A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments. Although the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors affecting the original slope stability. Typically, pre-conditional factors build up specific sub-surface conditions that make the area/slope prone to failure, whereas the actual landslide often requires a trigger before being released.
Construction, agricultural or forestry activities (logging) which change the amount of water which infiltrates the soil.
Muddy-debris flows in alpine areas cause severe damage to structures and infrastructure and often claim human lives. Muddy-debris flows can start as a result of slope-related factors and shallow landslides can dam stream beds, resulting in temporary water blockage. As the impoundments fail, a "domino effect" may be created, with a remarkable growth in the volume of the flowing mass, which takes up the debris in the stream channel. The solid-liquid mixture can reach densities of up to 2 tons/m³ and velocities of up to 14 m/s (Chiarle and Luino, 1998; Arattano, 2003). These processes normally cause the first severe road interruptions, due not only to deposits accumulated on the road (from several cubic metres to hundreds of cubic metres), but in some cases to the complete removal of bridges or roadways or railways crossing the stream channel. Damage usually derives from a common underestimation of mud-debris flows: in the alpine valleys, for example, bridges are frequently destroyed by the impact force of the flow because their span is usually calculated only for a water discharge. For a small basin in the Italian Alps (area = 1.76 km²) affected by a debris flow, Chiarle and Luino (1998) estimated a peak discharge of 750 m3/s for a section located in the middle stretch of the main channel. At the same cross section, the maximum foreseeable water discharge (by HEC-1), was 19 m³/s, a value about 40 times lower than that calculated for the debris flow that occurred.
A debris avalanche is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of rocks soil and debris mixed with water or ice (or both). They are usually triggered by the saturation of thickly vegetated slopes which results in an incoherent mixture of broken timber, smaller vegetation and other debris. Debris avalanches differ from debris slides because their movement is much more rapid. This is usually a result of lower cohesion or higher water content and commonly steeper slopes.
Debris slides generally start with big rocks that start at the top of the slide and begin to break apart as they slide towards the bottom. This is much slower than a debris avalanche. Debris avalanches are very fast and the entire mass seems to liquefy as it slides down the slope. This is caused by a combination of saturated material, and steep slopes. As the debris moves down the slope it generally follows stream channels leving a v-shaped scar as it moves down the hill. This differs from the more U-shaped scar of a slump. Debris avalanches can also travel well past the foot of the slope due to their tremendous speed.
A sturzstrom is a rare, poorly understood type of landslide, typically with a long run-out. Often very large, these slides are unusually mobile, flowing very far over a low angle, flat, or even slightly uphill terrain.
Landslide in which the sliding surface is located within the soil mantle or weathered bedrock (typically to a depth from few decimetres to some metres). They usually include debris slides, debris flow, and failures of road cut-slopes. Landslides occurring as single large blocks of rock moving slowly down slope are sometimes called block glides.
Shallow landslides can often happen in areas that have slopes with high permeable soils on top of low permeable bottom soils. The low permeable, bottom soils trap the water in the shallower, high permeable soils creating high water pressure in the top soils. As the top soils are filled with water and become heavy, slopes can become very unstable and slide over the low permeable bottom soils. Say there is a slope with silt and sand as its top soil and bedrock as its bottom soil. During an intense rainstorm, the bedrock will keep the rain trapped in the top soils of silt and sand. As the topsoil becomes saturated and heavy, it can start to slide over the bedrock and become a shallow landslide. R. H. Campbell did a study on shallow landslides on Santa Cruz Island California. He notes that if permeability decreases with depth, a perched water table may develop in soils at intense precipitation. When pore water pressures are sufficient to reduce effective normal stress to a critical level, failure occurs.
Landslides in which the sliding surface is mostly deeply located below the maximum rooting depth of trees (typically to depths greater than ten meters). Deep-seated landslides usually involve deep regolith, weathered rock, and/or bedrock and include large slope failure associated with translational, rotational, or complex movement. These typically move slowly, only several meters per year, but occasionally move faster. They tend to be larger than shallow landslides and form along a plane of weakness such as a fault or bedding plane. They can be visually identified by concave scarps at the top and steep areas at the toe.
Hope Slide landslide (46 million cubic metres) near Hope, British Columbia on January 9, 1965.
Vargas mudslides, due to heavy rains in Vargas State, Venezuela, on December, 1999, causing tens of thousands of casualties.
2011 Rio de Janeiro landslide in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on January 11, 2011, causing 610 casualties so far.
Pulling away from the building of outside walls or stairs.
Slow development of widening cracks on the ground or on paved areas such as streets.
Tilting or moving of fences, retaining walls, utility poles, or trees.
Faint rumbling sound that increases in volume as the landslide nears.The ground slopes downward in one specific direction and may begin shifting in that direction under your feet.
Contact your local authorities to learn about the disaster management response, and develop your own emergency plans for your family and business.
Be observant. Many landslide and debris flow casualties occur when people are sleeping. Listen to radio for warnings of intense rainfall. Intense short bursts of rain may be particularly dangerous, especially after longer periods of heavy rainfall and damp weather.
If you live in areas susceptible to landslides and debris flows, consider leaving if it is safe to do so. If you remain at home, move to a part of the house farthest away from the source of the landslide or debris flows, such as an upper floor, but keep an escape route open should it become necessary to leave the house.
Be alert when on the roads. Embankments along roadsides are particularly susceptible to landslides. Watch the road for collapsed pavement, mud, fallen rocks, and other indications of possible landslides or debris flows.
Landslides and mudflows usually strike without much appreciable warning. The force of rocks, soil, or other debris moving down a slope can devastate anything in its path. Take the following steps to be ready.
Check for injured and trapped persons near the slide area. Give first aid if trained.
Listen to a radio or television for the latest emergency information.


Young hijabis like me all around Australia grew up attempting to retrofit clothing to suit their needs but the reality was clear: we were not a demographic considered fashion-forward and with disposable income. We were not a demographic considered at all. We were completely invisible in public spaces, save for the occasional televised debate on banning the burqa. Young girls like me would depend on trips to Muslim majority countries such as Malaysia, Egypt or Pakistan to stock up on clothing that might work, and if a friend or relative was travelling, they'd leave with a list of clothing requests from almost every hijabi in the community. We were nothing if not enterprising.
The internet changed things. With the proliferation of fashion blogs and spaces like Instagram and Tumblr, young Muslimahs were connected to fashion inspiration from around the world, the likes of which we had never seen before. Muslim women quickly learned to capitalise on these platforms and share their tips, style and looks with global audiences – and Dina Torkia was a British Egyptian blogger that led the way.
For me, a dorky Sudanese kid in Queensland, being able to see other young Muslim women take up space, tell their own stories and look fabulous was empowering in the most unexpected way. I'd not grown up being interested in clothes per se, because they weren't made to talk to me. But online I learned that, hijabi or not, I could express myself in ways that were halal, uniquely my own – and that if and when I did, there would a community around me that got it.
Conversation about hijab is so often wrapped up in ideology, moralising and political bickering that people often forget about the women who are under the garments. Shockingly, hijabis are typically regular human beings doing their best to live their best lives, and some want to look fabulous doing it. We're also a fashion force to be reckoned with, given the global spending on apparel by Muslims was US$230 billion in 2014. Who would have thought, right?
That's why we made Hijabistas!: to showcase the range of textures within the modest fashion scene. There are the hijabi fashion designers – some who position themselves as hijabi fashion designers and some who see themselves as designers who happen to wear the hijab. There are social media influencers who have built large followings, sharing their daily outfits and make-up tutorials. There are entrepreneurs who are starting their own businesses, catering to a market that is enormous but so often forgotten. It's a fun, exciting space that you might not have heard about before, but now get the chance to.
Hijabistas is a look into the world of Aussie hijabis on their own terms, and I wouldn't have it any other way.


From 1722 until 1892, towns became cities only by act of the General Assembly, which issued a city charter in the form of a statute; after 1892 a town could also incorporate as a city by petition to the circuit court. The first state constitutional mention of separate cities and counties came in the Constitution of 1869 and in the enabling legislation passed in the 1869–1870 General Assembly session. The constitution required that each county be divided into townships, and the enabling act stipulated that the commissioners appointed to lay off the townships (later changed to magisterial districts) should not include therein any town or city with a population of 5,000 or more. The Constitution of 1902 made no specific reference to independent cities but included provisions recognizing the principle that Virginia's cities were independent of their neighboring counties. The Constitution of 1971 codified the independent status of Virginia's cities.
Virginia's program of annexation by judicial decision-making began under the Constitution of 1902. Before that time, municipalities had expanded their boundaries through special acts of the General Assembly. To comply with the new constitution's prohibition of such special acts, the assembly passed legislation in 1904 that established the annexation procedure used until 1987. Beginning in the 1950s, five Virginia cities expanded their boundaries to subsume the now-extinct counties in which they were geographically situated. Hampton (subsuming Elizabeth City County) in 1952, Newport News (extinguishing Warwick County) in 1958, Virginia Beach (subsuming Princess Anne County) and Chesapeake (subsuming Norfolk County) in 1963, and Suffolk (extinguishing what until 1972 had been Nansemond County) in 1974. A 1987 statute prohibited cities from any further annexations from surrounding counties until 2010. The General Assembly recognized the subsequent financial hardship caused by the inability to annex especially in rural areas and passed an act in 1988 allowing any city with a population of fewer than 50,000 inhabitants to petition for reversion to town status. Since that time three cities have become towns again and rejoined the counties in which they are located, South Boston in 1995, Clifton Forge in 2001, and Bedford in 2013.
Alexandria, in Fairfax and Arlington Counties, was named for John Alexander, an early owner of the tract in Fairfax County on which the town was located. The act to establish Alexandria was passed in 1749. Its site had previously been known as Hunting Creek Warehouse and as Belhaven. Alexandria was incorporated as a town in 1779 and was ceded to the federal government in 1789 for use as part of the site of the new national capital. It officially became part of the District of Columbia in 1801 and was renamed Alexandria County by Congress. By an act of 9 July 1846, Alexandria County, including the town of Alexandria, was retroceded to Virginia, which took jurisdiction over the area on March 20, 1847. The town was incorporated as a city in 1852. Area: 15.2 square miles. Population: 128,283 (2000), 150,006 (2009 estimate).
Bristol, on the Virginia-Tennessee border in Washington County, originally was called Goodson, for Samuel Goodson who founded the town in 1850. Goodson was incorporated as a town in 1856, four years after the town of Bristol, Tennessee, was laid out in Sullivan County, Tennessee, contiguous to Goodson. In 1890, Goodson was incorporated as a city, and its name was changed to Bristol for its Tennessee neighbor. Today the two cities have separate governments but share a public library. When the Virginia-Tennessee boundary was settled in 1901, Bristol, Virginia, received from Bristol, Tennessee, the northern half of the main street between the two cities. Area: 12.9 square miles. Population: 17,637 (2000), 17,690 (2009 estimate).
Buena Vista, in Rockbridge County, was built on the site of the abandoned Buena Vista iron furnace. This furnace, which was in operation as late as 1855, was named probably for the Mexican village near which General Zachary Taylor won an important battle in the Mexican War in 1847. Buena Vista was laid out in 1889 and incorporated as a town in 1890. It was incorporated as a city in 1892. Area: 6.8 square miles. Population: 6,349 (2000), 6,222 (2009 estimate).
Charlottesville, in Albemarle County, was named for Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the wife of King George III, and was established in 1762. The county seat of Albemarle County, Charlottesville was incorporated as a town in 1801 and as a city in 1888. Area: 10.3 square miles. Population: 40,099 (2000), 42,218 (2009 estimate).
Chesapeake, which is named for the Chesapeake Bay, comprises the former Norfolk County and the former city of South Norfolk. It was formed by court order on January 1, 1963 with the merger of the county and city, both of which thereby became extinct. Area: 340.7 square miles. Population: 199,184 (2000), 222,455 (2009 estimate).
Colonial Heights, in Chesterfield County, is located on the heights overlooking the Appomattox River and takes its name from the fact that the Marquis de Lafayette placed his artillery, known as the Colonials, on the heights to shell British positions in Petersburg in 1781. The campaign to have Colonial Heights incorporated as a town began in 1920 and was accomplished by court order in 1926. Colonial Heights became a city by court order on March 19, 1948. Area: 7.5 square miles. Population: 16,897 (2000), 17,823 (2009 estimate).
Covington, in Alleghany County, was named probably for General Leonard Covington (1768–1813), of Maryland, who died in the War of 1812 and for whom several other United States towns and counties were named about the same time. It was established in 1818 and first incorporated as a town in 1833. The charter was repealed in 1839 and the town was incorporated again in 1873. The county seat of Alleghany County, Covington became a city by court order on December 22, 1952. Area: 5.7 square miles. Population: 6,303 (2000), 6,149 (2009 estimate).
Danville, in Pittsylvania County, was named for the Dan River on which the city is located. Danville was established in 1793, was incorporated as a town in 1830, and became a city in 1890. The town of North Danville, incorporated in 1877 and renamed Neopolis in 1894, was added in 1896. Area: 43.1 square miles. Population: 48,411 (2000), 44,400 (2009 estimate).
Emporia, in Greensville County, was formed in 1887 from the merger of Hicksford and Belfield. Because of friction between the two villages, Benjamin D. Tillar, a county native and member of the Virginia House of Delegates, named the town after Emporia, Kansas, the hometown of one of his associates in the Atlantic and Danville Railroad. Emporia comes from the Latin word meaning place of plenty where business is transacted. The General Assembly revoked the town charter in 1888, a year after it had incorporated Emporia, and did not reincorporate the town until 1892. Emporia became a city by court order on July 31, 1967. Area: 6.9 square miles. Population: 5,665 (2000), 5,635 (2009 estimate).
Fairfax, in Fairfax County, was first called Providence. It was established at the site of the county courthouse in 1805. After the town named Fairfax in Culpeper County was changed to Culpeper in 1859, Fairfax County took the name Fairfax for its county seat. Incorporated by the General Assembly as a town on 15 January 1875 and reincorporated in 1892, Fairfax became a city by court order on July 1, 1961. Area: 6.3 square miles. Population: 21,498 (2000), 24,665 (2009 estimate).
Falls Church, in Fairfax County, was named for an Anglican church erected about 1769. The church received its name because of its proximity to the Little Falls of the Potomac. A post office was established in Falls Church in 1851. It was incorporated as a town in 1875 and became a city by court order on August 16, 1948. Area: 2.0 square miles. Population: 10,377 (2000), 11,957 (2009 estimate).
Franklin, in Southampton County, came into existence during the 1830s as a stop along the Portsmouth and Roanoke Railroad line then under construction. The origin of the name is unclear. It could have been named for Benjamin Franklin, patriot and statesman; for a man named Franklin who kept a store in the vicinity; or for the exclamation of a railroad section foreman who drove a spike into a crosstie and exclaimed, "This shall be Franklin!" It was a post village in 1855 and was incorporated as a town in 1876. Franklin became a city by a court order of December 22, 1961. Area: 8.4 square miles. Population: 8,346 (2000), 8,814 (2009 estimate).
Fredericksburg, in Spotsylvania County, was named for Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, eldest son of George II. Fredericksburg was established on the south bank of the Rappahannock River in 1728 and incorporated as a town in 1781 to take effect in March 1782. It became a city in 1879. Area: 10.5 square miles. Population: 19,279 (2000), 23,193 (2009 estimate).
Galax, in Grayson and Carroll Counties, was first called Bonaparte. It received its present name from the mountain evergreen that grows profusely in the surrounding area. It was incorporated as a town in 1906 and became a city by court order on November 30, 1953. Area: 8.2 square miles. Population: 6,837 (2000), 6,880 (2009 estimate).
Hampton was located in Elizabeth City County, which is now extinct. It takes its name from Hampton Creek, earlier called Southampton River in honor of the earl of Southampton, an important figure in the Virginia Company of London. An Indian town stood on the site in 1607, when Captain John Smith visited the area. The colonists established a village there in 1610 and a trading post in 1630. Hampton was established by an act of assembly in 1680 and was designated as a port of entry in 1705. It was first incorporated as a town in March 1849, but the act was repealed the following December. It was incorporated again in 1852, but the act of incorporation was repealed in 1860. The General Assembly incorporated the town of Hampton in 1887 for a third time, and it became a city by court order on March 4, 1908. It was greatly enlarged on July 1, 1952 by a merger with Elizabeth City County and the town of Phoebus; the county and town thereby became extinct. Area: 51.8 square miles. Population: 146,437 (2000), 144,236 (2009 estimate).
Harrisonburg, in Rockingham County, was named for Thomas Harrison, who gave the land for the town site in 1779. It was established in 1780, was incorporated as a town in 1849, and became a city by court order on May 6, 1916. Area: 17.6 square miles. Population: 40,453 (2000), 45,137 (2009 estimate).
Hopewell, in Prince George County, was established as Charles City Point by Sir Thomas Dale in 1613. Francis Eppes, who arrived in Virginia on the ship Hopewell, patented land near Charles City Point in 1635. He named part of his property Hopewell Farm. The town was known as City Point until 1913, when E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company purchased Hopewell Farm and established a factory and a settlement for munitions workers there. Hopewell was never incorporated as a town but was incorporated as a city by act of assembly on February 26, 1916 to take effect July 1, 1916. Area: 10.2 square miles. Population: 22,277 (2000), 23,123 (2009 estimate).
Lexington, in Rockbridge County, was named probably for the village in Massachusetts where the first battle of the American Revolution was fought. The town was established in 1778 as the county seat for newly created Rockbridge County. It is believed that Thomas Jefferson suggested the name for the town. Lexington was made a "town corporate" in 1841 and was enlarged and reincorporated as a town in 1874. It became a city by court order effective January 1, 1966. Area: 2.5 square miles. Population: 6,867 (2000), 6,901 (2009 estimate).
Lynchburg, in Campbell County, was named for John Lynch, the owner of the original town site. It was established in 1786, was incorporated as a town in 1805, and became a city in 1852. Area: 49.4 square miles. Population: 65,269 (2000), 73,933 (2009 estimate).
Manassas, in Prince William County, began in 1852 as the Manassas Junction of the Manassas Gap Railroad and the Orange and Alexandria Railroad and thus called Manassas Junction. It was incorporated as the town of Manassas in 1873 and became a city by court order on May 1, 1975. Area: 9.9 square miles. Population: 35,135 (2000), 36,514 (2009 estimate).
Manassas Park, in Prince William County, was created in 1955 as an outgrowth of Manassas. It was incorporated as a town by order of the circuit court on January 21, 1957 and became a city by court order on May 15, 1975, to take effect on the following June 1. Area: 2.5 square miles. Population: 10,290 (2000), 12,042 (2009 estimate).
Martinsville, in Henry County, was named for Joseph Martin, an early settler and Revolutionary soldier who represented Henry County in the General Assembly in 1791, when the town was established. Martinsville was incorporated as a town in 1873 and became a city by court order of December 6, 1928. Area: 11.0 square miles. Population: 15,416 (2000), 14,635 (2009 estimate).
Newport News was located in Warwick County, which is now extinct. The origin of the name is uncertain but the phrase "Newportes News" appeared in documents as early as 1619 and probably commemorated Christopher Newport, who made five voyages to Virginia between 1607 and 1619. Newport News was a small settlement until late in the nineteenth century, when it became the eastern terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. The Old Dominion Land Company bought land there in 1880 and began laying out a new village in October. Newport News was incorporated as a city by act of the General Assembly in 1896 without ever having been incorporated as a town. On July 1, 1958, Newport News was enlarged by consolidation with the city of Warwick, which then became extinct. Area: 68.3 square miles. Population: 180,150 (2000), 193,172 (2009 estimate).
Norfolk was located in Norfolk County, which is now extinct. The city took its name from the county of Norfolk, which had been named by King Charles I in 1636. Norfolk was established in 1680 by an act of assembly. It was incorporated as a borough in 1736 and a city in 1845. Norfolk was enlarged in 1906 by the annexation of the town of Berkley. Area: 53.7 square miles. Population: 234,403 (2000), 233,333 (2009 estimate).
Norton, in Wise County, was first known as Prince's Flats, probably for William Prince, who settled in the area about 1787. The present name honors Eckstein Norton, president of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad in 1891 when the Clinch Valley branch of the railroad was completed. Norton was incorporated as a town in 1894 and became a city by court order on January 18, 1954. Area: 7.5 square miles. Population: 3,904 (2000), 3,713 (2009 estimate).
Petersburg was formed from parts of Dinwiddie, Prince George, and Chesterfield Counties. A garrison and fur trading post called Fort Henry was established there in 1645 on the site of the Indian town Appamattuck. The present name, suggested in 1733 by William Byrd, honors Peter Jones, Byrd's companion on expeditions into the Virginia backcountry. Petersburg was established in 1748 and incorporated as a town in 1784. In the latter year the towns of Blandford, Pocahontas, and Ravenscroft were added to Petersburg. It was incorporated as a city in 1850. Area: 22.9 square miles. Population: 33,740 (2000), 32,986 (2009 estimate).
Poquoson, in York County, was established as a post office on April 12, 1880; the post office was discontinued on March 9, 1881, and reestablished on July 19, 1882. A pocosin, as the word is now spelled, is an upland swamp in the coastal plain of the southeastern United States. Poquoson became a town in 1952 as the result of a referendum and became a city by court order on June 1, 1975. Area: 15.5 square miles. Population: 11,566 (2000), 11,794 (2009 estimate).
Portsmouth was located in Norfolk County, which is now extinct. It was named by its founder, William Craford, for the English seaport and was established in 1752. Portsmouth was incorporated as a town in 1836 and as a city in 1858. Area: 33.2 square miles. Population: 105,565 (2000), 99,321 (2009 estimate).
Radford, in Montgomery County, was formerly known as Lovely Mount, English Ferry, Ingles's Ferry, Central Depot, and Central City. The town of Central City was established in 1885 and incorporated as a town in 1887. Its name changed to Radford in 1890 to honor John Blair Radford, a prominent local citizen, and it was incorporated as a city in 1892. Area: 9.8 square miles. Population: 15,859 (2000), 16,184 (2009 estimate).
Richmond, located between Henrico and Chesterfield Counties, was named by William Byrd (1674–1744), who envisioned the development of a city at the falls of the James River and with the help of William Mayo laid out the town in 1737. The name probably came from the English borough of Richmond upon Thames, which Byrd visited on several occasions. Richmond was established in 1742, and in 1779 was designated the capital of Virginia effective 30 April 1780. It was incorporated as a town, although "stiled the city of Richmond," in 1782 and was incorporated as a city in 1842. It served as the capital of the Confederacy from mid-1861 to April 1865 during the American Civil War. Richmond was enlarged by the annexation of Manchester (or South Richmond) in 1910, and by the addition of Barton Heights, Fairmount, and Highland Park in 1914. Further annexations from Chesterfield County occurred in 1942 and 1970. Area: 60.1 square miles. Population: 197,790 (2000), 204,451 (2009 estimate).
Roanoke, in Roanoke County, was first known as Big Lick because of salt deposits found in the vicinity. The town of Big Lick grew up around a depot built in 1852 on the new Virginia and Tennessee Railroad line about a mile from the village of Big Lick. The town was incorporated in 1874, and its name was changed to Roanoke (perhaps for the nearby Roanoke River) in 1882. Roanoke became a city in 1884. Area: 42.9 square miles. Population: 94,911 (2000), 94,482 (2009 estimate).
Salem, in Roanoke County, was laid out in 1802 on land owned by James Simpson. The town is said to have been named by a member of the Bryan family, of Salem, New Jersey. The General Assembly established Salem in 1806 and incorporated it as a town in 1836. Salem was incorporated as a city by court order of December 13, 1967, to take effect on January 1, 1968. Area: 14.6 square miles. Population: 24,747 (2000), 25,462 (2009 estimate).
Staunton, in Augusta County, was named, according to most authorities, for Rebecca Staunton, wife of Sir William Gooch, lieutenant governor of Virginia from 1727 to 1749. Staunton was laid out in 1748 at the site of the Augusta County courthouse and was established as a town in 1761. It was incorporated as a town in 1801 and as a city in 1871. Area: 19.7 square miles. Population: 23,853 (2000), 23,886 (2009 estimate).
Suffolk was located in Nansemond County, which is now extinct. It was named probably for the county of Suffolk in England. Established as a town in 1742 on the site of John Constant's warehouse, Suffolk was incorporated as a town in 1808 and as a city by court order in 1910. On January 1, 1974 the city was enlarged when it merged with the former county of Nansemond. Area: 400 square miles. Population: 63,677 (2000), 83,659 (2009 estimate).
Virginia Beach was in Princess Anne County, which is now extinct. The ocean resort was incorporated as a town in 1906 and as a city by an act of the General Assembly on February 14, 1952. It was greatly enlarged on January 1, 1963 by consolidation with Princess Anne County, which thereby became extinct. Area: 248.3 square miles. Population: 425,257 (2000), 433,575 (2009 estimate).
Waynesboro, in Augusta County, was named for Revolutionary War hero Anthony Wayne, a general in the Continental army and in the subsequent wars with Indians in the Northwest Territory. The site was laid out as a town in Augusta County in 1798 and originally called Waynesborough. It was established as a town in 1801 and incorporated as a town in 1834. It was consolidated with Basic City in 1923 as Waynesboro-Basic. A year later the General Assembly changed the name to Waynesboro, which became a city by an act of the General Assembly in 1948. Area: 15.4 square miles. Population: 19,520 (2000), 22,241 (2009 estimate).
Williamsburg, in James City and York Counties, was established by the General Assembly as Middle Plantation in 1633. After the capitol building at Jamestown burned in 1698, the assembly decided to move the capital of the colony to Middle Plantation, which was renamed Williamsburg in 1699 in honor of William III. Williamsburg was established in 1699 and declared a "city Incorporate" in 1722, although its actual status was that of a borough. It served as the capital of Virginia from 1699 until 1780. Williamsburg was incorporated as a city in 1884. Area: 8.5 square miles. Population: 11,998 (2000), 12,729 (2009 estimate).
Winchester, in Frederick County, was first known as Opequon, then as Frederick's Town (or Fredericktown), and, finally, on establishment as a town in 1752, as Winchester. According to tradition, one of the town's founders, James Wood, named the town in honor of his birthplace in England. Winchester was incorporated as a town in 1779 and as a city in 1874. Area: 9.3 square miles. Population: 23,585 (2000), 26,322 (2009 estimate).
Manchester (extinct), in the city of Richmond, was established in 1769 on land owned by William Byrd (1728–1777) on the south bank of the James River. The General Assembly had authorized Fort Charles to be built there in 1645, and the site was soon named Rocky Ridge. After its establishment in 1769, the newly laid-out town was named probably for Manchester Parish in Chesterfield County. The parish in turn was named either for George Montague, fourth duke of Manchester, or for the town of Manchester, England. Incorporated as a town in 1834, Manchester served as the county seat for Chesterfield County from 1871 until 1874 when it was incorporated as a city (although Chesterfield did not move its courthouse until 1876). In 1910 Manchester was consolidated with the city of Richmond with the provisos that a free bridge would be constructed to connect Manchester with Richmond and that Manchester would retain a courthouse. Today the area is also known as South Richmond.
Nansemond (extinct), in the city of Suffolk, was originally Upper Norfolk County (established by 1640) and then Nansemond County (from 1646). It was named for the Nansemond Indian tribe that resided in the vicinity before Nansemond County was established. It became the city of Nansemond on July 1, 1972, merged with the city of Suffolk on January 1, 1974, and thereafter the entire area became known as the city of Suffolk.
South Norfolk (extinct), in the city of Chesapeake, was incorporated as a town in 1919 and as a city in 1921. Named for the adjacent city of Norfolk, it was mostly farmland until about 1889 when developers began to lay out a town there next to the town of Berkley. In 1963, the new city of Chesapeake was formed by the consolidation of Norfolk County with the city of South Norfolk, both of which then became extinct.
Warwick (extinct), in the city of Newport News, was established as Warwick River County, one of the original eight Virginia shires, or counties, first enumerated in 1634, and became Warwick County in 1643. It was named either for Robert Rich, earl of Warwick, a prominent member of the Virginia Company of London, or for the English county of Warwick. Warwick County was incorporated as the city of Warwick, effective July 16, 1952, and the city in turn was consolidated with the city of Newport News, effective July 1, 1958.
Bedford, in Bedford County, originally was known as Liberty. In 1782, it was established as a town and became the county seat when the court was moved there from New London. Liberty was incorporated as a town in 1839. Its name was changed to Bedford City in 1890 and to Bedford in 1912. Bedford was incorporated as a city by court order on August 30, 1968. In April 2008, the city began the procedure to revert to a town; in July 2012, the Virginia Commission on Local Government recommended the reversion; and a panel of circuit court judges appointed by the Supreme Court of Virginia approved the plan on December 18, 2012. The city became a town on July 1, 2013.
Clifton Forge, in Alleghany County, was named for James Clifton's iron furnace, which was located in the Iron Gate Gorge by 1828. Known as Williamson's Station in 1857 when the railroad arrived, it was established as a town in 1861 and took the name Clifton Forge when it was incorporated in 1884. Clifton Forge was incorporated as a city by court order in 1906. On March 20, 1991, the General Assembly authorized the consolidation of Alleghany County and the independent city of Clifton Forge into a new independent city of Alleghany. The citizens of both locales voted against the proposal on May 5, 1992, however, and the change did not take effect. On March 6, 2001, its citizens voted to relinquish city status and Clifton Forge reverted to town status in Alleghany County on July 1, 2001.
South Boston, in Halifax County, was named for Boston, Massachusetts. The town was originally located on the south side of the Dan River and called Boyd's Ferry. It was established in 1796 but was destroyed by floods shortly thereafter. Reestablished on the north side of the Dan River, it was incorporated as a town in 1884 and incorporated as a city by court order on December 22, 1959 to take effect on January 1, 1960. It relinquished its city status on July 1, 1995 and reverted to its former town status in Halifax County.
Bain, Chester W. "A Body Incorporate": The Evolution of City-County Separation in Virginia. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1967.
The Hornbook of Virginia History. Cities of Virginia. (2016, December 19). In Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved from http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/Cities_of_Virginia.
The Hornbook of Virginia History. "Cities of Virginia." Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, 19 Dec. 2016. Web. READ_DATE.


We hear about lots of terrible things happening in the world every day. Even so, we do not lose heart as we continue to see rainbows after the rain through simple and adorable things that occur in our daily lives. Just like these 20 stories we are sharing with you through photos and videos, they prove that despite the chaos we hear of every single day, the world could still be a good place to live in.
1. The most adorable bunch of grapes.
2. Different levels of cuteness.
3. The best captcha of all time.
4. A sweet kid in the block.
6. The most helpful WikiHow article ever.
7. The secret message behind quantum mechanics.
8. This one happy dog.
9. The best mother bear ever.
10. The proper cat call.
34 Photos Proving The World Isn't Such A Broken Place. The Kid At #14 Will Go Places.
28 Pictures That Will Make You Feel Better About The World. #10 Brightened My Day.


Leaders who communicate well and provide clear direction have a much more engaged team.
Inspiring behavior unleashes the energy within people to do their best work.
When stretch goals are collaboratively set with a team, amazing things happen. Work becomes fun. Everyone is all in. People feel valued and competent.
If a leader who is not trusted sets stretch goals, team members will often assume they are being manipulated and taken advantage of by their manager.
Developing others has the twofold impact of elevating performance and creating a culture that is fun and engaging. It also attracts more people who want to work in it.
If we broaden our view from business goals it seems intuitively true that an engaging working environment facilitated by a great leader has positive effects at home too. As a matter of fact this is not even a question of intuition. Several studies worldwide suggests that the mental well-being at work is far more important than physical well-being and that when you are feeling well at work you treat your loved ones with respect and care.
Should governments put much more focus on solving the issue of bad leadership by guiding and incentivifying both private and public organisations to develop their leaders' soft skills?
Participation and building sustainable future.
Instead of having subject matter learning goals high in the ranking list, Finnish authorities are guiding the schools to take further actions in developing pupils's and students' soft skills. When comparing the summary suggestions of the two HBR articles and the seven competence areas set by the Finnish Government I feel proud of the strategy paper of Finnish learning and education. It shows that the authorities have carefully listened to the needs of the changing World and articulated clear goals.
What is maybe the biggest difference in HBR articles addressed and the Ranking list of goals of the Finnish education system is the emphasis on understanding and developing diversity skills. Native english speakers seldom have a real understanding of what lingual diversity really feel. When you are working in an international team it is sometimes frustrating when bright minds are overruled only because they cannot articulate as well in english as their US or UK born collegues do.
So, to add on to the great lists of soft behaviours that drive both business results and employee engagement, I would add behaviour related more explicitly to understanding diversity as a source of innovation and inspiration.
Jussi is the Co-Founder of Innoduel and works for a greater meaning. His eyes sparkle when he talks to customers that Innoduel helps. For Jussi, Innoduel is about being inspired, happy and pushing the boundaries with learning by doing. Jussi's goal is to develop Innoduel into the smartest leadership tool with great human touch.


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10 May Get the VBA and Macros for Microsoft Excel at Microsoft Store and compare products - Tracy Syrstad, Bill Jelen - Computers & Internet. 4 Feb Get the Excel VBA and Macros at Microsoft Store and compare products with the - Bill Jelen, Tracy Syrstad - Computers & Internet. Bill Jelen, Excel MVP and the host of chrishallpreschool.com, has been using spreadsheets He is the author of 30 books about Microsoft Excel and writes the monthly Excel Excel VBA and Macros (Web Edition with Content Update Program ); By Bill Charts and Graphs: Microsoft Excel ; By Bill Jelen; Book $ VBA and Macros: Microsoft Excel - Ebook written by Bill Jelen, Tracy Syrstad. Read this book using Google Play Books app on your PC, android, iOS. Using Microsoft Excel VBA scripting features, Excel users can save Bill Jelen ("MrExcel") and top Excel VBA consultant Tracy Syrstad begin with the.
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INTERACT (Interventions to Reduce Acute Care Transfers) is a quality improvement program that focuses on the management of acute change in resident condition. It includes clinical and educational tools and strategies for use in every day practice in long-term care facilities and is designed to improve the early identification, assessment, documentation, and communication about changes in the status of residents in skilled nursing facilities. The goal of INTERACT is to improve care and reduce the frequency of potentially avoidable transfers to the acute hospital. Such transfers can result in numerous complications of hospitalization, and billions of dollars in unnecessary health care expenditures.
INTERACT BOOT CAMP is intensive one-day training for Administrators, DON's and Quality Improvement Coordinator's or others in your facility who are interested in improving the quality of care and quality of life for residents. Facilities are encouraged to bring at least 2-3 leaders to the interactive training that will give participants the opportunity to use the INTERACT tools in work group settings and get a head start on planning implementation of the program as a quality improvement project that will meet CMS QAPI requirements.
This session will help participants understand the goals and objectives of INTERACT II, provide an overview of the tools available in the program and help you begin to plan for the adoption of the program in your facility as a quality improvement project to reduce unnecessary hospitalizations of residents.
Successful communication of resident changes in condition needs to start with direct care staff who have the most contact with residents day in and day out. This session will use a case study to show the use of the STOP and WATCH tool and give tips on starting implementation in your facility.
The ever-increasing care needs of the elderly calls for improved assessment skills for nurses working in today's long term care field. Participants will be introduced to tools that will help nursing staff members assess and plan for resident care using best practice methods with emphasis on person centered care.
Participants will practice using the SBAR for effective medical provider communication that includes the resident's current situation, background, assessment and recommendations for care needs. Guidance will be provided regarding information gathering from team members.
Learn how to address the challenge of getting the resident to the ER, hospital or doctor's office with the information needed to provide proper care and how to market your facility's abilities to care for the resident if treatment is needed.
End of life care planning is a big part of reducing hospitalizations for the elderly but starting the conversation with residents and families is difficult. Learn how as caregiver's we can empower residents to communicate and direct their care needs by using the tools provided by the INTERACT program.
Validating improvement involves the use of root cause analysis and data collection. Learn how to utilize the QAPI tools in INTERACT to determine which hospitalizations are avoidable and to give insight to staff members about the success of their efforts to improve quality of care and quality of life for your residents.


text:
NYC officials cool to judges order for police body cameras
Updated: Aug. 14, 2013, 6:44 p.m.
NEW YORK (AP) — Police officers around the country have been able to protect themselves against citizen complaints by wearing tiny body cameras, but a federal judge's plan to force some New York officers to start wearing the devices has angered the city's mayor and police unions.
Mayor Michael Bloomberg criticized the cameras unnecessary for the 35,000-officer department, while police reform advocates have cautiously agreed to the idea in theory — with some caveats. And people on both sides have raised privacy concerns in a city that already has thousands of public and private cameras recording people.
"It needs to be examined further, which is why a test program is the right idea," said Baher Azmy, legal director of the civil liberties group Center for Constitutional Rights.
U.S. District Judge Shira Scheindlin ordered a pilot program of the cameras and other major reforms to the New York Police Department's stop-and-frisk policy this week, after she found the NYPD intentionally discriminated against minorities.
Bloomberg called the cameras no real solution and vowed to appeal, which likely means no changes are imminent.
"It would be a nightmare," he said. "Cameras don't exactly work that way. Camera on the lapel or the hat of the police officer — he's turned the right way, he didn't turn the right way, 'my God, he deliberately did it.'"
There have been nearly 5 million stops in the past decade, mostly black and Hispanic men. About half the people who are stopped are subject only to questioning; others have a bag or backpack searched, and sometimes police conduct a full pat-down.
Only 10 percent of the stops result in an arrest; a weapon is recovered only a fraction of the time. A discrimination lawsuit filed in 2004 by four men, all minorities, became a class-action case, and Scheindlin presided over a 10-week bench trial this year.
The idea for body cameras came up almost by accident during testimony, when the city's own policing expert raised it as something other cities use to determine whether police interact properly with the public. The judge seized on it.
"It would solve a lot of problems," she said during trial. "Everybody would know exactly what occurred. It would be easy to review it. The officer would be aware he's on tape."
A yearlong pilot program in Rialto, Calif., ended in February, and researchers there found the number of use-of-force incidents dropped by half. The city of about 100,000 also had significantly fewer public complaints about police, dropping from 28 to just three.
In Arizona, Scottsdale police began using 10 body cameras about two months ago as the agency looks into equipping all of its roughly 250 patrol officers with the devices.
"We're always being photographed out there, videoed by cellphone cameras, and we'd prefer, if possible, to have our own video of what happened," Sgt. Mark Clark said.
Some officers were initially reluctant to use the cameras, Clark said, but an incident a few weeks ago changed several minds. Cameras revealed that a person who filed a complaint against a motorcycle patrol officer made up the story.
"We showed the person the video and they said, 'Um, I guess I must have remembered it wrong,'" Clark said.
Phoenix police also are testing out the cameras with about 50 of its roughly 1,400 patrol officers as part of a study with Arizona State University.
"We want to know how it affects an officer's job," Sgt. Tommy Thompson said. "Are there people who will say, 'Listen, turn off that camera or I'm not going to talk to you?' When people are being filmed, do they calm down?"
An officer was fired last month when investigators reviewed video from his body-mounted camera and found he was profane and abrasive during calls and traffic stops, calling one person "an idiot."
Las Vegas police are also testing a program to deploy cameras after the idea was endorsed by brass last year amid calls for a civil rights probe into the frequency of officer-involved shootings.
In New York, Scheindlin ordered one police precinct per borough where the most stops occur to host the yearlong pilot program. That means possibly more than a thousand officers would be recording with cameras on their eye glasses or lapels.
A court-appointed monitor tasked with overseeing all changes to the stop-and-frisk tactic must also iron out the details surrounding the cameras.
Among the questions: How much will this cost? The lapel units, about the size of a cigarette pack, range in price from $125 to more than $300 each. What is involved in creating virtual storage for the recordings? And most vexing for privacy advocates, how long would images be kept?
Patrick Lynch, president of the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association, which represents rank-and-file officers, noted that the body cameras might be an extra burden and a redundancy.
"New York City is already saturated with video cameras," Lynch said. "Our members are already weighed down with equipment like escape hoods, mace, flashlights, memo books, (expandable police batons) radio, handcuffs and the like. Additional equipment becomes an encumbrance and a safety issue."
Associated Press writers Brian Skoloff in Phoenix, Ken Ritter in Las Vegas and Jonathan Lemire in New York contributed to this report.
Worker who survived hotel collapse has been deported
Suspect walks into station covered in blood
Powerful storm disrupts busiest travel weekend
Trump will decide if he wants his lawyers at impeachment hearings

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Cats the Musical – My first premiere and red carpet walk!
I love musicals, I just never seem to end up going to them. I've been to New York and London half a dozen times, arguably the respective homes of musicals, and yet never made it to a single show. But the good news is, I live in Sydney, and we have been treated to a fair share of award-winning productions as of late!
And as luck would have it, I was recently asked to attend the opening night of Cats The Musical, a show I had always wanted to see, and I had the opportunity to walk the red carpet. Have I become a Z-list celebrity?! (Spoiler alert – the answer is no).
Cats is a stage musical composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber, based on Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats by T. S. Eliot. It has just finished a successful season in London's West End, and first lands in Sydney (it's here until the 29th November 2015) before touring to Hobart, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. And our Australian version stars none other than our Delta Goodrem as Grizabella.
Upon arrival into the Capitol Theatre (a beautifully preserved historic theatre located in Haymarket, Sydney) we purchased snacks and drinks (you can't enjoy the show on an empty stomach!) and made our way to our allocated seats.
The set was huge, far bigger than I anticipated, and incredibly detailed. The live orchestra added to the grandeur, and combined with the intricate choreography, stunning costumes and amazing singing, the show was such a treat.
Since its world premiere at the New London Theatre in 1981, Cats has been presented in over 30 countries, translated into 15 languages and has been seen by more than 73 million people around the world. It's one of the longest-running shows in West End and Broadway history and has even received Grammy Awards for Best Cast Album.
I can see why Cats had to extend its season due to overwhelming demand – the creative team did an outstanding job and the rave reviews they're received are testament to this!
This is the perfect night out for friends, families or couples – grab a wine and some popcorn at the theatre, enjoy the show and then grab a bite to eat in nearby Chinatown.
Want to see Cats for yourself? Well get all the ticket information over here and have a blast!


These two interviews/videos by Celeste Whoknows give an insight into the father's side and the backstory going back to the aughts, while Katelyn was still a young child. The reality is that mistakes were made on all sides in Katelyn's family. At the very least, those who had regular contact with her.
Two related videos by Celeste Whoknows that cover Facebook Groups, other questions, and a video about the piece of trash stepfather Anthony Rogers.


text:
Written on December 12, 2019
Cycle 11 Clinical Observership Program Participants
Read more about our newest Osteo Science Foundation Clinical Observership Program Participants!
Written on December 4, 2019
Osteo Science Foundation Collagen White Paper
Download our Collagen White Paper Now!
Written on November 7, 2019
Osteo Science Foundation Research Award Application Timeline
The countdown to submit your application for an Osteo Science Research Award is ON!
2019 AAOMS Annual Meeting Travel Award Recipients
On behalf of Osteo Science Foundation, we would like to take a moment to congratulate the following 17 Resident Travel Award Recipients who were granted scholarships to this years' AAOMS Annual Meeting.
Written on September 3, 2019
Written on July 10, 2019
2019 Foundation Summit
On July 1-2, Osteo Science Foundation, Osteology Foundation, and ON Foundation participated in the 2019 Foundation Summit.
Paul Tiwana On Board Of Directors
Osteo Science Foundation is thrilled to announce that Paul Tiwana, DDS, MD, MS, FACS, joined the Osteo Science Foundation Board of Directors in June.
Meet Our New Clinical Observership Participants
Osteo Science Foundation is proud to announce the newest participants of our Clinical Observership Program. Congratulations to the following residents.
Written on January 3, 2019
Leading the Way Through Education
Knowledge. Practical Skills. Collaboration. We know these are among the essential building blocks to move our industry and its practitioners forward.
At Osteo Science Foundation, we are expanding our research and impact by spearheading a wide variety of leading educational initiatives. Osteo Science Foundation is committed to delivering the highest standard of education for our industry, and has come to embody important new channels for collaboration, partnership, training, and professional development.
Research drives progress. That's why Osteo Science Foundation is committed to supporting the next generation of scientists in their pursuit of high-quality research.
Our researchers are making significant strides forward. Their work strengthens our field and brings the hop of better medicine that much closer. We are proud to be their partners and to help lead the way by funding initiatives that make a true difference in regenerative medicine and professional development.
Meet Our New 2018 Grant and Clinical Observership Recipients
The Board of Directors of Osteo Science Foundation is proud to announce the recipients of our four available awards: the Peter Geistlich Research Award, the Philip J. Boyne Junior Faculty Research Award, the Resident Research Award and the Clinical Observership Program. Congratulations to the following 13 recipients.
Written on June 26, 2018
Alan Herford is New Chair of Osteo Science Foundation Board
Alan S. Herford, DDS, MD, has recently been elected to the role of Board Chair for Osteo Science Foundation, following the completion of Dr. Peter K. Moy's two-year term in June 2018.
Peter Moy Finishes Term as OSCF Chair
Following two years of exceptional leadership, Peter K. Moy, DMD, has completed his term as Chair of Osteo Science Foundation. Since May 2016, Dr. Moy has helped further our mission to advance hard and soft tissue regeneration with a focus on Oral and CranioMaxillofacial surgery in the United States and Canada.
2018 NYSSOMS Annual Meeting
For the first time, Osteo Science Foundation had the opportunity to collaborate with the New York State Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. The Annual Meeting, which was held May 19th and 20th at NYC's Weill Cornell Medical College, brought together local Oral and CranioMaxillofacial surgeons for an informative and lively weekend.
Dr. Philip Boyne – A Surgeon, An Innovator, A Teacher
Philip J. Boyne, DMD, MS, DSc was a world-famous oral and maxillofacial surgeon, dental implantologist, biological innovator, and bone physiologist at Loma Linda University.
Simon Young, DDS, MD, PhD
Development of a Compromised Maxillofacial Wound Healing Model for Bone Graft Evaluationt
Dr. Jasjit Dillon
Pentoxifylline and Tocopherol (PENTO) in the Treatment of Medication-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ): A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate a Novel Non-Operative Treatment
Written on February 16, 2018
Announcing New Mentors for Clinical Observership Program
The right professional development can mean all the difference in one's career and in bringing about improved outcomes for patients.
Pamela Yelick, PhD
Biphasic Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone and Tooth Regeneration
OSCF Holds Education Symposium in Miami
This weekend, Osteo Science Foundation held their first independent educational event in Miami, Florida.
OSCF Announces Three New Programs for Residents and Junior Faculty
This spring, Osteo Science Foundation's Board of Directors is excited to announce three brand-new programs, two of which are offered exclusively for Oral and CranioMaxillofacial surgery residents.
Written on August 19, 2014
It is with deep sadness that we mourn the passing of our founder: a unique person, pioneering entrepreneur and visionary whose dedication to regenerative medicine led to the creation of the Osteo Science Foundation.
Written on July 1, 2014
OSCF Awards Nearly $200k in Research Grants
The Board of Directors of Osteo Science Foundation has awarded its inaugural four research grants, totaling close to $200,000, to researchers at Columbia University, Indiana University, Rutgers University and UCLA.
Written on October 28, 2013
Osteo Science Foundation Launched
In October 2013, Dr. Peter Geistlich, the President of the Board of Directors of Geistlich Pharma AG, together with Geistlich Pharma AG in the USA, launched the Osteo Science Foundation which has its registered office in Philadelphia.
osteoscience
Osteo Science Foundation provides a platform for scientific studies and an exchange of ideas in regenerative medicine.


So, let's summarize! Why is Super Profile the right choice?
- All models in stock are made of the high-quality PVC foil. Finish foil or any other kind of wrapping is not used in the stock program. We can use them only on request.
- During the manufacturing process crown profiles are thoroughly tested each half an hour (!) in the laboratory of our factory to identify correspondence to the sizes and the strength of adhesion between the PVC and MDF. It is also strictly tested to identify the correspondence to the approved template.
- The actual variations in the thickness of our crown profiles are between 0,03 and 0,05mm at average! What is undoubtedly one of the best rates in the industry, and certainly a sign of the highest quality of our products!
- The crown profiles are tested, packed in cardboard boxes, each board is wrapped separately with a foil in order to avoid physical contact with other boards, it is stored and maintained in compliance with all necessary requirements and specifications. It is stored in a warm warehouse on a flat horizontal surface.
- The factory uses PUR hot melt adhesive – the optimal choice for crown profile production. It has very close invisible joint, what helps to reduce possibility of chipping of the finished products. It has the best tension load and temperature properties. It is resistant to solvents and cleaners as well as resistant to moisture and water.
- Any kind of product declared in the price list is a stock program, optimal quantity of which is always present in the warehouse.
- We can also produce a crown profile designed for You! Together with the main stock program, the tailor-made crown profile has also become very popular. We already manufacture several dozens of exclusive customized models, not included into the stock program.
- We offer a possibility to choose exclusive decors, not included into the stock program.
- Upon request, we can offer MDF crown profiles without wrap, for example, for further painting.
- Besides PVC we have a positive experience of work with some other types of covering materials. These are finish foil, polypropylene foil and others. We will be happy to help you with such option.
- A veneer wrap option is also possible for crown profiles. It looks absolutely natural with its wood texture, but, at the same time, preserves all benefits of MDF board.


I hope this post finds you well and that you are having a wonderful weekend.
I am taking this opportunity to inform you that I am once again changing up my regularly scheduled program for a one time only special occasion.
You are all cordially invited to come celebrate my first complete year blogging. It's BYOB and there will be balloons and bishies for all.
I don't usually celebrate birthdays but I had so much fun this year I couldn't resist marking the occasion. I do hope you have time to stop by!
Hozuki's Coolheadedness – cool head, warm heart..also cold heart!
Pour yourself a scotch, and pretend I' having one with you!
As I said on the other post, congrats on the full year.
Bishies? I guess I need to bring a net with my party cannon.
Happy blogging anniversary! I shall make sure to attend the party fashionably late, and you better make sure there's of everything to drink into next year!
depends how fashionably late you are….
What's the rule on plus ones, because I have TOTALLY have a harem from Canada I want to bring.
Canadian Harems are the 4th best harem – they are all welcome!
Yeah! I'll attend. Do I have to wear clothing?
Yeah! Looking forward to it. Do I have to wear clothing?
Now it's really a party!!! did you figure out what went wrong?
well then it's already a success!
Man, you can be so classy. I am popping out to accept the invitation. Figured it would be rude not to. Happy anniversary!
Well this party just got awesome!
Happy Anniversary – sending virtual cake & wine your way!
Thank you! Best present ever!
I'd send puppies…but not sure if that's more of a fifth anniversary kind of gift.
awww thank you so much Sam!
If there's cake I'll come mom!


The Suzuki DR Z 400 E is a 4 stroke, Enduro bike with a Liquid cooled 398.00 ccm (24,17 cubic inches) Single cylinder, 4 Valve type of engine. This engine then gets the power to the rear wheel with a Chain driven transmission.
If you are looking for Suzuki DR Z 400 E Tyres then you will need to look for the right sizes. On this model the Front Tyre size is 80/100 - 21 and the Rear Tyre size is 110/100 - 18 so before buying a tyre, check that it is the right size.
To stop this 119.0 kg (261,09 pounds) bike you will need reliable brakes. The Suzuki DR Z 400 E comes with Single disc brakes on the front and Single disc brakes on the rear to ensure you will stop quickly if you need to.
Are you looking for a specific part for the Suzuki DR Z 400 E? Leave a message and our other users may be able to help!


text:
Q: Price Range Slider in jQuery & PHP with MySQL I have used jquery price range slider. I want to filter out result using the jquery price range slider on same page. But this jquery price range slider is not working or variable of that value is not posted on same page.
  I have tried following code,
    <?php
        if(isset($_POST['amount1']))
        {
          echo $_SESSION['amount1'] = $_POST['amount1'];
        }
        if(isset($_POST['amount2']))
        {
          echo $_SESSION['amount2'] = $_POST['amount2'];
        }
        if(isset($_POST['submit_range']))
        {
            $sql = mysql_query("select * from hall_search_data_1 where rent BETWEEN '".$_SESSION['amount1']."' AND '".$_SESSION['amount2']."'");
            $res = mysql_query($sql)or die(mysql_error());
        }
    ?>

 $(function() {
    $( "#slider-range" ).slider({
      range: true,
      min: 0,
      max: 50000,
      values: [ 100, 1000 ],
      slide: function( event, ui ) {
        $( "#amount" ).html( "$" + ui.values[ 0 ] + " - $" + ui.values[ 1 ] );
        $( "#amount1" ).val(ui.values[ 0 ]);
        $( "#amount2" ).val(ui.values[ 1 ]);
      }
    });
    $( "#amount" ).html( "$" + $( "#slider-range" ).slider( "values", 0 ) +
     " - $" + $( "#slider-range" ).slider( "values", 1 ) );
  });

  <form method="get">
    <input type="hidden" id="amount1">
    <input type="hidden" id="amount2">
    <input type="submit" name="submit_range" value="Submit">
  </form>

if(isset($_POST['amount1']))
{
echo $_SESSION['amount1'] = $_POST['amount1'];
}

if(isset($_POST['amount2']))
{
echo $_SESSION['amount2'] = $_POST['amount2'];
}

if(isset($_POST['submit_range']))
{

                            $sql = mysql_query("select * from hall_search_data_1 where rent BETWEEN '".$_SESSION['amount1']."' AND '".$_SESSION['amount2']."'");
                            $res = mysql_query($sql)or die(mysql_error());
                        }

So please help me.

A:

  <form method="get">
    <input type="hidden" id="amount1">
    <input type="hidden" id="amount2">
    <input type="submit" name="submit_range" value="Submit">
   </form>

In your form you have missed name attribute, hence you are getting

Undefined index: amount1,amount2

above error.
Update your code as follow
<form method="get">
  <input type="hidden" id="amount1" name="amount1">
  <input type="hidden" id="amount2" name="amount2">
  <input type="submit" name="submit_range" value="Submit">
</form>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


TreoRingtoneInstaller is a desktop application that can load any MIDI file from your PC and install it directly to your Treo, making it available for the Phone. TreoRingtoneInstaller is as simple as it can be. The following example shows 3 simple steps of installing a polyphonic ringtone. TreoRingtoneInstaller can install virtually any MIDI file whose size is no greater than 64K to your Treo, however in some rare occasions (depending on the MIDI file format) the Treo's Phone application may not be able to play it. After installing a ringtone, you may modify its properties or remove it with the built-in "Sounds" application. Supported Treo models: Treo 600, Treo 650, Treo 680, Treo 700p, Treo 755p, and Palm Centro.


Authorities appear to have ruled out a missile attack in the crash of an Air Algerie flight that went down in Mali on Thursday, but many questions remain.
The plane was carrying 118 passengers French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius told reporters Friday - 112 passengers and 6 crew members. Fifty-four French nationals are among the victims. Fabius said all victims' families have been notified.
In a brief statement at the Elysee palace in Paris on Friday, French President Francois Hollande said French soldiers had reached the crash site of the Air Algerie plane in a northern Mali desert not far from the Burkina Faso border. Fabius said the team had recovered one of the plane's two black boxes.
French President Francois Hollande holds a news conference after Air Algerie flight AH5017 crashed on Thursday en route from Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso to Algiers at the Elysee Palace in Paris, July 24, 2014.
The French leader said the aircraft's wreckage was strewn over a fairly small area. Officials say a powerful sandstorm struck the region around the time of the crash.
Fabius described the crash location as a sandy field that was difficult to reach due to conditions made worse by the current rainy season. He said a small group of 30 French soldiers had been dispatched to the area immediately after the crash site was located, and that the group would be bolstered by an additional 170 troops from France, Mali and The Netherlands.
While weather may have caused the crash, President Hollande said no hypothesis can be ruled out. The plane had been flying through bad weather, Fabius told reporters, confirming that the pilot had requested a change of course, but experts say that is rarely the only reason for a crash.
Terrorism has not been ruled out, since militants are known to operate in the area. But officials say the plane did not likely explode in the air, since the debris is scattered over a relatively small area. Earlier, France's Transportation Minister said experts had ruled out a missile strike, like the one that downed the Malaysian airliner over eastern Ukraine.
Experts say a bomb may also be unlikely, because it seems the plane may have crashed on impact. Technical failure or pilot error are other options, but officials say the SwiftAir company that owned the plane had a good reputation.
The flight, which originated in Burkina Faso's capital Ouagadougou, crashed about 150 kilometers south of the Malian city of Gao. The remote and deserted area was the target of a French military offensive last year to oust Islamist militants controlling it.
In a radio interview, French journalist and Africa expert Antoine Glaser said the area was less dangerous today than parts further north, but no part of the region is fully secure.
In Africa and in France, relatives of the passengers are waiting for answers.
Dramane Ouedraogo, who lost seven of his family members in the crash, said he is still in shock.
"I live in Ouagadougou, but my family was visiting me from France. I was with them at the airport yesterday, just until the moment of takeoff…Now I have lost my younger brother and his wife, my sister and her four children," he lamented.
According to SwiftAir, a total of 24 Burkina Faso nationals were on the plane, along with the French passengers, six Spanish crew members and eight from Lebanon, six from Algeria, and smaller numbers from at least 12 other countries.
"We are giving all the assistance available and possible to the families of this crisis, and will assist them and rest by their side and work to better support them, doing all that is possible to help them through this tragedy," Burkina Faso's Minister of Communications, Alain Traoré, said, adding that the government continues to work to identify the cause of the accident and is standing by the families who lost loved ones.
Crisis centers have been set up at the airports in Ouagadougou and Algiers to support family members.
Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaoré announced two days of national mourning for the 24 Burkinabe who lost their lives. Compaore, along with Mali's President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, are scheduled to visit the crash site Friday afternoon.
Jennifer Lazuta contributed to this report from Dakar, Senegal, Zoumana Wonongo reported from Ouagadougou, and Amadou Maiga reported from Bamako.


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SPIRAL is a FP7 funded project that studies "science-policy interfaces" between biodiversity research and policy to draw lessons and improve the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
In case you have not yet decided what to read this Summer, we have a couple of interesting reports for you originating from this project.
Interactions between biodiversity-related science and policy-making are still poorly understood. To enrich decision-making and research on biodiversity it is therefore necessary to examine how processes of exchange and construction of knowledge between scientists, policy-makers and other actors or stakeholders work.
As a first step towards the understanding of such science-policy interfaces, it is necessary to find out which science-policy interfaces exist and how they can be distinguished.
The aim of this report is to synthesise work done in SPIRAL Work Package 3 to develop criteria for describing and assessing science-policy interfaces and their linkages to instruments and mechanisms for encouraging behaviour that reduces negative human impacts on biodiversity.
The work included a literature review, two workshops with stakeholders, and interviews of eight experts with experience ofbiodiversity science-policy interfaces. The resulting set of 18 criteria developed are presented in this report.


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Submit your history essay
Both sides lost.' Discuss this verdict of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962
By HistoryHub8. September 2020 Cuban Missile Crisis, US 20th Century
Written by Tommaso Stoppani
This investigation considers the verdict that "both sides lost" during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, arguing that quite the opposite is true. When considering whether the United States and the Soviet Union 'lost' the confrontation, the aims of both nations must be considered. If the majority of those objectives were achieved, then the nation cannot be perceived as having lost. In the case of the Cuban Missile Crisis, both the US and the USSR managed to achieve most, if not all, their goals, signifying how the two superpowers actually 'won'. The USSR managed to guarantee the US removal of missiles from Turkey, ensure Cuba's security and, simultaneously, reduce the risk of future war by the end of the crisis. The USA successfully removed Soviet missiles from Cuba and likewise accomplished the isolation of Castro's regime. This investigation further explores the guiding statement by considering the implications for the two leaders of said countries, John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev, and whether they both lost. While Kennedy gained mass domestic support and, thus, a huge public victory, Khrushchev sacrificed his public reputation and standing within the Kremlin to successfully advance his foreign policy. The only loser in the crisis is, in fact, Khrushchev himself.
A major Soviet objective throughout the crisis was guaranteeing Cuba's independence and preventing a US invasion of the island. The idea to station missiles in Cuba was hatched by Khrushchev himself, explaining the need to do so to "restrain the United States from precipitous military action against Castro's government"[1]. In order to solve the crisis, in fact, Khrushchev pushed Kennedy to guarantee, through a public statement to the Security Council at the United Nations, that "the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders, its sovereignty, that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs, not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba"[2]. The simple fact that the US government has not attempted an invasion, or even impinged on Cuba's sovereignty, ever since is testament to the USSR's success in achieving their aim of safeguarding the security of the island-nation. Khrushchev, in fact, claimed that Cuban independence was safeguarded, and that the island remained a Soviet satellite state in "Uncle Sam's back yard"[3].
A second, but equally important, objective established by Khrushchev was to redress Soviet nuclear inferiority, doing so by seeking to double their ability to strike targets on the US' mainland through medium and intermediate-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs and IRBMs), which were cheaper and more easily deployed than the intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) stationed in Russia. Khrushchev, in fact, also explained how "our missiles would have equalised what the West likes to call 'the balance of power'." Attempting to counterbalance the US' ability to launch MR and IRBMs from Turkey and, thus, close the nuclear gap between the two superpowers was a clear objective actively being pursued by the USSR. Anatoly Gribnov, Chief of Missiles Operations, supports this idea by explaining how "America deployed its Jupiter missiles in Turkey, Italy and Germany; they could do it, why couldn't we do it?"[4]. While Soviet missiles were ultimately removed from Cuba, Kennedy did so at the expense of the US removal of missiles from Turkey and Italy: the complete decommission of the US Jupiter missiles happened just over five months after the end of the crisis.[5] The US' strategic advantage was, essentially nullified, the imbalance removed and, therefore, the USSR was successful in achieving the second objective of addressing US nuclear superiority.
The third principal goal pursued by the Soviet Union, or rather by the man leading it, and perhaps the most future-poised one, can be best summarised by the last line of Khrushchev's famous article 'On Peaceful Coexistence': "I repeat, there is only one way to peace, one way out of the existing tension: peaceful coexistence."[6] Khrushchev sought to ease tensions between the US and the USSR and, in spite of the fact that the two powers had been closer to nuclear war than ever before, the resolution of the crisis witnessed gigantic steps towards closer cooperation between the powers. Both Kennedy and Khrushchev had experienced being poised on the brink of total annihilation and had been, quite simply, terrified by its prospect, catalysing their willingness to work together to ensure it wouldn't happen again. The establishment of a direct line of communication between the White House and the Kremlin, created as a result of Moscow and Washington signing the "Hot Line Agreement" of 1963[7], symbolises the first concrete action taken by the two governments to reduce the risk of a full-fledged nuclear confrontation.
The crisis also arguably provided the necessary impetus to propel the nations of the world into signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968. Roland Timerbaev, Soviet delegate during the signing of the NPT, recalls how the crisis completely reoriented the two superpowers' perspective on the control of nuclear weapons, explaining that "It is after that crisis the negotiations on the nuclear weapons problem began in earnest"[8]. In fact, the 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was led by the US and the USSR, who were its first two signatories.[9] The crisis provided an opportunity for them to collaborate and find common footing, as the two nations accomplished unprecedented joint efforts, signifying that the USSR was successful in its third and final aim.
The US had a clear principal objective throughout the crisis: remove the nuclear missiles from Cuba. Shortly after being informed of the presence of nuclear weaponry, in fact, the ExComm recordings capture Kennedy explaining that "that's what we're going to do . . . We're going to take out these missiles."[10] This goal was obviously achieved, since the USSR dismantled its missiles and removed the warheads from the island altogether by the end of the crisis, with the best possible outcome of avoiding the breakout of a fully-fledged nuclear war between the two nations. Kennedy described the potential start of said war as "obviously the final failure"[11], and the fact that he successfully avoided this while simultaneously ensuring the removal of warheads from Cuba is testament to his 'victory'. Furthermore, the Soviet II-28 bombers, which were capable of striking targets on the US mainland and that were dispatched to Cuba concurrently with the nuclear missiles, were also withdrawn[12]. The ultimate removal of missiles from Cuba in combination with Kennedy choosing the ideal strategy to achieve nothing but the best outcome to defuse tensions summarises the sheer success in the US achieving their principal aim.
A secondary yet crucial goal for the US government was the isolation of Cuba and the distancing of Castro's regime from the USSR. While this might not have been at the forefront of their strategy in dealing with the crisis, the US ultimately achieved this long-term aim by pressuring Khrushchev to the point of rupturing Soviet-Cuban relations. Schlesinger, historian and advisor to the Kennedy administration, explained how "Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev"[13], since the latter did not consult him before deciding to remove the missiles.
Castro, despite the fact that Khrushchev had received assurances by the US that Cuban independence would be guaranteed, essentially felt betrayed by the USSR, who he felt had abandoned and left them exposed by removing the nuclear weaponry stationed on the island. According to Ignacio Ramonet, this was the cause for the deterioration of relations between the two countries for years to come[14]. Khrushchev sending ambassador Mikoyan for two weeks to Havana in the hidden 'November Crisis' is proof of this, the latter communicating back to Moscow that Castro had "began to cease cooperation"[15]. While Castro was ultimately convinced in allowing the removal of the missiles, the paranoia and discord sown by the crisis marked a huge blow in relations with the USSR.
When considering whether either side really did 'lose' from the crisis, we must also look to the men leading the two countries. In Kennedy's case, his handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis is an indubitable success. The fact that the dismantlement of Jupiter missiles in Europe remained secret ensured that Kennedy looked like the clear winner, gaining him huge domestic support, both publicly and politically[16]. Ben Walsh, in fact, explains how "Kennedy came out of the crisis with a greatly improved reputation in his own country and throughout the West. He had stood up to Khrushchev and had made him back down."[17] Kennedy had also managed to avoid several influential members of the US military forces from taking over and starting a war based on their suggestions of military intervention, such as a nuclear first-strike against the Soviet Union or Operation Northwoods.[18] Attesting to his sheer success, it is extremely difficult to find historians, let alone historiographical waves, who argue anything but Kennedy being a clear victor and making massive gains from the crisis.
James Hershberg is, perhaps, the exception that proves the rule, as he claims that Kennedy's personal campaign against Castro came across as "obsessive, irresponsible… and reckless"[19] and that his refusal in using discreet diplomacy is testament to his failure as a statesman. He further suggests that Kennedy should have sent a message to Moscow demanding the secret removal of the missiles to avoid confrontation. Not only does this not take into account the fact that this would have allowed the Soviets more time to install missiles and build sites, but is also built on the assumption that they would accept without any kind of incentive whatsoever. What was, after all, the point of placing missiles on the island in the first place, then? The notion also refuses to consider the reality of politics, since Kennedy needed a show of strength after the catastrophic failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, and managed to do just that. In fact, between the end of the crisis and his death, JFK had the highest approval rating ever recorded for a POTUS, at 70.1%,[20] peaking at an astounding 83% in May 1962, during the crisis itself.
Lastly, in considering Khrushchev, we can see the only party who can be regarded as having lost. He had lost prestige – he had failed in the public eye. First to approach to find a solution and, ultimately, the one to back down, meant that the large majority of people within the USSR and also the world at large, who were not privy to the knowledge of the deal regarding the removal of US missiles from Turkey, saw him as the clear loser. Khrushchev had chosen successful diplomacy and policy over personal standing: he could not broadcast the victory because of the secret nature of the deal. His claim to have "saved" Cuba, which was considered hollow in 1962, is retrospectively valid. Troyanovsky explains how "'Khrushchev failed in that the missiles were withdrawn and in a way which was humiliating, but he did not fail in that America agreed not to attack Cuba."[21]
Nonetheless, two years later, the Soviet politburo quietly ousted Khrushchev. However, modern knowledge on just how close the world was to a catastrophe of unprecedented proportions, serves only to foreground how impressively the two leaders handled the situation, by rejecting pressured hardline solutions to favour a gradual de-escalation of tensions. Revisionist Ben Walsh claims that "The fact that Khrushchev had been forced to back down was quickly forgotten in Soviet circles. Instead, his role as a responsible peacemaker… was highlighted"[22] and, while an unpopular opinion in the historiography of the topic, it is based on more current and recently declassified Soviet documents which show that the crisis played a smaller role in Khrushchev's removal from power than what previously thought.
Regardless of the magnitude of Khrushchev's 'loss', it is clear that neither the US nor the USSR actually did lose from the crisis, since they achieved their main goals successfully, thus making both nations victorious, per se. The Soviet Union redressed their nuclear inferiority, guaranteed Cuban independence and promoted their policy of 'peaceful coexistence'. The US removed Soviet missiles from Cuba and distanced Castro's government from the Kremlin. Kennedy exited the crisis with a massive surge in popularity: a clear victory. Khrushchev secured his aims at the cost of his personal standing within the party and can, therefore, be considered the only one to have lost from the crisis. From this investigation's perspective, the notion that "Both sides lost" carries little credibility.
1. Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich, Strobe Talbott, and Edward Crankshaw. Khrushchev Remembers. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977
2. American Foreign Policy, Current Documents. Historical Division, Bureau of Public Affairs. 1962. pp. 443–446. Accessed March 12 at https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9q19YkzhANEC&redir_esc=y
3. Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich, Strobe Talbott, and Edward Crankshaw. Khrushchev Remembers. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977.
4. Quoted in The Cuban Missile Crisis, UK History Channel Documentary, 2002.
5. Schlesinger, Arthur. Robert Kennedy and his times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002.
6. Khrushchev, Nikita S. "On Peaceful Coexistence." Foreign Affairs 38, no. 1 (1959): 1.
7. Graham, Thomas; La Vera, Damien (2002). "The "Hot Line" Agreements". Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era. University of Washington Press, 2002.
8. Khlopkov, Anton. "Roland Timerbaev: The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Has Largely Achieved Its Goals". Arms Control Association, 2017. Accessed March 14 at https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2017-09/interviews/roland-timerbaev-nuclear-nonproliferation-treaty-largely-achieved-its-goals
9. Limited or Partial Test Ban Treaty. Atomic Heritage Foundation, 2016. Accessed March 16 at https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/limited-or-partial-test-ban-treaty-ltbtptbt
10. May, Ernest R. and Philip D. Zelikow. Audio Clips from the Kennedy White House. The National Security Archives. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. Accessed March 15 at https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/audio.htm
11. May, Ernest R. and Philip D. Zelikow. Audio Clips from the Kennedy White House. The National Security Archives. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. Accessed March 15 at https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/audio.html
12. Mikoyan S. A., and Svetlana Savranskaya. The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis: Castro, Mikoyan, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Missiles of November. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2012.
13. Ramonet, Ignacio. Fidel Castro: My Life. Penguin Books, 2007.
14. IBID
15. Matthews, Joseph. Cuban missile crisis: The Other, Secret one. BBC News, 2010.
16. Garthoff, Raymond L. "Did Khrushchev Bluff in Cuba? No". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 1988.
17. Walsh, B. Modern World History. London, John Murray: 1996.
18. U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, "Justification for US Military Intervention in Cuba (TS)", U.S. Department of Defense, 1962. Accessed March 15 at https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//news/20010430/northwoods.pdf
19. Hershberg, James G. "Before 'The Missiles of October': Did Kennedy Plan a Military Strike Against Cuba?" The Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited, 1992.
20. Presidential Job Approval, The American Presidency Project, Accessed March 15 at https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/statistics/data/presidential-job-approval
21. Quoted in The Cuban Missile Crisis, UK History Channel Documentary, 2002.
22. Walsh, B. Modern World History. London, John Murray: 1996
2.1: Literature Cited
Garthoff, Raymond L. "Did Khrushchev Bluff in Cuba? No". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 1988.
Graham, Thomas; La Vera, Damien (2002). "The "Hot Line" Agreements". Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era. University of Washington Press, 2002.
Hershberg, James G. "Before 'The Missiles of October': Did Kennedy Plan a Military Strike Against Cuba?" The Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited, 1992.
Khrushchev, Nikita S. "On Peaceful Coexistence." Foreign Affairs 38, no. 1 (1959): 1.
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich, Strobe Talbott, and Edward Crankshaw. Khrushchev Remembers. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977.
Matthews, Joseph. Cuban missile crisis: The Other, Secret one. BBC News, 2010.
Mikoyan S. A., and Svetlana Savranskaya. The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis: Castro, Mikoyan, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Missiles of November. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2012.
Ramonet, Ignacio. Fidel Castro: My Life. Penguin Books, 2007.
Schlesinger, Arthur. Robert Kennedy and his times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002.
Walsh, B. Modern World History. London, John Murray: 1996.
2.2: Websites
https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2017-09/interviews/roland-timerbaev-nuclear-nonproliferation-treaty-largely-achieved-its-goals
Accessed March 14, 2020.
https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/limited-or-partial-test-ban-treaty-ltbtptbt
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9q19YkzhANEC&redir_esc=y
https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//news/20010430/northwoods.pdf
https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/audio.htm
https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/statistics/data/presidential-job-approval
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Reading Hints = Section 4.1 is MOST important section in this chapter and will be used the remainder of the semester.
4.2 - 4.3 is NOT needed now. We will come back to this section later in the semester. Sections 4.4 - 4.5 is optional.
basic differences between the terrestrial and the Jovian planets .
- discuss how Earth's atmosphere helps heat us as well as protect us.
- describe the nature and origin of Earth's magnetosphere.
- describe why we do not see the back side of the Moon.
- discuss the formation and evolution of the Moon.
around Jupiter and exhibit a wide range of properties.
- describe the nature and detailed structure of Saturn's rings.
- the similarities and the differences among the four Jovian worlds.
all other planet & moon systems.
Ch 5: Origin of the Solar System, Debris, & Exosolar planets.
- explain how a cometary tail forms.
explain how these bodies are related to asteroids and comets.
- summarize the overall properties of the Sun.
- explain how energy travels from the solar core, through the interior, and out into space.
- discuss the nature of the Sun's magnetic field and its relationship to the various types of solar activity.
- name the Sun's layers and describe basic characteristics of each.