT), 2012 International Conference on, 2012, pp. 280-287.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


LEXINGTON, KY – The Rotary Club of Lexington held its weekly meeting Thursday, May 11th, at Fasig-Tipton, 2400 Newtown Pike. The program's guest speaker was Andy Shea, President/CEO of the Lexington Legends.
Andy Shea is in his 13th season with the Lexington Legends. He started with the Legends as a ticket sales representative and parking attendant during the 2005 season and later served as assistant general manager for the 2007 season and general manager for four years, from 2008 through 2011. He was president and chief operating officer from 2011-2014 before becoming CEO.
Andy serves on the boards for LexArts and Junior Achievement. He has been an active "Big Brother" in the Big Brother/Big Sisters program for more than seven years.


Hi Lorenzo, but I can't try to change any for now, because the work charge this week and next week are very large... I a few days I try to solve the problem with the administrator and your information. Stay in contact.
Yes, VC++ was installed by the System Admin. Yes 2015 - vc_redist.x64 - Windows 7 Enterprise Yes, I was reboot after installing.
Hi Lorenzo, Yes, I installed VC ++ Redist before installing ftrack.connect, and all requirements are ok in my PC. Can it be a file permissions issue? The user account of windows 7 is not an administrator, it is a basic user. Thanks!
Hi Mattias, I can't launch 3DS Max from Connect, because I don't have any connection. I only have PS in Connect.


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News Local Sports High School Sports NJ Records USA TODAY Obituaries E-Edition Legals
New Jerseyan Adele Dunlap, oldest American, turns 114
Jay Levin
Lifelong New Jerseyan Adele Dunlap, who assumed the title of oldest American five months ago, marked her 114th birthday Monday with a balloon bouquet and a "Happy Birthday" serenade from fellow residents of the Hunterdon County care center where she has lived since age 99.
But Dunlap made clear through her facial expressions and her answers to questions that she didn't appreciate the fuss. Asked what she was thankful for, Dunlap said, "Gee, how should I know?" And asked what her birthday wish was, she responded, "I've never thought of such a thing. I don't wish for anything."
She also declared that it was her 105th birthday. It's her habit to shave about a decade off her age, according to nursing home staff and her family.
Dunlap was born in Newark on Dec. 12, 1902. Her birth date has been validated by the Gerontology Research Group, which tracks "supercentenarians," or people older than 110. Among the documents attesting to her astonishing age is her diploma from South Side High School in Newark. It is dated June 27, 1921 — 95½ years ago.
SENIORS: Tenafly follows national trend on busing
PEARL HARBOR: N.J. survivor remembers Dec. 7, 1941
INDUSTRY LEADER: Dye manufacturer worked until months before his death at 97
HOLOCAUST: Fair Lawn man survived nine Nazi camps
There are believed to be several hundred supercentenarians in the world. In addition to being the oldest American, Dunlap is the world's ninth-oldest person. The oldest, according to the Gerontology Research Group database, is an Italian woman, Emma Morano-Martinuzzi, who marked her 117th birthday on Nov. 29. The next-oldest American is Meta Dishman of Virginia. She turned 113 on June 1. Of the world's 46 oldest people in the Gerontology Research Group's database, 44 are women.
Dunlap moved up to oldest American when Goldie Michelson of Worcester, Mass., died on July 8, one month shy of her 114th birthday. She said at the time that being the oldest American didn't make her feel any different.
On Monday morning at the Country Arch Care Center in Pittstown, Dunlap sat in a wheelchair with a blanket from the Tewksbury Women's Club over her lap and moccasins on her feet. She had her usual oatmeal for breakfast and then attended the "coffee club" in the dining room, where staffers and a dozen other residents sang "Happy Birthday" to her. That was the extent of the celebration. Country Arch recognizes birthdays en masse, and the 15 residents with December birthdays were feted last Wednesday.
The center has 111 residents, including five centenarians. The other four are more than a decade younger than Dunlap.
"Ms. Adele has requested that the celebrations become fewer because she says we are all important, and that speaks volumes about who she is," said Susan Dempster, Country Arch's marketing director.
Dempster described Dunlap as a "passive participant" in nursing home activities. She says the rosary every week and enjoys musical presentations, including Christmas carols from visiting Girl Scouts, who clamor to have their picture taken with the supercentenarian. "But we don't make Ms. Adele move that much physically," Dempster said. "If she wants to move, she'll move."
The former Adele Henderson taught school briefly in Kearny and raised her three children in Short Hills. Her husband, Earl Dunlap Sr., who worked in insurance, died in 1963. Before moving to Country Arch, she lived in Clinton with her son Earl Jr., now 86, and daughter-in-law Barbara.
Others apparently didn't get the memo about Dunlap not wanting to make a big deal about her age. Last week, the mayor of Clinton arrived with a proclamation wishing the lifelong "Jersey girl" continued good health. And in August, Kean University wrote Dunlap a letter of congratulations on "capturing a singular title that is reserved for the remarkable person in the United States who has lived the longest and has witnessed more history than anyone – oldest American." Dunlap received a bachelor of arts degree in elementary education from the Newark Normal School, Kean University's predecessor.
Soon after basking in birthday wishes Monday, Dunlap was looking ahead. Asked what her favorite part of the day is, the 114-year-old said, "I guess just going to bed."
On Dec. 12, 1902, the day Adele Dunlap was born ....
Theodore Roosevelt was president. There have been 18 presidents since.
There were 45 states in the Union.
The U.S. population was approximately 80 million, a quarter of what it is today.
The Wright Brothers' famous flight was still 12 months away.
From the pages of The New York Times on Dec. 12:
New Hampshire adopts a constitutional amendment in favor of women's suffrage, striking the word "male" from the following passage: "Every male inhabitant of each town shall have the right to vote."
Christmas gift specials from the Bloomingdale's on 59th Street in Manhattan: Women's and men's gloves, $1; women's and men's slippers, $1.49; china tea sets, $5.98.
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Food & Lifestyle November 25, 2014 August 28, 2016
Peggy Left the Party, and You Won't Believe What Happened Next
by Don N. Hagist
It probably started out as a good party, but as sometimes happens when merriment is mixed with a little too much alcohol, it ended badly. The one redeeming factor was that key events went on record, leaving us with valuable insights into the lives of soldiers and their wives during the American Revolution.
By November of 1780 the war had begun to calm down for the British garrison in New York City. It had been an eventful year: Charleston, South Carolina had fallen to the British and the subsequent victory at Camden made it look like the southern colonies were firmly in British hands. A British attempt to strike Washington's army at Morristown in June had failed. In September, the treason of Benedict Arnold had very nearly led to a major British coup on the Hudson River. But now winter was setting in, and although various skirmishes occurred in Westchester County, New York and Bergen County, New Jersey, for most troops in the garrison things were reasonably calm.
The party in the barracks of the 57th Regiment of Foot may have started out calmly on the evening of 30 November 1780. Three of the soldiers there, John Jones, James McCullough and Thomas Campbell, were on guard duty. That didn't mean that they were standing on some sentry post, but that they were available for duty at a moment's notice if an alarm occurred. All three men were relatively new to the army, having arrived in America during the winter of 1777-1778 after enlisting anywhere from a few months to a year or two prior to that. Jones didn't live in the barracks, but was there because he was on duty and because that's where the action was on that particular night; a married man, he lived with his wife Elizabeth in a house nearby that they shared with another couple from the regiment, Patrick and Peggy McGuire. The McGuires had joined the regiment at the same time; it's possible that they'd all known each other in Great Britain.
The men in the barracks were in high spirits, drinking and dancing, and Peggy McGuire was there too even though her husband was not on duty at the time. But the night was still young; in fact, some of the men hadn't even had dinner yet. At around 7 P. M. Jones left the party and went home for dinner. There he met his wife, and also ran into Patrick McGuire who asked where his own wife was. Jones directed him to the barracks, then went into the house.
In the meantime, Peggy McGuire decided she'd had enough of the party, perhaps because she was also due at home for dinner, perhaps because the men were becoming too rambunctious, and certainly because she was by this time rather intoxicated. She left the barracks, probably right around the time that her husband left their house to come for her. But James McCullough, also "very much in liquor," followed her closely enough that some thought they were leaving together. In the darkness between the barracks and the McGuire-Jones household, things turned ugly.
In a field adjacent to the barracks McCullough assaulted Peggy McGuire. He took her shoe buckles, tore the handkerchief from her neck and opened the breast of her bed gown (a garment which, contrary to what the name suggests, was a common form of casual wear). Whether his intentions were robbery or worse is not known. She resisted and cried out "Murder!" then managed to break free. She ran back to the barracks door where she collapsed.
Her husband Patrick, meanwhile, was on his way to the barracks. He'd had no reason to think anything was amiss; he intended to inquire whether he had duty the next day and also wanted to find Peggy, perhaps to have dinner with her. Then he heard the cry of "Murder" pierce the darkness. Recognizing her voice, he hurried towards the sound. Others soldiers also heard Peggy's cry and called for the guard to turn out. This resulted in soldiers, some armed and some not, running about in the dark from all directions.
Before the guard turned out, a soldier came upon Peggy McGuire sitting shoeless and disheveled; he helped her up and started to take her home. Suddenly McCullough appeared and grabbed her, and the two soldiers both held her as she begged McCullough to go home. Then a drunken Thomas Campbell joined the fray – he knocked Peggy down, causing him to lose his balance and fall down himself. The soldier who'd initially helped Peggy called for the guard. Then Patrick McGuire arrived on the scene.
Patrick came up just in time to see Campbell knock his wife down; Campbell got up and tried to flee, but McGuire quickly caught him and gave him a sound thrashing. Peggy, meanwhile, still tipsy and carrying her shoes, managed with the assistance of the other soldier to get to her house where she was greeted by Elizabeth Jones.
Still with us? Because the story is about to get complicated.
A corporal and a few men of the guard, fully armed but not particularly steady after their evening of drink and dance, tumbled out of the barracks and came upon McGuire beating on Campbell. The corporal, not knowing the full situation and hearing Campbell cry out in pain, assumed that McGuire was the instigator of the trouble. The corporal attempted to strike McGuire with his firelock (musket), but in his drunken state succeeded only in falling to the ground. McGuire, having easily fended off the clumsy stroke, seized the firelock and headed towards home where he found his wife in the care of Mrs. Jones and another corporal of the regiment. The McGuires each began giving their accounts of the events, but the night was not yet over.
Within a few minutes there was a pounding at the door. It was Thomas Campbell and James McCullough, now armed and supported by some other soldiers. Campbell bellowed that he demanded satisfaction from Patrick McGuire for the beating he'd received. The corporal in the house, attempting to diffuse the situation, posted John Jones at the door with strict orders to prevent any violence, then stepped outside and closed the door. The corporal told the aggressors that they would receive all the satisfaction he could offer once he'd investigated the matter. He then went to report the situation to an officer. He probably thought he was doing the right thing, but leaving the scene turned out to be a bad move.
The door was one of those with a top and bottom half that could open separately. John Jones, posted inside and under orders to prevent further trouble, opened the top half of the door to look out. He saw the bloody-faced and bayonet-wielding Campbell and McCullough, and quickly closed and bolted the door again. There followed angry knocks, and someone demanded that if one of the McGuires was not sent out they'd blow a ball through the door (that is, shoot through it with a musket). Peggy McGuire told her husband that she feared they meant to take her life or his.
Patrick called to McCullough by name, saying that he didn't wish to hurt him. But the still-inebriated Peggy intoned with one of those remarks peculiar to inebriated people that tends to do more harm than good. She asserted that if Patrick did not hurt McCullough in retaliation for his assault on her, she would never sleep with Patrick again. This remark inflamed Patrick McGuire anew. Jones held his collar and tried to restrain him, but McGuire growled that he'd hurt even his own brother if he tried to stop him. Jones was pushed aside as McGuire seized a firelock and threw the door open. Thomas Campbell burst in and the bayonet on his firelock tore Elizabeth Jones's gown; a crowd of soldiers flooded into the house, some scuffling ensued and then the light went out.
Patrick McGuire, fearing for his life, ran out of the darkened house into the night. Elizabeth Jones and Peggy McGuire stepped out after him and there they saw James McCullough unconscious on the ground. Peggy knelt down and took her own shoe buckles from his pocket. Other soldiers sallied out and lifted McCullough, finding a fracture in his skull the shape of rounded object such as a musket butt. He was taken to the general hospital where surgeons did everything they could, but he died after languishing for ten days.
Patrick McGuire went to an officer and reported what had happened, then returned to his quarters and his wife. Things had calmed down. In the morning he reported for duty, but was soon relieved and confined along with Thomas Campbell. He remained confined for two and a half months while an investigation was made and charges were filed against him. On 19 February 1781 he was put on trial by a general court martial for murder.
One can only imagine the thoughts and expressions of the 15 officers who sat on the court martial, listening to confused and contradictory testimony, perhaps making mental notes about ancillary details such as dancing in the barracks and the guard turning out drunk. After hearing depositions from ten witnesses over two days, they acquitted McGuire because there was insufficient evidence that he had ever struck McCullough; the only person to testify that he had done so was Thomas Campbell whose testimony can hardly be considered credible given the circumstances.
The story above comes almost exclusively from the trial proceedings, supplemented by the muster rolls of the 57th Regiment and a bit of general knowledge about how the British army functioned.[1] All four of the soldiers discussed here had enlisted in the army after the war began; as such, they were entitled to be discharged at the close of hostilities. Thomas Campbell and John Jones took advantage of this offer; it is not known whether either of them took land grants in Canada or returned to Great Britain. James McCullough was dead; were it not for the record of his trial, we would have only the muster rolls giving the date of death but no explanation. We would assume that he died of illness, ignorant of the bizarre circumstances that led to his demise. And so it is with Patrick McGuire, who died on 26 June 1781, just four months after being acquitted of murder. We know nothing about the cause of his death, nor what became of his wife Peggy.
/// Featured image at top: "English Barracks," by Thomas Rowlandson, circa 1788. Although depicting British dragoons in Great Britain, this caricature suggests the close living conditions of British soldiers and their families in garrisons in America. Source: Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection
[1] Court Martial of Patrick McGuire, WO 71/93, 174-185; Muster rolls, 57th Regiment of Foot, WO 12/6633; both British National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey. For more about British army recruiting and lives of soldiers, see Don N. Hagist, British Soldiers, American War (Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2012).
alcohol, British Soldiers, soldiers, wives
Don N. Hagist
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How They Loved Their Spirits
Interesting story. If McGuire was confined 2.5 months in a regular prison hulk, I'd speculate he'd died of illness he'd contracted in those horrible conditions. Though given he was not yet "guilty" or "innocent", I wonder if his confinement was more like a comfortable parole.


An animal keeper at Puxton Park has been nominated for a national award.
Joe Huntley, senior animal supervisor at the tourist attraction, is on the shortlist for the day maker of the year prize at the National Farm Attraction Network (NFAN) awards.
The wildlife enthusiast, who starting working at the park in 2014, 'has played an enormous role in steering the vision and future of Puxton's efforts to promote farming', according to a spokesman.
Joe will travel to Telford, in Shropshire, for the ceremony.


text:
지구과학 및 환경 게이트웨이
Mineralogy: A new quasicrystal from outer space
2016년12월9일
The discovery of a new quasicrystal is detailed in an article published online in Scientific Reports this week. The mineral was identified in a fragment from a meteor which landed in Khatyrka in eastern Russia, and is the first quasicrystal to be discovered in nature prior to being synthesized in the lab.
Quasicrystals are crystal-like structures, in which the atoms are arranged in orderly patterns that never exactly repeat and have an infinite number of possible symmetries. The new crystal was found in a fragment from the Khatyrka meteorite, which was recovered during an expedition to the Koryak Mountains in far eastern Russia in 2011.
Paul Steinhardt and colleagues identified the new composition on a grain from the meteorite that also contains the naturally occurring mineral icosahedrite. The authors note that like icosahedrite, the new quasicrystal has icosahedral symmetry (i.e. it has 60 points of rotational symmetry). The authors suggest that the newly identified quasicrystal may have crystallized under high pressure following a period of melting induced by a shock, such as an impact with another object in outer space. The authors note that this is only the third example of a natural quasicrystal to be found anywhere in the world, all of which come from the Khatyrka meteorite.
doi: 10.1038/srep38117 | Original article
Engineering: Clean energy and clean water from one device Nature Communications
Assessing the impacts of Fairtrade on cocoa farm workers' livelihoods Nature Sustainability


text:
We are a nation of migrants, not a collection of diplomas
The rush to embrace only highly educated immigrants reveals our classist elitism
Degree of Interest
Column by Andre Perry
The degrees that immigrants (or anyone) have earned should not determine their value as humans. But all too often, alphabet soup on a resume is prized more than character traits like persistence, humility and sacrifice that help a country prosper. It's as though, when summing up the worth of someone who wants to live in the United States, we forget that a society is forged by more than academic achievement, and that some of our best and brightest don't have a degree to their name. Likewise, those who would divide the country across racial lines, forsaking democratic values, have degrees from prestigious colleges.
The run-up to the 2020 presidential election reveals this brand of elitism to the light of day. There are plenty of people with college degrees who act on their prejudice day to day — many of them hold and seek public office. Just last week, during the second Democratic presidential debate, we saw some fine examples of classist language, beamed to television screens across the country.
Just last week, during the second Democratic presidential debate, we saw some fine examples of classist language, beamed to television screens across the country.
In response to a question regarding the deportation of immigrants, entrepreneur and presidential hopeful Andrew Yang said, "I'm the son of immigrants myself. My father immigrated here as a graduate student and generated over 65 U.S. patents for G.E. and IBM. I think that's a pretty good deal for the United States. That's the immigration story we need to be telling."
Let's parse that answer. The Asian American Yang established that highly educated immigrants offer a better narrative than those with fewer credentials. "We can't always be focusing on some of the — the — the distressed stories," Yang continued.
(To be clear, immigrants who risk their lives escaping various perils in their home countries to seek opportunity here embody exactly what the American Dream is all about.)
Related: A school administrator tries to shame poverty away
Yang went on to say that the immigrants he referred to as "distressed" are being scapegoated for downswings in the economy that they didn't create. However, his comments still contributed to a narrative that certain immigrants are of lesser value. Likewise, former Vice President Joe Biden added, "And by the way, anybody that crosses the stage with a — with a — with a Ph.D., you should get a green card for seven years. We should keep them here," meaning that people with doctoral degrees should be given more opportunities to stay in the country.
Suggesting that low-skilled labor doesn't contribute as much to American society as workers with degrees misunderstands the range of skills required to keep the economy running — and it ignores the classism entrenched in policies that privilege the wealthy.
When it comes to immigrants, the classist assumption that highly educated immigrants should have greater access to citizenship is rooted in a hierarchy of human values based on race.
Nate Storring of Project for Public Spaces, an urban planning nonprofit, tweeted, "This is one of my pet peeves about the way economists define human capital. Degrees are a classist, inaccurate measure of people's knowledge, skills, and experience. I wonder if it often yields a false positive in studies because it's a pretty good proxy measure for privilege."
When it comes to immigrants, the classist assumption that highly educated immigrants should have greater access to citizenship is rooted in a hierarchy of human values based on race. Brown people to our south are valued less than our more educated white neighbors to the north or from Western Europe. And certain kinds of brown people are valued more than others, with those the majority perceive as social relatives coming out on top. This brand of racism, heavily seasoned with classism, contributes to insidious rhetoric against brown and black people.
For example, Amy Wax, a tenured law professor at the University of Pennsylvania, argued that U.S. immigration policy should allow greater access for citizens of certain European countries because of our supposedly stronger cultural ties. "Embracing cultural distance, cultural distance nationalism means in effect taking the position that our country will be better off with more whites and fewer nonwhites," Wax reportedly stated on a panel at the National Conservatism Conference in July. (Similar comments in recent years resulted in her being censured by the university.) Her remarks also had an ugly echo with the events in the border city of El Paso last weekend, when an anti-immigrant screed was posted online just minutes before a white man shot dead 20 people in a local Walmart and injured many more.
Related: We should all 'go back' — to the American founding ideal of shared struggle, despite our differences
Immigrants in the U.S. are generally as educated as U.S.-born residents. Thirty percent of U.S. immigrants have a bachelor's degree or higher compared to 31.6 percent of the U.S.-born population, according to a 2018 report by the nonprofit Pew Research Center. However, education levels vary by country of origin. Foreign-born immigrants from South and East Asia and from the Middle East in 2016 posted the highest share of college degree holders at 52.1 percent and 46.6 percent respectively. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America posted the lowest shares at 6.2 and 9.2 percent.
Foreign-born immigrants from South and East Asia and from the Middle East post the highest share of college degree holders at 52.1 percent and 46.6 percent respectively.
Measuring an immigrant's added value to our country based on educational attainment is an ugly and misleading proxy for a person's usefulness. It says more about the character of the person doing the measuring than the immigrant's potential.
The United States must move away from a hierarchy of value based on race and class that has kept us from realizing the ideals inscribed on many of the country's documents and symbols such as the Statue of Liberty.
Nineteenth-century poet Emma Lazarus, who wrote the poem inscribed over the entrance to Lady Liberty, saw in the torch-bearing "Mother of Exiles" a rejection of elitism. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp," she wrote. America was for everyone, including the "homeless, tempest-tost." This, then, is our American Dream — to not seek out that pomp, but rather, to open ourselves to the power of human potential.
This story about immigrants was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for Hechinger's newsletter.
Andre Perry
Higher education access
Dr. Andre Perry, a contributing writer, is a David M. Rubenstein Fellow at The Brookings Institution. Perry was the founding dean of urban education at… See Archive
@andreperryedu


In a ramen loving town like this one, Ippudo is possibly the most anticipated – the mecca of authentic Japanese ramen. I was lucky to avoid the notorious hour long waits by going at lunch hour during the week. On my sister's advice, who visited the chain in Tokyo, I ordered their specialty : shiromaru (white broth) which is the cloudy, porky broth with intense flavor that takes 14 hours to make.
I am perhaps a slightly bigger fan of Setagaya's clear broth, but this is one superb bowl of ramen. On future visits I'd like to try the shiromaru with special sauce out of curiosity.
At lunch the menu offers a side dish of spicy cod roe and rice, yum. Other non-ramen dishes are available (but that's not why there are lines out the door, is it?).
The atmosphere is nice and upscale with arty bamboo fixtures and natural?surfaces of wood and stone. A tranquil environment to enjoy your ramen which I prefer to stools and rushing.
Ippudo is considered by many to be the only "real" ramen option in the city and "ramen king" Shigemi Kawahara is revered by ramen maniacs, (so my Setagaya comment is sure to upset some). And I can't really comment on that, as I am no expert in these matters. I do know that this meal, which runs about 12-16 dollars is worth every penny and I am thrilled to have this outpost in New York. I can't wait to go back.


As we move into Semester 2, people suddenly remember to test the software they'll be using in practicals next week.
On Tuesday I was approached about a problem with "MPLAB-X", an IDE targetting Microchip's line of PIC and AVR microcontrollers. When the software was started by a "normal" user, it took multiple minutes to get to the main GUI, at which point much of the content of the GUI was missing.
Starting the software as a local account worked normally, taking 10 seconds to complete and displaying a normal GUI.
"Normal" users are Windows domain accounts and have "AppData\Roaming" redirected into their networked home drive. So I thought that perhaps the problem was down to MPLAB-X creating a vast amount of data on first startup. But no, the problem happens every time and the total size of the content that it places in AppData\Roaming is relatively small in any case.
Let's fire up WireShark and see what's happening on the network.
That showed up many accesses to the network drive, including a file named \…\var\log\messages. So that's useful - let's have a look at that logfile.
Windows2Local/Modes/.nbattrs. New file exists: true. Rename result: null.
The log file showed hundreds of entries like those above, creating a file named ".nbattrs~", then trying to delete ".nbattrs" and rename ".nbattrs~" to ".nbattrs". The deletes were failing and MPLAB-X was responding by waiting for some random number (< 100) of milliseconds, then trying again. And this was happening up to 600 times during each startup.
To test this, I logged into the fileserver and set a tight loop running, constantly deleting any .nbattrs file. Sure enough, with the deletes being done at the server end, the IDE was able to start quickly. Of course, constantly deleting stuff it's trying to create isn't even vaguely a solution, but it proved that I was on the right track.
So now we know where the delay is coming from. But if MPLAB-X is creating a file in a directory it's created itself, why is it getting ACCESS_DENIED errors when it tried to delete that file?
Time to turn up the logging on the Samba server.
Digging into attribute numbers, I discovered that attribute value 0x22 relates to hidden files. Makes sense - Samba treats filenames starting with "." as hidden so that people don't see hundreds of ".*" files in their home folder view.
Windows treats the "hidden" attribute as so much more than just "hidden". In particular, you can't delete a hidden file. So, when MPLAB-X creates ".nbattrs", Samba magically makes it a hidden file and, when MPLAB-X tries to delete the file it's just created, it gets told that's not allowed!
OK. Next test - disable Samba's hiding of "." files. We can't do this on the live system because it would result in hundreds of people suddenly seeing lots of files they don't expect to be present. So set up a separate share with "hide dot files = off" and change my personal account to point its profile to that one instead.
Sure enough MPLAB-X starts quickly now.
But what to do? If I put "hide dot files = off" against the main user home share definition, we're going to get hundreds of people turning up with problems after having deleted ".config", ".ssh", etc, not knowing what they were. If I leave "hide dot files" on, people can't use MPLAB-X, which is required to be working on Monday morning.
I played with Samba's "hide files = " option, hoping it could be used to hide all but .nbattrs*, but "hide files" looks to do just that, hiding only files and not directories. No use.
I'm four hours into debugging the problem by this point and I've got under three working days left, during which time I've also got to re-image over 300 PCs across 8 teaching rooms.
If I had the time I'd look into writing a custom "virtual filesystem" module for Samba. It should be possible to write one which hides filenames starting with "." just in the home directory, keeping them visible elsewhere. But if I get that wrong, I'll break all user filestore within the faculty. Not something I want to rush. So maybe that's a plan for the summer holidays.
How about binary-patching MPLAB-X? I'd already determined that it's a rebadged version of NetBeans. So, somewhere, there are going to be some Java .jar files, and they're probably not cyptographically signed. If I can change the name it uses from .nbattrs to _nbattrs, for example, it'll not be magically made into a hidden file, and MPLAB-X will be able to delete it.
Hacky hacky, fragile, not future-proof, etc - but the best of a bad set of options.
OK, yes, I've found the .jar files and, to make things even easier, they're not compressed. So I can find all .jar files containing the string ".nbattrs" embedded in them just using "grep -FlR .nbattrs .". That identified a config file and six .jar files.
But I can't directly patch a .jar file - they're just glorified Zip files and have a checksum, which would be invalidated by the patching.
So, for each jar file, extract it, binary-patch each relevant file found within it, replacing ".nbattrs" with "_nbattrs", then pack it all back up, making sure to keep the .jar file manifest information intact.
So now I've got six patched .jar files. Copy them back over the originals, reboot to Windows (you didn't really think I was doing this hacky stuff inside Windows, did you?) and log in as myself. Start MPLAB-X and hope it works.
Now all I've got to do is deploy it to 300 teaching PCs over the next working day.


A fun charity 5k run or walk or 1 mile walk, with or without your dog. 100% of this event will benefit Arizona Adopt A Greyhound, a 501(c)3 charity. Prizes and lots of fun. For more information please visit our website.
February 04, 2017. Race starts at 8 am Sign in at 7:00 am. All dogs must be on leash at all times.


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Tokyo Ghoul Season 3 Set for 2016
Yu Alexius October 13, 2015	No Comments FeaturedNewsTokyo GhoulTokyo Ghoul 2016Tokyo Ghoul Mobile GameTokyo Ghoul Season 3
Tokyo Ghoul fans will surely rejoice once they know that the hit anime series is back for another season. Tokyo Ghoul Season 3 returns on 2016 according to a quotation from FUNimation Entertainment CEO and President Gen Fukunanaga. The quotation was included from the announcement of GameSamba's press release last September that unveiled the Tokyo Ghoul mobile game.
However, in the announcement Fukunaga only said "set for 2016,"which means that it is not 100% confirmed that the anime will return. The only thing that was confirmed by the Funimation with the anime news site – Anime News Network (ANN), is that the company is "anticipating a 2016 release." It does not specify if it meant a release for Tokyo Ghoul Season 3 or the Tokyo Ghoul mobile game. Furthermore, Funimation didn't respond to the question to clarify if the release is about the new anime season or the mobile game, which means that fans can hope for a Tokyo Ghoul Season 3 in 2016.
The mobile game publisher GameSambais a part of Group 1200 Media, which is the parent company of Funimation. Both GameSamba and Funimation also announced a free-to-play online Fairy Tail RPG.
One thing that is clear for the meantime is that Tokyo Ghoul mobile game for Android and iOS is scheduled for a 2016 release. Though, it wasn't clear whether Tokyo Ghoul will return for another season in 2016, it is good to know that there are upcoming stuffs from the Tokyo Ghoul franchise coming in the near future.
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SS UNITED STATES forward funnel and mast as seen through an opening in the ship's fo'c'sle windbreak. Photo and copyright Peter Knego 2012.
"We are very pleased to confirm that we have now entered into a preliminary agreement in support of the redevelopment of the SS United States. Negotiations have been underway for some time, and planning will continue with a variety of stakeholders. While further due diligence is conducted, the Conservancy will receive financial support to cover the vessel's core carrying costs for at least an additional three months.
The project remains at an early and delicate phase, but we wanted to update our supporters about this encouraging development. As you can appreciate, the ship's potential redevelopment represents a multifaceted engineering, real estate, and curatorial undertaking that will take considerable time to advance. Many challenges must still be overcome. However, we are fortunate that our new partners are very well equipped to handle this unique project's scope and scale, and the Conservancy looks forward to working closely with them in the months to come.
Because negotiations are advancing on a confidential basis, we are unable to offer further specifics at this time. We will share additional information as soon as we possibly can. Again, the Conservancy views this as a very positive development which, while still in its initial stages, gives us renewed hope that we can, at long last, Save the United States.
We have reached this moment because so many of you have helped us. You are the real heroes of this effort. We are particularly grateful to Gerry Lenfest, whose transformative contributions enabled the Conservancy to take title to the SS United States in 2011, and who has been a steadfast supporter of our efforts. We also extend our heartfelt gratitude to Jim Pollin. Without his leadership gift and challenge grant to the Conservancy last summer – and without such a generous response from far and wide to Jim's call – we would never have achieved this milestone.
While the ship is safe for the moment, this achievement doesn't mean our work is done. The Conservancy continues to plan our ship-board museum and educational center, build our archival and curatorial collections, document and disseminate the ship's historic importance, plan for contingencies, and work together with our new redevelopment partners to prepare the SS United States for her voyage to her next port of call.
This made the front page of out local, The Daily Press, and although vague with scarce info, none that was new, it does offer a more solid glimmer of hope for the ship.
AND a special thank you to you for keeping tabs on her [SS UNITED STATES] and telling it like it is.
It's good to hear about the positive developments regarding the Big U. May she embark on her journey in which the SS Rotterdam has achieved.
What was achieved for the Rotterdam can never be achieved for the United States; Rotterdam was intact with original fixtures, fittings and furnishings – she was a genuine late 1950s time-warp. The United States is an empty shell, a ghost of a once great liner. Even if she does get used in another (useful) role they'll never reinstate her davits and her boats, she will always look incomplete. So sad.
Although the SS United States is an empty shell, I'm sure several rooms could be recreated to recapture what once was. I'm also sure that some of the original fixtures/furniture could be located and either bought or donated. Much of the ship out of view to the public, will remain a shell for the most part.
Ah, someone without the short shortsightedness we often see. Thank you!
Yes, there may well be some rooms recreated or copied or filled with treasures, as in donation, who knows.
I recall, maybe it was in Steam Power that a fine display of in house usable furnishings from the SSUS were presented in full color pix that are owned by a man in NYC as they adorn his apartment. The are probably other nice items out there that could be used as models.
I think $400 to $500 million dollars was a quote to get The SS United States fully functional as a liner once again…not gonna happen.
It would be far less to convert to a business/hotel space.
It would be a sheer travesty to let her go to the breakers.
On a side note…my mom met Bud Abbott and his wife on a 1953 SS United States cruise.
JKOK, it is a sheer travesty that the United States has been left inactive for almost 50 years.
I think it is assumed that I am the negative voice regarding the 'preservation' of the United States. I wouldn't be if it were not for the fact that I think all the plans are woefully too late. I don't want to see a replica of what some spaces looked like when she was the pride of America. Her fixtures and fitting and furnishings have been cast to the four winds and most of those items would never find their way back aboard.
Every photo of this ship in her hey day excites me and I'm sure that it does for most of us but now we have a sad and vandalised ghost.
At least there is a light at the end of the long dark tunnel for the last american ocean liner and speed queen of the Atlantic, lets just hope she finds a new permanent berth where she will be safe from the scrap heap like many other fallen liners. If a deal is struck then the Big U will be a floating piece of resurrected floating history for every maritime enthusiast (like me) to see like the RMS Queen Mary, SS Rotterdam, and the SS Nomadic. If William Francis Gibbs was still alive he would be please to see his greatest life's work to live on and would be proud of his granddaughter for not giving up on his ship.
Those old Westinghouse engines week never be "fired up" again. Not if reports I've heard that a considerable amount of below decks machinery has been removed and sold for scrap are true, just as several propellers have definitely been, including the innovative 5-bladed ones. She now has one lone propeller left.
I'm very pleased about the developments. I can only hope.
The funds are being raised, unlike buying a new ship. Its sad when ships are just left to rot ie Pacific Princess, S.S. France etc. i do believe there are enough supporters to fund this ship and will do so.


The Urban Voodoo Machine is an English music collective hailing from London. Formed in 2003, the band is led by Norwegian born Paul-Ronney Angel, and features a load of talented musicians who play anything from the guitar to the tuba, from the washboard to the fiddle.
Creating a unique brand of what they describe as 'bourbon soaked gypsy blues bop'n'stroll, the band have become a popular festival act, bringing with them a team of dancers and entertainers (not to mention fans!) wherever they go. They tour the UK once again in September 2014, and hit Manchester for another gig in December - check below to find tickets!
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Scientists Warn Catastrophic Global Warming Looming
Lisa Schlein
FILE - Smoke rises from a brick kiln on the outskirts of Gauhati, India.
GENEVA —
A new report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warns the world is heating up faster than predicted. If the pace of global warming is not scaled back drastically, the panel says climate-related risks to human well-being, ecosystems and sustainable development will escalate to dangerous, unreversable levels.
Scientists of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report global warming since pre-industrial times already has exceeded one degree Celsius. At the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions, it says the the level of warming will reach 1.5 degrees during the next few decades.
The report says the world needs to reach zero net emissions of carbon dioxide by 2050 to prevent a further rise in temperature.
It warns a further increase to two degrees Celsius would greatly escalate the number of natural disasters, accelerate the melting of the Arctic sea ice, cause islands to disappear under rising seas, and make it impossible to produce enough food to feed the world's growing population.
World Meteorological Organization Secretary-General Petteri Taalas says there is still time for people to change their behavior to keep carbon emissions from rising. He says preventing the global temperature from going up by one half degree would make a huge difference in the well-being of the planet.
"One of the major issues is that there would be 420 million people less suffering because of climate change if we would be able to limit the warming to 1.5-degree level," said Taalas. "And, we have certain areas in the world, which are extremely sensitive. Small island states, Mediterranean region and also Sub-Saharan Africa, which are already suffering and will suffer the most in the future."
Taalas recommends several actions governments and individuals can take to lower the world's temperature. He says fossil fuels, which are the greatest emitter of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, must be phased out.
He says solar power, hydro power, wind power and other forms of so-called green energy are available to meet peoples' energy needs. He says more emphasis should be placed on using electric powered public and private modes of transportation.
He tells VOA people can help save the planet by changing their lifestyles. He points to diet as one area that could lessen the problem.
"For example, the fact that we eat so much meat means that we are using a fairly large fraction of our agriculture for the cattle instead of for using vegetarian food that would be more carbon friendly," said Taalas.
Taalas says governments have a 30-year window in which to stop using fossil energy and limiting global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius. He says this is not impossible, but agrees that it is a major challenge.
Nobel Economic Prize Awarded to 2 Americans
UN Report on Global Warming Carries Life-or-Death Warning
New Study Links Warmer Water, More Hurricanes
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Large Asteroid to Pass Near Earth Tuesday
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EXPLAINER: Scientists Struggle to Monitor Tonga Volcano After Massive Eruption
New Zealand Begins Vaccinating 5-to-11-Year-Olds


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Диатомовые водоросли, или диатомеи (), или бациллариофициевые водоросли () — группа водорослей, отличающаяся наличием у клеток своеобразного «панциря», состоящего из диоксида кремния. Всегда одноклеточны, но встречаются колониальные формы. Обычно планктонные или перифитонные организмы, морские и пресноводные.

Являясь важнейшей составляющей морского планктона, диатомовые создают до четверти всего органического вещества планеты.

Особенности строения
Только коккоиды, форма разнообразна. В основном одиночные, реже — колониальные.

Оболочка клетки не гомогенна. Снаружи панциря, как и внутри него, располагается тонкий слой органического вещества.

Традиционно, диатомовые водоросли делят на две группы — пеннатные, обладающие билатеральной симметрией, и центрические, с радиальной симметрией.

Покровы

Для диатомовых характерно наличие особого, состоящего из кремнезёма, покрова — «панциря». Кроме кремнезёма, в состав панциря входит небольшое количество железа, алюминия, магния и органических веществ. У морских планктонных диатомей вещество панциря содержит 95,6 % SiO2 и 1,5 % Al2O3 или Fe2O3. В редких случаях (например, у Phaeodactylum tricornutum) кремнезём отсутствует. Поверхность панциря покрыта тонким пектиновым слоем.

Структура и характер орнаментации — важный признак для идентификации видов диатомей; она хорошо различима, когда протопласт удалён. Необходимые для определения панцири, освобождённые от органических частей клетки, получают прокаливанием или промыванием в крепких кислотах. Рассматривают препараты панцирей, заключая их в среду с высоким коэффициентом преломления — в монобромнафталин, стиракс, среду Кольбе.

Панцирь состоит из двух половинок, большей и меньшей, входящих друг в друга как части чашки Петри. При делении половинки панциря расходятся, и новые половинки формируются в борозде деления. У обеих дочерних клеток старая половинка панциря становится большей (эпитекой, см. ниже), а меньшая достраивается заново. При этом размеры клеток в ряду делений постепенно уменьшаются. Восстановление размера происходит при половом размножении или через стадию образования спор.

По типу симметрии клетка диатомовой водоросли, если рассматривать её со створки, может быть:
 Радиальной (актиноморфной), такой тип симметрии характерен для центрических диатомей,
 Билатеральной (зигоморфной), у пеннатных диатомей. Чаще концы створок одинаковые (изопольные створки), иногда концы створок различаются по форме (гетеропольные створки).

Прежде группы центрических и пеннатных диатомей рассматривались в ранге классов, выделяемых на основе чисто морфологических признаков.

Выделяют также два дополнительных типа симметрии:
 Триллиссоидный — при этом структуры створки располагаются по дугам и радиусам окружности, центр которой расположен вне клетки (например, у Eunotia) и
 Гоноидный, с угловатой створкой (у Triceratium).

Терминология
При описания панциря используется следующая терминология:

Эпитека — бо́льшая половинка панциря, его «крышечка», гипотека — меньшая его половинка. Поверхность створки эпитеки называют эпивальва, гипотеки — гиповальва. Поясковый ободок эпитеки — эпицингулюм, гипотеки — гипоцингулюм. Оба поясковых ободка, вложенные друг в друга, образуют поясок. На изображении различают вид панциря со створки и вид панциря с пояска.

Створка обычно плоская, её край называют загибом створки. Между поясковым ободком и загибом створки могут развиваться дополнительные один или несколько вставочных ободков. Количество вставочных ободков может увеличиваться при росте клетки, самый молодой из них располагается возле загиба створки. Вставочные ободки могут быть кольцевыми, воротничковыми или состоять из нескольких частей — полукольцевые, ромбовидные, чешуйчатые. На вставочных ободках могут развиваться направленные внутрь клетки неполные перегородки — септы. Септы всегда имеют одно или несколько отверстий.

Многие пеннатные диатомеи имеют шов — центральную щель, проходящую вдоль створки. Шов может быть S-образным. В области шва могут иметься утолщения панциря: центральный узелок и полярные узелки. Некоторые пеннатные диатомеи на месте шва имеют участок, лишённый орнаментации — осевое поле. Здесь может формироваться ложный шов — продольное ребро панциря. Диатомеи, лишенные шва, называют бесшовными.

Перфорация
Связь протопласта со внешней средой обеспечивается за счёт перфораций панциря. Перфорация может отсутствовать только на отдельных участках панциря и занимает от 10 до 75 % его площади.

Многослойная структура оболочки содержит большое количество крошечных отверстий, которые в свою очередь ведут к более крошечным отверстиям — такие структуры фокусируют свет на хлоропластах.

Формирование панциря
При делении каждая дочерняя клетка получает половину панциря от родительской. Полученная половинка становится эпитекой, гипотеку клетка достраивает заново. В результате деления одна из клеток сохраняет размер материнской, а вторая становится меньше. Энергия, необходимая для формирования панциря, получается за счёт аэробного дыхания; энергия, полученная в результате фотосинтеза, непосредственно не используется.

Наличие растворённого кремнезёма в окружающей среде — абсолютно необходимое условие для деления диатомей.

Кремний поступает в клетки диатомовых в форме Si(OH)4 через белки транспорта кремнёвой кислоты (SIT). Каким образом происходит транспорт внутрь клетки, до сих пор не известно, и нет явных доказательств, активный он или пассивный (Curnow et al., 2012); предположительно, происходит у морских диатомовых симпортно с ионами натрия, у пресноводных — возможно, что также и с ионами калия. У морских видов Si(OH)4 и Na+ переносятся в соотношении 1:1. Обнаружено по несколько генов у разных видов диатомовых, имеющих отношение к транспорту кремниевой кислоты (GenBank). Германий нарушает транспорт кремниевой кислоты у диатомовых.

В процессе цитокинеза клеточная мембрана формирует перетяжку, а комплекс Гольджи начинает производить полупрозрачные везикулы, собирающиеся у вновь сформированной мембраны. Везикулы сливаются, образуя силикалемму пузыря, в котором формируется створка. Пузырь увеличивается в размерах и приобретает форму будущей створки. Комплекс Гольджи продолжает производить везикулы, которые транспортируют вещество будущей створки к пузырю и объединяются с ним. Кремний в пузыре откладывается в виде аморфных сфер диаметром 30—50 нм. Низкий pH внутри пузыря способствует агрегации частиц кремнезёма, и препятствует растворению сформированных частиц.

Вероятно, в процессе формирования створки участвует центр организации микротрубочек, который в этот момент перемещается в положение между ядром и силикалеммой. Детали этого процесса пока неясны.

В осаждении кремния участвуют силаффины — пептиды, катализирующие поликонденсацию кремниевой кислоты. Силаффины разных видов диатомовых водорослей различаются, соответственно, различается и характер кремнезёмных гранул, осаждаемых с их участием. Предполагается, что с этим могут быть связаны различия в орнаментации панциря у различных видов диатомей.

После формирования створки, подобным же образом, в собственной силикалемме формируется поясок и вставочные ободки.

Хлоропласты
У диатомовых хлоропласты разнообразной формы, обычно пристенные. У центрических диатомей они обычно многочисленные, мелкие, у пеннатных крупные, часто лопастные. Хлоропласты имеют типичное для охрофитов строение. Пиреноидов может быть несколько, они выступают за пределы хлоропласта и иногда пронизаны тилакоидами.

Окраска хлоропластов бурая, желтоватая или золотистая. Она обусловлена тем, что зелёные хлорофиллы маскируются добавочными каротиноидами (бурый пигмент диатомин; β, ε — каротины; ксантофиллы: фукоксантин, неофукоксантин, диадиноксантин, диатоксантин). У большинства диатомей содержатся две формы хлорофилла c: c1 и c2. У ряда форм хлорофилл c1 может замещаться хлорофиллом c3 (найден также у примнезиофитовых и пелагофициевых). У некоторых видов могут присутствовать все три формы хлорофилла c, в то время как у других форма только одна.

Другие структуры
Большая часть клетки диатомей приходится на вакуоль с клеточным соком, цитоплазма занимает постеночное положение. Кроме того, цитоплазма скапливается в центре клетки в виде цитоплазматического мостика, соединённого с периферическим слоем цитоплазмы. В мостике расположено ядро. В цитоплазме множество капель масла. В виде крупных капель с характерным голубым блеском в ней встречается волютин. Присутствует хризоламинарин.

Митохондрии у диатомей разнообразной формы (шаровидные, овальные, палочковидные, нитчатые). Аппарат Гольджи расположен рядом с ядром, он состоит из нескольких диктиосом (до 20), которые содержат от 4 до 12 цистерн.

Ядро крупное, содержит 1—8 ядрышек, которые исчезают во время митоза. Центриоли отсутствуют. Центром организации микротрубочек являются пластинки, расположенные на полюсах веретена. Микротрубочки веретена формируются вне ядра, затем проходят в ядро через разрушенные участки его оболочки; ядерная оболочка постепенно исчезает. Таким образом, у диатомей митоз открытый. На ранних этапах микротрубочки идут от полюса к полюсу. Кинетохоры хромосом, по-видимому, прикрепляются к полюсным микротрубочкам. В анафазе хромосомы двигаются к полюсам, в поздней анафазе веретено удлиняется.

Колониальные формы

У некоторых диатомей клетки после деления не расходятся, образуя колонии. Клетки в колониях не связаны между собой, плазмодесмы отсутствуют.

Клетки могут соединяться всей поверхностью створок, образуя нитевидные (у Melosira) или лентовидные (у Fragilaria) колонии.

Если клетки имеют клиновидную форму, формируется веерообразная колония (у Meridion).

Клетки, соединённые только уголками, формируют колонии в виде цепочек (Tabellaria) или звёздочек (Asterionella).

Колонии могут иметь вид слизистых трубок, внутри которых содержатся отдельные подвижные (Navicula, Cymbella) или неподвижные клетки.

Колониальные диатомеи могут быть планктонными и прикреплёнными к субстрату слизистой ножкой.

Жизненный цикл

Вегетативное размножение

Вегетативное размножение диатомей происходит путём простого митотического деления. Цитокинез имеет ряд особенностей, связанных с наличием панциря (см. формирование панциря). Поскольку получаемая от родительской клетки половинка панциря у дочерней становится эпитекой, а гипотека достраивается заново, размеры одной из клеток остаются равными родительской, а второй становятся меньше. В ряде последовательных делений размеры клеток в популяции уменьшаются, а исходные максимальные размеры восстанавливаются в процессе полового воспроизведения, связанного с формированием ауксоспор. Ауксоспоры могут возникать автогамно за счёт слияния двух гаплоидных ядер одной клетки или апогамно (из вегетативных клеток). В редких случаях возможен выход цитоплазмы из панциря и формирование его заново — вегетативное укрупнение.

Споры и покоящиеся клетки
При наступлении неблагоприятных условий некоторые диатомовые могут формировать споры и покоящиеся клетки. Эти структуры богаты запасными веществами, которые потребуются при прорастании. Покоящиеся клетки морфологически близки к вегетативным клеткам, в то время как панцирь спор становится более толстым, округляется, изменяется его орнаментация. Покоящиеся клетки могут возникать в условиях с низким содержанием растворённого кремния, а споры, наоборот, требуют наличия достаточного количества кремния для построения собственной толстой оболочки. Покоящиеся клетки формируются чаще пресноводными центрическими и пеннатными диатомеями, в то время как споры — центрическими морскими диатомовыми. И покоящиеся клетки, и споры могут выживать десятилетиями. При их прорастании для формирования нормального панциря требуется два митоза с дегенерацией ядер. Споры морских диатомей играют важную роль в транспорте органического углерода и кремния в осадочные отложения.

При образовании спор клетка теряет вакуоли, и размер споры оказывается меньше исходной клетки.

Половой процесс
Половым путем размножаются крайне редко.

Движение
Многие шовные пеннатные и некоторые центрические диатомеи способны ползать по субстрату.

Экология

Диатомеи широко распространены во всевозможных биотопах. Они живут в океанах, морях, солоноватых и различных пресных водоёмах: стоячих (озёрах, прудах, болотах и т. д.) и текучих (реках, ручьях, оросительных каналах и др.). Они распространены в почве, их выделяют из образцов воздуха, они образуют богатые сообщества во льдах Арктики и Антарктики. Такое широкое распространение диатомовых обусловлено их пластичностью по отношению к различным экологическим факторам и в то же время существованием видов, узко приспособленных к экстремальным значениям этих факторов.

Диатомовые в водных экосистемах доминируют над другими микроскопическими водорослями круглый год. Они обильны как в планктоне, так и в перифитоне и бентосе. В планктоне морей и океанов преобладают центрические диатомеи, хотя к ним примешиваются и некоторые пеннатные. В планктоне пресных водоёмов, наоборот, преобладают пеннатные. Бентосные ценозы также отличаются большим разнообразием и количеством диатомовых, которые обычно обитают на глубине не более 50 м. Жизнь бентосных диатомей обязательно связана с субстратом: они ползают по субстрату или прикрепляются к нему с помощью слизистых ножек, трубок, подушечек.

Наиболее богаты по качественному и количественному составу диатомей ценозы обрастаний. Диатомеи занимают господствующее положение среди обрастаний высших растений и макроскопических водорослей в пресных водоёмах и морях. Обрастанию могут подвергаться многие животные (такие водоросли называются эпизоонтами) от ракообразных до китов. Среди диатомей встречаются и эндобионты, которые обитают в других организмах, например в бурых водорослях, фораминиферах.

Видовой состав диатомей в водоёмах определяется комплексом абиотических факторов, из которых большое значение в первую очередь имеет солёность воды. Не менее важным фактором для развития диатомей являются температура, степень освещённости и качество света. Диатомовые вегетируют в диапазоне 0—70, но в состоянии покоя способны переносить как более низкие, так и более высокие температуры.

Диатомовые — фототрофные организмы, но среди них встречаются миксотрофы, симбиотрофы, а также бесцветные гетеротрофные формы.

Геном
Недавно при расшифровке полного генома диатомовой водоросли Phaeodactylum tricornutum выяснилось, что он содержит рекордное для эукариот число генов, полученных путём горизонтального переноса от бактерий и архей.

Филогения
Створки диатомовых водорослей не растворяются в большинстве природных вод, поэтому они осаждаются на протяжении последних 150 млн лет, начиная с раннего мелового периода. Таким образом, есть основания полагать, что диатомеи появились до наступления мелового периода. Наиболее древние ископаемые диатомеи были центрическими, в то время как самые древние пеннатные были бесшовными из позднего мелового периода (около 70 млн лет назад). Ископаемые остатки шовных диатомей имеют более поздний возраст. Согласно остаткам пресноводные диатомеи появились около 60 млн лет назад и достигли расцвета в миоцене (24 млн лет назад). Палеонтологические данные подтверждают наличие более примитивных признаков в организации центрических диатомей, как древней группы, в то время как снабжённые швом пеннатные представляют вершину эволюции этой группы. Методами молекулярной биологии было показано, что диатомовые — монофилетичная группа, но внутри этой группы центрические диатомеи не формируют, как ранее считали, монофилетичную группу.

Наличие трёхчастных мастигонем на жгутике, строение хлоропластов, пигментные системы, трубчатые митохондрии, запасные продукты — всё это подтверждает несомненную принадлежность диатомовых водорослей к группе охрофитовых. Чаще всего дискутируется вопрос об их близости к другим классам этого отдела, так как наличие таких особенностей, как кремнезёмный панцирь, диплобионтный жизненный цикл, редукция жгутикового аппарата, особенности карио- и цитокинеза, значительно отличают диатомей от других представителей охрофитовых. Предполагали, что предками диатомей могли быть какие-то древние синуровые. Некоторые авторы даже рассматривали синуровых как «жгутиковых диатомей». Однако данные молекулярной биологии показывают, что среди страминопил диатомовые образуют достаточно обособленную группу, которая отстоит от других охрофитовых водорослей дальше, чем сами они отделены друг от друга, но всё-таки ближе к охрофитовым, чем к грибоподобным протистам. Анализ последовательности нуклеотидов генов SSU rDNA rbcL и пигментного состава показали, что внутри охрофитовых сестринской линией диатомовым является недавно открытая группа болидофициевых — окрашенных двужгутиковых монад, обитающих в океанах и морях.

Диатомовые относятся к группе гетероконтных водорослей, имеющих вторичные пластиды. По молекулярным данным установлено, что предком их пластид была красная водоросль. С другой стороны, молекулярно-генетический анализ ядерных генов, продукты которых обеспечивают работу пластид, восходят как к красным, так и к зелёным водорослям, в примерно равном количестве. Считается, что это указывает на существование у их предков хлоропласта, чьим предком был хлоропласт зелёной водоросли, в течение более или менее продолжительного периода.

Значение
Силаффины диатомовых перспективны для использования в области нанотехнологий, для получения материалов на основе диоксида кремния с заранее заданными свойствами.
В криминалистике разнообразие диатомей позволяет с высокой точностью идентифицировать водоемы.

Систематика
Считается, что к классу диатомей относится около 300 родов, включающих 20—25 тысяч видов, но некоторые авторы убеждены, что истинное количество видов диатомей может достигать 200 тысяч. Самый большой род, состоящий более чем из 10 тысяч видов — .

В настоящее время нет устоявшейся системы диатомовых. В большинстве работ, которые касаются изучения флор диатомей, систематики и классификации, класс диатомей рассматривается в ранге отдела (Bacillariophyta) с тремя классами (Coscinophyceae, Fragilariophyceae, Bacillariophyceae). Вместе с тем использование методов молекулярной биологии показало, что Coscinophyceae и Fragilariophyceae — парафилетичные группы и требуется дальнейший пересмотр системы диатомовых водорослей, однако, с точки зрения молекулярной биологии и филогенетики наиболее верной является классификация диатомей в составе отдела Охрофитовые (Ochrophyta).

Галерея

См. также
 Atthea
 Hannaea arcus
 Константин Сергеевич Мережковский
 Диатомовый ил
 Биология
 Водоросли

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Assuming that the insurance company operates fairly or that they will seek to give you all that you are entitled to, can be a huge financial mistake.
In the state of Missouri, it is mandatory for anyone who drives a vehicle to have at least the minimum required insurance. The required minimum in St. Louis is liability insurance. Liability insurance typically ensures that both drivers will have their medical bills covered. It also ensures that the at-fault driver's insurance company will pay for property damage sustained by the other driver. If you are the at-fault driver, unless you have collision insurance, then any damage to your vehicle will likely be your financial responsibility.
Also, in Missouri car accidents, at least one driver is found to be negligent. Negligence is a legal term that means a driver either took an action which led directly to the accident happening, or that they failed to act in a specific way that led to the accident occurring. If you are the at-fault driver, your insurance company is generally responsible for paying for the accident. However, if the other party contributed to the accident, then your insurance company will pay less for their damages or injuries based on any percentage of negligence ascribed to the other driver.
The mistake that many motorists who have been in an accident make is assuming that the insurance company's goal is fully compensating a driver who suffers damages and injuries. The reality is that an insurance company is like any other company, and they operate to make a profit. This means their interest lies in minimizing their costs, NOT in maximizing them. Assuming that the insurance company operates fairly or that they will seek to give you all that you are entitled to, can be a huge financial mistake.
The insurance company seeks to maximize their profit margin by underestimating the costs of your damages and injuries. If you aren't sure what you are entitled to, that can leave you holding a heavy financial burden. If you suffered injuries and you don't know what they are worth, then there is no way to determine if the settlement that the insurance company is offering is fair – or is even enough to cover your injuries now or in the future.
Once you sign a settlement offer and accept compensation, you absolve the insurance company from any further financial responsibility. After a car accident, injuries often take time to surface or can get worse over time, which can lead to the need for further treatment and procedures. That does not even include any additional pain and suffering. If you don't anticipate future costs and you sign an offer without taking all things into consideration, then anything going forward will be your responsibility.
So before you assume that the insurance company is offering you a fair settlement or giving you all that you are entitled to for your Missouri accident, it is a good idea to at least consult with a car accident attorney. If you've been involved in a St. Louis auto accident, call The Hoffmann Law Firm, L.L.C. 24/7 at (314) 361-4242 for a FREE case evaluation.


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Work1099 was founded by entrepreneur and marketing expert Matt Rhodes. The training revealed inside Work1099 is the direct result of Matt's 10+ years of real-world marketing experience. Many of the training materials and templates provided to members were originally designed by Rhodes for in-house use by his own team, can be scaled for use by virtually any growing business in any industry. Rhodes also has connections to countless successful online business owners and incorporates many of their lessons and tutorials into Work1099, absolutely free for members.
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30 Kingston Avenue, Port Jervis, NY, 12771 - Photos, Videos & More!
This property includes One two unit building and a freestanding one bedroom apartment. The roof on the main building is just a few years old. Upstairs apartment was just renovated with brand new Energy star windows. Good money maker!!
Just change these settings to update the prices across the entire website. If you need help figuring out your numbers our Home Loan Provider is more than happy to help explain things. Call 631-671-7398 and ask for jody scarpinato.


text:
Jean Baptiste Blanchard, né le  à Tourteron (Ardennes), mort le  ou le  à Tourteron, est pédagogue français.

Biographie

Il fit ses premières études avec son oncle, provincial des Jésuites, qui le mit ensuite sous la direction de ses confrères. Ses progrès furent si rapides qu'il avait fini ses classes à l'âge de treize ans. Devenu membre de la société des Jésuites, il enseigna d'abord les humanités au collège de Nancy et dès qu'il eut atteint sa vingtième année, on le chargea de professer la rhétorique à Metz, puis à Verdun et à Pont-à-Mousson.

Comme son âge ne lui avait pas permis de prononcer les quatre vœux, il se retira de l'ordre des Jésuites en 1762 et vint rejoindre sa famille à Tourteron.

Après la dissolution, en France, de l'ordre, en 1764, il fut banni et s'enfuit en Belgique et se réfugia chez la famille Moreau de Brioul, qui lui offrit asile à Namur. Il se consacra à l'éducation des enfants de la famille.

Vers 1770, il eut la permission de revenir en France, dans sa famille ; puis un canonicat de la collégiale d'Avenay, dans le diocèse de Reims, vint à vaquer et on le lui conféra ; il en jouit jusqu'en 1790.

En 1777, l'académie de Châlons lui décerna un accessit sur le prix de l'année qui avait pour sujet: « Les moyens de détruire la mendicité y en rendant les mendians utiles à l'état sans les rendre malheureux », il compose le  volume de L'École des mœurs (mais retranché dans l'édition en 6 volumes).

Ses livres destinés à l'éducation eurent longtemps une grande vogue.

Publications

 Le Temple des Muses fabulistes, ou choix des plus belles Fables des meilleurs fabulistes français, avec des remarques historiques, géographiques, morales et critiques, Liége : Bassompière, 1766, 2 vol., in 12°
 Le Poète des Mœurs ou les Maximes de la sagesse, avec des remarques morales et historiques, Namur : J.-F. Stapleaux, 1772, 2 vol., in-12° .
 Préceptes pour l'éducation des deux sexes, à l'usage des familles chrétiennes, Lyon : Bruyset, 1803, 2 vol. in-12° .

Notes & références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Boulliot, Biographie Ardennaise ou histoire des Ardennais, Paris, 1830, vol.1, p.127-131 en ligne

Liens externes

Écrivain français du XVIIIe siècle
Pédagogue français
Naissance en octobre 1731
Décès en mai 1797
Naissance dans la province de Champagne
Décès dans les Ardennes
Décès à 65 ans


text:
Q: Unable to toggle airplane mode, espresso I am trying to toggle airplane mode on kitkat version, on rooted emulator. I am using espresso for automation and i have scenario in which i have to switch on airplane mode and do some kind of steps in the app
I have modified time using the following method :
public static void amTime() {

        try {
            Process su = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("su");
            DataOutputStream outputStream = new DataOutputStream(su.getOutputStream());

            outputStream.writeBytes("date -s 20181015.070000");
            outputStream.flush();

            outputStream.writeBytes("exit\n");
            outputStream.flush();
            su.wait(2000);
        } catch (Exception e){
            Log.e("Set Time", e.getMessage());
        }
    }

But I am unable to switch to airplane mode, i have tried different patterns... used the above method and modified following line with the adb commands
outputStream.writeBytes("mode airplane_mode_on 1");

outputStream.writeBytes("adb shell -c settings put global airplane_mode_on 1");

outputStream.writeBytes("adb shell -c settings put global airplane_mode_on 0");

can someone help with the code or adb script, by which i can switch on and off the airplane mode

A: Simply create method as follows and call wherever required:
public static void setMobileDataEnabled(Context context, boolean enabled) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException {
        final ConnectivityManager conman = (ConnectivityManager)  context.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
        final Class conmanClass = Class.forName(conman.getClass().getName());
        final Field connectivityManagerField = conmanClass.getDeclaredField("mService");
        connectivityManagerField.setAccessible(true);
        final Object connectivityManager = connectivityManagerField.get(conman);
        final Class connectivityManagerClass =  Class.forName(connectivityManager.getClass().getName());
        final Method setMobileDataEnabledMethod = connectivityManagerClass.getDeclaredMethod("setMobileDataEnabled", Boolean.TYPE);
        setMobileDataEnabledMethod.setAccessible(true);

        setMobileDataEnabledMethod.invoke(connectivityManager, enabled);
    }

Calling the method:
try {
            CommonUtil.setMobileDataEnabled(mActivityTestRule.getActivity().getApplicationContext(),true);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

Please note, this will set Data enabled = Off.. which is my requirement.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Attended 《我们都不完美》Imperfect Gala Premiere last Monday at GV Vivo City..
Thanks Mag (http://modgam.com) for bringing me to the Gala Premiere, she was invited by omy.sg and able to bring a friend along!
The young stars of Imperfect are so popular! The red carpet were all crowded by Ian, Edwin & Kimberly Fans! They going to be the next Elvin Ng (黄俊雄) and Jeanette Aw (欧萱).
On the stage: Edwin Goh 吴劲威, Phua Yu Da 潘昱达, Elizabeth Lee 李巧儿 , Kimberly Chia 谢静仪 and Ian Fang 方伟杰.
Next up, the stars from Taiwan. Patrick Li 李沛旭 and Chiang Chu-Ping 江祖平.
Here comes the stars of the night! Hong Kong actor Liu Kai Chi 廖启智 and our very own Singapore actor Li Nanxing 李南星!
IMPERFECT tells the story of two teenagers who are caught in between two triads and how are they able to get themselves out from the bloody feud.
Although its a local production, the story line and the acting of the cast does not lose out to Hong Kong or Taiwan movie.
Its now showing at all GV Cinemas! Do catch it!


text:
De Churchill Mk-III 'Bobbin' was een geallieerde Britse tank die gebruikt werd tijdens de landing in Normandië op 6 juni 1944, tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.

De DD-tanks, Crabs en AVRE"s waren gebouwd om te landen en de vijandelijke verdediging uit te schakelen - maar ze zouden de Duitse stellingen nooit kunnen naderen hebben, als het strand hun gewicht niet zou kunnen dragen.
Vandaar de 'Bobbin', die een kokosloper van 3 meter breed en ongeveer 110 meter lang kon leggen, waar de andere zwaardere tankvoertuigen overheen konden rijden.

Dit rupsvoertuig , genoemd naar de Britse staatsman Winston Churchill, werd in de landingsvaartuigen geladen vanaf de troepentransportschepen of in de geallieerde havens. Aan het strand gekomen reden ze als eerste voor de stormloop en legden er hun "loper" uit voor de zware legervoertuigen.
Deze rupsvoertuigentank had geen geschutskoepel, maar wel een grote cilinderrol voor zich waarvan de kokosloper werd uitgerold. Deze werd onder de tank vastgereden in het zand. Deze grote rol draaide in een grote rechthoekige arm die men omlaag of omhoog kon brengen. De tank geleek op een grote bulldozer, maar dan zonder blad.

Zulke tanks waren er ook om nadien de wrakken van tanks, jeeps, vrachtwagens en lichtere pantserwagens op te ruimen of opzij te duwen.
Als de tank zijn eindpunt en zijn doel waarvoor hij geconstrueerd was, had bereikt, had men hem in het binnenland niet meer zo hard nodig. Zijn 'rol' was dan letterlijk uitgespeeld. Het gebeurde wel dat zo'n tank met zijn hoge rolconstructie het eerste doel werd van vijandelijk vuur.
Men kon hem nog gebruiken op zeer modderige wegen in het binnenland, zodanig dat de gevechtstanks niet vast liepen in de modder.

De Churchill Mk-III 'Bobbin' had wel een bewapening n.l. een Petard-mortier; een 303-inch mitrailleur en zijn bemanning bestond uit vier man. Zijn bedrijfssnelheid bedroeg 4,5 km/u. Zijn actieradius was ong. 150 km, gewicht 39 ton. De kokosloper: 110 meter lang en 3 meter breed.

Zie ook
 Hobart's Funnies

Britse tank in de Tweede Wereldoorlog


text:
$19 Billion to Help Safely Restart the Economy: Funding for Municipal Services, Healthcare, and Childcare
Sloane S2020-07-21T15:33:51-04:00July 17th, 2020|News|
On July 16, 2020, Canada's First Ministers announced a federal/provincial/territorial (FPT) Safe Restart Agreement. The FPT Safe Restart Agreement is supported by a $19 billion federal investment to help restore economic activity and rebuild a resilient future amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
The First Ministers recognize the unique approaches that provinces and territories have taken in response to COVID-19 as well as the distinct challenges and circumstances faced by the territories and smaller jurisdictions. Throughout the next six to eight months, the federal funding will sustain provincial and territorial efforts to restart the economy and keep Canadians safe. The funds will focus on supporting major investments in response to COVID-19 critical areas such as municipal services, healthcare, and childcare.
The FPT Safe Restart Agreement supports funding for:
Municipalities to maintain the delivery of critical services
Investments in public transit
The expansion of COVID-19 testing and contact tracing capabilities
Procurement of personal protective equipment
Canadians facing mental health challenges
Measures to protect vulnerable populations such as seniors in long-term care facilities
Income support program to provide workers with up to 10 ten days of paid sick leave
Health care service capacity
The First Ministers acknowledge that provinces, territories, and local governments will continue to be faced with tremendous challenges. The economy is in need of a boost and future waves of the virus threaten efforts to restore the Canadian economy. The $19 billion federal investment will uplift critical efforts to mitigate the negative health and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Local governments are facing a significant fiscal crunch as a result of COVID-19. Grant funding is now more important than ever to help shore up municipal budgets. Click here to register for PSD's upcoming webinar on recently announced grant programs for local governments.
Source: https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/statements/2020/07/16/joint-communique-safe-restart-agreement