Dallas native Regina Taylor's 'The Trinity River Plays' had its world premiere last season with the Dallas Theater Center. But Sunday, the co-production opened at Chicago's Goodman Theatre. Check out excerpts from the Windy City media coverage.
The co-production between the Dallas Theater Center and the Goodman Theatre in Chicago opened Sunday. And Dallas native Regina Taylor's three-part drama gets positive-to-decidedly-mixed notices. Mostly, the reviewers liked the cast but didn't buy the play's epic, three-part structure, seeing 'Trinity River' as a single drama that needs some serious pruning — even as it represents an advance in Taylor's writing.
Oh, how one wishes this play, which opened Sunday in Chicago, had benefited from a powerful dramaturge or director who could have persuaded Taylor to cut back on all those forced and uninteresting poetic reaches — the moon, gardening, rain, cicadas, the walking into the light, the characters' tedious references to "roots" — and just stick to her rich, real-life characters and push on towards deeper human truths about love, pain, class, betrayal and forgiveness.
Instead of the often opaque or chokingly politically correct work of seasons past … this three-hour trilogy, which is clearly more than a little autobiographical, gives us a revealing, deeply intimate, "hang out the dirty laundry" look at crucial aspects of Taylor's past. In the process, she seems to have liberated herself as a writer and discovered a far more direct, accessible, overtly emotional way into her audience's heart.
… the task The Trinity River Plays never quite discharges is that of opening up Iris's story to take full advantage of its monumental scale (matched by Todd Rosenthal's gorgeously monumental set). Taylor patiently elaborates a set of neat dichotomies: books versus life experience, individual aspirations versus family ties, secrecy versus openness. But one has the nagging sense that a perfectly satisfying shorter play is being dutifully, repetitively padded out.
"Trinity" is overall a story that will cause you to think about your life, some of the storms that you have faced ( or might in the near future) and how you have or will handle them. From the beautiful set to the great lighting effects( Tyler Micoleau) and Karen Perry's costumes, and of course the wonderful musical interludes that played between scenes, this is a complete and wonderful experience, capturing some very realistic moments onstage.
Though it seems a bit of a stretch to call these three individual plays … the three-hour-plus running time certainly supports the designation. Emotional fatigue might be an issue were it not for the powerful performances by the cast, with particular notice for Karen Aldridge as Iris and Penny Johnson Jerald as her mother Rose … . In the end, the playwright simply tries to address too many of Life's Big Questions in a single evening. But for the lack of focus, the plays—which really should be a play—would rise to Taylor's undeniable talent and ambition.


The Rebel Push-Up has all the glamour of Paris with the boldness of rock-n-roll. Lightly molded demi cups with lace overlay exudes that come-hither silhouette. Animal print lace creates texture and shadow, playing a game of illusion and seduction, revealing just enough. Admit it… being rebellious feels so good.


text:
Find Music / Composers / George Gershwin
Works and Recordings
Composition Types
Chamber Music and Instrumental (36)
Musicals and Operas (22)
Orchestral (159)
Overtures (70)
Piano and Orchestra (258)
Songs (442)
Wind Music (2)
Most Popular Works
An American in Paris (102)
Porgy and Bess: Summertime (164)
Rhapsody in Blue (217)
Cuban Overture (52)
Preludes (3) for Piano (113)
Concerto for Piano in F major (80)
Girl Crazy: I got rhythm (71)
Porgy and Bess: Bess, you is my woman now (49)
Lady, be Good: Fascinating rhythm (39)
Porgy and Bess: It ain't necessarily so (59)
Born: 1898 Died: 1937 Country: USA Period: 20th Century
In a career tragically cut short in mid-stride by a brain tumor, George Gershwin (1898-1937) proved himself to be not only one of the great songwriters of his extremely rich era, but also a gifted "serious" composer who bridged the worlds of classical and popular music. The latter is all the more striking, given that, of his contemporaries, Gershwin was the most influenced by such styles as jazz and blues.
Gershwin's first Read more major hit, interpolated into the show Sinbad in 1919, was "Swanee," sung by Al Jolson. Gershwin wrote both complete scores and songs for such variety shoes as George White's Scandals (whose annual editions thus were able to introduce such songs as "I'll Build a Stairway to Paradise" and "Somebody Loves Me").
After 1924, Gershwin worked primarily with his brother Ira as his lyricist. The two scored a series of Broadway hits in the '20s and early '30s, starting with Lady Be Good (1924), which included the song "Fascinatin' Rhythm." 1924 was also the year Gershwin composed his first classical piece, "Rhapsody in Blue," and he would continue to work in the classical field until his death.
By the '30s, the Gershwins had turned to political topics and satire in response to the onset of the Depression, and their Of Thee I Sing became the first musical to win a Pulitzer Prize. In the mid '30s, Gershwin ambitiously worked to meld his show music and classical leanings in the creation of the folk opera Porgy and Bess, with lyrics by Ira and Dubose Heyward. The Gershwins had moved to Hollywood and were engaged in several movie projects at the time of George Gershwin's death. Read less
Featured George Gershwin CDs & DVDs:
Gershwin - Remembrance And Discovery / Richard Glazier
Release Date: 02/20/1996 Label: Centaur Records
Catalog: 2271 Number of Discs: 1
CD: $15.99
On sale! CD: $15.99 Add CD to Cart
Gershwin In Black And White / Haskell Small
Gershwin: Remembrance And Discovery Vol 2 / Richard Glazier
The George Gershwin Songbook / Julie Hill, Craig Bohmler
Music From America's First & Second Cities - Muczynski, Gershwin, Sowerby, Del Tredici
There are 910 George Gershwin recordings available.
Select a specific Composition Type or Popular Work or browse recordings by Formats & Featured below
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Off the living room are the 3 bedrooms, beautifully furnished each with modern beds and comfortable mattresses. The spacious kitchen also with a sea view is ideal for preparing tasty meals!
On the south side of the living room, is the patio also panoramic, with stone arches which offer a picturesque view of the surrounding area.
Down a small set of rock stairs, you will find the "Taverna" or barbecue area, furnished in true rustic style, all in local stone and chestnut wood with magnificent views of the Mediterranean countryside which is perfect for a wonderful evening meal when you can sample and digest at your leisure the delicious grill prepared on the barbecue.
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The Symbiosis Institute of Telecom Management, Pune is one of the reputed management colleges in Maharashtra. It is counted among the top-ranked B-Schools of management. The college is part of the Symbiosis International University. It was established in 1996. The institute offers Masters level courses in management. Students should qualify SNAP exam for admission.
The SITM provides quality management education to students by facilitating them access to the modern laboratories, library, sports, research facilities, and clubs. There are canteens, shopping complex, and banking facilities within the college campus.
A candidate should have done Graduation with a minimum score of 50% marks (or CPI 6.5) from a recognised college/ university.


text:
Connection Card
Membership & Rentals
Fall REFRESH Women's Event
Saturday, September 14, 2019 | 9:00-11:30 a.m. | Thomas Hall
We're excited to welcome our guest speaker for our fall women's event...LeAnne Taylor, member of the News On 6 team and co-host of Six in the Morning!
As a member of the News On 6 team and co-host of Six in the Morning, LeAnne's alarm goes off every weekday morning at 2:40 a.m. so she can get to work and wake you up. A Tulsa native and graduate of Oral Roberts University with a degree in Telecommunications, she has been on-air in Tulsa since 1984.
LeAnne is passionate about fighting breast cancer. As a survivor, she is involved with Susan G. Komen for the Cure. She is past president of the Tulsa Affiliate and current board member and participates in the Race for the Cure each fall. LeAnne was also the recipient of the "You Make A Difference" Award for making her private battle with breast cancer public. Most recently, she was given the "Promise of One" award for her continued efforts with Komen. She is past president of the Tulsa Chapter of the Association of Women in Communications and a graduate of Leadership Tulsa. In June of 2014, LeAnne was named one of the Williams Women of Inspiration. She was also named Honorary Camp Doctor at Camp Bandage, a safety camp for kids. LeAnne's community work includes the American Cancer Society, Joy in the Cause, Tulsa County 4-H and Oklahoma Baptist Homes for Children. She often serves as emcee for a variety of community events.
LeAnne is crazy for doing Shutterfly and loves to play the card game known as Hand, Knee and Foot. She and her husband, Andy are members of Asbury United Methodist Church where they are active in the Wesley Community. They love sharing time with their children, Rachel and Nick.
We'd love to hear from you. Fill out the form below to get started.
First United Methodist Church of Tulsa wants to help all people become fully committed followers of Jesus Christ. We are people who believe that we are given the unending grace of God. We are people who believe that we are called to love, and in doing so, change our community and the world for the better. We are people who are called to go, responding to God's call to action with gratitude, obedience, and integrity.
9:30 a.m. | Traditional Service
10:55 a.m. | Modern Service
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Thanks for dropping by to see Jason and Erica's Billings Estate wedding photos. A month ago I shot this pretty wedding with Melanie.
It was a hot and sunny day. But at least it wasn't humid and it wasn't raining. Billings Estate is such a pretty spot for a wedding. It was awesome that everything took place there. We started off with a first look, which was nice to watch them interact. I gotta mention that these two lovelies are such an adorable couple. They were a dream to work with. They're so easy going, which makes things less stressful on the wedding day. And their families were amazing to work with too. I couldn't have asked for a more amiable group of people.
The decorations were so beautiful. Erica's mom is a very talented lady. She made all of the pretty bunting that was hung around the reception tent. She also made the table runners. And finally, she presented a gorgeous quilt as a present to Jason and Erica. From what I recall, she had recreated a photo that Erica had taken of the back of Jason sitting along a cliff just before he was about to propose. It looks stunning.
If you'd like to see Jason and Erica's engagement session from this past fall, you can check out their Experimental farm engagement photos.
Thanks Melanie for this view.
Thanks Mel for this fun shot.
Again, thanks to Melanie for taking this night shot.
Wedding Planner: Erica's mom and Kyle from NeXT.


The Stiltz range of lifts are thoughtfully designed and engineered by a highly-experienced team to provide home access for those in need of a safe, discreet and compact alternative to a stairlift. The Stiltz Homelift is available in a choice of finishes and options, with aesthetic and mechanical features that are unique and innovative.
Options for discounted reconditioned equipment on most of our product ranges, subject to availability, please call us to discuss your requirements.
Browse our selection of market-leading straight and curved stairlifts to suit all budgets and requirements. Whether you need to overcome a few steps down into your garden, or transcend multiple staircases and floors, we can help.
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Call, email or contact us on social media to ask us anything you like or to book your free, no obligation quotation appointment.
Copyright © 2017 Dolphin Lifts Western Ltd.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How do I make my submit button have white text with a red background? I am attempting to make my submit button have a red background and white text. I am using css style within the html <head> section. I have tried this:
input [type="Submit"] {
   color: white;
   background: red;
}

But this does not work. Does anyone have any ideas about what might be going on?
https://dash.generalassemb.ly/projects/build-your-own-personal-website

A: Your CSS syntax is wrong: don't put a space between input and [type="Submit"].
Here is your code:

input[type="Submit"] {
   color: white;
   background: red;
}
<input type="submit">

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


There is hardly any word which is more ambiguous and confusing than the word love. It is used to denote every feeling short of hate and disgust. It comprises everything from the love of ice-cream to the love of a symphony the most intense feeling of closeness. People feel they love if they have 'fallen for' somebody. They call their dependence love and their possessiveness too.
The believe in fact that the difficultly lies in finding the right object, and that their failure to find happiness in love is due to their bad luck in not finding the right partner. But contrary to all this confused and wishful thinking, love is a very specific feeling; and whilst every human being has the capacity for love, its realisation is one of the most difficult achievements.


"...As Austin's transmedia celebration OUTsider Fest brought its fifth year to a close, there..."
"...Austin's fifth annual transmedia fest ran Wednesday, Feb. 20, through Sunday, Feb. 24, uniting..."
"...Going into director Clement Goldberg's OUR FUTURE ENDS, OUTsider Festival's 2019 kickoff event described as a multidisciplinary, satirical..."
"...OUTsider Festival runs Wed., Feb. 20 through Sun., Feb. 24,..."
"...newest multimedia performance piece to this year's fifth annual OUTsider Festival, she felt pretty confident. Still, she was surprised..."
"...In the life span of a festival, a lot can happen in five years. For Austin's..."
"...Abhi Vaidehi's 2019 is sure to be interstellar. – Rachel Rascoe Grivo, Glassing,..."
"...America is not the argument that should matter. It's 2019. It's time for cis, straight, white America to take..."
"...count my own, I'll attend four queer'd weddings before 2019 ends. These queers-to-be are great friends who – like..."
"...session (which starts Tuesday, Jan. 8!), but I need 2019 to be better and easier than the last two..."
"...Saddled with the seemingly Sisyphean task of getting backsides..."


text:
import os
model_dir = '/media/m/3TB/kaggle/google/model/MoNN2Lw_f1/'
from tensorflow.python.tools.inspect_checkpoint import print_tensors_in_checkpoint_file
checkpoint_path = os.path.join(model_dir, "model.ckpt-50")

print(checkpoint_path)
# List ALL tensors example output: v0/Adam (DT_FLOAT) [3,3,1,80]
print_tensors_in_checkpoint_file(file_name=checkpoint_path, tensor_name='', all_tensors=True)

# List contents of v0 tensor.
# Example output: tensor_name:  v0 [[[[  9.27958265e-02   7.40226209e-02   4.52989563e-02   3.15700471e-02
print_tensors_in_checkpoint_file(file_name=checkpoint_path,
    tensor_name='tower/Logi/weights',
    all_tensors=False)

print_tensors_in_checkpoint_file(file_name=checkpoint_path,
    tensor_name='tower/tower/Logi/weights/ExponentialMovingAverage',
    all_tensors=False)

#%%

from tensorflow.python import pywrap_tensorflow
checkpoint_path = os.path.join(model_dir, "model.ckpt-50")
reader = pywrap_tensorflow.NewCheckpointReader(checkpoint_path)
var_to_shape_map = reader.get_variable_to_shape_map()
for key in var_to_shape_map:
    print("tensor_name: ", key)
    #print(reader.get_tensor(key)) # Remove this is you want to print only variable names

xm2 = reader.get_tensor('tower/tower/Logi/weights/ExponentialMovingAverage')
x02 = reader.get_tensor('tower/Logi/weights')


text:
Allison Janae Hamilton
Photo credit: Frankie Alduino
View works
Allison Janae Hamilton (b.1984) is a multi-disciplinary artist working in sculpture, installation, photography, and video. Her work often incorporates natural materials such as reclaimed wood, animal hides, and feathers. Hamilton fuses land-centered folklore and personal family narratives into haunting yet epic mythologies that address the social and political concerns of today's changing Southern terrain, including land loss, environmental justice, climate change, and sustainability. The artist's commitment to the land is driven by her own migrations, from Kentucky, where she was born, to Florida, where she grew up, to rural Tennessee, the location of her maternal family's homestead, and to New York, where she currently lives. Hamilton's work connects the physicality of the landscape with the lived experience it carries, positioning landscape as critical to understanding both history and contemporary culture.
Allison Janae Hamilton has exhibited widely across the U.S. and abroad. Her work as been the subject of solo exhibitions at Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art (MASS MoCA), North Adams, MA (2018) and Atlanta Contemporary, Atlanta, GA (2018). She has further been featured in group presentations at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY; Storm King Art Center, New Windsor, NY; the Studio Museum in Harlem, MoMA PS1, Long Island City, NY; the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC; the Jewish Museum, New York, NY; and the Istanbul Design Biennial, Istanbul, Turkey. Hamilton has also participated in a range of fellowships and residencies, including with the Whitney Independent Study Program, New York, NY; Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY; and Fundación Botín; Santander, Spain. She is the recipient of the Creative Capital Award and the Rema Hort Mann Foundation Grant. Hamilton holds a PhD in American Studies from New York University and an MFA in Visual Arts from Columbia University. She lives and works in New York.
Download CV (PDF, opens in a new tab.)
© 2021 Marianne Boesky Gallery


What does Ignition xT do?
Give you more energy and focus for any activity (or to help get you through the day) while naturally increasing your metabolism to assist with fat loss when used in a weight management program.
What is in Ignition xT?
Who should take Ignition xT?
Yes, it contains vitamins, amino acids, and natural herbal extracts with no artificial ingredients.
Is Ignition xT Vegan friendly?
Yes, Ignition xT is cruelty-free and does not contain any ingredients sourced from animals or animal byproducts. Our 2-piece capsules are also vegetable-based instead of gelatin.
How much caffeine is in Ignition xT?
Each capsule contains 80 mg of caffeine (similar to 1 cup of coffee), while a full dose (2 capsules) contains 160 mg of caffeine. Although Ignition xT contains caffeine it does not cause the "caffeine jitters", anxiousness, or an energy crash after taking it.
Yes, unlike many other pre-workout products or weight loss supplements Ignition xT does not contain overpowering stimulants such as Yohimbe or Synephrine which can lead to negative side effects or feelings of anxiety. Ignition xT uses effective natural extracts, vitamins, and minerals to safely increase your energy levels and boost metabolism without using ingredients that falsely suppress appetite or block absorption of nutrients your body needs.
Can I take Ignition xT when I am pregnant/breastfeeding?
Talk to your doctor or healthcare professional and show them the list of ingredients in Ignition xT before taking while pregnant or breastfeeding. While many of our customers have received clearance from their doctor to take our products, we have not tested our products specifically during pregnancy and must recommend you ask your healthcare professional before use.


Adding to the above Table, if real GDP in 1998 was $8,508.9 billion and nominal GDP in 1998 was $8,781.50 billion, calculate the percentage change from 1997 to 1998 in nominal GDP, real GDP, and the price level. What is the value of the GDP deflator in 1998?
Nominal Versus Real GDP is determined. The value of the GDP deflator are determined.


text:
from gpiozero import OutputDevice, MotionSensor
import Adafruit_DHT
import threading
import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt
from time import time, sleep

mirror_cmd_topic   = "home/hall/mirror/set"
mirror_state_topic = "home/hall/mirror"
motion_state_topic = "home/hall/motion_sensor"
temperature_topic  = "home/hall/temperature"
humidity_topic     = "home/hall/humidity"
mqtt_server        = '10.0.0.10'
client_name        = 'hall_monitor'

#workflow:
#* set-up mqtt
#* set-up monitor

class magic_mirror:

    def __init__(self, pir_tpc, mirror_tpc, mirror_cmd_tpc, temp_tpc, hum_tpc, pir_pin = 4, monitor_pin = 17, dht_pin=21):

        self._client =  mqtt.Client('mirror')
        self.connected = False
        self.server = None
        self.topic = None
        self.dht_dev        = Adafruit_DHT.DHT11
        self.dht_pin        = dht_pin
        self.motionsensor   = MotionSensor(pir_pin)
        self.monitor        = OutputDevice(monitor_pin, initial_value=True)
        self.motion_tpc     = pir_tpc
        self.mirror_tpc     = mirror_tpc
        self.mirror_cmd_tpc = mirror_cmd_tpc
        self.humidity_tpc   = hum_tpc
        self.temperature_tpc= temp_tpc
        self.state          = "ON"
        self.autonomous     = True # autonomous: respond to pir or not
        self.motion         = "OFF"
        self.temperature    = None
        self.humidity       = None
        self.last_motion_tm = time()
        self.last_switched  = time()
        print('topics: motion: {}, mirror {} mirror_cmd {}'.format(self.motion_tpc, self.mirror_tpc, self.mirror_cmd_tpc))

    def __str__(self):
        states = (self.state, self.motion, self.autonomous, round(time() - self.last_motion_tm), round(time() - self.last_switched), self.temperature, self.humidity)
        return 'monitor state: {} motion: {} auto {}  since last motion {} since last switched {} temperature {} humidity {}'.format(*states)

    def __connect(self):
        self._client.connect(self.server)
        self._client.subscribe(self.topic)
        self._client.on_message = self.on_message
        print('connecting to {} subscribing to {}'.format(self.server, self.topic))
        self.connected = True
        self._client.loop_start()

    def connect_and_subscribe(self, server,  topic):
        self.server = server
        self.topic  = topic
        self.__connect()

    def send_message(self, topic, message):
        print('sending ', message, ' to ', topic)
        self._client.publish(topic, message)
        self.connected = True
        print('message succesfully sent')

    def switch_monitor_on_off(self, value):
        if value:
            self.state = "ON"
        else:
            self.state = "OFF"
        if self.monitor.value != value:
            self.monitor.value = value
            self.send_message(self.mirror_tpc, self.state)
            return True
        else:
            return False

    def toggle_monitor(self):
        self.switch_monitor_on_off(self.state != 'ON')

    def monitor_on(self):
        self.switch_monitor_on_off(True)

    def monitor_off(self):
        self.switch_monitor_on_off(False)

    def check_motion(self, change_monitor = True, delay = 300):
        delay_time = time() - delay
        last_motion  = self.motion
        if self.motionsensor.motion_detected:
            self.motion = 'ON'
            self.last_motion_tm = time()
        elif self.last_motion_tm < delay_time:
            self.motion = 'OFF'

        if self.last_switched < delay_time:
            self.autonomous = True

        if change_monitor and self.autonomous:
            self.switch_monitor_on_off(self.motion == 'ON')
        if self.motion != last_motion:
            self.send_message(self.motion_tpc, self.motion)

    def check_temp_and_hum(self):
        while True:
            humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(self.dht_dev, self.dht_pin)
            if temperature and humidity < 100:
                self.temperature = temperature
                self.send_message(self.temperature_tpc, temperature)
                self.humidity = humidity
                self.send_message(self.humidity_tpc, humidity)
            sleep(300)

    def on_message(self, client, usrdata, message):
        payload = (message.payload).decode("utf-8")
        print('topic', message.topic, 'payload', payload)
        self.last_switched = time()
        self.autonomous = False
        if payload == 'ON':
            self.monitor_on()
        else:
            self.monitor_off()

def initiate(client_name, mqtt_server, pir_tpc, mirror_tpc, mirror_cmd_tpc, temp_tpc, hum_tpc):
    mirror = magic_mirror(pir_tpc, mirror_tpc, mirror_cmd_tpc, temp_tpc, hum_tpc)
    mirror.connect_and_subscribe(mqtt_server, mirror.mirror_cmd_tpc)
    return (mirror)

def run(mirror):
    print(mirror)
    mirror.check_motion()
    sleep(1)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    mirror = initiate(client_name, mqtt_server, motion_state_topic, mirror_state_topic, mirror_cmd_topic, temperature_topic, humidity_topic)
    mirrorthread = threading.Thread(target=mirror.check_temp_and_hum, args=())
    mirrorthread.daemon = True
    mirrorthread.start()
    while True:
        run(mirror)


text:
Discover Music 414 Live
Listen to hip-hop artist Genesis Renji perform at 414 Live
By Sarah McClanahan
Published October 26, 2017 at 10:08 AM CDT
JESSE FOX
Genesis-Renji
414 Live with Genesis Renji
Genesis Renji, a 25-year-old hip hop artist, has been creating music since he was 12, freestyling with his cousins, then laying down tracks in his high school's sound studio. When he was 21, he started an independent record label with his friends.
Last May, Renji's hard work paid off when he won U.S. Bank's #TourPossible Milwaukee, a competition designed to bring up-and-coming artists one step closer to the possibility of a music career.
Finalists for #TourPossible were selected through online voting, and a panel of music industry judges awarded Renji the $20,000 grand prize after a live show at Turner Hall.
With funding and confidence under his belt, Renji is investing his winnings in his label, House of Renji, expanding his reach and that of the artists with whom he collaborates.
We were excited to host Renji ahead of his performance at Nightmare on Center Street this Saturday.
Listen to a session and interview with Genesis Renji on 414 Live below:
414 Live is sponsored by: Hi Hit Lounge & Garage Milwaukee Brewing Company
414 Live is presented by: Milwaukee Bucks
with support from: Hi Hit Lounge & Garage Milwaukee Brewing Company
Sarah McClanahan
See stories by Sarah McClanahan


Our farm shop is open throughout the year but during the summer season we have a wide range of soft fruits. All our fruits; strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, blackcurrants and redcurrants are grown by us here at Sinnington. We also grow and sell our own home-grown new potatoes and a selection of vegetables. Our fields are open during the season for Pick Your Own and ready picked fruit. Ripening of soft fruit is weather dependant so please ring to check availability or place an order to avoid disappointment. A wide range of our own made jams, pickles and chutneys are available throughout the year.
Christmas Trees, from the last week in November.
Please contact us for more detailed information and availability.


text:
LEADERSHIP IS SOURCE OF GOOD (MA'ROOF) OR EVIL (MUNKAR)
LECTURE 9 TRANSCRIPT: INSPIRATION FROM KARBALA FOR A TURBULENT WORLD
8 September 2019 (9TH night Muharram 1441)
In our discussion about inspirations from Karbala and the movement of Sayed as-Shuhada, Imam Husayn (a.s), we discussed several striking elements which are the source of inspiration for us. From the social responsibility of each and every one of us, to the responsibility of Ulama (religious scholars), to the challenges of materialism and also the challenges of clarity of vision and insight (Baseerat), which is the primary condition for renaissance and reform and the revival of this Ummah (Muslim nation) which I am saying from the first night up to now was the prime goal and primary purpose of the revolution of Imam Husayn (a.s).
Tonight, I would like to discuss a very crucial, yet basic issue, which was the focal point in the movement of Imam Husayn (a.s). The issue for discussion is Imam Husayn's (a.s) slogan, that he is calling people towards good (Ma'roof) and forbidding evil (Munkar). Of course, it is a point of inspiration and learning for us, which guides us how to face the challenges in this world.
JUST LEADERSHIP SETS THE RIGHT TONE FROM THE TOP FOR ANY SOCIETY OR ORGANISATION
Ma'roof in the eyes of Imam Husayn (a.s) was social justice and Munkar in the eyes of Imam Husayn (a.s) was oppression and injustice.
Now, on a little deeper level, I would like to emphasize that in my humble understanding, Imam Husayn (a.s) believed that the source of Ma'roof (good in society) and the source of Munkar (evil in society) is beyond what we see as symptoms.
Social injustice, the suffering of the people and oppression as Imam Husayn (a.s) explained in his sermon, is the symptom. The root cause of this situation, according to Imam Husayn (a.s) is something more important for us to study, and this is a point of inspiration for us.
In the eyes of Imam Husayn (a.s), the source of problems in his time was LEADERSHIP!
GOOD AND EVIL LEADERSHIP HAVE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL LAYERS
Imam Husayn (a.s) believed that the deviation which is taking place in the Ummah, on the level where the leadership is very disastrous and dangerous, and it will basically take Islam back to the pre-Islamic Jahiliyyah period of ignorance. This is really a very important analysis of Imam Husayn (a.s).
There is a Hadith from our 7th Imam of the Ahlul Bait (a.s), Imam Musa ibn Jafar al-Kadhim (a.s), where he explains that every good and bad in society has an external layer and an internal truth hidden behind it. Imam Musa Kadhim (a.s) explains that the external layer is what we know is good, example Salaah, Hajj, good manners and spirituality etc. Then the external layer of bad is the evil in society, oppression, injustice, inequality etc.
This is what we can see, and therefore Imam Musa Kadhim (a.s) refers to them as the external layers.
Imam Musa Kadhim (a.s) then explains what the internal truth and reality of good is, and that is a JUST LEADER. Similarly, he explains that the internal truth and reality of every evil is an oppressive ruler and system. This is the inspiration from Imam Husayn (a.s) in Karbala for us, which I want you to understand for tonight.
It is very deep. In other words, what we see in society is basically the result of the system. If the system is corrupt, you will see plenty of corruption spread in society. The root of the problem is the system and its leadership.
IMAM HUSAYN (A.S) DEMONSTRATES DIVINE AND VISIONARY LEADERSHIP IN CONFRONTING YAZID
Imam Husayn (a.s) was reflecting upon the society of his time and saw that this system of leadership is greatly shifting from Islam so far away that nothing by the name of Islam will be left if we allowed this system of leadership to continue. This was the vision of Imam Husayn (a.s), which people did not understand. We need to understand this in order to appreciate the value of the martyrdom and sacrifice of Imam Husayn (a.s).
People responded to the challenge of Imam Husayn (a.s) by saying that the system of leadership allows us to perform Hajj, and allows us to read Salaah, and allows us to fast etc. So, what is wrong with this system that you want to change? The problem is that they could not see ahead. There were very short-sighted, while Imam Husayn (a.s) and his companions were able to see the dangers ahead with this system under Yazid.
Shaheed Ayatollah Mutahhari, amongst the greatest intellectual giants of the 20th century sums it up beautifully in Persian. He says that there were people who could not see in the mirror, what Imam Husayn (a.s) could see in a brick!
MUSLIMS ARE COMMITTED TO THE RITUALS INSTEAD OF A PRACTICAL WAY OF LIFE
Imam Husayn (a.s) was very serious when he was speaking about the leadership challenge. People could not realize how damaging and destructive a corrupt and oppressive leadership can be. We see this reality very clearly today, which we discussed in depth in the second lecture of this series, titled "Western liberal capitalism is the source of a turbulent world".
We discussed in this lecture that the troubles which we have in our Ummah today is stemming purely from the leadership. Is it a problem of people not being religious? Not at all, as people are very religious! Religious commitment is there, no doubt. We see that Muslims are more committed in terms of their religious practice, when compared to any other religion. The majority of Muslims are practicing. They care about Salaah, Hajj and all the rituals.
Muslims care a lot about Halaal and Haraam, Alhamdu Lillah! That is why we hear everyday in the news that the Halaal industry is a global multi-billion dollar industry! If Muslims were not practicing their faith, then how is this Halaal industry on this massive scale?
Despite this, we are still in such a big mess, that a small dot on the map like Israel can do to us whatever they want, and defeat us on every front. How and why can they dictate to us the way they please? It is because the problem is rooted in leadership, on every level! Political leadership is unfortunately the most corrupt.
Religious leadership is the biggest disaster, which we lamented in the second lecture. Imam Husayn (a.s) protested about the state of religious leadership, calling them the elite, influential class of the society, from which only disaster can be the outcome when they do not perform their duty. Again, it comes down to leadership!
WHAT IS THE SHIA LEADERSHIP MODEL OF IMAMATE?
On any level, leadership is THE MOST serious challenge, even in civil society. Therefore, Imam Husayn (a.s) realized that this challenge must be tackled. In the next lecture (on the night of Ashura) we will discuss how he tackled this challenge, but tonight we will discuss what leadership crisis Imam Husayn (a.s) was trying to address.
Imam Husayn (a.s) is naturally a leader himself. Whose leader is Imam Husayn (a.s)? He is the leader of a group of people in history, known as the Shia (supporters and followers) of Ali ibn abi Talib (a.s).
What did they believe? They believed from that time, and continue to believe the same today, that the leadership of the Muslim nation (Ummah) is a divine responsibility. As a result, our beloved Prophet Muhammad (SAWA), in the light of Quranic verses, appointed the leadership after him, and the Ahlul Bait (a.s) are those leaders appointed by Almighty Allah (SWT).
Imam Ali ibn abi Talib (a.s), Imam Hassan al-Mujtaba (a.s), Imam Husayn (a.s) and it then continues to the 12 Imams (a.s). This is one group, but this group, with this clear-cut belief and Aqeedah (ideology) at the time of Imam Husayn (a.s), was a very small group, frankly speaking.
The definition of Shia has different meanings. We have a Shia who believes in the manner that I just explained now ie. ideologically Shia. And then we have political Shia, meaning people who supported Imam Ali (a.s) against Mu'awiya, but they did not have this particular opinion of the leadership of the Ummah belonging to the Ahlul Bait (a.s) after the passing of our beloved Prophet Muhammad (SAWA).
However, it is important to remember that, politically, when conflicts occurred in the history, these people were the supporters of Imam Ali (a.s). An example is when there was conflict between Imam Ali (a.s) and the 3rd Caliph, and then of course with Mu'awiya and Bani Umayyah.
So, these people were in the camp of Imam Ali (a.s) and fought alongside him against Muawiya and Bani Umayyah. These people were also called the Shia of Ali ibn abi Talib (a.s), despite them not being Shia in the ideological sense. They preferred Imam Ali (a.s) over the others. For these people, Mu'awiya was a political leader, and Imam Ali (a.s) was also a political leader, but Mu'awiya was not good, and Imam Ali (a.s) was better, and so they supported Imam Ali (a.s). That's it!
WHAT IS THE SUNNI LEADERSHIP MODEL OF KHILAFAT?
There was a very big number of people who held this position historically, but then there is an even bigger majority, or rather, the absolute majority of the Ummah. These people believed that there was no discussion of leadership by our beloved Prophet Muhammad (SAWA).
The position which they held was that Rasulullah (SAWA) left this world without appointing a leader, and people got together for consultation (Shura), to address this leadership vacuum, from which they selected the first caliph.
Then, the first caliph appointed his successor at the end of his life, being the second caliph, and then the third caliph was appointed at the end of life of the second caliph, and then after the martyrdom of the third caliph, Imam Ali (a.s) was approached to take the leadership reigns as the fourth caliph.
This is basically what our respected Sunni brethren believe. Their concept of leadership was Khilafat, while a small minority believed that the position of leadership (Imamate) belongs to the Ahlul Bait (a.s) as a divinely appointed position.
Imam Husayn (a.s) was the leader of this small group of people, but the challenge which he faced in his time, in the form of Bani Umayyah as a whole, and Yazid ibn Mu'awiya in particular, was a challenge, not only for that small number of people who believed in Imamate and leadership of the Ahlul Bait (a.s) as a divinely appointed status.
Imam Husayn (a.s) saw that this particular system of leadership is the end of Islam. It has nothing to do with Sunni and Shia! It has nothing to do with the one school which believes in Khilafat and the other school which Imam Husayn (a.s) leads in the form of Imamate. Not at all, because the issue is that Yazid was personally corrupt to the level unimaginable.
WHO IS YAZID AND HIS ANCESTRY?
It does not mean that there were no other people in history who were corrupt, but at least those people would present themselves as Muslims externally. However, in the case of Yazid, history has recorded how he used to drink OPENLY! This gives us a glimpse into who Yazid was, and the list is long about the levels of his debauchery.
It is reported that Yazid was an expert poet in Arabic literature. Yes, Yazid was a very big poet, and Hafez Shirazi starts his poetry compilation from a couplet by Yazid:
A-lâ yâ ayyuhâ s-sâqî adir ka'san wa-nâwilhâ
ki 'ishq âsân nimûd avval valî uftâd mushkilhâ
"Ho! O Saki, pass around and offer the bowl:
For love at first appeared easy, but difficulties have occurred."
Yazid also said poetry about Islam. It is recorded that he said that Bani Hashim (the family of Rasulullah (SAWA)) played for power. It was a drama according to him, otherwise no divine revelation (wahi) came from angel Jibra'eel. He says in his poetry that this is all just a fictional story created by Bani Hashim to take over the Arabian Peninsula.
Some of the orientalists took the lead from Yazid and his ilk.
Abu Sufyan, the grandfather of Yazid, never accepted Islam. In fact, he was part of every conspiracy against Islam and our beloved Prophet Muhammad (SAWA). He use to take an oath that Bani Hashim usurped power from them, as according to him, they were the people who were leading, and he will bring it back on any price. If it was not possible in the form of disbelief, then they did it in the form of hypocrisy.
This is the scenario which Imam Husayn (a.s) is facing. So, Yazid comes into power against this backdrop, as a drinker, open transgressor, making everything which is Haraam to be Halaal. What should Imam Husayn (a.s) do?
WOULD IMAM HUSAYN (A.S) GIVE THE OATH OF ALLEGIANCE IF YAZID WAS A PIOUS PERSON?
We find that Imam Husayn (a.s) made his position clear in Madina already, when the demand of Bay'ah (allegiance) came from Yazid. This was the response from Imam Husayn (a.s) to Yazid's demand for his surrender to the corrupt leadership:
"You want us to pay allegiance to Yazid, and we are the Ahlul Bait (a.s) of Prophethood?
We are the mine of Risalat. We are from the house where the angels come and go;
We are the place where the mercy of Allah (SWT) descends;
Through us does Allah (SWT) open, and through us does Allah (SWT) close;
You want us, with this status, to surrender before Yazid?
He is sinner, openly transgresses, drinker of wine and murderer;
A man like me will never pay allegiance to a man like Yazid.
We will wait, and you will wait, and see which one of us is more deserving of the leadership and allegiance."
Imam Husayn (a.s) was not talking from the Shia point of view. This address was to those demanding the oath of allegiance (bay'ah) and they were not Shia. Imam Husayn (a.s) is saying that even if you are not Shia, and even if you do not believe in the divine right of the Ahlul Bait (a.s) for the leadership, can you compare Ahlul Bait (a.s) to Yazid??? Can you prefer Yazid, the drinker, the transgressor and a murderer, over the Ahlul Bait (a.s)? How is this idea even conceivable?
This is the position of Imam Husayn (a.s)!
The problem which Imam Husayn (a.s) had was not confined to Yazid as a person. This point is very crucial to understand. We all know that Yazid, as a person, was totally corrupt. This is one reason why we cannot surrender to him, and the common understanding. When we talk about Imam Husayn (a.s), we say that he did not pay allegiance to Yazid because Yazid was a bad person. This is only one layer in our understanding.
Another very important layer is that even if Yazid was a pious person, Imam Husayn (a.s) would not have paid allegiance to him. Do you know why? It is because the appointment of Yazid as the caliph was the biggest bid'ah (innovation) introduced in Islam.
The issue was not confined to the individual named Yazid. It was not a personal matter. The problem at hand was the change of system of leadership. Islam came to fight Jahiliyyah (ignorance) and the tribal system. Islam came to fight that system of monarchy, where dynasties are created from power being handed over from father to son, and then to grandson etc.
Islam came to break this system of dictatorship, and the tribal system which was ruling on the Arabian Peninsula. Yazid was the first king in the history of Islam because he was appointed as a crown prince. This is a very important point to understand, because this was the introduction of a new system of leadership.
Now, this system of leadership is not accepted by Sunni or Shia, as it is neither a Khilafat system, nor is it a system of Imamate. So, the appointment of Yazid as the leader of the Ummah contravenes all the criteria and standards of the whole Ummah.
This is why Imam Husayn (a.s) shouted on the whole Ummah to awaken, saying that if the Ummah becomes involved in the leadership of a man like Yazid, then we should bid farewell to Islam!
FROM KHILAFAT TO MONARCHY – THE GRADUAL DECLINE OF ISLAM
There is a very interesting work by a great Sunni scholar and political thinker of the 20th century, Syed Abul A'la Maududi, titled Khilafat o Malookiat (Caliphate and Kingship). It is a very interesting and thought-provoking book, while we may not necessarily agree with everything he writes in this book.
His whole discussion in this book is about how (from a Sunni perspective) Khilafat, which was according to him the Islamic concept of governance and leadership, transferred to a tribal system of monarchy. He says that Husayn (a.s) stood against this biggest bid'ah (innovation) and shift in the system of leadership in the Ummah from Khilafat to monarchy. This was a system of going back to square one, to the pre-Islamic era of Jahiliyyah.
The analysis of the great poet of philosopher, Allama Iqbal, is more or less the same, where he says that all the problems started when the Khilafat transformed into monarchy.
Of course, what we believe as Shia is that only divine leadership is the solution to this turbulent world. However, let us look at the situation today. The initiation of that system of monarch in Islam by Mu'awiya and the appointment of Yazid, which was an innovation in Islam, ended up in a complete disaster, where there was not the slightest resemblance to the system of khilafat of the first 3 caliphs at all.
Through this monarchy, the Umayyad dynasty is established, and thereafter, the Abbasid dynasty. They go, and another family comes into power, and the vicious circle continues…
Then, we all know that the Ottoman Empire came in, which we all speak very fondly of, but at the end of the day this was also a monarch! It was a family system like all dynasties before it, and therefore, as soon as there is a conflict, they don't mind killing each other!
Other dynasties have similar trends in history, and the image created by these tribal systems is as if it is part of Islam! People accepted it as an Islamic practice.
IMAM HUSAYN (A.S) PRESENTS HIS LEADERSHIP MODEL
The biggest problem which Imam Husayn (a.s) had was that Yazid was a king! He was not a Khalifa! He is not an Amir al-Mu'mineen. Simply put, a king is in power instead of a Khalifa or an Amir al-Mu'mineen!
This is the problem which Imam Husayn (a.s) had, and hence, he spoke about a different type of leadership. The people of Kufa wrote letters to Imam Husayn (a.s) in the thousands, begging him to please come and lead the revolution to replace Yazid, as they are ready to join him. Imam Husayn (a.s) accepted their invitation, and decided to first send his cousin, Muslim ibn Aqeel, as his special envoy to assess the situation in Kufa.
This is the letter of reply which Imam Husayn (a.s) addressed to the people of Kufa, and sent it with Muslim ibn Aqeel. This letter is very important, as it provides insight into the model of leadership which Imam Husayn (a.s) sought to establish. It reads as follows:
In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate
From al Husayn Ibn 'Ali, to the leaders of the believers and the Muslims
Hani and Said have brought me your letters; they are the last two of your messengers who have come to me. I have understood everything which you have described and mentioned. The (main) statement of your great men is: "There is no Imam over us. Therefore come; through you, may God unite us under truth and Guidance."
I am sending you my brother, Muslim Ibn Aqeel, who is my cousin and my trustworthy (representative) from my House. If he writes to me that the opinions of your leaders and the men of wisdom and merit among you is united in the same way as the messengers who have come to me have described and as I have read in your letters, I will come to you speedily, God willing.
For by my life, what is the Imam except who judges by the Book, one who upholds justice, one who professes the religion of truth, and one who dedicates himself to the essence of God.
This last part of the letter really gives us insight into the value of Husayn's (a.s) eternal sacrifice at Karbala, which is especially relevant in today's world which is facing the serious challenge of leadership! Imam Husayn (a.s) explains that a leader is none other than one who:
Governs over the people based upon the book of Almighty Allah (SWT);
Possesses the crucial quality of justice;
Is also committed in his personal life to the religion of Almighty Allah (SWT) ie. not someone who uphold Islamic law publicly, but his personal life is full of sin. The rulers of Haramain fit this category perfectly! They claim that Saudi Arabia is the best country where Sharia law has been implemented. What Sharia they are talking about is a joke really, but nonetheless, this is their claim. But their personal life is a well-documented saga of corruption.
Is ready to sacrifice his life for Almighty Allah (SWT).
This is the model of leadership of Imam Husayn (a.s). Imam Husayn (a.s) stood against the system of rule at the time which was a bid'ah (innovation) and diametrically opposite to the framework noted in these 4 points.
YAZID'S LEADERSHIP MODEL WAS A COMPLETE UNISLAMIC INNOVATION
This is why Imam Husayn (a.s) said in another letter that Yazid and Bani Umayyah have introduced innovation, abandoning truth and promoting falsehood. This is how Imam Husayn (a.s) introduced his leadership framework, whereby society can compare the current system of governance and where they are going, against his.
Now, the point I want to note is that Imam Husayn (a.s) did not speak in this letter about the leader being appointed by Almighty Allah (SWT) or His Rasul (SAWA). The reason is because Imam Husayn (a.s) was speaking to the whole Ummah (Muslim nation), irrespective whether you believe in the divinely appointed Imamate of the Ahlul Bait (a.s) or not.
The point that Imam Husayn (a.s) was trying to drive home was that whatever criteria you have, let it be clear that the Umayyad dynasty has crossed all the red lines, and we can bid farewell to Islam if we allow this to continue. Therefore, it is important for us to rise up and resist.
Imam Husayn (a.s) came with a clear logic about leadership, which is crucial to take heed of. The logic of Imam Husayn (a.s) was that if the leadership is illegitimate and oppressive, and out of line in relation to the Holy Quran and the Prophetic Sunnah, then people have the right to resist against them.
In response to this point, Imam Husayn (a.s) references a Hadith from our beloved Prophet Muhammad (SAWA), who said that whoever witnesses an oppressive ruler who does not care about Halaal and Haraam, and introduces innovation (bid'ah), and those witnessing do not try to resist and challenge this corrupt leadership, then Almighty Allah (SWT) will enter such people in the same place where that oppressor will be in the Hellfire!
RELIGIOUS LEADERS ARE ALMOST ALWAYS THE PROBLEM THROUGH FACRICATING HADITH
This is the logic and legitimacy of Husayn's (a.s) leadership. You know, one of the most beautiful aspects of Karbala is that it gives legitimacy to revolution, because in contrast to this logic is the approach where you follow the leadership even if they oppose the Holy Quran and Prophetic Sunnah and even if they oppress. They narrate Hadith which reads like this, to justify their heinous actions.
We now see what fabrication of Hadith is all about, if such ridiculous Hadith narrations exist! These Hadith narrations say that we must follow the leader even if he breaks your back! This is why I am saying that 2 logics clashed in Karbala.
There was a logic which use to say that it does not matter that Yazid is an open transgressor, drinker and corrupt oppressor. We are supposed to follow the Amir (leader) in power and therefore we must remain silent. You will recall, this was the same logic in our own country of South Africa, during the dark days of our liberation struggle.
The guidance coming from the mimbar (pulpit) was that we should not protest against Apartheid, because they are the "Ulil Amr" (authority), and therefore, they should be obeyed. We should not resist against authority, but instead, we are supposed to surrender before the authority. This was their warped understanding of verse 59 of Surah Nisaa (chapter 4 of the Holy Quran):
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ وَأُولِي الْأَمْرِ مِنْكُمْ ۖ
"O you who believe! obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority from among you."
KARBALA LEGITIMISES THE REVOLUTIONARY SPIRIT FOR ALL TIMES
Tonight, I wish to proudly let you know, that those of you who were part of the liberation struggle and were rebellions against the passive religious authority, you should know that you followed Husayn ibn Ali (a.s) and you should not follow those who were silent and justifying the oppressive ruler of Bani Umayyah.
That was their logic! I use to often get this question, that how is it possible that there were so many hafiz of the Quran, and so many qaris of Quran, and so many so-called pious people in the army of Umar ibn Sa'd? Yes, they were supposedly pious people, but they fought against Imam Husayn (a.s) because he was seen as a rebel, and he is doing something Haraam by standing up and taking arms against oppression!
To remind you, our theme is 'Inspiration from Karbala for a turbulent world". If Karbala did nothing more than give legitimacy for struggle against an oppressive system in the history of Islam, then that is itself sufficient.
Some of the people in the service of the empires have compiled 100 Hadith narrations which say that one must obey the authority. It does not matter how he came into power, nor does it matter what he does. These Hadith are of course fabricated.
In my research on this subject, I came across an individual who compiled 100 Hadith which state that you are not allowed to take a stand and resist against injustice. You must simply follow! Now we understand the position of these Muftis, which allows the king to do whatever he wants, and they are doing it! Remember, you are not supposed to raise your voice of protest.
As we see now, there is a crack in the same system, because in the Arabian Peninsula and Saudi Arabia in particular, we see rebels emerging from within. People like Osama bin Laden and others are rebels from the same system, opposing the endorsement of blanket amnesty for the king to get away with mass murder. These rebels stayed with their Wahhabi/Salafi ideology, but we see what happened to them too.
Imam Husayn (a.s) provided us the platform for standing for justice and challenging the authority, and not surrendering to injustice and oppression. This is compulsory. How did Imam Husayn (a.s) do this is a question we will unpack in the next lecture, on the night of Ashura. Did Imam Husayn (a.s) achieve his aim in a violent way? Was he dreaming to establish a government in Kufa? Not at all, because Husayn (a.s) was looking beyond all of this.
I want to conclude by stating that Karbala presented the most beautiful model of leadership and most beautiful commitment and obedience to the genuine leadership. Husayn (a.s) taught us how to rebel, and Husayn (a.s) and his companions taught us how to obey and how to follow the leadership.
On this, the 9th night of Muharram, we remember Abbas (a.s), the second personality in Karbala, after Imam Husayn (a.s). What is most beautiful about Abbas (a.s) is his loyalty to the just leadership of his brother (Imam Husayn (a.s).
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The 4 Major Ancient Mesopotamian Civilizations
By The Human Origin Project
The fertile crescent was home to some the first civilizations on the planet.
Ancient Mesopotamia, often referred to as the cradle of civilization, was once home to some of the most influential cities in human history.
Mesopotamia is a Greek word for ?Land between two rivers.? It?s the region of Western Asia located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Additionally, it?s home to the area known as the fertile crescent, where the first evidence of agriculture was found. Here the first human civilizations were taking the earliest steps from hunter-gatherer societies into settled community.
In this region, some of the most important inventions occurred that would shape mankind. The wheel, written language, the idea of minutes, hours and seconds, and many other aspects of modern daily life began from the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations.
So when did Mesopotamia begin? And who exactly lived there?
There were many different rulers throughout the region as well as cultural shifts within the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations. Researchers have had difficulties in working out a concise history. Various cultures thrived in the few thousand years that Mesopotamia existed.
Let?s have a look at some of the cultures that made up this ancient part of the world.
The Origin of the First Civilization
In the time before ancient Mesopotamia is found in the record, were the first signs and evidence of modern civilization. It occurs in steps.
Around 10 000 BC, the first evidence of the first civilization include:
A transition to settled living
Farming of grains and legumes
Evidence of houses
Burial of the dead in ceremonies
After this period the rise to modern society begins.
Ancient Mesopotamian civilizations would leave influential footprints with language and cultural beliefs. It may be down to its central location for the spread of modern society.
Sitting between ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley, Mesopotamia became a melting pot of trade, technology, writing, and religion for many of the early civilizations in pre-history.
1) The Sumerians, the Oldest Civilization
The oldest civilization in ancient Mesopotamia was ancient Sumer. Source
Ancient Sumer was the first of the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations to develop. It is thought that somewhere around 5000BC was about the time of origin. The exact dating of its beginning has proven to be quite difficult. Smaller settlements appear in the region much earlier than this time. These eventually expanded into city-states that soon became the cornerstone of Sumeria.
Evidence points to roughly a dozen smaller city-states by the fourth millennium B.C. These usually consisted of a walled metropolis dominated by a ziggurat. An iconic, tiered, pyramid-like temple associated with the Sumerian religion.
Major Sumerian city-states included Eridu, Ur, Nippur, Lagash, and Kish. The oldest civilization and most sprawling was Uruk, a thriving trading hub that boasted six miles of defensive walls and a population of between 40,000 and 80,000. At its peak, around 2800 B.C., it was most likely the largest city in the world.
The Sumerian Ziggurat of Ur of one of the first great cities of ancient Mesopotamia.
The city?s houses were made of bundled marsh reeds or mud bricks. They had complex irrigation canals that were dug to harness the silt-laden waters of the Tigris and Euphrates for farming.
It was here that the first written languages appear, around 3000BC, in the form of Cuneiform writing. The Sumerian writing system would revolutionize the way humans communicate and has influenced the world dramatically.
An artist?s impression of the ancient Sumerian city of Uruk. Source
The Sumerians were primarily a trading culture, building ships and other transport vessels to enable the exchange of things like ivory, copper, leather and precious stones. It was this aspect of their culture that may have been the inspiration for developing a written language.
The Sumerian King List is a clay tablet that documents the names of most of the ancient rulers of Sumer as well as the lengths of their reigns. It?s a blend of confirmed history mixed with the more mysterious. One early king is said to have lived for 43,200 years. It also includes Sumer?s lone female monarch in the form of Kubaba, a ?woman tavern-keeper.? She supposedly took the throne in the city-state of Kish sometime around 2500 B.C.
The origins of the sixty-second minute and sixty-minute hour can be traced all the way back to ancient Mesopotamia. Like modern mathematics is a decimal system based on the number ten, the Sumerians mainly used a structure that was based around groupings of 60.
2) The Akkadian Civilization
The Akkadian Civilization, ruled by Sargon, was the first empire of ancient Mesopotamia. Source
Located in the area to the north of Sumer, Akkadia became established and a dominant force in Mesopotamia around 3000BC.
The Akkadian empire is thought to be the first dynastic rulership to have existed. It took over control of Sumer and the Levant at around 2300BC. The inhabitants spoke Semitic languages, which are closely related to Arabic and Hebrew.
The Akkadians created the first united empire in Ancient Mesopotamia. It was a hereditary monarchy, meaning that the country was ruled by a King who was succeeded by his sons upon his death.
The first ruler of the Akkadian empire was known as Sargon. His sons, Rimush, Manishtushi, Naram-Sin, grandson Naram-Sin, and great-grandson Shar-Kali-Sharri were the list of rulers.
Sargon was seen as a semi-divine being after his death.
During his rule, he was fixated on conquering the known world. The Akkadian empire ruled over all the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations.
The Akkadian king was credited with many administrative firsts. These include the year name system and a unified system of weights and measures. However, he had difficulty controlling their empire and faced frequent uprisings, especially among the Sumerian city-states.
The Akkadians spanned into parts of Syria, Iran, Jordan, Turkey, Kuwait and possibly even further to the south and into Cyprus. The empire would eventually collapse sometime after 2150bc, just a few hundred years after it was founded.
The head of an unrecorded Akkadian Ruler, Early Bronze Age, likely 2300?2200 BC. Source
Akkadian civilization used the cuneiform script, which was adapted to their own language. Evidence has been found that the Akkadians also used Sumerian writing, but the Akkadian writing was also used under Sargon?s laws. It was mainly used among citizens who had been offered administrative posts by Sargon.
The ruins of cities like Akkad and Sippar lie buried in unknown locations. While there are remains of works and palaces, restored by the Akkadians, no architectural sites have been found to know exactly what the buildings of the period looked like.
3) The Assyrians
Under the Assyrian Civilization, ancient Mesopotamia expanded from the Persian Gulf to Egypt, to its Western borders of modern-day Turkey.
After the Akkadian empire collapsed, the Assyrians were the powerhouse of Mesopotamia. For over 1400 years, Assyria had control of parts of Egypt, Turkey, and modern day Iraq. It is thought the civilization became wealthy enough to develop armies and warriors through trading goods with Anatolia (located in modern-day Turkey).
Over time, there were many rises and falls of the Assyrian Civilization. The Babylonians had control of southern Mesopotamia, and the Assyrians had the north. One of their strongest leaders during this time was King Shamshi-Adad.
Under Shamshi-Adad the empire expanded to control much of the north, and the Assyrians grew wealthy. However, after Shamshi-Adad?s death in 1781 BC, the Assyrians grew weak and soon fell under the control of the Babylonian Empire.
The Assyrians once again rose to power from 1360 BC to 1074 BC. This time they conquered all of Mesopotamia and expanded the empire to include much of the Middle East including Egypt, Babylonia, Israel, and Cypress. They reached their peak under the rule of King Tiglath-Pileser I.
The final, and perhaps strongest, of the Assyrian Empires ruled from 744 BC to 612 BC. During this time Assyria had a string of powerful and capable rulers such as Tiglath-Pileser III, Sargon II, Sennacherib, and Ashurbanipal. These leaders built the empire into one of the most powerful empires in the world. They conquered much of the Middle East and Egypt. Once again, it was the Babylonians who brought down the Assyrian Empire in 612 BC.
Of all the cultures of the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, Assyria is considered to be the greatest. It developed advanced military and bureaucratic systems, which enabled it to expand and control much of the ancient world.
4) Babylonians
The Babylonian Empire was the most powerful state in the ancient world after the fall of the Assyrian empire (612 BCE).
The name is thought to derive from bav-il or bav-ilimwhich, in the Akkadian language of the time, meant ?Gate of God? or `Gate of the Gods? and `Babylon? coming from Greek.
Babylon was founded at some point before the reign of Sargon of Akkad.
At that time, Babylon seems to have been a minor city or perhaps a large port town on the Euphrates River at the point where it runs closest to the river Tigris.
Whatever early role the city played in the ancient world is lost to modern-day scholars because the water level in the region has risen steadily over the centuries and the ruins of Old Babylon were lost.
The known history of Babylon, then, begins with its most famous king: Hammurabi (1792?1750 BCE).
A map of ancient Mesopotamia at the rise of the Babylonian civilization. Source
Possibly the most famous of all the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations. Babylon was originally home to one of the Seven Wonders of the World, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon. It was also the place in which the Biblical ?Tower of Babel? was thought to have built and ultimately destroyed. There are many references to Babylon throughout The Bible, which has made it a hotspot for archaeologists around the world.
Around 60 miles south of Baghdad is where the ancient city once stood. It was built sometime around 2300bc and underwent periods of rulership from various cultures. Once a minor city-state, Babylon was most probably a port town with trade the most important economic aspects of the culture.
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Source
Babylon was first built where the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers run closest to each other. Much of it?s earliest structures have now been lost to rising water levels which have steadily been increasing over the last few hundred years.
The structures of Babylon that still remain above the water date to well over a thousand years after it was first founded. Unfortunately, the oldest parts of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization may well be lost to history.
The ancient Mesopotamian Civilizations were some of the first to show modern societal, government and agricultural practices.
What do you find most fascinating about Ancient Mesopotamia?
https://study.com/academy/lesson/akkadian-civilization-culture-art-religion.html
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory/chapter/the-assyrians/
https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-middle-east/babylonia
A Beginners Guide to writing a Kickass README ✍
How to Become an Embalmer: Embalming Career Information


text:
Q: Errors running android emulator from command line I'm working on a mobile app that is created using phonegap. Instead of IDE I'm using the command-line to run the android emulator.
This is my project structure,

On running the emulator it shows up but I see couple of errors in the console.

I don't have the files icon.png and the other one in the src folder. Instead of looking those things in the www folder it is some-way referring in the src. I've no clue why. How can I solve this issue?


GREEN TIC is a project co-funded by the LIFE financial instrument of the European Union, coordinated by Fundación Patrimonio Natural de Castilla y León, together with the Partners Fundación San Valero (Aragón) and Ayuntamiento de Logroño (La Rioja).
The proyect will be developed from 2013 to 2016 with the objective of demonstrating and quantifying the great CO2 emissions reduction potential of better and smart use of information and communication technologies (ICT), both reducing the sector carbon footprint and promoting the use of ICT for better environmental services (enabling effect).
The study of the Climate Group "Smart 2020" reports that in 2007, the total footprint of the ICT sector – including personal computers (PCs) and peripherals, telecoms networks and devices and data centres – was 830 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, about 2% of the estimated total emissions from human activity released that year. Even if the efficient technology developments outlined in the rest of the chapter are implemented, this figure looks set to grow at 6% each year until 2020.
The carbon generated from materials and manufacture is about one quarter of the overall ICT footprint, the rest coming from its use.
On the other hand, the ICT sector has a powerful role to play in tackling climate change by enabling other sectors, such as transport, buildings, power and industry, to become more efficient. ICT and social networking services provide new opportunities also for the environment, involving citizens or providing solutions for environmental problems.
The GREEN TIC project tries to demonstrate that Green ICT policies and strategies, Green public procurement and smart use of ICT can contribute to reduce CO2 emissions.


text:
Australia has hottest day on record as deadly heatwave grips the country
The small town of Oodnadatta is forecast to peak at 47C (116.6F) on Wednesday, making it one of the hottest places on Earth.
Firefighters try to contain furious inferno in Australia as heatwave continues.
Australia set its hottest day on record on Tuesday as a deadly heatwave continues to grip the country, fuelling fires and prompting widespread health warnings.
The average maximum temperature across the country on Tuesday was 40.9C (105.62F) - tipping it past the record set in January 2013.
The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) said this could be beaten again on Wednesday.
Meteorologist Diana Eadie said: "This hot air mass is so extensive, the preliminary figures show that yesterday [Tuesday] was the hottest day on record in Australia, beating out the previous record from 2013 and this heat will only intensify."
The small outback town of Oodnadatta in South Australia is forecast to peak at around 47C (116.6F) on Wednesday, according to the BOM.
It will make the remote town, which has a population of around 200 people, one of the hottest places on Earth.
The unrelenting heat in the small town is forecast to last all week, and is expected to fall just shy of the 50.7C (123.26F) peak temperature recorded there in 1960 - a long-standing national record.
Image: People cross a hazy street as temperatures creep up to 50C
Image: A dog has some water in Lithgow
Dean Narramore, from the Bureau of Meteorology, said it was "incredible".
He added: "These national average maximum temperature records - we normally only break them by just a very small margin, but we broke the previous one back in 13 January by a point six of a degree.
"And there's a good chance that we could see that fall again today and maybe more likely tomorrow as well as we see huge areas of the country expecting not only above 40 degree temperatures, but also widespread areas, about 45 degrees through many parts of western New South Wales, almost all of South Australia, and then parts of the Northern Territory and southwest Queensland as well.
"So an incredible pool of hot air sitting right across the country at the moment."
Resident Hayley Nunn: "It's just another very hot day.
"People say to me they love summer. If you love summer, come out and experience this because you will not love it."
Image: A firefighter conducts back-burning measures in Central Coast, New South Wales, earlier this month
Image: Fires have been ravaging Australia's east for weeks
At Fauna rescue centre, workers have been giving water to bats to help them cope with the drought.
Volunteer Suzanne Pope said: "Bats fly out at night, but there's probably not very much food out there because of the drought.
"There's not a lot of water out there, they do skim in the river, but some people have been pulling bats out of the river this morning. So it's just dreadful and it's going to get worse and worse.
"The stress is going to build up. There are already some dead ones, apparently hanging in trees and by the end of the week, they'll be a lot of dead bats."
Image: Suzanne Pope and another rescue worker giving a bat water
The hot weather, which comes in the first month of summer, has stretched across the continent and fuelled fires that have been ravaging Australia's east for weeks.
Fire authorities in New South Wales said on Wednesday there were 100 fires, half of them not contained.
Six people have died in the fires, while more than 680 homes have been destroyed and around three million acres of bushland burned.


text:
Јодер има више значења:
 Јодер (Канзас)
 Јодер (Вајоминг)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In Kalamazoo, Another Philanthropic Step Too Far Into Democratic Life?
Their recommendation for possible new taxes and fees were presented at the end of 2015, and the mayor and city council began to tackle the political challenge of every government in these difficult times, sorting out whose taxes to raise and what services might be reduced to minimize the need for new taxes. As the budget process churned on, two local residents—William D. Johnston, who chairs a private wealth management company, and retired drug company CEO William Parfet—proposed a different solution to the city's financial stress, one that tests the boundary between public and private enterprise and responsibility.
According to the Detroit Free Press, after a series of discussions with Kalamazoo's mayor, Bobby Hopewell, Johnston and Parfet proposed the creation of a foundation to support the city and "pledged $70 million over the next three years to help solve a number of vexing municipal finance problems and also pay for lowering the property tax rate." These funds could erase the city's projected deficit, eliminating the need for any new taxes or fees, and allow the city to reduce its property tax rate by more than a third, saving home owners $363 per each $100,000 in assessed value. The city would have as much as $10 million in each of the next three years to invest in "aspirational" projects like small business loans to build the city's economic strength.
Given the dollar amount we're talking about there's a legitimate room for pause and deeper thought of what that means that there's a new type of stakeholder…they're funding the general fund for basic services, not just additional programming.
And Commissioner Shannon Sykes says her worry is that the elected board os a non-profit will manage the $70 million, and that the people of Kalamazoo will no longer have control of a largely "privatized" budget.
But Mattie Jordan-Woods, executive director of the Northside Association for Community Development, saw the immediate, concrete benefit as more critical than any potential conflict of interest of harm to democracy.
I do not understand saying no, unless they are asking you to do things that's not right. I think that there are a lot of people who really love the city and that's what we have here. I love the city too, but I don't have any money.
The problems of private funding of public responsibilities go beyond potential conflicts between elected officials and donors. Yes, they can clash about the specifics of where and how these dollars are spent, but they can be prevented from having undue influence on public policy in any specific instance. But what if they don't get what they want and walk away from their commitments, or choose after three years to stop giving? How does government go on as planned? Unlike other sources of public funding, it is the donors' choice whether or not to continue to support Kalamazoo. If they withhold, repurpose, or are unable to continue their grantmaking, what happens to the services they funded, or the lower tax rates? Decisions that should have been those of elected officials will have been made by private individuals whose wealth gave them their access and power.


text:
package uk.ac.ic.wlgitbridge.snapshot.servermock.response.push.postback;

import com.google.gson.JsonArray;
import com.google.gson.JsonElement;
import com.google.gson.JsonObject;
import uk.ac.ic.wlgitbridge.snapshot.servermock.response.push.postback.invalidfile.InvalidFileError;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * Created by Winston on 09/01/15.
 */
public class SnapshotPostbackRequestInvalidFiles extends SnapshotPostbackRequest {

    private final List<InvalidFileError> errors;

    public SnapshotPostbackRequestInvalidFiles(List<InvalidFileError> errors) {
        super("invalidFiles");
        this.errors = errors;
    }

    public SnapshotPostbackRequestInvalidFiles(JsonArray errors) {
        this(new ArrayList<InvalidFileError>());
        for (JsonElement error : errors) {
            this.errors.add(InvalidFileError.buildFromJsonError(
                    error.getAsJsonObject()
            ));
        }
    }

    @Override
    public JsonObject toJson() {
        JsonObject jsonThis = super.toJson();
        JsonArray jsonErrors = new JsonArray();
        for (InvalidFileError error : errors) {
            jsonErrors.add(error.toJson());
        }
        jsonThis.add("errors", jsonErrors);
        return jsonThis;
    }

}


text:
Q: How to select one of two namespaces with the same name I've a solution with a project named Shared and another project named Foo1.
In Foo1 I've created a folder also named Shared so I've two namespaces named Shared in the solution.
I've added a reference of the project Shared in the project Foo1
But now when I type using in a file in Foo1 IntelliSense don't show the Shared namespaces.
How can I specify in a file that I want to use the Shared namespace from Shared project in Foo1?
Note: The file where I want to use the Share namespace is in the root of the project (I mean outside the Shared folder)

A: Given the following solution structure:
Solution1
---Shared (project)
---Foo1 (project
--- ===Shared (namespace/directory)
My understanding is that you want to reference something in the Foo1.Shared namespace from within a file living in the root of Foo1, presumably in the Foo1 namespace.
If this is all correct, you could explicitly reference each of your two Shared namespaces using aliases, like this:
using SolutionWideShared = Shared;
using Foo1Shared = Foo1.Shared;

You can now reference any class in either namespace using the alias, like so:
var blah = new SolutionWideShared.SomeClassInTheSharedProject();

or
var bling = new Foo1Shared.SomeClassInFoo1ProjectInSharedNamespace();

This is just one solution, but I'm a fan of explicit code, and this will make for some very readable, non-confusing code.

A: Ideally, you should rethink your naming, and try to be more descriptive.  What is "Shared"? How is it different from Foo.Shared? In production quality code, this would call for refactoring and renaming, IMO. If this is just a dummy play project that you are using to prove some point or play around with some code - then use aliases.
using FooShared = Foo.Shared;

So you will have Shared , which is your initial shared project, and FooShared.


text:
Rated 5 Stars By Yelp and Lawyer Ranking Services
Over 50 Years of Criminal Defense Legal Experience
Numerous Office Locations in NYC and Long Island
Todd Spodek - Nationally Recognized Criminal Attorney
NYC Fraud Against Government Lawyers
Fraud Against Government Lawyers
Being charged with fraud by any government agency is a very serious legal issue that must be dealt with by strongly defending the claim of the government. Sometimes the charging agency actually has a solid case against an investigation target, but many times they also attempt to prosecute individuals on flimsy or inadmissible evidence that can be dismissed from consideration by an experienced and aggressive New York City criminal defense attorney who understands the weaknesses in a prosecution case. The government is not entitled to a conviction, and they must still prove beyond a reasonable doubt that their assertions are factual and have been acquired according to constitutional protocol. Just because the government makes a claim does not mean it is solid enough to warrant a criminal charge. This is often the central issue in a false claims charge when the only evidence is part of an information trail with no official verifiable testimony from particular individuals who can potentially present material evidence in the charge.
What is the False Claims Act
Government fraud cases are normally prosecuted under the False Claims Act that was enacted during the Civil war. Commonly known as the Lincoln Law, it was focused on false billing claims submitted to the United States government during the Civil War for specific goods and services. That legislation is still used today, and it allows for specific whistleblowers, legally termed as relators, to provide testimony and direction to physical evidence that can be the basis of a False Claims Act charge. In addition, these relators are often given legal standing to sue in connection with the investigation and prosecution, potentially sharing in the proceeds recovered by the government. Having an experienced former prosecutor representing your case means that you have your own legal team who understands what is necessary to establish a valid charge and will be working diligently to discount any questionable evidence establishing criminal intent.
Civil Investigations
The False Claims Act is being used more so in contemporary cases since the establishment of the Affordable Healthcare Act that has sent many new insured patients to the doctor. Depending on the case factors, many times the case can be a civil inquiry into potential problems found by the particular government billing oversight agency. However, the government maintains thousands of contracts with private sector entities that rely on government financial payment that is transmitted digitally on a regular basis. Even missing a billing code change can result in questionable billing entries. Errors in billing are very common when potential fraud cases are evaluated, and often they are the result of continued systemic errors in the billing process. Investigations are civil until the point where criminal intent is possible, and restitution is often the best actual legal remedy. This is exactly what a thorough New York City criminal defense attorney will be addressing concerning governmental evidence in the potential charge. In addition, if the relator is attempting to sue the investigation suspect, their testimony could easily be eliminated when billing mistakes can be categorized as human error. Intent is vital for an investigation to move to a criminal consideration.
Defending Criminal Charges
Many times the Department of Justice will want to pursue criminal charges against a defendant when they think they have solid case for prosecution. Penalties for conviction in a False Claims Act can be extensive, especially with respect to potential fines. In November of 2015 the government increased the fine range to $10,000-21,000 for egregious cases, but still has the authority to lessen a fine dramatically when intent is minimal. Continual minor billing problems could easily result in an investigation, and many times the conflict comes down to ineffective communication. Without a comprehensive New York City criminal defense lawyer it could be easy to receive a significantly higher fine than the case would warrant based on material case factors. The "materiality" of the claims by the DOJ is the basis for any successful prosecution. Just because the prosecution introduces an article of evidence does not necessarily mean it is a material case factor, and an experienced former prosecutorunderstands when evidence can be questioned and dismissed.


Discover all that Boracay has to offer with Best Western Boracay Tropics Resort as a base. The Best Western Boracay Tropics Resort is a low-rise building with 50 fully equipped rooms. Each of The Best Western Boracay Tropics Resort's guestrooms offers non smoking rooms, air conditioning, daily newspaper, desk, hair dryer, internet access (wireless), in room safe. Guests can experience the high standards of comfort while staying at this luxury Boracay hotel with everything they need right on the site such as shops, coffee shop, bar/pub, laundry service/dry cleaning, meeting facilities, restaurant, room service. To unwind, guests can enjoy the leisure facilities provided on The Best Western Boracay Tropics Resort's property, including massage, pool (kids), kids club, spa, water sports (motorized). This hotel is characterized by a combination of modern comfort and traditional element of Boracay, making it a distinct accommodation. To make your reservation at the Best Western Boracay Tropics Resort via our secure online reservation form, please submit your visit dates.


text:
Q: Content appears below left side bar instead beside it I want to create a template contain header, left sidebar, container and a footer  which are resizable  according to the width and the height of the screen.
The left sidebar contain a menu and sub menues ,my problem is that I couldn't put the container after the left sidebar it always appear below it
I have Updated my post according to the answers but the problem persist!
layout.html.twig

        <meta charset="UTF-8" />
        <title>{% block title %}Welcome!{% endblock %}</title>
        {% block stylesheets %}
            {% stylesheets 'css/style.css' filter='cssrewrite' %}
            <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ asset_url }}" />
            <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.w3schools.com/w3css/4/w3.css">
            {% endstylesheets %}
        {% endblock %}

        My header1

Forms User

Charts

Managment

Add

Delete

Edit

Logout

            {% block content %}

content

content

content

content

content

            {% endblock %}

        My footer

style.css :
 html, body {
    font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
    height: 100%;
    width: 100%;
}
.sidebar-left
{
    float: left;
    width:35%;
}

/* define a fixed width for the entire menu */
.navigation {
      width:35%;
      float:left;
}

/* reset our lists to remove bullet points and padding */
.mainmenu, .submenu {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

/* make ALL links (main and submenu) have padding and background color */
.mainmenu a {
  display: block;
  background-color: #CCC;
  text-decoration: none;
  padding: 10px;
  color: #000;
}

/* add hover behaviour */
.mainmenu a:hover {
    background-color: #C5C5C5;
}

/* when hovering over a .mainmenu item,
  display the submenu inside it.
  we're changing the submenu's max-height from 0 to 200px;
*/

.mainmenu li:hover .submenu {
  display: block;
  max-height: 200px;
}

/*
  we now overwrite the background-color for .submenu links only.
  CSS reads down the page, so code at the bottom will overwrite the code at the top.
*/

.submenu a {
  background-color: #999;
}

/* hover behaviour for links inside .submenu */
.submenu a:hover {
  background-color: #666;
}

/* this is the initial state of all submenus.
  we set it to max-height: 0, and hide the overflowed content.
*/
.submenu {
  overflow: hidden;
  max-height: 0;
  -webkit-transition: all 0.5s ease-out;
}

.content {

    display: flex;
    width: 65%;

    /* Direction of the items, can be row or column */
    flex-direction: column;

    background-color:#0CF;
}

header{
   height: 10%;
   background-color:#D3D3D3;
}
footer {
  position: absolute;
  right: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;
  padding: 1rem;
  background-color:#666;
  text-align: center;
}

main {
    flex: 1;
}

fiddle :https://jsfiddle.net/naemcwsy/
this how it looks:

it should looks:

A: You're referencing the class .sidebar-left in your CSS but that element is an ID. Change .sidebar-left to #sidebar-left for your width: 20% to take effect. And be sure to close the opening tag for #sidebar-left

* {box-sizing:border-box;}

html,
body {
  font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
  height: 100%;
  width: 100%;
}

/* define a fixed width for the entire menu */

.sidebar-left {
  width: 20%;
  float: left;
}

/* reset our lists to remove bullet points and padding */

.mainmenu,
.submenu {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

/* make ALL links (main and submenu) have padding and background color */

.mainmenu a {
  display: block;
  background-color: #CCC;
  text-decoration: none;
  padding: 10px;
  color: #000;
}

/* add hover behaviour */

.mainmenu a:hover {
  background-color: #C5C5C5;
}

/* when hovering over a .mainmenu item,
  display the submenu inside it.
  we're changing the submenu's max-height from 0 to 200px;
*/

.mainmenu li:hover .submenu {
  display: block;
  max-height: 200px;
}

/*
  we now overwrite the background-color for .submenu links only.
  CSS reads down the page, so code at the bottom will overwrite the code at the top.
*/

.submenu a {
  background-color: #999;
}

/* hover behaviour for links inside .submenu */

.submenu a:hover {
  background-color: #666;
}

/* this is the initial state of all submenus.
  we set it to max-height: 0, and hide the overflowed content.
*/

.submenu {
  overflow: hidden;
  max-height: 0;
  -webkit-transition: all 0.5s ease-out;
}

.content {
  display: flex;
  width: 80%;
  /* Direction of the items, can be row or column */
  flex-direction: column;
  background-color: #0CF;
}

header {
  height: 10%;
  background-color: #D3D3D3;
}

footer {
  position: absolute;
  right: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;
  padding: 1rem;
  background-color: #666;
  text-align: center;
}

main {
  flex: 1;
}

  <meta charset="UTF-8" />
  <title>{% block title %}Welcome!{% endblock %}</title>
  {% block stylesheets %} {% stylesheets 'css/style.css' filter='cssrewrite' %}
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ asset_url }}" />
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.w3schools.com/w3css/4/w3.css"> {% endstylesheets %} {% endblock %}

  My header1

Forms User

Charts

Managment

Add

Delete

Edit

Logout

    {% block content %}

content

content

content

content

content

    {% endblock %}

  My footer


A normal life of a kid these days is full of pressure and stress whether it is excelling in their exams, competing with peers, extracurricular activities , the list just goes on. There needs to be a way to just calm , relax and enjoy life. A lot of people think that Yoga is for the elder generation and not for the younger lots. This is a myth.
Yoga helps them to develop a better connect with their body, mind and soul through a simple OM chanting. It helps them have self control, makes them calm, confident and improves their flexibility and balance. It helps channelise their energy in a positive manner. Working with partners in various partner poses helps them build team skills thus fostering bonding and building relationships.


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Q: How do I prove this using mathematical induction: $\sum_{k = 1}^{n}k\binom{n}{k}=n2^{n-1}$? $\sum_{k = 1}^{n}k\binom{n}{k}=n2^{n-1}$
How do I prove this using mathematical induction?

A: To prove by induction, you call $P(n)$ the property $\sum_{k = 1}^{n}k\binom{n}{k}=n2^{n-1}$. Then, you have to prove

*

*$P(1)$ is true

*if $P(n)$ is true for $n\geq1$, then $P(n+1)$ is also true

Then by induction $P(n)$ is true for all $n\geq1$.
Here (and often, but not always) $P(1)$ is easy, it amounts to $1=1$.
If $P(n)$ is true, then $\sum_{k = 1}^{n}k\binom{n}{k}=n2^{n-1}$, hence
$$\sum_{k=1}^{n+1}k\binom{n+1}{k}=\sum_{k=1}^{n+1}k\binom{n}{k}+\sum_{k=1}^{n+1}k\binom{n}{k-1}$$
$$=\sum_{k=1}^{n+1}k\binom{n}{k}+\sum_{k=0}^{n}(k+1)\binom{n}{k}$$
$$=\sum_{k=1}^{n+1}k\binom{n}{k}+\sum_{k=1}^{n}k\binom{n}{k}+\sum_{k=0}^{n}\binom{n}{k}$$
$$=n2^{n-1}+(n+1){n \choose n+1}+n2^{n-1}+2^n$$
$$=n2^n+2^n=(n+1)2^n$$
That is, if $P(n)$ is true then
$$\sum_{k=1}^{n+1}k\binom{n+1}{k}=(n+1)2^n$$
And $P(n+1)$ is true. Since $P(1)$ is also true, your formula is proved for all $n\geq1$.

In the proof, I am using the well known sum
$$\sum_{k=0}^n{n\choose k}=2^n$$
There is an elementary combinatorial proof mentioned in the comment below, and it's a perfectly valid mathematical proof (though in my student life I have encountered teachers who didn't like combinatorial proofs). Here is another proof, by induction.
Let $P(n)$ the property $\sum_{k=0}^n{n\choose k}=2^n$. $P(0)$ is ibvious, as it amounts to $1=1$. Let's assume $P(n)$ is true for some $n\geq0$, then
$$\sum_{k=0}^{n+1}{n+1\choose k}=1+\sum_{k=1}^{n+1}{n+1\choose k}=1+\sum_{k=1}^{n+1}\left[{n\choose k}+{n\choose k-1}\right]\\
=1+\sum_{k=1}^{n}{n\choose k}+\sum_{k=1}^{n+1}{n\choose k-1}\\
=\sum_{k=0}^{n}{n\choose k}+\sum_{k=0}^{n}{n\choose k}\\
=2^{n+1}$$
And $P(n+1)$ is true, hence by induction, $P(n)$ is true for all $n\geq0$.
Notice that in the proof I have used the fact that ${n\choose n+1}=0$.

A: I am sure you know of the binomial expansion$$(x+1)^n=\sum_{k=0}^n\binom nkx^k$$ If you differentiate w.r.t $x$ this expression you get $$n(x+1)^{n-1}=\sum_{k=0}^nk\binom nkx^{k-1}$$ Now. substituting $x=1$, you get $$n.2^{n-1}=\sum_{k=0}^nk\binom nk$$ The first term of he RHS, i.e., the term corresponding to $k=0$ is $0$. Therefore $$\sum_{k=1}^nk\binom nk=n.2^{n-1}$$I believe this is what you want. You can also have a combinatorial proof for the given expression. I leave that part of the proof for you to think. If you want to prove it through induction, assume that $$\text{'P(n) is true' is implied by} \sum_{k=1}^nk\binom nk=n.2^{n-1}$$ First we check for the base step $n=1$. $$\sum_{k=1}^1k\binom 1k=1=1.2^{1-1}$$Hence $P(1)$ is true. Assume that $P(m)$ is true for some $m$. Therefore $$\sum_{k=1}^m k\binom mk=m.2^{m-1}$$ Now we check for $P(m+1)$.$$\begin{align}\sum_{k=1}^{m+1}k\binom {m+1}k&=\sum_{k=1}^{m+1}k\left[\binom mk+\binom m{k-1}\right]\\&=\sum_{k=1}^mk\binom mk+\sum_{k=0}^m(k+1)\binom mk\\&=2\left[\sum_{k=0\text{ or }1}^mk\binom mk\right]+\sum_{k=0}^m\binom mk\\&=2m.2^{m-1}+2^m\\&=(m+1)2^m\end{align}$$ This is the LHS for $P(m+1)$. Therefore $P(m)$ is true $\implies$ $P(m+1)$ is true. Hence proved.


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