Over 8+ years of experience in designing & developing Web & Mobile applications and 6 years in iOS Applications.
Hands - on experience working with XCODE .
Highly proficient in programming languages - Objective-C and Swift (all versions) .
Experience on View layer of IOS applications using UINavigationcontroller, UITabBarcontroller, UITableViewController and ipad specific splitviewcontroller.
Experience in Google and Apple Map Kits, Push Notifications and Mobile Location Services, Core Location, Map kit, Cocoa Touch frameworks, Core Graphics, Core animation, UIKit.
Hands on experience on integrating Push Notifications.
Experienced in using source control like JIRA, GIT, REST and SVN .
Experienced in Mobile Application Development using UIKit, Core Foundation with Cocoa touch.
Proficient in Objective-C, C++, good understanding of Object Oriented Programming.
Experience in Apache Server configuration/maintenance.
Always follow MVC design architecture, adept knowledge of cocoa design patterns, singleton pattern and delegation patterns.
Worked extensively on XCode, Interface Builder and Instruments.
Hands-on enterprise Mobile and Web application development experience.
Knowledge of Object Oriented Concepts and good development experience in using those concepts in building re-usable code.
Extensive experience in iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad application development.
Experienced in utilization of iOS camera, Video and audio capture frameworks.
Expert in Native Mobile Application development with Social Media platform.
Experienced in Integrations such as Facebook, Twitter, and Google+ with OAuth token handling; and make API requests.
Strong ability to effectively prioritize and multi-task on projects utilizing IT process knowledge and full System Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
Strong commitment to organizational work ethics, value based decision-making and managerial skills.
Worked extensively with Objective C, Swift and Cocoa touch frameworks .
Created various views, table views, customized views and popovers .
Working on web service calls, XML and JSON parsing included in the project.
Working with UIKit Framework for development and maintenance.
Debugging issues at onsite whenever required as well synchronizing data developed on mobile application with backend applications.
Followed a work data flow principle foe design and development.
Implementation of twitter SDK, Google maps and real time bus tracking.
Worked on Payroll HR related Apps and pushed them to app store.
Complete data base designing for both iPhone and android.
Used Touch id to log into the application based on local authentication.
Pre-fetching data for different views for smooth screen transitioning.
Developed Navigation between views was mixture of using UI Navigation Controller, UI Gesture Recognizer, and UI Popover Controller.
Verifying server API & Complex Views using with Test Driven Development.
Also, during the project got to use apache Cordova for the native application API's .
Used keychain services to store all passwords and keys and documents.
Strong knowledge in all phases of Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) process, which includes requirement analysis, designing, implementing, debugging, testing, fixing and maintaining applications.
Worked extensively on table view controller and made customized table view cells according to the client.
Worked with UIKit Framework for the applications at hand.
Implemented Foresee SDK to capture user's feedback while navigating through the application.
Experience in using RTC tool which is used to plan across teams, manage code, run standups and track work.
Formatted the Data as per Business requirements, to display in the UI.
Worked with business development and sales team to gather new requirements.
Understanding the existing source code architecture to build more features on top of it.
Developed modules using XCODE 8, Objective-C, Swift 2.0, Cocoa Touch frameworks.
Responsible for designing an Intelligent Asynchronous Cache Manager to separate the UI codefrom Service call Code.
Worked on a free hand drawing using Mapkit.
Performed enhancements and resolved bugs on the existing UI.
Managed GIT repository ensuring proper merging of branches, resolving conflicts.
Provided inputs and suggestions to peer developers after code review.
Troubleshooting any bugs assigned over JIRA.
Integrated third party frameworks like Crashlytics to capture crash logs.
Environment: Objective-C, Swift 2.0, iOS 10, Xcode 8.0, GIT, JIRA, XCTest, XCUITestCrashlytics, CocoaPods, MapKit, Core Location, Alamofire, SwiftyJson.
Worked extensively with Objective-C, Cocoa and UI Frameworks.
Worked with Objective C for updating the app.
Worked extensively on table view controller and made customized table view cells according to the client requirements.
Utilized UITabBarController, UINavigationController, UI Table Views and UIScrollView to display content as required in the App.
Worked on NSURL Connections, CL Geocoder and annotation to pick the nearest location.
Worked on NS Mutable Data and response data to get the responses from web services.
Utilized Quartzcore framework for supporting graphics.
Worked on UI picker view and delegate to pick the location.
Utilized table views and created column to differential data from one another.
Iterative design process upon client approval build out of all assets: buttons, products shots, UI Components, etc.
Used REST web services for networking on iOS.
Worked on JSON parsing included in the project.
Utilised MVC for design patterns.
Added animation between UI Views for smooth transition and better user experience.
Used the XIB to design for iPhone by using Auto-layout.
Implemented data chasing using CoreData and Application Directory.
Reported progress/challenges to project lead.
Environment: Objective-C, Objective C, Cocoa Touch, UI Frameworks, Corelocation Foundation, Core Data, Core Graphics, Quartz Core, Basic iOS APIs, iOS Simulator, MVC, ARC.
Worked on UI Table View Controller and made customized table view cells according to the client.
Worked on check deposit using Quick-Deposit.
Designed the database and data model for application using SQLite .
Implemented the code to perform the CRUD operations to the SQLite Database .
Demonstrated ability in handling the memory management. Profiling and performance analysis using X-code instruments.
Worked on Agile and scaled Agile, continuous delivery, continuous deployment, and automated testing.
Designed and implemented the Continuous Integration process for all the application.
Formatted the data as per business rule to display User interface.
Worked on Web Service calls, JSON .
Integrated image Kit and MapKit into the Application.
Tested the application for memory leaks and relevant bugs, fixed the leaks and deployed on different iPhone firmware's to validate the application stability.
Evaluated technology solution design, research and proposal.
Designed and implemented the complete application architecture.
Worked broadly on table view controller and made customized table view cells as indicated by the customer.
Integrated Chat messenger and barcode scanner functionality.
Worked on Web Service calls and JSON parsing included in the project.
Used Core data Framework for local storage purpose in SQLite .
Added animation between UI Views for smooth move and better client experience.
Web services deployment and testing on rest client.
Responsible for Service Integration Development and Testing .
Environment: iOS 4, 5, 5.1, Xcode 4.1, 4.3.3, 4.4.1, iPhone, Objective-C, UIKit, JSON, XML, SQLite, View Controller .
Development experience involving Test Driven Project Development methodology.
Provide Internet related services including Website design, front-end web development, domain name registration and web hosting .
Design and deploy web services to integrate APIs with cloud platforms such as iCloud, Amazon and Microsoft Azure .
Code design using Perl to design object oriented web services .
Designed web templates, banners, advertisements using Photoshop, Dreamweaver and Flash .
Template conversion to CSS/(X) HTML . Built the XHTML templates and cascading style sheets (CSS) for the front end of the application.
Re-skinning of existing web sites that are compatible with existing RSS feeds .
Created graphics including icons, banners and logos using Visual Basic tool .
Designing and optimizing graphics for corporate client sites.


text:
Q: Nativescript navigation to same page How to navigate from current page to same page to get animation of sliding, currently if i navigate to same page using frame module then it doesn't show any animations it simply updates the content of the current page.

A: I tested your scenario and the page transitions should be executed as expected while navigating to the current page on the same way it is done while it is made for a different one.
I am attaching sample code.
XML
<Page xmlns="http://schemas.nativescript.org/tns.xsd" navigatingTo="navigatingTo" class="page">

    <Page.actionBar>
        <ActionBar title="My App" icon="" class="action-bar">
        </ActionBar>
    </Page.actionBar>

    <StackLayout class="p-20">
        <Label text="Tap the button" class="h1 text-center"/>
        <Button text="TAP" tap="{{ onTap }}" class="btn btn-primary btn-active"/>
        <Label text="{{ message }}" class="h2 text-center" textWrap="true"/>
        <Button text="Navigate" tap="onTap2" class="btn btn-primary btn-active"/>
    </StackLayout>
</Page>

TypeScript
import { EventData } from 'data/observable';
import { Page } from 'ui/page';
import { HelloWorldModel } from './main-view-model';
import {topmost} from "ui/frame"

export function navigatingTo(args: EventData) {

    let page = <Page>args.object;

    page.bindingContext = new HelloWorldModel();
}

export function onTap2(args){
    var navigationEntry = {
        moduleName: "main-page",
        animated: true,
        clearHistory:true,
        transition: {
            name: "slide",
            duration: 380,
            curve: "easeIn"
        }
    };
    topmost().navigate(navigationEntry);
}

In the project, I am also using clearHistory, which prevents saving the navigation in the app history.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
focus-on
tunnels-and-stations
Tunnels & Stations
Road and rail tunnels, as well as passenger stations, require reliable electrical power in order to operate safely. The Life Safety Emergency circuits in these environments must be able to remain operative in case of emergencies. Emergency events in enclosed environments, such as tunnels, can include any occurrence like collapse or accidents, but perhaps the most severe and likely emergency is fire. Fire has the potential to endanger people even away from the source, not necessarily because of the extreme heat, but due to the linked effects of smoke and toxic combustion gases. Smoke and toxic gases propelled by heat from fire events can travel faster than people can safely outrun. For this reason, cables in tunnels and passenger stations must meet strict specifications for flame propagation, smoke density, halogen content and toxicity to maximize passenger safety in the event of a fire.
Linking tunnels and stations with compliant products for passenger safety
Prysmian Group has developed new cable designs and materials to comply with the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) safety codes for both Transit and Passenger Rail Systems (NFPA 130) as well as Road Tunnels and Bridges (NFPA 502). We offer a full range of NFPA 130 and 502 products dedicated to road tunnels and underground, surface and elevated fixed guideway transit and passenger rail systems, ranging from fire-rated power and communication cables to LSZH cables.
Inside Products for Tunnels & Stations
LSZH—NFPA 130 & 502
Prysmian provides XHHW-2 LSZH and RHW-2 LSZH cables in compliance with NFPA 130 and 502.
Circuit Integrity
Prysmian Group provides RHW-2 and MC in compliance with NFPA 130 (UL 2196 1-hr Rating) and NFPA 502 (UL 2196 2-hr Rating).
Vital Communication
Prysmian Group provides QFCI fiber optic cable for distributed antenna systems (DAS) and emergency communication.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Customers are our only priority for whom we work day and night to offer a standard Digital Motor Soft Starter, SCR Analog Controller, Solid State Relay, Static relay, Pcb mount SSR, DC-AC SSR and AC- AC SSR etc. We only use UL approved components and raw material to offer a UL standard range of products. In addition to this, we have also made available our products in very cost-effective price. Our team also use durable packing material to assure complete safe transit of the products. We are also supported by a expert team of logistic professionals who deliver the products within stipulated period of time.
With the support of our ultra-modern infrastructural set up, we are providing high quality range of products. Our infrastructure unit is further segregated into various parts like procurement, manufacturing, quality control, sales and marketing, R & D, warehouse and logistics. The entire work process is supervised under the direction of our trained and experienced professionals.


text:
Gruesome Features Gruesome Podcasts Horror News Radio
Dark Was The Night – Episode 122 – Horror News Radio
Posted on August 6, 2015 September 12, 2015 Author Doc Rotten Comment(0)
This week, the grue-crew tackles a Black Saint recommendation, DARK WAS THE NIGHT. The creature feature, from director Jack Heller, features Kevin Durand and Lukas Haas in lead roles playing a sheriff and deputy facing a horrifying, dangerous and hungry threat bearing down on their small town.
Thomas dishes a new plate of HORROR NEWS OF THE WEEK with the news about the passing of Rowdy Roddy Piper, the new Deadpool trailer and a possible Five Nights at Freddy's film. In the What Have You Been Watching, Thomas gives us an in-depth look at the latest Tom Cruise flick, MISSION IMPOSSIBLE: ROGUE NATION.
Co-hosts Doc Rotten, Santos (The Black Saint) Ellin Jr., Dave Dreher, Thomas Mariani and Vixen, the voice of reason, are back again this week to give you the best in horror as they recap, review and obliterate all that is horror this week! Also find out how you can win an HNR fan t-shirt!
Episode 122 — Dark Was the Night – Mission Impossible: Rogue Nation
Subscribe — iTunes — Facebook — Stitcher
Review: Dark Was the Night (2015)
Kevin Durand makes a huge impression on the Grue-crew with his starring role in DARK WAS THE NIGHT. The Black Saint praises the character driven plot and the actors that bring the film to life. Doc and Thomas are less impressed but praise Durand agreeing that they want to see more from this terrific actor. In Doc's opinion, the creature effect have him longing for the days of Pumpkinhead and the like – perhaps, he's a bit too curmudgeon.
What Have You Been Watching: Mission Impossible: Rogue Nation (2015)
Thomas steps in to discuss the top movie at the box this weekend, Mission Impossible: Rogue Nation. He discusses how the film holds up in comparison to other MI entries and praises the actress Rebecca Ferguson as a break-out star. Thomas also dives into the stunts, Tom Cruise and director Christopher McQuarrie.
Horror News of the Week for 08/04/2015
Thomas shares the Horror News of the Week with news of another genre actor passing, R.I.P. Roddy Rowdy Piper who gave us the greatest line of the Eighties, "I have come here to chew bubblegum and kick ass…and I'm all out of bubble gum." In trailer news, the upcoming Deadpool film gets a trailer for its upcoming trailer. Woof! Ridley Scott is reporting that he begins shooting Prometheus 2 in early 2016. Gil Kennan is set to direct the adaptation of the popular horror game, Five Nights at Freddy's. We've been "Blum-ed" again as Frank Grillo returns to The Purge 3.
HNR T-SHIRTS: "Are you ill, Sir?" & "Is it a phantom, a demon or the devil himself?"
HNR is proud to announce the HNR HORROR T-SHIRT collection featuring Dracula's Soul Brother with a killer design from HNR uber-fan Chad Hunt and the Devil's Dastardly Drive in "Is It A Phantom" design from a groovy 1977 flick. Check them out! And there's also the uber-cool Horror News Radio t-shirt as well.
http://horrornewsradio.com/blacula
http://horrornewsradio.com/thecar
http://horrornewsradio.com/hnrshirt
Horror News Radio Feedback: http://horrornewsradio.com/feedback
Stump the Saint: http://horrornewsradio.com/trivia
Special thanks and a big shout out goes to the band Tear Out The Heart and Victory Records for allowing HorrorNews.Net to sample music from their single Undead Anthem for the podcast's intro and outro theme music. Check them out and tell them The Official HorrorNews.Net Podcast sent you their way!
Thanks to the sponsors who are providing kick-ass giveaways for the Mad Monster Party and Scares that Care Weekend II. Be sure to join us at the Scares that Care Weekend II horror convention in July and the Martisville Horrorfest in October!
Diabolique Magazine
Ghoulish Productions
Dire Wit Films (Mutantis)
Anchor Bay Entertainment and MUCK
Busted Tees and TeePublic
http://traffic.libsyn.com/docrotten/HNN122-DarkWasTheNight.mp3
Doc Rotten
Editor-In-Chief / Founder / Podcast Producer at Horror News Radio
Doc Rotten is the founder of Gruesome Magazine. He is also a film critic for Gruesome Magazine and the podcast host & producer for Horror News Radio, Monster Movie Podcast, Decades of Horror: 1970s, The American Horror Story Fan Podcast and Hannibal Fan Podcast. He is also co-host of the Dracula podcast on TV TALK and is a contributing reviewer for HorrorNews.Net and Widescreen Warrior.
Doc a lifelong fan of horror films, sci-fi flicks and monster movies first discovering Universal Monsters and Planet of the Apes as a young child in the 1970's searching out every issue of Famous Monster of Filmland (and, later, Fangoria). Favorite films include Jaws, The Car, The Birds, The Tingler, Vampire Circus and The Exorcist. Still a huge fan of horror films from the 70s, Doc continues consuming horror films to this day for the site, for the podcasts and for the fun of it all.
Tagged Dark Was the Night, Deadpool, Kevin Durand, Mission Impossible: Rogue Nation, Roddy Piper
Doc Rotten is the founder of Gruesome Magazine. He is also a film critic for Gruesome Magazine and the podcast host & producer for Horror News Radio, Monster Movie Podcast, Decades of Horror: 1970s, The American Horror Story Fan Podcast and Hannibal Fan Podcast. He is also co-host of the Dracula podcast on TV TALK and is a contributing reviewer for HorrorNews.Net and Widescreen Warrior. Doc a lifelong fan of horror films, sci-fi flicks and monster movies first discovering Universal Monsters and Planet of the Apes as a young child in the 1970's searching out every issue of Famous Monster of Filmland (and, later, Fangoria). Favorite films include Jaws, The Car, The Birds, The Tingler, Vampire Circus and The Exorcist. Still a huge fan of horror films from the 70s, Doc continues consuming horror films to this day for the site, for the podcasts and for the fun of it all.
http://www.docrotten.com
They've Returned – And This Time They Are Invading – A Trailer Arrives For 'Attraction 2: Invasion'
Posted on June 8, 2020 June 9, 2020 Author Dave Dreher
Did you ever see Attraction? Yeah – me neither but you know what? After seeing the trailer I'm about to show you – I'm going to be looking that bad boy up. But – the reason for today's post is to tell you about the fact that Dark Sky Films has just rolled out a […]
Gruesome Features Gruesome Reviews
[Film Review] "The Visit" (2015): M. Night Shyamalan Returns to Horror with a Wickedly Humorous Hit
Posted on September 11, 2015 September 28, 2015 Author Doc Rotten
THE VISIT is the latest effort from once-popular director M. Night Shyamalan. Sneaking into theaters with little fan-fare and low expectations – but an interesting marketing campaign – the film is a low budget, found footage horror exercise released through Blumhouse Productions. Mentioning that the film is from this particular director is typically met with […]
[Unboxing] LOOT CRATE (LOOT FRIGHT) – A Frightful Collection of Scary Goodies!
Posted on November 12, 2020 November 12, 2020 Author Doc Rotten
LOOT CRATE offers a delicious variety of crates to choose from. They certainly have one for your tastes. For Gruesome, the LOOT FRIGHT crate is the one for us!!! Gruesome Magazine co-host CRYSTAL CLEVELAND dives into a recent offering, sharing her collection of scary goodies in this Unboxing video. Enjoy! We know you love what […]
The Thing with Two Heads (1972) — Episode 21 — Decades of Horror 1970s
Fantastic Four – Episode 123 – Horror News Radio


The Sandlot is one of my favorite childhood movies.
I was 6 years old and those boys were me. Their stories, their adventures, their fears, were mine.
I actually did a "video book report" in grade school about The Sandlot. My brother pretended to be a news reporter and I played the entire group of boys, answering questions I made up for myself.
I went through my closet and pulled looks for each one of them… Early signs I was destined to follow theatre and design.
That movie was set in the early 1960's, but kid's fashion apparently hadn't changed much in 20+ years. Tall socks, shorts, striped tee's and baseball caps were still the thing when I was young! And they still are today! Classics are classics!
I mean, a bit more tailored and a bit more refined, but the ideas are still there.
This henley button down is from Adsum, a NY based brand that mix men's staples with technical fabrics. Their style is somewhere in between the Northeast wilderness and New York City streets. I see this henley as an update to a baseball shirt. Thick enough to wear as a layering piece, but thin enough to wear all Summer long.
What are your thoughts on the look? Is it time to reclaim the sandlot?


HOW TO ORDER: Proceed though checkout and print a copy of your receipt and send your EMPTY FP Mailing Postbase Enterprise Pro 20ml cartridge to: Mailcoms Ltd, 3 & 4 Heritage Park, Hayes Way, Cannock, WS11 7LT.
This is a Postbase Enterprise Pro ink refill and Postbase Enterprise Pro ink reset service. It is ideal for your FP Mailing Postbase Enterprise Pro 20ml ink cartridge. We will refill your original FP Mailing Postbase Enterprise Pro ink cartridge with Royal Mail approved smart blue franking ink and replace or reset the chip back to factory settings. We guarantee this FP Mailing Postbase Enterprise Pro refilling service will give the same quality prints from when it was new and last the same amount of prints of an original Postbase Enterprise Pro 20ml ink cartridge.
Mailcoms will guarantee this FP Mailing Postbase Enterprise Pro ink cartridge will offer a similar quality, life and amount of prints as the original manufacturers ink cartridge.


text:
                Name
                <input type="text" ng-model="model.name" />

        Enter a file name without any extension then click rename.
        Enter a folder name then click rename.

            <button class="btn btn-success" ng-click="rename()" ng-disabled="!model.name || isRenaming">
                <localize key="rename">Rename</localize>
            </button>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ill-effects of Architecture (Vaasthu) Do they have a scientific basis?
Every house has its own living room, bed room, kitchen, bathroom, verandah, wall etc. These aspects should be built according to certain directions. But why should these spaces be situated according to certain directions?
These spheres are powerful according to certain directions. Since these spheres have been balanced, we could live normally. Therefore various spaces within the house should be situated in a way that these spheres are given strength. If not, those within the house will end up with conflicts, disease, financial troubles and other issues.


After a major snow storm that hit most of the Show-Me State, I headed out to my favorite spot in Columbia: the McBaine Bur Oak. Figured with clearing skies, it would be a great morning to stop and check out the ol' gal. I was right. Had some partly clear sky and lots of fog, which provided some wild light mixed with the snow.
If you want to learn more about the Bur Oak, check out my video on the oak.
On my way to the Bootheel for a story, I stopped at Tower Rock Conservation Area. Have only visited this during the harsh light time of day during the summer so was excited to stop during an evening shot. Had some overcast skies to the west so it created some nice, diffused light.
Since I shot just after sunset, it provided the opportunity for some long exposures and blurred water.
The place is an awesome spot to visit and a must see if you are ever in the area.


text:
Any lyrics of any artist at www.anylirycs.net
The Boys From Syracuse Soundtrack lyrics
Browse by name: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y #
Big brother lyrics
Come with me lyrics
Dear old Syracuse lyrics
Falling in love with love lyrics
He and she lyrics
I Had Twins lyrics
Oh Diogenes! lyrics
Sing for your supper lyrics
The ladies of the evening lyrics
This can't be love lyrics
What can you do with a man? lyrics
All lyrics are property and copyright of their owners. All lyrics provided for educational purposes only.
Copyright © 2005-2016 www.anylyrics.net


text:
Gems of the Collection
The AFI Research Collection
The Henry Mayer Collection
Wayne Royal Levy Collection
Crawfords Collection
Contact AFI RC
Visit AFI RC
FilmFile
Using the AFI RC remotely
The AFI Research Collection has now closed its physical doors until further notice. You will still be able to request some online ...
BOOK LAUNCH - 100 Years of Soviet Cinema
Adrian Danks will launch the first monograph drawn from Senses of Cinema online journal. The volume is edited by Daniel Fairfax ...
2020 AFIRC Research Fellowship awarded to Dr Jessica Balanzategui
The AFI Research Collection and the RMIT University School of Media and Communication is very proud to announce that the 2020 AFIRC ...
Restrict to: None (show all formats)Annual reportArchiveBookCD-ROMClippings fileDigital image : JPEGDVDFestival catalogueJournal articleMicrofilmMusic LPNewspaper ArticlePosterReference folderScriptSerialSpecial issueStillWebpageCrawford CollectionLevy CollectionInterimOn orderTo purchase
Keyword Author Title Subject ISBN/ISSN or and
Keyword Author Title Subject ISBN/ISSN
6 results out of 6
Film 70/71 : an anthology by the National Society of Film Critics / edited by David Denby
New York: Simon and Schuster, c1971.
Call No: 67 (04) FIL
Source: US
PubDate: c1971
PhysDes: 319 p. ; 22 cm
Subject: WAR FILMS; REVOLUTION AND THE CINEMA; MUSIC AND THE CINEMA; POLITICS IN FILMS; ADAPTATIONS; MUSICALS; PORNOGRAPHY AND THE CINEMA; DISASTERS IN FILMS; BERGMAN, INGMAR; ANTONIONI, MICHELANGELO; Keaton, Buster; FIVE EASY PIECES (US, Bob Rafelson, 1970); JOE (US, John G. Avildsen, 1970); LITTLE BIG MAN (US, Arthur Penn, 1970); HUSBANDS (US, John Cassavetes, 1970); PATTON (US, Franklin J. Schaffner, 1970); M*A*S*H (US, Robert Altman, 1969); CATCH 22 (US, Mike Nichols, 1970); SOLDIER BLUE (US, Ralph Nelson, 1970); MOLLY MAGUIRES, THE (US, Martin Ritt, 1969); BALLAD OF CABLE HOGUE, THE (US, Sam Peckinpah, 1970); ICE (US, Robert Kramer, 1970); WOODSTOCK (US, Michael Wadleigh, 1970); GIMME SHELTER (US, David Maysles & Albert Maysles & Charlotte Zwerin, 1970); PERFORMANCE (UK, Nicholas Roeg & Donald Cammell, 1970 [prod. 1968]); MA NUIT CHEZ MAUD (FR, Eric Rohmer, 1969); DIARY OF A MAD HOUSEWIFE (US, Frank Perry, 1970); OWL AND THE PUSSYCAT, THE (US, Herbert Ross, 1970); LOVE STORY (US, Arthur Hiller, 1970); QUEIMADA! (IT/FR, Gillo Pontecorvo, 1970); WINTER WIND (HU, Miklos Jancso, 1969); SIROKKO (HU, Miklos Jancso, 1969); ZABRISKIE POINT (US, Michelangelo Antonioni, 1970); FELLINI-SATYRICON (IT/FR, Federico Fellini, 1969); DAMNED, THE (IT/GW, Luchino Visconti, 1969); CADUTA DEGLI DEI, LA (IT/GW, Luchino Visconti, 1969); SIRENE DU MISSISSIPPI, LA (FR/IT, Francois Truffaut, 1969); MISSISSIPPI MERMAID (FR/IT, Francois Truffaut, 1969); [DEUX] 2 OU 3 CHOSES QUE JE SAIS D'ELLE (FR, Jean-Luc Godard, 1967); SYMPATHY FOR THE DEVIL (UK, Jean-Luc Godard, 1968); GAI SAVOIR, LE (FR/GW, Jean-Luc Godard, 1969); TRISTANA (SP/IT/FR, Luis Bunuel, 1970); WOMEN IN LOVE (UK, Ken Russell, 1969); VIRGIN AND THE GYPSY, THE (UK, Christopher Miles, 1970); GREAT WHITE HOPE, THE (US, Martin Ritt, 1970); BOYS IN THE BAND, THE (US, William Friedkin, 1970); ON A CLEAR DAY YOU CAN SEE FOREVER (US, Vincente Minnelli, 1970); SCROOGE (UK, Ronald Neame, 1970); TORA! TORA! TORA! (US/JA, Richard Fleischer, 1970); RYAN'S DAUGHTER (UK, David Lean, 1970); AIRPORT (US, George Seaton, 1970); MYRA BRECKENRIDGE (US, Mike Sarne, 1970); BEYOND THE VALLEY OF THE DOLLS (US, Russ Meyer, 1970); ANGEL LEVINE, THE (US, Jan Kadar, 1970); CONFESSION, THE (FR/IT, Costa-Gavras, 1970); AVEU, L' (FR/IT, Costa-Gavras, 1970)
Summary: A cross section of critical opinion on the most interesting films of the year, reflections on emerging trends, genres and moods, and a sampling of the work of individual critics [editorial note]
Notes: Includes index
ISBN: 671210483
Contents: -- Five Easy Pieces / Jacob Brackman, Harold Clurman, John Simon -- Joe / Gary Arnold, Penelope Gilliatt -- Loving / Pauline Kael -- The Ballad Of Cable Hogue / Joseph Morgenstern -- Little Big Man / Stefan Kanfer, David Denby -- Husbands / Paul D.Zimmerman, Jacob Brackman -- Patton / Pauline Kael -- M*A*S*H / Jospeh Morgenstern, David Denby, Brad Darrach -- Catch - 22 / Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Stefan Kanfer, Hollis Alpert, Jacob Brackman -- Soldier Blue / Hollis Alpert -- The Molly Maguires / Arthur Schlesinger Jr. -- Getting Straight / Jacob Brackman -- The Strawberry Statement and Getting Straight / David Denby -- The Revolutionary / Jay Cocks, Bruce Williamson -- Ice / Pauline Kael -- Woodstock / Jay Cocks, Joseph Morgenstern -- Gimme Shelter / Arthur Schlesinger Jr. -- Performance / Jay Cocks -- My Night at Maud's / Penelope Gilliatt -- Diary Of A Mad Housewife / Paul D.Zimmerman, John Simon -- The Owl And The Pussycat / Gary Arnold -- Love Story / Gary Arnold, Arthur Knight, Philip T.Hartung -- Burn / Pauline Kael -- The Confession and Investigation Of A Citizen Above Suspicion / Robert Hatch -- Winter Wind / Stanley Kauffmann -- The Passion Of Anna / Penelope Gilliatt, Richard Schikel -- Zabriskie Point / Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Andrew Sarris -- Fellini Satyricon / Stefan Kanfer, Robert Hatch -- The Damned / Robert Hatch, Brad Darrach -- Zabriskie Point, Fellini Satyricon and The Damned / Richard Schickel -- Mississippi Mermaid / Gary Arnold -- The Wild Child / Robert Hatch, David Denby -- The Rise Of Louis XIV / Stanley Kauffmann, Bruce Williamson -- Two Or Three Things I Know About Her / Penelope Gilliatt -- Sympathy For The Devil / Jay Cocks -- Le Gai Savoir / Bruce Williamson -- Tristana / Harold Clurman -- Women In Love / Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Bruce Williamson -- The Virgin And The Gypsy / Penelope Gilliatt, Stanley Kauffmann -- The Great White Hope / Andrew Sarris -- I Never Sang For My Father / Arthur Knight -- The Angel Levine / Arthur Knight -- The Boys In The Band / Hollis Alpert -- On A Clear Day You Can See Forever / Jospeh Morgenstern -- Scrooge and Song Of Norway / Philip T.Hartung -- Scrooge / Jay Cocks -- Darling Lili / Arthur Knight -- Tora! Tora! Tora! / Gary Arnold -- Ryan's Daughter / Hollis Alpert, John Simon -- Airport / Gary Arnold -- Myra Breckinridge / Jospeh Morgenstern -- Beyond The Valley Of The Dolls / Paul D. Zimmerman -- Buster Keaton / Penelope Gilliatt -- Porn and man at Yale / Richard Schickel -- Numbing the audience / Pauline Kael -- Bang! Apocolypse for sale / Jospeh Morgenstern
Film and revolution / James Roy MacBean
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c1975.
Call No: 745.1 MAC
Author: MacBean, James Roy
Place: Bloomington
Publisher: Indiana University Press
PhysDes: viii, 339 p. : ill. ; 29 cm
Subject: REVOLUTIONARY THEMES IN FILMS; MARXISM AND THE CINEMA; REVOLUTION AND THE CINEMA; GORIN, JEAN-PIERRE; GODARD, JEAN-LUC; METZ, CHRISTIAN; VERTOV, DZIGA; WEEK-END (FR/IT, Jean-Luc Godard, 1968); VENT D'EST (FR/IT/GW, Jean-Luc Godard & Dziga Vertov Group, 1970); TOUT VA BIEN (FR/IT, Jean-Luc Godard & Jean-Pierre Gorin, 1972); HORA DE LOS HORNOS, LA (AG, Fernado E. Solanos, 1969); PRISE DE POUVOIR PAR LOUIS XIV, LA (FR, Roberto Rossellini, 1966); WR MISTERIJE ORGANIZMA (YU/GW, Dusan Makaveyev, 1971); CHAGRIN ET LA PITIE, LE (SZ/GW, Marcel Ophuls, 1971); [DEUX] 2 OU 3 CHOSES QUE JE SAIS D'ELLE (FR, Jean-Luc Godard, 1967); CHINOISE, LA (FR, Jean-Luc Godard, 1967); MADE IN THE U.S.A. (FR, Jean-Luc Godard, 1966); ICE (US, Robert Kramer, 1970); CLASSE OPERAIA VA IN PARADISO, LA (IT, Elio Petri, 1971); LETTER TO JANE (FR, Jean-Luc Godard & Jean-Pierre Gorin, 1972); GAI SAVOIR, LE (FR/GW, Jean-Luc Godard, 1969); BRITISH SOUNDS (UK, Jean-Luc Godard & Jean-Henri Roger, 1969); ONE PLUS ONE (UK, Jean-Luc Godard, 1968)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN: 0253321891; 0253201918(pbk.)
LON: 737743
Kino-eye : the writings of Dziga Vertov / edited with an introduction by Annette Michelson ; translated by Kevin O'Brien
Berkeley, Ca.: University of California Press, 1984.
Call No: 81VER KIN
Author: Vertov, Dziga, 1896-1954; Michelson, Annette
Place: Berkeley, Ca.
Publisher: University of California Press
PubDate: 1984
PhysDes: lxi, 344 p. : ill. ; 23 cm
Subject: ART CINEMA; CINEMATOGRAPHY; DOCUMENTARIES; DOCUMENTARY FILMS. USSR; EDITING; INDUSTRY, FILM. USSR; NEWSREELS; POLITICS AND THE CINEMA; REVOLUTION AND THE CINEMA; SOCIALISM AND THE CINEMA; WOMEN AND THE CINEMA; VERTOV, DZIGA; CELOVEK S KINOAPPARATOM (UR, Dziga Vertov, 1929); MAN WITH A MOVIE CAMERA (UR, Dziga Vertov, 1929); KINOGLAZ (UR, Dziga Vertov, 1924); KOLYBELNAYA (UR, Dziga Vertov, 1937); LULLABY (UR, Dziga Vertov, 1937); THREE SONGS ABOUT LENIN (UR, Dziga Vertov, 1934); TRI PESNI O LENINE (UR, Dziga Vertov, 1934)
Summary: "Vertov's writings, collected here, range from calculated manifestoes setting forth a new, heroic version of film's potentiual to dark rumination on the inactivity forced upon him by the growing bureaucratization of the of the Soviet state and its film industry. His theory was at every point elaborated in direct, vigorous relation with practice; his doctrine of kino-eye, breaking with film's subjection to traditional narrative purposes, was a passionate call to action. Vertov's spirit of revolutionary optimism leaps from his pages. Articles, memoranda, speeches, letters, proposals for films, poured from his pen - explaining, defining, persuading. In voluminous notebooks and diaries he proposed a cinema implicated in the process of revolutionary transformation, one that would play a leading role in the construction of socialism." -- BOOK BLURB
Notes: Includes index; Filmography: p. [330]-334
ISBN: 0520046242 (cloth); 0520047605 (pbk.); 0520056302 (alk. paper)
LON: 82011189; 2248486
Memories of underdevelopment : the revolutionary films of Cuba
New York: Grossman Publishers, 1973.
Call No: 71(729.1) MEM
Author: Myerson, Michael, 1940-, comp
Publisher: Grossman Publishers
PhysDes: 199 p. illus. 21 cm
Subject: CUBA; DOCUMENTARY FILMS. CUBA; POSTERS; REVOLUTION AND THE CINEMA. CUBA; ALEA, TOMAS GUTIERREZ; LUCIA (CU, Humberto Solas, 1969); MEMORIAS DEL SUBDESARROLLO (CU, Tomas Gutierrez Alea, 1968)
ISBN: 0670468274; 0670468282 (pbk.)
Mexican national cinema / Andrea Noble
Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2005.
Call No: 71(72) NOB
Author: Noble, Andrea
Source: UK
Place: Abingdon, Oxon, UK
PhysDes: viii, 224p. : ill. ; 23cm
Subject: MEXICO; MEXICO IN FILMS; NATIONAL CULTURE AND THE CINEMA. MEXICO; NATIONAL CULTURE IN FILMS. MEXICO; INDUSTRY, FILM. MEXICO; AUDIENCES. MEXICO; MOVEMENTS AND STYLES IN FILM HISTORY; POLITICS IN FILMS. MEXICO; POLITICAL FILMS. MEXICO; REVOLUTION AND THE CINEMA. MEXICO; DOCUMENTARY FILMS. MEXICO; MELODRAMA. MEXICO; MUJER DEL PUERTO, LA (MX, Arcady Boytler, 1933); MUJER DEL PUERTO, LA (MX, Arturo Ripstein, 1991); MARIA CANDELARIA (MX, Emilio Fernández, 1943); UNE FAMILIA DE TANTAS (MX, Alejandro Galindo, 1948); CASTILLO DE LA PUREZA, EL (MX, Arturo Ripstein, 1972); CALLEJON DE LOS MILAGROS, EL (MX, Jorge Fons, 1995); QUE VIVA MEXICO! (UR, Sergei Eisenstein, [prod. 1932]); ESPALDAS MOJADAS (MX, Alejandro Galindo, 1955); JARDIN DEL EDÉN, EL (MX, María Novaro, 1994); Y TU MAMA TAMBIEN (MX, Alfonso Cuaron, 2001)
Summary: Mexican National Cinema offers an account of the development of Mexican cinema from the intense cultural nationalism of the Mexican Revolution, through the "Golden Age" of the 1940s and the Nuevo Cine of the 1960s, to the renaissance in Mexican cinema in the 1990s. The book moves from broad historical and theoretical context, particularly theories of nation, emergent discourses of "mexicanidad" and the establishment and development of the Mexican industry, towards readings of key film texts and genres. Individual chapters discuss the relationship between Hollywood cinema and Mexican cinema, the stars of the "Golden Age," the role of foreign auteurs in the founding of Mexican cinema, tensions in the industry in the 1960s, and the national and international reception of contemporary films and film-makers. The author then examines the portrayal of Mexican nationhood through critical analysis of film genres including Revolutionary films, machismo and "mexicanidad," the prostitute, and the work of female auteurs.
Shadows on the past : studies in the historical fiction film / Leger Grindon
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994.
Call No: 741 GRI
Author: Grindon, Leger, 1949
Place: Philadelphia
Publisher: Temple University Press
PhysDes: xii, 250 p. : ill. ; 24 cm
Series: Culture and the moving image
Subject: HISTORICAL FILMS; POLITICS AND THE CINEMA; REVOLUTION AND THE CINEMA. FRANCE; ROSSELLINI, ROBERTO; BEATTY, WARREN; GRAMSCI, ANTONIO; WANGER, WALTER; REIGN OF TERROR (US, Anthony Mann, 1949); SENSO (IT, Luchino Visconti, 1954); PRISE DE POUVOIR PAR LOUIS XIV, LA (FR, Roberto Rossellini, 1966); MARSEILLAISE, LA (FR, Jean Renoir, 1938); REDS (US, Warren Beatty, 1981)
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 227-244) and index
ISBN: 1566391822 (pbk.) : $18.95; 1566391814 (alk. paper) : $44.95
LON: 93033042; 10438205
Our catalogue now includes online resources.
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A wedding celebrant is a person who performs the wedding ceremony as part of the law of the state. They are registered under the law of the country and have the right and authority to certify the marriage by providing a license under the local jurisdiction. It is possible that person who is an officiant is a part of the religious organization and performs the traditional marriage ceremony you are looking for. But in many cases, couples hire celebrant who is open to any kind of belief or none to create a personal and unique ceremony of marriage.
Anybody with right interest and love for weddings can consider becoming wedding celebrant. Working as marriage celebrant allows you flexible hours to work and earn good additional money for it. With right skills and experience, you can soon become successful in this field. All you need is the confidence to interact with people and be a good listener. You need to be care, sensitive and supportive of the couples who are tying the knot. Along of being a great presenter, you must be a good writer too. Having the ability to set good vibes with people to create a relaxing and fun-filled environment is very important.
The first thing that you need to do to become a wedding celebrant is to get to know the law of the place. The wedding officiant has the authority and duty to certify the marriage license. So it is important for the person trying to become the celebrant to understand the law and get registered. Different states have different rules and regulations regarding the marriage officiant. Hence visiting the Secretary of State website is a good idea to understand the laws of the place. In some places you need to qualify the Certificate IV in Celebrancy to become officiant for weddings. You need to read the marriage license to make the couples understand the value of it.
Getting ordained means becoming a part of some religious organization. You should think about getting yourself ordained for becoming the marriage celebrant as per laws of some states. Although jurisdictions of some state do not require or recognize the ordination of some religious group to conduct the marriages, getting ordained might help couples marrying as per their religious beliefs. You can easily become ordained over online by following some steps and paying a small fee. You need to check at regular interval to confirm you are still ordained so that you do not perform anything illegal.
READ Physique Rating: Know who you are!
When you are planning to build a business for conducting marriage ceremonies, you have to first register at local government's or country clerk's office under a specific name. Meet wedding professionals and create a god rapport with them. This can be beneficial for your business as people will get to know you and you can provide couples with all services at one stop. Make sure you put up a right fee amount for the marriage you will be conducting. Do a research on this topic and come up with a price that can be preferred by all depending on the location of the wedding.
Come up with proper marketing strategies for the business like creating a good website. Get business cards, put a stall in the wedding trade shows and let wedding planners and venue owners know about you to grow your business.
When you are registered and ready to perform the wedding, the first thing you have to do is to meet the couple who is getting married. Know more about them, their story and about the kind of wedding they want. Be confident and prepare yourself for conducting the marriage.


For most people having wrinkles often leads to loss of self-confidence. So if you are one of such persons you need not worry yourself about this problem. But rather you have to appreciate the fact that aging itself is a blessing and as such shouldn't be something that ought to rebuke or feel depressed about. Fortunately, there are noninvasive methods that can be employed to treat many different skin imperfections. You can undergo a non-surgical tightening procedure for your skin at in the comfort of your home and this procedure is not as expensive as surgical procedures.
The following are really safe, convenient and less expensive natural remedies to get your aged skin back to its youthful look.
This is a protein is gotten from botulism toxin. Normally the use of Botox for skin rejuvenation involves injecting it into the individuals face. What the Botox does is relax those muscles that cause wrinkles.
This procedure is not expensive; in fact, it cost just about $400. The treatment can be carried out at home and takes duration of about 3 to 6-months. A lot of people have tried and confirmed the efficacy of the Botox skin tightening therapy.
This is another amazing natural skin tightening therapy that a lot of people are embracing because of its effectiveness. Unlike the Botox, the Thermage therapy involves the use of heat to get rid of wrinkles.
Usually, after the application of heat on the wrinkled area, you will experience the growth of collagen in that area, the growth of the collagen tightens the affected area of the skin that is wrinkled. Normally this treatment lasts for just an hour and you can have it done in your home, though it's quite costly too and goes for about $1000 to $5000 for every treatment.
This method is particularly famous and also in high demand because of its wonderful ability to make wrinkles vanish immediately. The procedure involves using a skin tightening laser device to stimulate the collagen under the skin. This causes the skin to become tighter and firmer, resulting in a spotless, beautiful skin.
If you can't afford the cost of getting any of these therapies you can also consider natural home remedies.
One of the best-known home remedies involves making facial masks using the white part of an egg and honey. All you have to do is, mix one egg with 2 teaspoons of honey. Then after that ensure that your face is thoroughly washed with warm water in order to open up the pores in the face, then finally spread the mask on your face then leave it for about 20 minutes and then rinse afterward with warm water and then cool water to close the pores.
In conclusion, skin tightening or wrinkle removal therapies can be comfortably done at home all you have to do is follow the right steps.


text:
«Кино. Энциклопедический словарь» (в редакционной вступительной статье — «Энциклопедический словарь кино») — однотомное научно-справочное издание о киноискусстве и киноведении. Содержит около 3900 статей о режиссёрах, актёрах и других кинематографических профессиях и понятиях, отдельные статьи о кинематографах республик СССР и государств мира. Авторами статей энциклопедии выступили более 150 специалистов. Вышло в издательстве «Советская энциклопедия» (Москва) в 1987 году тиражом .

Редакция
Главный редактор: доктор искусствоведения, народный артист СССР С. И. Юткевич.

Редакционная коллегия: Ю. С. Афанасьев, В. Е. Баскаков, И. В. Вайсфельд, , С. А. Герасимов, Е. С. Громов, А. В. Караганов (заместитель главного редактора), Л. Х. Маматова, И. И. Моравек, С. И. Фрейлих, Р. Н. Юренев.

Проверка данных по художественному кино и составление Указателя — С. В. Кудрявцев.

Примечания

Библиография

Об издании

Ссылки

Кинематограф
Энциклопедии СССР
Энциклопедии на русском языке

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We are a small business, so we know running a small business takes time and dedication. If you're like most small business owners and managers, you've already got a lot on your plate. Why add accounting to your ever-growing list of responsibilities when our team is on hand to help? At J and J Accounting LLC, we offer a variety of small business accounting services to local organizations in and around Humboldt, KS.
There's no question that accounting is of key importance to the success of any business. A small business accountant from J and J Accounting LLC can manage your books, balance your ledgers, and go through all the number-crunching to save your business money and help you maintain your bottom line. Our accounting professionals enjoy working with small business representatives and owners like you. We pride ourselves on being approachable and easy to work with; and we take great pride in our dedication to customer satisfaction.


Monterey Country Club Homeowners Asoc.
Congratulations to Lionel Salhus & his partner Martry Romero. They were the overall winner in this year's Monterey Classic.
Good news, the President's Cup has been rescheduled for April 25 & 27. To accommodate the busy remainder of our season, we went to a split day – Thursday & Saturday – tournament, with an awards lunch following play on Saturday.
The Guest Day previously scheduled for April 25 has been eliminated along with the horserace that precedes the tournament.
Entry envelopes for the President's Cup are now available in the locker room.
There are 2 board of director positions open next year and with only 2 candidates applying there will be no election as prescribed in the by-laws. The 2 members to fill those positions are: Ken Resnick & Wayne Tanaka. They will be filling the positions of outgoing board members John Dempster & Dean Wartelle.
Click here to read a brief bio on each.
Congratulations to PGA West!!! The defeated Palm Valley in the Championship Match which was played here at Monterey on Monday April 15. PGA West won 86-58.
For the second season in a row Monterey finished the season tied for first. This year they tied with Palm Valley at 6 wins & 2 loses. Palm Valley wins the division because of their win over Monterey. Monterey's record ties then for the second best record overall in the league.
This was a very good year for our team and I want to thank all the players for their participation this year. Here's to next year!!!
Monterey C.C. was recently rerated. These new Course & Slope ratings were effective as of May 1.
Click Here for a listing of the new ratings along with a comparison of the new vs Previous ratings.
Click Here for a listing of the NEW course yardages and how they compare to the previous measurements.
There are several Major proposed changes in the New Rules of Golf for 2019.
These changes range from a Ball at Rest being moved to the new way of taking relief.
Click Here for a Summary of the Newly proposed changes to the Rules of Golf.
Click Here for a short video on the upcoming rule changes.
The latest Minutes from Board Meetings and Budget Reports are now available.
To access these and other monthly reports go to the MEN'S CLUB NEWS menu bar at the top of the page and select BOARD MINUTES or BUDGET REPORTS from the drop down menu.
The Minutes and Budget reports are posted each month after they are approved.
The Membership Advisory Board (MAP) is a group that exists to support and provide feedback to Club Management.
The Men's Club has a plan going forward to establish Men's Club Course records from both the Silver & Black Tees for each of the 3 courses.
Click Here for the Course record policy.


Welcome to Diversity Painting Inc.
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Don't delay adding to the beauty of your home. Call today and see how Diversity Painting Inc. can help you achieve your goal.
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Their enthusiasm and demonstrated desire to complete the job in a professional and timely manner, was indicative of a company that truly is concerned with customer satisfaction"
The perfect offer for small interior and exterior projects to be completed. This offer is billed at an hourly rate with a 3 Hr, minimum. Call for details.
Copyright © 2018 Diversity Painting Inc. - All Rights Reserved.


how we used uPAR to screen kids for reading accommodations.
how using Snap&Read made it possible to give students access to complex text—regardless of independent reading level.
how we used Bookshare to provide qualified students with access to rich reading material.
data showing gains in students' unaided reading scores after only one semester.
And we'll offer some tips to help teachers incorporate these strategies in their classrooms.
The human need for communication is essential and universal. Everyone from emergent communicators to world-famous authors share the same desire to be heard. In special education and autism classrooms, communication through First Author Writing Curriculum culminates through the Author's Chair—the place of honor where every student gets to share, listen and respond to peer writing. They present what they wrote through any means available to them whether an AAC device, verbally, or through a partner.
Communication skills are a crucial element of student development, and students with complex needs are no exception. Yet, many students with complex needs have difficulty communicating. I will share ways educators are using writing as a tool for expression and communication. These classrooms show us that implementing comprehensive writing instruction has wide-ranging effects that we're only beginning to understand.
You teach students from diverse cultures. Each one comes to your classroom with unique background knowledge including native language and traditions. American instructional methods and materials may be foreign to your students. How will you help all your students feel connected to the materials you teach? Beth Poss (assistant principal and SLP) will share strategies to help you better accommodate your culturally-diverse students and help them access classroom materials through UDL, Accessible Education Materials (AEM), and technology.
Co:Writer automatically adjusts features to comply with testing requirements.
Setup/Management — Select your assessment from the drop-down menu in a centralized location and Co:Writer automatically adjusts over 35 features to comply with testing accommodation requirements for any number of selected users.
Settings — A drop-down menu provides automatic settings adjustment to comply with state assessments (see list below).
Installation — Co:Writer Test Mode is built into the same tool your students use throughout the year. No additional installation is required.
Test Security — Co:Writer, in Test Mode, does not send any text outside of the secure writing environment—eliminating the risk of compromising security.
Proof of Accommodation Use — Co:Writer data shows when the tool was issued to each student and usage data to prove it was used for the required time period leading up to the assessment.
Let's find out what students CAN do!
How should you use your time to elevate learning in the classroom while creating alternate assessment outcomes?
– brought lessons to life through age-respectful ELA, social studies, and science content for middle and high school students.
– elevated their Reading/ELA block.
– created opportunities for communication and interaction with peers.
Now's the time to choose your reading curriculum for next year. This webinar will help you make the right decisions that will bring benefits to your students and educators for years to come.
For years, word prediction has been an essential tool in the practitioner's toolkit. It helps students write better by covering needs that range from spelling to word recall. In this webinar, we'll show you how you can use Co:Writer to help students write with core features like Neuron Prediction and FlexSpell, as well as new features including Speech Recognition and language supports.
See how Snap&Read supports students who have a primary language other than English with features like Dynamic Text Leveling, Translation (over 100 languages), text-to-speech, and the new Picture-Supported Dictionary.
Google for Education gives you a solid foundation of writing tools. But for students who need more support, Co:Writer expands the capabilities of Google to cover needs ranging from spelling to word recall. In this webinar, we'll show you some features of Co:Writer (like Neuron Prediction, FlexSpell, and Speech Recognition) that can help.


https://www.buydirect4u.co.uk/product/sports-leisure/charles-bentley-4-pole-tall-windbreak/ 71154 Charles Bentley 4 Pole Tall Camping Windbreak https://www.buydirect4u.co.uk/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SLCPWS01GR-Charles-Bentley-Tall-Wind-Break-With-Window-Grey-1.jpg 39.99 39.99 GBP OutOfStock /Sports & Leisure /Sports & Leisure/Camping and Caravanning /Sports & Leisure/Camping and Caravanning/Camping Accessories Ideal for providing extra privacy on family camping trips, this extra tall camping windbreak will block out the wind and keep you sheltered from the rain. Featuring a PVC window, this windbreak is made from a lightweight, weatherproof polyester fabric, this quality windbreak is easy to carry and can be assembled in a matter of minutes. A highly practical piece of equipment for festivals and trips to the beach, this tall camping windbreak will provide a partition between you and noisy neighbours. Great for helping you and your family to relax in peace.
An extra tall windbreak, this high quality windshield is perfect for camping trips, festivals and your garden. Perfect for providing shelter from the elements.
Ideal for providing extra privacy on family camping trips, this extra tall camping windbreak will block out the wind and keep you sheltered from the rain. Featuring a PVC window, this windbreak is made from a lightweight, weatherproof polyester fabric, this quality windbreak is easy to carry and can be assembled in a matter of minutes.
A highly practical piece of equipment for festivals and trips to the beach, this tall camping windbreak will provide a partition between you and noisy neighbours. Great for helping you and your family to relax in peace.


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AC Architects Cambridge Ltd is an award-winning practice combining innovative, quality designs with environmentally friendly low energy solutions.
Our emphasis is on sustainability in all types of work from green buildings, including new buildings and recycling buildings for a carbon neutral future, to historic building and conservation work.
We take great pride in caring for the environment and our design of low energy buildings – including our own offices in Cambridge – positively supports the reduction of carbon emissions from buildings.
Established in 1997 by director Anne Cooper, AC Architects Cambridge Ltd are a medium sized practice offering a wide range of architectural and professional services to clients located across East Anglia and South East England.
We like to work with clients who care about their building and environment. Our service is personal and tailor made and responsive to changing conditions and differing client requirements.
Dr J E J Altham, Life Fellow, Chairman of the Works Committee, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.


We extend a warm welcome to visitors whether they are current or former students, parents, carers, teachers, friends or members of the local community.
This section of the school website is dedicated to providing up-to-date information and details relating to the activities of 'BPFA'. The committee and their helpers regularly arrange fundraising activities to bring in much needed extra funds for school projects. The students of now and in future years will be able to enjoy items which may not have been otherwise provided through educational budgets and/or grants.
Everyone! All parents and teachers are automatically members of BPFA, and membership is even wider as we have established a Friends' Association. So beyond mums dads and carers - grandparents, older siblings and other members of the wider community can also be a great source of support.
Any of these ways would be most welcome and appreciated by the School.
Engaging in activities or providing facilities or equipment which support and advance the education of the students.
If you wish to join the committee or become a regular helper at any of our events, please send an email to friends@bishopperowne.co.uk and we will get in touch to let you know how you can help.
The Committee Room is located to the right of the main School reception.
What is a Friends Association?
Most schools have a Parent & Teacher Association (PTA) or a Friends Association (FA), which is an organisation of parents and staff. Its role is to encourage closer links between home and school. PTAs are best known for their fundraising work, but they have a useful social function too. Fundraising events provide an opportunity for parents, staff and students to get together.
Most PTAs raise money through events. They often hold one main event each school term – for example, a Christmas fair in the winter, a quiz in the spring, and a summer fair. Other PTA events include school uniform sales, discos, firework displays, international evenings and many more. They're always looking for new fundraising ideas.


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La Mongolie (en mongol : , translittération latine : , en mongol bitchig : , littéralement : « État mongol ») est un vaste pays d'Asie orientale qui est enclavé entre la Russie au nord et la république populaire de Chine (RPC) au sud. Sa capitale et plus grande ville est Oulan-Bator (en , Ulaanbaatar, « Héros rouge »), la langue officielle est le mongol et la monnaie le tugrik.

La Mongolie fut le centre de l'Empire mongol au  et fut ensuite gouvernée par la dynastie Qing, d'origine mandchoue, de la fin du  à 1911, date à laquelle l'indépendance de la Mongolie fut proclamée à la faveur de la chute de l'Empire chinois, à la suite de la révolution chinoise de 1911 (ou révolution Xinhai). La politique de la République populaire mongole, bien que conservant officiellement son indépendance pendant la période soviétique, était alignée sur celle de l'URSS. Après la fin de la guerre froide et la chute du communisme en Mongolie en 1990, le pays adopta une constitution démocratique en 1992.

Son territoire est immense, mais possède très peu de terres arables, le pays étant montagneux et couvert de steppes dont l'aridité croît en allant vers le sud (désert de Gobi). Près de 28 % des  d'habitants sont nomades ou semi-nomades. La religion principale est l'école des bonnets jaunes de la branche tibétaine du bouddhisme vajrayāna. La majorité des citoyens (80 %) est d'origine mongole. Il existe néanmoins des minorités turcophones, comme les Kazakhes et Touvains, surtout à l'ouest. Près du tiers des habitants vit à Oulan-Bator.

La Mongolie est le pays qui a la plus faible densité de population au monde avec .

Histoire

Histoire ancienne

Au cours de l'histoire, beaucoup d'ethnies ont peuplé le territoire actuel de la Mongolie. La plupart étaient nomades, et formaient des confédérations plus ou moins puissantes.

Durant la Préhistoire, dans les plaines du Nord de la Mongolie, de mystérieuses représentations de créatures cornues à bec d'oiseau semblent grimper le long de monolithes de granite appelés « pierres à cerf ». Ces stèles dont certaines atteignent  de hauteur, montrent aussi des ceintures équipées de flèches, de haches et d'outils de l'âge du bronze. Selon les spécialistes qui tentent de déchiffrer ces monuments, ils ont été érigés entre 1100 et 800 av. J.-C. « Ce sont des hommages à des chefs ou à des guerriers, peut-être tombés au combat », avance l'anthropologue . Pour lui, ces créatures mi-renne mi-oiseau devaient montrer le chemin vers l'au-delà. Quelle que soit leur signification, déclare Fitzhugh, elle était forte, car, pour chaque stèle, plusieurs chevaux ont été sacrifiés. Leurs têtes ont été enterrées en cercle autour des monolithes, le nez pointé vers le soleil levant. On a déjà retrouvé plus de 600 pierres en Mongolie, au Kazakhstan et en Russie. Ces monolithes sont très souvent associés à des tumuli, des monuments funéraires constitués d'un amas de pierres central ceinturé de cercles ou de carrés de pierres.

Vers -245 apparaissent les Xiongnu, ils deviennent les principaux ennemis de la Chine pour les siècles qui suivent, et la Grande Muraille de Chine fut construite en partie pour se protéger de leurs incursions. Certains historiens pensent que les Huns descendent des Xiongnu.

Après la disparition des Xiongnu, apparaissent les Ruanruan, qui sont à leur tour supplantés par les Göktürk (ou Turcs bleus) qui dominent la région du  au .

Au  apparaissent les ancêtres des Ouïghours, puis les Khitans et les Jürchen. Vers le  le territoire est peuplé de Mongols qui seraient une branche du peuple Xianbei. À cette période, le pays est divisé en plusieurs tribus liées par des alliances et en guerre perpétuelle.

Au , un chef nommé Temudjin unifie les tribus mongoles, prend le nom de Gengis Khan et crée un empire, œuvre poursuivie par ses successeurs Ögedeï, Güyük, Möngke et Khubilai. La Chine est dominée à partir de la deuxième moitié du  par les Mongols qui y fondent la dynastie Yuan, 1234~1279 – 1368). Cet empire commence à s'effondrer en 1368, avec la perte de la Chine. Au , sous le règne d'Altan Khan, les Mongols se convertissent au bouddhisme tibétain. Un siècle plus tard, ils tombent sous la domination des Mandchous et les soutiennent pour la conquête de la Chine. La Mongolie est transformée en deux provinces chinoises, la Mongolie-Intérieure et la Mongolie-Extérieure.

Au cours du , la région sibérienne du lac Baïkal, au nord de la Mongolie, est annexée par l'Empire russe. .

Indépendance de la Mongolie-Extérieure

Profitant de la révolution chinoise de 1911 et de l'éviction du dernier empereur mandchou, Puyi, l'actuelle Mongolie proclama son indépendance le  1911 en tant que Mongolie autonome, quelques semaines après la sécession de la province de Hubei, lors du soulèvement de Wuchang, le 10 octobre. Le Bogdo Gegen prit la direction politique du pays avec le titre de Bogdo Khan, tandis-que la Mongolie-Intérieure prend une autre voie. À partir de 1914, la Mongolie-Intérieure est divisée en trois districts spéciaux de Rehe, Chahar, Suiyuan ainsi qu'en une province du Níngxià. En 1925 est créé le Parti révolutionnaire du peuple de Mongolie-Intérieure, qui fusionne avec le parti communiste chinois en 1947. Elle évoluera plus tard vers un statut de région autonome chinoise, le Níngxià ayant, quant à lui, un statut de région autonome pour la minorité Hui.

Avec les désordres de la révolution chinoise, où la Chine se retrouve désormais confrontée au Japon, la Mongolie passe totalement sous influence des Russes, puis de l'URSS.

Une révolte populaire menée par Damdin Sükhbaatar se produit en 1921. Un Parti populaire mongol fut créé sous l'impulsion de la Russie soviétique en 1921 et un gouvernement provisoire fut nommé le 11 juillet 1921. Au même moment, Touva, autre région mongole, prend son indépendance avec la Chine et devient rapidement un oblast autonome de Russie.

Après la mort de Damdin Sükhbaatar en 1923 et celle du Bogdo Khan en 1924, la République populaire mongole fut proclamée le 26 novembre 1924. La capitale du pays est baptisée Oulan-Bator « la ville du héros rouge » en référence à Damdin Sükhbaatar.

Durant la guerre frontalière soviéto-japonaise de 1939, l'URSS défend la Mongolie contre le Japon. Les forces mongoles participent ensuite à l'offensive soviétique contre les forces japonaises en Mongolie Intérieure, Mandchourie et Corée, en août 1945. Sur fond de menace russe d'une reprise de la Mongolie-Intérieure par la Mongolie, la république de Chine accepte de reconnaître l'indépendance de la Mongolie à la condition d'un référendum. Le , un référendum est organisé et les Mongols votent pour l'indépendance (97,8 % de oui ; 98,4 % de participation) sous le contrôle de l'Armée rouge. Après l'établissement de la république populaire de Chine, les deux pays se reconnaîtront mutuellement le .

Ainsi, la République populaire mongole fut reconnue à la fois par la république de Chine et la république populaire de Chine. Le pays s'est cependant rapproché des Soviétiques après 1958 et a abrité de nombreuses bases soviétiques pendant la guerre froide. La Mongolie a rejoint les Nations unies en 1961.

De 1960, jusqu'à 1972, la Chine de Mao Zedong, en rupture avec l'URSS, en profite pour dénoncer à nouveau les « traités inégaux » signés avec les Européens, depuis les années 1850, et les Russes, depuis 1860 : Mao Zedong considère quasiment la Mongolie comme faisant partie de la « sinosphère », comme le sud-Est de la Sibérie, annexée par les Russes depuis la fin des années 1850. Avec le rapprochement avec les Américains, en 1972, les Chinois vont finalement accepter la pleine indépendance de la Mongolie, et les échanges commerciaux avec les Chinois reprennent.

Pendant les années 1980, les Mongols participent à la réconciliation entre l'URSS et la Chine, ce qui sera confirmé en 1989.

En 1990, le parti communiste a relâché son contrôle sur le gouvernement à la suite de la révolution démocratique. En 1992, la république populaire a été abandonnée et a été remplacée par un État hybride, entre système parlementaire et système présidentiel. Au niveau diplomatique, elle pratique la « politique du troisième voisin ».

Le 3 octobre 2002, la république de Chine (Taïwan) reconnaît officiellement l'indépendance de la Mongolie-Extérieure par rapport à la Chine, des bureaux représentant les deux nations doivent être ouverts dans les deux capitales, et il est prévu de faire venir de la main d'œuvre mongole à Taïwan.

Géographie

La Mongolie possède un territoire de . La Mongolie se situe sur un vaste plateau montagneux incliné d'ouest en est dont 80 % des espaces se situent à plus de  d'altitude. Le climat de la Mongolie est l'un des plus continentaux du globe : les températures descendent régulièrement autour de  en hiver dans la plupart des régions et peuvent dépasser  en été dans le désert de Gobi.

Reliefs et écosystèmes

D'un point de vue écologique, la Mongolie occupe une région charnière en Asie centrale. Par sa position centrale en Asie et sa continentalité, la Mongolie est à la croisée de cinq grands écosystèmes asiatiques : la steppe herbeuse dans la partie centrale n'occupe pas moins de 20 % du territoire national, le désert et la steppe désertique du Gobi au sud occupent un même pourcentage d'espace, viennent ensuite les hautes montagnes et milieux de type alpins, la steppe semi boisée et, au nord, la taïga constituée de vastes forêts denses de mélèzes et pins.

À l'extrême ouest domine la haute chaîne montagneuse de l'Altaï aux sommets de plus de  où vivent notamment des Kazakhs (unique peuple musulman d'une Mongolie bouddhiste). Le point culminant de la Mongolie, le Kujten Uul à , fait partie de cet ensemble.

Le centre du pays, plus fertile, est traversé par les monts Khangaï. Il constitue un territoire riche en pâturages pour les nomades. C'est une région de volcans éteints atteignant pour certains plus de  d'altitude.

Une partie du pays est constituée de steppes. La désertification touche  des . Le désert de Gobi recouvre une partie du sud du pays, alors qu'au nord et à l'ouest, se trouvent des régions montagneuses aux forêts abondantes.

Climat

Le climat est chaud en été et extrêmement froid en hiver, avec des températures hivernales pouvant descendre jusqu'à  et en été, des températures avoisinant très régulièrement les  à . Le pays est aussi sujet au dzud ou zud. Les dzuds blancs sont d'importantes chutes de neige empêchant l'accès aux pâturages. Les dzuds noirs correspondent à l'absence de couverture neigeuse protégeant la terre, provoquant la déshydratation du bétail. De telles conditions climatiques entraînent des pertes de bétail inévitables et se révèlent problématiques pour l'homme, dans l'incapacité de prévoir l'augmentation du nombre d'animaux. Oulan-Bator est la capitale possédant la température moyenne la plus basse au monde ().

L'ensemble du pays reçoit très peu de précipitations : une moyenne annuelle de 200 à  dans le Nord, qui décroît en allant vers le sud, l'Extrême-Sud étant occupé par le désert de Gobi, où certaines régions ne reçoivent aucune précipitation durant des années. Le pays se trouve généralement au cœur d'un système de hautes pressions (anticyclone) qui font que le ciel est très souvent dégagé (moyenne annuelle de  sans nuages). La Mongolie est d'ailleurs parfois surnommée le « pays au ciel bleu ».

Effets du changement climatique

La Mongolie est fortement affectée par le réchauffement climatique. Entre 1940 et 2001, la température annuelle moyenne de l'air a augmenté de plus de . La température hivernale a augmenté de plus de  au cours de cette période. La glace ancienne de la Mongolie fond rapidement en raison du changement climatique et du réchauffement des températures estivales. Comme l'afflux des champs de glace s'assèche plus fréquemment pendant l'été, l'approvisionnement en eau potable est de plus en plus restreint. Cela mettra à la fois le patrimoine culturel et l'élevage traditionnel de rennes en danger extrême dans les années à venir. En conséquence, la crise climatique met en danger les éleveurs de rennes domestiques dans les basses latitudes, vivant dans les zones de toundra montagneuse du nord de la Mongolie.

Noms géographiques

La Commission des noms géographiques mongols est créée en 1925 sous l'égide de l'Académie des sciences de Mongolie dans le but de retranscrire tous les noms géographiques écrits en alphabet mongol traditionnel. En 1949, le gouvernement interdit la modification arbitraire des noms géographiques (tous les habitants n'adhérant pas aux noms transcrits). En 1961, le gouvernement change de direction et charge les collectivités locales de restaurer les noms géographiques de leur région. Après une étude de , la Commission permanente sur les noms géographiques enregistre  géographiques en 1987. À la suite de nouvelles lois sur la géodésie et la cartographie promulguées en 1997, l'administration réduit cette liste à , liste approuvée par le Parlement en 2003. Alors que le gouvernement s'apprête à établir une nouvelle carte 1/25 000 de l'intégralité de son territoire, un décret est voté en 2017 visant à protéger cette liste établie. Une base de données des noms géographiques est en construction (2019).

Frontières

La longueur totale des frontières Nord avec la Russie et Sud avec la république populaire de Chine est de .

Biodiversité

Grâce à la multiplicité de ses habitats et sa très faible densité humaine, la Mongolie accueille une quantité d'espèces importante, tant par leur adaptation que par leur rareté à l'échelle mondiale.

Au nombre des espèces animales, on peut noter l'hémione (âne sauvage), le mazaalai (ours du Gobi), la panthère des neiges, le saïga, le cheval sauvage de Przewalski, le chameau sauvage de Bactriane, le loup, et chez les oiseaux des rapaces et charognards et plusieurs espèces migratrices de grue. On remarque également la présence de petits mammifères : hérisson du désert à longues oreilles et de petits rongeurs comme le hamster du désert.

La flore n'est pas en reste, une grande partie de la flore alpine actuelle proviendrait d'espèces de la lointaine Asie centrale. L'espèce reine de la steppe est sans aucun doute l'armoise odoriférante ou grande absinthe, tandis que le roi en serait le saxaul, un petit arbre robuste du désert de Gobi. On trouve également en abondance l'edelweiss, l'ancolie, la matricaire, le lis martagon, le petit dent de chien, la pivoine, la dryade à huit pétales, le trolle, l'anémone pulsatille, la gentiane, diverses renoncules, etc.

Le climat et l'altitude limitent les plantes cultivables. La céréale principalement cultivée en Mongolie est le millet, on cultive également le blé sarrasin.

Dans certaines provinces comme Khövsgöl, Khentii ou Khovd, ainsi que dans les régions géographiques des monts Khangaï et du Grand Khingan, on cultive le cassis (), une baie de montagne, dont on fait notamment de la confiture (), et l'argousier (), dont on tire le jus.

Divisions administratives

La Mongolie est divisée en  ou aïmag et  (khot) avec statut de province.

Les aïmag sont eux-mêmes subdivisés en  ou sum.

Les chefs-lieux des aïmag ont le double statut de sum et de municipalité.

Oulan-Bator est elle-même divisée en khoroo.

Politique

La Mongolie a un exécutif bicéphale, avec à la tête de l'État un président élu et à la tête du gouvernement un Premier ministre. Le Parlement monocaméral, appelé le Grand Khoural d'État, comporte .

Le parti dominant en Mongolie est le Parti révolutionnaire du peuple mongol (PRPM) formé par les anciens communistes mongols après la guerre froide. Le principal parti d'opposition est le Parti démocrate (PD) qui a contrôlé une coalition au pouvoir entre 1996 et 2000. L'incapacité de cette coalition à maintenir sa cohésion, ainsi qu'à régler les problèmes économiques du pays, a été très lourdement sanctionnée par les électeurs lors des  : ils ont donné la victoire au PRPM avec une écrasante majorité de 51,6 % contre 1,8 %.

Durant les élections législatives du , le PRPM, avec 48,23 % des voix obtient , contre  pour la Coalition démocratique de la patrie () regroupant trois partis, avec 44,27 % des bulletins. Afin que le développement de la Mongolie ne soit pas entravé par des crises politiques, ils ont décidé d'élaborer un programme commun et de former un gouvernement d'union nationale. Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj, issu du PD, a été nommé Premier ministre, tandis qu'un communiste est devenu président du Grand Khoural.

À l'issue de l'élection présidentielle du , l'ancien Premier ministre Nambaryn Enkhbayar, candidat du PRPM, est élu président de la République avec 53,4 % des suffrages exprimés. Son principal adversaire, Mendsaikhanii Enkhsaikhan, candidat du PD, obtient 20 % des voix. Enkhbayar commence son mandat à la fin du mois de juin 2005 en remplaçant le président Natsagiyn Bagabandi, lui aussi issu du PRPM, qui ne s'était pas représenté.

Le , le PRPM décide de quitter la coalition gouvernementale avec le PD arguant de la mauvaise gestion économique et de la forte inflation du tugrik. Le PD considère que le départ du PRPM est dû à la lutte contre la corruption lancée par Elbegdorj. Conséquence du retrait du PRPM de la coalition, les 10 ministres du PRPM quittent le gouvernement. Le 13, Elbegdorj démissionne de son poste de Premier ministre et le gouvernement est dissous par le Grand Khoural d'État. Le PRPM forme une nouvelle coalition avec des petits partis et le secrétaire général du PRPM Miyeegombyn Enkhbold est investi Premier ministre le 24 janvier.

Lors des élections legislatives de 2008, le 29 juin, le PRPM obtient 52,67 % des votes et conserve ses , le PD en obtient 28 avec 40,43 % des voix. Sanjaagiin Bayar, Premier ministre depuis le 22 novembre 2007, conserve son siège.

Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh est président depuis le .

Des manifestations éclatent en décembre 2022 après la découverte en octobre d'un détournement de fonds lié à la disparition de 385 000 tonnes de charbon censées avoir été livrées à la Chine par une entreprise contrôlée par l'État.

Religions

Le bouddhisme tibétain apparu au  est devenu religion d'État de l'Empire mongol au  après la visite du  dalaï-lama, Sonam Gyatso. Il éclipsa le chamanisme, qui fit alors l'objet d'une campagne de quasi-éradication. Sous couvert de modernisation, le bouddhisme subit les foudres d'un régime athée proche de Joseph Staline dans les années 1930. S'il n'est plus religion d'État, le bouddhisme tibétain reste aujourd'hui la religion de plus de la moitié des Mongols alors que le chamanisme est revenu en faveur à partir des années 1990.

Environ 50 % des Mongols sont bouddhistes tibétains, 40 % athées, 6 % chamanistes ou chrétiens, et 4 % musulmans.

Démographie

Bien que la majorité de la population soit d'origine mongole (Khalkhas, Dörbets, etc.), il existe une forte minorité de Kazakhs, Touvains, Bouriates et Toungouses. Le taux d'accroissement de la population est estimé à 1,54 % (recensement de 2000). Près des 2/3 de la population est âgé de moins de  et 36 % de moins de 14.

La population est de plus en plus urbanisée, près de la moitié vivant dans la capitale et les centres provinciaux. La vie semi-nomade reste prédominante dans les campagnes où les familles vivent dans des villages durant le rude hiver et dans des gers durant l'été.

La population de la Mongolie à mi-2016 est estimée à  par la CIA.

Le recensement réalisé en novembre 2010 a comptabilisé . Plus de  Mongols vivent, et travaillent à l'étranger, dont en fédération de Russie, en république populaire de Chine, au Japon, et en république de Chine (Taïwan).

Économie

Les ressources naturelles de la Mongolie sont constituées par les minéraux (cuivre, molybdène, fluorine, tungstène) et les pierres précieuses et semi-précieuses, ainsi que de métaux précieux tel que l'or. On trouve aussi du charbon, ainsi que du pétrole dans une moindre mesure, mais qui n'est pas exploité par manque d'infrastructure. Tous ces produits représentent, en valeur, les deux tiers des exportations mongoles. Durant les six premiers mois de 2004,  de minerais concentrés de cuivre ont été exportés, pour la somme de  de dollars US. C'est presque la moitié du total de toutes les exportations ( de dollars pour cette même période). Cette situation rend la Mongolie vulnérable aux variations des cours des matières premières ainsi le prix des minerais de cuivre a chuté de 54,3 % entre 1995 et 2001. Il a ensuite augmenté de plus de 100 % entre 2005 et 2006 et continue d'augmenter, soutenu par la croissance de la consommation chinoise des métaux non ferreux.

Environ la moitié de la population loge dans des yourtes. Un tiers des Mongols sont de purs nomades, qui vivent de l'élevage de petits chevaux, de moutons, de chèvres, de bovins (yacks, vaches) et de chameaux. Huit millions de ces animaux ont péri lors de l'hiver 2009-2010. Grâce à eux, la Mongolie est exportatrice de produits d'origine animale : viande, laine et poils d'animaux, dont le cachemire ( mondial ;  nationale après le cuivre). L'élevage de chèvres à cachemire pose malheureusement des problèmes écologiques . Jusque dans les années 1970, avant la mise en service de mines comme celle d'Erdenet, l'élevage et les industries qui leur étaient liées constituaient de loin la première ressource du pays.

L'industrie textile intervient pour un quart des exportations, mais 85 % des usines sont à capitaux étrangers (surtout chinois) ou mixtes. Elles utilisent des matériaux importés, comme le coton.

Malgré la pratique de l'élevage et la culture du blé, la Mongolie ne peut pas subvenir à ses besoins en nourriture, à cause d'un changement culturel. Ceci contribue au déficit chronique de sa balance commerciale et à son endettement.

Après des décennies d'économie planifiée, ce pays a effectué une difficile transition vers l'économie de marché. L'inflation a atteint 325 % en 1992, après l'effondrement du régime communiste, mais elle a par la suite été maîtrisée. En 1998, on estimait que le taux de chômage était de 15 % de la population active et qu'il atteignait 30 % en zone urbaine. En 2002, le salaire mensuel moyen n'était que de  (soit environ ). Bien que le chômage sévisse surtout en ville, le revenu moyen y est plus élevé qu'à la campagne.

La Mongolie a rejoint l'Organisation mondiale du commerce en 1997.

La Banque mondiale et les Nations unies pressent le gouvernement d'investir dans les infrastructures, l'éducation et l'économie. En 2022, la Mongolie est classée en  pour l'indice mondial de l'innovation.

Communications et transports

Culture

Arts plastiques et visuels
Entre 1600 et 1920, la Mongolie était un centre d'art bouddhiste. Le plus connu était l'art du mandala. La peinture et la sculpture servaient principalement comme objets de méditation pour les ecclésiastiques ou comme objets de prière pour les laïcs. En règle générale, ils ont été détruits après utilisation. Dans les monastères, en revanche, la thangka, les rouleaux, jouaient un rôle important. Ils suivent largement le style tibétain et intègrent également la représentation des animaux.

L'artiste bouddhiste le plus important de son temps était le sculpteur et peintre Zanabazar, qui fut également le premier Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu. Son travail se caractérise par une forte référence aux traditions indo-tibétaines; certaines de ses sculptures qui subsistent se trouvent au monastère de Gandan à Oulan-Bator. Jusqu'à présent, aucune œuvre de sa peinture ne peut être attribuée sans équivoque. Marzan Sharav a développé l'art du Thangka plus connu. Influencé par l'art soviétique, en plus des peintures Mongol Zurag, il crée également des illustrations de livres, des billets de banque et des portraits de personnalités politiques. Cependant, un grand nombre de ses œuvres ont été perdues. Des artistes tels que Dolgoryn Manibadar ou Monkor Erdenbajar peuvent être inclus dans le réalisme socialiste. Purewbat Gankhuu est un important peintre contemporain qui suit les traditions de l'art bouddhiste et a été décrit dans le film Peintre du Bouddha. Parmi les premières tentatives pour introduire le modernisme dans les beaux-arts de la Mongolie, il y a le tableau Ehiin setgel (l'amour de la mère) créé par O. Tsevegjav dans les années 1960. L'artiste a été purgé car son travail a été censuré. Toutes les formes des beaux-arts n'ont prospéré qu'après la «perestroïka» à la fin des années 1980. Otgonbayar Ershuu est sans doute l'un des artistes contemporains mongols le plus indépendant comme il a été décrit dans le film ZURAG de Tobias Wulff. Ershuu vit à Oulan-Bator et à Berlin. En plus de son attachement à la tradition de la miniature mongole, sa peinture des dernières années - toiles de grand format - montre un traitement visuel d'éléments de la peinture occidentale après 1945. Son succès auprès des collectionneurs montre qu'il est sur le point de devenir l'un des plus importants représentants de l'art mongol contemporain.

Littérature et cinéma
Le romancier Galsan Tschinag, citoyen mongol d'origine ethnique touvain, a une petite notoriété. Neuf de ses ouvrages ont été traduits de l'allemand en français.

La réalisatrice Byambasuren Davaa a fait connaître la culture mongole et les paysages de Mongolie au travers de ses films : L'Histoire du chameau qui pleure (2004 – une nomination aux Oscars), Le Chien jaune de Mongolie (2006) et Les Deux Chevaux de Gengis Khan (2011).

Langues

Il existe différentes langues mongoles. La principale langue est le mongol (parlé par 95 % de la population), langue des Khalkhas, Mongols orientaux, utilisée comme langue vernaculaire en Mongolie. Les Mongols occidentaux utilisent quant à eux l'oïrate regroupant également plusieurs dialectes. Enfin, on y parle également le bouriate, une langue mongole parlée par des populations qui semblent originaires du lac Baïkal, en Sibérie dont l'extrême sud est à une centaine de kilomètres au nord de la Mongolie.

Le russe est la première langue secondaire des Mongols de Mongolie. Au moins  parlent russe en seconde langue. Des Mongols travaillent en fédération de Russie, puis reviennent au pays, avec des notions de la langue russe. Le mandarin et l'anglais sont aussi des langues parlées. La Chine attire peu les travailleurs migrants Mongols, qui préfèrent travailler en Russie, où les salaires sont meilleurs. Vu l'enclavement, et l'isolement du pays, l'utilisation de la langue anglaise est très limitée aux secteurs du tourisme, et du commerce international.

À l'ouest de la Mongolie, les Kazakhs parlent le kazakh, une langue turque.

Écritures

Il existe de nombreuses écritures mongoles. La plus ancienne est le mongol bitchig, datant de la fondation de l'Empire mongol. Vers 1204, Gengis Khan demande sa création à Tata Tonga, un scribe ouïghour capturé, qui adapte l'alphabet ouïghour à la langue mongole. Cette écriture est aujourd'hui lue et écrite par environ  de Mongols en Chine.

Parmi les autres écritures mongoles, toutes langues confondues, on peut citer : l'écriture phagpa (dérivée du tibétain), le todo bitchig (principalement oïrate, dérivée du mongol bitchig), le soyombo, dérivée de l'écriture ranjana, népalaise).

Entre 1941 et 1991, sous influence de l'Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques, la seule écriture officielle de Mongolie a été le mongol cyrillique. Depuis 1991, le mongol bitchig est de nouveau une écriture officielle (mais elle n'est que très peu utilisée).

Jeux et loisirs
Parmi les jeux de plateau, on peut citer les échecs mongols (shatar), la tortue multicolore (Alag Melkhii), un des nombreux jeux basés sur les osselets. Parmi les jeux d'adresse, une grande partie est également basée sur le tir aux osselets, comme le shagai ou la course de chevaux. On peut aussi citer des jeux de dominos, cartes ou casse-têtes chinois. Il existe également différents jeux utilisant des , tels que le ail ger (signifiant maison familiale) est un jeu se jouant avec des pierres représentant la maison par un cercle et d'autres pierres colorées représentent le mobilier de la maison ou les moutons de l'élevage dans une société majoritairement centrée sur l'élevage.

Médias
 Mongolian National Broadcaster :
 chaînes de radio : МҮОНР-1, МҮОНР-2, Р3 FM 100.9, Voice of Mongolia ;
 chaînes de télévision : МҮОНТ-1, MNB News.

Sports
Les activités sportives traditionnelles sont la lutte mongole, le tir à l'arc et les courses de chevaux. Elles sont mises à l'honneur lors du Naadam, une célébration traditionnelle devenue fête nationale les 11 et 12 juillet. Le judo est lui aussi populaire, le judoka Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar étant notamment le premier champion olympique mongol de l'histoire. Le sumo est aussi populaire et, en 2016, les trois Yokozuna (Hakuhō, Harumafuji, Kakuryū) sont mongols.

Le football mongol possède un championnat de dix équipes (la plupart basées à Oulan-Bator, comme le club de Selenge Press Falcons). L'équipe de Mongolie de football regroupe les meilleurs joueurs du pays.

Galerie

Codes
La Mongolie a pour codes :
 MG, selon la liste des codes pays utilisés par l'OTAN, code alpha-2 ;
 MGL, selon la liste des codes pays du CIO ;
 MGL, selon la liste des codes internationaux des plaques minéralogiques ;
 MN, selon la norme ISO 3166-1 (liste des codes pays), code alpha-2 ;
 MNG, selon la norme ISO 3166-1 (liste des codes pays), code alpha-3 ;
 MNG, selon la liste des codes pays utilisés par l'OTAN, code alpha-3 ;
 MT, selon la liste des préfixes OACI d'immatriculation des aéronefs ;
 ZM, selon la liste des préfixes des codes OACI des aéroports ;
 .mn, selon la liste des Internet TLD (domaine de premier niveau).

L'organisme de normalisation de Mongolie est l'Agence mongole de normalisation et de métrologie.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Article(s)
 .

Monographies
 Jacqueline Thevenet, La Mongolie, Paris, Karthala, 2007.
 Jacques Legrand, Le choix mongol ; de la féodalité au socialisme, Paris, Éditions sociales, 1975.
 Jean-Émile Vidal, La Mongolie, Paris, Julliard, 1971.
 Owen Lattimore, Mongolie, nomades et commissaires, Paris, Seuil, 1966, coll. l'Histoire immédiate.

Récits locaux
 .
 .

Récits de voyage
 Magali Schneider, Le désert du Gobi, Carnet de voyage en Mongolie, Éditions Autrement, Paris, 1997.
 Marc Alaux, Ivre de steppes, Un hiver en Mongolie, Paris, Transboréal, 2018.
 Marc Alaux, Sous les yourtes de Mongolie, Avec les Fils de la steppe, Paris, Transboréal, 2007, rééd. 2010.
 Antoine de Changy, Célina Antomarchi-Lamé, L'appel de la steppe, D'Istanbul aux confins de la Mongolie, à la rencontre des nomades de l'Altaï, Paris, Presses de la Renaissance, 2008.
 Évariste Huc, Souvenirs d'un voyage dans la Tartarie et le Thibet pendant les années 1844, 1845 et 1846, Paris, Omnibus, 2001.
 Linda Gardelle, Aylal, Une année en Mongolie, Larbey, Gaïa, 2004.
 Michel Jan, Le Réveil des Tartares, En Mongolie sur les traces de Guillaume de Rubrouck, Paris, Payot, 1998.
 Ferdynand Ossendowski, Bêtes, hommes et dieux, Paris, Phébus, 1995.
 Nikolaï Prjevalski, Voyage en Mongolie et au pays des Tangoutes (1871-1873), Une expédition russe aux confins de l'Empire céleste, Paris, Transboréal, 2007.
 Mélanie Carrier, Cadence,  de la Mongolie à Kolkata, Québec, Espace, 2007.
 Sarah Marquis, Sauvage par nature :  de marche extrême en solitaire de Sibérie en Australie, Michel Lafon, Neuilly-sur Seine, 2014.

Articles connexes
 Mongolie-Intérieure, province de la Chine peuplée par une ethnie mongole.
 Liste de villes de Mongolie
 Politique étrangère de la Mongolie

Liens externes

 Juniper, base de données iconographique et bibliographique sur les peuples de Mongolie et de Sibérie.
 Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines (EMSCAT), revue scientifique (accès libre).
 , Le Dessous des cartes.


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