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INSIGHTS > New Articles > SECURE 2018 > SECURE SYNOPSIS: 18 APRIL 2018
SECURE SYNOPSIS: 18 APRIL 2018
Topic: The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different parts of the country
1) Komagata Maru incident was an important landmark event in the political history of India. Examine (250 Words)
Bipan Chandra, India's Struggle for Independence, Chapter 12
The question is basically asking us about the political significance of Komagata Maru incident. The positives which it had for India's struggle for independence.
Examine – The objective here is to get into the depth of each significance that Komagata Maru had for the national movement.
Introduction – Describe the incident and write a line on its overall significance.
Body – Examine the objective and vision of the movement. Discuss the impact that it had on the political history of India. Also examine how successful the movement was in fulfilling the objectives it was trying to achieve. Also, discuss where the movement couldn't make an impact
Conclusion – Discuss the overall significance of the movement.
Several strict immigration policies were adopted on racially discriminatory lines to curb the flow of Indian immigrants in the early 20th century, who were coming to Canada seeking work. One incident which is related to this is the Komagata Maru.
Komagata Maru incident :-
Komagata Maru was a Japanese steamship that sailed from Hong Kong to Vancouver, Canada via Japan in May, 1914. It was carrying 376 passengers who were immigrants from Punjab, India. Of these, only 24 were granted admittance in Canada when the ship docked in Vancouver. At that time, Canada had laws restricting entry of migrants of Asian origin. Following a two month stalemate, the ship and its 352 passengers were escorted out of the dock by the Canadian military and forced to sail back to India.
Adding further insult to the injury, some of the passengers were killed in protests on their return to India, when they were prevented from docking and attempts were made to arrest its leaders who were suspected by the colonial government to be political agitators.
Significance of the movement:-
The Komagata Maru episode attracted worldwide attention and condemnation for the violation of human rights and racism.
This was one of several incidents in the early 20th century in which exclusion laws in Canada and the United States were used to exclude immigrants of Asian origin
The episode further inspired the Ghadar party to engage in its struggle against the colonial rule and therefore it indirectly gave a fillip to the Indian struggle for freedom.
Further, the inflamed passions in the wake of the incident were widely cultivated by the Indian revolutionary organisation, the Ghadar Party, to rally support for its aims.
In a number of meetings ranging from California in 1914 to the Indian diaspora, prominent Ghadarites including Barkatullah, Tarak Nath Das, and Sohan Singh used the incident as a rallying point to recruit members for the Ghadar movement, most notably in support of promulgating plans to coordinate a massive uprising in India.
The episode also reminds Indians of the role played by those who lived away from the country but kept struggling for the Independence of the country.
It is widely cited at the time by Indian groups to highlight discrepancies in Canadian immigration laws.
After the ship reached India , the Sikhs were treated as law breakers and were detailed which further led to resentment and anger in the Indian community
Concerns:-
The Ghadarites efforts failed due to lack of support from the general population
Could not impact the colonial structure as well.
The legacy of this movement is never forgotten .The recent apology made by Canada to India regarding the incident shows the importance of this movement .
Topic: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues
2) Lord Curzon brought some much needed reforms in Indian educational, scientific and political system. Critically analyse his role in India's political history. (250 Words)
Lord Curzon has been a controversial figure in India's political history. On the one hand, he was responsible for the partition of Bengal, which epitomizes the British policy of divide and rule. But he also introduced some significant reforms in India's education, administration, police, agriculture etc. Question is related to GS-1 syllabus under the following heading- Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.
The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different parts of the country.
The question demands us to analyze the role and contribution of Lord Curzon in India's political history and give an opinion based on that analysis.
Critically analyze- we have to examine both the positive as well as negative reforms, acts associated with Lord Curzon. We have to lay special emphasis on educational, scientific and political reforms. What we also have to discuss other reforms and the effects/repercussions of those acts, reforms.
Introduction- as the question involves many aspects, so in order to save time, you can directly introduce your answer by mentioning the positive role of Lord Curzon in India's political history and then,
Body- in one part present in points those positive reforms.
e.g education- Raleigh Commission, Indian Universities Act, Agricultural Research Institute in Bihar; scientific- Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904 etc. Also police Commission, famine Commission, irrigation Commission etc.
In the second part, discuss the partition of Bengal and other negative acts or negative points of above-discussed forms.
In 3rd part, discuss how Indian freedom struggle was affected by the policies, acts of Lord Curzon.
Conclusion- Draw a balanced conclusion from the above analysis.
Lord Curzon occupies a high place among the rulers of British India like Lord Wellesley and Lord Dalhousie. He was a thorough imperialist. In order to make the administration efficient, Lord Curzon overhauled the entire administrative machinery.
Reforms by Lord Curzon:-
Educational:-
Curzon took a serious view of the fall in the standard of education and discipline in the educational institutions. In his view the universities had degenerated into factories for producing political revolutionaries. To set the educational system in order, he instituted in 1902, a Universities Commission to go into the entire question of university education in the country.
On the basis of the findings and recommendations of the Commission, Curzon brought in the Indian Universities Act of 1904, which brought all the universities in India under the control of the government.
Scientific:-
The Agriculture Research Institute in Pusa (Bihar – Bengal Presidency) was established.
Political:-
Administrative:-
Lord Curzon launched many investigative commissions. He made efforts for police reforms, eliminating the corruption and to promote the economic development. He provided a revival to conservatism in India by refurbishing the main features of Lord Mayo's policies.
Curzon believed in efficiency and discipline. He instituted a Police Commission in 1902 under the chairmanship of Sir Andrew Frazer.Curzon accepted all the recommendations and implemented them.
He set up training schools for both the officers and the constables and introduced provincial police service.
During Curzon regime, the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) was established which covered roughly the areas of upper course of River Indus.
Military:-
Imperial cadet corps was set up which became an instrument for Indianisation of army later.
Other reforms:-
Preservation of Archaeological objects
Curzon had a passion for preserving the ancient monuments of historical importance in India.
No Viceroy in India before or after him took such a keen interest in archaeological objects. He passed a law called the Ancient Monuments Act, 1904 which made it obligatory on the part of the government and local authorities to preserve the monuments of archaeological importance and their destruction an offence.
He rescued several historic monuments, including the Taj Mahal in Agra, and starting work on the Victoria Memorial Hall, the governor's house
Famine of 1899-1900:-
The famine relief in the British Provinces was organized and around 25% of the affected people were relieved as per the official figures
Irrigation Commission 1901
Post famine, there was more emphasis on internal administration reforms. Towards this direction, the construction of irrigation works in accordance with the broad plans was outlined by an Irrigation Commission under Sir Colin Scott-Moncrieff.
Most important part of this strategy was a network of canals in Punjab comprising a main canal of 2714 kilometers and other link canals.
Criticisms :-
In 1900, then Curzon Government enacted the Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900 which placed a 15 year limitation on all land purchases and mortgages.
But due to this, peasantry got in further problem because now they were unable to access credit. The government established some agricultural banks and in due course passed Cooperative Credit Societies Act, 1904. However, most of the public remained unaware of these measures and thus discontent grew among not only moneylenders, shopkeepers, professionals and the trader class but also the peasantry.
Famine in 1899-1900:-
The British initiatives were also grossly inadequate because no intervention was done to control the grain prices. There was no humanitarian consideration in the relief measures. India owed a huge debt to its colonial masters and so Curzon remained economic in whatever efforts he took.
He did the partition of Bengal, the largest Province of India, to improve its developmental process. This politically motivated the Muslims of the East Bengal. As a result, Curzon also faced a huge agitation by the Congress and the Hindu political and corporate classes of West Bengal.
He partitioned Bengal in 1905 and set the province's Hindu and Muslim populations against each other by adopting a policy of divide and rule later leading to formation of Muslim league.
Calcutta Corporation Act (1899)
The Viceroy brought in a new legislative measure namely the Calcutta Corporation Act in 1899 by which the strength of the elected members was reduced and that of the official members increased. Curzon gave more representations to the English people as against the Indians in the Calcutta Corporation. There was strong resentment by the Indian members against Curzon's anti-people measures
CID wing appointed was used to watch on political opponents.
When Lord Curzon made the Bengal Partition effective disregarding the opinion of the Bengalees, the preparation for revolutionary terrorism went on in full swing.
harmony in India got destroyed.
At the beginning Curzon earned the popularity and admiration of the Indian people. He lost the popularity by the act of Partition of Bengal.
3) Critically examine whether India needs to maintain a policy of strategic non alignment between USA and China to avoid becoming a swing state. (250 Words)
The dynamics of relationship between US and CHina, has an impact on many other countries. China and India have a long history of cooperation and conflict. In recent years, it is believed that India has let go of non alignment when it comes to dealing with these two power behemoths. This has raised a debate over the best course of action for India in Ind – China – USA triangle.
The question is asking us to examine the best course of action for India in dealing with US-China-India triangle. The question also mentions "avoid becoming a swing state". This is because both these countries want India to remain in their camp so as to gain an upper hand in the power play that is happening in Asia Pacific. This means that if India does not pursue the policy of non alignment, it is condemned to get involved in camp politics. This part also needs to be critically examined.
Critically examine – We need to bring out the pros and cons of all the policies available at India's disposal in dealing with China and US and provide a balanced stand in the end.
Introduction – Explain the nature of India-China-USA triangle
Body – Provide pros and cons of each possible stand
Non alignment = Principled equidistance
China camp
US camp (India currently here)
While providing pros and cons, should classify your points under broad heads like economy, strategic etc
Conclusion – End your answer with the stand you think would be most beneficial for India. Take help of quotes of some important scholars like Vivek Katju, SHivshankar Menon etc
In the current geopolitical situation where China and US are at extreme ends and crisis being triggered everyday for instance the recent step of imposition of tariffs taken by US and China responding has become complicated for India. India have the following three options :-
Nonalignment:-
India should stick to a new version of non-alignment where it can maintain equidistance from both China and the US. This will help India avoid becoming a pawn in a bigger US-China war.
The policy of strategic autonomy recommended that India should not take sides in the rivalry between China and the U.S. The report emphasised that for its strategic and foreign policy to be successful, India must sustain domestic economic growth, social inclusion and democracy.
Economic agreements with both the countries can materialise well if India follows the approach
Concerns with this approach:-
It fails to address the scenario where the dispute like Doklam standoff is not between the US and China but between India and China.
Equidistance from both the US and China will have to be artificially manufactured because it does not exist naturally. India has a territorial dispute with China, not with the US.
The US supports India's elevation in the UN and the NSG, China doesn't.
India is raising a mountain strike corps to fight the People's Liberation Army, not the US military. It is, therefore, monumentally not wise to talk of equidistance here.
India being close to Chinese camp:-
Recent efforts by China can be beneficial for India:-
China helped in grey-listing Pakistan at the financial action task force (FATF) to combat money laundering and terrorist financing
Recently, China and India have initiated discussions to jointly use their leverage in oil price negotiations.
The two countries have an enviable track record of cooperation in global climate change negotiations.
The border dispute can be resolved amicably.
The peace settlement between India and Pakistan can be a reality.
Greater voice for India in international platforms .
Challenges remain:-
China has refused to accommodate India's interests in other spheres.
India was disappointed with the outcome of the latest joint economic group (JEG) meeting where Beijing yet again failed to take seriously India's concern on rising bilateral trade imbalance and lack of market access for Indian goods in China.
India has, once again, taken up the issue of its entry into the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) with China but a breakthrough seems far away.
China has been insisting on simultaneous entry of India and Pakistan into the NSG and is unlikely to budge from that position.
American camp:-
External balancing through a close US partnership is essential for India. External balancing may also help build India's own capabilities through cooperation on defence production.
In order to be assertive against aggressive China India has joined the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, a coalition seen by many as a counterforce to China's rise in the Indo-Pacific.
The India-U.S. Civil Nuclear Agreement was in this respect truly the "game changer". India came to be seen as a positive, stabilising influence as far as the global and the regional environment was concerned. Non-alignment clearly had no place in this milieu.
India has many benefits in many fields:-
Civil aviation: C-17 Globemaster-III strategic airlift aircraft, and M777 ultra-light howitzers
Technology etc
China's more assertive posturing on the global stage is helping drive India and the U.S. together. Both the countries are wary of China's rising naval presence in the Indian Ocean.
India continues to have territorial disputes with China like Doklam standoff
However some concerns are put forward:-
With US India affinity increasing Russia is drifting away from India and the emergence of a Russia-China-Pakistan trilateral can take place.
In Institutions like BRICS & SAARC, India will lose its say.
A partnership of near equals like IBSA (India, Brazil and South Africa) with similar interests without any ideological conflict is probably the best model to follow.
Something on the lines of the G-15 organised by India and like-minded countries some years ago could be put together with the objective of dealing with the kind of issues like climate change, terrorism and protectionism.
The members may have links with the U.S., China and Russia, but should be able to work together without the undue influence of the three.
4) India's should have a proactive engagement with Nordic countries and seek their cooperation in achieving shared commitments and interests. Critically analyse. (250 Words)
Hindu BusinessLine
Nordic countries have been largely neglected by India, due to the cold war and a hostile neighborhood. Our Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently visited Nordic countries individually as well as a group. There is a huge scope for cooperation between India and Nordic countries which can be successfully channeled into mutual prosperity. The question is related to GS-2 syllabus under the following heading – India and its neighborhood- relations. Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India's interests, Indian diaspora.
The question wants us to discuss what are the shared commitments and mutual interests of India and Nordic countries and then analyze how they can be achieved by cooperation between the two entities.
Critically analyze- we have to attend to all the aspects of the question and present our personal opinion. Here we have to discuss one by one, shared commitments, mutual interests which would be better achieved by cooperation between India and Nordic countries. Also how to analyze if there are any associated issues/ hurdles involved in materializing such cooperation.
Introduction- give a brief description of Nordic countries and the members and mention their distinctive identity.
Body- divide the body into two main parts. In one part, further divided into subparts, discuss what are the a) shared commitments e.g multipolar world, democracy, human values, climate change etc. b) shared interests- Sweden's defense products, trade liberalization and facilitation, innovation and technology sharing.
In the other part, discuss any hurdles or other associated issues involved.
Conclusion- In the conclusion, present your personal opinion drawn based on the above discussion and also suggest some measures which could improve the engagement between India and Nordic countries.
As India engages advanced economies in Europe and elsewhere in a bid to derive investment, technology, commercial contacts, immigration and education privileges, and other benefits, the Nordic countries (Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland) arguably have something more important to offer. For both political and economic reasons, the Nordic Model provides India a worthy object of study.
Nordics do not see themselves as a mere sub-region of Europe. They value their own unique international identity.
Shared commitments and interests between India and Nordic countries :-
When India was non-aligned, Sweden was neutral.
Both championed decolonisation and a more just global order.
India and Sweden led the campaign for nuclear arms control and disarmament.
The idea of mediating conflicts, which is very much part of the India's internal and international experience, is quite dear to the Nordics
India will benefit because :-
Defence:-
Sweden might be neutral but it always had strong defence industry and possibility with an aerospace partnership around the sale of Gripen fighter aircraft to India.
Innovation:-
India is in the hope of igniting the innovation revolution in India and the Nordic region is an impressive champion of technological innovation.
As a region that helped advance the idea of an efficient welfare state, the Norden can be important partner for India's own experiments to strengthen its social sector through technological and policy innovation
Sustainability:-
Nordic countries have built some of the world's most sustainable, smart and attractive cities. The Nordic countries are frontrunners in relation to sustainable urban development and efficient land use. Creative and innovative Nordic forces are thriving, particularly within the fields of design, architecture and landscape planning.This can help in the success of smart cities.
The Swedish government will be providing more than $59 million for innovation cooperation with India in the field of smart cities and sustainability
Sweden has been a strong supporter of India's "Make in India" campaign too.
Cyber security:-
When India is being the victim of cyber attacks ,India and Sweden have decided to set up a common task force on cyber security and are working towards finalizing a bilateral agreement on exchange.
International:-
India received key support from the Nordic countries for its membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and a seat at the United Nations Security Council as a permanent member.
The NSG support from the Nordic states is particularly significant because there was a time when these states had adopted a strong moralistic approach on India's nuclear programme.
Today, there is a recognition and acceptance of India's credentials as a responsible nuclear actor despite not being a formal member of the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
Nordic countries perform exceptionally well in the human development indicators and strive for a welfare state .India can learn from them.
With the Joint Action Plan, meanwhile, the two nations will try to enhance cooperation in key areas of renewable energy, women's skills development and empowerment, space and science, and health and life sciences.
Issues such as trade, growth, global security, smart cities, renewable energy, climate change , maritime solutions, port modernisation, food processing, health, life-sciences and agriculture were also on the agenda of India's broader engagement with the Nordic countries.
Both sides work towards supporting free trade as a catalyst for achieving inclusive growth and realising the Sustainable Development Goals at a time when major economic powers are becoming protectionist and tariff wars are becoming the new normal.
Skill :-
Nordic countries have very less population Indians can use their IT platforms to manage the skill demand in these countries through INSTC etc.
Concerns :-
Past disturbances:-
A citizen of Denmark involved in an arms drop in West Bengal in 1995 became the subject of an extradition dispute that coloured India's relations with that country.
More recently, India and Norway expressed differences over a child welfare spat involving an Indian couple.
India's concerns with trade liberalisation as it wants to protect its farmers.
Distance is a concern and people- people contact is minimal.
As India redefines its foreign policy priorities in Europe and as a changing Europe comes to terms with a rising India, India's engagement with the Nordic states has immense potential.
Topic: Irrigation; Cropping pattern
5) India's water crisis demands that paddy cultivation requires several checks and balances. Discuss in light of the Kashmir government's directive to its paddy farmers. (250 Words)
Climate change and water scarcity are huge risks for agriculture and food security. Just like we are in need of guidelines to deal with pollution, similarly we need guidelines to deal with the situation of food scarcity. In this light, the water crisis in Kashmir and the subsequent government's directive presents an opportunity to analyze ways to deal with this situation in a transparent and consistent manner.
The question wants us to examine whether there is a need to come out with specific regulations to address the problem of cultivating paddy in water deficient states. The question wants us to address the following points:
Details of India's water crisis
Why paddy is specifically mentioned
What kind of checks and balances need to be put up for paddy cultivation
Efficacy of government's measures so far to deal with the situation
Discuss – The various aspects of this issue needs to be brought out as discussed above.
Introduction – The Kashmir issue needs to be highlighted. Similarly bring out the problem with paddy cultivation in India and why this issue deserves attention.
Body – Start with explaining the water crisis situation in India and the reason why paddy accelerates this problem. Then talk about the checks and balances reqd such as growing less water intensive varieties, MSP adjustment etc. Thereafter talk about the various government measures to deal with this including the directive. Analyze the pros and cons of directive issued by JnK government.
Conclusion – End with highlighting the gravity of the situation and the way forward.
Agriculture consumes 83% of India's water resources. Food security is threatened globally die to climate change and adverse weather events. Water intensive crops like sugarcane grown in Maharashtra was one of the reasons for the state's water scarcity .Similarly paddy consumes lot of water for cultivation so Kashmir government provided an advisory regarding paddy cultivation and this representsthe seriousness of the issue.
Problems with paddy cultivation/why checks and balances are needed in paddy cultivation:-
Paddy cultivation is heavily water-intensive on an average, it needs more than 1,400 mm of water against, say, 600 mm for pigeon pea or 500 mm for soybean.
Tamil Nadu, that has done little to wean farmers in the Cauvery basin off Samba cultivation, already faces a severe water crisis
Water-demand varies across states given differing weather conditions. In Punjab, over 5,330 litres go into producing 1 kg, while in Bengal this needs 2,700 litres.
Government measures :-
The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana is a good policy initiative that would accelerate public investment in both micro and macro irrigation.
Deen dayal Anyodaya mission
A principle objective of the National Water Mission is to increase water use efficiency by 20 per cent. This objective is eminently realisable when we look at some focus areas that would help achieve this.
Kashmir government directive to paddy farmers :-
Kashmir, faced with a prolonged dry spell, has asked farmers not to cultivate paddy this year. issued the advisory to farmers in six districts in North Kashmir even though some varieties grown there are known to be comparatively water-efficient. It has instead urged them to sow pulses and other crops that consume less water.
Irrigation department will not supply water in the districts for paddy cultivation and the crop is grown in over 1.4 lakh hectares in the state should send a strong signal to farmers.
The department has already advised farmers to go for other cash crops which are less dependent on water like maize and pulses
Positive :-
If this approach is followed by other water-stressed states like Tamil Nadu and Punjab they will benefit greatly.
Tamil Nadu with the festering Cauvery problem will also meet partial resolution if they let farmers know in no uncertain terms that paddy won't get any irrigation support in a dry year.
Will check water scarcity and educate farmers about the crisis .
Shows the ready approach of the government to prevent disaster like drought before hand by taking precautions.
Negative:-
Getting farmers to stay off paddy, though, can be a long march given many of them believe the soil is best suited to paddy cultivation, not other crops.
Kashmir government proposal was only an advisory not a directive.
Shifting to other crops would shoot up the food deficit in the region, where rice is the staple food.
Shifting to other crops would increase their economic woes.
has exposed the government's failure to create water harvesting infrastructure. The rainfall that we get and the water from abundant glaciers is totally lost in absence of harvesting infrastructure.
Way forward/What should be checks and balances needed in Agriculture:-
Increased water conservation and promoting cultivation of less water-intensive crops can go a long way towards coping with the crisis.
Adopt drought-resistant crop varieties as has been done in some parts of Odisha for paddy/rice through the help of the International Rice Research Institute. This can maintain productivity and income of the farmers and also ensure price stability to the consumers.
Small vegetable-growing farmers in Himachal Pradesh, have long adopted Israel's water-saving technology through the assistance of the Mother Dairy retail chain that procures their fresh produce. It is an opportune time to scale up technology adoption.
Biotechnology, drip irrigation:-
Through a combination of research and development to develop higher yielding varieties, better agronomic practices, and improved agriculture extension services, higher yields are within reach even while using the same amount of water.
Micro-irrigation deserves greater attention.:-
Study by the National Mission on Micro-Irrigation shows a 22 per cent to 40 per cent saving in water across different horticulture crops.
water saving agronomic practices can be readily implemented. The most obvious example of this practice is direct seeding of rice.
Topic: Environmental pollution; Disaster management
6) "The Great Pacific Garbage Patch" is a misnomer term, given the complexity of the problem. Comment. Also, discuss its effects on marine and human life. (250 Words)
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GBGP) is located about halfway between Hawaii and California. It's the largest accumulation zone for ocean plastics on Earth. It has a lot of negative effects on Marine and human life. Also, the problem looks more simple than it is because of photodegradation of plastics. The issue is related to GS-1 syllabus add the following heading – geographical features and their location- changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
It's also related to GS 3 syllabus under the following heading- Conservation, environmental pollution, and degradation, environmental impact assessment
Disaster and disaster management.
The question wants us to discuss, what is the great Pacific garbage patch and come out with reasons that why the term is a misnomer. We also have to discuss its effects on marine life and also on human life.
Comment- we have to describe the great Pacific garbage patch, its nature, location, contents, and other features. Then we have to bring out with reasons that why the term is a misnomer. We have to put arguments in its favor.
Discuss- we have to write in detail about the possible effects on marine life and on human life.
Introduction- in such kind of questions, you can introduce your answer by directly introducing the concept/ term in one or two lines and then elaborate it further in the body.
Body- in one part, bring out a complete description of the Great Pacific garbage patch like its location, size, contents, age (history), current status etc.
In the other part discuss why the term is a misnomer by mentioning photodegradation and dissolution of plastic particles.
In the third part, discuss in points its effects on marine life. And then discuss its effects on human life.
Conclusion – in conclusion, discuss briefly in one or two lines about the clean-up procedure and efforts required.
Marine debris and pollution consisting mostly of plastic trash is accumulating in oceans around the world. Twice the size of Texas, the Great Pacific Garbage Patch stretches for hundreds of miles across the North Pacific Ocean and is one of the most frightening examples of just how much human activity is violating the planet.
Great Pacific garbage patch :-
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is the world's largest collection of floating trash and the most famous. It lies between Hawaii and California.
Magnitude of the issue and the term is a misnomer :-
The name "Pacific Garbage Patch" has led many to believe that this area is a large and continuous patch of easily visible marine debris items such as bottles and other litter akin to a literal island of trash that should be visible with satellite or aerial photographs. This is not the case.
Phrase 'garbage patch' is misleading as
It is not visible from space
There are no islands of trash
It is more akin to a diffuse soup of plastic floating in oceans.
Microplastics make up 94 percent of an estimated 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic in the patch. But that only amounts to eight percent of the total tonnage. As it turns out, of the 79,000 metric tons of plastic in the patch, most of it is abandoned fishing gear.
Impact on marine and human life:-
Ghostnets, a term coined to describe purposely discarded or accidentally lost netting, drift through the ocean, entangling whales, seals, and turtles. An estimated 100,000 marine animals are strangled, suffocated, or injured by plastics every year.
Of the 1.5 million Laysan albatrossesthat inhabit Midway, nearly all are likely to have plastic in their digestive system. Approximately one-third of their chicks die, and many of those deaths are due to being fed plastic by their parents.
Indirect harm to species via the food chain
Besides the particles danger to wildlife, on the microscopic levelthe floating debris can absorb organic pollutants from seawater, including PCBs, DDT, and PAHs.
These toxin-containing plastic pieces are also eaten by jellyfish, which are then eaten by fish. Many of these fish are then consumed by humans, resulting in their ingestion of toxic chemicals
Spreading invasive species:-
Marine plastics also facilitate the spread of invasive species that attach to floating plastic in one region and drift long distances to colonize other ecosystems. Research has shown that this plastic marine debris affects at least 267 species worldwide.
Because the garbage blocks sunlight, algae is not growing as it should. With less algae, the entire food chain is experiencing a negative disruption.
In addition, the plastics floating in the ocean are leeching harmful chemicals into the water, which are likely entering the food chain.
Topic:Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world
7) Discuss the significance of Indian philosophy in the history of philosophy. (150 Words)
Indian philosophy has a rich history and occupies a unique place in the realm of philosophy of the world. It had many similarities as well as some marked differences from its western counterpart. Indian philosophy influenced and was in turn influenced by western philosophy. The question is related to GS-4 syllabus under the following heading- Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
The question us to write in detail about how and to what extent Indian philosophy shaped and was in turn shaped by the western philosophy.
Discuss- we have to dig deep into the issue and bring out facts/ arguments in favour of our propositions.
Introduction- bring out the most important differences between Indian and western philosophy in 2-3 lines.
Body- discuss how Indian philosophy influenced western philosophy and the field of philosophy in general. E.g.
vedic hymns lead to deep cosmological concepts, Upanishads and their discussions enhanced our understanding about nature, life, mind, the human body, ethics and social philosophy;
the relation of realism to idealism;
the problem of whether universals or relations are basic; and
the very important problem of moksha, or liberation.
In the other part, briefly discuss how Indian philosophy was influenced by western philosophy.
Conclusion- present a balanced and unbiased conclusion of the above discussion in 1-2 lines.
Indian philosophy is based upon four purusharthas of life that are known as artha, karma, dharma, and moksha. These are 4 basic ends of life, and an individual should follow the recommendations as described in Vedas, to have a fulfilling life.
Talking of philosophies or way of thinking, while it is spiritualism in the east, it is materialism and logical and scientific in the west. Indian thinking is characterized as spiritual and mystical in nature, western thinking is scientific, logical, rational, materialistic and individualistic. Individualism that is so very important in the west leads to individual rights while, in Indian context, social responsibility is given prominence. Philosophy in the west is separate and independent of religion. Reason and logic are given primacy to other aspects of life in western philosophy. The pursuit of truth and inner happiness have been kept above everything else in Indian living.
Despite the differences Indian philosophy has influenced western philosophy in many ways:-
In appreciation of complexity of the Indian philosophy, T S Eliot wrote that the great philosophers of India "make most of the great European philosophers look like schoolboys".
Arthur Schopenhauer used Indian philosophy to improve upon Kantian thought.
The 19th century American philosophical movement Transcendentalism was also influenced by Indian thought.
Vedic hymns lead to deep cosmological concepts
The similarities reveal that, even when philosophers in Indiaand the West were grappling with the same problems and sometimes even suggesting similar theories, Indian thinkers were advancing novel formulations and argumentations.
Problems that the Indian philosophers raised for consideration, but that their Western counterparts never did, include such matters as the origin (utpatti) and apprehension (jnapti) of truth (pramanya).
Problems that the Indian philosophers for the most part ignored but that helped shape Western philosophy include the question of whether knowledge arises from experience or from reason and distinctions such as that between analytic and synthetic judgments or between contingent and necessary truths.
Vedichymns, Hindu scriptures dating from the 2nd millennium BCE, are the oldest extant record from India of the process by which the human mind makes its gods and of the deep psychological processes of mythmaking leading to profound cosmological concepts.
The Upanishadscontain one of the first conceptions of a universal, all-pervading, spiritual reality leading to a radical monism
Also contain early speculations by Indian philosophers about nature, life, mind, and the human body, not to speak of ethics and social philosophy.
The distinction as well as the relation between the body, mind, and the self;
The nature of knowledge and the types of valid knowledge
The nature and origin of truth
The relation of realismto idealism
The problem of whether universals or relations are basic
Moksha, or liberation – its nature and the paths leading up to it.
Western philosophy also influenced Indian philosophy in the following ways :-
Many epistemological, logical, and even metaphysical doctrines were debated and decided on purely rational grounds that did not directly bear upon the ideal of moksha.
Western philosophy of liberalism had its influence later in India during the colonial rule which triggered the rational thought in Indians and made them stand up for social evils.
So both the philosophies have their place in the history of philosophy and ultimately led to development and moving of thought.
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Fortin, Ines ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X and Kuzmics, Christoph (2002) Tail-dependence in stock-return pairs. International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance & Management, 11 (2), pp. 89-107.


Samsung SL-M2835 scanner – is a monochrome laser printer that enables you to perform assignments effectively and rapidly with the help of perfect (close field interchanges) NFC highlights with good shrewd gadgets, so you essentially contact the cell phone to the printer to make the photograph or archive simpler to print. The Samsung SL-M2835 is an extraordinary laser printer with quick print rates of up to 29 pages for each moment (ppm) and quality. With a little measurement estimating 14.5 in (W) x 13.2 in (D) x 8 in (H), which can be put adjacent to or around your work area. To weigh just 16.31 lbs which is very simple to introduce, taken and moved anyplace.
The M2835 has a 250 sheet input paper plate that is appropriate for little, locally situated workplaces that are not engrossed with taking care of little and medium bundles and can be somewhat of an issue for occupied workplaces. This unit additionally incorporates a solitary sheet sidestep space in taking care of extraordinary paper. While duplex printing causes you set aside to 40% paper use, while Eco mode highlights help to decrease toner use for each page without relinquishing quality. The Samsung Xpress M2835 printer can likewise print specifically with your Mobile gadget that is perfect with Android and other Operating Systems. By introducing Samsung Mobile Print App which can be downloaded for nothing in App Play Store, which makes it simpler for you to finish your assignment.
Samsung SL-M2835 Linux (Debian) and (rpm).


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These could be WEB OPTIMIZATION, article advertising, blogs, banners, or link trades. Start nigh creating a slant of keywords coordinated to your business. Greater than any other season, these episodes cross over with previous installments, so be sure you binge by means of all the collection or at the very least have Wikipedia handy.
If he would like to buy a website with the word SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMISATION is I had to create a website-polinfor positioning -+ or institution recognition phrase. Critic Consensus: All American's bold attempts to deal with class struggles and classroom drama largely play due to its profitable solid – an auspicious start to a promising new sequence.
The unique e book trilogy (a part of which was originally printed as a short story collection in sci-fi magazine Astounding) was printed in the 1950s, and has served as influential fodder for lots of the science fiction that adopted. If he would like to procure a website with the information WEBSITE POSITIONING is I needed to engender a site-polinfor positioning -+ or establishment recognition phrase.


Busy + Lazy = lesser blogging.
Coffee, Chocolate and Men : Somethings are just better rich.
Of course I dont look busy, I did it right the first time.
My little girl came home with her school project: a beautiful leaf with the words "I am thankful for my daddy" printed on it.
My little girl heard what I said and nodded,"I wanted to put "Justin Bieber" but my Teacher woundn't let me."
Old Beng: Yes, it's my favourite vowel.
nice humorous phrases & jokes for my collection!


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Women choose adoption for their children for many reasons. The most common is simply because they are unable to provide the life they want their child to have at this point in time.
Adoption lets you choose the parents who are able to provide the life you want your child to have while also giving you the opportunity to remain a part of your child's life.
Adoption is really about your choices. We begin by asking you to complete some initial paperwork so we can learn a little more about you and what you are looking for in an adoptive family. You can begin looking at waiting families, choosing one or two that look like what you are hoping for, and then scheduling a time to meet or speak on the phone. When you settle on one family, we call that a 'match' and we begin working with both of you to prepare for the birth of your baby as well as the legal paperwork that will be signed after delivery. During this time, we are happy to help you with needs you may have, such as food, clothing, medical bills, and even living expenses if needed. When the baby is born, we will meet with you in the hospital. Also the adoptive parents will travel there. At this point you will sign the legal documents, and typically the baby leaves the hospital with the adoptive parents.
What help is available for me?
Most importantly, we are here for you, 24 hours a day. Because sometimes you just need someone to talk to who understands what you are going through.
How can I learn more or get started?
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British lenders and their Wall Street rivals are pushing widely different views on Brexit, a clash that was highlighted at a meeting last week with UK government officials, people with knowledge of the situations stated.
While US banks want Britain to maintain the closest possible ties with the EU after Brexit, UK banks and insurers are anxious they don't become beholden to new laws made by Brussels, said two of the people.
Representatives from eight finance and insurance trade groups met on Tuesday with the economic secretary to the Treasure John Glen, who is working on the government's "global financial partnership" strategy that seeks to boost London's ties with financial trading hubs after Brexit.
However, many US banks remain unfazed by the Norway model in which the UK would remain in the European Economic Area free-trade zone, because they already essentially see themselves as rule-takers, the people stated.


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The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Glows with Life | Village Voice
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Glows with Life
by Amy Nicholson
Voice Choice
In the 20 years since Reality Bites, his directorial debut, Ben Stiller has metastasized from sketch comedy lunatic to Generation X darling to blockbuster king. Among the funny men — most of whom have calcified into cliques (yawn, Anchorman 2) — he's the last of the triple-threat writer/director/stars, and the only one who would make a film as earnest, brave and real as The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. Yet while Zoolander and Tropic Thunder have clawed into the comedy canon, Stiller has money, but no respect. Unlike critical darling Judd Apatow, he's still stuck at the dweebs' table just as he was in 1994 when he asked Ethan Hawke's Troy Dyer, "Have I stepped over some line in the sands of coolness with you?"
Like the '90s, Stiller loves sarcasm — he even cast himself as the most handsome man in the world — but his films are sincere within their worlds: Derek Zoolander really is a gorgeous model, Tropic Thunder's Kirk Lazarus is invested in his blackface, and even Troy Dyer aches for a connection he isn't mature enough to handle. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty drops all the irony. The story of a shy magazine employee with a magnificent imagination, it's an uplifting, big-hearted crowd-pleaser. Which in today's Hollywood where every superhero has a standing Thursday appointment with a therapist makes it defiantly uncool.
The disaffectedness Stiller popularized in Reality Bites is biting him in the ass. Now, we're all Troy Dyer, instantly suspicious of anything that wants to make us feel.
Stiller has the rare ability to grow or shrink his presence onscreen as the part demands, and he makes Mitty a truly ordinary everyman. He's not a victimized wimp or a bumbling Focker, just a guy on the street who quietly fears he's letting life slip through his fingers. In his head, Stiller's Mitty daydreams of rescuing puppies and making women swoon. At work, he gets overlooked by his dream girl (a charmingly mellow Kristen Wiig) and undermined by his new boss, played by Adam Scott in a beard so fake it looks like a squirrel clinging to his chin.
Scott's facial hair is this world's only false note. Most comedies are populated by babes and schlubs who look like refugees from Budweiser ads, and they have fabulous jobs and even more fabulous apartments,. The people around Walter Mitty have crows feet and messy hair. They work at KFC and Nabisco and go home to small walk-ups where they have to squeeze past each other in the kitchen.
It doesn't sound revolutionary until you realize no other comedian is doing it — even the ones who think they are. When Judd Apatow tries to make something "honest," he gives us a hot, rich married couple squabbling over cupcakes, while Adam Sandler's idea of normal life is a McMansion and courtside tickets to the Lakers. And don't get me started on Woody Allen, who thinks all poor people come equipped with Jersey accents and wife-beaters — in San Francisco.
As in the original James Thurber short story, Mitty dreams he's leading a more exciting life – a Hollywood fantasy. Here, he imagines larger-than-life heroes and toughs in the visual language of film: The leaves swirl, the music quickens, and his eyes burn. This is a movie about a guy who wishes his reality was like the movies, which is just one half-step away from Tropic Thunder, a movie about movie-makers who don't know their reality is real. Mitty's fantasies even look like Tropic Thunder's reality — when he imagines himself as a frost-bitten explorer wooing Wiig with his "poetry falcon," he's looks like he's strutted out of his character Tugg Speedman's moronic blockbuster Scorcher VI: Global Meltdown. Later, he imagines he's starring in a romantic redo of The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, but because Mitty hasn't actually seen the film, he pictures his old man babyface all wrong.
Eventually Mitty sets out on a real adventure to track down wild-man photographer Sean Penn, who has more badass creases in his face than a topographical map of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull, one of the stops on Mitty's trek.
The film thrills at this quest: The National Geographic-quality vistas are almost too distractingly beautiful, the indie ballads one synthesizer chord short of emotional overkill. Yet Stiller balances his big ambitions with small, grounded truths. O his way to the volcano, a flock of crows assembles itself into a Kristen Wiig's face, but after the explosion, he goes to a Papa John's and balances his checkbook. Globe trotting ain't cheap.
It's in these details that Walter Mitty glows with life. Stiller is a humanist with a keen eye for comic minutia. Even in a sweet moment when Mitty hugs a co-worker goodbye — something a lesser director would throw in for a cheap "awwwww" — he makes the men awkwardly shuffle a box out of the way. He keys in to what Thurber cautioned Samuel Goldwyn in 1947, the first time the Mitty story made it to film, that the tone "should be kept in a high romantic key, and should never descend to anything of a slapstick nature….The dreams will be funny simply and only because they are the true representations of the average man's secret notions of his own great capabilities."
Like Mitty, Ben Stiller dreams big. The problem is audiences don't let him. We have a problem dividing Stiller the Actor — the paycheck-cashing doofus of Night at the Museum — from Stiller the Director, whose last film scored Robert Downey Jr. an Oscar nomination. (For a summer comedy!)
Stiller's in his own Mitty-esque nightmare: While his character dreams of being in Tugg Speedman's hits, he's suffering through Tugg Speedman's failures, making earnest flicks like the "full retard" Simple Jack and getting mocked for being sentimental. He's both famous and forgotten, the best comedy director of his generation hiding in plain sight. As Penn advises him in a manly mano-y-mano, "Beautiful things don't ask for attention." True. But it's time we applaud Ben Stiller anyway.
More:Ben StillerFilm and TVFilm ReviewsTropic ThunderTroy DyerWalter Mitty

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If you've a sweet tooth, KL can be heaven or hell, depending on whether you're in indulgence mode or steering clear of all seven of the deadly sins. Temptation - in the form of an endless array of multi-hued, variously shaped and textured sugary kuih (lit. "cake") - lurk on every corner, peddled from mobile carts, sold by generously-girthed, smiling mom-like ladies seated behind folding tables outside grocery store entrances, hawked at permanent stalls in coffee shops, or served in air-conditioned comfort at shops in any one of KL's numerous shopping malls.
For the ten years or so prior to moving to KL, I was a once-a-month-or-so sweets consumer. All too aware of the dangers posed by a half-finished cake or a tin of cookies sitting on the kitchen counter, I don't often bake at home (the pound of Valhrona bittersweet chocolate I purchased two months ago to make a flourless chocolate-black pepper cake is still sitting in fridge). And I rarely order dessert at a restaurant (vacations being the exception), preferring to devote my calories to delectable savories and good wine.
But living in KL has posed a challenge. Malay sweets, with their coconut-y richness and haunting palm sugar complexity, have thrown a monkey wrench in my attempts to "stay clean".
The weekend before last was a bit of a disaster. First, on Saturday, there was the kuih seller outside Restoran Fook Yun. The little lovely pictured up top consists of two thick layers of rice flour, coconut milk and sweet corn (yellow) sandwiching a thin layer flavored with coconut milk and pandan leaves. I love, love, love sweet corn - but not in a dessert, so I approached this kuih with a bit of caution. In this instance though, it worked, the corny sucrose seeming very at home with the coconut.
Then there was the kuih ketayap (or kuih dadar) sold at the Aroma Nyonya Kueh stall at Chun Heong coffee shop in Bangsar's Lucky Garden.
This is, without a doubt, my very favorite kuih. Soft, spongy pandan-flavored pancakes enclose a filling of grated coconut and palm sugar. There's nothing quite like a kuih dadar hot off the griddle, when the pancake is still warm enough to soften the palm sugar. But a well-made dadar will stand the test of hours, its wrapper remaining supple and yielding long after the treat has cooled.
Then we stepped into the abyss, deciding on the spur of the moment to check out the offerings at this kuih cart that parks outside Nam Chuan coffee shop every Sunday afternoon. The cart was mobbed and our wait was substantial and tortuous, as I watched the supply of kuih dwindle. Happily, there was plenty left when our turn rolled around.
and kuih apam (not-too-sweet spongy brown cakes lightly flavored with palm sugar --I imagined them as part of a delicious trifle, sliced and layered with strawberries and vanilla ice cream).
Clockwise from upper left (readers, thanks for providing correct names!): kuih apam, kuih kosui, kueh lapis, kuih seri muka (a cake of glutinous rice cooked with coconut milk, topped with a pandan layer), onde onde (Dave's fave - steamed pandan flavored glutinous rice flour balls with a semi-liquid filling of palm sugar, rolled in grated coconut), a "sandwich" of pulut tai tai (coconut and glutinous rice flour cakes that traditionally get their blue hue from a dye obtained from dried bunga telang, or butterfly pea flowers) with a kaya (rich coconut and egg "jam") filling, a coconuty kueh with a wrinkly "burnt" topping of palm sugar, and kueh talam (a layer of rice and green pea flour flavored with pandan topped with a layer of rice flour and coconut cream).
This was not a typical weekend, but I think it's pretty obvious that I am no longer master of my sweet tooth. I may require detox.
You have pictured here some of my favorite varieties. Coconut milk makes the kuih aromatic and delicious but sugar is an important ingredient. Apart from those in the photos, there are varieties where red beans, corn and many other ingredients that make eating kuih a most wonderful adventure!
Mmmmm, kueh! Thanks for all these delicious images!
Agree on nonya kueh being the best, particularly those from the north (penang, kedah etc.) Have you found kueh-mueh from Malay vendors to be significantly different from Chinese kueh? Here's a link http://www.shiokadelicious.com/shiokadelicious/2004/06/kueh_kueh_kuih_.html#more to Renee's (of shiokadelicious fame) post on Singaporean style kueh. Great pix and commentary but I have to say I much prefer Malaysian-style nonya kuih. Completely different animal even though they look very similar. I do miss all that wonderful kueh - only kind we can get here in SF is the Vietnamese variety. Again, a different animal.
Have you ever consider making any of the kuih yourself?
Bayi -- I can't take much credit .. I usu. work off of recommendations (Malaysians are so generous with directing us to their faves) ... and go where the crowds go. I know it must be possible to find bad food in KL, but I just don't know where!
Sue -- thanks for the kuih-ducation! Will head back and correct my post now!
Mary -- I never took a shine to Vietnamese sweets, I must admit. So it was pretty easy to stay "on the wagon" while we lived in Saigon.
If you are serious, I can get recipes from my mum (from north Msia - Penang/Kedah).
I love nonya kuih - especially kueh dadar. But really, anything glutinous and coconutty is good to me!
Heyas! Ack, Kuih is the staple Sunday tea at home. I'm studying in India now, So I really miss all this. I like how the traditional kuih category has expanded to include modern kuih. for example, a popular kuih during Raya is "Kuih Batik" named for it's catik like appearance. The chief ingredients are Marie biscuits and Milo, and it is delicious!
Can any1 pls send me a recupe of kueh makmur before hari raya n other delicios delicacies....thx.
Hi, does anyone have receipe for kaya, pulut tai tai, and onde onde?
Aha! I know that kuih seller outside Nam Chuan. He's the best! My family has been frequenting his stall for the past decade or so.
Hi! Does anyone know the name of the tapioca kuih (yellow in colour with brown crust on top) and its cousin, white in colour with brown crust?
These kueh are totally making me drool..
I'll have to try the kueh dadar next time I go back to Malaysia, they look really yummy.. if only we could buy them in Sydney!
I am a Malaysian who lives and work in the UK for 36 yrs and totally starved of nyonya kuihs.
Where is Nam Chuan Kopitiam and that Rest. Fook Yun? Thanks for recommending. Will start hunting them tomorrow. Muaahhhhahahaha!!!!
I would like the receipe for seri muka and onde onde please.
I am so very proud of my cousins (Aroma Nyonya), they always strive for excellence in their kuih.


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Home»Crime»Chadian forces not occupying Nigerian territory – Army
Chadian forces not occupying Nigerian territory – Army
By The Eagle Online April 10, 2020 No Comments
The Nigerian Army has refuted the claim by a Chadian Army Officer that the Chadian forces were occupying some Nigerian territories in the fringes of Lake Chad region waiting to hand over.
The Acting Director, Army Public Relations, Colonel Sagir Musa, made the clarification while briefing newsmen at the Army Special Forces Super Camp at Ngamdu in Kaga Local Government Area of Borno State on Friday.
Musa said the clarification was necessary to correct the impression that the Nigerian forces were not on ground in some areas around the Lake Chad region.
He added the Nigerian military and the Chadian forces had been working together under the Multinational Joint Task Force, which has its Headquarters in N'Djamena, Chad.
According to him, the press statement allegedly made in Baga-Sola Headquarters Sector 2 MNJTF Chad by the Chadian senior officer, one Colone Azem Aguna, on April 9 in this regard was not correct.
Musa said: "The Nigerian Army's attention has been drawn to the said statement now circulating on social media claiming – 'the security and Defence forces of Chad are deeply stationed in the islands of Niger and Nigeria wanted to handover to the respective army (sic) of these friendly nations.'
"Nigerian Army wishes to state that there is no Chadian or any other foreign country's troops on Nigerian side of the Lake Chad or in any other part of the Nigerian territory.
"As a responsible organisation, the Nigerian Army finds it necessary to clear the wrong impression or misinformation for history and posterity as well as to avoid spreading falsehood and mischievous publications."
Musa stated that the Chadian operation at the Chadian side of the Lake Chad area was with the knowledge and support of Nigeria in line with the existing multilateral co-operation between the countries.
He added that the support was in honouring and furtherance of the existing multi-lateral cooperation between the Lake Chad Basin Commission countries under the MNJTF.
He said: "The operation was especially welcomed and supported by the Nigerian Army because it would deny the insurgent's rear and logistics bases in Chad from where they often plan and launched attacks into Nigeria.
"It is hoped that the Chadian forces will sustain operations on their side of the border to permanently deny Boko Haram criminals of rear bases from where they can launch operations into Nigeria.
"For the avoidance of doubt, the Chadian Operation BOMA WRATH took place only in Chadian territory and not on Nigerian territory.
"The Chadian security and Defence forces did not cross into Nigerian territory during the operation and thus there are no Chadian troops holding any Nigerian territory.
"The Nigerian Military is fully committed and in total support of the continued cooperation between Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria to finally and speedily decimate Boko Haram/ISWAP Criminals and put final end to terrorism in the region.
"Members of the public are requested to disregard the claim and misleading information that – the Chadian security and Defence forces are deeply stationed in the islands of Nigeria waiting to handover."
The News Agency of Nigeria recalls that the statement credited to the Chadian Defence authorities had been in circulation in different platforms since Thursday.
Army Special Forces Super Camp Nigerian Army Sagir Musa
Burnt INEC office: Uncollected PVCs not affected by the inferno-Official