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The Center on International Cooperation closely examines the United Nations' operations and politics in order to maximize its impact throughout the world. CIC has conducted research, convened high-level meetings, and provided recommendations in the following key areas of the UN's work.
Peace Operations:
Political Missions 2012
U.N. Peacekeeping: The Next Five Years
Post-2015 Development:
Beyond the Millennium Development Goals: Agreeing to a Post-2015 Development Framework
Making Agreements Work: Lessons for the Post-2015 Agenda Debate
Crisis Diplomacy:
The Libyan War: A Diplomatic History
The Use of Force, Crisis Diplomacy and the Responsibilities of States
Region/Country: Europe, Brazil, Middle East
Barnett Rubin
The UN Panel on Peace Operations: Getting the Politics Right?
All peace operations are political. Ian Martin wrote an essay with that title in CIC's first Review of Political Missions in 2010. It is unsurprising, then, that the report of the High-Level Panel on Peace Operations of which he has been a prominent member has the same starting point.
Topic(s): Peace Operations, United Nations
Strategic Summary 2013/2014
One month before launching the High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations to examine the state of UN peacekeeping operations and political missions, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon remarked the time had come to take stock of the lessons we have learned. "The world is changing and our support to peacekeeping, and indeed all peace operations, must keep pace."
Author(s) / Contributor(s): Alischa Kugel
Topic(s): United Nations
Walking Point for Peace: An Irish view on the state of UN peacekeeping
A number of European countries are considering playing a greater military role in UN peacekeeping. However, they have many concerns about the UN's systems for managing missions, which differ markedly from NATO and EU standards. In this paper, based on in-depth interviews with Irish officers and policy-makers and UN officials, Edward Burke and Jonathan Marley give detailed insights into their experiences and lessons.
Author(s) / Contributor(s): Edward Burke, Jonathan Marley
UN Management Reform in the Making: Four Strong Points and Two Challenges
UN Peace and Security Reform: Cautious Steps in the Right Direction
Profile in Prominence: Ambassador Nikki Haley and the Trump administration's UN policy
Does anyone have confidence in Brahimi's 'modest' Syrian cease-fire?
"Less Bound to the Desk": Ban Ki-moon the UN, and Preventive Diplomacy
The EU needs the UN More than Ever
At the Security Council, Compromise and Reforms in Short Supply
Creating the Political Space for Prevention: How ECOWAS Supports Nationally Led Strategies
On the occasion of the launch of a new CIC policy briefing, Creating the Political Space for Prevention: How ECOWAS Supports Nationally Led Strategies, the Economic Community of West African States, Permanent Mission of Norway, and the New York University Center on International Cooperation are pleased to invite you to a lunch discussion on ECOWAS's approach to prevention.
Reaffirming the Commitment to Multilateralism through the Strengthening of the International System and Institutions on the Occasion of the 75th Anniversary of the United Nations
Bringing together the heads of the main organs of the United Nations, the Presidents of the General Assembly, the Security Council, the ECOSOC, the International Court of Justice and, as well as the Secretary-General of the United Nations, this high-level dialogue will underscore the value of multilateral efforts and international cooperation in support of the collective objectives and the need to recommit to the ideals of the Charter as we prepare for the 75th anniversary of the UN.


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Trumps Plan To Skip Kennedy Center Honors — Again The President and First Lady have announced that, "at this time," they do not intend to be present next month at the prestigious awards ceremony, whose honorees include Lin-Manuel Miranda and Cher.
Trumps Plan To Skip Kennedy Center Honors — Again
November 15, 201811:51 AM ET
Anastasia Tsioulcas
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The Kennedy Center Honors ceremony in 2016. It was the last time a U.S. president — Barack Obama — attended the awards ceremony. Pool/Getty Images hide caption
The Kennedy Center Honors ceremony in 2016. It was the last time a U.S. president — Barack Obama — attended the awards ceremony.
President Donald Trump and first lady Melania Trump will not attend the 2018 Kennedy Center Honors. Melania Trump's spokeswoman, Stephanie Grisham, confirmed to NPR on Thursday that "there are no plans for them to attend" the awards ceremony, which will be held on Dec. 2 at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.
This decision makes Trump the only president to miss the ceremony twice in the history of the awards, which were inaugurated in 1978.
This year's honorees are the creative team behind the smash musical Hamilton, including writer and actor Lin-Manuel Miranda, director Thomas Kail, choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler and music director Alex Lacamoire; composer Philip Glass; jazz saxophonist and composer Wayne Shorter; country singer Reba McEntire; and singer and actress Cher. The awards recognize lifetime contributions to U.S. culture.
Before Trump took office, the only other instances in which a president has been absent from the ceremony were due to pressing international travel or a crisis. In 1979, the Iran hostage crisis prevented Jimmy Carter from attending; in 1989, President George H.W. Bush was at a summit meeting with Soviet leader Mikhael Gorbachev; and in 1994, Bill Clinton instead traveled to Budapest to attend a security conference.
Kennedy Center Names Its 2018 Honorees
As NPR reported when the 2018 honorees were announced in July, several of the winners — particularly Miranda, Cher and Glass — are outspoken critics of the administration.

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Nik(o)la(u)s III. Muffel (* 1409/1410 in Nürnberg; † 28. Februar 1469 ebenda) entstammte einer Nürnberger Patrizierfamilie, den Muffel. Er war Pfleger des Egidienklosters und des Klaraklosters, Alter Bürgermeister, Nürnbergs Gesandter beim Schwäbischen Städtebund, bei Markgraf Albrecht "Achilles" von Brandenburg, bei Kaiser Friedrich III. und schließlich über die außergewöhnlich lange Zeit von zwölf Jahren Losunger (Verwalter der städtischen Steuern) der Reichsstadt Nürnberg. Des Weiteren war er als Autor tätig. Nach angeblicher Unterschlagung städtischer Gelder, Geheimnisverrats und einem aufsehenerregenden Prozess wurde das bekannte Stadtoberhaupt zum unehrenhaften Tode am Galgen verurteilt. Am 28. Februar 1469 wurde das Urteil vollstreckt.

Geschlecht

Der Ursprung des Muffel-Geschlechts ist nicht eindeutig geklärt. Es ist wahrscheinlich, dass die "Träger einer kurzen Schnauze" von einem staufischen Ministerialengeschlecht aus dem oberpfälzischen Neumarkt abstammten. Die Muffel wurden erstmals 1288 urkundlich in Nürnberg erwähnt und scheinen ab 1300 eine führende Rolle in Nürnberg gespielt zu haben, wobei das für die damalige Zeit durchaus seltene Familienwappen erstmals in einer Urkunde von 1303 zu finden ist. Der Familie wurde 1332 das Recht zugesprochen, Mitglieder in den "Inneren Rat" zu entsenden. Von da an waren die Muffel mit kurzen Unterbrechungen, bis zum Aussterben der Eschenauer Hauptlinie im Jahre 1784, im "Inneren Rat" vertreten und gehörten zu den "alten" ratsfähigen Geschlechtern.

Der Aufstieg der Familie im 14. Jahrhundert begann mit Hans Muffel dem Älteren. Dieser taucht erstmals 1317 in einer Liste der Genannten des Größeren Rats auf und lässt sich von 1332 bis 1361 urkundlich nachweisen. Hans der Ältere war lange Zeit Ratsmitglied. Konrad Groß, damals der wohl bedeutendste und reichste Patrizier und Stifter des Heilig-Geist-Spitals, setzte ihn als Testamentsvollstrecker ein. Seine finanzielle Stärke zeigt sich in mehreren Zeugnisse darüber, dass Hans der Ältere verschiedenen Bischöfen gewinnbringend Geld lieh.
Hans der Ältere hatte fünf Söhne, Paulus, Fritz, Jakob, Niklas I. und Hans der Jüngere, eventuell auch nichtbelegte Töchter.
Niklas I. war Handelsherr und der wohl bedeutendste Vertreter der Muffel dieser Generation.
Neben seiner Handelstätigkeit war Niklas I. lange Jahre Rechenherr und Bürgermeister im Nürnberger Rat. Seine Amtszeit fiel in die politisch spannungsreichen Jahre des Städtekriegs. Besonders geeignet für diesen Posten schien er durch sein besonderes Verhältnis zu König Wenzel. Dieser war finanziell abhängig von Muffel und anderen Nürnberger Bürgern und überließ Niklas I. und dessen Ehefrau Barbara einen Span des Heiligen Kreuzes. Die Beschenkten stifteten daraufhin den Heiligkreuzaltar mit ewigem Licht für die Egidienkirche in Nürnberg.
Bis 1400 waren alle fünf Söhne Hans Muffels des Älteren gestorben. Sie hatten die Grundlage zum reichen Familienbesitz und zum hohen Ansehen in Nürnberg gelegt.
Fritz und Paulus hatten keine Söhne hinterlassen. Von den drei Söhnen Hans des Jüngeren lebten nur noch zwei, Grundlach und Ulrich, der als einziger der drei Brüder kurz dem Rat angehört hatte. Kurz nach Beginn des neuen Jahrhunderts starben auch sie und hinterließen keine Nachkommen.
Nur Niklas II., der einzige Sohn Niklas I. und seiner Frau Barbara konnte das Geschlecht weiterführen. Dennoch ist verhältnismäßig wenig von ihm und seiner Frau Brigitte überliefert, was an ihrem frühen Tod liegt.

Leben und Wirken

Aus Muffels Gedenkbuch stammt die Annahme, Niklas III. Muffel sei 1410 geboren. Allerdings zeigt ein Vergleich weiterer Angaben aus dieser Schrift, den Ratslisten dieser Zeit und einer Heiratsurkunde, dass auch das Jahr 1409 als Geburtsjahr in Frage käme.
Aufgrund des frühen Todes seiner Eltern verwaiste Niklas III. bereits im Alter von fünf Jahren und wuchs zusammen mit seiner Schwester Barbara bei seiner Großmutter Barbara Muffel auf. Durch das Ableben ihres Mannes und ihres Sohnes, ihr eigenes langes Leben und ihre außergewöhnliche Persönlichkeit wurde sie zur einflussreichsten Frau des Geschlechts, die ihren Aufgaben als zeitweise einzige mündige Vertreterin der Muffel vollständig nachkam. Die sogenannte "Muffelin" vermehrte und bewahrte den Familienbesitz und kümmerte sich im neu erworbenen Wohnhaus gegenüber dem Egidienkloster um ihre Enkel. 1436 verzichtete sie zugunsten ihres einzigen männlichen Enkels weitgehend auf ihren Besitz.
So hatte Niklas III. bei ihrem Tode 1442 längst die Geschäfte der Familie übernommen.
1431 heiratete er Margarete von Lauffenholtz, Tochter Conrads von Lauffenholtz.

Ämter

1426 belehnte König Sigmund den erst im vorangegangenen Jahr mündig gewordenen Niklas III. unter anderem mit dem Dorf Eckenhaid und der Hälfte Eschenaus.
Bereits acht Jahre später, 1433, wurde Muffel Mitglied des Nürnberger Rats, dem er bis zu seinem Tode angehörte und der ihm schon zu Beginn seiner Laufbahn die Pflege des Nürnberger Klaraklosters und die des Egidienklosters anvertraute.
1443 wurde Niklas Muffel zum Alten Bürgermeister gewählt, erhielt im darauffolgenden Jahr erstmals einen selbständigen Auftrag als Gesandter und vertrat Nürnberg beim neuen schwäbischen Städtebund. Dabei konnte er seine diplomatischen Fähigkeiten unter Beweis stellen und für seine Vaterstadt einige wichtige Ausnahmebestimmungen vereinbaren.
1447 begann Muffel zwischen Ulm und Nürnberg zu "pendeln" und sich im schwäbischen Städtebund fast vier Jahre lang für die Interessen seiner Vaterstadt einzusetzen.
Seine Arbeit als Gesandter erledigte Muffel derart zufriedenstellend, dass er, als sich der seit langem schwelende Streit mit dem Markgrafen Albrecht Achilles zuspitzte, an den Hof König Friedrichs III. in der Wiener Neustadt gesandt wurde.
Nach langwierigen Verhandlungen, in deren Verlauf Muffel sogar vom König selbst empfangen worden war, kam es 1450 zu einer ersten Einigung, einem vorläufigen Friedensschluss und in den drei folgenden Jahren zu einem endgültigen Ausgleich. Nach Vermittlung durch Herzog Ludwig von Bayern wurde 1453 ein Vertrag unterzeichnet, mit dessen Ergebnis Nürnberg zufrieden sein konnte. Es gelang darin, die lange umstrittenen Ansprüche und Rechte der Stadt zu erhalten und zu bewahren.
Dass dieser Einigungsprozess derart lange gedauert hatte, lag an der Schwerfälligkeit der Entschlüsse von Hof und König und nicht an fehlendem Eifer oder mangelndem Verhandlungsgeschick Muffels. Im Gegenteil: Niklas Muffels eifrigem Einsatz und seinen diplomatischen Fähigkeiten während des Markgrafenkrieges und bei der Bewältigung seiner Folgen ist es wohl zuzuschreiben, dass er 1451 mit der ehrenvollen Aufgabe betraut wurde, der Kaiserkrönung Friedrichs III. in Italien beizuwohnen. Er führte die Nürnberger Delegation an, überbrachte einen Teil der Reichskleinodien aus Nürnberg und erwirkte eine kaiserliche Bestätigung der Privilegien seiner Vaterstadt.
Die Teilnahme an der Krönung 1452 bedeutete für Niklas Muffel zweifellos den Höhepunkt seiner noch bis 1455 andauernden Laufbahn im Diplomatendienst Nürnbergs.
Während seines Aufenthalts in Rom war Muffel zu einem der drei Obersten Hauptleute gewählt worden. Beschleunigt durch mehrere Todesfälle und die Resignation zweier Älterer Herren wurde er 1457 zum Losunger ernannt und stand damit zusammen mit einem zweiten Losunger an der Spitze des Rates.
Dieses Amt hatte Niklas III. bis 1469 ununterbrochen inne, wodurch ihm die Stadtsiegel, die Schlüssel zu den Reichskleinodien und Toren anvertraut waren. Außerdem lagen die gesamte Finanzverwaltung, die Steuereinnahmen und die Rechnungslegung in seiner Verantwortung, er führte weitere ehrenvolle Delegationen an und kümmerte sich um Ordnung, Organisation und Ausbau des reichsstädtischen Archivs.
Neben seiner politischen Tätigkeit gehörte es auch zu Niklas Muffels Aufgaben, den reichen Familienbesitz zu bewahren und zu vermehren. So häufte er beträchtlichen Grundbesitz an, indem er Höfe und Güter kaufte oder mit ihnen belehnt wurde.

Schriften

Im Zuge der Teilnahme Muffels an der Kaiserkrönung Friedrichs III. in Rom entstand 1452 eine Beschreibung der Stadt Rom (Überlieferung: Autographische Reinschrift, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München; Umfang: 43 Seiten). Der Bericht in der Tradition der "Mirabilia Romae" lässt sich in drei Hauptabschnitte untergliedern: die sieben Hauptkirchen, die Stationstage römischer Kirchen während der geschlossenen Zeit und die Schilderung weiterer wichtiger Kirchen Roms und einiger weltlicher Bauwerke.
Die nicht enden wollende Aufzählung der Kirchen, Kapellen und Altäre Roms ist gespickt mit der Nennung erstaunlicher Reliquien und der entsprechend zu erwartenden Ablässe. Von den Gesetzestafeln Moses, dem brennenden Dornbusch und der Windel Jesu ist dabei ebenso die Rede wie von verschiedenen Marienbildern, die allesamt vom heiligen Lukas gemalt worden seien. Neben der Wiedergabe einer Menge frommer Legenden, die unkritisch und naiv als Tatsachen dargestellt werden, scheint auch kein Ablassversprechen zu groß: So habe beispielsweise Papst Sylvester bei Besuch der Kirche St. Johannes so viele Jahre Ablass versprochen, wie bei der Einweihung der Kirche bei starkem Regen Tropfen gefallen waren.

1468 schloss Niklas Muffel sein im Text "Gedechtnusse und schriefft" betiteltes Gedenkbuch (Überlieferung: Handschrift, Germ. Nationalmuseum Nürnberg; Abschrift, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München; Umfang: 6 Seiten) ab. Es enthält Informationen, die seinen Nachfahren zur Erinnerung dienen und bei Rechtsgeschäften nützlich sein sollten. Im Gegenzug hoffte der Verfasser auf die Erhaltung der Familienstiftungen, das Gedenken an die Errungenschaften seiner Vorfahren und seiner selbst sowie die Erlösung vom "ewigen Tod".
Dementsprechend findet sich im ersten Teil des traditionsbewussten, religiösen Werks eine ausführliche Erzählung, wie die Familie Muffel durch König Wenzel in den Besitz eines Spans vom Heiligen Kreuz gelangte. Daran schließt sich die Beschreibung an, wie Niklas Muffel selbst die frommen Stiftungen, Heiligtümer und Ablassschätze seiner Familie erweitern konnte. Dann kommt der Autor auf seinen Stand, seine Herkunft und seine vielen Erfolge zu sprechen, die im Rat Neider hervorgerufen habe.
Die Entstehung des Textes hängt eng mit Muffels Lebenssituation zusammen: Die eingangs erwähnten Diebstähle waren im Winter 1468 bereits aufgedeckt und Muffel musste zumindest mit einem großen Ansehensverlust rechnen.
Mit einer Aufzählung seiner zahlreichen Kinder, ihrer standesgemäßen Ehepartner und seiner Enkel, der väterlich-fürsorglichen Ermahnung an alle seine Nachfahren, auf Gott allein zu vertrauen, sowie der Nennung der zu seiner Zeit regierenden Machthaber in Reich, Kirche und Nürnberg beendet Niklas III. sein Werk.
Mit dem erwähnten Kinder- und Familienverzeichnis, der historischen Einordnung der Geschehnisse, dem nüchterner Berichtstil, der zu Gunsten emotionaler Schilderungen aufgegeben wird, entspricht "Gedechtnusse und schriefft" den Konventionen patrizischer Gedenkbücher.

Stiftungen und Reliquiensammlung

Niklas Muffels Religiosität und Frömmigkeit zeigt sich nicht nur in seiner Beschreibung der Stadt Rom, sondern auch in verschiedenen Stiftungen und einer riesigen Reliquiensammlung.
Bereits 1430 übergab er gemeinsam mit seiner Großmutter Barbara vier seiner Reichsgüter dem "12 Brüder Almosen" in Karthausen.
Wie bereits erwähnt übertrugen ihm die Ratsherren schon 1433 die Pflegschaft des St. Egidienklosters, fünf Jahre später auch die des Klaraklosters. Wie seine Vorfahren fühlte sich Niklas III. St. Egidien derart verbunden, dass er zur Einrichtung und Ausschmückung der Kirche viel Geld stiftete.
Auch mehrere Gewölbekeller und ein neues Dach für das Egidienkloster gehen auf diese Stiftungen zurück.
Außerdem investierte Niklas III. in eine umfangreiche Reliquiensammlung: Er hatte bereits 308 Stücke gesammelt, bedauerte laut Gedenkbuch allerdings, nicht für jeden Tag des Jahres eine Reliquie zu besitzen. In einem Zusatzentwurf zu seinem Testament aus dem Jahre 1462 nennt Niklas Muffel einige Wünsche, was nach seinem Tod mit den gesammelten Reliquien geschehen soll. So gab er beispielsweise die Anfertigung zweier Tabernakel mit Reliquien für den Heiligkreuzaltar der Egidienkirche und einige Fresken in Auftrag.
Während seiner Romreise 1452 gelang es Niklas Muffel, für die Pfarrkirche des Apostels St. Bartholomäus und die Kapelle der heiligen Erzengels Michael in Eschenau einen Ablassbrief ausgestellt zu bekommen.

Prozess und Tod

Möglicherweise aufgrund seiner Ausgaben für Reliquien und Stiftungen, durch den Konkurs Anton Baumgartens, der Muffel als Teilhaber schwere Einbußen bescherte, die Kosten um die im Ersten Markgrafenkrieg zerstörten Teile Ermreuths und Eschenaus wiederaufzubauen oder bloße Verschwendungssucht, verschlechterte sich Niklas Muffels finanzielle Lage zusehends. Er war 1468 gezwungen, mehrere Darlehen aufzunehmen, für die er beispielsweise einen Teil Eschenaus verpfändete. Im selben Jahr verkaufte Muffel sogar das Dorf Ermreuth, welches seine Söhne erst nach dem Tod des Vaters zurückkaufen konnten.
In dieser finanziellen Notlage griff Niklas Muffel in die Stadtkasse: Beim Verlassen der Losungerstube, Aufbewahrungsort der Geldvorräte und wertvollsten Dokumente der Stadt, fielen ihm einige Goldgulden aus dem Ärmel seines Mantels. Zwei Wochen später soll er sich bei der Rechnungslegung des Heilig-Geist-Spitals ein Säckchen mit 1000 Gulden angeeignet haben. Auch Gelder aus der Pflege des Klosters St. Klara sollen veruntreut worden sein.
Als im Frühjahr 1469 bekannt wurde, dass Muffel entgegen seinem Amtseid vertraulich besprochene Sachverhalte nach außen getragen hatte, wurde er verhaftet. Schon am darauffolgenden Tag begann ein zweiwöchiges Verhör durch seine Amtsnachfolger, in welchem er teils mit, teils ohne Folter befragt wurde und letztlich gestand.
Muffel widerrief sein Geständnis, da er nur unter Folter und in der Furcht gestanden habe, ohne Absolution zu sterben.
Bei der Verhandlung und Urteilsfindung spielten heftige Feindschaften des Rates gegen Niklas Muffel eine große Rolle, wie Muffel selbst in seinem Gedenkbuch andeutet:

Laut Eintragungen im Ratsbuch war es bereits seit 1460 zu mehreren Konflikten im kleinen Rat gekommen, die sich zwischen Groland, Tetzel und Muffel abgespielt haben sollen und Letzterem einen Verweis eingebracht haben soll. Gegenüber den Ratsherren hatte Niklas Muffels mehrfach seinen aufbrausenden Charakter gezeigt, was ihn manche Zuneigung gekostet und einige Zurückhaltung herbeigeführt habe könnte.
Nach entsprechend belastenden Aussagen der zweiten und dritten Losunger Anton Tucher und Anton Tallner und nach einem der spektakulärsten Prozesse in der Geschichte Nürnbergs wurde Niklas Muffel am 28. Februar 1469 zum Tode am Galgen verurteilt. Noch am selben Tag wurde das Urteil vollstreckt.
Die Hinrichtung durch den Strang entsprach keinesfalls Muffels Stand, ehrenvoller wäre die Vollstreckung mit dem Schwert gewesen. Ob diese Diskrepanz mit den erwähnten Feindschaften im Rat zu erklären ist oder ob es sich gar um eine politische Verschwörung handelte, welche die übermächtige Stellung Muffels beenden sollte, bleibt bis heute ungeklärt.
Der auch für damalige Verhältnisse nicht als rechtsstaatlich geltende Prozess und die Hinrichtung Muffels erregten schon bei Zeitgenossen ungewöhnliches Aufsehen, was sich beispielsweise in einem, sich auf den Fall Muffel beziehenden, Zeitgedicht von Heinz Übertwerch, dem "Muffel-Lied", zeigt.

Nachfahren
Niklas III. hatte sechs Söhne und sechs Töchter. Drei seiner Töchter starben früh, Barbara trat bereits in jungen Jahren dem Klarakloster bei, Anna heiratete Friedrich IV. Kreß und Ursula vermählte sich mit Heinrich IV. Topler.
Johann strebte eine Laufbahn als Geistlicher an und wurde zuerst Domkapitular in Bamberg, später Propst von St. Stephan.
Niklas IV. zog sich nach der Erbteilung im Jahr 1469 aus Nürnberg zurück und begründete von Ermreuth ausgehend die Linie der "Muffel von Ermreuth". Diese erlosch im Jahr 1912.
Gabriel, der zweitälteste der Söhne Niklas III., blieb in Nürnberg und wurde neun Jahre nach dem Tod des Vaters als Alter Gesandter in den Kleineren Rat gewählt. Zwar blieb er bis zu seinem Tode ununterbrochen Ratsherr, konnte allerdings nie langfristig zum Jüngeren Bürgermeister aufsteigen. Die von Gabriel I. Muffel weitergeführte Linie der "Muffel von Eschenau" blieb mit Nürnberg verbunden und erlosch 1784.
Niklas V., Hieronymus und Heinrich blieben ledig. Während Hieronymus im hohen Alter ins Franziskanerkloster eintrat, von Heinrich kaum mehr bekannt ist, als dass er zeitweise am Hof des Pfalzgrafen Friedrich weilte, starb Niklas V. bereits ein Jahr nach seinem Vater als Student in Leipzig.

Auktionen
 1825 in Nürnberg: Auf dem großen Bogen eines Choralbuches ist in der Mitte eine Malerei aufgesetzt; Kaiser Friedrich der III. sitzet auf einem Thronsessel, und überreicht einem knienden Ritter (Jac. Muffel) das ihm verliehene Wappenschild., 1490
 1826 in Nürnberg: Eine alte mit Gold aufgehöhte Wassermalerei der deutsche König überreicht, N. Mussel sein verm. Wappenschild., Verzeichniß der Sammlung der Bücher, Oelgemälde, Kupferstiche, Wasser- und Email=Malereien, … des zu Nürnberg verstorbenen Herrn Oberpostmeisters Schustern welche …

Literatur

 Thomas Cramer: Die kleineren Liederdichter des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts. Band 3. München 1982, S. 341–347.
 Peter Fleischmann: Rat und Patriziat in Nürnberg. Die Herrschaft der Ratsgeschlechter vom 13. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert. Band 2: Ratsherren und Ratsgeschlechter. Neustadt a. d. Aisch 2008, S. 709–732.
 Gerhard Fouquet: Die Affäre Niklas Muffel. Die Hinrichtung eines Nürnberger Patriziers im Jahre 1469. In: Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 83 (1996), Heft 4, S. 459–500.
 Bertold Frhr. von Haller, Matthias Kirchhoff: Gedechtnusse und schriefft Niklas II. Muffels (1409/10-1469). Neuedition, Übersetzung und Kommentierung des Gedenkbuchs. In: Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg, Band 97. Nürnberg 2010, S. 45–109.
 Karl Hegel: Beilage. Nicolaus Muffel's Prozeß und Verurtheilung. In: Die Chroniken der deutschen Städte vom 14. bis ins 16. Jahrhundert. Herausgegeben durch die Historische Kommission bei der Bayrischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Band 11. Stuttgart 1961, S. 753–777.
 Gerhard Hirschmann: Die Familie Muffel im Mittelalter. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Nürnberger Patriziats, seiner Entstehung und seines Besitzes. In: Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg, Band 41, Nürnberg 1950, S. 257–344.

 Matthias Kirchhoff: Gedächtnis in Nürnberger Texten des 15. Jahrhunderts. Gedenkbücher, Brüderbücher, Städtelob, Chroniken. In: Nürnberger Werkstücke zur Stadt- und Landesgeschichte, Band 68. Neustadt a. d. Aisch 2009, S. 77–103.
 Matthias Kirchhoff: Erzählen gegen den "ewigen Tod". In: Jahrbuch für Internationale Germanistik 2011. (erscheint im Frühjahr 2011).
 Nine Miedema: Die "Mirabilia Romae". Untersuchungen zu ihrer Überlieferung mit Edition der deutschen und niederländischen Texte. Tübingen 1996.
 Niklas Muffel: Gedenkbuch von Nicolaus Muffel. 1468. In: Die Chroniken der deutschen Städte vom 14. bis ins 16. Jahrhundert. Herausgegeben durch die Historische Kommission bei der Bayrischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Band 11. Stuttgart 1961. S. 737–751.
 Niklas Muffel: Beschreibung der Stad Rom. In: Wilhelm Vogt (Hrsg.): Nikolaus Muffels Beschreibung der Stadt Rom. Tübingen 1876, S. 5–62.

 Olga Pöhlmann: Niklas Muffel. Stuttgart 1921 (spätere Ausgaben mit dem Untertitel "Ein Nürnberger Roman" bzw. "Der Losunger").
 Helgard Ulmschneider: Muffel, Nikolaus. In: Kurt Ruh (Hrsg.): Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon. Band 6. Berlin / New York 1987, S. 714–718.

Siehe auch
 Muffel von Eschenau
 Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg
 Patriziat (Nürnberg)

Weblinks
 Eintrag zu Nikolaus III. Muffel auf der Homepage der Freien Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften

Einzelnachweise

Bürgermeister (Nürnberg)
Deutscher
Geboren im 15. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1469
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Written by admin in Help and Advice on Jan 22, 2019.
Hand scraped wood flooring is a unique style of hardwood flooring which is an extremely popular option for those looking to add more rustic charm to their home typical of older builders and bygone years. This ambience is achieved through the use of wood that has been, as suggested, hand scraped in order to appear more worn and distressed to attain a more heritage look and feel.
The technique referred to as hand scraping, is a method by which the planks are scraped to achieve a unique definition by adding extra levels of texture to the wood. Hand scraping wood is a practice which dates back to a time before the age of machine cut planks.
To achieve a more aged look planks can also be aged by using select techniques and tool to create a distressed look with dips carved out and impact indents to create a patina effect and this is called Distressed Hand Scraped.
When boards of wood were original cut with hand saws this resulted in irregularities on the surface of the plank. Hand scraping was a method that carpenters could use to even out wooden planks to achieve a more perfect finish.
Nowadays, the aim of this technique is reversed. We now live in an age where machines can create a perfectly smooth finish quickly and efficiently. However, these modern planks look out of place in rustic and historic buildings. So, Instead of using process to create a smooth wood surface hand scraping is applied to create a more imperfect look that is full of heritage and character. This process allows for a huge variety of finishes and textures dependent on the wood used and the manner in which it was scraped.
However, despite the name, in recent years the technique is now largely carried out through the use of specially designed machines which have been calibrated to provide a similar result as these products are generally produced in China at lower cost and don't have the same reality as traditional Handscraped/ Distressed floor stocked by Maples & Birch.
Regardless of whether the wood has been scraped by hand or machine, the final result is a textured wooden flooring which adds personality and antiquity to your home or office. Traditional Handscraped/Distressed textured hardwood floors will improve the charm of your home by giving the impression that the floor has seen a lot of life and use. It implies that it could tell wonderful stories of times gone by if only it could speak.
What are the benefits of Hand Scraped Wood Flooring?
The most significant benefit that Hand Scraped Wood Flooring brings is the way that it looks. It looks as if it has been in place for decades and above all else it can be used to match the style and age of a room. The authentic and rustic feel provides another dimension of character as it is possible to feel the texture in addition to being able to see it. Minute variations of depth, and inconsistency of the surface of the wood, that can be felt with your fingertips also create tiny shadows and changing hues that shift as the light changes.
Furthermore, Hand Scraped/Distressed Hardwood brings an increased level of durability to your flooring, when it scratches or indents it will blend-in naturally. The distressed wood naturally conceals any small cuts and scrapes that make occur of time. This ensures that wear and tear will have little impact on the quality of the finish and, to a certain degree, may even enhance its character. This makes it great for a home or office with a lot of traffic or for areas where flooring is vulnerable to higher amounts of wear and tear. This makes it perfect for homes with pets or kids. It will give you more piece of mind that small accidents that would normally damage the finish of highly finished and polished wood.
Finally, there are significantly lower levels of maintenance needed when dealing with Hand Scraped wood flooring. Hardwood flooring is significantly easier to clean when compared to alternatives such as carpet, as it is easily wiped down and dusted. In addition, out of all the surface floor choices, such as solid hardwood, laminate or even tile - Hand Scraped engineered wood flooring comes out on top for having the lowest maintenance needs. The slightly distressed finish allows for small debris and dust to be hidden, while still maintaining a shallow enough surface to be easily cleaned.
Overall, the extended durability, lower maintenance and unique character gained from its appearance should all be taken into account when considering the use of Hand Scraped Wood Flooring. With a vast choice of options ranging from wood species to the level of distress, there is also a considerable variance in the price range. However, overall, the huge level of character and heritage that hand-scraped styles will bring to your home is definitely worth the investment.
Maples & Birch have a wonderful range of engineered flooring, which is available to buy direct at truly affordable prices. If you are thinking of a hand scraped wooden floor please consider ordering a free sample to see for yourself the excellence and finish of your chosen floor?
Flooring can be supplied as either solid or engineered planks. Installing flooring is a specific skill and it is always best to work with a professional installer to ensure the highest standards.


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Very creative and challenging maze game. Collect all flashing orbs in the maze without hitting walls. The only problem is you will have to do it in total darkness. Use your visual memory and focus on the maze layout!


14 year old Emily has powers, which thanks to the guidance of her godfather have both developed and remained hidden. But Emily is not from this world, and she'll have to make a decision soon, to either travel to her home world and learn more about the family that gave her up as a child, or face the two groups threatening to disrupt the life she's come to love on Earth.
The book had a bit of a slow start, the threats around Emily not really building to a truly threatening boil until about the halfway point in the book. I also found some sentences to be a bit long and winding.
But the world the author created is incredible and unique. The magic use is intriguing, and the time difference as well. I found some aspects of the time difference little hard to reconcile (1 day on Earth equals a year on Acacia, so Emily has been gone for about 5000 years), but the author includes a list of rules in the glossary at the end (along with lists of names and places in case you get lost). Traveling to Earth resets your age, so it's possible to live an incredibly long time. I can only assume that her family and the main evil character, Samil, have utilized this fact to the fullest extent possible.
There are a lot of loose ends (what do Drogor and Samil want with Earth? and how does Malachi play into things?), and the book ends on a bit of cliffhanger, but I found myself thoroughly enjoying it by the end.
I will say, though Emily is 14, she seems much more mature (more upper YA), and Samil and the female vampire's roles are certainly a bit darker, so I feel fantasy readers of young adult and upwards will enjoy this book.


Expiration Day is an insightful coming-of-age novel set in the near future by debut author William Campbell Powell. It is the year 2049, and humanity is on the brink of extinction. Tania Deeley has always been told that shes a rarity: a human child in a world where most children are sophisticated androids manufactured by Oxted Corporation. When a decline in global fertility ensued, it was the creation of these near-perfect human copies called teknoids that helped to prevent the utter collapse of society. Though she has always been aware of the existence of teknoids, it is not until her first day at the Lady Maud High School for Girls that Tania realizes that her best friend, Sin, may be one. Returning home from the summer holiday, she is shocked by how much Sin has changed. Is it possible that these changes were engineered by Oxted? And if Sin could be a teknoid, how many others in Tanias life are not real? Driven by the need to understand what sets teknoids apart from their human counterparts, Tania begins to seek answers. But time is running out. For everyone knows that on their eighteenth birthdays, teknoids must be returned to Oxtednever to be heard from again. Told in diary format, Expiration Day is the powerful and poignant story of a young girl coming of age and discovering what it means to be truly human by a talented debut novelist.


The Cumbria Advice Network ceased operation on 1st April 2018.
We are proud that we were able to continue for nearly 4 years after our original Big Lottery Funding ended, but it has not been possible to secure sufficient funding for us to carry on.
CAN has 161 members and since 2009 we have provided 79 training courses, offering 1,580 places attended by 599 delegates from 123 organisations. We have facilitated 22 networking events attended by 615 delegates and run 5 conferences with 100 delegates per event. We have also produced 26 e-newsletters and developed and maintained our website.
We would like to thank all our members for their support over the years and wish them all the best for the future.
Our strap-line was "together we CAN make a difference" and we believe that together we DID.
Updated activities at Creative Wellbeing. Amended opening hours at Citizens Advice Copeland Whitehaven Office. New Noticeboard entry from The Royal British Legion.
An update to the noticeboard from Skills 4 You.
Updates to the Carlisle Foodbank member page. Visit the Ex Services page to read about Joining Forces, a new service offered by Age UK West Cumbria.
New Member - Office of John Woodcock MP. Updates to the Groundwork Member page. New Member - Barrow Foodbank. New Member - Depaul - Nightstop. New page for Impact Furniture Services Updates to The Birchall Trust webpage. New Member - The Happy Mums Foundation CIC. New Member - Perennial.
For the latest news and advice please go to the County Council Flood page.
Is your webpage up to date?


I've said that many times before.
That's certainly true as well.
Most of the ones I know sure do, and this one has more than most.
"Bobby Cash" - in the tradition of Johnny Cash.
If you're in Orange County today, go out and pick up a copy of the Orange County Register newspaper, because they're featuring a story today on Bob and his work singing for inmates.
here's a video clip on their website.
Read more about Bob's monthly gig and his story in the on-line news story.
God Bless you Bob, you are awesome!
Hello! This year it looks like I will not be able to view (and record for Greg Mohr) the Regata Storica event, because we don't have access to RAI Due any more on CATV. (In previous years the broadcast was on the more available RAI Uno channel).
Hopefully someone in Italy would be able to record RS 2011 for Greg. Thanks!


text:
package org.apache.maven.plugin.war;

import org.apache.maven.artifact.Artifact;
import org.apache.maven.artifact.handler.ArtifactHandler;
import org.apache.maven.plugin.war.overlay.DefaultOverlay;
import org.apache.maven.plugin.war.stub.MavenZipProject;
import org.apache.maven.plugin.war.stub.WarArtifactStub;
import org.apache.maven.plugin.war.stub.ZipArtifactStub;
import org.codehaus.plexus.util.FileUtils;

import java.io.File;
import java.util.LinkedList;

/**
 * @author Olivier Lamy
 * @version $Id$
 * @since 7 Oct 07
 */
public class WarZipTest
    extends AbstractWarMojoTest
{
    WarMojo mojo;

    private static File pomFile = new File( getBasedir(), "src/test/resources/unit/warziptest/war-with-zip.xml" );

    protected File getTestDirectory()
    {
        return new File( getBasedir(), "target/test-classes/unit/warziptest" );
    }

    public void setUp()
        throws Exception
    {
        super.setUp();
        mojo = (WarMojo) lookupMojo( "war", pomFile );
    }

    private Artifact buildZipArtifact()
        throws Exception
    {
        ArtifactHandler artifactHandler = (ArtifactHandler) lookup( ArtifactHandler.ROLE, "jar" );
        File zipFile = new File( getTestDirectory(), "foobar.zip" );
        return new ZipArtifactStub( "src/test/resources/unit/warziptest", artifactHandler, zipFile );
    }

    private File configureMojo( String testId )
        throws Exception
    {
        MavenZipProject project = new MavenZipProject();
        String outputDir = getTestDirectory().getAbsolutePath() + File.separatorChar + testId + "-output";
        // clean up
        File outputDirFile = new File( outputDir );
        if ( outputDirFile.exists() )
        {
            FileUtils.deleteDirectory( outputDirFile );
        }
        File webAppDirectory = new File( getTestDirectory(), testId );
        WarArtifactStub warArtifact = new WarArtifactStub( getBasedir() );
        String warName = "simple";
        File webAppSource = createWebAppSource( testId );
        File classesDir = createClassesDir( testId, true );
        File xmlSource = createXMLConfigDir( testId, new String[]{"web.xml"} );
        project.setArtifact( warArtifact );

        this.configureMojo( mojo, new LinkedList(), classesDir, webAppSource, webAppDirectory, project );
        setVariableValueToObject( mojo, "outputDirectory", outputDir );
        setVariableValueToObject( mojo, "warName", warName );
        setVariableValueToObject( mojo, "workDirectory", new File( getTestDirectory(), "work" ) );
        mojo.setWebXml( new File( xmlSource, "web.xml" ) );

        project.getArtifacts().add( buildZipArtifact() );

        return webAppDirectory;
    }

    public void testOneZipWithNoSkip()
        throws Exception
    {
        File webAppDirectory = configureMojo( "one-zip" );

        Overlay overlay = new DefaultOverlay( buildZipArtifact() );
        //overlay.setSkip( false );
        overlay.setType( "zip" );
        mojo.addOverlay( overlay );
        mojo.execute();

        File foo = new File( webAppDirectory, "foo.txt" );
        assertTrue( "foo.txt not exists", foo.exists() );
        assertTrue( "foo.txt not a file", foo.isFile() );

        File barDirectory = new File( webAppDirectory, "bar" );
        assertTrue( "bar directory not exists", barDirectory.exists() );
        assertTrue( "bar not a directory", barDirectory.isDirectory() );

        File bar = new File( barDirectory, "bar.txt" );
        assertTrue( "bar/bar.txt not exists", bar.exists() );
        assertTrue( "bar/bar.txt not a file", bar.isFile() );
    }

    public void testOneZipWithTargetPathOverlay()
        throws Exception
    {
        File webAppDirectory = configureMojo( "one-zip-overlay-targetPath" );

        Overlay overlay = new DefaultOverlay( buildZipArtifact() );
        overlay.setSkip( false );
        overlay.setType( "zip" );
        overlay.setTargetPath( "overridePath" );
        mojo.addOverlay( overlay );

        mojo.execute();

        File foo = new File( webAppDirectory.getPath() + File.separatorChar + "overridePath", "foo.txt" );
        assertTrue( "foo.txt not exists", foo.exists() );
        assertTrue( "foo.txt not a file", foo.isFile() );

        File barDirectory = new File( webAppDirectory.getPath() + File.separatorChar + "overridePath", "bar" );
        assertTrue( "bar directory not exists", barDirectory.exists() );
        assertTrue( "bar not a directory", barDirectory.isDirectory() );

        File bar = new File( barDirectory, "bar.txt" );
        assertTrue( "bar/bar.txt not exists", bar.exists() );
        assertTrue( "bar/bar.txt not a file", bar.isFile() );
    }

    public void testOneZipDefaultSkip()
        throws Exception
    {
        File webAppDirectory = configureMojo( "one-zip-overlay-skip" );

        mojo.execute();

        assertZipContentNotHere( webAppDirectory );
    }

    public void testOneZipWithForceSkip()
        throws Exception
    {
        File webAppDirectory = configureMojo( "one-zip-overlay-skip" );
        Overlay overlay = new DefaultOverlay( buildZipArtifact() );
        overlay.setSkip( true );
        overlay.setType( "zip" );
        mojo.addOverlay( overlay );

        mojo.execute();
        assertZipContentNotHere( webAppDirectory );

    }

    protected void assertZipContentNotHere( File webAppDirectory )
    {
        File foo = new File( webAppDirectory.getPath() + File.separatorChar + "overridePath", "foo.txt" );
        assertFalse( "foo.txt exists", foo.exists() );
        assertFalse( "foo.txt a file", foo.isFile() );

        File barDirectory = new File( webAppDirectory.getPath() + File.separatorChar + "overridePath", "bar" );
        assertFalse( "bar directory exists", barDirectory.exists() );
        assertFalse( "bar is a directory", barDirectory.isDirectory() );

        File bar = new File( barDirectory, "bar.txt" );
        assertFalse( "bar/bar.txt exists", bar.exists() );
        assertFalse( "bar/bar.txt is a file", bar.isFile() );
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A delightful time back then!
I wonder if we all secretly yearn for a time when there was more formality and ritual? I'm aggressively casual, and yet, the image makes me wonder if there was a time when that much effort, it was worth it, wasn't it?


We could also be seeing a correlation between environmental pollution and elevated incidence of autism. Some new knowledge indicates a doubling of threat for these living close to highway traffic. We know that polluted airways contribute to bronchial asthma. We also can tally up the chemicals spewed into the atmosphere, which have devastating effects upon the expansion of organisms.
I hope i will not bother you with my query, however i believe you're the one who will give me the reply i used to be in search of. We don't have that setting anymore. People can look for jobs anywhere in the nation. If their employer is not treating them proper, they'll develop the talents and experience to maneuver up. The worldwide automotive business is altering quickly. You may develop the theoretical understanding and palms-on practical experience it's essential begin a profession in the sector, and help form its future.
To Entertain: When we consider entertainment, we often think of narrative films, tv dramas, episodic television programs, or television state of affairs comedies. There are various kinds of packages whose principal perform is to entertain. Sport shows, music movies and music programming on radio, speak and selection packages all primarily function to entertain. Early BMW vehicles are nonetheless a terrific buy, however you'll want to know about their design faults and recalls.


While none of us will ever get the superhuman powers that Captain America has we can however become a superhero leader. If you ever wanted to become a leader like Captain America all you need to do is follow these core leadership principles.
When Steve Rogers was given the mantle of Captain America, the intent was that he became a symbol, something for people to believe in and unite behind. When Captain America resurfaced in the modern world, he saw how much had changed, yet despite the complexities of politics he found himself in his values hadn't changed. He always stood for freedom and that had remained consistent.
The psychology of leadership is often misunderstood. People don't follow people they follow what they stand for. Human beings are instinctively drawn to be part of groups. It's part of our survival mechanism to be part of a pack. The way people select the packs that they want to be part of is determined by a sense of shared beliefs. If you want to be an effective leader then make it clear what you stand for because if you do then not only will people follow you but people who do will believe in the same thing that you believe in.
Captain America is loyal to his childhood friend Bucky Barnes and without hesitation Captain America takes the most difficult path and makes decisions which are against his own personal interest because he places the needs of his friend ahead of his own. In the face of such a strong demonstration of loyalty, people who highly value the quality of loyalty are influenced to such an extent that they will follow Captain America into battle.
No matter what you say it's what you do that counts. If you want loyalty from your team then your team needs to see and believe that you are loyal to them. A quality like loyalty can't be demanded, when all you receive is lip service. Loyalty will often be mentioned but when it's tested and when it's required you will find it doesn't exist. The only way that you get loyalty is by earning it and the only currency that loyalty demands is when you as a leader are loyal to your team.
He may have the title of Captain but it's the fact that he is Steve Rogers that counts. In the first Captain America movie the First Avenger none of the other soldiers respected him when he first became Captain America, it was only when he proved himself in battle that he won everyone's respect and became the leader he knew he could be.
Leadership is not a title it's an attitude. Regardless of your position within an organisation or your job title you have the ability to influence people and to make a difference. While leaders influence people great leaders influence the influential. If you want to make a big difference in your team then focus on your hidden leaders the people without a title who influence others because this magnifies your own leadership influence.
In the movie, Captain America Civil War, Captain America talks to Iron Man, Tony Stark and says "I'm sorry Tony, if I see a situation pointed south, I can't ignore it, sometimes I wish I could," to which Tony replied, "no you don't." Captain America is willing to do whatever it takes to succeed, whether it's crashing his plane in the movie First Avenger, fighting against SHIELD in Winter Solider and becoming a fugitive in Civil War, the Captain has always been prepared to do whatever it takes regardless of the sacrifice required.
For leaders, speeches can inspire people but it's action that creates changes. You don't have to wear a red, white and blue uniform in order to become a leader like Captain America, all you have to do is to ask yourself some questions . Are you willing to put the needs of other people ahead of your own? Are you willing to stand for something rather than someone? Are you willing to be everyday the kind of person that you want following you? Are you willing to do what needs to be done without being told? If you can answer yes to those four questions then you to can be a superhero leader.


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Home /How to Deal With Life in Long-Term Isolation
FashionNovember 26, 2020
How to Deal With Life in Long-Term Isolation
Anyone else dreading winter?
Cases of Covid-19 are climbing, and winter climate goes to reduce off lots of the lifelines — picnics in the park, working exterior, out of doors eating — so many individuals have trusted for sanity this 12 months. Vaccines are on the horizon, however even essentially the most optimistic timelines put them months away. And time with household through the holidays, usually a brilliant spot in winter months, is all however canceled this 12 months.
But there are methods to metal your self for such a darkish set of circumstances! In reality, some individuals have been via all of that after which some.
Take, as an illustration, an astronaut who spent almost a 12 months in house. Or the station chief of a analysis outpost in Antarctica. Or one of many eight individuals sealed inside the substitute ecosystem Biosphere 2 for 2 years in the early 1990s.
The New York Times spoke with these individuals to get recommendation on dealing with life in prolonged isolation — and the way to cope with not fairly having the ability to see the sunshine on the finish of the tunnel.
If there's one takeaway, it's this: Adaptation and expectation administration are key.
Just a couple of hundred miles away, however a world aside
For 328 days between March 2019 and February 2020, the NASA astronaut Christina Koch was floating 250 miles above Earth aboard the International Space Station, setting the report for the longest steady time spent in house by a lady. An astronaut since 2013, Ms. Koch, 41, was skilled to cope with long-term isolation and always altering circumstances, however there isn't precisely coaching on what to do when the world you come again to is wholly completely different than the one you left.
But that's not to say she wasn't geared up.
"One of the qualities that astronauts develop is adaptability and managing expectations," Ms. Koch stated. "And I think that we really honed the skill of being able to be OK with whatever comes down the road, and to just adapt our hopes and dreams to what that situation is and make the best of it."
While aboard the I.S.S., Ms. Koch and her crew mates watched the early days of the pandemic unfold, however they didn't understand how deeply issues would change.
She returned to Earth in February, however simply as she was ending bodily rehabilitation and prepared to embark on the various plans she had made, Ms. Koch had to commerce one sort of isolation for one more. "Right when I was ready to go back out into the world, it got shut back down," she stated.
To be clear: Being caught at house inside with the entire comforts — and Seamless deliveries — we're used to isn't precisely an apples-to-apples comparability to spending almost a 12 months in house. But lots of the feelings and psychological bruises we're coping with proper now are literally comparable to what astronauts expertise in house, Ms. Koch stated. And the methods and ways of coping with these experiences could be fairly transferable.
For occasion: Ms. Koch stated that studying to settle for and be snug with unpredictability is one thing that's constructed into astronaut coaching. During her time on the I.S.S., Ms. Koch stated, there have been days she would go to sleep understanding her schedule for the following day, solely to get up and have it totally rearranged. And even when a day's schedule didn't have any surprises, at any second one thing may go improper and the whole crew would have to adapt — a mind-set she makes use of whereas quarantining at house.
"What you can control is how you react to that situation," she stated. "What you can control is whether or not you let yourself go down a bad mental path or not."
In reality, whereas on the I.S.S., Ms. Koch was stunned by an extension to her mission by about 5 months. So in one sense, she stated, she has been right here earlier than.
"I had to shift my thinking from 'It's a marathon not a sprint' to 'It's an ultramarathon, not a marathon,'" she stated. "In the pandemic, that's what I have reframed. When lockdown started it was going to be a two-week pause, and now it's going to last through the spring."
Ms. Koch stated a key talent she makes use of from her time in house is studying how to keep linked to family members once we can't be bodily current. While in house, for instance, Ms. Koch, "ran" a half-marathon in Glacier National Park together with her mates; on the identical time they had been working on the course, Ms. Koch ran the 13.1 miles on her house treadmill.
"You have to be creative in how you stay relevant in the lives of your loved ones," she stated. "Staying relevant means you don't just communicate occasionally by email, you do things that almost feel like you're close."
As for all these plans she had in retailer? This time she is simply going to wait and see.
"I'm a big fan of just setting expectations in my own mind to always err on the side of being pleasantly surprised," she stated, "rather than being disappointed."
'Not every day can be sunshine and penguins'
Your common day this 12 months in all probability seems to be a bit of bit like David Knoff's.
He drags himself off the bed round 7 a.m., seems to be on the climate, then sips a latte whereas planning his day. He makes his morning commute — a really quick journey from the place he sleeps to the place he works — and catches up on emails for a couple of hours earlier than attending on-line conferences.
Mealtimes are all the time the identical, and the faces across the dinner desk by no means change, apart from the occasional excessive haircut or overgrown beard. To unwind, he might need some tea or a beer and reminisce about what life used to be like.
But there's one key distinction: Mr. Knoff lives in maybe essentially the most distant place on the planet — and his most fun night recently concerned penguins.
Since November 2019, Mr. Knoff has led a workforce of 24 individuals at Davis Station, a everlasting analysis outpost in Antarctica run by the Australian Antarctic Division. The yearly common excessive temperature there's round 19 levels Fahrenheit, and through the darkest days of winter — usually from May to July — there are some weeks when there are zero hours of daylight.
"The darkness had more of an impact on mood and energy than many of us expected, for a few months during the depths of winter the sun barely made it above the horizon (or not at all)," Mr. Knoff, 35, wrote in an e-mail.
To get via a bleak winter, Mr. Knoff stated, it's necessary to change together with your environment and practice your self to study to make the very best of a tricky scenario. "It is surprising how well you adapt to your surroundings and conditions," he stated.
Not way back, Mr. Knoff was unexpectedly marooned in a area hut for 4 nights with one other expedition member after a blizzard bought very unhealthy, very quick, and their automobile broke down. Stuck inside with nothing to do however wait out the storm, he caught up on a group of 1970s literature left in the hut way back. He additionally cooked and drank tea along with his teammate.
"It was the longest I'd been without Wi-Fi in years," he stated. However, "in the end, it will end up being one of my fondest memories of my time here due to the truly unique situation of being that cut off from the rest of civilization yet strangely safe and warm with little to worry about other than the weather."
Still, even a spot as remoted as Antarctica hasn't been totally untouched by the pandemic. While the continent hasn't confirmed a single case of the virus, Mr. Knoff and his workforce had been compelled to lengthen their keep by 4 months, which, he stated, "brought with it multiple challenges and an emotional roller coaster."
It "feels like we have just endured the toughest game of life we could have ever imagined, and then the game has been sent into overtime," he stated. The purpose now's for everybody to "look inside themselves to dig out the motivation and resilience to make sure that as a team we make the most of the next few months and return safely to our friends and families back home," he stated.
And about that thrilling latest night: A huddle of Emperor penguins waddled onto the station's seaside whereas half of the workforce occurred to be exterior — a superb reminder to take the nice with the unhealthy.
"Not every day can be sunshine and penguins," Mr. Knoff wrote in an e-mail. "You will have bad days/weeks/months, and the highs and lows will oscillate faster and higher as the months roll on, but stay focused on the positive and have a goal in sight."
He added: "Although not entirely accurate during an Antarctica winter, the sun will always come up tomorrow!"
Life in a bubble turned stress cooker
You've in all probability had a struggle or two with your loved ones or roommates throughout quarantine. But no less than the home didn't escape into warring factions.
That's what occurred in Biosphere 2, a totally enclosed, self-sustaining, three-acre ecosystem in Arizona in which eight individuals lived sealed off for precisely two years from September 1991 to September 1993, conducting considered one of historical past's most formidable — and weirdest — science experiments. Here's an article about it from 1986 in The Times. (The first biosphere, in case you're wondering, is the one you currently live in.)
Biosphere 2 had everything: pygmy goats, a fog desert, feral pigs, Japanese silky bantams, a tropical rainforest and … a lot of conflict, according to Jane Poynter, one of the eight people sealed inside.
"I wish I could tell you it was a happy success story," said Ms. Poynter, laughing as she recalled those warring factions. Ms. Poynter, who designed and was responsible for Biosphere 2's farm system during the mission, is now the founder and co-chief executive of a space tourism company called the Space Perspective.
"We broke into two factions of four and four," she said. "It turns out eight is the worst number we could've chosen because you break into two factions of four that are very stable."
Her theory of why tensions rose so high? "When you're enclosed for a long period of time, you come face to face with yourself."
A shared sense of mission brought the factions together to complete work that needed to be done, despite the awful tension and awkwardness, Ms. Poynter said. None of the eight thought of abandoning Biosphere 2, whose chief financial backer was a Texas oil billionaire, because they could see the importance of the bigger picture.
Fighting aside, Ms. Poynter noted another effect that affects anyone in long-term isolation, whether it's an astronaut, a researcher in Antarctica, a biospherian or just an average citizen wondering when this will be over: the third-quarter phenomenon.
You've felt this before. You're past the halfway point of something but nowhere near the end, and you start to drag. It's the "decline in performance during the third quarter of missions in isolated, confined and extreme environments, regardless of actual mission duration," according to a 2018 study published in the Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments.
That's not to say we're necessarily in the third quarter of the pandemic, but the recent promising news of vaccines has given us hope that the end may be in sight.
"We are all going to feel like we've had it up to here with this, and that's normal," Ms. Poynter said. "The only thing I can say is, be patient."
Source link Nytimes.com
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Hope all my friends had a great valentine's day. Today I am posting a very filling, healthy, attractive sandwich which was an instant hit with my family.
Sandwich is normally a term used to describe one or two bread slices with one or more fillings in between them. One can make so many variations by changing the fillings. There's an interesting story behind 'why sandwiches are called a sandwich'. Sandwiches are called "sandwiches" after John Montagu, the Fourth Earl of Sandwich. The story is that he was such an avid gambler that he refused to break for meals, asking instead that cold meat on bread be brought to him so he could eat while continuing to gamble.
This particular sandwich was inspired by something which I had seen on TV show. I was attracted by the colour and the flavours going into it and I was eager to try it. I changed a few ingredients and spices and made this version which takes you straight to Italy when you bite into it, all the Italian flavours explode in the mouth. One can grill the sandwich, like I did or else just eat it like that. The best part of this sandwich is that so many veggies go into it making it a very nutritive choice. This is perfect for lunch box and even as an evening snack.
In a mixer jar first grind garlic followed by peppercorns and pine nuts. Add salt to taste, basil leaves and EVOO and grind to a paste, if required add a few drops of water.
Heat oil and add crushed garlic, do not let it brown and add the crushed corn, mustard and sauté. Add the chilli flakes and Italian seasoning.
Add the chopped capsicum and sauté.
Heat a tsp. of oil and add the green chillies followed by crushed peas.
Tip in the chopped green capsicum and salt.
Mix about 3 spoons of pesto sauce and mix thoroughly.
Apply butter on two bread slices and keep these layers outside.
On one such bread slice on the inner side apply a layer of yellow mix.
Keep a plain bread slice over the yellow mix and cover it completely.
On the plain slice apply a layer of green mix.
Then cover this layer by the second buttered bread slice with the butter facing outside and grill it.
Cut into halves and serve hot with pesto sauce and tomato sauce.
Thanks Reva for that quick comment.
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looks amazing- loved the sandwich!
Very pretty sandwich..thanks for the entry..


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There are lots of sizes of dumpsters available to get rid huge tonnage of trash. Different sizes of dumpster are usually 3-5 yard, 6-8 property, 10-15 yard, 20 yard, 25 yard, and also 40 property dumpster. The customers have the flexibility to increase the risk for choice consequently.
Whenever you go, you instantly discover what amount junk and clutter you would been trying to keep around at your house. There's no need to package that waste and take it to you. Renting any dumpster before you go lets you take away the garbage while you package, and it provides the ease of possessing all of the waste get carted away simultaneously.
Having a Cost of a Dumpster in Glade Valley, NC to dispose of harmful waste material is a simple nevertheless extremely effective means of eradicating unnecessary substances in the general living area. The need to be a little more thrifty in the ways all of us dispose of waste material are so generally sought after through the general public that will even the Usa Government is providing substantial gains to tax payers who recycle. Individuals are seeing the nice thing about doing their part as it provides to do with throw away management. Let's suppose there were tough ways to dispose of waste materials in the neighborhood, area, city, and so on.
Not any home owner or design project will likely be aware of the right industry that may recycle the garbage in an useful manner or have enough time to increase the risk for trash make it to the industrialist. Disposing the garbage to the right site is just a phone away. You will find number of Cost of a Dumpster in Glade Valley, NC corporations available online to handle the task for you personally.
As a service provider, you must establish strong doing work relationships to ensure your needs are usually met. You wouldn't want an untrustworthy service that can end up squandering your in the long run. You need someone you can count on. Fostering a strong reference to different companions, especially any Cost of a Dumpster in Glade Valley, NC company, signifies that you can rely on these people to be there on time if your project will begin. You don't have to bother about your job getting held up for the reason that dumpster didn't indicate, thus keeping your project in its time dining room table.
Nowadays homes and corporate and companies take advantage of these services. It is in reality all about the ease. Be it garbage from your house, work place management, an accommodation, a club as well as any place else, simply just relax and present away the garbage as there's help just one get in touch with away.
The quantity of waste materials will decide the size of dumpster. Choosing the perfect dumpster for your garbage fingertips will help you with filling up each of the trash in addition to transferring from your location with one move. You can find quite a few Cost of a Dumpster in Glade Valley service providers community your home to handle the trash proficiently.
You can select the company around your place with regard to convenience in addition to avoiding substantial hidden charges that the company may charge for commuting. These companies accumulate the trash from your place in addition to dispose exactly the same or recycle it.
Coping with these huge tons of trash on self would be a headache and requires lot of investment in relation to its time and money. The painstaking study to find an economical way of getting rid of the trash inside the shortest occasion possible might end up in Cost of a Dumpster in Glade Valley support.
These dumpsters support will not disrupt your tight timetable and it goes on with the work of removing garbage at your home site. You will find the work site clear of the trash prior to deciding to notice the idea presence generally there.
There are certain components that are to be regarded whilst opting for Dumpster rental that best fits in your demands. The first element that knocks up your brain is size of the dumpster. There are wide amounts of sizes in the dumpsters between 10 yard dumpster to 50 yard dumpster helping your needs. An experienced Cost of a Dumpster in Glade Valley provider gives you a appropriate option depending on your requirements. This 10 yard dumpster would be an ample product or service if you are looking out and about demolishing part of your home.
Making an old property can make movers realize just how much junk they've that they desire to throw away. Are going to asking themselves the direction they accumulated a great deal stuff. Any time movers obtain to the new spot they often have got boxes and other things to get rid of. This is one more excuse to possess a dumpster.
Most people use the 10 cubic yard dumpster with regard to smaller rest room, kitchen as well as basement remodeling jobs. That dumpster holds up to a couple tons of garbage.
All people are accustomed to using our typical trash out and about for each week pickup, which usually works okay. However, in some instances, you need to get rid of certain objects or large volumes of garbage who are not appropriate for the regular trash. In these scenarios, one of the simplest possibilities is to rent some sort of dumpster so that you can throw out what you need to, when you really need to. Whether you'll need to get rid of particles via a trash hauling fashion clean out, otherwise you need a trustworthy option for throwing out large as well as unwieldy objects, dumpsters provide strength, flexibility, in addition to reliability for all of your trash demands.
For all-out making yourself sick projects, home renovations, as well as appliance as well as furniture fingertips, having a dumpster available is a great idea as there is one common location where you could put all the stuff you need to get rid of. There isn't to worry about the idea piling up, and also you don't have to see how you're going to get all of it off your home. Your dumpster company will take care of the idea.
Our first imagined is that as a way to get the work properly completed it will only require a few days or perhaps we can undertake it easily spanning a week conclude. Then it visits you that we now have many things which will be difficult to eradicate. Things like peculiar pieces of wood or the old worn out child's bike. There are lots of items like this specific that you are not able to put out together with your regular garbage. Today's methods of garbage collection and these recycling have served the ecosystem tremendously. But we hit the barrier of the number of restrictions which are now in position that restricts and eliminates the amount and sort of assorted garbage that we can get rid of by means of normal stations.
Dumpster rentals offer people with disposal solutions which are of cost effective and inexpensive price points. They are uncomplicated, of high quality and also reliable. Letting of dumpsters is extremely easy as you are bound to find one in the most adjacent town. Owing to the big opposition among the rental companies, you won't fail to find one that will not strain your financial budget. They have a made easier way of preserving in touch with consumers hence much less hassles and also time applied. These accommodations have primary phone collections that enable an individual to contact them once you are in need of their services. This may cause them reputable as you will constantly get the companies that you demanded. The status for these companies is continuing to grow among the citizens because they provide you with the best of companies. You can search with the nearest Cost of a Dumpster in Glade Valley, NC in your area from the directory site or the world-wide-web.
On listening to the word protection against pollution ones brains conjure with the notion of mitigating the release of energy sources generated from this transportation involving vehicles. It is a good sign, yet let me tell you, the idea of Pollution just isn't centered on air pollution and also sound polluting of the environment that is generated from vehicles. There are lot several factors adding to pollution in the environment from the urban areas for instance construction spend, green lawn waste, industrial waste.
It is a good idea to use a Cost of a Dumpster in Glade Valley, NC company discover planning on a long-term need for a trash jar. The most very likely scenario regarding needing this provider is if you are indeed undertaking some do-it-yourself home remodel.
However do remember that will any weight exceeding this negotiated contract terms with the company will end up an individual in making an extra volume, so It is constantly preferable choice to choose a small larger sized dumpster than what is actually required. An additional factor that should not be neglected is obviously having a consult with the Cost of a Dumpster in Glade Valley, NC company about the dust that are authorized. It is advisable to confirm the permitted and also non authorized items due to the fact some places go by unique regulations involving giving a exception to several items like compounds, gasoline, natural skin oils, and other harmful or combustible substances.
A lot of reputable dumpster accommodations offer a specialty service for instance community cleaning programs as well as other charity kind projects. Your waste management companies typically work in relationship with the manager of such kind of event and a lot of times, they give discounts on the services in the interest of the community. Such a community companies or charity makes specialist waste management companies stand above the rest and produce then all of them the best dumpster accommodations company that will anybody can seek the services of for their dumpster demands.