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Germania Inferior (13)
Germania Inferior: small province of the Roman empire, situated along the Lower Rhine. Its capital was Cologne.
Frontier zone
Urban life (1)
The countryside
Taxes, trades, crafts
The third century
Order restored
Language and Christianity
Frankish brooches
No visitor of Germania Secunda in the year 400 could have guessed that the end of the Roman presence in the Low Countries was near. The fleet of the Rhine was functioning, the frontier castles were occupied by loyal soldiers, the cavalry armies in the hinterland were well-trained. Military installations were perfectly maintained (e.g., the Roman bridge at Cuijk was repaired in 393). Frankish peasants in Toxandria were producing cereals for the soldiers, and treaties tied the Franks outside the empire with Rome. They were no longer regarded as a threat, and the Roman orator Libanius could claim with some justification that they had finally become romanized (Oration 59.132).
A Frankish jar
However, the Roman peace was not to last forever. In 405, one of the Germanic tribes crossed the Danube and attacked Italy. The emperor Honorius and the supreme commander of the Roman forces in Europe, Stilicho, transferred the cavalry armies of Gaul to northern Italy. They knew that other tribes would cross the Rhine, but Stilicho reckoned that he could deal with them later. It had been done before: in 70, after 240, in 256-259, in 277, in 355-358 - the Romans had always been able to expel the invaders.
In the winter of 406/407, several tribes invaded the Roman empire. The Franks remained loyal to the central government and defeated the Vandals, but were in turn defeated by the Alans. If Stilicho had been been able to concentrate his forces on Gaul, the crisis might have been averted, but this did not happen. The Roman troops in Britain panicked, proclaimed their general Constantinus emperor, and crossed to the continent, where the British emperor was recognized by the Gauls. The Romans never returned to Britain, and the Germanic tribes benefited from the civil war between Honorius and Constantinus. Without opposition, they continued to Hispania, where Andalusia still has the name of the Vandals. In 410, the Visigoths even sacked Rome.
A Frankish war lord (the "Lord of Morken")
Eventually, order was restored in Hispania and central Gaul. The invaders received land and were swiftly assimilated by the native population. However, the Rhineland was now lost and Frankish warlords seized several towns. Krefeld and Deutz became the residences of new leaders, and the same happened in Nijmegen. The old coastal defenses were lost too, and Saxonian pirates could settle in Flanders, which they used as a base for attacks on Britain.
During the fifth century, the Frankish warlords added new territories to their chiefdoms. One of them, a man named Chlodio, was able to move from Toxandria to the southwest, to the Somme river. To be acceptable to his new subjects, he presented himself as a Roman leader. As late as 463, his grandson Childeric considered himself governor of Germania Secunda. They were sincere. Often, the Frankish leaders sided with the Romans when the Roman armies fought against other Germanic tribes (or rival Frankish warlords).
Many Franks went to the south, where they settled in the old villas on the other side of the language boundary. Childeric took Tournai as his capital, and Cambrai became the residence of another Frankish king. Along the Rhine and Meuse, other leaders controled parts of the former province Germania Secunda. Because the new leaders were forced to use the services of the old bureaucrats, the inevitable result was that the Franks were assimilated by the native population, were converted to Christianity, and started to speak the language of the Gallo-Roman population. The proverbal lingua Franca is Latin.
In the 460s, Roman power in Gaul started to disintegrate. The last emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 and the Frankish kings enlarged their territories in all directions. In the last quarter of the fifth century, the Frankish states of Le Mans, Cambrai, Tournai, Trier, and Deutz were united by the son of Childeric, Chlodovech or -to use a name that has been invented by French scholars- Clovis. About 486, he added the remains of the Roman province Lugdunensis Secunda, and twenty years later he conquered the Alsace. In 507, he crossed the Loire and took all country north of the Pyrenees from the Visigoths.
From now on, Gaul was united under a Frankish king. According to a famous medieval legend, Clovis was the first Frank to become Christian. This is probably untrue, but the close cooperation between the Church and the Frankish state is a fact. The creation of a Christian state with strong Roman traditions under a Frankish dynasty was the predictable outcome of processes that had started in late Antiquity in Germania Secunda.
Tilmann Bechert, Römisches Germanien zwischen Rhein und Maas. Die Provinz Germania Inferior (1982 München)
Tilmann Bechert & Willem Willems, Die römische Reichsgrenze zwischen Mosel und Nordseeküste (1995 Stuttgart)
Maureen Carroll, Romans, Celts & Germans. The German Provinces of Rome (2002 Stroud)
J.F. Drinkwater, The Gallic Empire (1987 Stuttgart)
Wim van Es, De Romeinen in Nederland (1981² Haarlem)
Stephan Fichtl, Les Gaulois du Nord de la Gaule (1994 Paris)
Thomas Fischer, Die Römer in Deutschland (1999 Darmstadt)
M. Gysseling, "Germanisering en taalgrens" in: Algemene geschiedenis der Nederlanden 1 (1981) 100-115
Danny Lamarcq & Marc Rogge, De taalgrens (1996 Leuven)
Jona Lendering & Arjen Bosman, Edge of Empire. Rome's Frontier on the Lower Rhine (2012)
M.E. Mariën, Belgica Antica (1980 Antwerpen)
Nico Roymans, Romeinse frontierpolitiek en de etnogenese van de Bataven (1998 Amsterdam)
W. Schlüter, Kalkriese - Römer im Osnabrücker Land (1991 Bramsche)
Simon Wynia, "Gaius was here. The Emperor Gaius' Preparations for the Invasion of Britannia: New Evidence" in: H. Sarfatij, W.J.H. Verwers, P.J. Woltering (eds.), In Discussion with the Past. Archaeological studies presented to W.A. van Es (1999 Amersfoort).
This page was created in 2000; last modified on 11 August 2020.
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Chemistry: Atoms First 2e
19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
Chemistry: Atoms First 2e19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
1 Essential Ideas
1.1 Chemistry in Context
1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
1.4 Measurements
1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
Key Equations
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
2.4 Chemical Formulas
3 Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements
3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
3.2 The Bohr Model
3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
3.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
3.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
3.6 The Periodic Table
3.7 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
4.1 Ionic Bonding
4.2 Covalent Bonding
4.3 Chemical Nomenclature
4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures
4.5 Formal Charges and Resonance
4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
5 Advanced Theories of Bonding
5.1 Valence Bond Theory
5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
5.3 Multiple Bonds
5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
6 Composition of Substances and Solutions
6.1 Formula Mass
6.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
6.3 Molarity
6.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
7 Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
7.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
7.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
7.4 Reaction Yields
7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
8 Gases
8.1 Gas Pressure
8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
8.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
8.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
8.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
8.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
9 Thermochemistry
9.1 Energy Basics
9.2 Calorimetry
9.3 Enthalpy
9.4 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
10 Liquids and Solids
10.1 Intermolecular Forces
10.2 Properties of Liquids
10.3 Phase Transitions
10.4 Phase Diagrams
10.5 The Solid State of Matter
10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
11 Solutions and Colloids
11.1 The Dissolution Process
11.2 Electrolytes
11.3 Solubility
11.4 Colligative Properties
11.5 Colloids
12.1 Spontaneity
12.2 Entropy
12.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
12.4 Free Energy
13 Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
13.1 Chemical Equilibria
13.2 Equilibrium Constants
13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier's Principle
13.4 Equilibrium Calculations
14 Acid-Base Equilibria
14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
14.2 pH and pOH
14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
14.4 Hydrolysis of Salts
14.5 Polyprotic Acids
14.6 Buffers
14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
15 Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
15.3 Coupled Equilibria
16 Electrochemistry
16.1 Review of Redox Chemistry
16.2 Galvanic Cells
16.3 Electrode and Cell Potentials
16.4 Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
16.6 Corrosion
16.7 Electrolysis
17 Kinetics
17.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
17.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
17.3 Rate Laws
17.4 Integrated Rate Laws
17.5 Collision Theory
17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
17.7 Catalysis
18 Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
18.1 Periodicity
18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
18.7 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
18.8 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
18.10 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
18.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
18.12 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
19 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
20 Nuclear Chemistry
20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
20.2 Nuclear Equations
20.3 Radioactive Decay
20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
21 Organic Chemistry
21.1 Hydrocarbons
21.2 Alcohols and Ethers
21.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
21.4 Amines and Amides
A | The Periodic Table
B | Essential Mathematics
C | Units and Conversion Factors
D | Fundamental Physical Constants
E | Water Properties
F | Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
G | Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
H | Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
I | Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
J | Solubility Products
K | Formation Constants for Complex Ions
L | Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
M | Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Outline the basic premise of crystal field theory (CFT)
Identify molecular geometries associated with various d-orbital splitting patterns
Predict electron configurations of split d orbitals for selected transition metal atoms or ions
Explain spectral and magnetic properties in terms of CFT concepts
The behavior of coordination compounds cannot be adequately explained by the same theories used for main group element chemistry. The observed geometries of coordination complexes are not consistent with hybridized orbitals on the central metal overlapping with ligand orbitals, as would be predicted by valence bond theory. The observed colors indicate that the d orbitals often occur at different energy levels rather than all being degenerate, that is, of equal energy, as are the three p orbitals. To explain the stabilities, structures, colors, and magnetic properties of transition metal complexes, a different bonding model has been developed. Just as valence bond theory explains many aspects of bonding in main group chemistry, crystal field theory is useful in understanding and predicting the behavior of transition metal complexes.
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as how colors arise), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It allows us to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on the nonbonding electrons on the central metal ion in coordination complexes not on the metal-ligand bonds. Like valence bond theory, CFT tells only part of the story of the behavior of complexes. However, it tells the part that valence bond theory does not. In its pure form, CFT ignores any covalent bonding between ligands and metal ions. Both the ligand and the metal are treated as infinitesimally small point charges.
All electrons are negative, so the electrons donated from the ligands will repel the electrons of the central metal. Let us consider the behavior of the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals in an octahedral complex. The five d orbitals consist of lobe-shaped regions and are arranged in space, as shown in Figure 19.33. In an octahedral complex, the six ligands coordinate along the axes.
Figure 19.33 The directional characteristics of the five d orbitals are shown here. The shaded portions indicate the phase of the orbitals. The ligands (L) coordinate along the axes. For clarity, the ligands have been omitted from the dx2−y2dx2−y2 orbital so that the axis labels could be shown.
In an uncomplexed metal ion in the gas phase, the electrons are distributed among the five d orbitals in accord with Hund's rule because the orbitals all have the same energy. However, when ligands coordinate to a metal ion, the energies of the d orbitals are no longer the same.
In octahedral complexes, the lobes in two of the five d orbitals, the dz2dz2 and dx2−y2dx2−y2 orbitals, point toward the ligands (Figure 19.33). These two orbitals are called the eg orbitals (the symbol actually refers to the symmetry of the orbitals, but we will use it as a convenient name for these two orbitals in an octahedral complex). The other three orbitals, the dxy, dxz, and dyz orbitals, have lobes that point between the ligands and are called the t2g orbitals (again, the symbol really refers to the symmetry of the orbitals). As six ligands approach the metal ion along the axes of the octahedron, their point charges repel the electrons in the d orbitals of the metal ion. However, the repulsions between the electrons in the eg orbitals (the dz2dz2 and dx2−y2dx2−y2 orbitals) and the ligands are greater than the repulsions between the electrons in the t2g orbitals (the dzy, dxz, and dyz orbitals) and the ligands. This is because the lobes of the eg orbitals point directly at the ligands, whereas the lobes of the t2g orbitals point between them. Thus, electrons in the eg orbitals of the metal ion in an octahedral complex have higher potential energies than those of electrons in the t2g orbitals. The difference in energy may be represented as shown in Figure 19.34.
Figure 19.34 In octahedral complexes, the eg orbitals are destabilized (higher in energy) compared to the t2g orbitals because the ligands interact more strongly with the d orbitals at which they are pointed directly.
The difference in energy between the eg and the t2g orbitals is called the crystal field splitting and is symbolized by Δoct, where oct stands for octahedral.
The magnitude of Δoct depends on many factors, including the nature of the six ligands located around the central metal ion, the charge on the metal, and whether the metal is using 3d, 4d, or 5d orbitals. Different ligands produce different crystal field splittings. The increasing crystal field splitting produced by ligands is expressed in the spectrochemical series, a short version of which is given here:
→a few ligands of the spectrochemical series, in order of increasing field strength of the ligandI−<Br−<Cl−<F−<H2O<C2O42−<NH3<en<NO2−<CN−→a few ligands of the spectrochemical series, in order of increasing field strength of the ligandI−<Br−<Cl−<F−<H2O<C2O42−<NH3<en<NO2−<CN−
In this series, ligands on the left cause small crystal field splittings and are weak-field ligands, whereas those on the right cause larger splittings and are strong-field ligands. Thus, the Δoct value for an octahedral complex with iodide ligands (I−) is much smaller than the Δoct value for the same metal with cyanide ligands (CN−).
Electrons in the d orbitals follow the aufbau ("filling up") principle, which says that the orbitals will be filled to give the lowest total energy, just as in main group chemistry. When two electrons occupy the same orbital, the like charges repel each other. The energy needed to pair up two electrons in a single orbital is called the pairing energy (P). Electrons will always singly occupy each orbital in a degenerate set before pairing. P is similar in magnitude to Δoct. When electrons fill the d orbitals, the relative magnitudes of Δoct and P determine which orbitals will be occupied.
In [Fe(CN)6]4−, the strong field of six cyanide ligands produces a large Δoct. Under these conditions, the electrons require less energy to pair than they require to be excited to the eg orbitals (Δoct > P). The six 3d electrons of the Fe2+ ion pair in the three t2g orbitals (Figure 19.35). Complexes in which the electrons are paired because of the large crystal field splitting are called low-spin complexes because the number of unpaired electrons (spins) is minimized.
Figure 19.35 Iron(II) complexes have six electrons in the 5d orbitals. In the absence of a crystal field, the orbitals are degenerate. For coordination complexes with strong-field ligands such as [Fe(CN)6]4−, Δoct is greater than P, and the electrons pair in the lower energy t2g orbitals before occupying the eg orbitals. With weak-field ligands such as H2O, the ligand field splitting is less than the pairing energy, Δoct less than P, so the electrons occupy all d orbitals singly before any pairing occurs.
In [Fe(H2O)6]2+, on the other hand, the weak field of the water molecules produces only a small crystal field splitting (Δoct < P). Because it requires less energy for the electrons to occupy the eg orbitals than to pair together, there will be an electron in each of the five 3d orbitals before pairing occurs. For the six d electrons on the iron(II) center in [Fe(H2O)6]2+, there will be one pair of electrons and four unpaired electrons (Figure 19.35). Complexes such as the [Fe(H2O)6]2+ ion, in which the electrons are unpaired because the crystal field splitting is not large enough to cause them to pair, are called high-spin complexes because the number of unpaired electrons (spins) is maximized.
A similar line of reasoning shows why the [Fe(CN)6]3− ion is a low-spin complex with only one unpaired electron, whereas both the [Fe(H2O)6]3+ and [FeF6]3− ions are high-spin complexes with five unpaired electrons.
High- and Low-Spin Complexes
Predict the number of unpaired electrons.
(a) K3[CrI6]
(b) [Cu(en)2(H2O)2]Cl2
(c) Na3[Co(NO2)6]
The complexes are octahedral.
(a) Cr3+ has a d3 configuration. These electrons will all be unpaired.
(b) Cu2+ is d9, so there will be one unpaired electron.
(c) Co3+ has d6 valence electrons, so the crystal field splitting will determine how many are paired. Nitrite is a strong-field ligand, so the complex will be low spin. Six electrons will go in the t2g orbitals, leaving 0 unpaired.
Check Your Learning
The size of the crystal field splitting only influences the arrangement of electrons when there is a choice between pairing electrons and filling the higher-energy orbitals. For which d-electron configurations will there be a difference between high- and low-spin configurations in octahedral complexes?
d4, d5, d6, and d7
CFT for Other Geometries
CFT is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, remember that the lobes of the eg set point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but now we have only four ligands located between the axes (Figure 19.36). None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the eg set (along the Cartesian axes) overlaps with the ligands less than does the t2g set. By analogy with the octahedral case, predict the energy diagram for the d orbitals in a tetrahedral crystal field. To avoid confusion, the octahedral eg set becomes a tetrahedral e set, and the octahedral t2g set becomes a t2 set.
Figure 19.36 This diagram shows the orientation of the tetrahedral ligands with respect to the axis system for the orbitals.
Since CFT is based on electrostatic repulsion, the orbitals closer to the ligands will be destabilized and raised in energy relative to the other set of orbitals. The splitting is less than for octahedral complexes because the overlap is less, so Δtet is usually small (Δtet=49Δoct):(Δtet=49Δoct):
Explain how many unpaired electrons a tetrahedral d4 ion will have.
4; because Δtet is small, all tetrahedral complexes are high spin and the electrons go into the t2 orbitals before pairing
The other common geometry is square planar. It is possible to consider a square planar geometry as an octahedral structure with a pair of trans ligands removed. The removed ligands are assumed to be on the z-axis. This changes the distribution of the d orbitals, as orbitals on or near the z-axis become more stable, and those on or near the x- or y-axes become less stable. This results in the octahedral t2g and the eg sets splitting and gives a more complicated pattern, as depicted below:
Magnetic Moments of Molecules and Ions
Experimental evidence of magnetic measurements supports the theory of high- and low-spin complexes. Remember that molecules such as O2 that contain unpaired electrons are paramagnetic. Paramagnetic substances are attracted to magnetic fields. Many transition metal complexes have unpaired electrons and hence are paramagnetic. Molecules such as N2 and ions such as Na+ and [Fe(CN)6]4− that contain no unpaired electrons are diamagnetic. Diamagnetic substances have a slight tendency to be repelled by magnetic fields.
When an electron in an atom or ion is unpaired, the magnetic moment due to its spin makes the entire atom or ion paramagnetic. The size of the magnetic moment of a system containing unpaired electrons is related directly to the number of such electrons: the greater the number of unpaired electrons, the larger the magnetic moment. Therefore, the observed magnetic moment is used to determine the number of unpaired electrons present. The measured magnetic moment of low-spin d6 [Fe(CN)6]4− confirms that iron is diamagnetic, whereas high-spin d6 [Fe(H2O)6]2+ has four unpaired electrons with a magnetic moment that confirms this arrangement.
Colors of Transition Metal Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed.
The human eye perceives a mixture of all the colors, in the proportions present in sunlight, as white light. Complementary colors, those located across from each other on a color wheel, are also used in color vision. The eye perceives a mixture of two complementary colors, in the proper proportions, as white light. Likewise, when a color is missing from white light, the eye sees its complement. For example, when red photons are absorbed from white light, the eyes see the color green. When violet photons are removed from white light, the eyes see lemon yellow. The blue color of the [Cu(NH3)4]2+ ion results because this ion absorbs orange and red light, leaving the complementary colors of blue and green (Figure 19.37).
Figure 19.37 (a) An object is black if it absorbs all colors of light. If it reflects all colors of light, it is white. An object has a color if it absorbs all colors except one, such as this yellow strip. The strip also appears yellow if it absorbs the complementary color from white light (in this case, indigo). (b) Complementary colors are located directly across from one another on the color wheel. (c) A solution of [Cu(NH3)4]2+ ions absorbs red and orange light, so the transmitted light appears as the complementary color, blue.
Colors of Complexes
The octahedral complex [Ti(H2O)6]3+ has a single d electron. To excite this electron from the ground state t2g orbital to the eg orbital, this complex absorbs light from 450 to 600 nm. The maximum absorbance corresponds to Δoct and occurs at 499 nm. Calculate the value of Δoct in Joules and predict what color the solution will appear.
Using Planck's equation (refer to the section on electromagnetic energy), we calculate:
v=cλso3.00×108m/s499 nm×1 m109nm=6.01×1014Hzv=cλso3.00×108m/s499 nm×1 m109nm=6.01×1014Hz
E=hνso6.63×10−34J·s×6.01×1014Hz=3.99×10−19Joules/ionE=hνso6.63×10−34J·s×6.01×1014Hz=3.99×10−19Joules/ion
Because the complex absorbs 600 nm (orange) through 450 (blue), the indigo, violet, and red wavelengths will be transmitted, and the complex will appear purple.
A complex that appears green, absorbs photons of what wavelengths?
red, 620–800 nm
Small changes in the relative energies of the orbitals that electrons are transitioning between can lead to drastic shifts in the color of light absorbed. Therefore, the colors of coordination compounds depend on many factors. As shown in Figure 19.38, different aqueous metal ions can have different colors. In addition, different oxidation states of one metal can produce different colors, as shown for the vanadium complexes in the link below.
Figure 19.38 The partially filled d orbitals of the stable ions Cr3+(aq), Fe3+(aq), and Co2+(aq) (left, center and right, respectively) give rise to various colors. (credit: Sahar Atwa)
The specific ligands coordinated to the metal center also influence the color of coordination complexes. For example, the iron(II) complex [Fe(H2O)6]SO4 appears blue-green because the high-spin complex absorbs photons in the red wavelengths (Figure 19.39). In contrast, the low-spin iron(II) complex K4[Fe(CN)6] appears pale yellow because it absorbs higher-energy violet photons.
Figure 19.39 Both (a) hexaaquairon(II) sulfate and (b) potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) contain d6 iron(II) octahedral metal centers, but they absorb photons in different ranges of the visible spectrum.
Link to Learning
Watch this video of the reduction of vanadium complexes to observe the colorful effect of changing oxidation states.
In general, strong-field ligands cause a large split in the energies of d orbitals of the central metal atom (large Δoct). Transition metal coordination compounds with these ligands are yellow, orange, or red because they absorb higher-energy violet or blue light. On the other hand, coordination compounds of transition metals with weak-field ligands are often blue-green, blue, or indigo because they absorb lower-energy yellow, orange, or red light.
A coordination compound of the Cu+ ion has a d10 configuration, and all the eg orbitals are filled. To excite an electron to a higher level, such as the 4p orbital, photons of very high energy are necessary. This energy corresponds to very short wavelengths in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. No visible light is absorbed, so the eye sees no change, and the compound appears white or colorless. A solution containing [Cu(CN)2]−, for example, is colorless. On the other hand, octahedral Cu2+ complexes have a vacancy in the eg orbitals, and electrons can be excited to this level. The wavelength (energy) of the light absorbed corresponds to the visible part of the spectrum, and Cu2+ complexes are almost always colored—blue, blue-green violet, or yellow (Figure 19.40). Although CFT successfully describes many properties of coordination complexes, molecular orbital explanations (beyond the introductory scope provided here) are required to understand fully the behavior of coordination complexes.
Figure 19.40 (a) Copper(I) complexes with d10 configurations such as CuI tend to be colorless, whereas (b) d9 copper(II) complexes such as Cu(NO3)2·5H2O are brightly colored.
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/1-introduction
Authors: Paul Flowers, Edward J. Neth, William R. Robinson, PhD, Klaus Theopold, Richard Langley
Book title: Chemistry: Atoms First 2e
Publication date: Feb 14, 2019
Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/1-introduction
Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/19-3-spectroscopic-and-magnetic-properties-of-coordination-compounds

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Open Positions: UMass Dartmouth undergraduate and graduate students interested in research opportunities should contact Scott.
The research group currently consists of one PhD student, two masters students, and two undergraduate students. I hope to describe some of their interesting projects and developments here soon!
Parameterized gravitational wave models, from the Einstein equation to closed-form post-Newtonian approximations, carry an evaluation cost. These costs constitute a major bottleneck for many important applications which can require thousands or millions of model evaluations. For example, binary blackhole sources are parameterized by 8 degrees of freedom; each orbiting blackhole has 1 mass and 3 spin degrees of freedom. In turn each simulation of the Einstein equation often requires weeks on large supercomputing clusters. On the other hand, repeated model evaluations are required by parameter estimation (i.e. inverse) problems. The high simulation cost currently prevents parameter estimation from being carried out with gravitational waveforms found by way of the Einstein equation. For upcoming gravitational wave experiments, parameter estimation studies are expected to take months for low-fidelity models, while being altogether impractical for more faithful models.
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms are a commonly used technique for sampling the posterior probability distribution function. When dealing with high dimensional problems, however, the process of mapping the posterior can become prohibitively expensive. Additionally, the posterior is multimodal and the gravitational wave signal is buried in detector noise, thereby rendering otherwise useful computational tricks ineffective. For example, millions of degrees of freedom characterize a typical advanced detector dataset, and equally long MCMC chains are necessary to compute parameter means and variances. In total, from model evaluations one should expect to generate around one Petabyte per analysis. Such data science challenges constitute a major computational bottleneck of the experiment and are among the most pressing questions in gravitational wave parameter estimation.
To overcome these challenges I have been involved in a long-term research program to develop and apply surrogate and reduced order modeling tools for both the rapid evaluation of gravitational waveforms and rapid parameter estimation using "compressed" likelihoods. These results rely upon identification of a low-dimensional representation for a given waveform family which in turn forms the building blocks for fast, scalable algorithms. For more information about this research please visit these websites on reduced order modeling for gravitational waves, reduced order quadratures for accelerated Bayesian inference and surrogate models.
To handle a diverse class of astrophysical sources in an efficient, robust and accurate manner, the development of advanced and flexible methods is paramount. Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods have the potential to offer unique benefits for a wide class of problems. We have developed DG methods for the first-order and second-order BSSN system (a numerically well-suited formulation of the Einstein equation) which achieve spectral accuracy (i.e. exponential convergence of numerical errors) and long-time stability. These implementations should provide a starting point for treating both fluid and spacetime variables with the same high-order accurate DG method.
In the context of extreme mass ratio (binary black hole) inspiral systems the solutions are forced by distributional (i.e. Dirac delta function) source terms. We proposed and implemented a DG scheme to exactly represent such distributional solutions through a modification of the relevant numerical flux terms. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the method maintains spectral accuracy even at the location of the Dirac delta distribution. Accurate numerical modeling is crucial for the incorporation of important physical effects neglected by linearization such as the gravitational self-force.
Additional details can be found in my dissertation "Applications of Discontinuous Galerkin Methods to Computational General Relativity".
Time-domain wave simulation on a finite computational domain introduces an outer boundary beyond which the solution is unknown. Whether for acoustic, electromagnetic, or gravitational waves one often seeks to identify the asymptotic signal radiated to the far-field using only knowledge of the solution on this truncated, spatially finite, computational domain. To solve this challenge in the context of blackhole perturbation theory we analytically identify and numerically construct a kernel which, when convolved with data recorded at a fixed radial value, yields the asymptotic signal. We applied the construction to the linearized Einstein equation and compute far-field, scri-waveforms from arbitrarily short computational domains with better than 10 digits of accuracy. Further details on this method as well as the publicly available numerical kernels can be found on the kernel webpage.
Physically appropriate initial data is often unknown. This is the case with binary black hole simulations and, in the linearized regime, trivial initial data is typically supplied. It is argued that this choice leads to a "burst" of junk radiation which eventually propagates off the computational domain after which only the influence of the source term is important. While perhaps intuitive, this explanation is somewhat incomplete. Using an accurate time-domain DG solver we were able to better understand systematic modeling errors driven by incorrect initial data. Some of the main observations from these works include: i) convergence to the analytic solution no longer follows rates suggested by the standard numerical analysis (Ref), ii) unphysical, static constraint violating Jost solutions may appear in some formulations (Ref), and iii) solutions which violate Huygen's principle are notably problematic for far-field wave computations where the late-time behavior is characterized by slower decaying Price tails (Ref).
To avoid these issues we proposed a simple smooth "switching on" of the source terms and diagnostics necessary to claim that a physically correct solution has been achieved. When including additional physical effects or performing high-accuracy comparisons between techniques, improved modeling will increasingly require the identification and reduction of all error sources and especially systematic numerical ones of the type listed above.


Visitors were arriving at the exhibition hall in large groups.
There were students from schools, who were being brought in as a part of their one-day excursion. There were students from the College of Fine Arts, who came to see the paintings, to inspire the projects they had to submit as part of their curriculum. Some representatives from reputed firms of architects had also come, to purchase the paintings for their new residential projects. Some of the visitors were art connoisseurs, who had come to while away their time in the company of some thing they loved.
She stood at the corner, inhaling the intoxicating fragrance of the roses that had been arranged to welcome the visitors, and to add to the décor of the hall.
The one who dipped her brush into the soulful colours to produce these paintings which had recently hit the headlines as " The Best of the Brushes in Modern Art".
She had recently won the 'Artist of the Year' award, instituted by the leading art and architecture magazine, The Designer.
She smiled to herself, as she thought of the editor of the magazine, who had asked her to send him a portrait of herself, painted by her, to publish in the magazine. No photograph of hers had been published before, and none knew the story of her life. He wanted the honour of publishing it.
She had said, she couldn't do it.
That wasn't simply her way of working !
Somewhere along the hallway , a group of people were discussing one of her paintings.
"Where do you think she draws inspiration from?", someone asked.
" The world around her, as every artist says," someone replied.
" Or may be her own dreams".
" It could be from travelling also, you see. Probably she paints what she sees in her tours".
" Yes, so soulful. See that ? The painting , 'The Lady in Pink'. Look at the way she has painted the smile on her face? A secretive smile. I bet she's been inspired by the Mona Lisa.." , the voices dropped to a whisper as she approached them in carefully measured steps.
She heard an 'Oh' from some one….
The crowd turned silent as they saw her approach.
She stopped and turned to 'The Lady in Pink'.
She stood there for some time, smiling at the painting.
She spoke to 'the Lady in Pink', as she did to all her subjects.
She smiled as she thought of the way she painted, inhaling the fragrances of her paints, to know the effect of their colour.
The crowd looked on, as she tapped her way with her stick, to go back to her corner with the roses.
They now knew her life had only two colours.
Sreeja, you have woven a beautiful story from the yarns of different colors.
The last line made this a masterpiece. Beautiful debut Sreeja. Keep writing for BAT. Good luck!
Congrats Sreeja on winning the BAT 42. Keep writing for BAT!
artists are indeed strange creatures..very difficult to understand them! black and white...The sum of all the colors of light add up to white.When there is no light, everything is black...u summed up the artists life so very beautifully!
Thanks Titli :) Yes, and I believe this 'strangeness' is one of the eccentricities that contribute to an artist's fulfilment !
Brilliant. Simply brilliant post. :) Loved it absolutely.
The last line created the perfect picture for me. I had all along imagined a young woman and your imagination took me somewhere else in the end. Bravo!!
Thank you dear :-) Yes, stories are open for interpretation !
by the way welcome to BAT....first entry shows how much we missed you here..!!
बहुत बहुत धन्यवाद , शशिप्रकाश जी.
Wow Sreeja. What a debut. Welcome to BAT!
Thanks a lot, Animesh :) Wish you all the very best, too !
Thanks a lot for the nice words !
I had left a comment last Sunday itself, but it doesn't seem to have come through :( Hope this one makes it. Could you check if it has gone to spam by mistake, that old comment? Thanks.
Thanks a lot for the visit, and the nice comments on Blog-a-ton!
No, the comment hasn't gone to Spam. May be some error..
That's very nice. The end was too good... just a para before the end, I started anticipating her to be blind. But that does not take away anything from this good piece.
Yes, it was predictable, was it not ?
simply amazing :) Loved it.
Thanks Parvathy :) Welcome to my space !
Hi Sachin, Welcome to my blog. Pls do keep visiting.
A Hope, A Promise !!
I did, did I ?
A Nonet Again :- Sitayana !!
A Rhymed Verse - Need I Fear ?
A Monorhyme - A Prize !!
The Minute Poem - My Soul for You !
A Septolet - Love !!
A Life in Prayer !
The Faith and Hope Diamond !
Did you hear me right ? I heard you wrong !!
The UBC - Day 1 : Curtain Raiser !


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MTU Onsite Energy delivers 32 gas generator sets for Myanmar´s national grid
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Tough engines for the toughest professionals: Our series for EU Stage V
Tough engines for smart farmers: Our series for EU Stage V
Tough engines for modern lumberjacks: Our series for EU Stage V
3/5/2015 | Words: Vanessa Hwei Shu Lim | Pictures: VPower
MTU Series 4000 L32 engine
Gas generator sets from the MTU Onsite Energy brand are the power underlying Myanmar's National Grid. VPower Group, a leading global onsite energy OEM, has entered into an agreement with Myanmar Electric Power Enterprise (MEPE) to support the country with a gas-fired interim power station. Located near the upcoming special economic zone of Kyauk Phyu, VPower is the first company to supply, build and operate a gas-fired power plant which will connect directly to the country's 230kV transmission grid. In most cases, temporary power plants are connected to the 33kV transmission lines.
In order to attract foreign investors to Myanmar, a reliable electricity supply is essential. The power sector is Myanmar's second largest foreign direct investment (FDI), with investments of $13.29 billion as of December 2014, and over the next few years, the International Monetary Fund predicts Myanmar's economy will grow at an average rate of 8.25 percent.
Advanced Technology from Germany to Myanmar
VPower is relying on advanced engine technology from MTU Onsite Energy to secure a fast, reliable supply of electricity to Myanmar. VPower's Build-Own-Operate (BOO) project selected MTU Onsite Energy to supply 32 gas generator sets to the interim power station. The VPower fleet will produce over 45MW of power to the transmission grid. The MTU Series 4000 natural gas system engines incorporates more than 100 years of MTU's extensive experience in engine development and manufacturing. The 16-cylinder MTU Series 4000 L32 engines, with a power rating of 1560kW (e), 400V and 50Hz, set the standard with maximum performance, efficiency and low emissions ratings.
Collaboration Breakthrough
"The latest generation of MTU Onsite Energy gas generating sets went into this milestone power project," said Mr. Heinz Bruckmann, Director of MTU Asia Pte Ltd. "This is one of the upcoming collaborations with VPower Group and an important step forward to bring advanced powering technology into Myanmar."
The interim power station, which took under four months to complete, will start generating power in early February. Hong Kong-based VPower is focused on bringing fast and cost-effective power solutions to the market. MTU Onsite Energy and VPower were involved in another groundbreaking project – Indonesia's largest power station. Along with Bergen gas generator sets from Rolls-Royce, the plant generates a total of 81MW from a single place in Indonesia.
The content of the stories reflects the status as of the respective date of publication. They are not updated. Further developments are therefore not taken into account.
Heinz Bruckmann
Tel. +65-6860-9790
Email: Heinz.Bruckmann@mtu-online.com


Oppo A79 has been released as a youth edition of the OPPO R11s, their full-screen flagship smartphone. The new OPPO A79 has similar features with the R11s. It also sports the Face ID technology which captures 128 facial features to identify the user. The technology is fast as well, unlocking the smartphone in just 0.08 seconds.
The OPPO A79 looks exactly like the R11s, it's 7.2mm thin and weighs just 140g. With exquisitely premium colours, the A79 is a beauty to hold and behold. The fingerprint scanner is mounted at the back for easy access, on its aluminium design.
OPPO A79 is bezel-less with an AMOLED Capacitive touchscreen. OPPO achieved a near 80% screen to body ratio on the 6-inch device. The beautiful smartphone has a screen resolution of 2160 x 1080 pixels with a 402 ppi density. You will finally get the full value of viewing movies and playing games on a 6-inch device.
It houses a MediaTek Helio P23 MT6763T chipset, which clocks at 2.5GHz Octa-core processor. OPPO A79 won't slow you down when performing your daily tasks. Its 4GB RAM helps for multitasking and heavy app launching.
In terms of storage, there's a 64GB storage space for all your files, which is upgradeable to 128GB. OPPO A79 runs on Android 7.1 Nougat with Color OS 3.1.
There's a single 16MP super sharp rear camera on the A79. The camera captures 4K resolution images with amazing features like Panorama, Autofocus, PDAF Sensor, Gesture Shot, Voice Capture, HDR, Smile detection, Face Detection, Touch focus, Pro Mode, OIS Sensor and LED Flash.
For selfies, it sports another 16MP selfie camera with LED Flash for low light environment. The selfie camera also has a Face Beauty feature, making your selfies beautiful.
The OPPO A79 is powered by a 2900mAh Non-removable battery, with quick charge.
OPPO A79 is available for Pre-order for just $399, that's about N140,000 – N160,000.


I loved this article by Samantha Ellis in The Observer about how her female role models from her favourite books may have led her astray. A piece to file alongside The Heroine's Bookshelf and Reading Women. Coming Soon: An Uncommon Heroine: Scarlett, Edna, Sula and More Than 20 Other of the Most Remarkable Women in Literature by Jamie Cox Robertson.
Rowan (5) asked me today if we could re-read The Hobbit. We have already re-read Alice's Adventures in Wonderland this year at his request. Of course, I am well used to reading picture books over and over and over again, but I am so excited to be reading chapter books aloud to him, and there are so, so many great ones out there, that I'm a little reluctant to spend precious reading time on territory we have already explored. I want to forge ahead. Explore new territory. And yes, I confess, tick boxes. The only thing I like better than a lovely list is a list with checkmarks.
Then again, there is the enormous importance of depth as well as breadth. I have nothing in mind except my sons' enjoyment when we read together. I am not aiming to make them better readers, faster readers, earlier readers, writers of their own books, or future famous authors who will support me in my dotage with their vast income from writing fiction. There's hockey for that.
No. No ulterior motives. I have a passion, and I want to share it. And how better to love a book than to be repeatedly immersed in its world, its words, its rhythms?
Every night, after tea, his mother took him on her lap and read to him. It was the moment in his day above all others which was understandable to him, one where he lived in coherent companionship and liberty. There, horses, ducks, rabbits, foxes and other animals talked, had adventures, and were friends. His mother read well. She read slowly and clearly. She let him see the book as she read and since she re-read the same books many times, he came to memorize the story on each page, cued by the illustration on it or on the facing page. And knowing the story before the story was told was security, power, delight and beauty.
Dr. Tolkien knows these joys of repetition. He knows the boy-reader's desire not just to chart new territory but to visit old haunts. … Hearing from old friends offers respite from the relentless quest.
I have promised Rowan The Fellowship of the Ring for our summer reading, when there are longer stretches of time. In the mean time, we will revisit Bilbo, circle back on and pack down our path through the books that I hope will sustain him for a lifetime.
A reading week organized by The Literary Stew and Coffeespoons.
New York: New York Review of Books, 2003.
A review and a giveaway.
In this collection of essays about books that are less well known than they should be–commissioned essays written by well-known authors and that serve as introductions to books in the NYRB Classics series–I found unknown talent in writers I admire, for which I am forever grateful.
Toni Morrison's Introduction to The Radiance of the King by Camara Laye took my breath away, and I can only say now, "What a fool am I not to have discovered her critical writing sooner." She achieves what is to me the magic balance of enthusiasm and erudition, and her extensive knowledge of African literature never overwhelms the subtlety and focus of her discussion of Laye's book.
With graceful strokes, Morrison situates Laye's book in African literary history, makes a case for its being called a classic, and then engages in detail with its themes of sight and discovery. Apt themes for an unknown classic.
The ability to wax enthusiastic about a beloved text and then go on to frame a discussion in a wider context is precisely what the best of these essays achieves: they find something to say about that ineffable thing called book love.
His prose represents the full range of the English language, circa 1880, as played on a cathedral organ with the largest possible number of manuals, pedals, and stops. He traffics in rare words, disused expressions, abstruse variants, and strictly local idioms, deploying them for reasons that are sometimes historical, sometimes psychological, often shamelessly musical. (105).
The TBR list, my own personal list of greats and greats-to-be-discovered, being what it is, I am likely never to read Roughead, but I am grateful to have heard his praises sung so well.
That is the joy of a collection such as this: you can add to your TBR list, but you can also simply enjoy the enthusiasm of writers who share so eloquently their passion for books.
I have an extra copy of Unknown Masterpieces. If you would like it, leave me a note in comments and I will do a draw on Friday and mail it off.
The New York Review of Books reading week, hosted by The Literary Stew and Coffeespoons, begins next week. If you have a NYRB book on your TBR pile, here is the chance to get it read. There are prizes if that entices.
I will be reviewing Unknown Masterpieces: Writers Rediscover Literature's Hidden Classics.


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Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Cinnamon Benefits
Cinnamon (Dalchini) is a herb traditionally used by many ancient cultures. It is indicated for a variety of ailments including gastrointestinal problems, urinary infections, relieving symptoms of colds and flu and has remarkable anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties. Some studies have shown that Cinnamon helps people with diabetes metabolise sugar better.
Traditional use
True cinnamon, or Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, is the inner bark of a small evergreen tree native to Sri Lanka and was used in ancient Egypt for embalming. It was also added to food to prevent spoiling. During the Bubonic Plague, sponges were soaked in cinnamon and cloves and placed in sick rooms. Cinnamon was the most sought after spice during explorations of the 15th and 16th centuries.
Most therapeutic uses of Chinese cinnamon bark are rooted in its historical use as a traditional medicine and on laboratory and animal studies. Test-tube or animal research does not guarantee safety or effectiveness in humans, but German health authorities (Commission E) do approve of cinnamon bark for mild gastrointestinal spasms, stimulating appetite and relieving indigestion.
Cinnamon may help to:
Soothe an upset stomach
Cinnamon extracts have been used medically to treat gastrointestinal problems and to help calm the stomach. Cinnamon is a carminative, an agent that helps break up intestinal gas that has traditionally been used to combat diarrhea and morning sickness. Both test-tube and some animal studies have found that cinnamon may help to relieve mild abdominal discomfort caused by excess gas. It is used in flatulent dyspepsia, dyspepsia with nausea, intestinal colic and digestive atony associated with cold & debilitated conditions. It is known to relieve nausea and vomiting, and because of its mild astringency it is particularly used for infantile diarrhea.
Clear up urinary-tract infections
One German study showed that Cinnamon "suppresses completely" the cause of most urinary-tract infections (Escherichia coli bacteria) and the fungus responsible for vaginal yeast infections (Candida albicans).
Allow diabetics to use less insulin
Some studies have shown that Cinnamon helps people with diabetes metabolise sugar better. In adult-onset (Type II) diabetes, the pancreas produces insulin, but the body can't use it efficiently to break down blood sugar.
Richard Anderson at the US Department of Agriculture's Human Nutrition Research Center in Beltsville, Maryland found that Cinnamon enhances the ability of insulin to metabolise glucose, helping to control blood sugar levels. Cinnamon contains the anti-oxidant glutathione and a type of flavonoid called MHCP (methylhydroxy chalcone polymer). It is believed that cinnamon makes fat cells much more responsive to insulin, the hormone that regulates sugar metabolism and thus controls the level of glucose in the blood.
"One-eighth of a teaspoon of cinnamon triples insulin efficiency," say James A. Duke, Ph.D., a botanist retired from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and author of The CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Dr. Duke suggest that people with adult-onset diabetes discuss Cinnamon's benefits with their doctor. Taking ½ to ¾ teaspoon of ground Cinnamon with each meal may help control blood sugar levels.
Aid digestion
Cinnamon warms and stimulates the digestive system, useful in weak digestion, colic, griping, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, wind and distension. The tannins have an astringent action, stemming bleeding in nosebleeds, heavy periods and resolving diarrhea and catarrhal congestion. Cinnamon contains compounds called catechins, which help relieve nausea. The volatile oil in cinnamon bark may also help the body to process food by breaking down fats during digestion.
Kill many disease-causing fungi and viruses
Preliminary results from test tube and animal studies suggest that cinnamon oil and cinnamon extract have anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and anti-parasitic properties. For example, cinnamon has been found to be active against Candida albicans, the fungus responsible for vaginal yeast infections and thrush (oral yeast infection), Helicobacter pylori (the bacteria that causes stomach ulcers), and even head lice.
An incredible experiment in the journal of Food Science for 1974 demonstrated the power of cinnamon over most yeasts and fungi. Slices of white, raisin, rye and whole wheat breads, manufactured without the usual mold inhibitors, were subjected to various aflatoxins, a group of toxic molds so dangerous that they can cause liver cancer and kill humans and animals alike and often occur in food. The toxic molds grew vigorously on all of the other breads, except for the raisin bread where growth was described as being "scant or not visible at all." In trying to identify whether it was the raisins or cinnamon responsible for this, food scientists discovered that as little as 2% or 20 mg. of the spice per ml of a yeast-extract and sucrose broth inhibited 97 -99 per cent of these molds.
Cinnamon is considered a pain-killer due to its prostaglandin-inhibiting action.
Relieve Colds and Flu
In both India and Europe, cinnamon has been traditionally taken as a warming herb for "cold" conditions, often in combination with ginger (Zingiber officinale). The herb stimulates circulation, especially to the fingers and toes and has been used for arthritis. Cinnamon is also a traditional remedy for aching muscles and other symptoms of viral conditions such as colds and flu.
Zingiber officinale
Curcuma longa
Cinnamon Herb Notes / Side Effects
Cinnamon bark is generally safe to use in medicinal amounts, but allergic skin rashes or mucous membrane reactions are possible. Spice workers have occasionally developed asthma and some people have had allergic reactions to cinnamon chewing gum. Very large amounts of cinnamon bark could cause dangerous nervous system reactions.
During pregnancy due to cinnamon's emmenagogic effect.
If you suffer from stomach or intestinal ulcers due to the carminative effect.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cinamomum saigonicum
Saigon cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon, Dalcini, Gui, Twak, Yueh-kuei
Alterative, analgesic, anodyne, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-infective, anti-oxidant, anti-parasitic, anti-septic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, haemostatic, hypotensive, sedative, stimulates and then depresses the nervous system, stomachic.
Indicated for
Abdominal Pain, arthritis, asthma, backaches, bloating, bronchitis, candida, cholera, cold or flu with chilliness, aching, sweating but cold skin, constipation, coronary problems, diarrhea, digestive irritation, dysmenorrhea, excessive menstruation, fevers, flatulence, gastric disorders, haemorrhoids, hypertension, indigestion, nausea, nephritis, parasites, passive gastric/pulmonary/intestinal/renal bleeding, psoriasis, stomach upset, vomiting, warts.


text:
Q: Javascript Document.write another script so I am trying to use document.write to write anohter script to the document. Here is my code for the function:
    function onSaveOk(streamName,streamDuration,userId,cameraName,micName,recorderId){
        //alert("onSaveOk("+streamName+","+streamDuration+","+userId+","+cameraName+","+micName+")");

        //the user pressed the [save] button inside the recorder and the save_video_to_db.XXX script returned save=ok
        //recorderId: the recorderId sent via flash vars, to be used when there are many recorders on the same web page

            $('#record').hide();

document.write('"<d"+"iv id=jwplayer>"
+ "<cen"+"ter>" +
"<d"+"iv id=mediaplayer>"+"</di"+"v>"+
"<scr"+"ipt type=text/javascript>
  jwplayer('mediaplayer').setup({
    'flashplayer': 'jwplayer/player.swf',
    'id': 'playerID',
    'width': '640',
    'height': '580',
    'provider': 'rtmp',
    'streamer': 'rtmp://domain/recorder/_definst_',
    'file': 'onSaveOk("+streamName+")'
  }); " +
"</scr"+"ipt>"+
"</cen"+"ter>"
')

Basically what happens is the recorder that was suposed to show up simply does not show up. When I have this in my function, for some reason  $('#record').hide(); doesnt work eiether...

A: You should append the
 using jQuery directly, and call the function normally.

A: Once the document has been parsed, you do not use document.write() as it will clear the current document.  Instead, you need to programatically add elements to your document.
To add your HTML to your document after it has been loaded, you could use this javascript:
var player = document.createElement("div");
player.innerHTML = '

';
player.id = "jwplayer";
document.body.appendChild(player);    // you decide where to add it to your page

jwplayer('mediaplayer').setup({
    'flashplayer': 'jwplayer/player.swf',
    'id': 'playerID',     // shouldn't this match one of the IDs in your HTML???
    'width': '640',
    'height': '580',
    'provider': 'rtmp',
    'streamer': 'rtmp://domain/recorder/_definst_',
    'file': 'onSaveOk("+streamName+")'
  });

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
New Boeing CEO inherits crisis created under his predecessor
By DAVID KOENIG
AP Airlines Writer
Changing CEOs was the easy part. Now it's up to Boeing's new leader to deal with a crisis caused by two crashes and the grounding of the company's best-selling plane.
David Calhoun took over Monday as Boeing's third CEO in the last five years, following the firing last month of Dennis Muilenburg.
Calhoun will oversee Boeing's legal strategy as it deals with dozens of lawsuits by families of the 346 people who died in crashes of the 737 Max jetliner. Calhoun's to-do-list also includes repairing Boeing's strained relationship with its chief regulator, and overseeing compensation to airline customers who canceled thousands of flights because their Boeing jets were grounded.
Maybe most significantly, he must try to restore the company's battered reputation and the impression that it put profit over safety.
In an email to employees, which Boeing made available to the public, Calhoun spelled out several priorities for 2020. First, he wrote, is safely returning the Max to service, followed by restoring trust in the company.
"This is a crucial time for Boeing," Calhoun said. "I see greatness in this company, but I also see opportunities to be better. Much better."
Calhoun said he will spend his first weeks as CEO listening to employees, customers and regulators and assuring them Boeing is on the way to meeting their expectations.
Calhoun is an experienced executive who once ran General Electric's jet-engine business and served as chairman of the Boeing board for 10 years. His fellow directors described him Monday as the right fit for CEO.
"With deep industry experience and a proven track record of performance, Dave is the right leader to navigate Boeing through this challenging time in our 104-year legacy," said Lawrence Kellner, a former United Airlines CEO who is replacing Calhoun as Boeing chairman. "We're confident Dave will take Boeing forward with intense focus on our values, including safety, quality and integrity."
Boeing is halting Max production until it knows when the Federal Aviation Administration will approve fixes that company engineers are making to the plane's software and other systems. While Boeing says it will find other work for idled employees, employees at major suppliers are not so lucky. Spirit AeroSystems, which makes fuselages for the Max, said Friday it will lay off 2,800 people.
Boeing is so big that the loss of exports from the Max grounding is weighing on the entire U.S. economy.
"There is no question that the Boeing situation, it is going to slow down the GDP numbers," Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said Sunday, referring to the measure of economic growth. "Boeing is one of the largest exporters, and with the 737 Max, I think that could impact GDP as much as 50 basis points this year."
Fifty basis points is one-half of one percentage point. Mnuchin said on Fox News that Boeing could reduce U.S. economic growth in 2020 from around 3% (higher than many private economists forecast) to 2.5%.
In the latest black eye for Boeing, a new batch of documents released last week appeared to show that employees hid safety problems from regulators and doubted the safety of the Max while it was in development.
"This airplane is designed by clowns who in turn are supervised by monkeys," one employee wrote. In another exchange, two unidentified employees agreed that they would not put their families on a Max.
Boeing announced on Dec. 23 that it would replace Muilenburg. An interim CEO took over for three weeks while Calhoun, who was most recently a private-equity executive, cut ties to other companies.
Calhoun, 62, will get a base salary of $1.4 million but potentially several million more in bonuses and stock awards, including $7 million if he gets the Max back in service.
High anxiety: Proposed US hemp rules worry industry
Despite differences, Spain gets its new coalition government


text:
Evergreen Selection
The More I See You Al Martino
The More I See You is played at 98 Beats Per Minute (Andante), or 33 Measures/Bars Per Minute.
Get The More I See You Song Key
Find similar songs (100) that will sound good when mixed with The More I See You by Al Martino. You'll find below a list of songs having similar tempos and adjacent Music Keys for your next playlist or Harmonic Mixing.
Top Songs Al Martino
The Legendary Al Martino
My Cherie
It Only Hurts for a Little While


text:
Which Alien should I watch first
Karl Marginson January 3, 2023 Leave a Comment on Which Alien should I watch first Posted in FAQ
Should I watch Alien or Prometheus first
Why is Ripley the best
How did Ripley get pregnant
Is Ripley male or female
Why does Ripley nose bleed Alien
Is Ripley a girl
Why did Ash hurt Ripley
When it comes to watching movies about aliens, there's no shortage of great choices. From classic sci-fi movies to modern blockbusters, there's plenty of extraterrestrial entertainment to choose from. But if you're a newbie to the genre, which alien flick should you watch first?
The obvious answer is one of the classic films that helped define the genre. Steven Spielberg's E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial, for instance, is a beloved classic that many people credit with sparking their lifelong love of alien cinema. The story follows a young boy named Elliott who befriends an alien stranded on Earth and helps him find his way home. Its timeless themes of friendship, adventure and the power of imagination are sure to captivate viewers of all ages.
If you want something a bit more action-packed, consider Alien (1979), which follows the crew of a commercial towing vessel as they become unwitting targets of an alien species known as Xenomorphs. Featuring state-of-the-art special effects and an iconic score by Jerry Goldsmith, this Ridley Scott classic is widely regarded as one of the greatest science fiction films ever made.
For something a bit more lighthearted, try Men in Black (1997). This popular action-comedy follows two secret agents from a covert organization tasked with monitoring extraterrestrial activity on Earth. Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones star in this charmingly silly romp through alien lore that's sure to keep you entertained for hours.
Finally, if you're looking for something more recent, check out Guardians of the Galaxy (2014). This Marvel Studios hit follows a group of intergalactic outlaws as they team up to save the universe from annihilation. Featuring an all-star cast, stunning visuals and plenty of laughs, this movie is sure to please fans of both superheroes and aliens alike.
No matter what kind of alien movie you're in the mood for, there's sure to be something out there that will please your taste. So don't be afraid to dive in—you never know which alien flick might become your new favorite!
If you're looking to watch the Alien or Prometheus movie series, it can be hard to decide which one to watch first. Both are part of the same sci-fi horror universe, but each offers a unique viewing experience. Alien is the classic 1979 classic directed by Ridley Scott and stars Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley, a warrant officer aboard a commercial spaceship who battles an alien creature that has boarded the vessel. Prometheus, released in 2012, is a prequel to Alien and explores the origins of the alien species and their connection to humanity.
In terms of which movie to watch first, it really depends on what kind of experience you're looking for. If you're just looking for a classic sci-fi horror movie with plenty of tension and jump scares, then Alien is definitely the way to go. It's an iconic film that still holds up today and its story is captivating. On the other hand, if you're looking for more of an exploration of themes related to humanity's place in the universe, then Prometheus may be a better choice. It delves into ideas such as artificial intelligence and evolution with plenty of thought-provoking moments.
Ultimately, it comes down to personal preference. If you have time for both movies, watching them in order would provide an interesting contrast between the two films. But if you only have time for one then go with whatever appeals to you more. Both movies are great in their own right and provide an entertaining viewing experience.
When it comes to iconic and beloved film characters, few come close to matching the greatness of Ripley from the Alien franchise. This character has been captivating audiences for decades and is widely considered one of the most impressive female lead characters in movie history. So why is Ripley so great?
First and foremost, Ripley is a strong, independent woman who is not afraid to stand up for herself. She is one of the first female action heroes and she never hesitates to take on any challenge that comes her way. In the face of extreme danger, Ripley stands firm and does whatever it takes to get the job done. She is also incredibly brave, willing to risk her life for the safety of others.
Ripley is also a highly intelligent character who is always thinking several steps ahead of her opponents. She uses her wits and ingenuity to outwit her alien adversaries, often coming out on top despite overwhelming odds. This combination of strength, intelligence and courage makes her a formidable force to be reckoned with in any situation.
Perhaps most importantly, Ripley is an inspiring role model for young women everywhere. She shows that women can be just as capable and courageous as men when faced with difficult challenges. Her determination and resourcefulness are unmatched and she serves as a powerful symbol of female strength in an industry where female leads are still sadly underrepresented.
In short, Ripley is an all-around amazing character who continues to captivate new audiences with each installment of the Alien franchise. Her strength, intelligence, courage and determination make her one of the best film characters ever created – male or female – and she will undoubtedly remain a fan favorite for years to come.
Ripley, the iconic character from the 1979 blockbuster movie Alien, is one of the most enduring and beloved characters in cinematic history. Ripley's pregnancy has been a source of mystery and speculation since the movie first came out. How did she become pregnant with an alien creature?
The most likely explanation is that Ripley was impregnated by the alien xenomorph during the film's climax. After being cornered by the alien in a cargo loader, Ripley sets off an explosive charge that kills the alien, but not before it manages to impregnate her with a facehugger. The facehugger then attaches itself to Ripley's face and implants an alien embryo inside of her. This embryo eventually grows into a full-fledged alien, which is ultimately destroyed by Ripley when she uses herself as a human host to lure the alien into the airlock and eject it into space.
However, there is another possible explanation that has been suggested by some fans of the franchise. It is possible that Ripley was already pregnant prior to being attacked by the alien. In this theory, Ripley had been impregnated by her former lover, Dallas (Tom Skerritt). This would explain why she was so determined to survive and make it back home despite all odds.
No matter which theory is true, it is clear that Ripley's pregnancy was an incredibly important part of her character development in the film. Not only did it give her a powerful motivation to survive, but it also played a pivotal role in her eventual victory over the Xenomorphs and their Queen.
Ripley is the protagonist of the Alien film series and has become an iconic figure in popular culture. The character was portrayed by actress Sigourney Weaver in all of the Alien films, so it is generally accepted that Ripley is female.
The character of Ellen Ripley was created by screenwriter Dan O'Bannon and director Ridley Scott for 1979's classic horror film, Alien. Ripley was played by Sigourney Weaver and her performance earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role. In the subsequent four films of the Alien franchise, Weaver reprised the role of Ripley with great success.
Ripley is a strong female character who is portrayed as independent and resourceful, yet she also displays vulnerability and a sense of compassion. She has become an iconic figure in modern cinema and one of the most memorable female characters in sci-fi.
Although many fans debate over Ripley's gender due to her physical characteristics or behaviors, it is clear from the films that she is female. This has been confirmed by both Weaver and various staff members who have worked on the Alien films. For example, in a 2003 interview for Entertainment Weekly, Weaver stated: "Ripley is a woman. And I'm proud of that."
The infamous "nose bleed" scene in the movie Alien has become a popular and well-known scene, but why does Ripley (played by Sigourney Weaver) nose bleed? This scene is an iconic moment that many fans of the franchise have discussed and speculated over, but what is the meaning behind this seemingly random event?
At first glance, it appears that this moment is merely a dramatic plot device meant to show the audience that Ripley is under tremendous psychological stress. Upon further inspection, however, it becomes clear that the nosebleed is actually a symbolic representation of what Ripley is experiencing emotionally and psychologically.
The nosebleed serves as a visual representation of Ripley's fear, confusion, and vulnerability in the face of danger. It is an outward sign of her internal struggle to cope with the terror she is experiencing. The fact that the nosebleed occurs when she looks into the Alien's eyes further reinforces this idea. It suggests that she is feeling overwhelmed by the creature's power and presence and her own helplessness in its presence.
The nosebleed also symbolizes Ripley's inability to emotionally process her situation. She is so overwhelmed by fear that she cannot think clearly or make rational decisions. Her emotional state has caused her to shut down, which results in her nosebleeding. In this way, the nosebleed highlights how fear can take control of a person and prevent them from functioning properly.
Ultimately, Ripley's nosebleed serves as a reminder that fear can be debilitating if not dealt with properly. It is an outward sign of her internal struggle and serves as a warning to viewers to not let fear consume them in dangerous situations.
Ripley is a gender-neutral name, and is often used for both male and female characters in stories. However, it is most commonly associated with the character Ellen Ripley, played by Sigourney Weaver in the 1979 movie Alien and its sequels. In the movies, Ripley is portrayed as a strong female lead, so many people assume that Ripley is a girl.
However, there are some instances of Ripley being used as a male name in literature and popular culture. For example, in The Chronicles of Narnia series by C.S. Lewis, Ripley is the name of an old man who owns a farm. Similarly, in Stephen King's novel The Shining, one of the protagonists is named Dick Hallorann—but his given name is actually Richard Allen Ripley.
So while most people associate the name with a female character from popular media, it's important to remember that Ripley can be used for either gender depending on the context.
When Ripley first appeared in Alien, she had no idea of the horror that lay ahead. She was a space trucker, hired by the Weyland-Yutani Corporation to transport a cargo of alien eggs. Little did she know that these eggs were host to terrifying creatures that would soon threaten the lives of everyone aboard the Nostromo.
One of those creatures, Ash, was an android sent by Weyland-Yutani to bring back a specimen of the alien species for study. Ash had his own agenda, however, and he was willing to do whatever it took to achieve his mission. In order to protect himself and his mission, Ash attacked Ripley and the crew of the Nostromo, killing one crew member and injuring several others.
Although Ash's motives were not clear at first, it eventually became apparent that he was acting on orders from Weyland-Yutani. He believed that capturing a specimen of the alien species was essential for their research and development purposes. Since Ripley posed a threat to this mission, Ash had no choice but to hurt her in order to protect himself and his mission.
Unfortunately, Ripley paid the price for Ash's actions and suffered physical and psychological trauma as a result. She was forced to fight for her life against an enemy she never expected to face and it changed her forever. Although Ash's actions were understandable given the circumstances, they still left an indelible mark on Ripley and her crewmates.
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Telecommunications firm Exfo Inc. increased earnings dramatically in its last fiscal year, which ended Aug. 31.
The result came despite lower sales figures, which the company said resulted from unfavorable currency conversion rates. Sales decreased 3.8 percent to $222.1 million in fiscal 2015 from $230.8 million in fiscal 2014 but were stable year over year on a "constant currency" basis, the company said. All currency figures herein are reported in USD.
Net earnings reached $5.3 million, or 9 cents per diluted share, compared to $800,000, or 1 cent per diluted share, in fiscal 2014.
"While financial results for fiscal 2015 are below my expectations, mainly due to adverse conditions and the strength of the U.S. dollar against a basket of currencies, I am nonetheless quite pleased with the important internal transformations implemented during 2015 that will strongly contribute to value creation in 2016 and beyond," said Germain Lamonde, Exfo's chairman, president and CEO.
Exfo launched 13 new products or major enhancements in fiscal 2015, including optical communications test systems and management software.
Sales of physical-layer (optical and copper) products increased 9.1 percent year over year, but protocol-layer (transport and data communications, wireless, service assurance, and network visibility) sales decreased 19.1 percent.
Meanwhile the company implemented a restructuring plan in August, which it said has already reduced operating expenses by $6.7 million and should save $3.5 million in fiscal 2016. The company also recently chose Philippe Morin, a former Ciena Corp. executive, to be its chief operating officer.
Exfo is targeting EBITDA of $20 million from revenues of about $230 million in fiscal 2016.
The company offers products for the development, installation, management and maintenance of networks, including fiber to the premises and various optical technologies.


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Check out the schedule for Roberto Mancini's side in UEFA Euro 2021. The final Group Stage fixture will see Wales and Italy facing each other on Colombia vs Ecuador: Date, Time, and TV Channel in the US for Cop Group A: Turkey, Italy, Wales, Switzerland - Rome and Baku.
Switzerland 8:30am TSN1/3/CTV Saturday, June 12 Euro 2020 kicks off on Friday, June 11, when Turkey and Italy open up the competition. The tournament features 24 teams across six groups. Sixteen of the 24 teams will qualify for the knockout UEFA Euro 2021 TV Schedule. The Euro 2020 matches can also be watched through online streaming. The games will be available through ESPN and ABC apps. Within USA, you can use Sling Orange, Vidgo, AT&T TV, Hulu + Live TV to enjoy the matches.
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Euro Cup 2021: Schedule, venues, teams, when and where to watch after being postponed from 2020 to 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The opening game between Italy and Turkey will be taking place in The pa
Jun 03, 2021 · How can I watch Euro 2020 matches online? Football lovers can enjoy watching the league on the SonyLIV App or website. Here is a look at date wise schedule of Euro 2020 with timings (in IST)and venue: Group stage fixtures (All timings in IST) June 12, Saturday. Group A: Turkey vs Italy (12:30 am, Rome) Group A: Wales vs Switzerland (6:30 pm, Baku) The qualifiers for the 16th edition of the European Championship were heavily affected by the coronavirus pandemic as UEFA were forced to postpone the playoffs, which was determined by the UEFA Nations League, due to the COVID-19 crisis. Additionally, Euro 2020 had to be suspended until the summer of 2021 due to the virus. Jun 11, 2021 · Euro 2020 TV Schedule UK. Live coverage of Euro 2020 on TV in the UK is shared between BBC and ITV with both broadcasters sharing live coverage of the Euro 2020 final on TV. Despite the tournament being played in 2021, it is still known as Euro 2020. Jun 06, 2021 · Wales' Euro 2020 fixtures, dates and potential route for 2021 tournament.
Group A: Turkey vs Italy (12:30 am, Rome) Group A: Wales vs Switzerland (6:30 pm, Baku) The qualifiers for the 16th edition of the European Championship were heavily affected by the coronavirus pandemic as UEFA were forced to postpone the playoffs, which was determined by the UEFA Nations League, due to the COVID-19 crisis. Additionally, Euro 2020 had to be suspended until the summer of 2021 due to the virus. Jun 11, 2021 · Euro 2020 TV Schedule UK. Live coverage of Euro 2020 on TV in the UK is shared between BBC and ITV with both broadcasters sharing live coverage of the Euro 2020 final on TV. Despite the tournament being played in 2021, it is still known as Euro 2020. Jun 06, 2021 · Wales' Euro 2020 fixtures, dates and potential route for 2021 tournament. The tournament gets underway in Rome on June 11, 2021 and runs through to Sunday, July 11; the semi-finals and final take · UEFA EURO 2020, Wales vs Switzerland Live Streaming: In Match 2 of Euro 2020, Wales will take on Switzerland in a Group A fixture.After Italy got their campaign up and running with a comprehensive Jun 09, 2021 · Click the arrows to reveal each team's schedules. Further fixtures and details will be added when they are confirmed.
Italy, 2 Search. Search for: Search LOL LOL The COMPLETE Euro 2020 fixture and outcomes information because the event will get underway: Television schedule for every match, kick-off instances and up to date scores By Matt Davies For Mailonline Published: 08:30 EDT, | Updated: 08:34 EDT, Euro 2020 will get underway on Friday evening as Italy and … Coverage begins Wednesday, June 9, with a 30-minute tournament preview show (6:30 p.m. ET, ESPN2). On Friday, June 11, the opening match of EURO 2020 features Turkey vs. Italy from Stadio Olimpico in Rome (2:30 p.m., ESPN and ESPN App). ESPN is presenting its fourth straight UEFA European Football Championship in the United States since 2008.
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When you submit yourself to God and obey Him, you allow Him to do what He desires in your life. You make it possible for Him to lead you wherever He wants to use you.
If there is a God, you owe him far more than a morally decent life. He deserves to be at the center of your life.
God told us to love everyone. However, when you don't like someone then you need to walk away and focus not on him or her, but the hatred you're harboring. Otherwise, you will allow your piety to take over. Before you know it, you're using the gospel as a sword to slice other religious people apart, which have offended you. From your point of helplessness, it will be is easy to recruit people that will mistake your kindness as righteousness, when in reality it is a hidden agenda to humiliate through the words of Christ. This game is so often used by women in the Christian faith, that it is the number one reason why many people become inactive. It is a silent, unspoken hypocrisy that is inconsistent with the teachings of the gospel. If you choose not to like someone, then avoid them. If you wish to love them, the only way to overcome your frustrations is through empathy, prayer, forgiveness and allowing yourself time to heal through distance. Try focusing on what you share as sisters in the gospel, rather than the negative aspects you dislike about that person.
When you look at the past without God's eyes, you subject yourself to deception. The past no longer exists and God doesn't linger there. However, Satan will show you whatever you want to see and believe, so you will be trapped in an emotion that cannot communicate truth, beyond what you want to remember.
If you search for God you will find him and He will not give up on you".
God's greatest desire is for you to come to Him.
When you are obedient to God, He fills you with His Spirit and empowers you to do all He asks of you.
God is the leader of your team. As you follow Him with all your heart, you will be leading your team in Jesus' steps.
When you hear the voice of God, obey Him.
God can use you. You must be willing to follow His leading.
When you view yourself through the lens of God's Word, you will better understand God's love for you and the worth you have in His eyes.
Each time you turn your life issues over to God and allow Him to lead, you build trust in Him.
You can't live outside the manual of your manufacturer and perform the function He created you for. God's word is His manual; obey and take the lead!
Run from God, and He will pursue you. Submit to Him, and He will move you.
When you come to knowing God, the initiative lies on His side. If He does not show Himself, nothing you can do will enable you to find Him. And, in fact, He shows much more of Himself to some people than to others-not because He has favourites, but because it is impossible for Him to show Himself to a man whose whole mind and character are in the wrong condition. Just as sunlight, though it has no favourites, cannot be reflected in a dusty mirror as clearly as a clean one. You can put this another way by saying that while in other sciences the instruments you use are things external to yourself (things like microscopes and telescopes), the instrument through which you see God is your whole self. And if a man's self is not kept clean and bright, his glimpse of God will be blurred-like the Moon seen through a dirty telescope. That is why horrible nations have horrible religions: they have been looking at God through a dirty lens. God can show Himself as He really is only to real men. And that means not simply to men who are individually good, but to men who are united together in a body, loving one another, helping one another, showing Him to one another. For that is what God meant humanity to be like; like players in one band, or organs in one body.


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France & Spain Condemn Iran's Latest Call For Israel's Destruction
ZOA: UN must act
New York – The Iranian president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, stated in a speech on Sunday that last summer's Lebanon war showed "for the first time hegemony of the occupier regime ( Israel) collapsed and that pushed the button counting the days until the destruction of Zionist regime." Ahmadinejad's comments, which were broadcast to the Iranian nation in a speech marking the 18th anniversary of the death of its Islamist founder, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, also included this threat: "I warn the Zionist regime and its protectors, if you want to launch a new war against the Lebanese people, this time the people's ocean of anger will become stormy and will carry away your decayed roots from this region … The countdown to this regime's destruction started through the hands of Hizballah's children … We will witness the destruction of this regime in the near future thanks to the endeavors of all Palestinian and Lebanese fighters" ( Sydney Morning Herald , June 4).
Ahmadinejad has previously called repeatedly for Israel to be "wiped off the map," denied the occurrence of the Holocaust and convened Holocaust denial conferences and cartoon competitions demeaning the Holocaust. His most recent comments drew criticism from Spain's Foreign Minister, Miguel Angel Moratinos, who called them "unacceptable … These words need a strong response" ( Jerusalem Post , June 4). France's new Foreign Minister, Bernard Kouchner, echoed Moratinos' words, saying, "I have been informed of comments, quoted by news agencies, in which the Iranian president speaks of the 'annihilation of the Israeli regime.' If these comments were indeed made, they are unacceptable. I condemn them in the strongest terms. Such statements are incompatible with the dialogue between cultures and civilizations to which we are attached and to Iran's aspiration to play a preeminent role in the region. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Israeli-Lebanese relations cannot be used as a pretext for questioning Israel's fundamental right to exist" ( Agence-France Presse, June 4).
ZOA National President Morton A. Klein said, "Ahmadinejad is only the most vocal of Muslim leaders calling for Israel's elimination and uttering obscenities like denying the Nazi genocide of Europe's Jews. From the day in 1948, before Israel was created, when the Secretary-General of the Arab League, Azzam Pasha declared that 'This will be a war of extermination and a momentous massacre which will be spoken of like the Mongolian massacres and the Crusades,' Arab and Muslim leaders have been calling for Israel's destruction. What makes Ahmadinejad's repeated calls for and predictions of Israel's destruction so ominous is that his regime is proceeding unhindered towards acquiring nuclear weapons, which would allow him to carry out his dream. Ahmadinejad says repeatedly that no one will stop him.
"It is therefore truly amazing that, other than the foreign ministers of France and Spain, so few have raised their voice against Ahmadinejad. Why has there been no denunciation from President Bush, Secretary Rice or any other senior figure in the Administration? Unfortunately, this silence is part of a pattern.
"There was silence when, on March 30, Hamas spokesman Ismail Radwan ended his sermon broadcast on the Palestinian Authority TV with the words, 'The Hour [of Resurrection] will not take place until the Muslims fight the Jews and the Muslims kill them, and the rock and the tree will say: "Oh, Muslim, servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me, kill him!" There was silence when, a Palestinian Arab author, Kan'an Ubayd, wrote in a Palestinian Arab newspaper in April, 'the extermination of Jews is good … to which Allah gave his blessing.' Why does the U.S. continue to deal with, support, fund and urge concessions to the PA when its elected officials call for genocide of Jews? Why are foreign governments not protesting or demanding a retraction of these statements? Now Ahmadinejad, head of a state that is believed to be close to acquiring nuclear weapons and which has openly discussed using them against Israel, speaks of Israel's imminent destruction and the world remains largely silent.
"The ZOA strongly backs House Concurrent Resolution 21, which calls on 'the United Nations Security Council to charge Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad with violating the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and the United Nations Charter because of his calls for the destruction of the State of Israel.' The Resolution 'condemns…Ahmadinejad's offensive remarks, contemptible statements, and reprehensible policies,' calls on the United Nations Security Council and all Member States to 'consider measures to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons,' and 'reaffirms the unwavering strategic partnership between the United States and Israel.'
"If the United Nations is to have any credibility and moral authority, it must immediately and affirmatively hold Ahmadinejad accountable for his outrageous, offensive, and provocative statements against Israel and the Jewish people. Israel is a sovereign United Nations Member State. Already in 2005, the ZOA called for the United Nations to remove Iran from the organization because, in threatening the annihilation of a member state, Iran is not only severely violating its commitment to the UN Charter, but threatening world peace. At the time, former Secretary-General Kofi Annan did nothing. We now renew our call to his successor, Ban Ki-Moon, because Iran is again clearly in violation of the UN Charter, which defines the purposes of the UN as being the 'taking of effective, collective measures for the prevention of and removal of threats to the peace' (Article 1.1). The UN Charter further demands that member states 'shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations' (Article 2.4).' The Charter also states that 'A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council' (Article 6). Lastly, the UN Secretary-General has the power to 'bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security' (Article 99).
"It is patently clear that Iran, in calling for wiping out of a member state of the UN, is acting completely at variance with the purposes and requirements of the UN Charter, especially these articles. It is hard to imagine what else Ahmadinejad could say that would more fully flout the spirit and letter of the Charter. A country whose head of state makes these statements should have no place in the UN. We therefore call upon the UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-Moon, to discharge his duty under Article 99 to call this matter to the attention of Security Council to deal with this grave threat to international peace and security."
News June 5, 2007
Uncategorized June 5, 2007


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