In Part 2 of this article series we looked at how to access relational database data using the AccessDataSource and SqlDataSource controls. However, in Part 2 we only looked at how to retrieve all of the records from a table, view, stored procedure, or ad-hoc SQL query. Often, we only want to retrieve a subset of data based on various criteria. When searching for a book on Amazon.com, for example, the search page retrieves only the data from the database that matches the search terms you entered; when viewing the details for a particular book, only the particular book's information is queried from the database.
Results are filtered in a SQL statement using the WHERE clause, which contains a boolean expression. For each record in the table being queried, the WHERE expression is evaluated to determine whether or not to include that record in the resultset.1 For example, a SQL query like: SELECT ProductID, ProductName FROM Products WHERE UnitPrice < 15.00 will return the ProductID and ProductName column values for all records in the Products table for which the statement UnitPrice < 15.00 evaluates to True. In English, it returns all products that cost strictly less than fifteen bucks.
The SqlDataSource and AccessDataSource controls can define the value by which the query is filtered by using parameters, and these parameters can retrieve their values from a variety of sources, including: the querystring, session variables, other Web controls on the page, and so on. Like the connection string and SELECT query, the filter parameters values for a data source control can be set declaratively, meaning you do not need to write a line of code. These parameter values can also be set programmatically, though, for cases where you might need to base the filter value on programmatic logic (such as the currently logged-in user's username).
In this article we will examine how to declaratively filter the results of a SQL query using parameters in a SqlDataSource. We'll see examples of how to use hard-coded filter values, and well as examples with filter values taken from the querystring and other Web controls on the page. Read on to learn more!
With the parameter defined, its value can be set programmatically prior to executing the statement. If you're familiar with ADO.NET code, you know that when writing code to issue a query to a database you create a command object (such as SqlCommand) that specifies the SQL query or stored procedure to execute (via the CommandText property) as well as the connection object to use (via the Connection property). The command object also has a Parameters collection that allows you to programmatically specify the values for the parameters defined in the query (or used in the stored procedure). For more information on using parameterized queries with SQL Server see this article; for examples for parameterized queries with Microsoft Access, refer to this one.
With the data source controls you don't need to programmatically set the parameter (unless you want/need to), as the parameter value can be set declaratively, as we'll see shortly. When you set the parameter value declaratively, however, do understand that the data source control, behind the curtains, is programmatically adding the declaratively specified value to its underlying command object's Parameters collection. In short, the data source control is executing the same ADO.NET code you likely would if you were accessing the data programmatically.
Let's now turn our attention to filtering data with the SqlDataSource. In the following demos (which are downloadable at the end of this article), we'll be using a slimmed-down version of the Northwind Access database (as discussed in Part 2). We'll see how to specify the filter parameters both through the SqlDataSource's wizard and directly through its properties.
If you use the "Specify columns from a table or view" option, after selecting the table or view to query and choosing the columns to return, click the WHERE button to add a filter parameter. This brings up the Add WHERE Clause dialog box (shown below), where you can specify the column to filter on, the operator to use (=, <, <=, >, and so on), and the source of the filter value (a hard-coded value, from the querystring, from another Web control on the page, and so on). We'll see how to specify different types of parameter values in a bit.
Filtering using the "Specify columns from a table or view" option has one potentially show-stopping drawback - while you can add multiple filter parameters, these parameters are joined using the AND operator. So if you need to filter values based on multiple clauses and need them joined together with ORs as well (such as SELECT * FROM Products WHERE UnitPrice < 15.00 OR UnitPrice > 25.00), you need to manually add the SELECT query and WHERE clause through the "Specify a custom SQL statement or stored procedure" option.
If you use the "Specify a custom SQL statement or stored procedure" option you can either type in a SQL query by hand or pick a stored procedure from a drop-down list. To add filter parameters in the ad-hoc SQL query, simply add the parameters using the appropriate syntax. Since the Northwind database used in my demos is a Microsoft Access database I would use the ? character to indentify the parameters. For example, if I wanted to use an ad-hoc SQL statement I'd type into the SELECT textbox: SELECT ProductID, ProductName FROM Products WHERE UnitPrice < ?. If, however, you are using a SQL Server database, use the @ParameterName syntax instead. After specifying your parameters using the correct syntax, hit Next and you will see a screen that prompts you for the parameter values.
If you are using a database that supports parameterized stored procedures (such as Microsoft SQL Server), you can select the stored procedure to use from the drop-down list and click next. In the next screen (the one shown above) you will see the parameters for the stored procedure and be able to define how their values are obtained.
Regardless of what approach you use, once you specify the parameter values and complete the SqlDataSource wizard, the SqlDataSource will have updated its properties. Specifically, the SelectCommand will now be a parameterized query, and there will be a series of SelectParameter instances. Since the types of SelectParameter instances vary depending on how the parameter value is obtained, we'll examine the resulting SqlDataSource markup in detail in each example.
If you are wizard-averse, you can always specify the parameterized query and SelectParameters by hand (through entering the markup directly), or by clicking on the SelectQuery property in the SqlDataSource's Properties pane in the Design view. Doing so will display the Command and Parameter Editor (see screen shot below).
Why Aren't We Using FilterExpression and FilterParameters?
If you explore the SqlDataSource's properties you'll notice the FilterExpression and FilterParameters properties. You may be wondering why we aren't using these two properties and how the FilterParameters collection differs from the SelectParameters collection. The FilterExpression and FilterParameters are properties designed for filtering the results returned by the database. That is, with these two properties, after the records have been returned from the backend database, these results are further filtered by the FilterExpression and FilterParameters before being handed over to the data Web control or programmer whose code is requesting the data source's data. Using a parameterized query and SelectParameters, on the other hand, performs the filtering on the database side.
As you probably can guess, filtering on the database side is much more efficient than bringing back all data to the data source control and then having it filter the results. However, there are times when would want to use the FilterExpression and FilterParameters properties - in fact, both techniques can be used in tandem. For our examples now, stick with the parameterized queries and SelectParameters and just remember that the SelectParameters specify the parameter values that are sent in the database's SELECT query whereas the FilterParameters are those parameters used to filter the data returned from the database (and would only be set if there was a FilterExpression value defined).
Specifically, there's one <asp:Parameter> instance for each hard-coded parameter value you specified in the wizard. The parameter's DefaultValue attribute holds the value you entered into the value textbox, while the Name attribute refers to the parameter's name. (For Microsoft Access, which uses ? for the parameters, the Name attribute refers to the database column that the parameter applies to, although this value can be changed since the parameter name is really ?. The only important thing to note here is that the <asp:Parameter> instances are applied in order to the ? parameters.) Finally, the Type parameter specifies the data type of the parameter value.
The following screen shots show the Categories.aspx page, which lists all categories along with a View Products link, and the ProductsInCategory.aspx page, when visited as ProductsInCategory.aspx?CategoryID=1 (viewing products in the Beverages category).
The parameter values for a SqlDataSource can also be set based on a value from a Web control on the page. Returning to the Categories/Products master-detail example from before, rather than having two pages we might want to have one page that uses a DropDownList control to list all categories and shows the Products for the selected category in a GridView. To accomplish this, start by creating a page that displays a DropDownList that contains the categories. Next, add a SqlDataSource to return the products whose CategoryID equals the selected category in the DropDownList. To accomplish this, choose Control as the "Parameter source." This will display a drop-down list of controls on the page, allowing your to choose which control's value should be used. Pick the DropDownList you added moments ago.
The following screen shot shows a page that lists the categories in a DropDownList and the selected categories corresponding products in a GridView. This page uses two SqlDataSource controls - one to retrieve all catgories (which is bound to the DropDownList) and one to return the corresponding products (which uses the <asp:ControlParameter> and is bound to the GridView). I set the DropDownList's AutoPostBack property to True so that whenever the DropDownList changes a postback ensues and the GridView is updated to show the applicable products.
In this article we saw how to use parameterized queries along with the SqlDataSource's SelectParameters collection to filter the results returned from a database query. The SqlDataSource allows the values used in the parameters to come from a bevy of sources, including hard-coded values, querystring values, Web control property values, session variables, and so on. These parameter values can be specified declaratively, requiring no code on our part. These parameter values can also be set programmatically, a topic we'll address in a future article in this series!


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  module.repos = repos;
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Illinois COVID-19 Update
At today's press briefing, the Illinois Dept. of Public Health (IDPH) announced 330 new COVID-19 cases, for a total of 1,865 cases in 35 counties statewide. Three new deaths were reported—a Kane County man in his 90s, a Cook County man in his 60s, and a Will County woman in her 50s—for a total of 19 deaths. The age of cases ranges from younger than one year of age to 99 years of age.
IDPH Director Ngozi Ezike, M.D. reminded people to continue to stay at home, wash their hands and cover their cough and sneeze. She also reiterated that people who have COVID-19 symptoms should first contact their physician for guidance. Dr. Ezike said that people with mild symptoms are advised to fight the illness at home so that those who are gravely ill can be treated in a hospital setting.
The Office of the Medical Examiner of Cook County notified hospitals that any COVID-19 deaths should be immediately reported to the office by calling 312-666-0200.
At the request of IHA, IDPH established an email portal: dph.hospitaladmin@illinois.gov to receive COVID-19 questions, comments, and ideas from the hospital community and IHA. A team of staff assigned from the IDPH director's office will review the emails, with a goal of responding within 24 hours.
Yesterday, IHA sent members an update memo on key supply, production and donation issues related to personal protective equipment (PPE).
In partnership with Chicago Dept. of Transportation, Divvy is launching a 30-day program to give critical healthcare workers free bike share memberships. Starting today and through April 30, eligible healthcare workers can sign up through their employer to access unlimited 45-minute trips on Divvy bikes for 30 days. Hospital administrators and/or human resources departments should reach out to herobikes@Lyft.com to start the process.
This afternoon, the Chicago Blackhawks announced that the United Center will be repurposed to serve as a COVID-19 Emergency Relief Hub. The arena and outside campus will be transformed into a logistics hub where we will be assisting front line food distribution, first responder staging and the collection of critically needed medical supplies.
See IHA's COVID-19 webpage for a variety of resources in a central location.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Penn Leads the Vote is a student-run, non-partisan program with one simple goal — to increase voter engagement among Penn's student body. Penn Leads the Vote is founded on the notion that civically engaged students are vital to fully realizing the potential of democratic society. Penn Leads the Vote is run through the Netter Center and receives additional support from the Office of Government and Community Affairs. Through Penn Leads the Vote, the University of Pennsylvania was designated a Voter Friendly Campus.
Click here to find out how to register in PA or in another state.
Click here to learn what is on the ballot in this upcoming election.
Make a plan to vote on election day: including where, when, and with whom you're voting.
Click here to learn about election day information.


It seems like everyone in the world has these Saint Laurent studded boots. Well, anyone whose style I'm inspired by has them. Sure, if I could justify spending almost 2,000 on a pair of shoes, they would also be in my closet. Since I can't, I currently have a stylish knock off pair that was given to me for Christmas. I'm not actually sure why I'm even sharing my boot envy with the world. I'm very appreciative of the gift version, don't misunderstand. That said, since this is a blog where I get to have both style envy and live a very fashionable existence on virtual paper, I decided to style the actual Saint Laurent boots of my dreams. Both outfits are things I would actually or have actually worn recently with my own boots.
What I love most about the boots is the edginess they give a simple outfit. It almost feels like 'yeah, I could definitely punch someone in the face,' only I can't. But the illusion is enough, isn't it?
Posted in Fashion and tagged Fashion, H&M, Polyvore, Saint Laurent, Shopping, Style, Topshop, Women's Apparel on January 6, 2015 by coffeeandwinter.
First I'd like to wish a warm welcome to 2015 and say I hope everyone had a lovely holiday. Next, let's talk about resolutions. There's not really a firm consensus over whether its good or bad to make resolutions. I prefer to make goals, but unless I write them down I end up forgetting them. That said, one of my major goals continuing into 2015 was to be healthier. I'm definitely not good at this. Sometimes life becomes so stressful the idea of working out or being active just feels even more unappealing. That said, if your resolution is to get healthy and lose weight: great! I prefer to not put my journey that way only because I feel expectations are just so high and feeling like I've let myself down is horrendous. Why am I even sharing this? Well, resolving to get active in 2015 means getting to buy a whole new wardrobe of active wear!
Active wear has become kind of a really fashionable thing. Yoga pants are everywhere not just yoga studios. While I don't really understand that (especially to brunch. Everyone knows you didn't just work out), I'm entirely guilty of wearing them to run out to Starbucks or to the bank. There's so many options. Long gone are the unitards, off the shoulder sweatshirts, and legwarmers of yesteryear. The best part is it's all on sale right now for the new year. Old Navy has some particularly good deals if you're looking for affordable pieces to get started with!
I've put together 3 active wear looks featuring some of my favorite companies (Adidas obviously). I'm really obsessed with the Stella McCartney for Adidas range and two of my favorite pieces are included. The yoga mat featured is by Orla Kiely for Target and something I actually use for yoga & pilates. I'm obsessed with it. I'm not sure why it took me so long to actually purchase one. See? I'm no fitness expert!
So get out, get active, and look fashionable while doing it!
So there's less than 24 hours until New Years Eve and I have some last minute styling ideas for pretty much any celebration. Sure, it's a bit last minute and it's impossible to order these things (maybe technology can work on that), but that won't stop the inspiration. I've styled 3 looks one with a dress (my favorite), one with pants, and one with a playsuit. I have even paired each look with one polish from Essie's winter collection just to tie everything together.
This is my favorite look of the bunch, and I'm not even really a dress person. They just don't look right with my hips. That said, I would trade in my joggers and jumper for this outfit for any outing tomorrow in a heartbeat. It contains many non-budget friendly items, but again, it's my dream look so I went big with this one.
This is a more relaxed but sparkly look. I would also combine this with a nice peacoat to keep warm. I absolutely love the sparkly top from Topshop despite it being rather out of my comfort zone. Yes, I featured the Eddie Borgo ring & Marc Jacobs bracelet again with this look but simply because I just love them both so much and they seemed to fit well with the color of the Aldo heels.
and a white jacket/blazer. The shoes are the real stunner of this look and even then tights may draw more attention to them.
Pair with: Jiggle Hi Jiggle Low which seems to no longer be available online so check in stores.
If you feel so inclined follow me on Polyvore!
The truth is out: I'm not much of a holiday dress person. I've worn them to parties before and just been relatively uncomfortable and fidgity. Let's be honest, being fidgity looks good on no one. Tonight I'm attending a holiday festivity which is on the more casual side. Well, as casual as wine and cheese can be, and this is the outfit I'm (most likely) choosing to wear.
Posted in Fashion and tagged H&M, Holiday: Christmas, OOTD, Shopping, Style, Topshop, Women's Apparel on December 20, 2014 by coffeeandwinter.
This year I tried something new and started working out regularly. Not like just taking a walk or parking further on campus, but taking time to physically do something. That seems like not such a big deal but for the last few years I just gave up on it. Making this tiny change required one thing: active wear. I never gave much thought to trainers or workout clothes and even doing so felt so daunting. Yes, they are men's trainers but I loved them so much more than the women's version so I bought them and really, as far as I know, there's no style law against it.
Posted in Fashion and tagged 12 days of Christmas, Athletic Wear, Gifting, Holiday: Christmas, Shopping, Style on December 19, 2014 by coffeeandwinter.
Today's item was intended to be my one of my favorite clothing purchases of the year: my leather biker jacket. Since I had purchased it many moons ago from H&M, it is no longer available. Rather than share an item no one can buy, should they want to, I decided to browse the jackets/coats and see if anything tickled my fancy. I really liked this wool biker jacket. It seems very warm, stylish, and like the next member adopted into my ever growing closet.
I really like the zippers and the jacket flaps. I would probably pair it with a white blouse and a nice pair of jeans for a nice classic, sleek look that doesn't take away from the coat. H&M does have a couple of leather biker jackets in stock, but none that overwhelmed me. I haven't been much of a jacket fan since the 90s when I stopped wearing denim jackets. Why should you take my advice then? Well, I'm a reformed jacket lover. I've seen the light! Hallelujah! I've been missing out on so much all these years. Now I never take my leather jacket off. Just kidding….mostly. I live for blistery days and my beloved coats.
Posted in Fashion and tagged 12 days of Christmas, Gifts, H&M, Holiday: Christmas, Recommendation, Shopping, Style, Women's Apparel on December 17, 2014 by coffeeandwinter.
After quite the rainy Thursday, it's a comfortable and overcast Friday. Why all this boring talk about the weather? Mainly because I'm not really sure how to intro a post on my outfit of choice for the day. How does one say…"I, uh, opened my closet and this is what felt right…" and make it worth reading? Needless to say, last weekend I took part in some sale shopping. I finally gave in and got a new bag (seen above) after being ridiculed mercilessly by my bestie for the shear unappealing quality of my old one. It was kind of like that situation where your mom has like a love of all her 80s clothes and just won't part with them except mine was a bag I bought 3 years ago and won't get rid of. I also went a bit too crazy on jeans (they were 40% off!), and even got a cute customizable alphabet necklace (not seen above) from Forever 21. I just couldn't resist some of the deals at the shops we ventured into, and unfortunately, my wallet was not as excited.
Today's outfit is just a casual but chic look featuring one of my favorite band tees. Yes, I do actually love my mass produced Joy Division shirt even if the likelihood it is also worn by some 15 year old who has never heard their music and just likes the design is fairly high. I paired it with my biker jacket and a pair of boots. These boots are much cooler than the boots I actually wore but a girl can dream, right?
One may also want to know why I carry a weekender bag with me on the daily. Well, inquisitive individual, on the daily I travel to campus and carry essentially my entire life with me which requires just such a bag so I just stick with it. It's not ideal all the time since I seem to randomly collect items that stay in there for ages. Oops. One thing I must admit about this bag, I do not like the carry strap. Typically I carry larger bags like this by the strap, and with my school notebooks and such, it just really loves to come unsnapped due to weight. But as long as I'm carrying next to nothing, it's good to go. Grr.
I honestly can't believe it's almost November. Sure, there's still Halloween and a handful of days until November actually arrives, but I must admit I am not entirely prepared for the impending chaos November brings with it. A new month means a whole new wish list of things I want in my closet/make up bag. Here's my current selections. I absolutely cannot wait for Essie's winter collection. There are some pretty great colors in there.
Posted in Fashion and tagged Shopping, Style, Wish List, Women's Apparel on October 27, 2014 by coffeeandwinter.
So Halloween is just a week away and it's time to start seriously considering costume options. I have a couple floating around, both of which I won't be sharing, but since I'm going to be at a bar for Halloween my costume must be fairly convenient and not at all annoying. I tend to shed most of my costume by hour one. For example, the year I was Wednesday Addams my braids were gone within 15 minutes. So, I'm a bit disappointed I can't steal one of Grace's cheap costume ideas, bummer.
All of these 5 costumes are fairly simple to put together, somewhat work appropriate (if you are into that sort of thing), and translate well to my plans for Halloween eve. Just, for the love of God, don't go in a hazmat suit or anything related to Ebola. Have a little taste.
Suzy is one of my favorite movie characters and last Halloween I sure did see a bunch of them. That said, I did take this idea from Oh Happy Day's Hipster Halloween costumes for kids but it translates so well to adult costumes as well. Besides…hipster kid costumes are adorable.
This is such a cute DIY costume from Studio DIY and definitely work appropriate.
Posted in Fashion, Inspiration and tagged Costume Ideas, Friday Five, Halloween, Style on October 24, 2014 by coffeeandwinter.


You can't slather SPF-30 on your sofa, but you can protect it and other possessions from harsh sunlight.
You almost certainly won't get all of your money back when you sell — if you can even find a buyer.
Don't be scammed by "charities" designed to make themselves rich.
Some jobs are far more hazardous to your health than others, but not always the ones you might think.
By creating a pet trust or providing for him in your will, you can make sure he'll be cared for.
Choosing the right rental car can put you on the road to a safer trip.
Fight back against scammers and "friends" who prey on elders and try to drain their savings.
Show those annoying telemarketers and scam artists that you've got their number.
Choose wisely, and decide how much debt you can really afford.
While it's temping to splurge on something, here's where the experts say are the best places to put the money.
Simple changes now can help you keep more of your income and escape a big tax bill later.


In reference to Court Order 2009-0463 all Foreclosure Postings and Sales will take place on the North Side of the George Allen Courts Building Facing Commerce Street below the overhang, or as designated by the County Commissioners.
What is a Notice of Substitute Trustee Sale?
The sale is held the first Tuesday of every month. The time(s) of the sales are indicated on each notice.
The Sale(s) takes place on the North Side of the George Allen Courts Building facing 600 Commerce Street Below the overhang, or as designated by the County Commissioners.
Mortgage Foreclosures: or trustee acting on behalf of the lender.
Notices of all properties to be sold are posted at the County Clerk's Office and on the web site; Renaissance Tower 1201 Elm St., Suite 2200G. Notices are also posted in the lobby of the George Allen Courts Building 600 Commerce Street.
All Notice of Sales must be posted 21 days prior to the sale (21 days before the first Tuesday of each month).
The County Clerk's Office does not produce a list. The notices are posted in the County Clerk's Office or in the lobby of the George Allen Courts Building for public viewing. Copies of individual notices may be purchased from the County Clerk's Office for a fee of $1.00 per page. Copies can also be view by visiting the County Clerk's web site.
Who can I talk to at the County Clerk's Office to answer questions about how to purchase a property at the sale?
The County Clerk's personnel do not conduct the sale or have any information about the specifics of the sale. The sale is conducted by the trustee's on behalf of the lenders. It is illegal for the County Clerk's personnel to give opinions or legal advice.
The County Clerk's personnel do not have any information on the requirements to purchase a property. The trustees conducting the sale can provided that information to interested parties.
Who can I talk to at the County Clerk's Office if I think my property has been erroneously posted for sale?
The County Clerk's personnel do not have any information pertaining to the sale of the properties. Contact your lender if you think your property has been posted in error. The lender is the only party that will have that information.
Why can't I view the documents posted on the County Clerk's site?
The latest version of Adobe Acrobat reader is required to view the Notice of Sales.
How can I search for a particular property?
Each Notice of Sale posted on the County Clerk's web site is searchable by name or physical address.
*The Notice of Sales are separated by the city and month of the sale.
Once the edit box is highlighted on the menu bar you may type in the parties name or the address you would like to review.


It takes 50 milliseconds to make a first impression, finds Social Media Strategist and Visual Marketing Specialist Donna Moritz, who dived into the art of visual storytelling at the recently concluded Tech Manch Digital Conference 2017 in Mumbai.
Moritz spoke about the power of visuals, stating that it takes only 13 milliseconds to process an image. She recalled how she readily signed up as a speaker at a recent conference in Kerala the moment she saw a captivating image of Munnar's lush green tea plantations. While this revelation made brand owners and marketers in the audience sit up and take notice, Moritz went on to highlight how consumers view and engage with content in today's times. She says that by 2019, 84% content will be visual and by the same year, 80% content will be led by video. Brands and marketers, therefore, need to 'think differently'.
Moritz advises brands and content creators to 'delete marketing and insert storytelling' by first recognizing the shift in where the consumers are and how they are engaging with content. She encouraged the creation of 'micro moments' i.e. not jumping into big pieces of content but creating meaningful snippets. While storytelling has changed over the years, even today, it is capable of establishing an emotional connect, which is why brands would do well to use storytelling to make consumers stick around and eventually, build trust in their minds.
Meaningful content can be created in various ways, according to Moritz, but great visual content is rooted in five key elements: The content must be 1) original, 2) relevant, 3) timely, 4) optimised and 5) snackable. It is also imperative for brands to optimise on the 'call to action' feature in addition to creating snackable, easy-to-process content. Moritz illustrated these key elements through examples such as Paper Boat's Train Journey video. She admitted she felt emotional watching the video and could sense the nostalgia despite not having experienced Indian Railways first-hand.
While Paper Boat may have invested in high-budget videos to create maximum impact, Moritz believes that smaller businesses can also 'tap into memories' using alternative inexpensive ways. She cited the example of the 'book cricket' game video shot on an iPhone, which also manages to 'unlock emotions' similar to a high-budget video.
Moritz states that a brand's customers are its best marketers and there are ways to make that happen. If a brand's audience is empowered and given the right platform, hashtags and ideas to be able to share their stories, they become the brand's marketing department. She gave the example of how Kerala Tourism invited travellers at airports to take a virtual tour of Kerala's houseboats by putting on headphones sitting inside a specialised booth. The travellers walked away getting an as-close-to-real experience of a Kerala houseboat. Moritz also urged brands to encourage fans and customers to share 'in the moment' using tools like short-format video, Instagram Stories, etc.
Moritz concluded the session by advising brands and marketers to create a visual presence, be a storyteller and put thought and heart into their communication.


If you or your loved ones live near a nuclear power plant, you will NOT want to miss the next exciting program on Monday, October 9th, at the Ross Pendergraft Library. Mike Bogue will discuss his latest book "Apocalypse Then: American and Japanese Atomic Cinema, 1951-1967" in RPL 300B at 7:00 PM. Explore how the United States (the only country to have ever dropped atomic bombs on another country) and Japan (the only country to be attacked by atomic bombs) portrayed the threat of nuclear fallout and annihilation differently on film during the 1950's and 1960's.
Mike Bogue, whose previous book was titled Atomic Drive-In, will discuss movies like Godzilla (1954), The Mysterians (1957), On the Beach (1959), The Last War (1961), and Dr. Strangelove (1964) to illustrate how both cultures shared their apocalyptic fears in the cinema. Following the presentation, there will be a question answer session, and Mike will be available to sign books if anyone wishes to take one home.
This session is part of the Library's ongoing "2nd Mondays" series where we invite local Tech authors to share their books with the campus community. This session and all others at the library are free and open to the public. For more information about this program or others in the series, contact Luke Heffley at lheffley@atu.edu or follow us on Twitter and Facebook.


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You are here: D-Media Solutions > Blog > All > Cyber attacks disrupt PayPal, Twitter, other sites
Cyber attacks disrupt PayPal, Twitter, other sites
October 24, 2016 D-Media
VULNERABILITIES EXPLOITED
Dyn said that at least some of the malicious traffic was coming from connected devices, including webcams and digital video recorders, that had been infected with control software named Mirai. Security researchers have previously raised concerns that such connected devices, sometimes referred to as the Internet of Things, lack proper security.
The Mirai code was dumped on the internet about a month ago, and criminal groups are now charging to employ it in cyber attacks, said Allison Nixon, director of security research at Flashpoint, which was helping Dyn analyze the attack.
Dale Drew, chief security officer at communications provider Level 3, said that other networks of compromised machines were also used in Friday's attack, suggesting that the perpetrator had rented access to several so-called botnets.
The attackers took advantage of traffic-routing services such as those offered by Alphabet Inc's Google and Cisco Systems Inc's OpenDNS to make it difficult for Dyn to root out bad traffic without also interfering with legitimate inquiries, Drew said.
"Dyn can't simply block the (Internet Protocol) addresses they are seeing, because that would be blocking Google or OpenDNS," said Matthew Prince, CEO of security and content delivery firm CloudFlare. "These are nasty attacks, some of the hardest to protect against."
GOVERNMENT WARNED OF ATTACKS
Drew and Nixon both said that the makers of connected devices needed to do far more to make sure that the gadgets can be updated after security flaws are discovered.
Big businesses should also have multiple vendors for core services like routing internet traffic, and security experts said those Dyn customers with backup domain name service providers would have stayed reachable.
The Department of Homeland Security last week issued a warning about attacks from the Internet of Things, following the release of the code for Mirai.
Attacking a large domain name service provider like Dyn can create massive disruptions because such firms are responsible for forwarding large volumes of internet traffic.
Dyn said it had resolved one morning attack, which disrupted operations for about two hours, but disclosed a second a few hours later that was causing further disruptions. By Friday evening it was fighting a third.
Amazon's web services division, one of the world's biggest cloud computing companies, reported that the issue temporarily affected users in Western Europe. Twitter and some news sites could not be accessed by some users in London late on Friday evening.
PayPal Holdings Inc said that the outage prevented some customers in "certain regions" from making payments. It apologized for the inconvenience and said that its networks had not been hacked.
A month ago, security guru Bruce Schneier wrote that someone, probably a country, had been testing increasing levels of denial-of-service attacks against unnamed core internet infrastructure providers in what seemed like a test of capability.
Nixon said there was no reason to think a national government was behind Friday's assaults, but attacks carried out on a for-hire basis are famously difficult to attribute.
(Reporting by Joseph Menn in San Francisco, Jim Finkle in Boston and Dustin Volz in Washington. Additional reporting by Eric Auchard in Frankurt, Malathi Nayak in New York, Jeff Mason and Mark Hosenball in Washington, Adrian Croft and Frances Kerry in London; Editing by Bill Trott, Lisa Shumaker and Jonathan Weber)
(Coutesy: www.reuters.com)
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While one of every seven Americans watched the second 2015 GOP debate, it was what they didn't see that made the difference. There were none of the usual line array speakers to obstruct the view of the debate stage. Production Resource Group (PRG) and VUE Audiotechnik worked together to deliver an innovative solution that addressed the unique production challenges of the event and the location.
Escondido, CA and New York, NY – October 6, 2015 – While one of every seven Americans watched the second 2015 GOP debate, it was what they didn't see that made the difference. There were none of the usual line array speakers to obstruct the view of the debate stage. Production Resource Group (PRG) and VUE Audiotechnik worked together to deliver an innovative solution that addressed the unique production challenges of the event and the location.
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Uapaca bojeri es una especie de planta fanerógama perteneciente a la familia Phyllanthaceae. Es originaria de Madagascar

Descripción
Tapia es un árbol que puede crecer en un ser humano de 10 a 12 metros (33 a 39 pies) de altura, pero por lo general se mantiene entre 3 y 5 metros (9,8 a 16,4 pies). Las hojas son alternas y esclerófilas. La corteza es gruesa y surcada. El árbol es monoico; sus flores aparecen de marzo a septiembre. Las flores masculinas tienen cinco estambres y cinco tépalos, y se agrupan en bolas densas con un involucro de 7 a 8 brácteas. Las inflorescencias femeninas se reducen a una flor con ovario trilocular, rodeada de brácteas. Las frutas son drupas de 2 a 3 centímetros (0,79 a 1,18 pulgadas) de diámetro, de color verde a amarillo y marrón cuando están maduras. Contienen un mesocarpio comestible dulce y pegajoso y tres semillas.

Usos
Los árboles de tapia y los bosques que forman son utilizados para varios propósitos por las comunidades locales. Los frutos comestibles se recogen una vez caídos,  ya que tradicionalmente debido a un tabú se prohíbe arrancarlos directamente del árbol. Las frutas no solo se consumen en los hogares locales, sino que también se comercializan.

Igualmente los capullos del gusano de seda tapia (Borocera cajani) (en malgache landibe) también se recolectan y utilizan para la producción de seda; que tradicionalmente es utilizada para los sudarios funerarios. Esta seda salvaje tiene igualmente una importancia en el mercado local.

Taxonomía
Uapaca bojeri fue descrito por Henri Ernest Baillon y publicado en Adansonia 11: 176–177. 1874.
Sinonimia
 Chorizotheca macrophylla Heckel
 Uapaca clusiacea Baker

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Phyllanthaceae
Flora de Madagascar
Plantas descritas en 1820
Plantas descritas por Chamisso

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


JoAnna Poehlmann's drawings, collages, and artists' books combine superb draftsmanship, meticulous observation, humor and a deep appreciation for nature. Lee Weiss makes large-scale, technically brilliant watercolors that distill the essence of her experience of the landscape.
JoAnna Poehlmann's art is a rare combination of superb draftsmanship, meticulous observation, droll humor, and effusive joy.
Since 1959, when Weiss began to focus intently on her painting career, she has had over 125 solo shows. The recipient of several individual honors and awards, Weiss has also participated in numerous group and invitational shows.


text:
James Cromwell Superglues Himself to a Starbucks Counter
Tom Foster 9 months ago
There appears to be a big, fat, glow-in-the-dark line between being an entitled activist and being an entitled kook that some still see as a worthwhile actor. Oh yes, I said it, and the unfortunate truth is that while it's a right to be an activist, and it's a right to make your voice heard, disrupting a business that's attempting to make money and serve people at the same time doesn't really make one look as though they're right in the head. James Cromwell has been disruptive before, but gluing his hand to the front counter of a Starbucks while speaking out about how an extra charge when asking for non-dairy additions to one's coffee is a different level of disturbed than he's displayed before. Good for James if he's an activist, but one thing that many folks that stand for something don't appear to realize, and haven't for some time, is that fighting against the cruelty to animals over the extra charge for a non-dairy product, is something that doesn't appear to harm animals in any way, is kind of silly, not to mention incredibly entitled.
One thing that's very easy to state is that if one can't afford the extra charge for their soy, almond, or other non-dairy milk then perhaps they shouldn't be at a Starbucks in the first place, since these places aren't known for being that cheap in the first place. In their defense, they're not a greasy spoon diner or simple cafe where hot coffee is made by the gallon and is probably made more for the caffeine than the taste. Starbucks is a specialty store that gives customers a bit more than the average cafe might, and on top of that, non-dairy items might not always be as cost-effective to keep around. It's been seen by many that simply creating these alternatives is more expensive, and like it or not, that expense is carried along until it reaches the consumer, where it becomes a minor inconvenience compared to the manufacturing costs that are experienced earlier in the process.
This is one of those times when one has to just shake their head and wonder why anyone cares what Cromwell does or says any longer since the unfortunate truth is that the guy appears to have gone off the deep end in his quest to help PETA. To be honest, it's hard to figure out why PETA is even there since there's no harm being done to any animal by a human being. As one of the moments that makes people wonder if the folks performing for the cameras are right in the head, this stands out as yet another performance piece that makes a person think that Cromwell might not be entirely mentally sound even though he's still a competent actor and does appear to be lucid most times. To think that things like this are still happening, and are still going to happen, is enough to make people wonder how long PETA and their misguided followers are going to seek the attention and support of actors that have little to no shame and will gladly disrupt any business they feel the need to.
What's irritating, at least a little bit, is that there were no arrests made and no indication that anyone was penalized in the least bit for this, which makes one think that it might embolden Cromwell and PETA to find yet another business to bother in the days and months to come. What's saddening is that an actor of Cromwell's caliber can't find another way to make his voice heard, as his belief might be real, but his methods are questionable at best and damaging to the reputation of many actors that are also activists. The general feeling that any celebrity that identifies as an activist could at any time decide to disrupt a business based on their own personal feelings is a bit irritating, especially if they're allowed to do this without any consequences. This sends a very poor message that at any time, a person can halt a business because they feel that something is wrong and it's their civic duty to stand up and say something about it while keeping others from enjoying a service and the employees from providing it.
Activism isn't the problem, and believing in something isn't as big of an issue as some have made it out to be. But taking the time to inconvenience and even trouble others with one's voice simply to be heard, especially when the issue of the day is utterly ridiculous, is beyond moronic, it's childish in a way that indicates that a person's mind isn't firing on all cylinders. Many people have a great deal of respect for Cromwell and all he's done, but at this point, one has to wonder how much longer that's going to last if he can't shell out a few more cents to flavor his coffee the way he wants.
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Wick wins Reichert Award
Kurt Wick
Senior Scientist, Kurt Wick will receive the American Physical Society 2018 Jonathan F. Reichert and Barbara Wolff-Reichert Award for Excellence in Advanced Laboratory Instruction. Wick has guided the Methods of Experimental Physics courses in the School of Physics and Astronomy for thirty years.
The Methods classes, affectionately known as MXP, are co-taught with a faculty member. Through them Wick has made significant contributions to the School's advanced laboratory curriculum while also serving as the main point of contact for students in the laboratory.
The MXP courses teach physics majors modern experimental techniques. The first semester of the class focuses on modern electronics and programming. In the second semester, the students form two-person teams, design and create an experiment, and then run it from start to finish. At the end of the semester, they present their results to their peers through talks and a final paper, while sharing the outcome with the entire School in a poster session.
"The Methods of Experimental Physics courses are a cornerstone of our curriculum, and their development over the last thirty years has been shaped by Kurt," said Professor Paul Crowell. "Based on years of discussions with our former students, there is no doubt that among all courses at Minnesota, MXP has had the biggest impact on their growth as scientists, and they all cite Kurt's role as a mentor in the art of experimental physics."
Former student Jesse Berezovsky, Associate Professor of Physics, Case Western Reserve University said of Wick, "He had both the detailed technical knowledge needed to keep each experiment running, as well as the broader pedagogical view need to shape the course and guide students through it. It is rare to find both qualities in one person."
Molly Krogstad, who received a PhD at the University of Colorado and is now a research scientist at Honeywell said, "The MXP course gave me valuable experience solving unexpected challenges that arise in research, along with the satisfaction of taking a project from the very start to finish. This experience was crucial in my decision to continue working in experimental physics, and I'm grateful for the time and effort Kurt has spent developing and refining the undergraduate advanced labs at the U of M."
Sam Kean, science writer, author of The Disappearing Spoon, The Violinist's Thumb, and The Tale of the Dueling Neurosurgeons said, I really learned how to think like an experimenter. But even more than that, I remember just talking with Kurt - about Goethe, about books, about the role of science in our wider lives. He helped me see the connection between the sciences and the humanities, and I'll always be grateful for that."
In addition to his work on MXP itself, Wick has been an active member of the national advanced laboratory community. He has designed and taught workshops for advanced laboratory instructors, focusing on modern tools such as field-programmable gate arrays, which he introduced to MXP along with Professor Jeremy Mans. In this way, educational tools developed at Minnesota are being disseminated to other teaching labs around the country.
The Reichert award recognizes outstanding achievement in teaching, sustaining, and enhancing an advanced undergraduate laboratory course or courses at US institutions. It is sponsored by the American Physical Society. Wick will accept his award at the American Physical Society meeting in Los Angeles in March, 2018.
Posted Monday, October 23rd 2017 by Jenny Allan


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People analytics, as this practice is known, is not just the latest management fad. Done right, it really does improve business performance.
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text:
Holodomor (, "udryddelse med sult" eller "sult-udryddelse", stammer fra 'морити голодом', "sulte til døden") var en hungerkatastrofe i de østlige egne af USSR (den ukrainske socialistiske sovjetrepublik) samt sydvestlige egne af RSFSR (den russiske socialistiske føderale sovjet republik) i 1932 og 1933, hvor ca. 4 mio. mennesker omkom. Hungerkatastrofen kaldes også "Den ukrainske terror-hungersnød" og "Hungers-folkemordet i Ukraine". Disse navne for katastrofen kan dog opfattes som misvisende, da katastrofen berørte alle de sydvestlige egne i Sovjetunionen og strakte sig over fire forskellige tidligere sovjetrepublikker. De områder der var hårdest ramt er de nuværende Kharkiv, Donetsk, Luhansk, Voronezh, Belgorod, Rostov-ved-Don og Krasnodar.

Hvor mange der i virkeligheden omkom er usikkert og omdiskuteret, men i den nyere forskning varierer tallet mellem 2,4 og 7,5 mio. mennesker.

Hungersnød eller folkedrab

Forskerne er ikke enige om, hvilken betydning hhv. de naturlige faktorer, den fejlslagne kollektivisering og politiske beslutninger havde for hungerkatastrofen.

Sikkert er det, at på trods af fejlslagen høst i både 1932 og 1933, beslaglagde de sovjettiske myndigheder en øget mængde korn fra landsbyerne. Sovjetborgere der modsatte sig myndighedernes krav, nægtede at udlevere korn eller gemte mad, blev sendt i koncentrationslejr, og mange, herunder kvinder og børn, døde af sult.

Siden 2006 har hungersnøden i bl.a. Ukraine og en række andre tidligere sovjetrepublikker, deriblandt den Russiske Føderation, Hviderusland og Georgien, været betraget som et folkemord. De fleste opfatter dog hungersnøden som en kombineret konsekvens af den fejlslagne industrialisering af landbruget, dårlige høstudbytter samt den sovjetiske ledelses ønske om at knuse kulakkerne, dvs. de selvstændige bønder, som samfundsklasse, fordi de havde modsat sig kollektiviseringen.

Debatten i Ukraine om holodomor
En af de mest fremtrædende fortalere for at holodomor var et "stalinistisk folkemord" er USA samt Ukraines tidligere præsident nationaldemokraten Viktor Jusjtjenko. Den 28. november 2006 vedtog Verkhovna Rada (ukraines parlament), på Viktor Jusjtjenkos forslag, at betragte sultkatastrofen som et "folkedrab". Viktor Jusjtjenko har udtalt, at det var hensigten at udrydde det ukrainske folk. Ved samme lejlighed erklærede han i en tale til den amerikanske kongres, at Holodomor "tog 20 millioner ukrainske liv". Imidlertid går de nyeste opgørelser af dødsfald fra 2,2 millioner til 2,4 millioner.

Viktor Jusjtjenkos tale er blevet kritiseret af blandt andet historikerne Timothy Snyder og Stephen G. Wheatcroft. Snyder skrev: "Præsident Viktor Jusjtjenko gør sit land en alvorlig bjørnetjeneste ved at hævde ti millioner dødsfald, således at overdrive antallet af ukrainere dræbt med en faktor tre, men det er rigtigt, at hungersnøden i Ukraine i 1932-1933 dræbte omkring tre millioner mennesker". I en e-mail til Postmedia News, skrev Wheatcroft: "Jeg finder det beklageligt, at Stephen Harper og andre førende vestlige politikere fortsætter med at anvende sådanne overdrevne tal for den ukrainske hungersnøds dødelighed", og "Der er absolut intet grundlag for at acceptere et tal på 10 millioner ukrainere døde som følge af hungersnød i 1932-1933".

Lande der anser Holodomor som folkedrab

Ligesom langt de fleste lande i FN afviser Danmark, Norge, Sverige, Tyskland og Rusland at hungerkatastrofen var et stalinistisk folkedrab.

Imidlertid fastholder et lille mindretal på 29 lande ud af FNs 193 medlemslande, herunder USA, betegnelsen "folkedrab".

Kilder

 Denne artikel er delvist baseret på «Holodomor» fra Tysk Wikipedia, det 20. Februar 2011.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Holodomor.org (Ukrainsk) (Engelsk)
 Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Report to Congress. Adopted by the Commission, 19. april, 1988 (Engelsk)
 Joint declaration at the United Nations in connection with 70th anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine 1932-1933 , hentet 201-03-10.FN-erklæringen fik støtte fra 25 af FNs 193 medlemsstater, her under USA og Ukraine.

Sovjetunionen i mellemkrigstiden
Ukraines historie
Hungersnød
1932
1933


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Discover Iceland
Every country, culture and it's people have quirks, and Iceland is no different.
It all feels very normal to them, as you would expect. However, to outside eyes you might notice some strange things about Iceland. These are our top 7.
1 There are no surnames or family names in Iceland
Icelanders have a unique way on constructing names and passing these names down through the generations.
When a child is born, they remain nameless for some time, referred to as just boy "drengur" or girl "Stúlka" until the child is formally named. Then, a name is chosen from an approved list of names, numbering 3,565 (1,853 female & 1,712 male names)
Moreover, there is a committee, the naming Committee, the "Mannanafnanefnd" that establishes this list. If a name has not been used before, it must receive approval form this committee to be used for the first time. However, if the child has a dual nationality with both foreign parents but born in iceland, then the parents are free to choose whichever name they like.
Requirements from the naming committee include:
Being capable of having Icelandic grammatical endings,
Not conflict with the linguistic structure of Icelandic,
Name must not contain letters that exist outside the Icelandic alphabet, such as the letters C, Q, and W
Then there is the surname. If you are name is "Snorri" and you have a son, you son's surname will be "Snorrisson". Equally, if Snorri has a daughter, she will be called "Snorradottir".
See here the story of a half Icelandic girl named Harriet that the Mannanafnanefnd denied her to right use because it couldn't be conjugated into Icelandic.
Blær Bjarkardottir wins the right to her name "Blær" meaning Light Breeze, after a legal challenge
Photo: Anna Andersen
2 Proper beer was illegal for 75 years
The irony with this situation was beer continued to be produced in Iceland, but only for export. It was even sold tot eh American military base at Keflavik. Go figure!
It was possible to buy low-alcohol "light" beer (2.25%) always, and it still is possible to buy this low alcohol "light" beer in supermarkets.
Regular beer was (above 2.25%)was illegal, and the logic behind this was that beer tasted good, and people drank a lot of it. The result would be a nation of alcoholics, and it would considered unwise to allow this.
The sale and distribution of alcohol in Iceland is punctuated with referenda and other interesting event. For example,
A 1908 referendum voted to ban alcohol, taking effect in 1915
Full prohibition ended in 1921 when Spain threatened to stop buying fish if Iceland wouldn't import Spanish wine. Wine was then legalised.
A 1935 referendum voted to legalise spirits. Strong beer (2.25%) was left out of this referendum, in a win for the temperance lobby
People then started to put vodka into the light beer to make it the right strength, or perhaps even stronger. This practice was outlawed in 1985.
It was vigorously debated in Parliament, but finally on March 1st 1989, forever known as "beer day" and celebrated as such, regular beer was made legal and available to purchase in the government-run alcohol stores.
Now, Iceland has a remarkable industry in small scale craft breweries, with some delicious results! You can try out some of these on the Reykjavik by Food tour
Icelandic IPA chilling in the Glacier Lagoon
Photo: Wine Warehouse
3 Parents leave babies sleeping outside
So you're going about your business and you see a stroller outside a coffeeshop in the middle of winter. It's somewhere below 0 degrees celsius and you think to yourself: " that stroller must be empty".
It's probably not. there's almost definitely a baby inside, sleeping. It turns out that babies sleep outside quite well and the Icelanders are quite happy to leave them there, and they feel safe enough to do that.
The fact that they feel that it is safe enough to leave their babies outside unattended in winter is a tamest to the kinds of lives that people have in Iceland. Famously, there is the story of an Icelandic couple in New York and they left their baby outside, and the police were called!
Icelanders leaving their children int he strollers, sleeping
Photo: Reykjavik Grapevine
4 Cars and monster trucks
In Iceland, people take their cars very seriously. They are BIG. Standard cars are heavily modified to accommodate very large tires, 35 inches all the way up to 38 or even 44 inch tyres! This is so that it is possible to drive in more extreme, winter conditions; driving up steep river banks and over deep snow, for example.
It seems totally excessive when they are in the city, but they're not. These cars are really used in the way they are meant to be used, and that's truer in Iceland that anywhere else.
Iceland Rovers offers a lot of super jeep tours where you can see how these vehicles get used for yourself. Its a seriously fun ride!
5 BAD parking
This is just hilarious. Icelanders are terrible at parallel parking. When they park, it's a solid 30 cm from the curb. At least. This has not gone un noticed, and others have picked up on it, and there is an entire an Facebook group dedicated to it. Go ahead, chuckle away at these parking abominations! It´s genuinely funny, but also terrible.
https://blogs.transparent.com/icelandic/2012/08/01/parking-like-you-just-dont-care/
6 Highest coca cola consumption in the world
A lot of people come to Iceland and have this image of as being a place where people have very healthy lifestyles, all the energy is renewable and that it's just generally wonderful. It is generally wonderful, we wouldn't disagree with that, but there is a darker side to all of this.
According to Coca Cola European Partners, Icelanders consume 365 beverages per inhabitant, per year. That´s a lot of Coca Cola. Let that sink in for a minute.
7 Mosquitoes do not exist
It's really true! There are no biting insects like mosquitoes in Iceland. You can go about your business and remain bite-free! (and all the other potential annoyances)
However, there are a few spots in Iceland that have large population of flying insects, like around lake Myvatn in the north. These local insect populations are essential for supporting the birdlife in these areas, and you should probably wear a head net when you are in those places. Other than that, you'll be insect free almost everywhere else!
No mosquitoes!
See all the weirdness for yourself!
We could have chosen other weird things about the Icelanders, but 7 was a good number and we're sicking to it. Apart for the Coca Cola and the bad parking, all of this weirdness os pretty innocuous, and then are things that you can perfectly well participate in.
Come and check out some Icelandic breweries, try some amazing small-scale craft beer on the Reykjavik by food tour , come on a n epic super jeep adventure to a ton of natural locations sure to leave you spellbound and try pronouncing some of the names of the Icelander's that you meet along the way!
Enjoying our blog? Send me updates!
How's the blog? Enjoying it? If so, we can keep you up to date with the latest info, tips, tricks and travel advice from Iceland Rovers. You'll get a monthly newsletter with a nice little roundup of the posts that we have put out. And that's all.
Filed under: Names | Prohibition | Monster Trucks | Soda Consumption
Hailing from London and born into a British/Brazilian/Italian housebold, Joseph came to Iceland originally to complete a masters degree in Environment and Natural Resources from the University of Iceland: the rest is history.
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Home » Learning Center » Biophysical Properties of Silver (Ag+)
Silver has a number of unique properties including its strength, malleability and ductility, its electrical and thermal conductivity, its sensitivity to and high reflectance of light and the ability to endure extreme temperature ranges. Silver is an important catalyst in organic chemistry which may account in part for its activity against microbes. Silver nanoparticles of 1 -20 nm remain unmetabolised in the human body, do not accumulate in tissues, are not affected by stomach hydrochloric acid and are rapidly excreted by the kidney and are completely nontoxic. Silver ions on the other hand can enter into chemical reactions, such as with Hydrochloric Acid in the stomach. Go Chemless has researched novel high frequency technologies to ensure the smallest silver nanoparticles devoid of ions.
Abundance:
Silver occurs in the metallic state, commonly associated with gold, copper, lead, and zinc. It is also found in some 60 minerals including: argentite (a sulfide), cerargyrite (a chloride), many other sulfides and tellurides.
Atomic:
atomic diameter = twice the radius of 144 pm = 0.288 nanometres.
Nanoscience:
Nanoclusters have been called a new state of matter where the particles behave as separate entities not bound by the influence of, or attachment to, other atoms and molecules. They also behave uniquely and anomalously to magnetic fields. Nanoclusters are extremely stable, acts like a single atom and are predisposed to form with only certain number of atoms (magic numbers) especially 8, 20, 40, 58, 93. They may also form a Bose-Einstein Condensate where all the atoms lose individuality and become superconductive with no losses or inefficiency. Although they are inherently neutral, they may take on a negative charge which further prevents interaction with other negatively charged entities such as Anions. When they are less than 10 nm, they easily pass through the blood-brain barrier and into the Mitochondria and are rapidly excreted through the kidney. They have powerful catalytic effects on organic molecules and on oxidation reactions such as used by bacteria and viruses.
Reacts mildly with the Oxygen in air: mild, =>Ag2O
No reaction with concentrated Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Reacts with strong Nitric Acid (AgNO3) to form Silver Nitrate
Magnetics:
Silver has only one loose electron (its magnetic moment remains without being cancelled by other electrons) in 5s shell, and this electron, if placed in a strong magnetic field, can split its spin either UP or DOWN.
Medical Applications:
While silver's importance as a bactericide has been documented only since the late 1800s, its use in purification has been known throughout the ages. Early records indicate that the Phoenicians, for example, used silver vessels to keep water, wine and vinegar pure during their long voyages. In America, pioneers moving west put silver and copper coins in their water barrels to keep it clean. In fact, "born with a silver spoon in his mouth" is not a reference to wealth, but to health. In the early 18th century, babies who were fed with silver spoons were healthier than those fed with spoons made from other metals, and silver pacifiers found wide use in America because of their beneficial health effects. Silver also has a variety of uses in pharmaceuticals. In fact, silver sulfadiazine is the most powerful compound for burn treatment. It is used by every hospital in North America for burn victims to kill bacteria and allow the body to naturally restore the burn area. It is used world-wide. It is sold under the trade name of Silvadiene. In another application polyurethane central venus catheters impregnated with silver sulfadiazine and chlorhexidine to eliminate catheter-related bacteriemia are supplied by Arrow International, Reading, PA. In a world concerned with the spreading of virus and disease, silver is increasingly being tapped for its bactericidal properties and used in treatments for conditions ranging from severe burns to Legionnaires Disease.
Water Purification:
Silver is employed as a bactericide and algaecide in an ever increasing number of water purification systems in hospitals, remote communities and, more recently, domestic households. Silver ions have been used to purify drinking water and swimming pool water for generations. New research into silver compounds is providing physicians with powerful, clinically effective treatments against which bacteria cannot develop resistance. An increasing trend is the millions of on-the-counter and under-the-counter water purifiers that are sold each year in the United States to rid drinking water of bacteria, chlorine, trihalomethanes, lead, particulates, and odor. Here silver is used to prevent the buildup of bacteria and algae in the filters. Of the billions of dollars spent yearly in the U.S. for drinking water purification systems, over half make advantageous use of the bactericidal properties of silver. New research has shown that the catalytic action of silver, in concert with oxygen, provides a powerful sanitizer, virtually eliminating the need for the use of corrosive chlorine.
Catalysts:
One of the great discoveries of chemistry was that the efficiency of chemical reactions can be significantly increased in the presence of other elements or compounds that do not enter into the reaction. A hundred years ago it was discovered that silver was one of those elements. Ever since, silver has been essential to the production of chemicals for the US $300 billion plastics industry. It is estimated that some 700 tons of silver are in continuous use in the world's chemical industry for the production of two compounds essential to the plastics industry. One is the reaction that produces ethylene oxide (the basic building block for flexible plastics), the other is the reaction that produces formaldehyde (the building block of solid plastics). Since 1908, it has been known that silver greatly increases the efficiency of the production of formaldehyde from methyl (wood) alcohol. Here silver catalyses the oxidation of an alcohol into an aldehyde called formaldehyde, which is one of the most important industrial and research chemicals. It is an essential building block for a class of plastics with an estimated world production exceeding 15-million tons per year which includes adhesives, laminating resins for construction plywood and particle board, finishes for paper and electronic equipment textiles, surface coatings that resist heat and scratches, dinnerware and buttons, casings for appliances, handles and knobs, packaging materials, automotive parts, thermal and electrical insulating materials, toys, and the list goes on. Silver is the only catalyst that will oxidize ethylene gas into ethylene oxide whose worldwide production exceeds 14-million tons per year. It is the building block for polyester textiles used to make all types of clothing and a great variety of specialty fabrics, it is also used for molded items (such as insulating handles for stoves, key tops for computers, electrical control knobs, domestic appliance components, and electrical connector housings), and Mylar tape which makes up 100% of all audio, VCR, and other types of recording tapes. About 25% of ethylene oxide production is used to produce antifreeze coolant for automobiles and other types of vehicles. An additional 10% is used to produce cleaning and wetting agents, and the remaining 5% to make cleaning solvents. Oxidative Capacity – Silver is a recognized powerful oxidizer. Metallurgists have long known the unique affinity of silver with oxygen. Molten silver will hold ten times its volume in oxygen. On freezing, the contraction of silver vigorously ejects the oxygen; a dangerous activity known as spitting. Not all oxygen is ejected; much is retained in the silver lattice as well as adhered to its surface.
Atomic oxygen (O+²) fits within the silver lattice and as silver resists oxidation, it is an ideal atomic oxygen reservoir. As atomic oxygen (also called nascent oxygen) is extremely reactive, the silver is essentially a reservoir for oxidation reactions, wherein the oxygen is immediately available to react with any organic or inorganic compound it contacts. Silver can be oxidized chemically, but the oxygen is so weakly held that AgO or Ag2O decomposes below 200°C. Furthermore, atomic oxygen adsorbed on the silver surface recombines to form molecular O2 at about 300°C. [See: C.B. Wang, G. Deo and I.E. Wachs, "Interaction of Polycrystalline Silver with Oxygen, Water, Carbon Dioxide, Ethylene, and Methanol: In Situ Raman and Catalytic Studies," Jour. of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 103, p. 5645 (1999)].
The resistance of silver to oxidation is such that silver will not sustain combustion even if ignited [See: R.W. Monroe et al, "Metal Combustion in High-Pressure Flowing Oxygen," Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres, ASTM STP 812, Am. Soc, Testing Mats., Conshohocken, PA, (1983)]. Because the spaces in its crystal structure permit oxygen atom to flow, silver is used as a filter to separate it from other gases and provide an output of pure atomic oxygen for oxidation studies. [See: R.A. Outlaw, "O2 and CO2 Glow-Discharge-Assisted Oxygen Transport Through Ag," Jour. Applied Physics, Vol. 68 (3), p. 1001-1004 (1 August 1990).]
Raman (infrared) spectroscopy and laser-equipped spectrometers have revealed the role silver plays in catalyzing oxidation reactions. In the catalytic reaction chamber, as air flows over pure silver crystals individual oxygen atoms (O+²) are adsorbed onto the silver surface. These highly charged (O+²) atoms aggressively react (oxidize) with any gaseous organic compounds flowing past. In the case of methyl alcohol (CH3OH) (industrial wood alcohol), the atomic oxygen oxidizes the hydrogen atom from the -OH group to form water (H2O) and with the hydrogen removed the compound becomes methyl oxide (CH2O) (formaldehyde). A detailed analysis of these reactions is given in: [C.B. Wang, G. Deo and I.E. Wachs, "Interaction of Polycrystalline Silver with Oxygen, Water, Carbon Dioxide, Ethylene, and Methanol: In Situ Raman and Catalytic Studies," Jour. of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 103, p. 5645 (1999)].
Multiple Catalysts – The action of silver may be enhanced by the addition of other metals or compounds. For example, the combination of silver with certain alkali metal salts, such as CsCl, lowers the desorption energy of long chain olefins (e.g. CH2=CH-CH3) and by doing so permits removal of a hydrogen atom by oxidation without reducing the entire compound to CO2 and H2O. The catalytic conversion of butadiene and other hydrocarbons into their oxides by this technique is being used by the Eastman Chemical Company, Kingsport, TN, to provide chemicals not otherwise produced economically. [See: "The Selective Epoxidation of Non-Allylic Olefins Over Supported Silver Catalysts," John Monnier, Studies on Surface Science, Catalysis, Vol. 110, pp. 135-149 (1997), 3rd World Congress on Oxidation Catalysis, (1997)]. Additional catalysts downstream can enhance the overall efficiency of silver. For example: in current practice, a stream of gaseous methanol (wood alcohol) over silver crystals results in 90% conversion to formaldehyde. By conducting the output stream over an additional bed of copper crystals, much of the remaining methanol can be converted bringing the total conversion to better than 93%. This might appear to be a small addition, but considering the amounts involved (15 million tons per year) it is economically significant as the combination provides a higher purity formaldehyde requiring less intensive purification. [See: Formaldehyde Production, U.S Patent, No. 6,147,263, Nov. 14, 2000, I. E. Wachs, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA].
The oxidizing power of silver clearly has wide application. An interesting example is the application of silver catalysts to convert waste gas from Kraft pulp mill operations into valuable industrial chemicals. Emissions from Kraft pulp mills are largely methanol with some organic sulfides and a smaller amount of terpenes (long chain hydrocarbons). Instead of burning this gas, sorptive resins and molecular sieves capture the terpenes, and the silver catalyst converts the methanol, dimethyl sulfide and other sulfur compounds into formaldehyde, which is treated to reduce acidity to commercial levels, then transported to consumers providing a positive income stream to the mill. [See: Treating Methanol-Containing Waste Gas Streams, U.S. Patent 5,907,066, May 25, 1999, and Production of Formaldehyde from Methyl Mercaptans, U.S. Patent 5,9969.191, October 19, 1999, I.E. Wachs, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA].
Liquid Phase Catalysis – In contrast to the industrial use of silver catalysts in gaseous phase reactions (as above), silver is equally effective as an oxidant in aqueous phase reactions. For the Nature2TM canister [see: www.Nature2.com], silver is deposited as microcrystals on an aluminum oxide (alumina) support in a canister through which water is conducted. Here silver provides an extremely active reaction chamber where bacteria, viruses, or other organic material are oxidized to destruction. Additionally, certain inorganic materials in the stream passing over the silver-alumina are oxidized to form relatively stable oxygen-rich compounds, which continue to sanitize the water downstream. Tests have demonstrated an instantaneous 99% kill rate for bacteria, with complete removal of E. coli (a fecal pollutant) within a 2.0 to 2.5 seconds contact time. The addition of ozone into the input stream powerfully increases the oxidative capacity of the canister. Studies reveal its efficacy to purify drinking, agricultural, and food process water, as well as treatment of wastewater. Silver Catalyst Manufacturers – Academy Corp., Albuquerque, NM (505-345-1805) Degussa, Hanau, Germany (011-49-6181-59-5770) W.C. Heraeus, gmbh, Hanau, Germany (011-49-6181-35-4833) Scientific Design, Inc., Little Ferry, NJ (201-641-0500) (ethylene oxidation only) Stonehart Associates, Madison, CT (203-245-7507) (silver-plated carriers only). Tanaka Kikinzoku, Indianapolis, IN (317-598-0796).
Water Science and Technology 31:5-6 (1995) 123-129 – Rami Pedahzur et al. – The interaction of silver ions and hydrogen peroxide in the inactivation of E. coli: a preliminary evaluation of a new long acting residual drinking water disinfectant
Water Science and Technology 31:5-6 (1995) 119-122 – J. M. Cassells et al. – Efficacy of a combined system of copper and silver and free chlorine for inactivation of Naegleria fowleri amoebas in water
Water Science and Technology 35:11-12 (1997) 87-93 – R. Pedahzur et al. – Silver and hydrogen peroxide as potential drinking water disinfectants: their bactericidal effects and possible modes of action
Water Science & Technology 42:1-2 (2000) 293-298 – R Pedahzur et al. – The efficacy of long-lasting residual drinking water disinfectantsbased on hydrogen peroxide and silver
Water Science & Technology 42:1-2 (2000) 215-220 – L Liberti et al. – Comparison of advanced disinfecting methods for municipal waste water reuse in agriculture
Accumulation of copper and silver onto cell body of and its effect on the inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
J Water Health – (2006) – David Collart et al. – Efficacy of oligodynamic metals in the control of bacteria growth in humidifier water tanks and mist droplets
Silver Institute at www.silverinstitute.org
http://www.silver-colloids.com/Papers/IonsAtoms&ChargedParticles.PDF Ions are positive, particles are negatively charged.
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