text:
Africa

President – Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President of Algeria (1999–2019)
Prime Minister –
Ahmed Ouyahia, Prime Minister of Algeria (2008–2012)
Abdelmalek Sellal, Prime Minister of Algeria (2012–2014)

President – José Eduardo dos Santos, President of Angola (1979–present)

President – Thomas Boni Yayi, President of Benin (2006–2016)
Prime Minister – Pascal Koupaki, Prime Minister of Benin (2011–2013)

President – Ian Khama, President of Botswana (2008–2018)

President – Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso (1987–2014)
Prime Minister – Luc-Adolphe Tiao, Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (2011–2014)

President – Pierre Nkurunziza, President of Burundi (2005–2020)

President – Paul Biya, President of Cameroon (1982–present)
Prime Minister – Philémon Yang, Prime Minister of Cameroon (2009–2019)

President – Jorge Carlos Fonseca, President of Cape Verde (2011–2021)
Prime Minister – José Maria Neves, Prime Minister of Cape Verde (2001–2016)

President – François Bozizé, President of the Central African Republic (2003–2013)
Prime Minister – Faustin-Archange Touadéra, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (2008–2013)

President – Idriss Déby, President of Chad (1990–2021)
Prime Minister – Emmanuel Nadingar, Prime Minister of Chad (2010–2013)

President – Ikililou Dhoinine, President of the Comoros (2011–2016)

President – Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic of the Congo (1997–present)

President – Joseph Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001–2019)
Prime Minister –
Adolphe Muzito, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2008–2012)
Louis Alphonse Koyagialo, Acting Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2012)
Augustin Matata Ponyo, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2012–2016)

President – Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, President of Djibouti (1999–present)
Prime Minister – Dileita Mohamed Dileita, Prime Minister of Djibouti (2001–2013)

Head of State –
Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, Chairman of the Armed Forces Supreme Council of Egypt (2011–2012)
Mohamed Morsi, President of Egypt (2012–2013)
Prime Minister –
Kamal Ganzouri, Prime Minister of Egypt (2011–2012)
Hesham Qandil, Prime Minister of Egypt (2012–2013)

President – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
Prime Minister –
Ignacio Milam Tang, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (2008–2012)
Vicente Ehate Tomi, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (2012–2016)

President – Isaias Afwerki, President of Eritrea (1991–present)

President – Girma Wolde-Giorgis, President of Ethiopia (2001–2013)
Prime Minister –
Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1995–2012)
Hailemariam Desalegn, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (2012–2018)

President – Ali Bongo Ondimba, President of Gabon (2009–present)
Prime Minister –
Paul Biyoghé Mba, Prime Minister of Gabon (2009–2012)
Raymond Ndong Sima, Prime Minister of Gabon (2012–2014)

President – Yahya Jammeh, President of the Gambia (1994–2017)

President –
John Atta Mills, President of Ghana (2009–2012)
John Dramani Mahama, President of Ghana (2012–2017)

President – Alpha Condé, President of Guinea (2010–2021)
Prime Minister – Mohamed Said Fofana, Prime Minister of Guinea (2010–2015)

Head of State –
Malam Bacai Sanhá, President of Guinea-Bissau (2009–2012)
Raimundo Pereira, Acting President of Guinea-Bissau (2012)
Mamadu Ture Kuruma, Chairman of the Military Command of Guinea-Bissau (2012)
Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo, Acting President of Guinea-Bissau (2012–2014)
Prime Minister –
Carlos Gomes Júnior, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2009–2012)
Adiato Djaló Nandigna, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2012)
Rui Duarte de Barros, Acting Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2012–2014)

President – Alassane Ouattara, President of the Ivory Coast (2010–present)
Prime Minister –
Guillaume Soro, Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast (2007–2012)
Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio, Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast (2012)
Daniel Kablan Duncan, Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast (2012–2017)

President – Mwai Kibaki, President of Kenya (2002–2013)
Prime Minister – Raila Odinga, Prime Minister of Kenya (2008–2013)

Monarch – Letsie III, King of Lesotho (1996–present)
Prime Minister –
Pakalitha Mosisili, Prime Minister of Lesotho (1998–2012)
Tom Thabane, Prime Minister of Lesotho (2012–2015)

President – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia (2006–2018)

the Libyan National Transitional Council dissolved on 8 August
Head of State –
Mustafa Abdul Jalil, Chairman of the National Transitional Council of Libya (2011–2012)
Mohammed Ali Salim, Acting Chairman of the General National Congress of Libya (2012)
Mohammed Magariaf, Chairman of the General National Congress of Libya (2012–2013)
Prime Minister –
Abdurrahim El-Keib, Acting Prime Minister of Libya (2011–2012)
Ali Zeidan, Prime Minister of Libya (2012–2014)

Head of State – Andry Rajoelina, President of the High Transitional Authority of Madagascar (2009–2014)
Prime Minister – Omer Beriziky, Prime Minister of Madagascar (2011–2014)

President –
Bingu wa Mutharika, President of Malawi (2004–2012)
Joyce Banda, President of Malawi (2012–2014)

Head of State –
Amadou Toumani Touré, President of Mali (2002–2012)
Amadou Sanogo, Chairman of the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State of Mali (2012)
Dioncounda Traoré, Acting President of Mali (2012–2013)
Prime Minister –
Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé, Prime Minister of Mali (2011–2012)
Cheick Modibo Diarra, Acting Prime Minister of Mali (2012)
Django Sissoko, Acting Prime Minister of Mali (2012–2013)
 (unrecognised, secessionist state)
declared independence on 6 April; extinguished on 12 July
Head of State –
Mahmoud Ag Aghaly, President of the Executive Committee of Azawad (2012)
Bilal Ag Acherif, Chairman of the Interim Council of Azawad (2012)
Mahamadou Djeri Maïga, Acting Chairman of the Interim Council of Azawad (2012)

President – Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, President of Mauritania (2009–2019)
Prime Minister – Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf, Prime Minister of Mauritania (2008–2014)

President –
Sir Anerood Jugnauth, President of Mauritius (2003–2012)
Monique Ohsan Bellepeau, Acting President of Mauritius (2012)
Kailash Purryag, President of Mauritius (2012–2015)
Prime Minister – Navin Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius (2005–2014)

Monarch – Mohammed VI, King of Morocco (1999–present)
Prime Minister – Abdelilah Benkirane, Head of Government of Morocco (2011–2017)
 (self-declared, partially recognised state)
President – Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of Western Sahara (1976–2016)
Prime Minister – Abdelkader Taleb Omar, Prime Minister of Western Sahara (2003–2018)

President – Armando Guebuza, President of Mozambique (2005–2015)
Prime Minister –
Aires Ali, Prime Minister of Mozambique (2010–2012)
Alberto Vaquina, Prime Minister of Mozambique (2012–2015)

President – Hifikepunye Pohamba, President of Namibia (2005–2015)
Prime Minister –
Nahas Angula, Prime Minister of Namibia (2005–2012)
Hage Geingob, Prime Minister of Namibia (2012–2015)

President – Mahamadou Issoufou, President of Niger (2011–2021)
Prime Minister – Brigi Rafini, Prime Minister of Niger (2011–2021)

President – Goodluck Jonathan, President of Nigeria (2010–2015)

President – Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda (2000–present)
Prime Minister – Pierre Habumuremyi, Prime Minister of Rwanda (2011–2014)
 (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Governor – Mark Andrew Capes, Governor of Saint Helena (2011–2016)

President – Manuel Pinto da Costa, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (2011–2016)
Prime Minister –
Patrice Trovoada, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2010–2012)
Gabriel Costa, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2012–2014)

President –
Abdoulaye Wade, President of Senegal (2000–2012)
Macky Sall, President of Senegal (2012–present)
Prime Minister –
Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye, Prime Minister of Senegal (2009–2012)
Abdoul Mbaye, Prime Minister of Senegal (2012–2013)

President – James Michel, President of Seychelles (2004–2016)

President – Ernest Bai Koroma, President of Sierra Leone (2007–2018)

the Somali Transitional Federal Government dissolved on 20 August
President –
Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, President of Somalia (2009–2012)
Muse Hassan Sheikh Sayid Abdulle, Acting President of Somalia (2012)
Mohamed Osman Jawari, Acting President of Somalia (2012)
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia (2012–2017)
Prime Minister –
Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, Prime Minister of Somalia (2011–2012)
Abdi Farah Shirdon, Prime Minister of Somalia (2012–2013)
 (unrecognised, secessionist state)
President – Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud, President of Somaliland (2010–2017)
 (self-declared autonomous state)
President – Abdirahman Farole, President of Puntland (2009–2014)

President – Jacob Zuma, President of South Africa (2009–2018)

President – Salva Kiir Mayardit, President of South Sudan (2005–present)

President – Omar al-Bashir, President of Sudan (1989–2019)

Monarch – Mswati III, King of Swaziland (1986–present)
Prime Minister – Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland (2008–2018)

President – Jakaya Kikwete, President of Tanzania (2005–2015)
Prime Minister – Mizengo Pinda, Prime Minister of Tanzania (2008–2015)

President – Faure Gnassingbé, President of Togo (2005–present)
Prime Minister –
Gilbert Houngbo, Prime Minister of Togo (2008–2012)
Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu, Prime Minister of Togo (2012–2015)

President – Moncef Marzouki, President of Tunisia (2011–2014)
Prime Minister – Hamadi Jebali, Prime Minister of Tunisia (2011–2013)

President – Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda (1986–present)
Prime Minister – Amama Mbabazi, Prime Minister of Uganda (2011–2014)

President – Michael Sata, President of Zambia (2011–2014)

President – Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe (1987–2017)
Prime Minister – Morgan Tsvangirai, Prime Minister of Zimbabwe (2009–2013)

Asia

President – Hamid Karzai, President of Afghanistan (2002–2014)

Monarch – Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain (1999–present)
Prime Minister – Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Prime Minister of Bahrain (1970–2020)

President – Zillur Rahman, President of Bangladesh (2009–2013)
Prime Minister – Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (2009–present)

Monarch – Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (2006–present)
Prime Minister – Jigme Thinley, Prime Minister of Bhutan (2008–2013)

Monarch – Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei (1967–present)
Prime Minister – Hassanal Bolkiah, Prime Minister of Brunei (1984–present)

Monarch – Norodom Sihamoni, King of Cambodia (2004–present)
Prime Minister – Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1985–present)

Communist Party Leader –
Hu Jintao, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (2002–2012)
Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (2012–present)
President – Hu Jintao, President of China (2003–2013)
Premier – Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State Council of China (2003–2013)

President –
José Ramos-Horta, President of East Timor (2007–2012)
Taur Matan Ruak, President of East Timor (2012–2017)
Prime Minister – Xanana Gusmão, Prime Minister of East Timor (2007–2015)

President –
Pratibha Patil, President of India (2007–2012)
Pranab Mukherjee, President of India (2012–2017)
Prime Minister – Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India (2004–2014)

President – Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of Indonesia (2004–2014)

Supreme Leader – Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
President – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of Iran (2005–2013)

President – Jalal Talabani, President of Iraq (2005–2014)
Prime Minister – Nouri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq (2006–2014)

President – Shimon Peres, President of Israel (2007–2014)
Prime Minister – Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel (2009–2021)

Monarch – Akihito, Emperor of Japan (1989–2019)
Prime Minister –
Yoshihiko Noda, Prime Minister of Japan (2011–2012)
Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister of Japan (2012–2020)

Monarch – Abdullah II, King of Jordan (1999–present)
Prime Minister –
Awn Al-Khasawneh, Prime Minister of Jordan (2011–2012)
Fayez Tarawneh, Prime Minister of Jordan (2012)
Abdullah Ensour, Prime Minister of Jordan (2012–2016)

President – Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Kazakhstan (1990–2019)
Prime Minister –
Karim Massimov, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (2007–2012)
Serik Akhmetov, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (2012–2014)

Communist Party Leader – Kim Jong-un, First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (2012–present)
De facto Head of State – Kim Jong-un, First Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea (2011–present)
De jure Head of State – Kim Yong-nam, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea (1998–2019)
Premier – Choe Yong-rim, Premier of the Cabinet of North Korea (2010–2013)

President – Lee Myung-bak, President of South Korea (2008–2013)
Prime Minister – Kim Hwang-sik, Prime Minister of South Korea (2010–2013)

Monarch – Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (2006–2020)
Prime Minister – Sheikh Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of Kuwait (2011–2019)

President – Almazbek Atambayev, President of Kyrgyzstan (2011–2017)
Prime Minister –
Omurbek Babanov, Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2011–2012)
Aaly Karashev, Acting Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2012)
Zhantoro Satybaldiyev, Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2012–2014)

Communist Party Leader – Choummaly Sayasone, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (2006–2016)
President – Choummaly Sayasone, President of Laos (2006–2016)
Prime Minister – Thongsing Thammavong, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Laos (2010–2016)

President – Michel Suleiman, President of Lebanon (2008–2014)
Prime Minister – Najib Mikati, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon (2011–2014)

Monarch – Tuanku Abdul Halim, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (2011–2016)
Prime Minister – Najib Razak, Prime Minister of Malaysia (2009–2018)

President –
Mohamed Nasheed, President of the Maldives (2008–2012)
Mohammed Waheed Hassan, President of the Maldives (2012–2013)

President – Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, President of Mongolia (2009–2017)
Prime Minister –
Sükhbaataryn Batbold, Prime Minister of Mongolia (2009–2012)
Norovyn Altankhuyag, Prime Minister of Mongolia (2012–2014)

President – Thein Sein, President of Myanmar (2011–2016)

President – Ram Baran Yadav, President of Nepal (2008–2015)
Prime Minister – Baburam Bhattarai, Prime Minister of Nepal (2011–2013)

Monarch – Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sultan of Oman (1970–present)
Prime Minister – Qaboos bin Said al Said, Prime Minister of Oman (1972–present)

President – Asif Ali Zardari, President of Pakistan (2008–2013)
Prime Minister –
Yousaf Raza Gillani, Prime Minister of Pakistan (2008–2012)
Raja Pervaiz Ashraf, Prime Minister of Pakistan (2012–2013)

President – Mahmoud Abbas, President of Palestine (2005–present)
Prime Minister – Salam Fayyad, Prime Minister of Palestine (2007–2013)
  Gaza Strip (rebelling against the Palestinian National Authority, in the West Bank)
President – Aziz Duwaik, Acting President of the Palestinian National Authority (in the Gaza Strip) (2009–2014)
Prime Minister – Ismail Haniyeh, Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (in the Gaza Strip) (2007–2014)

President – Benigno Aquino, President of the Philippines (2010–2016)

Monarch – Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1995–2013)
Prime Minister – Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani, Prime Minister of Qatar (2007–2013)

Monarch – Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia (2005–2015)
Prime Minister – Abdullah, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (2005–2015)

President – Tony Tan, President of Singapore (2011–2017)
Prime Minister – Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore (2004–present)

President – Mahinda Rajapaksa, President of Sri Lanka (2005–2015)
Prime Minister – D. M. Jayaratne, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (2010–2015)

President – Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria (2000–present)
Prime Minister –
Adel Safar, Prime Minister of Syria (2011–2012)
Riyad Farid Hijab, Prime Minister of Syria (2012)
Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji, Acting Prime Minister of Syria (2012)
Wael Nader al-Halqi, Prime Minister of Syria (2012–2016)
 (rival government, in rebellion)
President – Moaz al-Khatib, President of the Syrian National Coalition (2012–2013)

President – Ma Ying-jeou, President of Taiwan (2008–2016)
Premier –
Wu Den-yih, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (2009–2012)
Sean Chen, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (2012–2013)

President – Emomali Rahmon, President of Tajikistan (1992–present)
Prime Minister – Oqil Oqilov, Prime Minister of Tajikistan (1999–2013)

Monarch – Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (1946–2016)
Prime Minister – Yingluck Shinawatra, Prime Minister of Thailand (2011–2014)

President – Abdullah Gül, President of Turkey (2007–2014)
Prime Minister – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Prime Minister of Turkey (2003–2014)

President – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, President of Turkmenistan (2006–2022)

President – Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates (2004–present)
Prime Minister – Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (2006–present)

President – Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan (1990–2016)
Prime Minister – Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Prime Minister of Uzbekistan (2003–2016)

Communist Party Leader – Nguyễn Phú Trọng, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (2011–present)
President – Trương Tấn Sang, President of Vietnam (2011–2016)
Prime Minister – Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, Prime Minister of Vietnam (2006–2016)

President –
Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of Yemen (1978–2012)
Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, President of Yemen (2012–present)
Prime Minister – Mohammed Basindawa, Prime Minister of Yemen (2011–2014)

Europe

President –
Bamir Topi, President of Albania (2007–2012)
Bujar Nishani, President of Albania (2012–2017)
Prime Minister – Sali Berisha, Prime Minister of Albania (2005–2013)

Monarchs –
French Co-Prince –
Nicolas Sarkozy, French Co-prince of Andorra (2007–2012)
François Hollande, French Co-prince of Andorra (2012–2017)
Co-Prince's Representative –
Christian Frémont (2008–2012)
Sylvie Hubac (2012–2015)
Episcopal Co-Prince – Archbishop Joan Enric Vives Sicília, Episcopal Co-prince of Andorra (2003–present)
Co-Prince's Representative –
Nemesi Marqués Oste (1993–2012)
Josep Maria Mauri (2012–present)
Prime Minister – Antoni Martí, Head of Government of Andorra (2011–2015)

President – Serzh Sargsyan, President of Armenia (2008–2018)
Prime Minister – Tigran Sargsyan, Prime Minister of Armenia (2008–2014)

President – Heinz Fischer, Federal President of Austria (2004–2016)
Chancellor – Werner Faymann, Federal Chancellor of Austria (2008–2016)

President – Ilham Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan (2003–present)
Prime Minister – Artur Rasizade, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (2003–2018)
 (unrecognised, secessionist state)
President – Bako Sahakyan, President of Nagorno-Karabakh (2007–2020)
Prime Minister – Arayik Harutyunyan, Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh (2007–2017)

President – Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarus (1994–present)
Prime Minister – Mikhail Myasnikovich, Prime Minister of Belarus (2010–2014)

Monarch – Albert II, King of the Belgians (1993–2013)
Prime Minister – Elio Di Rupo, Prime Minister of Belgium (2011–2014)

Head of State – Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serb Member – Nebojša Radmanović (2006–2014; Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2012–2013)
Croat Member – Željko Komšić (2006–2014; Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2011–2012)
Bosniak Member – Bakir Izetbegović (2010–2018; Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2012)
Prime Minister –
Nikola Špirić, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2007–2012)
Vjekoslav Bevanda, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2012–2015)
High Representative – Valentin Inzko, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (2009–2021)

President –
Georgi Parvanov, President of Bulgaria (2002–2012)
Rosen Plevneliev, President of Bulgaria (2012–2017)
Prime Minister – Boyko Borisov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (2009–2013)

President – Ivo Josipović, President of Croatia (2010–2015)
Prime Minister – Zoran Milanović, Prime Minister of Croatia (2011–2016)

President – Demetris Christofias, President of Cyprus (2008–2013)
 (unrecognised, secessionist state)
President – Derviş Eroğlu, President of Northern Cyprus (2010–2015)
Prime Minister – İrsen Küçük, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (2010–2013)

President – Václav Klaus, President of the Czech Republic (2003–2013)
Prime Minister – Petr Nečas, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (2010–2013)

Monarch – Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
Prime Minister – Helle Thorning-Schmidt, Prime Minister of Denmark (2011–2015)

President – Toomas Hendrik Ilves, President of Estonia (2006–2016)
Prime Minister – Andrus Ansip, Prime Minister of Estonia (2005–2014)

President –
Tarja Halonen, President of Finland (2000–2012)
Sauli Niinistö, President of Finland (2012–present)
Prime Minister – Jyrki Katainen, Prime Minister of Finland (2011–2014)

President –
Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France (2007–2012)
François Hollande, President of France (2012–2017)
Prime Minister –
François Fillon, Prime Minister of France (2007–2012)
Jean-Marc Ayrault, Prime Minister of France (2012–2014)

President – Mikheil Saakashvili, President of Georgia (2008–2013)
Prime Minister –
Nika Gilauri, Prime Minister of Georgia (2009–2012)
Vano Merabishvili, Prime Minister of Georgia (2012)
Bidzina Ivanishvili, Prime Minister of Georgia (2012–2013)
 (partially recognised, secessionist state)
President – Alexander Ankvab, President of Abkhazia (2011–2014)
Prime Minister – Leonid Lakerbaia, Prime Minister of Abkhazia (2011–2014)
 (partially recognised, secessionist state)
President –
Vadim Brovtsev, Acting President of South Ossetia (2011–2012)
Leonid Tibilov, President of South Ossetia (2012–2017)
Prime Minister –
Vadim Brovtsev, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2009–2012)
Rostislav Khugayev, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2012–2014)

President –
Christian Wulff, Federal President of Germany (2010–2012)
Horst Seehofer, Acting Federal President of Germany (2012)
Joachim Gauck, Federal President of Germany (2012–2017)
Chancellor – Angela Merkel, Federal Chancellor of Germany (2005–2021)

President – Karolos Papoulias, President of Greece (2005–2015)
Prime Minister –
Lucas Papademos, Prime Minister of Greece (2011–2012)
Panagiotis Pikrammenos, Prime Minister of Greece (2012)
Antonis Samaras, Prime Minister of Greece (2012–2015)
Alexis Tsipras, Prime Minister of Greece (since 2015)

President –
Pál Schmitt, President of Hungary (2010–2012)
László Kövér, Acting President of Hungary (2012)
János Áder, President of Hungary (2012–present)
Prime Minister – Viktor Orbán, Prime Minister of Hungary (2010–present)

President – Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President of Iceland (1996–2016)
Prime Minister – Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, Prime Minister of Iceland (2009–2013)

President – Michael D. Higgins, President of Ireland (2011–present)
Prime Minister – Enda Kenny, Taoiseach of Ireland (2011–2017)

President – Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy (2006–2015)
Prime Minister – Mario Monti, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (2011–2013)

President – Andris Bērziņš, President of Latvia (2011–2015)
Prime Minister – Valdis Dombrovskis, Prime Minister of Latvia (2009–2014)

Monarch – Hans-Adam II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1989–present)
Regent – Hereditary Prince Alois, Regent of Liechtenstein (2004–present)
Prime Minister – Klaus Tschütscher, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (2009–2013)

President – Dalia Grybauskaitė, President of Lithuania (2009–2019)
Prime Minister –
Andrius Kubilius, Prime Minister of Lithuania (2008–2012)
Algirdas Butkevičius, Prime Minister of Lithuania (2012–2016)

Monarch – Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (2000–present)
Prime Minister – Jean-Claude Juncker, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1995–2013)

President – Gjorge Ivanov, President of Macedonia (2009–2019)
Prime Minister – Nikola Gruevski, President of the Government of Macedonia (2006–2016)

President – George Abela, President of Malta (2009–2014)
Prime Minister – Lawrence Gonzi, Prime Minister of Malta (2004–2013)

President –
Marian Lupu, Acting President of Moldova (2010–2012)
Nicolae Timofti, President of Moldova (2012–2016)
Prime Minister – Vlad Filat, Prime Minister of Moldova (2009–2013)
 (unrecognised, secessionist state)
President – Yevgeny Shevchuk, President of Transnistria (2011–2016)
Prime Minister – Pyotr Stepanov, Prime Minister of Transnistria (2012–2013)

Monarch – Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (2005–present)
Prime Minister – Michel Roger, Minister of State of Monaco (2010–2015)

President – Filip Vujanović, President of Montenegro (2003–2018)
Prime Minister –
Igor Lukšić, Prime Minister of Montenegro (2010–2012)
Milo Đukanović, Prime Minister of Montenegro (2012–2016)

Monarch – Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–2013)
 (constituent country)
Prime Minister – Mark Rutte, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2010–present)
 (constituent country)
see
 (constituent country)
see
 (constituent country)
see

Monarch – Harald V, King of Norway (1991–present)
Prime Minister – Jens Stoltenberg, Prime Minister of Norway (2005–2013)

President – Bronisław Komorowski, President of Poland (2010–2015)
Prime Minister – Donald Tusk, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (2007–2014)

President – Aníbal Cavaco Silva, President of Portugal (2006–2016)
Prime Minister – Pedro Passos Coelho, Prime Minister of Portugal (2011–2015)

President –
Traian Băsescu, President of Romania (2004–2014)
Crin Antonescu, Acting President of Romania (2012)
Prime Minister –
Emil Boc, Prime Minister of Romania (2008–2012)
Cătălin Predoiu, Acting Prime Minister of Romania (2012)
Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu, Prime Minister of Romania (2012)
Victor Ponta, Prime Minister of Romania (2012–2015)

President –
Dmitry Medvedev, President of Russia (2008–2012)
Vladimir Putin, President of Russia (2012–present)
Prime Minister –
Vladimir Putin, Chairman of the Government of Russia (2008–2012)
Viktor Zubkov, Acting Chairman of the Government of Russia (2012)
Dmitry Medvedev, Chairman of the Government of Russia (2012–2020)

Captains-Regent –
Gabriele Gatti and Matteo Fiorini, Captains Regent of San Marino (2011–2012)
Maurizio Rattini and Italo Righi, Captains Regent of San Marino (2012)
Teodoro Lonfernini and Denise Bronzetti, Captains Regent of San Marino (2012–2013)

President –
Boris Tadić, President of Serbia (2004–2012)
Slavica Đukić Dejanović, Acting President of Serbia (2012)
Tomislav Nikolić, President of Serbia (2012–2017)
Prime Minister –
Mirko Cvetković, President of the Government of Serbia (2008–2012)
Ivica Dačić, President of the Government of Serbia (2012–2014)
 (partially recognised, secessionist state; under nominal international administration)
President – Atifete Jahjaga, President of Kosovo (2011–2016)
Prime Minister – Hashim Thaçi, Prime Minister of Kosovo (2008–2014)
UN Special Representative – Farid Zarif, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Kosovo (2011–2015)

President – Ivan Gašparovič, President of Slovakia (2004–2014)
Prime Minister –
Iveta Radičová, Prime Minister of Slovakia (2010–2012)
Robert Fico, Prime Minister of Slovakia (2012–2018)

President –
Danilo Türk, President of Slovenia (2007–2012)
Borut Pahor, President of Slovenia (2012–present)
Prime Minister –
Borut Pahor, Prime Minister of Slovenia (2008–2012)
Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia (2012–2013)

Monarch – Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (1975–2014)
Prime Minister – Mariano Rajoy, President of the Government of Spain (2011–2018)

Monarch – Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1973–present)
Prime Minister – Fredrik Reinfeldt, Prime Minister of Sweden (2006–2014)

Council – Federal Council of Switzerland
Members – Doris Leuthard (2006–present), Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (2008–2015; President of Switzerland, 2012), Ueli Maurer (2009–present), Didier Burkhalter (2009–present), Johann Schneider-Ammann (2010–present), Simonetta Sommaruga (2010–present), and Alain Berset (2012–present)

President – Viktor Yanukovych, President of Ukraine (2010–2014)
Prime Minister – Mykola Azarov, Prime Minister of Ukraine (2010–2014)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–present)
Prime Minister – David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2010–2016)
 (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
Lieutenant-Governor – Adam Wood, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man (2011–2016)
Chief Minister – Allan Bell, Chief Minister of the Isle of Man (2011–2016)
 (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
Lieutenant-Governor – Peter Walker, Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey (2011–2015)
Chief Minister –
Lyndon Trott, Chief Minister of Guernsey (2008–2012)
Peter Harwood, Chief Minister of Guernsey (2012–2014)
 (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
Lieutenant-Governor – Sir John McColl, Lieutenant Governor of Jersey (2011–2016)
Chief Minister – Ian Gorst, Chief Minister of Jersey (2011–2018)
 (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Governor – Sir Adrian Johns, Governor of Gibraltar (2009–2013)
Chief Minister – Fabian Picardo, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (2011–present)

Monarch – Pope Benedict XVI, Sovereign of Vatican City (2005–2013)
Head of Government – Cardinal Giuseppe Bertello, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (2011–2021)
Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
Secretary of State – Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, Cardinal Secretary of State (2006–2013)

North America
 (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Governor – Alistair Harrison, Governor of Anguilla (2009–2013)
Chief Minister – Hubert Hughes, Chief Minister of Anguilla (2010–2015)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda (1981–present)
Governor-General – Dame Louise Lake-Tack, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda (2007–2014)
Prime Minister – Baldwin Spencer, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (2004–2014)
 (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Governor – Fredis Refunjol, Governor of Aruba (2004–2016)
Prime Minister – Mike Eman, Prime Minister of Aruba (2009–present)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas (1973–present)
Governor-General – Sir Arthur Foulkes, Governor-General of the Bahamas (2010–2014)
Prime Minister –
Hubert Ingraham, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (2007–2012)
Perry Christie, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (2012–2017)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (1966–2021)
Governor-General –
Elliott Belgrave, Acting Governor-General of Barbados (2011–2012)
Sandra Mason, Acting Governor-General of Barbados (2012)
Sir Elliott Belgrave, Governor-General of Barbados (2012–2017)
Prime Minister – Freundel Stuart, Prime Minister of Barbados (2010–2018)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Belize (1981–present)
Governor-General – Sir Colville Young, Governor-General of Belize (1993–2021)
Prime Minister – Dean Barrow, Prime Minister of Belize (2008–2020)
 (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Governor –
Richard Gozney, Governor of Bermuda (2007–2012)
David B. Arkley, Acting Governor of Bermuda (2012)
George Fergusson, Governor of Bermuda (2012–2016)
Premier –
Paula Cox, Premier of Bermuda (2010–2012)
Craig Cannonier, Premier of Bermuda (2012–2014)
 (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Governor – William Boyd McCleary, Governor of the British Virgin Islands (2010–2014)
Premier – Orlando Smith, Premier of the British Virgin Islands (2011–2019)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952–present)
Governor-General – David Johnston, Governor General of Canada (2010–2017)
Prime Minister – Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada (2006–2015)
 (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Governor – Duncan Taylor, Governor of the Cayman Islands (2010–2013)
Premier –
McKeeva Bush, Premier of the Cayman Islands (2009–2012)
Julianna O'Connor-Connolly, Premier of the Cayman Islands (2012–2013)

President – Laura Chinchilla, President of Costa Rica (2010–2014)

Communist Party Leader – Raúl Castro, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (2011–2021)
President – Raúl Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba (2008–2018)
Prime Minister – Raúl Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (2008–2018)
 (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Governor –
Frits Goedgedrag, Governor of Curaçao (2010–2012)
Adèle van der Pluijm-Vrede, Acting Governor of Curaçao (2012–2013)
Prime Minister –
Gerrit Schotte, Prime Minister of Curaçao (2010–2012)
Stanley Betrian, Acting Prime Minister of Curaçao (2012)
Daniel Hodge, Prime Minister of Curaçao (2012–2013)

President –
Nicholas Liverpool, President of Dominica (2003–2012)
Eliud Williams, President of Dominica (2012–2013)
Prime Minister – Roosevelt Skerrit, Prime Minister of Dominica (2004–present)

President –
Leonel Fernández, President of the Dominican Republic (2004–2012)
Danilo Medina, President of the Dominican Republic (2012–present)

President – Mauricio Funes, President of El Salvador (2009–2014)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada (1974–present)
Governor-General – Sir Carlyle Glean, Governor-General of Grenada (2008–2013)
Prime Minister – Tillman Thomas, Prime Minister of Grenada (2008–2013)

President –
Álvaro Colom, President of Guatemala (2008–2012)
Otto Pérez Molina, President of Guatemala (2012–2015)

President – Michel Martelly, President of Haiti (2011–2016)
Prime Minister –
Garry Conille, Prime Minister of Haiti (2011–2012)
Laurent Lamothe, Prime Minister of Haiti (2012–2014)

President – Porfirio Lobo Sosa, President of Honduras (2010–2014)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica (1962–present)
Governor-General – Sir Patrick Allen, Governor-General of Jamaica (2009–present)
Prime Minister –
Andrew Holness, Prime Minister of Jamaica (2011–2012)
Portia Simpson-Miller, Prime Minister of Jamaica (2012–2016)

President –
Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico (2006–2012)
Enrique Peña Nieto, President of Mexico (2012–2018)
 (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Governor – Adrian Davis, Governor of Montserrat (2011–2015)
Premier – Reuben Meade, Premier of Montserrat (2009–2014)

President – Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua (2007–present)

President – Ricardo Martinelli, President of Panama (2009–2014)
  (overseas collectivity of France)
Prefect – Philippe Chopin, Prefect of Saint Barthélemy (2011–2015)
Head of Government – Bruno Magras, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Barthélemy (2007–present)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–present)
Governor-General – Sir Cuthbert Sebastian, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1996–2013)
Prime Minister – Denzil Douglas, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1995–2015)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia (1979–present)
Governor-General – Dame Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1997–2017)
Prime Minister – Kenny Anthony, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (2011–2016)
 (overseas collectivity of France)
Prefect – Philippe Chopin, Prefect of Saint Martin (2011–2015)
Head of Government –
Frantz Gumbs, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Martin (2009–2012)
Alain Richardson, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Martin (2012–2013)
  (overseas collectivity of France)
Prefect – Patrice Latron, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2011–2014)
Head of Government – Stéphane Artano, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2006–2018)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–present)
Governor-General – Sir Frederick Ballantyne, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2002–2019)
Prime Minister – Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2001–present)
 (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Governor – Eugene Holiday, Governor of Sint Maarten (2010–present)
Prime Minister – Sarah Wescot-Williams, Prime Minister of Sint Maarten (2010–2014)

President – George Maxwell Richards, President of Trinidad and Tobago (2003–2013)
Prime Minister – Kamla Persad-Bissessar, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (2010–2015)
 (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Governor – Ric Todd, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (2011–2013)
Premier – Rufus Ewing, Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands (2012–2016)

President – Barack Obama, President of the United States (2009–2017)
 (Commonwealth of the United States)
Governor – Luis Fortuño, Governor of Puerto Rico (2009–2013)
 (insular area of the United States)
Governor – John de Jongh, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (2007–2015)

Oceania
 (unorganised, unincorporated territory of the United States)
Governor – Togiola Tulafono, Governor of American Samoa (2003–2013)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–present)
Governor-General – Quentin Bryce, Governor-General of Australia (2008–2014)
Prime Minister – Julia Gillard, Prime Minister of Australia (2010–2013)
 (external territory of Australia)
Administrator –
Brian Lacy, Administrator of Christmas Island (2009–2012)
Jon Stanhope, Administrator of Christmas Island (2012–2014)
Shire-President – Foo Kee Heng, Shire president of Christmas Island (2011–2013)
 (external territory of Australia)
Administrator –
Brian Lacy, Administrator of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (2009–2012)
Jon Stanhope, Administrator of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (2012–2014)
Shire-President – Aindil Minkom, Shire president of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (2011–2015)
 (self-governing territory of Australia)
Administrator –
Owen Walsh, Administrator of Norfolk Island (2007–2012)
Neil Pope, Administrator of Norfolk Island (2012–2014)
Chief Minister – David Buffett, Chief Minister of Norfolk Island (2010–2013)

President – Ratu Epeli Nailatikau, President of Fiji (2009–2015)
Prime Minister – Frank Bainimarama, Prime Minister of Fiji (2007–present)
  (overseas collectivity of France)
High Commissioner –
Richard Didier, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (2011–2012)
Jean-Pierre Laflaquière, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (2012–2013)
President – Oscar Temaru, President of French Polynesia (2011–2013)
 (insular area of the United States)
Governor – Eddie Baza Calvo, Governor of Guam (2011–2019)

President – Anote Tong, President of Kiribati (2003–2016)

President –
Jurelang Zedkaia, President of the Marshall Islands (2009–2012)
Christopher Loeak, President of the Marshall Islands (2012–2016)

President – Manny Mori, President of Micronesia (2007–2015)

President – Sprent Dabwido, President of Nauru (2011–2013)
  (sui generis collectivity of France)
High Commissioner – Albert Dupuy, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (2010–2013)
Head of Government – Harold Martin, President of the Government of New Caledonia (2011–2014)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952–present)
Governor-General – Sir Jerry Mateparae, Governor-General of New Zealand (2011–2016)
Prime Minister – John Key, Prime Minister of New Zealand (2008–2016)
 (associated state of New Zealand)
Queen's Representative – Sir Frederick Tutu Goodwin, Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands (2001–2013)
Prime Minister – Henry Puna, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (2010–2020)
 (associated state of New Zealand)
Premier – Toke Talagi, Premier of Niue (2008–present)
 (dependent territory of New Zealand)
Administrator – Jonathan Kings, Administrator of Tokelau (2011–2015)
Head of Government –
Foua Toloa, Head of Government of Tokelau (2011–2012)
Kerisiano Kalolo, Head of Government of Tokelau (2012–2013)
 (Commonwealth of the United States)
Governor – Benigno Fitial, Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (2006–2013)

President – Johnson Toribiong, President of Palau (2009–2013)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
Governor-General – Sir Michael Ogio, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (2011–2017)
Prime Minister –
Peter O'Neill, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (2011–2019)
Sir Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (claimant, 2011–2012)
 (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Governor – Victoria Treadell, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (2010–2014)
Mayor – Mike Warren, Mayor of the Pitcairn Islands (2008–2013)

Head of State – Tufuga Efi, O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa (2007–2017)
Prime Minister – Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister of Samoa (1998–2021)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the Solomon Islands (1978–present)
Governor-General – Sir Frank Kabui, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (2009–2019)
Prime Minister – Gordon Darcy Lilo, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (2011–2014)

Monarch –
George Tupou V, King of Tonga (2006–2012)
Tupou VI, King of Tonga (2012–present)
Prime Minister – Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō, Prime Minister of Tonga (2010–2014)

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–present)
Governor-General – Sir Iakoba Italeli, Governor-General of Tuvalu (2010–2019)
Prime Minister – Willy Telavi, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (2010–2013)

President – Iolu Abil, President of Vanuatu (2009–2014)
Prime Minister – Sato Kilman, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (2011–2013)
  (overseas collectivity of France)
Administrator – Michel Jeanjean, Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna (2010–2013)
Head of Government –
Pesamino Taputai, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (2011–2012)
Vetelino Nau, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (2012)
Sosefo Suve, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (2012–2013)

South America

President – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, President of Argentina (2007–2015)

President – Evo Morales, President of Bolivia (2006–2019)

President – Dilma Rousseff, President of Brazil (2011–2016)

President – Sebastián Piñera, President of Chile (2010–2014)

President – Juan Manuel Santos, President of Colombia (2010–2018)

President – Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador (2007–2017)
 (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Governor – Nigel Haywood, Governor of the Falkland Islands (2010–2014)
Head of Government –
Tim Thorogood, Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands (2008–2012)
Keith Padgett, Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands (2012–2016)

President – Donald Ramotar, President of Guyana (2011–2015)
Prime Minister – Sam Hinds, Prime Minister of Guyana (1999–2015)

President –
Fernando Lugo, President of Paraguay (2008–2012)
Federico Franco, President of Paraguay (2012–2013)

President – Ollanta Humala, President of Peru (2011–2016)
Prime Minister –
Oscar Valdés, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2011–2012)
Juan Jiménez Mayor, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2012–2013)

President – Dési Bouterse, President of Suriname (2010–2020)

President – José Mujica, President of Uruguay (2010–2015)

President – Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela (2002–2013)

Notes

External links
Rulersa list of rulers throughout time and places
WorldStatesmenan online encyclopedia of the leaders of nations and territories

State leaders
State leaders
State leaders
2012

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
'The Tick' trailer: Step aside Luke Cage, there's a new bulletproof hero in town! [WATCH]
Daniel Montgomery
"This is an epic tale rife with destiny, adventure, blood loss, and good against evil!" declares the title character in a new trailer for "The Tick." Played by Peter Serafinowicz, this superhero is bulletproof, possesses super-strength, and insists that "murder is just not cool," so step aside Luke Cage! Watch the trailer above, and check out the whole series when it premieres on Amazon Prime on Friday, August 25.
"The Tick" is created by Ben Edlund from a character he introduced in 1986 in a series of indie comic books. That comic was later adapted into an Emmy nominated animated series that ran from 1994-1997, which earned the show an even more devoted cult following. That led to the character's first live-action adaptation in 2001 that starred Patrick Warburton and earned critical acclaim and a passionate following despite only lasting nine episodes on the air.
Now "The Tick" is back 16 years later to defend The City against evil. "Destiny's on the line, Arthur. Accept the charges," he tells his sidekick (Griffin Newman), a milquetoast who flies with the aid of a moth suit. The pair officially made their debut on August 15, 2016, when Amazon Prime made the pilot episode available to stream. The success of that pilot prompted the streaming service to order another nine episodes to complete the first season.
SIGN UPfor Gold Derby's free newsletter with latest predictions
This absurd superhero comedy actually has an Oscar winning pedigree. Wally Pfister is an executive producer of the series and also a director, and while he only has a few past directing credits he cut his teeth as a cinematographer for Christopher Nolan, earning four Oscar nominations and a win for "Inception" (2010).
Two of Pfister's other nominations were for Nolan's Batman films "Batman Begins" (2005) and "The Dark Knight" (2008), so he's well acquainted with the superhero genre, though "The Tick" has a decidedly lighter touch. After such a dark and brooding hero, as the Tick says, "What the world needs now is us, sweet us."
What do you think of the trailer? Comment below, and join the discussion on this and more with your fellow TV fans in our forums.
DISCUSS'The Tick' with Hollywood insiders in our notorious forums
"Ethanlovesmovies wrote: At the end of the day, theUK/EU academy ..."
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MichelleReign on 2023 Emmy Predictions: Drama Categories (Part 4)
"Chloe Sevigny stan <3 wrote: Just watched the first four epis..."
Carlo on Poker Face
"Get real! Adele's Las Vegas residency is NOT a Grammy ca..."
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"PopGuy wrote: My guess is Taylor will attend and maybe present. ..."
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
"""User preferences for KlustaViewa."""

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Imports
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
import logging
import numpy as np

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Logging
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Console logging level, can be DEBUG, INFO or WARNING.
loglevel = logging.INFO

# Level of the logging file. DEBUG, INFO or WARNING, or just None to disable.
loglevel_file = logging.INFO

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Main window
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Should the software ask the user to save upon closing?
prompt_save_on_exit = True
delay_timer = .05
delay_buffer = .1

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Similarity matrix
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
similarity_measure = 'gaussian'  # or 'kl' for KL divergence

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Waveform view
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Approximate maximum number of spikes pper cluster to show. Should be
# about 100 for low-end graphics cards, 1000 for high-end ones.
waveforms_nspikes_max_expected = 100

# The minimum number of spikes per cluster to display.
waveforms_nspikes_per_cluster_min = 10

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Feature view
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Opacity value of the background spikes.
feature_background_alpha = .25

# Opacity value of the spikes in the selected clusters.
feature_selected_alpha = .75

# Number of spikes to show in the background.
features_nspikes_background_max = 10000

# Maximum number of spikes per cluster to show.
features_nspikes_per_cluster_max = 1000

# Unit of the spike time in the feature view. Can be 'samples' or 'second'.
features_info_time_unit = 'second'

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Correlograms view
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Maximum number of clusters to show in the correlograms view.
correlograms_max_nclusters = 20
correlograms_nexcerpts = 50
correlograms_excerpt_size = 10000

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# IPython import path
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Paths where all .py files are loaded in IPython view.
# "~" corresponds to the user home path, C:\Users\Username\ on Windows,
# /home/username/ on Linux, etc.
ipython_import_paths = ['~/.kwiklib/code']

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Unit tests
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Delay between two successive automatic operations in unit tests for views.
test_operator_delay = .1

# Whether to automatically close the views during unit testing.
test_auto_close = True

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


'The term 'warranty' has been described as 'one of most ill used expressions in the legal dictionary'. There are several types of warranties in marine insurance ranging from express warranties to implied warranties that are divided to seaworthiness, legality of voyage non-deviation, neutrality, nationality, safety, legality. In this essay special importance will be given to the notion of seaworthiness and different aspects of it. It was often the case that warranties in marine insurance were considered to serve the insurer and damage the insured  , and because of this perception we will examine the relevant case law to shed a new light on the present situation. Even though the insured's status has improved in recent time, the results of our research show that it is not always the case.
The use of warranties has originated in the UK law  . When discussing warranties we need to distinguish them from conditions. John F Wilson states "Condition is a basic term, warranty is minor. Breach can be compensated for by the award for damages."  Marine Insurance Act 1906 s. 33 defines warranty as a condition that needs to be abided, if not done so the insurer can be released from the responsibility from the day of the breach. Conditions are thought to be fundamental to the contract, warranties are not; therefore breach of condition automatically rescinds the contract but the breach of warranty does not. It makes the insurer liable for the cost happening before the breach and insured for damages occurring after the breach. Lord Diplock in Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co v Kawasaki  stated for the term to be condition it needs to comply with sections 12-15 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979. The Hong Kong Fir Shipping case is also notable case for the establishment of the innominate terms by Lord Diplock. Innominate terms notion examine the core of the contract; it is concentrated on the circumstances of the breach and not whether the term was a condition or warranty. This was scrutinized in Reardon Smith Line Ltd. v Hansen-Tangen  by the House of Lords as thought to be too limited in practice, even though innominate terms are well established in the Contract Law. Some examples of warranty clauses are: 'maintenance of vessel, size of bunkers, redelivery of vessel, vessel's speed'.  Breaches of warranties are allowed only if there is a change of circumstances to which the warranty is not applicable anymore or if the warranty deviates from the law.  We shall continue with express warranties moving on to implied warranties and finally to different aspects of seaworthiness.
Express warranties are defined by the s.35 of the Marine Insurance Act 1906. They are expressly implied in the contract or written in the policy. General terms regarding the warranties are regulated by the s.33 of the MIA 1906. Implied terms on the other hand are not expressly stipulated but considered to be agreed upon. Express and implied warranties have the same status and both are equally binding. Marine Insurance Act 1906 contains implied terms of neutrality, nationality, and good safety, legality, legality of voyage, non deviation and seaworthiness. Summarization of the previously mentioned: the ship must remain in neutral character; the ship can not change the nationality while in risk. It must be in good safety and legality, the voyage needs to be legal. The ship should not deviate from the course, and it needs to be deemed as fit for voyage.
'A ship is deemed to be seaworthy when she is reasonably fit in all respects to encounter the ordinary perils of the seas of the adventure insured'  The origins of the notion of seaworthiness have evolved to preserve the wide range of interests in marine insurance. It also serves to protect from possible perils and hazards at sea. Seaworthiness has many different aspects and views, i.e. we need to distinguish between 'statutory seaworthiness' and warranty type of seaworthiness. Breach of the statutory seaworthiness attracts criminal offence; breach of warranty seaworthiness does not  . Baris Soyer emphasizes that the absence of a universal definition creates confusion  . Moreover, he claims that the marine insurance and common law have different definition of seaworthiness but he claims that at the end the result is the same  ; an example of such a case we can find in The Firemen's Fund Case Insurance Co v Western Australian Insurance Co Ltd and Atlantic Insurance Co Ltd  . Soyer asserts that The Firemen's Fund Case serves as an example of two different definitions being in accordance and the way how they 'complete each other'  . However, these are still two different definitions and it is not easy to unify them in all cases. Moreover, the broadness of the definition results (with different interpretations) in taking different components into matter for e.i.. type of the ship as it was the case in Burges v Wickham  ; type of the cargo, where it departed from the first interpretation, etc. This situation defines seaworthiness as a relative term  . In Burges v Wickham  , a river steamer lost at sea was held to be seaworthy in the occurring circumstances. Insurers were notified of the state of the vessel, extra premium was paid. The insurers' claim of the ship being made for river and not sea journeys did not withstand as in those occurring circumstances the boat was held to be seaworthy as the insurer was notified the list of facts. In order to make the notion of seaworthiness approachable and clear we should clarify all aspects of it. Since we have different perception and interpretation of it in marine insurance and the common law, we believe that clarification is more than neccessary. It is not only that seaworthiness lacks a clear definition but it is often mixed with safety since there is a common oppinion that a seaworthy ship is a safe ship although these two terms belong to two different categories. …'The first of these categories deals with "seaworthiness" which, strictly speaking, should only concern matters impinging upon the ship's ability to encounter the ordinary perils of the sea. The second category is concerned with conditions onboard the ship that affect the health, safety and welfare of human lives. One could accurately conclude that" safe" and "seaworthy" are different concepts; while "seaworthy" is one part of a "safe" ship, it is not the only consideration…  It is important to make a distinction between these two categories since different legal action (a civil versus a criminal action) is applied against a ship's owner.
The standard for seaworthiness has been achieved through The Hague, Hague/Visby rules, Hamburg rules and in the USA Harter Act. However, different aspects give us different views and no permanent codification. The Hague, Hague/Visby and Hamburg rules insist on the burden of the proof being on the carrier; Art.5 (1) of the Hamburg rules equals Art.4, 2 (q) of the Hague Rules. When comparing Hague/Visby and Hamburg rules we can conclude they are not so different. However Hague/Visby ones have been far more criticized than the Hamburg Rules especially in relations to freight forwarders and contracting carriers as well as technological developments and EDI  . The work of the UN UNICTRAL and CMI have done the preliminary work for the new Convention; the Rotterdam Convention which should replace both Hague/Visby and Hamburg Rules. The Convention is open for signature since September 2009. The text of Rotterdam Rules 2009, even though thought to replace the Hague/Visby and Hamburg Rules, still does not have a complete and universal definition of seaworthiness. Example of such is addressed in Art. 14 (a) stating …The carrier is bound before, at the beginning of, and during the voyage of the sea to exercise the due diligence to: a) make and keep the ship seaworthy…  The Rotterdam Rules Convention signed by twenty state parties so far should replace both Hague, Hague/Visby rules and Hamburg rules  . The question about seaworthiness arises in a manner that the clear definition of it was not given in the Convention. It was addressed only in Art 14. (a) mentioned above, and briefly in Art.17 (5) (a) (i) in regards with carrier's liability. If we deplete completely those two conventions we can only rely on case law and seaworthiness definition becomes relative the way it is. In Foley v Tabor  Eric CJ construed the following definition: '…seaworthiness is a word which the import varies with the place, the voyage, the class of ship, or even the nature of the cargo'. Seaworthiness has already been defined in a very broad interpretation but not a clear definition has been given yet. It seems that we'll be able to rely on the relevant case law in the near future.
There are also implementations of ISMC and STCW documents in regulating shipping in general, developing from SOLAS Convention chapters IX and XI  . However, in regards with seaworthiness and ISMC it can be concluded that for example, even if the state of ohe ship is in accordance with the Code it does not make it automatically seaworthy because of possible concealed deficiency in the hull  . We can conclude that even if we abide all the rules we really do not have a hundred percent guarantee of seaworthiness. Even if we abide a set of rules, since there is no codification of laws on the term of seaworthiness, flaws can be easily found. It seems that we have to unify the definition in order to achieve the results. STCW code concentrates on the standard of the behaviour appropriate for the seafarers and personnel, and the lack of such compliance can render the ship unseaworthy, however, often the behaviour of the personnel can not be foreseen and predicted.
7. What deems the ship as unseaworthy?
The Star sea The Star Sea  biggest 'trademark' is the duty of outmost good faith Art.17 MIA 1906. Moreover, that same case gives a good angle on seaworthiness and privity. We shall concentrate on the latter. The Star Sea cargo vessel got on fire which was started accidentally and was not successfully put down by the ship's master. The fire spread through the boat destroying it completely, making it a 'complete constructive loss'.  The notice that the ship will be abandoned was given to the insurers on the 12th but was not accepted as first. The insurers claimed that the vessel was unseaworthy because of the acts of the master of the boat. The court held that master's 'incompetence' in putting down the fire amounts to unseaworthiness as he was supposed to act as a form of an agent of the owner, the notion of privity. Three main points were considered in the Star Sea: unseaworthiness, causative loss and privity  . When it comes to causative loss it needs to be proven by the assured that the accident was covered under insured perils of the sea. Privity of the assured needs to be proven in order to use the defence of s.39 (5) of the MIA 1906  . Privity of the contract theory in contract law states that only parties to the contract and no one else can enforce the contract  . In the Star Sea only losses dating back to the fire were covered by the insurer, any supplementary losses are not covered as in accordance with the different notion of warranties and conditions. If that same case was tried after the implementation of the ISM Code, the end result would probably be the same. Under International Safety Management ISM Code 2002 6 (1) it is stated that 'The Company should ensure that the master is properly qualified for command'. We can agree with security measures in the ISM Code but from different perspectives they can seem pretty harsh. Even, if for example, the background check is done, mistakes still happen. What would happen if the ship master did not disclose all of its history? Then we would be against someone who had no knowledge about a certain fact. It was stated in the Star Sea para. 26   â€¦If the ship-owner deliberately refrains from examining the ship in order not to gain direct knowledge of what he has reason to believe is its unseaworthy state, he is privy to the ship putting to sea in that unseaworthy state… But, what would happen if the ship owner did not do it deliberately? Kassem in his doctoral thesis about The Legal Aspects of the Sea Worthiness´  made an interesting suggestion that the state of ship worthiness should be established prior to the voyage. The suggestion seems reasonable and by far useable. If case we could do it, we would avoid many complications regarding the seaworthiness. Most likely the system would be a slightly more complicated prior to the beginning of the voyage but it would save both the insurer and the carrier of possible complications in regards to it. Ship needs not only to be seaworthy for the voyage but also in accordance with the standard to carry the assigned goods Art.40 (2) MIA 1906. Making sure that everything is in accordance to the given standards prior to the voyage, it would make the notion of unseaworthiness and court implications less complicated. Issues referring to deviations and repairing of the ship during the voyage covered by the MIA 1906 could always appear, but a strict division could help us to separate those terms in an easy manner. Of course the insurer can rely on Art. 18 MIA 1906 and disclosure of all material facts and Art. 17 relating to the utmost good faith which would try to prove that the claim was made fraudulently. Fraudulent claims should, of course, be stopped but, sometimes it is hard to know which fact is material and which is not. Ship owner against the ship master would have possible remedies in torts in misrepresentation or fraud; however seaworthiness in general brings us to rather delicate and complicated situations. In Rio Tinto v Seed we have a bit of a positive light on the topic that the ship master's mistake must be of great importance to render a ship as unseaworthy. We also agree with Kaseem's notion of avoiding different detailed articles  to serve as a definition and we would recomand a more general development through ISM Code. This would provide us with more clear and understandable rules and situations. Even though the Rotterdam rules should serve to supplement both Hague, Hague/Visby and Hamburg rules, one of the burning issues of seaworthiness does not seem resolved in in these rules. We also need to establish, when considering seaworthiness, whether the policy was time policy where implied warranties do apply or whether it was a voyage policy such as the case of The "Marina Isis"  in the Singapore Court of the Appeal. Tug vessel was lost during the travelling between Japan and Singapore. It was held that there was no warranty of the route that the vessel should take, and the Court rendered it to be a time policy, not voyage policy, and accordingly it is not falling under s. 39 (1) and s.39 (5). Similar outcome was found in Malayan Motor & General Underwriter Re Ltd v MH Almoil 'The Al Jubail IV  . The Al Jubail was rendered to be a mixed policy under s. 25 of the MIA 1906. Lai J in Al Jubai p.640 stated that we must look at the policy as a whole and give the parties a chance to make a proper conclusion. It renders us to conclude that we have to take into consideration a whole range of different factors to get a relevant description of the seaworthiness. We would like to point out that a universal framework of the standards relevant for the seaworthiness should be given in advance as the type of policy before starting the journey. In the 'Implied warranty of seaworthiness' paper theory of Arnold was quoted from his book 'Law of Marine Insurance and Average' stating that it is not necessary for the insurers to list the number of possible perils that might occur because the cause of the problem is ambiguity, whether something is a seaworthy or not. It is always doubtful.  This theory was disregarded by the Court in the case of Popi M  as being a 'Sherlock Holmes' approach. We believe that this theory has its validity despite its minor inconsistencies, especially when the list of possible perils is not known to us. Of course there is a list of the usual perils that might occur, but there could always be exceptions not covered by the policies, that are automatically rendering the ship owner as liable just because they are not clearly stated. We would like to suggest that there is a need to make a universal seaworthiness description based on common standards, relevant both for common law and marine insurance and as such it would resolve many doubts. After all, we have two different formulas with fairly the same results, unification and strict formula, and it might just be a panacea for numerous cases of seaworthiness so far being resolved by the court. An example of Arnold's formula, if it were implemented, it could be considered as notable in the Marel  case. It was held there that the insured must not only prove that the ship was not in an unseaworthy state but also to prove that the damage that has happened was covered by the policy. It would be far easier, from the insured's point of view, to list the things in the contract of carriage that are not covered rather than the covered ones as unexpected situations can always occur. Seaworthiness can also occur in different stages of arriving and leaving from different ports as regulated by the s.39 (3) of the MIA 1906. The ship needs to be in fit state and comply with the given rules, and an example of such case is Thin v Richards  . A defect that would be temporary and could be repaired during the voyage would not fall under unseaworthiness as in McFadden v Blue Line  has been proven. Seaworthiness, as stated in the s.39 (1) of the MIA 1906, shows clearly that the ship needs to be in fit state when embarking on the voyage, but even though, there is a duty for seaworthiness when beginning the voyage and policy and contract need to be obliged with; the mere duty, it is not strictly defined as a continuing one. Hence, there isn't a strict set of rules to be abided; different complications are expected to arise. It is stated in the MIA 1906 s.39 (5) …In a voyage policy there is an implied warranty that at the commencement of the voyage the ship shall be seaworthy for the purpose of the particular adventure insured… If case we set up a strict formula to be complied with and render the seaworthiness an occurring process until the ship has arrived to the destination, we might get far better results. For example Arnold's formula of not listing the perils of the sea might be more successful if we would list what is not covered rather than that what is covered. Seaworthiness is a vast process with many possible implications arising because we have different formulas in common and marine insurance law and the rules are set up in different articles in Acts, Codes and Conventions. If the Rotterdam Convention, when thoroughly implemented, could give us a permanent and strict view, as it was meant to substitute Hague and Hamburg Rules, the situation would be vastly improved.
Shipping in the 21st century is considered as the most efficient method of transporting goods. It was amongst the first industries to adopt international safety standards. Seaworthiness is considered to play an important role in the development of marine insurance.


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Johannes Hendrikus "Snaar" Viljoen (11 January 1904 – 3 September 1976) was a South African athlete. He competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in the long jump, triple jump, 100 meters, 110 meter hurdles and decathlon, but failed to reach the finals.

At the 1930 Empire Games he won the gold medal in the high jump and the bronze medal in the long jump, finishing fourth in the 120 yards hurdles. He also participated in the 220 yards, in the 440 yards hurdles, and in the hammer throw contests. Four years later at the 1934 British Empire Games he reached the 120 yards hurdles final, but did not finish the race.

Competition record

References

1904 births
1976 deaths
People from Emthanjeni Local Municipality
Afrikaner people
South African male sprinters
South African male hurdlers
South African male high jumpers
South African male long jumpers
South African male triple jumpers
South African decathletes
South African male hammer throwers
Olympic athletes of South Africa
Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1930 British Empire Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1934 British Empire Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for South Africa
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for South Africa
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Sportspeople from the Northern Cape
20th-century South African people
Medallists at the 1930 British Empire Games


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Woman injured after jumping from second floor of Salem County Jail
While jail guards were busy handing out dinner trays, one inmate ran up the stairwell and leaped from second floor.
Woman injured after jumping from second floor of Salem County Jail While jail guards were busy handing out dinner trays, one inmate ran up the stairwell and leaped from second floor. Check out this story on courierpostonline.com: https://www.courierpostonline.com/story/news/local/south-jersey/2019/12/30/salem-county-nj-jail-female-inmate-jumps-out-second-floor-window/2774911001/
Sheri Berkery, Cherry Hill Courier-Post Published 2:19 p.m. ET Dec. 30, 2019 | Updated 5:35 p.m. ET Dec. 30, 2019
. (Photo: DanHenson1, Getty Images)
WOODSTOWN - As inmates lined up for their dinner trays at the Salem County Jail Sunday evening, one woman suddenly dashed away, up a stairwell and off the second floor, the warden said.
The inmate, identified as a Salem County resident in her 20s, climbed over the safety railing and jumped, landing feet first, said Salem County Correctional Facility Warden John Cuzzupe.
It was about a 10-foot drop to the ground below, he said.
The woman was taken to Cooper University Hospital for treatment of a back injury after the 5:19 p.m. incident, Cuzzupe said.
The inmate, who was jailed for a probation violation, hadn't been considered "at risk," he said.
While Cuzzupe didn't know the woman's motive, he didn't believe it was a suicide attempt because of the short drop and the fact that she jumped feet first.
"There's some type of psychological issue there, whether hopelessness or helplessness. And it ultimately could be trying to get out of jail, by going to the hospital."
The inmate is expected to make a full recovery and will have a psychiatric follow-up to "hopefully get her the help she needs," he said.
Though Cuzzupe said he's heard of similar incidents at the jail, this was the first time someone jumped in the three years that he's been the warden.
The facility will research installing security screens in front of the railing to prevent climbing over, Cuzzupe said.
Sheri Berkery is the trending reporter at the Courier-Post, covering the topics that people are talking about on social media and in real life. If you think you have a story idea that's a "talker," contact her at 856.486.2673 or sberkery@gannettnj.com
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Read or Share this story: https://www.courierpostonline.com/story/news/local/south-jersey/2019/12/30/salem-county-nj-jail-female-inmate-jumps-out-second-floor-window/2774911001/
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Eugene F. Fama Journal of Political Economy. 1980. Vol. 88. No. 2. P. 288-307.
This paper attempts to explain how the separation of security ownership and control, typical of large corporations, can be an efficient form of economic organization. We first set aside the presumption that a corporation has owners in any meaningful sense. The entrepreneur is also laid to rest, at least for the purposes of the large modern corporation. The two functions usually attributed to the entrepreneur--management and risk bearing--are treated as naturally separate factors within the set of contracts called a firm. The firm is disciplined by competition from other firms, which forces the evolution of devides for efficiently monitoring the performance of the entire team and of its individual members. Individual participants in the firm, and in particular its managers, face both the discipline and opportunities provided by the markets for their services, both within and outside the firm.
Wesley Marc Cohen, Steven Klepper Economic Journal. 1996. Vol. 106. No. 437. P. 925-951.
Numerous studies have shown that, within industries, the propensity to perform R&D and the amount of R&D conducted by performers are closely related to the size of the firm, while R&D productivity declines with firm size. These findings have been widely interpreted to indicate that there is no advantage to large firm size in conducting R&D. The authors show how a simple model based on the idea of R&D cost spreading can explain the prior findings about the R&D-firm size relationship, as well as additional features of the R&D-firm size relationship, implying an advantage to large size in R&D.
John Greenlees Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2000. Vol. 17. No. 1. P. 59-74.
This paper describes the major methods used by statistical agencies to adjust for differences in the quality of a good or service when one item replaces another in a sample used to construct a Consumer Price Index. The methods are categorized as either direct, including the production-cost and hedonic approaches, or indirect, such as linking or class-mean imputation. The paper also presents simplified example calculations showing how the methods are applied in practice.
Mike Burkart, Fausto Panunzi, Andrei Shleifer Journal of Finance. 2003. Vol. 58. No. 5. P. 2167-2201 .
We present a model of succession in a firm owned and managed by its founder. The founder decides between hiring a professional manager or leaving management to his heir, as well as on what fraction of the company to float on the stock exchange. We assume that a professional is a better manager than the heir, and describe how the founder's decision is shaped by the legal environment. This theory of separation of ownership from management includes the Anglo-Saxon and the Continental European patterns of corporate governance as special cases, and generates additional empirical predictions consistent with cross-country evidence.
Wesley Marc Cohen, Steven Klepper Review of Economics and Statistics. 1996. Vol. 78. No. 2. P. 232-43.
Alberto Miguel, Julio Pindado, Chabela de la Torre SSRN Working Papers. 2003.
This paper studies how the main institutional factors characterizing corporate governance systems around the world affect the relationship between ownership structure and firm value. Our study gives rise to the following findings. First, ownership concentration and insider ownership levels are determined by several institutional features such as investor protection, development of capital markets, activity of the market for corporate control, and effectiveness of boards. Second, the relationship between ownership concentration and firm value is not directly affected by these institutional factors. Third, there is, however, a direct influence of corporate governance characteristics on the relationship between insider ownership and firm value.
Edith Penrose The American Economic Review. 1955. Vol. 45. No. 2. P. 531-543.
Boyan Jovanovic Econometrica. 1982. Vol. 50. No. 3. P. 649-670.
Recent evidence shows that within an industry, smaller firms grow faster and are more likely to fail than large firms. This paper provides a theory of selection with incomplete information that is consistent with these and other findings. Firms learn about their efficiency as they operate in the industry. The efficient grow and survive; the inefficient decline and fail. A perfect foresight equilibrium is proved by means of showing that it is a unique maximum to discounted net surplus. The maximization problem is not standard, and some mathematical results might be of independent interest.
Nai-Fu Chen Journal of Finance. 1983. Vol. 38. No. 5. P. 1393-1414.
We estimate the parameters of Ross's Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT). Using daily return data during the 1963-78 period, we compare the evidence on the APT and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) as implemented by market indices and find that the APT performs well. The theory is further supported in that estimated expected returns depend on estimated factor loadings, and variables such as own variance and firm size do not contribute additional explanatory power to that of the factor loadings.
Benjamin E. Hermalin, Michael Steven Weisbach Rochester Business-Financial Research and Policy Studies. 1991. No. 91-02.
This paper attempts to measure difference in firm performance caused by broad composition and ownership structure. These two variables are intended to measure the direct incentives and monitoring faced by top management. We also control for a number of otheк variables that are likely to be correlated with corporate performance. We do so to improve the precision of our estimates, as well as to eliminate much of the omitted-variable bias that has undoubtedly affected previous studies of board composition.
Olav Sorenson, William P. Barnett Industrial and Corporate Change. 2002. Vol. 11. No. 2. P. 289-325.
We synthesize organization learning theory and organizational ecology to predict systematic patterns in the founding and growth of organizations over time. Our central argument is that competition triggers organizational learning, which in turn intensifies competition that again triggers an adaptive response. We model this self-exciting dynamic--sometimes referred to as the 'Red Queen' in general evolutionary theory--to explain organizational founding and growth rates among the thousands of retail banks that have operated in Illinois at any time from 1900--1993. We find strong evidence that Red Queen evolution led some organizations to grow quickly and to place strong competitive pressure on rivals. Red Queen evolution also helped establish barriers to entry. However, this same evolutionary process appears to make organizations more susceptible to 'competency traps', ultimately slowing their growth rates and inviting new market entry. Organizations confronted by a widely varying distribution of competitors grow more slowly and are more likely to face new entrants. Overall, the results suggest that processes of organizational creation and growth emerge from ecologies of learning organizations. More generally, we discuss the use of ecological theory and models to study the empirical consequences of organizational learning. Сopyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
О. Н. Сеелева Экономическая наука современной России. 2002. № 2. С. 177-178.
Успешность деятельности предприятия во многом определяется условиями внешней среды, в которой это предприятие функционирует. Анализ, проведенный на кафедре "Национальная экономика" СПбГТУ, на основе использования статистических данных по северо-западному федеральному округу подтверждает этот тезис. В качестве переметров внешней среды рассматривались субъективные и объективные факторы: региональные ресурсы и региональная политика. Данный анализ проволился в три этапа и результаты его позволяют сделать вывод о необходимости координации региональной политики, входящих в федеральный округ субъектов. От этой политики зависит уровень предпринимательского климата.


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Share 8 Scandalous Books About Cons, Scammers, and Frauds
8 Scandalous Books About Cons, Scammers, and Frauds
By CARRIE CABRAL
Carrie Cabral is a Marketing Associate at Simon & Schuster. When she's not writing, you can find her either at the gym, kickboxing or rereading Harry Potter for the zillionth time. She's known in her community for being a #1 dog mom of a handsome young man named Buddy. During her commutes to work from Brooklyn, you can find her with the newest fantasy or literary fiction novel!
Con artists, scammers, and tricksters—the world has always been filled with people who pretend to be someone or something they're not. Talented con artists can get away with lying for years, and some of these people have become the famous in legends, movies, or documentaries. The current state our online engagement means it's easier than ever for us to fall for scams. But social media has also shown new ways that scammers can be caught, their lies brought to light, and their victims revealed. Fraudsters are out there: from the CEO of Theranos to the creators of disastrous festivals to robocallers telling you about getting an inheritance from a long-lost uncle. Cons are as fascinating as they are dangerous. These juicy books are about cons, lies, and frauds, so dive in…and watch out.
by Patricia Highsmith
Patricia Highsmith's psychological thriller is a classic for a reason. The main character, Tom Ripley, is a small-time scammer who gets the opportunity to travel to Italy to retrieve the son of one of New York's wealthiest men. Through a thrilling story of murder and chaos, Ripley assumes the son's identity and lives a life of luxury—when he's not on the run. THE TALENTED MR. RIPLEY has readers on the edge of their seats with every twist and turn and is as much about the consequences as it is about the crime itself. The book was made into a 1999 film, starring Matt Damon as Ripley.
By Carrie Cabral | April 19, 2019
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by Lee Israel
Lee Israel was a biographer and writer who fell on hard times. Desperate to keep her home and some semblance of her life, Israel began forging letters from famous authors. Over the course of two years, she sold more than 300 letters to autograph dealers. In this rare perspective from the con artist herself, Israel is painfully honest about her feelings and failings. CAN YOU EVER FORGIVE ME is incredibly engaging and totally worth the read. Melissa McCarthy starred as Lee Israel in the 2018 movie.
Lee Israel
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Faking It Till You Make It
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There are many fascinating themes in THE GREAT GATSBY, including unrequited love and the power of wealth. But Jay Gatsby is a ultimately a fraud, presenting himself as a multimillionaire to the world in the roaring 20s. His goal is to get his long-lost love, Daisy, to fall in love with him. His false identity has fatal consequences, and watching the lies fall apart is haunting and painful. There's a reason THE GREAT GATSBY is one of literature's most widely read and beautiful classics.
Some consider it "the great American novel." The story of the fabulously wealthy Jay Gatsby and his powerful love for the beautiful Daisy Buchanan is an exquisitely crafted tale that has been essential reading since it was published.
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The Widow of Wall Street
Phoebe is the wife of Jake, a Wall Street magnate. She's known him since they were teens and has no reason to doubt the solidity of the financial empire he's built. When her husband's business is revealed to be a Ponzi scheme, it all falls apart. Phoebe finds herself one of the many people that he has tricked and has to navigate the press, her family, and her relationship amid the chaos. This riveting novel delivers on the hopeless feelings of loss and the consequences of financial fraud.
Randy Susan Meyers
The seemingly blind love of a wife for her husband as he conquers Wall Street, and her extraordinary, perhaps foolish, loyalty during his precipitous fall, is expertly explored in this "ripped-from-the-headlines story about love, ambition, and forgiveness" (PopSugar)—perfect for fans of the TV show Billions.
Phoebe recognizes fire in Jake Pierce's belly from the moment they meet as teenagers. After they marry and he creates a financial dynasty, she trusts him without hesitation—unaware his hunger for success hides a dark talent for deception.
But when Phoebe learns her husband's triumph and vast reach rests on an elaborate Ponzi scheme, her world unravels. While Jake is trapped in the web of his deceit, Phoebe is caught facing an unbearable choice. Her children refuse to see her if she remains at their father's side, but abandoning him feels cruel and impossible.
From penthouse to prison, with tragic consequences rippling well beyond Wall Street, Randy Susan Meyers's latest novel exposes a woman struggling to survive and then redefine her life as her world crumbles. "An engrossing emotional journey" (Kirkus Reviews) and USA TODAY bestselling author Diane Chamberlain raves, "With all the suspense of a thriller, The Widow of Wall Street quickly pulled me into the story and didn't let me go until the last page."
by Frank W. Abagnale
CATCH ME IF YOU CAN details the life and scams of Frank Abagnale, Jr. Starting in his teens, Abagnale passed himself off as a doctor, lawyer, teacher, and pilot and cashed approximately $2.5 million in forged checks before he was caught. CATCH ME IF YOU CAN provides fascinating details about Abagnale's scams, while maintaining the thrilling tone of a crime novel. Abagnale's skill and confidence are clear on the page; and he shows how susceptible people are to cons and the talents required of the perpetrator. An interesting and exciting book, CATCH ME IF YOU CAN is a must read and was turned into a successful film in 2002.
Frank W. Abagnale
Frank W. Abagnale, alias Frank Williams, Robert Conrad, Frank Adams, and Robert Monjo, was one of the most daring con men, forgers, imposters, and escape artists in history. In his brief but notorious criminal career, Abagnale donned a pilot's uniform and copiloted a Pan Am jet, masqueraded as the supervising resident of a hospital, practiced law without a license, passed himself off as a college sociology professor, and cashed over $2.5 million in forged checks, all before he was twenty-one. The basis for the great Leo DiCaprio film, hopefully he's not flying your plane.
We Love Leo: 12 Books Leonardo DiCaprio Brought to the Silver Screen
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Empire of Deception
by Dean Jobb
EMPIRE OF DECEPTION tells the story of Leo Koretz who defrauded people out of millions of dollars by getting them to invest in nonexistent oil wells. The book also discusses other scammers, and how the economic boom of the 1920s created the perfect environment for fraud. People had money to spend, and tricksters of all calibers rose to the occasion. EMPIRE OF DECEPTION describes some incredible scams but also gives an understanding of the circumstances (and people) who were taken in by them. It's an interesting read, reminding us that no matter what, we're never safe from being scammed.
Dean Jobb
To Rise Again at a Decent Hour
by Joshua Ferris
Unlike the rest of the books on this list, TO RISE AGAIN AT A DECENT HOUR is about the scammed, not the scammer. This funny and moving novel features Paul O'Rourke, a regular guy with a regular job as a dentist and a regular obsession with the Red Sox. Paul is already concerned with figuring out who he is, when someone begins to impersonate him online. As Paul tries to track down the culprit, he uncovers things he never knew about himself—and some things he wishes he didn't. This novel is about something that could easily happen to any of us in the age of social media, and Ferris treats it with disdain, concern, and humor. It's a reminder that we are not always our real selves, and just how important it is to know who those selves are.
My Friend Anna
by Rachel DeLoache Williams
Vanity Fair editor Rachel DeLoache Williams meets a new friend, Anna Delvey, an heiress who introduces her to a world of luxurious parties and lavish trips… but there's something not quite right with Anna. And when Rachel discovers she's more than $62,000 in credit card debt—which Anna swore she'd reimburse—Rachel realizes, a bit too late, Anna was not who she said she was.
Rachel DeLoache Williams
The Gang's All Here: 11 Wonderful Books About Friendship to Read Right Now
By Alice Martin | August 6, 2019
4 Books That Prove the Truth Really Is Stranger Than Fiction
From Ruth Ware to the Hottest Debuts—Here's What We're Reading This Summer
By Tolani Osan | July 25, 2019
Looking for more reads about con-artists?
Check out this list from our friends, Get Literary!
A Poetic Reminiscence of Love and Betrayal
BY Pepper Harding
Get Your Kicks with This 8 Book Tour of Route 66
BY Hilary Krutt
How to Become Undone
A 100-Year-Old Life Hack for Millennials
BY Etinosa Agbonlahor


text:
package com.sulacosoft.bitcoindconnector4j.core;

/**
 *  @author Sebastian Dziak {@literal (sebastian.dziak@sulacosoft.com)}
 *  @author Nicola Atzei
 */
public class BitcoindException extends Error {

	private static final long serialVersionUID = 4505365298463956527L;

	private RPCErrorCode code;

	public BitcoindException(String message, RPCErrorCode code) {
		super(message);
		this.code = code;
	}

	public RPCErrorCode getCode() {
		return code;
	}

	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return "BitcoindException [code=" + code + ", message=" + getMessage() + "]";
	}

}


text:
package cibuild

import (
	"fmt"
	"github.com/dmcsorley/goblin/command"
	"github.com/dmcsorley/goblin/config"
	"os/exec"
)

type DockerLoginStep struct {
	index    int
	username string
	password string
}

func newLoginStep(index int, sr *config.StepRecord, vv ValueValidator) (Stepper, error) {
	if !sr.HasParameter(UsernameKey) {
		return stepParamRequired(DockerLogin, UsernameKey)
	}

	err := vv.ValidateValue(sr.Username)
	if err != nil {
		return stepParamError(DockerLogin, UsernameKey, err)
	}

	if !sr.HasParameter(PasswordKey) {
		return stepParamRequired(DockerLogin, PasswordKey)
	}

	err = vv.ValidateValue(sr.Password)
	if err != nil {
		return stepParamError(DockerLogin, PasswordKey, err)
	}

	return &DockerLoginStep{index: index, username: sr.Username, password: sr.Password}, nil
}

func (dls *DockerLoginStep) Step(se StepEnvironment) error {
	pfx := se.StepPrefix(dls.index)

	username, err := se.ResolveValues(dls.username)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	password, err := se.ResolveValues(dls.password)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	fmt.Println(pfx, DockerLogin, username)
	cmd := exec.Command(
		"docker",
		"login",
		"-p",
		password,
		"-u",
		username,
	)
	return command.Run(cmd, pfx)
}

func (dls *DockerLoginStep) Cleanup(se StepEnvironment) {
	// intentionally left blank
}


Flex display stands can be used to display graphics that are less than the standard height of 2m and they can also be used to display graphics that are taller than the standard 2m height.
As the bottom clips on all of our systems may be positioned anywhere on the vertical pole, this means that full height graphics do not need to be used on every occasion. So this feature allows the Flex display system to display fabric posters as well as larger fabric graphics – In fact, you choose the height and the system will happily display it.
See Pole Types for further info.
Where a fixed pole height of 2.25m is required we have a simple 20cm extension pole to do this.