text:
Q: Error Mapping Geometry type Point in PostgreSQL Problem when mapping an entity with a geometric field Geometry Point. When accessing the table repository, using the standard function findAll() getting "null" , although there are records in the database.When configuring, I used the official manual Hybernate Spatial. I get an error when requesting a controller: " exception is org.geolatte.geom.codec.WkbDecodeException: Expected geometryKeyword starting at position: 0] with root cause" Help me please , I do not know how to act and what is the reason
My config:

*

*Hibernate (5.4.32.Final)

*Hibernate Spatial (5.4.32.Final)

*Posgis (version 2.5)

*PostgreSQL 10.17

Entity:
import lombok.Data;
import org.locationtech.jts.geom.Point;

import javax.persistence.*;

@Data
@Entity
@Table (name = "region",
        indexes = { @Index(name = "description_index",columnList = "description"),
                    @Index(name = "region_name_key",columnList = "name",unique = true),
                    @Index(name = "region_pkey", columnList = "region_id",unique = true) } )

public class Region  {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.SEQUENCE)
    @Column(name = "region_id")
    private Integer region_id;

    @Column(name = "state_id")
    private Integer state_id;

    @Column(name = "name")
    private String name;

    @Column(name = "location") // problem field mapping, causing the problem
    private Point location ;

    @Column(name = "description")
    private String description;

}

Service:
import java.util.List;

@Service
@AllArgsConstructor
public class RegionService implements RegionServiceImpl {

    private final RegionRepository regionRepository;
    private final RegionMappingUtils regionMappingUtils;

    @Override
    public List<RegionDTO> findAll() {

        ArrayList<RegionDTO> convert_objects = new ArrayList<>();

        RegionDTO conv_object;

        List<Region> objects = regionRepository.findAll();

        for (int i = 0; i < objects.size(); i++) {

            conv_object = regionMappingUtils.mapToRegionDto(objects.get(i));

            convert_objects.add(conv_object);
        }
        return convert_objects;
    }}

Repository:
@Repository
public interface RegionRepository extends JpaRepository <Region,Integer> {

}

Pom.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.5.2</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.xxx</groupId>
    <artifactId>service</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>service</name>
    <description>Table access service</description>
    <properties>
        <java.version>16</java.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
            <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.jayway.jsonpath</groupId>
            <artifactId>json-path</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
            <artifactId>hibernate-core</artifactId>
            <version>5.4.32.Final</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.checkerframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>checker-qual</artifactId>
            <version>3.5.0</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.jayway.jsonpath</groupId>
            <artifactId>json-path</artifactId>
            <version>2.5.0</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>net.postgis</groupId>
            <artifactId>postgis-jdbc-jtsparser</artifactId>
            <version>2.3.0</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/com.vividsolutions/jts -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.vividsolutions</groupId>
            <artifactId>jts</artifactId>
            <version>1.13</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>net.postgis</groupId>
            <artifactId>postgis-jdbc</artifactId>
            <version>2.3.0</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.locationtech.jts</groupId>
            <artifactId>jts-core</artifactId>
            <version>1.15.0</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.validation</groupId>
            <artifactId>validation-api</artifactId>
            <version>2.0.1.Final</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
            <artifactId>hibernate-spatial</artifactId>
            <version>5.4.32.Final</version>
        </dependency>

    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

Aplication.properties:
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/postgres
spring.datasource.username=postgres
spring.datasource.password=**********

spring.datasource.driver-class-name=org.postgresql.Driver
spring.jpa.database=postgresql

spring.jpa.show-sql=false
spring.jpa.generate-ddl=false
spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.dialect=org.hibernate.spatial.dialect.postgis.PostgisDialect

Error occurred:

2021-07-27 10:19:05.634  INFO 10280 --- [           main] org.hibernate.tuple.PojoInstantiator     : HHH000182: No default (no-argument) constructor for class: com.axsoft.service.entity.Server_interface$Server_interface_pkey (class must be instantiated by Interceptor)
2021-07-27 10:19:05.903  INFO 10280 --- [           main] o.h.e.t.j.p.i.JtaPlatformInitiator       : HHH000490: Using JtaPlatform implementation: [org.hibernate.engine.transaction.jta.platform.internal.NoJtaPlatform]
2021-07-27 10:19:05.903  INFO 10280 --- [           main] j.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean : Initialized JPA EntityManagerFactory for persistence unit 'default'
2021-07-27 10:19:06.335  WARN 10280 --- [           main] JpaBaseConfiguration$JpaWebConfiguration : spring.jpa.open-in-view is enabled by default. Therefore, database queries may be performed during view rendering. Explicitly configure spring.jpa.open-in-view to disable this warning
2021-07-27 10:19:06.582  INFO 10280 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ''
2021-07-27 10:19:06.588  INFO 10280 --- [           main] com.axsoft.service.ServiceApplication    : Started ServiceApplication in 2.88 seconds (JVM running for 3.611)
2021-07-27 10:19:21.676  INFO 10280 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/]       : Initializing Spring DispatcherServlet 'dispatcherServlet'
2021-07-27 10:19:21.681  INFO 10280 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet        : Initializing Servlet 'dispatcherServlet'
2021-07-27 10:19:21.681  INFO 10280 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet        : Completed initialization in 0 ms
2021-07-27 10:19:22.293 ERROR 10280 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.a.c.c.C.[.[.[/].[dispatcherServlet]    : Servlet.service() for servlet [dispatcherServlet] in context with path [] threw exception [Request processing failed; nested exception is org.geolatte.geom.codec.WkbDecodeException: Expected geometryKeyword starting at position: 0] with root cause

org.geolatte.geom.codec.WkbDecodeException: Expected geometryKeyword starting at position: 0
    at org.geolatte.geom.codec.BaseWktParser.matchesGeometryKeyword(BaseWktParser.java:103) ~[geolatte-geom-1.8.0.jar:na]
    at org.geolatte.geom.codec.BaseWktParser.matchesGeometryTaggedText(BaseWktParser.java:64) ~[geolatte-geom-1.8.0.jar:na]
    at org.geolatte.geom.codec.BaseWktParser.parse(BaseWktParser.java:54) ~[geolatte-geom-1.8.0.jar:na]
    at org.geolatte.geom.codec.PostgisWktDecoder.decode(PostgisWktDecoder.java:42) ~[geolatte-geom-1.8.0.jar:na]
    at org.geolatte.geom.codec.WktDecoder.decode(WktDecoder.java:44) ~[geolatte-geom-1.8.0.jar:na]
    at org.hibernate.spatial.dialect.postgis.PGGeometryTypeDescriptor.parseWkt(PGGeometryTypeDescriptor.java:76) ~[hibernate-spatial-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.spatial.dialect.postgis.PGGeometryTypeDescriptor.toGeometry(PGGeometryTypeDescriptor.java:67) ~[hibernate-spatial-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.spatial.dialect.postgis.PGGeometryTypeDescriptor$2.doExtract(PGGeometryTypeDescriptor.java:146) ~[hibernate-spatial-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.type.descriptor.sql.BasicExtractor.extract(BasicExtractor.java:47) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.type.AbstractStandardBasicType.nullSafeGet(AbstractStandardBasicType.java:257) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.type.AbstractStandardBasicType.nullSafeGet(AbstractStandardBasicType.java:253) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.type.AbstractStandardBasicType.nullSafeGet(AbstractStandardBasicType.java:243) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.type.AbstractStandardBasicType.hydrate(AbstractStandardBasicType.java:329) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.hydrate(AbstractEntityPersister.java:3131) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.loadFromResultSet(Loader.java:1863) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.hydrateEntityState(Loader.java:1791) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.instanceNotYetLoaded(Loader.java:1764) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.getRow(Loader.java:1616) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.getRowFromResultSet(Loader.java:740) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.getRowsFromResultSet(Loader.java:1039) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.processResultSet(Loader.java:990) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.doQuery(Loader.java:959) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.doQueryAndInitializeNonLazyCollections(Loader.java:349) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.doList(Loader.java:2843) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.doList(Loader.java:2825) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.listIgnoreQueryCache(Loader.java:2657) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.list(Loader.java:2652) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.loader.hql.QueryLoader.list(QueryLoader.java:506) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.hql.internal.ast.QueryTranslatorImpl.list(QueryTranslatorImpl.java:400) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.engine.query.spi.HQLQueryPlan.performList(HQLQueryPlan.java:219) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.internal.SessionImpl.list(SessionImpl.java:1414) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.query.internal.AbstractProducedQuery.doList(AbstractProducedQuery.java:1636) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.query.internal.AbstractProducedQuery.list(AbstractProducedQuery.java:1604) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.query.Query.getResultList(Query.java:165) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.hibernate.query.criteria.internal.compile.CriteriaQueryTypeQueryAdapter.getResultList(CriteriaQueryTypeQueryAdapter.java:76) ~[hibernate-core-5.4.32.Final.jar:5.4.32.Final]
    at org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.support.SimpleJpaRepository.findAll(SimpleJpaRepository.java:396) ~[spring-data-jpa-2.5.2.jar:2.5.2]
    at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) ~[na:na]
    at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:78) ~[na:na]
    at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) ~[na:na]
    at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:567) ~[na:na]
    at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryMethodInvoker$RepositoryFragmentMethodInvoker.lambda$new$0(RepositoryMethodInvoker.java:289) ~[spring-data-commons-2.5.2.jar:2.5.2]
    at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryMethodInvoker.doInvoke(RepositoryMethodInvoker.java:137) ~[spring-data-commons-2.5.2.jar:2.5.2]
    at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryMethodInvoker.invoke(RepositoryMethodInvoker.java:121) ~[spring-data-commons-2.5.2.jar:2.5.2]
    at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryComposition$RepositoryFragments.invoke(RepositoryComposition.java:529) ~[spring-data-commons-2.5.2.jar:2.5.2]
    at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryComposition.invoke(RepositoryComposition.java:285) ~[spring-data-commons-2.5.2.jar:2.5.2]
    at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.RepositoryFactorySupport$ImplementationMethodExecutionInterceptor.invoke(RepositoryFactorySupport.java:599) ~[spring-data-commons-2.5.2.jar:2.5.2]
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) ~[spring-aop-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.QueryExecutorMethodInterceptor.doInvoke(QueryExecutorMethodInterceptor.java:163) ~[spring-data-commons-2.5.2.jar:2.5.2]
    at org.springframework.data.repository.core.support.QueryExecutorMethodInterceptor.invoke(QueryExecutorMethodInterceptor.java:138) ~[spring-data-commons-2.5.2.jar:2.5.2]
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) ~[spring-aop-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.data.projection.DefaultMethodInvokingMethodInterceptor.invoke(DefaultMethodInvokingMethodInterceptor.java:80) ~[spring-data-commons-2.5.2.jar:2.5.2]
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) ~[spring-aop-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor$1.proceedWithInvocation(TransactionInterceptor.java:123) ~[spring-tx-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAspectSupport.invokeWithinTransaction(TransactionAspectSupport.java:388) ~[spring-tx-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor.invoke(TransactionInterceptor.java:119) ~[spring-tx-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) ~[spring-aop-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.dao.support.PersistenceExceptionTranslationInterceptor.invoke(PersistenceExceptionTranslationInterceptor.java:137) ~[spring-tx-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) ~[spring-aop-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.support.CrudMethodMetadataPostProcessor$CrudMethodMetadataPopulatingMethodInterceptor.invoke(CrudMethodMetadataPostProcessor.java:174) ~[spring-data-jpa-2.5.2.jar:2.5.2]
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) ~[spring-aop-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.aop.interceptor.ExposeInvocationInterceptor.invoke(ExposeInvocationInterceptor.java:97) ~[spring-aop-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:186) ~[spring-aop-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.JdkDynamicAopProxy.invoke(JdkDynamicAopProxy.java:215) ~[spring-aop-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at jdk.proxy2/jdk.proxy2.$Proxy103.findAll(Unknown Source) ~[na:na]
    at com.axsoft.service.service.RegionService.findAll(RegionService.java:29) ~[classes/:na]
    at com.axsoft.service.controllers.regionController.gettingTable(regionController.java:26) ~[classes/:na]
    at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) ~[na:na]
    at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:78) ~[na:na]
    at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) ~[na:na]
    at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:567) ~[na:na]
    at org.springframework.web.method.support.InvocableHandlerMethod.doInvoke(InvocableHandlerMethod.java:197) ~[spring-web-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.web.method.support.InvocableHandlerMethod.invokeForRequest(InvocableHandlerMethod.java:141) ~[spring-web-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.ServletInvocableHandlerMethod.invokeAndHandle(ServletInvocableHandlerMethod.java:106) ~[spring-webmvc-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.invokeHandlerMethod(RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.java:894) ~[spring-webmvc-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.handleInternal(RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.java:808) ~[spring-webmvc-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.AbstractHandlerMethodAdapter.handle(AbstractHandlerMethodAdapter.java:87) ~[spring-webmvc-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:1063) ~[spring-webmvc-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:963) ~[spring-webmvc-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:1006) ~[spring-webmvc-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doGet(FrameworkServlet.java:898) ~[spring-webmvc-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:655) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:4.0.FR]
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:883) ~[spring-webmvc-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:764) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:4.0.FR]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:228) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:163) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53) ~[tomcat-embed-websocket-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:190) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:163) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.springframework.web.filter.RequestContextFilter.doFilterInternal(RequestContextFilter.java:100) ~[spring-web-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) ~[spring-web-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:190) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:163) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.springframework.web.filter.FormContentFilter.doFilterInternal(FormContentFilter.java:93) ~[spring-web-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) ~[spring-web-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:190) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:163) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:201) ~[spring-web-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) ~[spring-web-5.3.8.jar:5.3.8]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:190) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:163) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:202) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:97) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:542) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:143) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:92) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:78) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:357) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Processor.service(Http11Processor.java:382) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProcessorLight.process(AbstractProcessorLight.java:65) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$ConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:893) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1723) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SocketProcessorBase.run(SocketProcessorBase.java:49) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1130) ~[na:na]
    at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:630) ~[na:na]
    at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61) ~[tomcat-embed-core-9.0.48.jar:9.0.48]
    at java.base/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:831) ~[na:na]

Database type:

A: Try switching the column in database for location from type of point to type geometry
Also use all the following properties
spring:
 jpa:
   properties.hibernate.dialect: org.hibernate.spatial.dialect.postgis.PostgisDialect
   database-platform: org.hibernate.spatial.dialect.postgis.PostgisDialect
   hibernate:
      dialect: org.hibernate.spatial.dialect.postgis.PostgisDialect

A: In this situation You can do: assign definition of column as geography,
@Column(name = "location", columnDefinition="geography")
private Point location;

set hibernate dialect and database-platform as:

org.hibernate.spatial.dialect.postgis.PostgisDialect

It will help you!


An Algerian diplomat announced on Monday that the United Arab Emirates has offered to mediate the conflicts between Morocco and Algeria.
According to the same diplomat, Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Zayed Bin Sultan Al-Nahyan "proposed, during a phone call with Algerian officials last Thursday, to mediate a resolution to the new Algerian-Moroccan conflict," which was triggered when an Algerian soldier shot a Moroccan national near the borders between the two countries.
Relations between Algeria and Morocco have been strained in recent days after a Moroccan national came under fire on the border between Morocco and Algeria.
Morocco blamed Algerian soldiers for the gunfire and condemned the act while Algerian authorities denied involvement in the incident.


text:
AP1 TV () is a television channel based in Kathmandu, Nepal owned by Annapurna Media Network, the publishers of Annapurna Post. It was launched on March 31, 2017. The Chairman is Captain Rameshwor Thapa. AP1 HD provides wide range of television shows, live broadcast, sports, and events around the country.

TV shows on AP1 TV

AP1 TV is Nepal's first satellite HD television. It was also noted for its international franchise show Nepal Idol. AP1 TV announced their new shows on Shrawan 1st, 2077. In which popular media personality Bhusan Dahal, Thakur Belbase, Prakash Subedi, singer Deepak Bajracharya, etc joined AP1 TV. New shows include The Bravo Delta Show, Khullamanch, Junkiri Dohori, The Musical Medicine Show, Good Morning Nepal, Risani Maaf, Glamour Guff, Rajatpat , AP Bahas, etc. From 2020 November 1, AP1 TV started to broadcast Good Morning Nepal which is complete package of different genre of program. It includes following program which is broadcast live from 6:30 am to 9:30 am.

AP1 TV is known for its reality shows like Nepal Idol, Boogie Woogie, Ko Banchha Crorepati, Career Quiz, Public Speaker Nepal, The Idea Studio and Nepal Lok Star.

Sports
After television was launched, it acquired broadcasting rights from ANFA, DPL, EPL, etc in 2017. But it lost the broadcasting rights in 2019 due to time mismanagement.

Some sports tournament telecasted live was:
 Everest Premiere League
 Dhangadi Premiere League
 International Corporate Badminton Tournament
 Road to World Cup
 2018 SAFF Championship
 Live Sports Event
 Pulsar Sahid Smarak A Division League
 2019 South Asian Games

Shows announced but did not air
After the success of Nepal Idol Season 1, as per the demand of audience AP1 TV brought rights to Nepal's Got Talent from Fremantle Media. But was not able to air it since few audition clips were sent during online audition, making it a flop before telecasting. Also, the production company for Nepal's Cine Megastar was cancelled because of controversy. Ranabhumi was announced during test telecast but was not able to air it.

 Nepal's Got Talent
 Ranabhumi
 Nepal's Cine Megastar

Current Broadcast

Team
 Capt. Rameswar Thapa - Chairman
 Rajendra Shakya - Executive Vice–Chairman
 Tikaram Yatri - Chief Editor
 Roshan Shrestha - Chief Engineer

References

External links

Television channels in Nepal
2017 establishments in Nepal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Eugène Charles Catalan, född 30 maj 1814 i Brygge, död 14 februari 1894, var en belgisk matematiker.

Catalan föddes i Belgien, men studerade matematik vid École Polytechnique i Paris, där han mötte Joseph Liouville. År 1834 blev han förvisad från universitetet, och flyttade då till Châlons-sur-Marne, där han fick en tjänst. Med stöd från Liouville återvände han år 1838 till École Polytechnique för att undervisa i deskriptiv geometri.

Catalan arbetade med kedjebråk, deskriptiv geometri, talteori och kombinatorik. Han formulerade Catalans förmodan år 1844, som först blev visad av Preda Mihăilescu år 2002. Han introducerade också Catalantalen för att lösa ett matematiskt problem.

Noter

Externa länkar

Belgiska matematiker
Geometriker
Kombinatorik
Personer från Brygge
Födda 1814
Avlidna 1894
Män
Talteoretiker
Matematiker under 1800-talet
Alumner från École polytechnique
Alumner från Paris universitet


text:
Mitochondrial DNA, corn male sterility and race T
All living cells of plants and animals have mitochondria, organelles that convert carbohydrates into the useful form of energy that drives synthesis of metabolites in cells. Mitochondria are believed to be descendants of bacteria that became symbiotic with cells in the early evolution of most living forms. They retained their own DNA, are transferred to the next generation only in eggs cell and not sperm. They replicate within cells but the host cells have some control on the rate of replication. Energy conversion in mitochondria occurs on their folded membranes in a series of chemical reactions. Regions of the plant undergoing rapid cell duplication have more mitochondria. This includes the tassel cells of a corn plant. The pollen mother cells in that region undergo meiosis and duplication, driven partly by the energy conversion by concentration of mitochondria in those mother cells.
A small defect in mitochondrial DNA of an inbred caused a defective membrane product in those mitochondria resulting in incomplete development of pollen. This was found in a corn breeding program in Texas. As the inheritance of this condition was known to be only transmitted independent of nuclear DNA, it was called Texas male sterile cytoplasm. It became a useful tool to corn hybrid seed production because it was easily transferred in breeding programs to the female parent of a hybrid, and thus avoiding manual removal of tassels in seed production fields. Use of T male-sterile cytoplasm became common in the worldwide corn in the 1960's.
It was noted in the Philippines in 1961, that a fungal pathogen, then known as Helminthosporium maydis, was especially aggressive on several hybrids with T cytoplasm. Despite a few scattered reports elsewhere it was not until 1969 that the connection between increased occurrence of this disease and T cytoplasm became alarming. Majority of seed produced for 1970 corn season had T cytoplasm, the main exceptions being new hybrids in which the conversion to sterility of the female parents was incomplete.
Although the pathogen was normally found in the southern half of the corn belt, and adequately controlled by products of nuclear DNA genes, this disease was found highly destructive in northern corn belt areas as well. A race of the fungus (now named Bipolaris maydis and by its sexual stage Cochliobolus heterostrophus) called race T, produces a toxin that causes death to cells with mitochondria having the DNA with the defect associated with T male sterility. All cells of the corn plant with these defective mitochondria were vulnerable to the fungus. This included the cells in developing seed resulting in diseased stored grain as well as overwintering leaves and stalks. Normal resistance mechanisms to the pathogen were ineffective because the toxin destroyed these defective mitochondria.
As the relationship with T cytoplasm was realized, seed companies worked to change, and within a few years, the disease subsided back to its normal distribution. It was a new learning experience of interaction of corn and pathogen biology.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Women's basketball earns 4th consecutive victory
By Dani Pluchinsky — Staff Writer
The Ithaca College women's basketball team earned its fourth win in a row with a 55–44 victory over Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute on Jan. 18. The Bombers are now 12–3 overall, while RPI falls to 8–7.
Scoring got started for the South Hill squad when sophomore guard Grace Cannon hit a jump shot to make the score 5–2. At the end of the first quarter, the Blue and Gold led 12–11.
In the second quarter the score remained close throughout, as RPI finished the first half with a 29–26 lead. Senior guard Annie Giannone ended the first half with 10 points while Cannon finished with six. Leading the way for the Engineers was senior center Elizabeth Eckhardt with 12 points.
At the start of the third quarter, senior guard Meghan Pickell and junior forward Cassidy O'Malley each shot a pair of jumpers to cut the lead 34–30. The Bombers cut the lead to one when Cannon hit a 3-pointer, which was assisted by Giannone, with 4:01 remaining in the quarter. At the end of the third quarter, the Engineers led 38–35.
Junior guard KellyAnne O'Reilly tied the game up at 38 with a 3-pointer to start the fourth quarter for the Blue and Gold. The Bombers took the first lead of the second half when sophomore guard Megan Yawman made a free throw to make the score 39–38. With 4:02 remaining in the game, the Bombers led 44–40.
With just under two minutes left, O'Malley was fouled on a made layup. With the made free throw, she extended the Blue and Gold's lead to six points. With one made free throw by Cannon and four made free throws by Giannone, the Blue and Gold led 55–44 to seal the victory.
Giannone led the way for the South Hill squad with 17 points, seven rebounds and four assists. O'Malley finished with 15 points and two blocks. Eckhardt and senior forward LaKissa Martin led the Engineers with 14 points each. The Engineers finished the game with 23 turnovers while the Blue and Gold only had 13.
The Bombers will look to continue the winning streak when they take on the 5–11 Skidmore College Thoroughbreds at 1 p.m. Jan. 19 in Saratoga Springs, New York.
Women's basketball drops OT thriller to William Smith
By Jack Murray | Jan 7, 2019
Women's basketball picks up Liberty League victory
By Emily Adams | Jan 11, 2019
Sophomore breaks record for women's swimming team
By Dani Pluchinsky | Dec 12, 2018
Annie GiannoneBlue and GoldBombersCassidy O'MalleyElizabeth EckhardtEngineersGrace CannonIthaca CollegeKellyAnne O'ReillyLaKissa MartinMegan YawmanMeghan PickellNew YorkRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteSaratoga SpringsSkidmore College ThoroughbredsSouth Hill squad


text:
Watch Online Wrestle
(286) IMDb 7.7 96 min 2018
Wrestle is a movie starring Teague Berres, Jaquan Rhodes, and Jamario Rowe. Hoop Dreams goes to the mat in WRESTLE, an intimate coming-of-age documentary about four members of a high-school wrestling team at Huntsville's J.O....
Jaquan Rhodes, Chris Scribner, Teague Berres, Jamario Rowe
Documentary, Sport
Lauren Belfer, Suzannah Herbert
Pablo Proenza, Steven Klein, Lauren Belfer, Suzannah Herbert
Hoop Dreams goes to the mat in WRESTLE, an intimate coming-of-age documentary about four members of a high-school wrestling team at Huntsville's J.O. Johnson High School, a longstanding entry on Alabama's list of failing schools. Coached by teacher Chris Scribner, teammates Jailen, Jamario, Teague, and Jaquan each face challenges far beyond a shot at the State Championship: splintered family lives, drug use, teenage pregnancy, mental health struggles, and run-ins with the law threaten to derail their success on the mat and lock any doors that could otherwise open. Tough-love coach Scribner isn't off the hook, either; he must come to terms with his own past conflicts while unwittingly wading into the complexities of race, class and privilege in the South. Director Suzannah Herbert and Co-Director Lauren Belfer captured over 650 hours of footage during the course of the team's final season to create this closely observed, deeply affecting depiction of growing up disadvantaged in America today.
Download documentary «Wrestle»
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22 customer reviews about sport «Wrestle»
Mildred J.
Wednesday, 06 Jan 2021 14:39
It's a true story, and it's a great story. A man who was given a chance at a life he never had and a chance to make a difference in his own life. He overcame that and in a short time turned into a champion in the ring. The film was very well made, the editing was well done and the acting was superb. I thought it was a great documentary, and it really gave a great look into the lives of some of the biggest people in wrestling. It's an interesting story, and I hope you enjoy it as much as I did.
Donald Russell
Friday, 25 Dec 2020 01:11
I just watched this movie for the second time and it still rocks me up a storm. I was lucky enough to get a hold of a private screening of this movie in Seattle, and it was awesome. I've always loved Bruce Lee, but after watching this movie I now know that Bruce Lee was a real martial artist. He had an incredible focus and discipline and his fighting style was definitely unique. Watching him fight was so thrilling, he was so disciplined and his style was so amazing. This movie is definitely a must see for anyone who is a fan of Bruce Lee. It's a great movie, but it's also a great lesson for all martial artists. I can't wait to see it again. It's amazing to see Bruce Lee in his prime. It's really an honor to have him in my family. He was the greatest martial artist of all time. I would definitely recommend this movie to anyone. Bruce Lee is a legend, and it's definitely a great movie to watch.
Bryan W.
Tuesday, 22 Dec 2020 13:21
I saw this movie at the Sundance Film Festival and I must say I was impressed. It was more than just a movie. It was a statement about the human condition. What makes us human? How can we make us human? I think this movie has the potential to change the world. I can't wait to see what the next director has to say.
Kathy Murray
Sunday, 13 Dec 2020 19:01
This is a great documentary about a man named Rocky Balboa who was a professional wrestler in the 80's and the people who supported him and the things he did to help his wife and children. The documentary starts with his early life and it is not very good. His parents are divorced and he has no one to turn to. He works as a delivery man for a newspaper and he has a gambling problem. His wife left him and he is depressed and has nothing to live for. He is working on a car for a family friend and he meets an older man named Apollo Creed who teaches him how to wrestle. He joins the team and becomes a star in the ring. The documentary shows a lot of clips of his matches. It is a really good documentary. It is not perfect. It is hard to follow some of the matches and there is a lot of violence in them. But it is a great documentary. If you want to see a good documentary on professional wrestling then this is the documentary to watch.
Monday, 07 Dec 2020 12:17
This is a very good documentary. It was extremely well done. It was also extremely interesting. There were a few parts that I felt were a little bit too long. It was a little too much for me, but I don't think it was the director's fault. The other thing that bothered me was the music. I don't really know why they used that song in the movie. I felt like it was a little bit too much. It was not really necessary. I think it was better if they didn't use it. I really enjoyed this documentary. I think it was great. I think it was really well done.
Friday, 13 Nov 2020 16:38
This is a very interesting documentary about the career of Hulk Hogan. It's hard to watch this movie and not think about the controversy surrounding the whole Hogan/WWE thing. It's really a very interesting story about a very controversial man. The movie is very well done and interesting. It gives a good look into Hogan's life and his life with his wife and son. The documentary also talks about his career as a wrestler and how his career changed when he met the woman who would become his wife. The documentary covers everything you would want to know about Hogan. It's definitely worth a watch.
Saturday, 07 Nov 2020 19:25
I had the chance to see this film at the Toronto International Film Festival, and I was very impressed with the movie. I really enjoyed the dialogue and the acting of the characters. I really felt like I was watching a documentary. I also really enjoyed the pacing and the way the movie was shot. I really loved the way the movie was filmed. The lighting was very dark and the camera work was very different. The movie is very realistic, and I think this is the best documentary I have ever seen. The music is also very effective, and it fits perfectly in the movie. The pacing is very slow, and the film is very quiet. I think this is one of the most realistic documentaries I have ever seen. The story is very well told, and I think this is a very good film for people who are interested in wrestling. It is very interesting, and I think it will be a great film for people to watch. The only thing that I think is missing is the music, but I can't really blame the director for that. It's very quiet, and the music is very effective. Overall, I really enjoyed this film. It was a very interesting film, and I think it will be a great film for people to watch. I would definitely recommend this movie to people. I think it is a very good film.
Ryan A.
A must see for any wrestling fan. It is an inside look into the world of professional wrestling. The interviews with wrestlers, wrestlers promoters and even a few who have been in the ring themselves give a good look into what makes wrestling so special. The documentary also features interviews with some of the biggest names in the business. The documentary is well paced and the interviews are interesting. There is a lot of humor in this documentary and it is a must see for anyone who enjoys wrestling.
Laura Baker
Monday, 14 Sep 2020 01:54
I watched this film at a special screening in Toronto, and I thought it was awesome. It is the type of film that is fun to watch, but not just to watch. The narrative is well written, and the characters are fun to watch. I found myself caring about the characters and the story. I thought the cinematography was beautiful. The music was amazing. I really loved the way the film captured the action. The film is so well made, and it was great to see the actors work with the director. I was very impressed. I am very excited for this film. I am looking forward to the DVD. I think this is one of those films that is going to be highly anticipated. It was a great film to watch and it is very interesting to see how it is being received. It was great to see all of the wrestlers in the film. I thought the storyline was interesting and it was very well written. I think it was an interesting film to watch and I think it is a great film to watch. I would recommend this film to anyone who is into wrestling. I hope you enjoy it as much as I did.
Louis Boyd
This is an excellent documentary about wrestling, which is something I don't really do very often. This film is an excellent mix of interviews with wrestlers and pro wrestlers. The interviewees are not only wrestlers, but also film makers, actors, and other persons involved in the making of a documentary. I personally like this type of interview, because it's a chance for me to talk to people I'd otherwise never know, and to learn about the business of wrestling. Although I enjoyed this, I think it's not something I would do again, because I do tend to lose my interest. I feel like the interviewees are not as knowledgeable or knowledgeable as I would like to be, and it seems like the majority of the time they were not giving their full opinion on what they had to say. The wrestling itself is also not something I do very often, but this film does give an idea of how it's done, which I appreciate. All in all, I would recommend this film to anyone who enjoys wrestling or who has an interest in the sport, but I would not recommend this to those who want to see the wrestlers in a way that's factual or a documentary. I would say it's a good film for those who want to learn about wrestling, but if you want to see the wrestlers in a way that's factual, this would be a better choice.
I have seen the original in the past, so I had a bit of an impression of what I was going to see, but I was pleasantly surprised. What I liked most was the performances, particularly the ones by the two wrestlers. They were very believable, the director was able to keep the energy flowing well enough, and they were quite entertaining. I also thought that the story was well done, and was not too cliche. I thought that the wrestlers were the best part of the film, with the exception of Kevin Nash, who was a bit over the top. The main thing I liked about this movie was that it was not too violent, so if you're like me and like movies with a bit of a sweet side to them, this is a good choice. If you want to see real wrestling, this isn't for you. 7/10
Zachary Ford
The first thing that struck me about this film is that it is a documentary. There are no interviews with WWE wrestlers. And this is a big reason why it is so great. This documentary is more of a personal story than an interview. It is about a wrestler, and a family. He has three kids, and they are all wrestlers. He is the father, the wrestler, and the son. His wife is pregnant, and it is hard on him, and on his children. But he does what he can to raise the kids. In the middle of all of this is an awesome wrestling match, and you get a good look at the wrestling business. This documentary does a good job of telling you about the wrestling business. And the wrestling business is fascinating. I think it is a very interesting story. And the wrestling itself is awesome. The filming is pretty good. The wrestlers are pretty good. And the wrestling itself is pretty awesome. Overall, I think this is a great documentary. It's not too educational, but it is interesting. And if you are a wrestling fan, this is a good documentary.
Ethan Carter
It's a long time since I've seen a documentary on the history of wrestling. This one is well worth watching. The movie is divided in segments. Some of the segments are just filler, but most are interesting. The documentary goes through a lot of the history of wrestling, including the beginnings of the sport, the creation of the World Wrestling Federation, and the rise of the WWF. I have never seen a documentary on the rise of the WWF like this. I was also impressed with the way the documentary was shot. The camera shots were very well done, and I felt like I was in the ring with the wrestlers. The production values were great. I think the sound track is pretty cool too. The music in the movie is excellent. It just adds to the overall feel of the movie. The documentary is definitely worth watching.
Albert Garrett
Thursday, 09 Jul 2020 03:18
Randy Couture is one of the best and most influential Heavyweight Wrestlers of all time. This documentary is a must see for all fans of the wrestling business and fans of Heavyweight Wrestling. It was great to see his family and friends in the documentary and I believe it was a very emotional documentary. The documentary also included some great interviews with his brother and friends. I believe that this documentary should be seen by all wrestling fans and any fans of Heavyweight Wrestling. I believe this documentary is very well done and should be seen by all wrestling fans and fans of Heavyweight Wrestling.
Shirley P.
I just watched this movie in 3D and I'm not quite sure if it was actually the 3D or if it was just the 3D. I don't know if I'm just not getting the effect or if I'm not seeing it the right way. I saw this in 3D, but the effect was pretty clear and it's not the 3D I would have expected to see in 3D. So, I guess the movie was better in 3D because I didn't have to keep looking at the screen to see what was going on. I think that the 3D was a pretty good feature. I loved the movie and I have to say I really enjoyed it, but I'm not sure I would go out of my way to see it again. The fight scenes were great and the acting was great and I liked the editing, but I don't know if I would go out of my way to see it again.
Sunday, 28 Jun 2020 13:33
I was very impressed by this documentary. It is a really good insight into the world of professional wrestling and how a few guys can make a name for themselves. It was also very entertaining. It was very interesting to see how much the wrestlers have changed since the early days. The main thing that I learned from this documentary is how important it is to be an athlete. The wrestlers in this documentary were extremely nice, and the documentary showed that wrestlers have changed as well. They were also nice and cool when they were young, but now they have matured into people that people could really relate to. The documentary also gave me a good perspective on the sport of wrestling. It showed the importance of being an athlete, and the importance of being an athlete. Wrestling is a sport where you must be able to make a name for yourself, and the wrestlers in this documentary are great examples of what being an athlete is like. I was very impressed by this documentary. It was very entertaining, and I think that it is a great insight into the world of professional wrestling.
Paul Moreno
This film tells the story of the biggest fight in UFC history, the UFC World Heavyweight Title fight between the legendary Randy Couture and the legendary Alistair Overeem. This fight was not just the biggest fight in MMA history, it was the biggest fight ever, and a fight that everyone will remember for years to come. The film is a documentary about the fight and how it was made. The main focus of the film is the build up of the fight and the build up of the hype around it. The biggest factor in this film is the fight itself. The film is a technical masterpiece and gives us a fantastic look into the psychology of the fighters involved in the fight. We are not given the actual footage of the fight, but we are shown the footage of the fight itself. I felt the film was a great insight into the psychology of the fighters involved in the fight. We are not told how the fight was made, but we are shown the footage of the fight itself and this is the only way we can understand the mind of the fighters involved. I felt the film was very well made and that it kept my interest throughout. It was interesting, informative, and it was very well put together. The only downside to the film was the length of the film. It felt a little too long and I didn't feel as much as I did when I was watching the actual fight itself. Overall, I think this film is a must see for all fans of the UFC. I give it a 7/10.
Kenneth Turner
Tuesday, 09 Jun 2020 00:55
I am a huge fan of UFC. I have seen all the main events. I love the fighters, and I have seen the fighters in action. I was very skeptical about this movie. I watched it with a friend, and he had a blast. We talked about the movie, and we both agreed it was a great movie. This is a must see for any fan of MMA, or any fan of any fight fan. The UFC is a great company. I think they have a very good future, and this movie is a great addition to their history. I loved this movie, and I hope everyone enjoys it as much as I did. Go see it, and tell your friends to go see it, too. You won't be disappointed.
I watched this movie twice and had no idea why I enjoyed it. The second time, I looked it up on IMDb and realized it was based on a book. I was curious to know what the movie was about and read the book. After watching the movie, I was still in the same mindset I was in the first time. I couldn't help but feel like I'd just watched a movie I'd already seen. But after reading the book, I realized that this is one of the best movies I've seen. There were some scenes in the movie I cried and some scenes I was moved. I'm not a movie critic but I can tell that this movie was very well done. I'm glad I found this movie. I think the movie should be watched by people who have seen the book. I thought the movie was very well written and directed. The acting in the movie was good. I especially liked the acting of the two characters. Overall, I thought this was an excellent movie and I would recommend it to anyone who has not seen the book. If you haven't seen the book, you'll probably love this movie. I thought the movie was very well made.
Tuesday, 28 Apr 2020 19:54
Wrestle: A documentary about the future of MMA in the United States, how MMA has grown to the point where it is the most popular sport in the world, and how we can see a possible break into the mainstream, but how many other sports are still on the margins. It is a great movie that takes a different approach to a sports documentary, with the use of interviews and in-depth interviews with the people who are involved in MMA. The movie is a lot more focused than other documentaries, with interviews with the people involved in the sport of MMA, and then the people who made it happen, and then the people who watch it. The interviews are well done, and it is fun to see who are the people that are involved with this sport. I like how the movie is divided in different parts, like interviews with the UFC fighters, who are the ones making the most money, who are the people that are in the front line of this sport, and then the people that make the movie, who are the people who are in the back line. There are also some people who are involved in the sport, but don't do much, like the people who are doing the training and training camps. These interviews are good and informative, but they are not as good as the ones that are with the fighters themselves. The fights are good, but not great. I like how the movie takes a different approach to a sports documentary, but it is still an important one. I think that it is one of the best documentaries I have seen about the future of MMA, because it is not only about the sport, but also about the people that make it happen. It is a good movie to watch, and it is definitely worth watching.
I've seen quite a few interviews with wrestling legends and wrestlers who are close to the industry and have lived in the industry. One of the things that they've talked about is how they were broke in the early days, then got rich. One of the things that was mentioned was that the wrestlers were not paid as much as they were paid in the WWE and thought that was unfair. They felt that Vince McMahon was against them and the WWE. They also thought that they were being used in the WWE as they thought that WWE was the best wrestling company and they were being used. This documentary is basically about the wrestlers and how they felt that they were being used and had no choice but to quit the WWE and sign with a rival wrestling company. There are some funny moments and some sad moments. There are also a lot of interviews with wrestlers who have left the WWE and wrestlers who are coming to the WWE but have never been wrestlers. You really get to hear their thoughts and feelings about the wrestling industry and the way they feel about it.
Douglas J.
I was really impressed with this movie. The storyline was quite intriguing. I felt like it was really telling me a story about my own life. I felt like it was showing me a lot of things that I may not have known about my own life. The acting was good, the editing was good, and the director did a good job with the camera. I felt like I really connected with the story, and I really felt like I was there for a lot of the times. I think it was a very good movie. I would recommend it to anyone who is a wrestling fan or a movie fan.


Show Pony - c01t - Christchurch Roller Derby. Strong City. Stronger Skaters.
Whats the meaning behind your name/number?
Words of wisdom for those wanting to get into Roller Derby?
What's your signature dance move?
Would you rather fight 100 duck sized horses? or 1 horse size duck?


Recently, there was an announcement from our Conference office concerning the future of the camping and retreat program of the United Methodist churches in Missouri. The Camping Board has decided that summer camps for 2015 will not continue at our four traditional camp sites. Instead, they are proposing that some of our camps be held at Central Methodist University in Fayette, MO. In addition, day camps will bring camp experiences to local church communities. Each unit will come with trained staff to facilitate dramas, dynamic worship and engaging activities including a rock wall, water slides, archery, and bungee jump as a way to strengthen discipleship efforts of the local church.
This announcement, which was meant to be good news, was not received favorably by many of those who have been involved with the four traditional camp sites. I was one who did not initially respond well to this announcement of a new direction. Like so many others, I wondered why I had not heard any mention of this at Annual Conference. And I was angry. Two of those sites, Galilee and Wilderness have meant a great deal to me. It was at Galilee, as a camp counselor, that I clearly understood for the first time that I was a beloved child of God. As I continued to serve as camp counselor for a number of years at Galilee and at Wilderness, I saw many young lives changed as they discovered the power of Christ to renew, heal, and save. It was at Wilderness Camp that I received confirmation of my call to pastoral ministry.
I have deep emotional ties to the campers and counselors and directors that I have worked with over the years. I also feel deep emotional ties to the campgrounds themselves. As I have reflected on this announcement of this new direction, I have felt a heaviness of heart, a grief that I can't quite put into words. Although camp is only for one week, the memories of what happen during those few days nurture and sustain the campers (and counselors) throughout the year until the next year's camp. To have this spiritual lifeline so abruptly interrupted is, indeed, quite painful.
As I have prayed about this and examined my own heart, I now find myself ready to embrace the changes. One factor that helped me was to remember the fantastic experiences I had directing junior high canoe camps at the NRO campground along the Niangua River. These were conference-sponsored camps held on property that did not belong to the conference. We slept in tents, prepared our own meals, canoed down the river and stopped to play on the mud slides. Each night the campers led amazing, grace-filled worship services. These memories have reminded me that great camping experiences can happen anywhere because God is everywhere. I can easily envision students having a rewarding experience at Central Methodist University. Also, I am intrigued by the idea of a team bringing the camp experience to my community. I think we, in Weston, could get very excited about inviting everyone we know to the day camp activities outlined in the announcement. Just as Wesley took his preaching to the people, I am eager to offer camping and retreat experiences here in Weston.
I look forward to receiving more details of these new programs. Our camping and retreat programs are not going away, but they are being changed. Like any new endeavor, I am sure there will be elements that will need to be re-evaluated and adjusted. I pray that Missouri United Methodists will continue to transform lives through dynamic camping and retreat ministries. May God strengthen and bless those who design our new programs and may we see record numbers of persons of all ages discover and deepen their relationship to Christ!


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text:
4th Impact
Cercado Sisters
Gollayan Sisters
4th Power
Santiago, Philippines
2001–present[1]
World Championships of Performing Arts
Superstar K6
Almira Cercado
Celina Cercado
Irene Cercado
Mylene Cercado
4th Impact (previously known as The Cercados, Gollayan Sisters, MICA and 4th Power) is a Filipino girl group formed in late 2001.[2] The group is composed of sisters Almira, Celina, Irene and Mylene Cercado. The sisters were born in Santiago, Isabela, but later moved to Manila.[3] They are known for participating in several Philippine and South Korean talent shows, including the World Championships of Performing Arts, which they won twice. Performing in Protegé, they were mentored by Jay R, but were one of the first acts to be eliminated. They were also contestants on It's Showtime, winning the sixth season, and Superstar K6, where they reached eighth place. In 2015, they traveled to the United Kingdom and competed in the 12th series of The X Factor, finishing in fifth place.[4]
2001–13: Talent shows
Almira, the eldest member of the group, began competing in Filipino reality talent shows at a young age. She was one of the contestants in Star for a Night which was won by Sarah Geronimo. Almira received a voice lesson scholarship for being a grand finalist in a local TV singing contest. Before the formation of the group, she released independent singles and tried to teach her sisters all she learned from her voice lessons.[5] She competed in singing competitions at town fiestas and festivals, while the other sisters competed in dance contests.
In 2001, an aunt suggested the sisters form a singing group.[6] Originally, they named themselves 'The Cercados' after their surname and began performing at festivals and events.[1] The group debuted professionally in 2006. They won 16 gold medals and were proclaimed Junior Grand Vocal Group Champion in the World Championships of Performing Arts. In 2008, they competed on Pinoy Idol, but were eliminated in the first round. In the same year, the group released a six-track self-titled EP from Viva Records.[7] In 2009, they changed their name to 'The Gollayan Sisters' and competed in various reality singing competitions. In 2012, the group won the Filipino variety show It's Showtime, singing covers of "I Believe I Can Fly" and "Queen of the Night".[8] In 2013, the group competed in the World Championships of Performing Arts and won again, this time as the Grand Winner in the Senior Vocal Group Category.[9]
2014–15: Superstar K and The X Factor
Main articles: Superstar K6 and The X Factor (UK series 12)
In 2014, the group changed their name to MICA, an acronym formed from the first letters of their names, when they auditioned for the internationally recognized Korean talent competition Superstar K6. In the first stage of the competition, the group sang "U&I" by Ailee, while the lead singer, Almira, also performed a solo of the Beyoncé song "Listen". The performances received positive reviews from the judges and the group moved to the next round. During the third round, the sisters performed their own rendition of Idina Menzel's song "Let It Go" from the Disney movie Frozen. Their performance went viral on social media and YouTube, garnering over 20 million views. After competing in various knock-out stages, MICA was eliminated after the second round of "Super Week". The judges decided to bring them back as a wildcard and the group, along with 11 other acts, progressed to the live show stage of the competition. They were eliminated in Week 3, finishing in eighth place overall.[10]
In 2015, the sisters changed the group's name to 4th Power and auditioned for the 12th series of the X Factor, singing "Bang Bang". They received a standing ovation from the audience and all four judges, with Simon Cowell saying, "In terms of first auditions, this is probably one of the best I've ever seen."[11] After airing, their audition went viral on YouTube and Facebook. However, copyright issues were raised regarding the use of the name 4th Power, forcing the group to change their name to 4th Impact.[12] They performed "Show Me How You Burlesque" for the "Six Chair Challenge" round[13] and their mentor, Cheryl Fernandez-Versini, selected them as one of her final six groups. They then progressed to the Judge's Houses round, where they sang "Love the Way You Lie (Part II)" after which they were selected to perform at the live shows.[14]
In the fifth week of the contest, 4th Impact found themselves in the bottom two for the first time, meaning they were one of the two acts who received the fewest votes. They performed "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" by Jennifer Holliday against Murray for the judges to decide who would be saved. The judges' votes were equal, so the public vote was consulted and 4th Impact were eliminated in fifth place, having received the fewest votes that week.[15] After the announcement, Celina collapsed on stage and was taken to hospital.[16]
Superstar K6 performances and results
Song choice
Original artist
First Audition
Contestant's Choice N/A Advanced
Second Audition
"U&I" Ailee
"Listen" Beyoncé
Third Audition
"Let It Go" Idina Menzel
Super Week, Part 1
Solo Performance "Missing You" 2NE1
Group Performance "I'll Be There" (with Kim Hyeon Mi) The Jackson Five Eliminated
Wildcard Round "Heaven" Ailee Advanced
Top 11 "Maria" Kim Ah Joong Safe
Top 9 "Fate" / "Destiny" Lee Sun Hee Safe
Top 8 "I Know" Seo Taiji Eliminated
The X Factor performances and results
Own choice "Bang Bang" Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj Advanced
Bootcamp stage 1
Group performance "Proud Mary" Tina Turner
Own choice "Titanium" David Guetta featuring Sia
Six-chair challenge
Own choice "Show Me How You Burlesque" Christina Aguilera
Judges' houses
Own choice "Love the Way You Lie (Part II)" Rihanna featuring Eminem
This Is Me "Problem" Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea Safe (2nd)
Reinvention "Sound of the Underground" / "The Clapping Song" Girls Aloud / Lincoln Chase Safe (5th)
Movie week "Work It Out" Beyoncé Safe (4th)
Love and heartbreak "Ain't No Other Man" Christina Aguilera Safe (4th)
Jukebox "I'll Be There" The Jackson 5 Bottom two (5th)
Judges' choice "Fancy" / "Rich Girl" Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX / Gwen Stefani featuring Eve
Live show 5 results
Sing-off "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" Jennifer Holliday Eliminated (fifth place)
2016: The X Factor Tour
In 2016, the sisters travelled on their first official tour, The X Factor Live Tour, along with Louisa Johnson, Reggie 'n' Bollie, Lauren Murray, Che Chesterman, Anton Stephans, Mason Noise and Seann Miley Moore.[17][18][19]
Extended plays
List of EPs
EP details
The Cercados[20]
Released: September 1, 2008
Label: Viva Records
Featured singles
"My All"[21]
(명콤비 Twinz featuring MICA)
2015 Non-album single
2006 World Championships of Performing Arts Contestant Season 2
2008 Pinoy Idol Contestant "Auditions: Metro Manila" (Season 1, episode 4)
2011 Protégé: The Battle For The Big Break Contestant "Auditions" (Season 1, episode 3)
2012 It's Showtime Contestant Season 1
2013 World Championships of Performing Arts Contestant Season 11
2014 Superstar K Contestant Season 6
2015 The X Factor Contestant Season 12
Headlining
4th Impact Live Tour (2016)[22]
Co-headlining
The X Factor Live Tour (with The X Factor finalists) (2016)[19]
1 2 Miller, Adam. "The X Factor 2015 - Everything you need to know about 4th Impact | TV & Radio | Showbiz & TV". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
↑ "4th Impact to get signed? Girls have had 'loads of offers'". Telly Mix. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
↑ "4th Impact NAMES & AGES (BEST)". YouTube. 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
↑ "X Factor UK sensations 4th Power are renamed 4th Impact". Thenational.ae. 2015-10-20. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
↑ "4th Impact. 1st Time Talk with Dj Brad 2013 Part1/2". Readable. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
↑ "Filipina Singing Group MICA: Part of Superstar K6's Top 11 | From Korea with Love". Chrissantosra.wordpress.com. 2014-10-03. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
↑ "The X Factor 2015: Who are 4th Power? Here's what we know about the girl band who wowed the judges | Metro News". Metro.co.uk. 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
↑ "From It's Showtime to The X-Factor UK: '4th Power' Sisters Get 'The Biggest 4 YESes'". Random Republika. 2015-08-31. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
↑ Kelly, Emma (2015-09-02). "X Factor girl band 4th Power have shocking talent show past exposed | X Factor | Judges, Contestants, News & More". Daily Star. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
↑ "X Factor 2015 in fix row as girl band 4th Power have been on FOUR talent shows before | Metro News". Metro.co.uk. 2015-08-30. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
↑ "4th Power raise the roof with Jessie J hit | Auditions Week 1 | The X Factor UK 2015". YouTube. 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
↑ "XF 2015: Girl band 4th Power forced to change name after legal dispute". Evening Standard. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
↑ "X Factor: 4th Power STEAL the show at Six Chair Challenge!". Unreality TV. 2015-10-11. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
↑ "4th Impact sing their way to X Factor UK's top 12". The National. 2015-10-26. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
↑ "4th Impact eliminated from The X Factor UK". The National. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
↑ "4th Impact's Celina 'ok now' after on-stage collapse on X Factor". Hellomagazine.com. 2015-11-30. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
↑ "X Factor: PETITION to land 4th Impact a record deal!". Unreality TV.
↑ "4th Impact to get signed? Girls have had 'loads of offers' - The X Factor 2016 - Telly Mix". Telly Mix.
1 2 "The X Factor 2016 live tour - extra dates added!". ITV. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
↑ "The Cercados - The Cercados". Amazon. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
↑ "명콤비TwinZ featuring MICA – My All". Discogs. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
↑ "Focus on the Philippines: fans lobby for 4th Impact to perform at Pacquiao fight". The National. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
Notable contestants of The X Factor (UK)
Steve Brookstein
Tabby Callaghan
Rowetta Satchell
Roberta Howett
Lloyd Wade
Andy Abraham
Chico Slimani
The Conway Sisters
Maria Lawson
Ray Quinn
Ben Mills
The MacDonald Brothers
Kerry McGregor
The Dolly Rockers
Leon Jackson
Rhydian Roberts
Same Difference
Niki Evans
Matthew Protheroe
Daniel de Bourg
Eoghan Quigg
Laura White
Annastasia Baker
Joe McElderry
Jedward
Stacey McClean
Daniel Pearce
Matt Cardle
Mary Byrne
Katie Waissel
John Adeleye
Twem
Marcus Collins
Misha B
Janet Devlin
Kitty Brucknell
Frankie Cocozza
Jahméne Douglas
Christopher Maloney
Rylan Clark
Lucy Spraggan
Carolynne Poole
Nathan Fagan-Gayle
Stephanie McMichael
Sam Bailey
Nicholas McDonald
Luke Friend
Rough Copy
Ben Haenow
Fleur East
Andrea Faustini
Lauren Platt
Stereo Kicks
Stevi Ritchie
Only the Young
Jake Quickenden
Chloe Jasmine
Blonde Electra
Raign
Louisa Johnson
Reggie 'n' Bollie
Saara Aalto
Ryan Lawrie


text:
Doubts About the Social Plague Stir in the Human Superorganism
By David Merritt Johns
April 07, 20109:13 PM
This is the second of two articles on the recent outbreak of social contagion studies.
James Fowler
The newspapers are saying a social plague has struck mankind. Scientists contend that everything from obesity to happiness to loneliness can be "socially contagious"—meaning that if your friend gets fat, gets happy or grows lonely, you are at increased risk of doing the same. The leading advocates for the new social contagionism are sociologist Nicholas Christakis and political scientist James Fowler. Their work—now summarized in a popular book called Connected —suggests that our behaviors, emotions, and even our body types can be passed from friend to friend to friend like a flu virus. As Fowler told Stephen Colbert in a January interview, the research suggests that people don't really make individual decisions at all but, instead, function as part of a "human superorganism"—like a herd of buffalo or a flock of birds.
It's a strong claim—and an assault on a lot of traditional social science. Christakis and Fowler propose a new conceptual creature to embody their contagious vision: Homo dictyous, or "network man." (In Greek, dicty means "net.") Network man has contagion in his veins; he wants the same things as others to whom he is connected. He is meant as an alternative to Homo economicus, the tongue-in-cheek "economic man" who unfailingly pursues his own self-interest, contagions be damned. Homo economicus has been ailing in recent years—laid low by studies showing that nice-guy behaviors like altruism seem to be legitimate human traits. Indeed, Homo dictyous—and his social contagionist masters—seem poised to overthrow old Homo economicus and his individualist paradigm once and for all. The question is: Do they have the data to do it?
There's a famous social-science conundrum called "the Reflection Problem" that goes something like this: If you see a group of teens smoking weed in a parking lot, how did they end up together? Did one of them start using pot first, and then influence the others to try it? Or did the group start hanging out because they all liked to get high? Ask a sociologist, and he'll likely tell you the cause is peer pressure, aka social contagion. Ask an economist, and she'll probably say they're simply "birds of a feather." Without extensive interviews, it's really hard to tell who's right. But figuring out the truth is important: If it's contagion, then getting a few trend-setting teens to quit drugs could cause others to follow suit. But if it's a birds-of-a-feather thing—sometimes called "homophily"—then there is no social multiplier; you need to cure the entire flock.
This observational puzzle lies at the heart of the contagious epidemic. When Christakis and Fowler got interested in networks and health, they devised a way to draw on records from the famous Framingham Heart Study, a decades-long analysis of heart disease in a Massachusetts town. Physicals were done every four years, on average, and at these exams participants gave information about their families and named one of their friends. From these data, the scientists were able to construct a social network for the town. When they filled out the network with information on subjects' weight, happiness, and smoking status, they saw clusters of smokers, clusters of happy people, and clusters of fat people break out over time. But were these clusters "birds of a feather" or pockets of contagion? It was a gnarly math problem, but Christakis and Fowler's analyses seemed to rule out homophily or an environmental effect. In the end, they concluded that the cause was contagion, with the influence extending out three degrees, on average. With obesity, they even found that friends could contagiously influence one another when they lived hundreds of miles apart.
It was a lot of contagion. While many studies have documented the impact of peer influence, the magnitude of Christakis and Fowler's three-degrees-of-infection claim, as well as their emphasis on contagious transmission, was unusual. equal to or greater than that of peer pressure. More recently, Cornell scientists studying the online encyclopedia Wikipedia found that site editors who communicated were highly similar to one another even before they first met (PDF), indicating a key causal role for homophily. A December paper on the adoption of the Yahoo Go mobile-phone application across the company's instant-messaging network of 27.4 million users concluded that the flocking together of similar people may explain more than 50 percent of the clustering that is often attributed to contagion in network studies.
Christakis and Fowler do attempt to account for the influence of homophily and environmental influence in all of their papers, but the size of their contagion effect—and some of its unusual features—has led some experts to wonder whether their methods may be overstating the case. Indiana University mathematician Russell Lyons, for example, says the claim that obesity can jump from friend to friend over hundreds of miles should be taken as evidence against contagion. It's not obvious how fatness might be transmitted from afar, he says, whereas homophily should apply as normal. Friends who share many traits might see their weights rise and fall in concert regardless of geographical distance.
Lyons is hardly the first to question the social epidemic. In 2008, economists Jason Fletcher and Ethan Cohen-Cole published a study showing that implausible traits like acne, headaches, and height could appear contagious if you used statistical techniques similar to those used by Christakis and Fowler. When Fletcher and Cohen-Cole applied stricter methods to control for environmental influences, the contagion effect disappeared.
Christakis and Fowler responded by suggesting that acne, headaches, and even height might indeed be contagious, because the adolescent data used by Fletcher and Cohen-Cole were self-reported. A teen with acne might influence his friends to worry more about zits, so they would start reporting more acne problems; the same would apply to headaches. Even height could be contagious, they said, in the sense that short teens with tall friends might exaggerate their stature. Thus, Fletcher and Cohen-Cole's peer-reviewed cordon sanitaire was breached by the logic of the social contagionists. In e-mailed comments and a phone interview, Christakis took issue with Fletcher and Cohen-Cole's analytical methods, pointed out that other researchers have found evidence that is suggestive of contagious obesity and noted that the acne and headache effects were not statistically significant at conventional levels. (The evidence for contagious height, however, was statistically meaningful.) here.
Yet the social contagionists appear to have statistical problems of their own. Russell Lyons says he has identified numerous logical flaws in each of the Framingham studies on contagious obesity, smoking, happiness, and loneliness—flaws that appear to undermine seriously the authors' arguments for contagious transmission. He has compiled his criticisms in a new paper, now under review, entitled, "The Spread of Evidence-Poor Medicine via Flawed Social-Network Analysis."
One of Lyons' key criticisms relates to a central feature in Christakis and Fowler's contagion claim—that in the Framingham networks, "one-sided" friendships and mutual friends produce different effects. Consider two hypothetical friends who participated in the obesity study, Harry and Nancy. Let's say that Harry considers Nancy a friend, but not vice-versa. In that case, the contagion only goes one way: If Nancy gets fat, then Harry's risk for obesity goes up. If Harry got fat, on the other hand, there would be no effect on Nancy's risk for obesity—since she doesn't consider Harry a "friend." Christakis and Fowler propose that obesity contagion follows the arrow of esteem; in essence, people can only infect you with fatness if you admire them. They tout this as proof that the environment isn't causing their clusters of obesity. If, say, a McDonald's opened up near Harry and Nancy, it should make both of them gain weight simultaneously; the direction of esteem would not matter.
But Lyons says the authors have misinterpreted their data. In fact, their numbers show that these two scenarios are statistically indistinguishable. The margins of error are so big that when analyzed properly, there is no evidence for the "esteem" effect at all—meaning that it's impossible to diagnose contagion. This problem plagues each of the papers on obesity, smoking, happiness and loneliness. Lyons also points to a deeper logical flaw in the "esteem" argument: Even if the effect were visible in the data, it could be caused by any of contagion, homophily, or an environmental effect. For example, suppose Harry chooses Nancy as a friend entirely because they are "birds of a feather." If Nancy gets fat, we would expect Harry's obesity risk to increase, too, because they share so many traits. If, on the other hand, Nancy names Harry as a friend, but Harry names someone else, we would expect Nancy's weight gain to have less of an effect on Harry. (Harry's choice of someone else indicates there is someone more similar to him than Nancy, because no one knows Harry better than Harry!) An identical argument can be made if Harry and Nancy's friendship is based entirely on environmental similarity. We would still see the same directional differences that the social contagionists interpret to be an "esteem" effect.
After discussing these issues with Lyons, Yahoo social-network researcher Duncan Watts, who wrote a blurb for Connected, says he thinks there are serious problems with the studies. "I think it's pretty clear that they did not do things properly," he said in a phone interview. When I reached Christakis for comment, he told me that he thought technical questions like these are best resolved in peer-reviewed journals rather than in the pages of Slate.
These critiques don't mean that peer pressure is a myth. (Remember high school?) The skeptics would never claim that contagion doesn't exist; they simply believe the contagionists have exaggerated its power using faulty methods and thin data. Christakis and Fowler have also begun to insinuate that "contagious" individuals ought to clean up their act based on their findings. In his appearance on The Colbert Report, Fowler said that he had "actually made a positive change" in his own life by losing five pounds and keeping it off after realizing that his behavior might affect people as distant as his "son's best friend's mother." Here, Fowler implies that before he lost weight, his love handles were doing harm to others, like a puff of secondhand smoke in the faces of his friends and family.
It's not clear that the social contagionists have enough evidence to be telling people that they owe it to their social network to lose weight. It's also not clear that it was ever a great idea to call fat people contagious in the first place, because stigma carries its own negative health consequences. Social network analysis undoubtedly will play a key role in deciphering how social relationships affect health. But as the field develops, there is a danger that health professionals may fall too hard for this attractive new web of causation, while giving short shrift to key environmental factors that undeniably shape health. As for Homo dictyous—although he may be less of a selfish jerk than Homo economicus, he seems to have a caught a bad case of the contagions. Perhaps it's best to flock away for now.
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Everything Is Contagious


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