Three former Trans World Airlines pilots are suing American Airlines and its pilots union over their handling of a contractual dispute that could see at least 85 pilots demoted from captain to first officer.
In a federal lawsuit filed Tuesday in North Texas, the pilots, now employees at American, requested a preliminary injunction to halt a grievance hearing scheduled to begin March 14.
The case directly affects only a small number of American's more than 15,000 pilots, but it helps illustrate the complicated web of contracts and protections spun by two decades of consolidation and bankruptcies. It also highlights the unending importance of seniority in an industry where pilots tend to stick with a single airline their whole career.
The roots of the dispute trace back to 2001 and how TWA pilots were integrated into the seniority list after American acquired the airline.
About 1,200 pilots were tacked to the bottom of American's seniority list without credit for their time served at TWA. But American and the pilots union worked out an agreement to guarantee a limited number of jobs for TWA pilots at its former hub in St. Louis.
Those protections changed after American's 2011 bankruptcy and a subsequent renegotiation of the contract with the union, guaranteeing 260 captain positions on narrow-body aircraft and 86 captain positions on small widebody aircraft for former TWA pilots.
But the protections were temporary and were set to expire when a single TWA pilot hired in 1997, Magnus Alehult, accrued enough seniority to become a captain on any aircraft in American's fleet.
Alehult hit that threshold in October, but only qualified for captain on American's fleet of small regional aircraft acquired as part of its 2013 US Airways merger.
The TWA pilots maintain that their agreement doesn't apply to those lower-paying jobs on smaller regional jets. They also say the protections shouldn't go away until Alehult qualifies for a captain's spot on a larger narrow-body aircraft like the Boeing 737, where pilots earn as much as $82 per hour more.
But three other American pilots filed grievances seeking to have those 260 protected captain jobs returned to the overall system, allowing any pilot with appropriate seniority to bid for them. The three American pilots who filed the grievance are all first officers who would stand to become captains if the change were made.
According to the lawsuit, removing the protections would cause at least 85 former TWA pilots, including plaintiff Kevin Horner, to be demoted from captain to first officer and take a pay cut of $75 per hour because of their lack of seniority. Pilots are paid based on block hours, the time from when an aircraft door closes to depart and when it reopens upon arrival.
The lawsuit said changes to the protected jobs also could force another 150 former TWA pilots to operate on reserve status outside their home base, which disrupts quality of life in addition to guaranteeing 15 fewer hours per month.
American and the union have taken no stance on the underlying dispute. The grievances were expedited to binding arbitration for a resolution, with hearings scheduled to start next week.
The lawsuit filed Tuesday accuses American and the union of skipping several steps in the grievance process, a move the former TWA pilots say limits their time to respond.
American and the Allied Pilots Association declined to comment for this report due to the ongoing litigation.
The lawsuit alleges the actions by American and the union violate the pilots' collective bargaining agreement and the Railway Labor Act that governs airline labor relations.


Operating Systems: Mac, Windows, Unix, Android.
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A Commemorative site for the JFK Assassination giving voice to the particpants and witnesses as historical T Shirts.
A public facing phone and web Google App Engine application running Php-Mysql with an Ajax/Bootstrap4 front end. System functions with multiple urls as well as on subdomains of existing domains for private member only corporate commuter functions (rides.mysite.com) (see Prefs). System (Server Side) is specifically designed for unlimited world wide scalability on Google App Engine with divisible task components, process efficient database schema design, custom written independent print spoolers, etc. System matches Riders and Drivers anywhere in the world using GPS in 128 languages.
Lead and trained a team of offshore 4d developers implementing new issue procedures for Liberty Life Insurance underwriting software in LUNAR, a 4d front end application communicating with a series of servers and services. LUNAR is an offshoot of the 4d/sybase configuration which I worked on in 2005 for Liberty Insurance Property and Auto in Portsmouth NH. LUNAR is the front end processing, decision making and work flow management system for all Liberty Life insurance underwriting activities.
Developed an Actionscript video player with effective real time 128 bit secure encryption. The design leveraged a small 128 bit key tied to a validating hardware dongle to control encryption chunk size and order in a 64 bit encrypted videos, providing effective 128 bit security and 64 bit file size. This was to provide a secure video distribution channel for educational video products (initial target was South America). Project passed a technical review for a patent, but the patent was not pursued, possibly due to the social implications of restricted video tutorials in third world countries (my opinion). Project design consisted of two separate applications and included customized video components, an action-script based application integrated custom web server, Custom RC4 based real time encryption and decryption processes interacting with a 128 bit key, and a Native Extension written in C. Most fun I have ever had, my boss didn't think it could be done.
Designed an interactive on-line training system based on Adobe Flash Builder, XML and Microsoft .Net including registration, user defined examinations, and scoring and reporting systems as an independent developer for Ventech Solutions Inc for the Ohio Department of Environmental Protection.
Release team member for the new NCR NetKey Digital Sign Content Management System. The advanced Actionscript/Flex 3 software written in strict MVC pattern (Model-View-Controller) manages all aspects of a National Digital Sign network including Digital Signage Graphics creation, Scheduling, Access Rights, and Playlist management..
Developed a real time Inventory Reconciliation application to update franchise Inventory tracking by National Service Center Warehouses. Application includes a customer log on screen and an inventory counting module which communicate with 4th Dimension server via SOAP Web Services.
Short term emergency fix contract to modify the Origin Digital feeds for the ESPN international website to redirect the site from three digital feeds to two. Project was originally written in Flash and Action script 3.0 using a cairngorm framework to provide feeds to Adobe Media Server.
Software Maintenance on the Collection Management software tracking the Art institute Museums collection of objects including the second largest collection of French Impressionist paintings in the world, 400 Picasso's and 50 Monet's. The system was written in 4th Dimension database with extensive usage of List, image and Array plugins.
Contract software maintenance, software upgrades and new development on the Strong Chemical Corp 4D Database for Arkware Software Development Corp of Edina Mn. Contract consisted of the adaptation of a traditional accounting and billing system to meet the specific requirements of Waste stream management, Waste Profile tracking and hazardous waste disposal accounting in compliance with federal guidelines.
Rewrite of Immunex Corporations training database tracking system to incorporate data structures required by the merger of Immunex and Amgen Corporation. The 4D database System tracked complex training requirements by product for every employee to ensure regulatory compliance in drug production and provided a web intranet to notify employees of changes in regulatory requirements which required additional training. Employee intra-net records were color coded by compliance levels to provide easy recognition by skill requirement of compliance status in a completely variable (not document) based web server system with 0.25 second response time to queries over the net.
Authored a comprehensive field level data synchronization application for EquityWorks software. The data synchronization software was extensively tested, approved, and implemented by Anderson Consulting. Anderson used the synchronization system to coordinate the activities of Anderson for all Venture Capitol offices on a worldwide basis. EquityWorks is now the leading management software package for venture capitol and equity management firms.
Debugging and Maintenance of the Yellow Page sales automation software. The software application (WildThing), written in 4D, integrates all functions of the 3400 person sales force including scheduled data exchanges with the mainframe systems, sales ordering, sales presentation assistance etc.
Extended development of a multi-user departmental database product for physician referral, managed care and public relations. The product consists of a 23 relation Helix Express database controlling 75 Finder, Quark, and Excel Applescript Applets, which in turn control 16 independent Excel Reporting Applications, a Quark Express print production system and a PowerPoint help system. Development was done in conjunction with Stamford Hospital, John Muir Cancer Research Foundation, and Lakeside Hospital (HCA Corp). See: Hospitals and Health Networks Magazine June 20 1993 Back Cover.
Development of a fully automated multi-Linotronic output management system controlling multiple production systems with integrated accounting, tracking and delivery. The system handled all facets of the business from file receipt to production, graphic services billing, zip based delivery scheduling, and integrated real time accounting and sales management and facilitation. Business Link customers included RCA records, Doubleday, as well as Time, Look, and Life Magazines.
Designed and wrote software to track the Jesselson's family private collection of rare Books and Religious Manuscripts from the 14th 15th and 16th century.
Development of Payroll and Budget projection software for Stamford Hospital. The Multi-User database system scheduled 1200 employees in a highly complex rate structure including department, position, and individual factors. The system reduced processing time from 24 hours on an HP 9000 to a real time basis on a Mac 2ci.
Designed and Developed a 35 user automated catalog production system for the Double Day Books (a subsidiary of Bertelsmann Marketing Corporation in New York City). The System produced all Catalog publications for the various Doubleday Book clubs.
Designed and developed a 20 user automated catalog production system for RCA records (a subsidiary of Bertelsmann Marketing Corporation in New York City). The software produced and tracked 27 catalogs (400 items per catalog) every three weeks for the various RCA record clubs. The system was based on a integration of Helix Express Relational Database and Quark Express style tags. The system was the first automated database publishing system ever written.
North Yarmouth Academy Preparatory, Yarmouth Maine.


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text:
Q: Proving that $1\cdot3+3\cdot5+5\cdot7+\cdots+(2n-1)(2n+1)={n(4n^2+6n-1) \over 3}$ by induction for $n\geq 1$
Prove using mathematical induction that
$$1\cdot3+3\cdot5+5\cdot7+\cdots+(2n-1)(2n+1)= {n(4n^2+6n-1) \over 3}.$$

Step 1: If we assume that the equation is true for a natural number, $n=k$, then we get
$$1\cdot3+3\cdot5+5\cdot7+\cdots+(2k-1)(2k+1)= {k(4k^2+6k-1) \over 3}$$
Step 2: When a statement is true for a natural number $n = k$,
then it will also be true for its successor, $n=k+1$. Hence, we have to prove that it is also true for $n=k+1$.
$$1\cdot3+3\cdot5+5\cdot7+\cdots+(2k-1)(2k+1)+(2k+1-1)(2k+1+1) = {k(4k+1^2+6k+1-1) \over 3}$$
I replace the LHS by step 1.
$${k(4k^2+6k-1) \over 3} + 2(k+1-1)(2k+1+1)={k(4k+1^2+6k+1-1) \over 3}$$
Now I need to make LHS equal to RHS.

A: From the formula for the sum of the square of the first $n$ natural numbers we have
\begin{align*}
\sum_{k=1}^n(2k-1)(2k+1)&=\sum_{k=1}^n(4k^2-1)\\
&=4\sum_{k=1}^nk^2-\sum_{k=1}^n1\\
&=\frac{4n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}-n\\
&=\frac{n\left[4(n+1)(2n+1)-6\right]}{6}\\
&=\frac{n(4n^2+6n-1)}{3}
\end{align*}

A: You have this line: $$1\cdot3+3\cdot5+5\cdot7+\cdots+(2k-1)(2k+1)+(2k+1-1)(2k+1+1) $$$${}= {k(4k+1^2+6k+1-1) \over 3}$$
That should be: $$1\cdot3+3\cdot5+5\cdot7+\cdots+(2k-1)(2k+1)+(2(k+1)-1)(2(k+1)+1)$$$${} = {k(4k^2+6k-1) \over 3}+(2(k+1)-1)(2(k+1)+1)$$
First of all, I'm just doing literally the same thing to both sides of an already-assumed-to-be-true equation. I'm adding $(2(k+1)-1)(2(k+1)+1)$.
Second, the reason I've added this is because it is what the next term would look like. Not $(2k+1-1)(2k+1+1)$, which just inserted some "${}+1$" in some places.
From here, you need to give a common denominator to the right side and see that it works out to be ${(k+1)(4(k+1)^2+6(k+1)-1) \over 3}$.

A: For what it's worth, I think Mario's answer is definitely the most elegant, but I know you are trying to prove the relation by induction. Thus, I will outline a proof by induction.
Proof. For $n\geq 1$, let $S(n)$ denote the statement
$$
S(n) : \sum_{i=1}^n(2i-1)(2i+1)=\frac{n(4n^2+6n-1)}{3}.
$$
Base step ($n=1$): $S(1)$ says that $(2-1)(2+1)=3=\frac{4+6-1}{3}$, and this is true.
Induction step ($S(k)\to S(k+1)$): Fix some $k\geq 1$ and assume that
$$
S(k) : \sum_{i=1}^k(2i-1)(2i+1)=\frac{k(4k^2+6k-1)}{3}
$$
holds. To be shown is that
$$
S(k+1) : \sum_{i=1}^{k+1}(2i-1)(2i+1)=\frac{(k+1)[4(k+1)^2+6(k+1)-1]}{3}
$$
follows.

Note: Later in the proof, it may help to first observe the following:
$$
(k+1)[4(k+1)^2+6(k+1)-1]=(k+1)(4k^2+14k+9)=4k^3+18k^2+23k+9\tag{$\dagger$}
$$

Beginning with the left-hand side of $S(k+1)$,
\begin{align}
\sum_{i=1}^{k+1}(2i-1)(2i+1)&= \sum_{i=1}^k(2i-1)(2i+1)+\bigl(2(k+1)-1\bigr)\bigl(2(k+1)+1\bigr)\\[1em]
&= \frac{4(k^2+6k-1)}{3}+(2k+1)(2k+3)\tag{by $S(k)$}\\[1em]
&= \frac{k(4k^2+6k-1)+(12k^2+24k+9)}{3}\\[1em]
&= \frac{4k^3+18k^2+23k+9}{3}\tag{simplify}\\[1em]
&= \frac{(k+1)[4(k+1)^2+6(k+1)-1]}{3},\tag{by $(\dagger)$}
\end{align}
one arrives at the right-hand side of $S(k+1)$, completing the inductive proof.
By mathematical induction, the statement $S(n)$ is true for all $n\geq 1$. $\blacksquare$

A: The general idea is the following:
Step 1 Check that your identity holds true for $n=n_0 $ (e.g 1)
Step 2 Assume that your identity holds true for $n=k>n_0$ and save the result.
Step 3 Explore if the identity holds true for $k+1$ using the result in step 2.
If step 1 holds true and by using step 2 you come up with a result that also holds true in step 3 then by induction your identity holds true for $n\geq n_0$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
module Frankenstein
  DESCRIPTION = 'Get HTTP status code for links found on a page, optimized '\
                'for GitHub.'
  SUMMARY = 'Check for live URLs on a page.'
  VERSION = '0.1.0'
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Clubmate acquired by ClubRight
Mar 17, 2022 By Owen Chapman In News
Britain's Leading Digital Membership and Bookings Management Provider to The Fishing Industry On Expansion Path, Thanks to Acquisition
Clubmate, the leading digital membership and bookings management platform specifically designed to support fishing clubs and fisheries, has been acquired by established membership management software company, ClubRight.
Launched by Owen Chapman in 2017, Clubmate has fast established itself as the go-to bookings and membership management system for fishing clubs and fisheries around the UK. Before its emergence into the market, the membership management aspect of the fishing industry was almost 100 per cent paper based. Over the course of the last four and a half years, Clubmate, which is built on ClubRight's proven management platform, has engaged more than 200 fishing clubs and fisheries, supporting the industry's move to the digital management of memberships and tickets for more than 50,000 anglers across the UK.
"It's been an incredible journey so far," says Chapman, "and there is so much more Clubmate will be able to achieve with the backing, expertise and resource of ClubRight, both within the fishing industry and beyond. I will be joining the ClubRight Board of Directors in the role of Commercial Director, with a remit to continue to manage the Clubmate platform in the fishing industry and to use my expertise to extend ClubRight's influence into other markets.
"Grassroot sports and hobbyist clubs form the backbone of communities up and down the country. Many are still running inefficient paper based membership and booking systems which create barriers to participation. My ambition has always been to tear down administration barriers and give people back the time they are spending on paperwork to go and do something more personally enjoyable to them, like fishing!"
"Joining ClubRight will springboard our growth opportunity. The company is already well established within the leisure sector, servicing gyms, studios and leisure centres across the country. Utilising its strong network, its links to community sport and piggybacking its excellent reputation, we will have a direct route to market. Also, I have known Wayne Health, Founder and CEO of ClubRight for many years. Clubmate is already built using ClubRight's excellent technology so this feels like a very natural coming together."
Speaking about the acquisition, Wayne Heath, Owner and Managing Director of ClubRight says: "Owen is a highly driven individual, with a solid background in digital payment solutions, including time with GoCardless and other Fintechs.
"Through Clubmate, he has demonstrated that he can take a concept and successfully roll it out. Owen has almost singlehandedly moved fishing into the digital age, creating efficiencies, membership management and booking opportunities that will drive a more financially sustainable future for the sport. We are absolutely delighted he has joined ClubRight as an integral member of the executive team, opening new doors and creating opportunities that will enable us to grow the business beyond our current capacity."
Chapman brings with him a team of four who will be integrated into the ClubRight team with a direct report to Chapman.
The acquisition officially took place this month.
For more information about ClubRight, visit: clubright.co.uk
For more information about Clubmate, visit: clubmate.fish

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Art co-founded Nicholas-Applegate Capital Management (NACM) in 1984, and served as Chairman and CEO until the firm's sale to Allianz in January 2001. After the firm's sale, Art served on the NACM Executive Committee and was a member of the Allianz Dresdner Asset Management Executive Committee. An innovator throughout his career, Art applied his early discovery/change-at-the-margin investment philosophy to many once-niche asset classes now common today such as Micro Cap, Mid Cap and Global Equity. He also successfully extended this philosophy to the high yield, convertible and non-US markets. Among his contributions to investment disciplines, Art systematized the process of using dynamic quantitative models to find value-added performance. Before founding NACM, Art was Managing Director and Chief Investment Officer at Pacific Century Advisors, an investment subsidiary of Security Pacific Corporation. In addition, he was First Vice President and Manager of the institutional accounts division at Security Pacific Bank. Previously, he was a Senior Portfolio Manager at San Diego Trust & Savings Bank. He currently serves on the board and investment committee of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Art earned his B.S. in Finance from San Diego State University and has over 40 years of investment experience.
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text:
Raikkonen fastest in final Belgian GP practice; Vettel 2nd
SPA-FRANCORCHAMPS, Belgium (AP) On a track loved by Michael Schumacher, Lewis Hamilton equaled the Formula One great's record by securing a 68th pole position at the Belgian Grand Prix on Saturday.
''It's a special day, definitely,'' Hamilton said. ''I feel very proud to be up there with him.''
The Mercedes driver was in great form on the Spa circuit, leading through qualifying to finish 0.242 seconds clear of rival Sebastian Vettel's Ferrari.
Schumacher, who won a record seven F1 titles and 91 race wins in his glittering career, also holds the record for wins in Spa with six - one more than another F1 great, the late Ayrton Senna.
Hamilton recalled watching his first F1 race - in Spa and won by Schumacher.
''I remember coming here in 1996 for my first Grand Prix and watching Michael coming by and the sound of the engine just shook my rib cage, incredible,'' Hamilton said. ''That's when my love for the sport took another step. To think I've now equaled him is surreal.''
Even when he played racing games on a video console as a youth, Hamilton would usually drive as Schumacher.
''I was Michael the majority of the time,'' said Hamilton, who recalled a special moment in his real career. ''Abu Dhabi, when I plucked up the courage to ask if he would swap helmets with me, and he did. That's one of the coolest things I have in my house.''
Schumacher won five of his seven world championships with Ferrari from 2000-04.
The F1 season continues next week in Italy, where Schumacher holds God-like status among Ferrari's fans. It would be a strange place, perhaps, for Hamilton to beat his record should he get pole at Monza, but it might also be a fitting one.
''If I dedicate it to him, it could the best tribute,'' Hamilton said.
The current condition of the 48-year-old Schumacher's health remains closely guarded among family and close associates.
It was while skiing with his teenage son Mick on a family holiday that Schumacher sustained severe head injuries in France on Dec. 29, 2013. He has been cared for at his home in Switzerland since September 2014. Schumacher hit the right side of his head on a rock, cracking his helmet. Doctors operated to remove blood clots from his brain, but some were left because they were too deeply embedded.
''I pray for Michael and his family all the time,'' said three-time F1 champion Hamilton, who enters his 200th GP on Sunday.
The 30-year-old Vettel's fond memories of Schumacher date even further back than Hamilton's.
''(Since) the age of six or seven. I met him for the first time, he was handing over the trophies for the kids at the Go-kart track (in Germany). More than 100 kids, but he took the time to shake all our hands,'' Vettel said. ''He was my hero, I had his posters all over my room ... I think the admiration for his skills is still the same as day one.''
Hamilton and Vettel have four wins each, heading into the 12th race of a gripping season.
Championship leader Vettel is 14 points ahead of Hamilton, who has generally done better in qualifying.
Hamilton was already ahead Saturday when he went even faster with a blistering final lap for Mercedes, but Vettel then produced a fine lap of his own. Valtteri Bottas was third and Kimi Raikonnen fourth. Red Bull driver Max Verstappen, racing in front of a huge contingent of traveling Dutch fans, qualified fifth ahead of teammate Daniel Ricciardo.
Hamilton was met on track by Ross Brawn, the F1 managing director of motorsports, who delivered a special message of praise to Hamilton from Schumacher's family.
''Schumacher always said records are there to be beaten and they want to say a special `thanks,''' Brawn told Hamilton.
Schumacher's pole record was achieved in a little more than 300 races. But while Hamilton is second all-time with 57 GP wins, he remains 34 behind Schumacher's record.
Hamilton celebrated his latest pole by tapping the nose of his car and clenching both fists.
Bottas jokingly compared himself to teammate Hamilton, saying ''I've only got two pole positions, so there's some way to go.''
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Top Communities Stories 10 Year Old Daughter Is Mean At School But Sweet With Me Hello My Beautiful Daughter My 18 Year Old Daughter Wants To Take A Plane To See Her Boyfriend?!
All Communities > Stay at Home Moms > time to potty!
i have a 21 month old daughter who is headin into her"big girl" stage,as we like to call it. she has no more binkies, no more babas, and we just recently turned her crib into a daybed. now i'm tryin to get her to use a potty, just yesterday i bought a potty tht she picked out bc i thought tht it wud make it easier for her to use it if she liked it. it's a princess potty that plays music when she goes potty in it. well... she likes sittin on it... but thts about it. LOL i help her take off her diaper and pants to show her how to use it. she just sits for a second and then gets up and starts cryin if i tell her to go pee pee in it. am i startin her too early?maybe she's not ready? i just figured she would be since she's been tellin me when she goes pee pee or poop in her diaper. i thought that THAT was a good sign to start training her. my husband says that we should start a chart and put stickers on it when she goes... but i don't know if that will work if i can't even get her to stay on it to go! any suggestions???
My 17 months old daughter is telling me when she goes to. I was told that she is ready but the other day when I put her on her potty and she did go tee tee she started crying like it scared her. lol Now she will not even go close to the potty when I ask her she would be like "no" so I will was about to post this some thing on here tonight so if any one can help you I hope they can help me to!!! I really hope we can fine a way to get it them potty trained!!! GOOD LUCK!!!!!!!!!!!
1 too young to Potty train??


text:
Board index NES / Famicom Newbie Help Center
A thread where I'm going to ask some math questions
Are you new to 6502, NES, or even programming in general? Post any of your questions here. Remember - the only dumb question is the question that remains unasked.
koitsu
Location: A world gone mad
Re: A thread where I'm going to ask some math questions
Post by koitsu » Wed Oct 17, 2018 11:00 am
rainwarrior wrote: Anyhow, sorry this seems to be quite a digression. The discussion was talking about appropriate practice for using < or z: etc. because the question was how does ca65 know about sizes of values. What a theoretical assembler should do is kind of a completely different problem.
I can talk about non-theoretical assemblers if you want, and give actual screenshots of concrete documentation showing exactly what they do. But maybe not here?
This general subject comes up (re: operand lengths + addressing modes, and how the assemblers decide which to use, and how they "determine lengths") every few months. It will continue to come up as long as we have new people coming into the scene and learning how assemblers behave.
rainwarrior
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Post by rainwarrior » Wed Oct 17, 2018 11:29 am
Well, one way I could interpret what you said that would make sense to me is:
"I want all instruction pnemonics to have an explicit operand size (suffix), and I want the shortest pnemonic (no suffix) to be ZP size."
Is that what you meant by default? Like I can understand the desire for an assembly syntax with only explicit operand size and no assumptions. It definitely wouldn't be my preference, at least not for 6502, but I could understand someone wanting that.
(I guess NESASM is technically that but with ABS as the base pnemonic and < as an operand prefix instead of an instruction suffix... it has other problems encircling the issue, but it is at least explicit in this respect.)
If you want to show examples, I wouldn't mind, but really I just wanted to know what you meant, the question of "what assemblers do X" was just a means to try and understand that via example, if one exists.
Post by koitsu » Wed Oct 17, 2018 1:55 pm
tokumaru generally summed up what I meant. I've done a large write-up about all of this verbosely, but decided to save it to a txt file for a rainy day, or more likely a wiki page.
Post by rainwarrior » Wed Oct 17, 2018 2:13 pm
Forgive me, but the statement that confused me was: "forcing ZP addressing through syntax semantics is the backwards approach to take -- instead, default to ZP and forcing absolute/16-bit addressing through semantics."
That's all I was asking for clarification for, and I'm not quite sure what kind of answer you would have typed out that needs to be a large write up... I wasn't really asking for you to prove that some assembler does it, I just asked in case an example would help.
"forcing ZP addressing through syntax semantics"
I have a hard time understanding which methods they're referring to. Are you describing an assembler, or programming convention, and if it's a programming convention is it for ca65 or are you talking about many assemblers at once? Is this about < as a ZP forcing prefix? Is this about z:? Is this about : zeropage segments? I don't know which ones are covered by the statement, and that's what I was hoping you'd clarify.
"default to ZP and forcing absolute/16-bit addressing through semantics"
How do you force it through semantics? Instruction suffix? a: prefix? What does "default" mean in this context? Again not sure if talking about how you want an assembler to behave, or how a programmer should write code, or whether this is for ca65 or if you're talking about something more general.
I was genuinely confused by both halves of this statement, and really I just wanted to know what you were trying to express with it. It might sound like I was trying to shoot it down, maybe the way I talk comes across like that (apologies, if it does) but if you had something good to share in there I was hoping I could get you to spell it out with my questions, because I really couldn't parse that sentence as it was. I've made two guesses as to what you meant and you haven't really directly confirmed if either of those guesses were correct, but it sounds like not? (Tokumaru's post doesn't really make the connection to your sentence for me, either, sorry.)
...and if it really is a thing that requires too much effort to explain, or you don't want to explain for whatever reason, that's OK too, but it feels like maybe you felt I was pushing you in a way that I did not at all hope to.
Okay, here's the short version:
"Default to ZP and forcing absolute/16-bit addressing through semantics" means:
Assuming the addressing mode in question supports ZP addressing: if the calculated effective address is $0000 to $00ff, then use ZP addressing with the low byte of the effective address. Example: for lda $00ee, assemble to a5 ee. The only exception to this rule is if the user explicitly specifies they wanted absolute/16-bit addressing through syntactical sugar; common prefixes are ! or a:. Example: lda !$00ee would assemble to ad ee 00.
"Forcing ZP addressing through syntax semantics" could mean anything because it depends on the assembler. I intentionally worded this nebulously because "syntax semantics" vary per assembler. That said: I'll give you two examples (one I know of factually, the other might be true but I haven't checked): 1) using < to refer to the low byte of an effective address when combined with some opcodes could result in ZP addressing, ex. lda <$12ee might assemble to a5 ee, and 2) z: prefix described earlier (if that's true).
I would love to see a non-obfuscated example (meaning: I don't want to see 20 lines of macros and weird variable equate magic and complex stuff) where defaulting to 16-bit/absolute addressing, when the effective address is $0000 to $00ff, is preferred. I'll add that at least one Apple II assembler (ORCA/M) actually does this (defaults to absolute), HOWEVER, that's an assembler intended for 65816 (using it to write 6502 actually requires you to specify "sizes" on a lot of operands solely for that reason). ORCA/M's manually actually outlines very very clearly what the assembler does with all the different syntaxes, in a nice chart, that spreads across 2 or 3 pages. (My aforementioned txt file was basically a version of this but WRT 6502 and what we're discussing here; there are several effective addresses that could be assembled multiple ways, which I noted as "difficult" or "I can't decide").
To clarify the difference between < and z: and a: in ca65:
< takes the low byte of the operand. Will produce a ZP instruction, but there's no protection if your label actually needed ABS.
z: verifies that the operand is a ZP address, and throws an error if it doesn't. It's verification of correctness, not forcing.
a: promotes a ZP operand to ABS size, or keeps an ABS operand at the same size. (i.e. for when you don't want the normal behaviour of assuming ZP where it can be assumed.)
So I guess ca65's behaviour is actually what you were describing, as long as you're not using < to mean "ZP instruction", which a lot of people were used to doing from NESASM, and I think is not a good habit to cultivate, since z: instead will help protect against errors. ...but in general there's very little need to use z:, it's really just a tool for checking that you're really getting the addressing you want in the cases where it matters. (< is a good operator for its purpose of taking a low byte, but not a substitute for z:, IMO.)
Looking back I realize OP didn't explicitly mention ca65, but I knew previously that its what they're working with, so maybe that was a strongly assumed context on my part that others didn't have.
qalle
Post by qalle » Wed Oct 17, 2018 3:55 pm
samophlange wrote: The first thing I realized is that I don't know how to handle constants. Specifically, I don't know how to write code that can tell if a constant is a single byte vs two bytes and then treat it appropriately.
Perhaps the following thoughts help those who aren't very experienced with assemblers. It may be off topic or self-evident to you, but I didn't really stop to think about it until quite recently. Note: I haven't really studied compiler/assembler theory.
Most assemblers make no distinction between what the programmer calls "variables", "labels" or "constants". They are all just constants - they have a name and a value. (Edit: they have different syntax but I think they're internally the same.)
- "Constants" are simple: the value is just a value and nothing else.
- The value of a "label" is an address; the assembler knows both the address and what's stored there (assuming ROM and no bankswitching).
- The value of a "variable" is an address, too, but the assembler only knows the address, not what's stored there (because the assembler does not simulate what the 6502 program does).
The assembler is capable of very complex arithmetic but only at assembly time; at run time, the 6502 won't and can't distinguish the program from a manually-written one.
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Post by tokumaru » Wed Oct 17, 2018 4:44 pm
rainwarrior wrote: z: verifies that the operand is a ZP address, and throws an error if it doesn't. It's verification of correctness, not forcing.
It is forcing if the address can't be calculated at the time the instruction is assembled. Kinda. It'll still throw an error if the address is ultimately found to not fit in 8 bits, of course.
samophlange
Post by samophlange » Wed Oct 17, 2018 7:03 pm
I think I've only understood half of what has been talked about in this thread, but I still know twice as much as I did before!
qalle wrote: Most assemblers make no distinction between what the programmer calls "variables", "labels" or "constants". They are all just constants - they have a name and a value. (Edit: they have different syntax but I think they're internally the same.)
Yeah, the sticking point for me is that the number of bytes used for a variable changes how you work with the variable, (and maybe how you interpret the value if it is signed), but constants don't have a "size" that you can determine apart from their value. This is compounded by the fact that I'm both new to the language and also the capabilities of ca65.
I tried two approaches that I thought would work, but resulted in an error. Then I tried another approach that I assumed would give me an error but actually worked.
This yielded the error "Error: Constant expression expected"
tempw0: .res 2
CONSTANT_1 = 1
.macro u16_set_from_constant setvar, constant
.if (constant >= 0 && constant <= 255)
lda #<constant
sta setvar+0
lda #$00
.elseif (constant >= 255 && constant <= 65535)
lda #>constant
.else
.error "constant is out of range"
.endif
.endmacro
; macro called from some unit test subroutine
u16_set_from_constant tempw0, CONSTANT_1
This approach gave the error "Error: Size of `CONSTANT_1' is unknown"
.if (.sizeof(constant) == 1)
.elseif (.sizeof(constant) == 2)
This one worked fine, somewhat to my surprise. I expected using ">" with a constant that wouldn't logically be a 2 byte value to result in a compile time error or some garbage values at runtime, but it works.
So I guess in this case ca65 knows that there is no "value" in the "high byte" and generates a value of $00 for the immediate mode operation. Maybe that should have been obvious to me, but I thought I was telling it to do something dumb and expected it to just let me shoot myself in the foot. But it works!
All of ca65's expressions have 32-bit size, so they always have a 2nd byte accessible by >. (They also have a 3rd and 4th byte. .bankbyte gets the 3rd byte.) Your last macro is IMO the "correct" way to do this.
The macro system is a bit weird in a lot of ways. Notably it's not a preprocessor; the macro gets tokenized and that stream of tokens is substituted instead, and there's a lot of strange restrictions about what needs to be known when. (Also be careful about parentheses in macros, since those have some additional meaning in the assembly context. {} can sometimes be used instead. Some examples here.)
The .sizeof directive doesn't really intuitively map to how it works in C, and probably doesn't work on constants at all.
I'm not sure what's going on with the first attempt though. (The error isn't even necessarily about one of the lines with "constant" in it. I personally find it really hard to diagnose problems with ca65 macros; usually involves a lot of removing things until you find the line that caused the error.)
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Post by tepples » Thu Oct 18, 2018 5:41 am
samophlange wrote: constants don't have a "size" that you can determine apart from their value.
In some type systems, they do. In the C language, (uint8_t)5 and (uint64_t)5 have different sizes.
As rainwarrior mentioned, .sizeof doesn't do what you expect. .addrsize, available in fairly recent ca65, might be closer. There are also some peculiar scope resolution restrictions for accessing top-level constants within a named scope (.scope or .proc): you'll often need to use ::symbol to force use of the top-level symbol rather than a shadowing symbol of the same name that ca65 thinks may be defined later in the scope.
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Post by samophlange » Sat Dec 08, 2018 12:01 pm
I've been making progress getting some general purpose math routines in to the game. My current goal is to convert one object over to use signed 24bit fixed point values for position and velocity to get more natural looking movement and acceleration, and use that to get the hang of this stuff. Writing the routines for this, I'm realizing that there will be situations where I have a result that is zero, but still has the sign bit set to negative. I know that with the 8-bit operations there is no such thing as "negative zero". When I'm dealing with multi-byte values, should I detect this situation and clear out the sign bit after an operation? For folks who have been down that road, have you had weird bugs tracked down to "negative zero" causing otherwise sound logic to go haywire?
I'm basically not sure if I'm worrying about nothing.
(I guess thinking about representations of zero is inherently worrying about nothing, but you get the drift).
Post by pubby » Sat Dec 08, 2018 12:31 pm
Huh I think you're confused about something.
There's no such thing as "negative zero" in multi-byte numbers either. A one followed by all zeroes is equal to -(2^(N-1)), where N is the number of bits. It works the same as 8-bit values.
Post by tokumaru » Sat Dec 08, 2018 1:04 pm
Yeah, there's no negative 0 in two's complement notation, which is what the 6502 uses for signed numbers. You're probably doing something weird somewhere.
Post by samophlange » Sat Dec 08, 2018 5:39 pm
Yeah good call, I was a bit confused. I was thinking of a "divide by 2" situation where you don't shift the sign bit, but instead preserve it. Something like this: (assume some_val is a 24 bit signed variable)
lda @some_val+2
cmp #%10000000 ;copy bit 7 to carry to preserve sign
ror @some_val+2
Thinking it through again, in the case of a negative number, it looks like this would get down to -1 and then never decrease any more, while the same operations on a positive number would eventually get all the way down to 0.
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The blinds, which can be easily installed in a 'plug-and-play' fashion, look like ordinary blinds, but have integrated photovoltaic modules.
Solar power is the most popular form of renewable energy, and for home owners a great way to reduce their electrical bill. However, if you don't have a roof or rent a place, installing them is not an option. Now, the start-up SolarGaps has come with a solution for these situations. The company created blinds with integrated solar panels that provide sunshade, all the while reducing your energy bill.
The blinds, which can be easily installed in a 'plug-and-play' fashion, look like ordinary blinds, but have integrated photovoltaic modules. They automatically rotate to follow the sun, an idea based on sunflowers. For the best efficiency, SolarGaps recommends installing them outside.
You can use the energy generated by the blinds by using the included dock that allows you to charge and power devices within your home or office, store the surplus energy in a battery, or sell the energy to your energy supplier.
square feet). If they are each facing south, they may be able to produce on average 7 kWh a day / 210 kWh a month, assuming average daylight of 8.5 hours a day. In an office or retail space, you would be able to generate up to 10 times more. However, whether these numbers are for a sunny or a cloudy day is unclear.
Like ordinary blinds, the SolarGaps ones can keep out the sunlight, which can save on air conditioning.
SolarGaps blinds are made from aluminium and fibreglass. The company claims that aside from generating power, the shades can also provide protection for your windows in poor weather condition.
As many devices nowadays, the blinds can be controlled remotely using an app, so that you can use them as normal blinds as well, as well as track the amount of energy generated.
SolarGaps' fund raising campaign ended in June, reaching 205 per cent of their intended goal.


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You do not need much to sew a stylish decoration for your sewing room or children's room. I am still a novice user of a sewing machine. Sometimes, however, it is worth trying to do something by yourself because the effect can be really amazing.
1.) To make a cactus pillow you need 0.5m x 0.5m fabric – I used a green minky, and filling.
3.) Cut by line and put together the pages, then cut the cactus pattern.
4.) Draw the pattern on your fabric and cut it in duplicate.
5.) Sew the edges best on the sewing machine, do not forget to leave a small hole to fill the pillow.
6.) Fill the pillow with the filling you have.
7.) Sew the hole with the invisible stitch (ladder stitch) manually.
Peach Pie – simple and fast recipe.


Among the daily deluge of news regarding environmental degradation and climate change, the latest exhibit at Westmont College's Ridley-Tree Museum of Art feels like a breath of fresh air. The countless studies, articles, and books that roll out of academia and news rooms across the nation can be overwhelming and exhausting. The exhibit, Watershed: Contemporary Landscape Photography, confronts these issues from a different angle, expressing the many ways that humans interact with and impact their environment without the jargon. From bootprints in the mud of Montecito after the debris flow to abandoned churches in the American South to lonely villages spread out over an expanse of snow, the photographic images illuminate both the beauty and the tragedy of humans and their relationship with the landscapes around them.
The exhibit is curated into five categories, beginning with "SB Watershed." As you walk into the museum, you are immediately greeted with images that expose Santa Barbara's fraught relationship with "water, drought, fire, and floods." Yet among the depictions of wreckage, there are images of beauty as well — a reminder that human-nature relationships are complicated. As you make your way deeper into the museum, you find other North American photographers who have captured landscapes of all kinds, utilizing unique perspectives and styles.
The other categories, "Narrative," "Exposure," "Objective," and "Atmosphere," make evident to the viewer how the artist behind the camera can manipulate and reorient the way we view a landscape. We see images that take a straight-forward perspective of their subject, and other pieces that have manipulated and transformed it. "Watershed: Contemporary Landscape Photography" is a fitting exhibit for Santa Barbara in this current moment, as we reflect upon recent natural disasters and look ahead to more sustainable kinds of relationships between humans and landscapes.


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Eleven multiplayer maps spanning all three eras.
Electronic Arts has released new details about the eleven multiplayer maps and five modes that will be available at launch for Star Wars Battlefront II.
As detailed on EA's official site, the game will feature three prequel-era maps: Kamino, Kashyyyk and Theed; five original trilogy-era maps: Death Star II, Endor, Mos Eisley, Yavin 4 and Hoth; and three The Force Awakens-era maps: Starkiller Base, Jakku and Takodana.
Details about the game's multiplayer modes were also revealed. According to another post on EA's official site, Battlefront II will feature a mode called Strike, where two eight-player teams will compete in objective-based missions. Meanwhile, a mode called Starfighter Assault will have players assume control over hero ships, fighters, bombers and interceptors as two teams "engage in multi-stage, objective based space battles."
Battlefront II will also feature a Hero vs. Villains mode, where various beloved characters from the Star Wars universe fight against each other in four-on-four team battles. Additionally, the game will feature an Arcade mode that offers single-player, or split-screen multiplayer on console, where players take on AI foes in various scenarios.
The game will also feature a mode called Galactic Assault, where players will "battle on a series of large team-oriented, objective-based maps."
Star Wars Battlefront II will be released for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC on November 17. Those eager to jump into the action early can check out the Galactic Assault and Starfighter Assault modes in the Battlefront II beta, which will run from October 6-9 (or 4-9 for those who preordered).
Check out our Star Wars Battlefront II impressions from gamescom 2017 to find out why the game's space battles are "faster, sleeker and better-sounding than ever."


For a 231-page book it is surprisingly thorough, and overall it is an excellent survey of digital computers of the era. There is also a 9-page bibliography which at first I thought was a bit skimpy (even for 1953) but on a closer inspection is rather good—I like it.
I was a little surprised to see three N. Wiener cybernetics books among the 45 books in the biblio section. That said the section includes 45 books, plus 35 "reports of limited circulation" (including three by G.W. Patterson). Also there is an "Individual Computing Machines" section with 87 references for 39 computers). What is most unusual in the bibliography are the last sections, with categorical entries for arithmetic unit logic design, counters and binary elements, function tables, gates, input-output organs, registers, relays, single digit storage, storage, and computer applications.
Computers covered include: ACE, Babbage's analytical engine, ARC, ARRA, ASCC, BARK, Bell Labs Relay, BINAC, CALDIC, Circle Computer, EDVAC, EDSAC, ENIAC, ERA, Harvard Mk 2 & # & 4, IBM computers, ICCE, IAS, LEO, MADAM, MADDIDA, MOSAIC, NAREC, OARAC, OMBIAC, ORDVAC, RASCAL, SEAC, SEC, SWAC, TRE, UNIVAC, Whirlwind, Zue.
Oddly—given that these computers were in the bibliography, five of them are listed as "no published data".
Contents include: the mechanical era,the advent of eletronic techniques, overall design of a computing system, the control, the arithmetic unit, input-output, gates, single digit storage, definition of a code and discussion of its form and contents (!5pp), the technique of coding (7pp), the use of subroutines in coding (12pp), programme design (13pp), some applications of computing machines.


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Food pantries see jump in need during pandemic
A masked volunteer puts together bags of food for the needy at St. Anthony of Padua Church in Falls Church March 25. ZOEY MARAIST | CATHOLIC HERALD
Volunteer coordinator Alba Luz Garcia (center) prepares bags to be distributed to the needy outside St. Anthony of Padua Church in Falls Church March 25. ZOEY MARAIST | CATHOLIC HERALD
A family walks away after receiving food at St. Anthony of Padua Church in Falls Church March 25. ZOEY MARAIST | CATHOLIC HERALD
Volunteers put together bags of food for the needy outside St. Anthony of Padua Church in Falls Church March 25. ZOEY MARAIST | CATHOLIC HERALD
Cars wait in the line to receive food at St. Anthony of Padua Church in Falls Church March 25. ZOEY MARAIST | CATHOLIC HERALD
The line of cars started at the back of the church, hugged the outline of the parking lot and stopped at the entrance of St. Anthony of Padua Church in Falls Church. Those on foot formed a shorter line parallel to the cars on the cold, rainy morning.
Volunteers wearing face masks and gloves worked under tents, putting dried beans, canned fruit and other goods into grocery bags. They urged recipients to stay in the cars as they themselves loaded car trunks with food. Those walking were asked to quickly grab the prepared bags lined up on the table.
Other volunteers loaded boxes of pears and apples into metal trailers on the property. In the middle of the food distribution, the line of cars halted as a huge Capital Area Food Bank truck unloaded its wares.
St. Anthony parishioners hold a food distribution every Monday and Wednesday morning, serving an average of 120 families per day, about 1,000 per month. But that number has jumped since the coronavirus pandemic began. "At the present time, we are having three or four times (that many people come)," said Ubaldo Cisneros, parish social ministry coordinator. "Last Wednesday, we served 522 families with every family taking between 30 and 40 pounds (of food)."
Food pantries all over the area are seeing increased demand due to coronavirus-related business closures, and are asking for more food for their clients. Diocesan Catholic Charities St. Lucy Project Manassas Food Warehouse set up a drop-off bin where non-perishable food items can be donated 24 hours a day. They are looking into hosting drive-through parish food drives. Many supporters have sent donations via an Amazon wish list. Last week, more than 400 pounds of food were shipped to the Manassas warehouse.
"Requests for food at Catholic Charities St. Lucy Food Project pantries are at an all-time high," said Catherine Hassinger, director of community services. "At our Leesburg Regional Office, requests doubled from 45 households in an average week to more than 80. At Christ House, usually we help about 53 households in two days. (Recently,) we helped 124 households, representing 370 people, in two days."
"All of the people who come to pick up food mention being affected by the coronavirus," said Cisneros. "Many (are) unemployed, many (have) fewer hours. People are terrified because they do not see how they are going to pay their rent and bills."
Society of St. Vincent de Paul conferences within the diocese have seen an uptick in need as well, said Christopher Disney, district council president. "Our pantries are becoming inundated with requests for food and this demand is expected to increase the longer people are out of work and funds begin to become scarce," he said. Their volunteers are no longer making home visits, but are still checking their helpline and aiding where they can.
"One of our conferences received a frantic call from a young single mother with two children. They were completely out of toilet paper and she had no luck in finding any," he said. "The Vincentian who took the call then scoured the Northern Virginia area shops and finally found a few rolls. He took them to the house and put the box on the porch. Just then one of the little girls opened the door and realizing what it was, said to him, 'Are you the angel that my mommy said would help us?' It just makes it all worthwhile."
To donate food to the St. Lucy Project, go to the Manassas Food Warehouse, 8426 Kao Circle. To learn more or to donate online, go here. Checks can be mailed to Catholic Charities St. Lucy Food Project, 8426 Kao Circle, Manassas 20110. To learn more about the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, go here.
In 2022 Virginia legislative session, Catholics to lobby for life, conscience, family
Parishioner is inspired to help sow the seeds of Salesian spirituality


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Q: Xamarin Forms Android - "Resource is not available in the current context" When trying to debug my xamarin forms android application, in my MainActivity.cs file I get this error:
CS0103  The name "Resource" not found in the current context D:\MyApp\App\App.Android\MainActivity.cs   12

The code that belongs to this is the following:
TabLayoutResource = Resource.Layout.Tabbar;
ToolbarResource = Resource.Layout.Toolbar;

When I comment out these lines, it compiles but each page has the title on like half the height of the page instead of inside the title bar. How can I fix this?

A: Add a diagnostic build output:
https://developer.xamarin.com/guides/android/troubleshooting/troubleshooting/#Diagnostic_MSBuild_Output
And you could refer to :
https://forums.xamarin.com/discussion/5261/the-name-resource-does-not-exist-in-the-current-context

A: Either your project namespace ends with .Android or your namespace is not set the same as it is set in your project settings.
In case you have a namespace like MyApp.Android you should change it to MyApp.Droid.


Many people are unaware of the thousands of birds that may pass in the skies near them. Part of the reason may be that many birds travel at night. Those birds that do not fly non-stop, will usually land in the very early morning hours, find a safe place to rest and will be looking to find food during the daylight hours.
How do birds know which way to go?
How do they stay on course? Various studies have been conducted that suggest that birds use the sun or stars as guides. Birds may also use the physical characteristics of the land below, following rivers, shorelines, hills and valleys as guides. There is also the "homing" instinct that has been studied.
Birds do get lost sometimes, thrown off course by huge storms, fierce winds, or other weather conditions. Young birds, perhaps those who fledged late in the season and unable to migrate with the older birds, may become confused and stray.
There is much still to learn and know about migration. Banding of birds, observations, and radio tracking by use of small transmitters on the birds all gather information and add to the knowledge.
What can you do during migration?
Be sure to keep your feeders full for hungry and weary travelling birds. Plant bushes and trees for cover and food as well as flowers for seed to eat. With the development of land and destruction of birds' natural habitat, there are fewer and fewer places for these migratory birds on their way north and south.
breed throughout Europe as far north as Lapland and the Arctic Circle, reaching east across Asia to China. They show no preference for particular ground-level habitats but they do require insect food in the air, preferably at heights over 50 m and a suitable nest site nearby.
Swifts traditionally nested in crags , sea-cliffs, caves, hollow trees and nest holes made by other birds. These sites have largely been replaced by nesting in buildings, which has allowed the swift to colonise many new areas, including cities, throughout its world range.
More recently the application of pesticides and habitat destruction seem likely to have had adverse effects on swifts by affecting their food supply. The modernisation of many buildings has resulted in loss of nesting sites.
Swifts are migratory throughout their range. They arrive in the UK in the last week of April or early May, and stay only long enough to breed. Autumn migration begins in late July or early August. The onset of the migration is believed to be triggered by the lack of nutritious insects high in the air. Few swifts are left in September.
Our UK swifts migrate through France and Spain to spend their winter in Africa, south of the Sahara, where they follow the rains to take advantage of rapid changes in insect populations. While many immature birds return to the breeding grounds in the spring, some will remain in Africa.
The world population is estimated at around 25 million birds.
†† European swallows spend the winter in Africa south of the Sahara, in Arabia and in the Indian sub-continent.