text:
67.05(3)(am) (am) The question on which the referendum is held shall be filed as provided in s. 8.37.
67.05(3)(b) (b) The clerk of the jurisdiction in which the referendum is held shall prepare or arrange for the preparation of the ballots. If the jurisdiction in which the referendum is held is not a city, village, or town, and the clerk of the jurisdiction in which the referendum is held prepares the ballots, the clerk shall deliver the ballots to the municipal clerk of each city, village, or town which is wholly or partly contained within the jurisdiction in which the referendum is held. The form of the ballot shall correspond with the form prescribed by the elections commission under ss. 5.64 (2) and 7.08 (1) (a).
67.05(3)(c) (c) Absentee ballots shall be distributed by the municipal clerk or board of election commissioners of each municipality which is contained within the jurisdiction in which the referendum is held.
67.05(3)(d) (d) The question shall contain a statement of the purpose for which bonds are to be issued and the maximum amount of the bonds to be issued.
67.05(3)(e) (e) Election officials appointed under s. 7.30 (4) shall conduct the election in each municipality which is contained within the jurisdiction in which the referendum is held.
67.05(3)(f) (f) If a special purpose district calls a referendum to be held in conjunction with a state, county, municipal or judicial election, the polling places for the state, county, municipal or judicial election shall be the polling places for the special purpose district referendum and the municipal election hours shall apply. If no state, county, municipal or judicial election is held on the day of the special purpose district referendum, the governing body of the special purpose district may select the polling places to be used, except as otherwise provided in s. 120.06 (9) (b) in the case of a school district. If a polling place located in the special purpose district that was utilized at the most recent spring or general election is not utilized by the special purpose district, the governing body of the special purpose district shall post a notice on the door of the polling place indicating all polling places open for voting. The municipal clerk of each municipality in which a polling place is located shall provide the necessary equipment to operate the polling place.
67.05(3)(g) (g) The returns shall be canvassed by the board of canvassers of each municipality which is contained within the jurisdiction in which the referendum is held. When a referendum is held in a special purpose district, the board of canvassers shall canvass and certify the returns of the referendum to the clerk of the district in which the referendum is held. The board of canvassers of the jurisdiction in which the referendum is held shall then determine the result of the referendum. If the jurisdiction does not have a board of canvassers, the clerk of the jurisdiction shall appoint 2 reputable citizens who with the clerk shall constitute the board of canvassers. The board of canvassers may return defective returns to the municipal board of canvassers in the manner provided in s. 7.60 (3). The board of canvassers shall prepare a statement showing the number of votes cast for and against the question and shall prepare a determination showing the result of the referendum. Each statement and determination shall be attested by each of the canvassers. The board of canvassers shall file the statement and determination in the office of the clerk of the jurisdiction.
67.05(3)(h) (h) The cost of the election shall be borne as provided in ss. 5.68 and 7.03.
67.05(3)(i) (i) Any special purpose district may delegate any duty which is imposed upon the clerk of the district in connection with the conduct of a referendum under this section to the municipal clerk or board of election commissioners of each municipality which is contained within the jurisdiction in which the referendum is held. The district may compensate the municipality for performing such duties at a rate agreed upon between the district and the municipality.
67.05(4) (4) Permissive referendum in counties. If a county board adopts an initial resolution for an issue of county bonds to provide for the original construction or for the improvement and maintenance of highways, to provide railroad aid, or to construct, acquire or maintain, or to aid in constructing, acquiring or maintaining a bridge over or across any stream or other body of water bordering upon or intersecting any part of the county, the county clerk is not required to submit the resolution for approval to the electors of the county at a special election unless within 30 days after the adoption thereof there is filed with the clerk a petition conforming to the requirements of s. 8.40 requesting such submission, signed by electors numbering at least 10 percent of the votes cast in the county for governor at the last general election. If a petition is filed, the question submitted shall be whether the resolution shall be or shall not be approved. No such resolution of a county board other than those specified in this subsection need be submitted to county electors, except as provided otherwise in sub. (7).
67.05(5) (5) Referendum in towns, villages and cities.
67.05(5)(a) (a) Whenever an initial resolution has been so adopted by the governing body of a town, the clerk of the municipality shall immediately record the resolution and call a special election for the purpose of submitting the resolution to the electors of the municipality for approval. This paragraph does not apply to bonds issued to finance low-interest mortgage loans under s. 62.237, unless a number of electors equal to at least 15 percent of the votes cast for governor at the last general election in their town sign and file a petition conforming to the requirements of s. 8.40 with the town clerk requesting submission of the resolution. Whenever a number of electors cannot be determined on the basis of reported statistics, the number shall be determined in accordance with s. 60.74 (6). If a petition is filed, the question submitted shall be whether the resolution shall or shall not be approved. This paragraph is limited in its scope by sub. (7).
67.05(5)(b) (b) No city or village may issue bonds for any purposes other than for water systems, lighting works, gas works, bridges, street lighting, street improvements, street improvement funding, hospitals, airports, harbor improvements, river improvements, breakwaters and protection piers, sewerage, garbage disposal, rubbish or refuse disposal, any combination of sewage, garbage or refuse or rubbish disposal, parks and public grounds, swimming pools and band shells, veterans housing projects, paying the municipality's portion of the cost of abolishing grade crossings, for the construction of police facilities and combined fire and police safety buildings, for the purchase of sites for engine houses, for fire engines and other equipment of the fire department, for construction of engine houses, and for pumps, water mains, reservoirs and all other reasonable facilities for fire protection apparatus or equipment for fire protection, for parking lots or other parking facilities, for school purposes, for libraries, for buildings for the housing of machinery and equipment, for acquiring and developing sites for industry and commerce as will expand the municipal tax base, for financing the cost of low-interest mortgage loans under s. 62.237, for providing financial assistance to blight elimination, slum clearance, community development, redevelopment and urban renewal programs and projects under ss. 66.1105, 66.1301 to 66.1329 and 66.1331 to 66.1337, to issue appropriation bonds under s. 62.62 to pay unfunded prior service liability with respect to an employee retirement system, or for University of Wisconsin System college campuses, as defined in s. 36.05 (6m), until the proposition for their issue for the special purpose has been submitted to the electors of the city or village and adopted by a majority vote. Except as provided under sub. (15), if the common council of a city or the village board of a village declares its purpose to raise money by issuing bonds for any purpose other than those specified in this subsection, it shall direct by resolution, which shall be recorded at length in the record of its proceedings, the clerk to call a special election for the purpose of submitting the question of bonding to the city or village electors. If a number of electors of a city or village equal to at least 15 percent of the votes cast for governor at the last general election in their city or village sign and file a petition conforming to the requirements of s. 8.40 with the city or village clerk requesting submission of the resolution, the city or village may not issue bonds for financing the cost of low-interest mortgage loans under s. 62.237 without calling a special election to submit the question of bonding to the city or village electors for their approval.
67.05(6) (6) Referendum in other cases. Whenever an initial resolution has been adopted by the governing body of any municipality other than a county, a town, a city, a village, a technical college district, a metropolitan sewerage district created under ss. 200.01 to 200.15 or 200.21 to 200.65, a town sanitary district, a public inland lake protection and rehabilitation district, or a board of park commissioners, the clerk of such municipality shall immediately record the resolution and call a special meeting for the purpose of submitting it to the electors of the municipality for ratification or rejection. The calling and conduct of the meeting shall be governed by those statutes, so far as applicable, which govern the calling and conduct of special meetings in general. The notice of the meeting, which shall be publicly read before the balloting shall commence, and the ballot used, shall embody a copy of the resolution; the form of the ballot shall correspond with the form prescribed by the elections commission under ss. 5.64 (2) and 7.08 (1) (a); and the question submitted shall be whether the resolution shall be approved.
67.05(6a) (6a) School district bonds, referendum.
67.05(6a)(a) (a)
67.05(6a)(a)1.1. Subsections (2) (a) and (6) do not apply to the issuing of bonds or the borrowing of money by any school district.
67.05(6a)(a)2. 2. Except as provided under pars. (b) and (c) and subs. (7) and (15), and subject to the limit on the number of referendums that may be called in any calendar year under subd. 2. a., if the board of any school district, or the electors at a regularly called school district meeting, by a majority vote adopt an initial resolution to raise an amount of money by a bond issue, the school district clerk shall, within 10 days, publish notice of such adoption as a class 1 notice under ch. 985 or post the notice as provided under s. 10.05. The notice shall state the maximum amount proposed to be borrowed, the purpose of the borrowing, that the resolution was adopted under this subdivision and the place where and the hours during which the resolution may be inspected. The school board shall also do one of the following:
67.05(6a)(a)2.a. a. Direct the school district clerk to submit the resolution to the electors for approval or rejection at the next regularly scheduled spring primary or election or partisan primary or general election, provided such election is to be held not earlier than 70 days after the adoption of the resolution. A school board may proceed under this subd. 2. a. and under s. 121.91 (3) (a) 1. no more than 2 times in any calendar year. The resolution shall not be effective unless adopted by a majority of the school district electors voting at the referendum.
67.05(6a)(a)2.b. b. Specify in the initial resolution the date, time and place for a public hearing on the resolution, which shall be within 10 days after the publication of the notice under subd. 2. (intro.), and whether the public hearing is for informational purposes only or whether electors present at the public hearing will be given an opportunity to vote on whether a referendum shall be held on the initial resolution.
67.05(6a)(a)2.c. c. For a school district that has experienced a natural disaster, including a fire, that causes the school district's costs to increase, direct the school district clerk to call a special referendum to be held within the 6-month period immediately following the natural disaster, provided the special referendum is to be held not sooner than 70 days after the adoption of the initial resolution. The resolution shall not be effective unless adopted by a majority of the school district electors voting at the referendum.
67.05(6a)(am) (am)
67.05(6a)(am)1.1. If the public hearing under par. (a) 2. b. is for informational purposes only and, within 30 days after the public hearing, a petition is filed with the school district clerk for a referendum on the resolution signed by at least 7,500 electors of the school district or at least 20 percent of the school district electors, as determined under s. 115.01 (13), whichever is less, the resolution shall not be effective unless adopted by a majority of the school district electors voting at the referendum. Subject to the limit therein, the school board shall hold the referendum in accordance with par. (a) 2. a. The question submitted shall be whether the initial resolution shall or shall not be approved.
67.05(6a)(am)2. 2. If a vote is taken at the public hearing under par. (a) 2. b., and a majority of the electors present and voting at the hearing determine that a referendum shall be held on the initial resolution, the school board shall proceed under par. (a) 2. a.
67.05(6a)(am)3. 3. If a vote is taken at the public hearing under par. (a) 2. b., and a majority of the electors present and voting at the hearing determine that no referendum on the initial resolution shall be held, the resolution shall be effective unless a petition is filed as provided under subd. 1.
67.05(6a)(b) (b) Paragraph (a) 2. applies only if the amount of money to be raised by the bond issue will cause the aggregate amount of outstanding indebtedness of the school district incurred without a referendum since August 9, 1989, excluding amounts specified in par. (bm), to exceed $1,000,000 or an amount determined as follows, whichever is less:
67.05(6a)(b)1. 1. Divide the full value of all taxable property in all school districts operating a high school, as determined under s. 121.06 (1), by the total membership, as defined in s. 121.004 (5), of all school districts.
67.05(6a)(b)2. 2. Multiply the quotient under subd. 1. by 0.015.
67.05(6a)(b)3. 3. Multiply the product under subd. 2. by the school district membership, as defined in s. 121.004 (5).
67.05(6a)(bg) (bg) For a school district from which territory is detached to create a new school district under s. 117.105, the amounts specified and calculated under par. (b) shall be increased, for the construction of a building or an addition to a building only, by the amount determined as follows:
67.05(6a)(bg)1. 1. Determine the number of pupils in each grade level who attended school in the previous school year in a building that was then owned by the school district and has been allocated to another school district by the reorganization and who resided in the previous school year in territory that was not transferred to the other school district. The number shall be the average of such pupils enrolled on the 3rd Friday of September and the 2nd Friday of January.
67.05(6a)(bg)2. 2. The department of safety and professional services shall determine for each grade level in which pupils attended school in a building described in subd. 1., the average cost per square foot for, and the average number of square feet per pupil included in, 2 recently constructed school buildings that were designed to serve pupils of that grade level, as selected by that department.
67.05(6a)(bg)3. 3. For each grade level, multiply the number determined under subd. 1. by the product of the 2 numbers determined under subd. 2., and total the results.
67.05(6a)(bm) (bm) In par. (b) and in s. 67.12 (12) (e) 2g., "outstanding indebtedness" does not include the amount of any of the following:
67.05(6a)(bm)1. 1. Refunding bonds or promissory notes, except such refunding bonds or promissory notes, or portions thereof, that have been issued to refund bonds or promissory notes that were not subject to a referendum as a result of par. (b) or s. 67.12 (12) (e) 2g.
67.05(6a)(bm)2. 2. Borrowings to meet immediate expenses under s. 67.12 (8).
67.05(6a)(bm)3. 3. Bonds or promissory notes that are deemed approved by the school district electors as a result of sub. (7) (d) 3. or s. 67.12 (12) (e) 3.
67.05(6a)(bm)4. 4. Bonds that are not subject to a referendum as a result of sub. (7) (cc), (h) or (i) or promissory notes issued for the purposes of sub. (7) (cc), (er), (h), or (i).
67.05(6a)(c) (c) Paragraph (a) 2. does not apply to borrowing by a school district to meet immediate expenses under s. 67.12 (8).
67.05(6m) (6m) Hearing and referendum in technical college districts. Unless sub. (7) (k) applies, prior to the adoption of an initial resolution under sub. (1), the technical college district board shall adopt a resolution stating its intention to borrow money for the purposes specified in s. 38.16 (2) and setting a date, time and place for a public hearing on the resolution adopted under this subsection which shall be held within 30 days after its adoption. The technical college district secretary immediately shall publish a copy of the resolution adopted under this subsection as a class 1 notice, under ch. 985.
67.05(6m)(a) (a) An initial resolution adopted by a technical college district board for an issue of bonds in an amount of money not exceeding $1,500,000 for building remodeling or improvement need not be submitted to the electors of the district for approval unless within 30 days after the initial resolution is adopted there is filed with the technical college district secretary a petition conforming to the requirements of s. 8.40 requesting a referendum thereon. Such a petition shall be signed by electors from each county lying wholly or partially within the district. The number of electors from each county shall equal at least 1.5 percent of the population of the county as determined under s. 16.96 (2) (c). If a county lies in more than one district, the technical college system board shall apportion the county's population as determined under s. 16.96 (2) (c) to the districts involved and the petition shall be signed by electors equal to the appropriate percentage of the apportioned population. Any initial resolution adopted under sub. (1) in an amount of money not exceeding $1,500,000 at the discretion of the district board, may be submitted to the electors without waiting for the filing of a petition. All initial resolutions adopted under sub. (1) in an amount of money in excess of $1,500,000 or more for building remodeling or improvement shall be submitted to the electors of the district for approval. If a referendum is duly petitioned or required under this subsection, bonds may not be issued until the electors of the district have approved the issue.
67.05(6m)(b) (b) If a referendum is to be held on an initial resolution, the district board shall direct the technical college district secretary to call a special election for the purpose of submitting the initial resolution to the electors for a referendum on approval or rejection. In lieu of a special election, the district board may specify that the election be held at the next succeeding spring primary or election or partisan primary or general election.
67.05(7) (7) Referendum, when required by electors, when not permitted.
67.05(7)(a)(a) An initial resolution adopted by a county board for an issue of bonds to provide a memorial for soldiers, sailors and marines, shall not be submitted to the electors unless within 30 days after the adoption thereof there is filed with the county clerk a petition conforming to the requirements of s. 8.40 requesting such submission, signed by electors numbering at least 10 percent of the votes cast in the county for governor at the last general election. If such petition is filed, proceedings shall be had under sub. (4).
67.05(7)(b) (b) An initial resolution adopted by the governing body of a city for an issue of bonds for purposes specifically enumerated in sub. (5) need not be submitted to the electors under sub. (5) unless, within 30 days after the adoption thereof, a petition conforming to the requirements of s. 8.40 requesting such submission, signed by electors numbering at least 10 percent of the votes cast for governor in the city at the last general election, is filed in the office of the city clerk. Whenever a number of electors cannot be determined on the basis of reported statistics, the number shall be determined in accordance with s. 60.74 (6). Any initial resolution may, in the discretion of the governing body, by separate recorded resolution, be submitted to popular vote without a petition.
67.05(7)(c) (c) An initial resolution adopted by the common council of a city for an issue of bonds for paying the city's portion of the cost of abolishing grade crossings, shall not be submitted to popular vote.
67.05(7)(cc) (cc) An initial resolution adopted by the school board of a common school district or unified school district for the purpose of purchasing the school property or technical college school property of a city therein which formerly operated a city school district shall not be submitted to a referendum vote.
67.05(7)(d) (d)
67.05(7)(d)1.1. Whenever the purpose for which any municipality proposes to issue bonds is required by law to be approved by a vote of its electors, such a vote in favor of the issue for that express purpose shall be construed as an approval of the purpose by the electors; and the question of approving the purpose need not be separately submitted.
67.05(7)(d)2. 2. If a school board adopts an initial resolution to raise an amount of money by a bond issue, and either sub. (6a) (a) 2. does not apply as a result of sub. (6a) (b) or the initial resolution is not subject to a referendum as a result of par. (cc), (er), (h), or (i), the school board has the power to borrow and spend the amount for the purpose stated without the approval of the electors of the school district.
67.05(7)(d)3. 3. If a school board adopts an initial resolution to raise an amount of money by a bond issue, and either the public hearing under sub. (6a) (a) 2. b. is for informational purposes only or sub. (6a) (am) 3. applies, the power of the school board to borrow and spend the amount for the purpose stated shall be deemed approved by the electors of the school district if a sufficient petition for a referendum is not filed within the time permitted under sub. (6a) (am) 1.
67.05(7)(e) (e) An initial resolution adopted by the governing body of a city or village for an issue of bonds to create a revolving fund out of which to advance the cost of any work for which special assessments may be levied, in anticipation of the collection by the city or village treasurer of the special assessments, special improvement certificates and improvement bonds, made or issued for the cost thereof, need not be submitted to the electors under sub. (5) unless, within 30 days after the adoption thereof, a petition conforming to the requirements of s. 8.40 requesting such submission, signed by electors numbering at least 10 percent of the votes cast for governor in the city or village at the last general election, is filed in the office of the city or village clerk. Whenever a number of electors cannot be determined on the basis of reported statistics, the number shall be determined in accordance with s. 60.74 (6). If such petition is filed, proceedings shall be had under sub. (5). Any such resolution may, in the discretion of the governing body, by separate recorded resolution, be submitted to popular vote without the filing of a petition.
67.05(7)(er) (er) An initial resolution adopted by the school board of a school district for the purpose of issuing up to $2,000,000 in debt for the costs associated with an environmental remediation project on district-owned property and under an environmental remediation plan approved by the department of natural resources and the federal environmental protection agency shall not be submitted to a referendum vote.
67.05(7)(f) (f) An initial resolution adopted by any county, town, city or village for the purpose of acquiring, developing, remodeling, constructing and equipping land, buildings and facilities for regional projects, either alone or acting jointly under s. 66.0301, shall not be subject to a referendum.
67.05(7)(g) (g) An initial resolution adopted by any town sanitary district under sub. (1) may be submitted to the electors by separate resolution of the board. If the board does not adopt such a separate resolution, the initial resolution may not be submitted to the electors unless, within 30 days after its adoption, a petition conforming to the requirements of s. 8.40 requesting such submission, signed by electors numbering at least 10 percent of the votes cast for governor in the district at the last general election, is filed with the district clerk requesting a referendum. If a petition is filed, the board shall proceed under sub. (5).
67.05(7)(h) (h) If a school district is ordered by a court or a state or federal agency to remove a hazardous substance from a school, an initial resolution adopted by the school board for the purpose of complying with the order is not subject to a referendum. This paragraph does not apply to financing the construction of a new school.
67.05(7)(i) (i) If a school district is ordered by a court, state agency or fire chief of a city or village to remedy any violation of a state statute or rule or municipal or county ordinance relating to fire hazards or to the prevention of fire, an initial resolution adopted by the school board for the purpose of complying with the order is not subject to a referendum. This paragraph does not apply to financing the construction of a new school or other school district facility.
67.05(7)(j) (j) An initial resolution adopted by the school board of a school district created by a reorganization under s. 117.105, or adopted by the school board of a school district from which territory is detached to create a school district under s. 117.105, for the purpose of financing any assets or liabilities apportioned to the school district or assets apportioned to another school district under s. 117.105 (1m) or (2m), is not subject to a referendum.
67.05(7)(k) (k) Subsection (6m) does not apply to an initial resolution adopted by a technical college district board to purchase or construct a facility to be used as an applied technology center to which s. 38.15 (3) (c) applies.
67.05(10) (10) Direct, annual, irrepealable tax. The governing body of every municipality proceeding under this chapter shall, at the time of or after the adoption of an initial resolution in compliance with sub. (1) or (2), or, after the approval of the resolution by popular vote when such approval is required, and before issuing any of the contemplated bonds, levy by recorded resolution a direct, annual tax sufficient in amount to pay and for the express purpose of paying the interest on such bonds as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal thereof at maturity. The municipality shall be and continue without power to repeal such levy or obstruct the collection of the tax until all such payments have been made or provided for. After the issue of the bonds, the tax shall be from year to year carried into the tax roll of the municipality and collected as other taxes are collected, provided that the amount of tax carried into the tax roll may be reduced in any year by the amount of any surplus money in the debt service fund created under s. 67.11, and provided further that the municipality issuing the bonds may make an appropriation in advance of the authorization of the bonds to provide funds for any payment coming due on the bonds prior to the first collection of taxes levied for that payment. The amount of the appropriation shall be based on estimates of the amount of bonds to be sold and the rate of interest the bonds will bear. The appropriation shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which appropriated and any surplus in the appropriation shall be transferred to the general fund of the municipality. The municipality is not required to levy a tax equal to the amount of that appropriation.
67.05(11) (11) Authority to borrow and issue bonds, when complete. Every municipality that has first complied with all the requirements prescribed for and made applicable to it by subs. (1) to (10), may, but not otherwise, borrow money and issue and sell or hypothecate its municipal bonds to the amount and for the purposes specified in the initial resolution.
67.05(12) (12) Record of proceedings. Every municipality shall provide and keep a separate record book or record books in which its municipal clerk shall record a full and correct statement of every step or proceeding had or taken in the course of authorizing and issuing municipal bonds, or of incurring any other municipal obligation under the provisions of this chapter, including a statement of the number of affirmative and negative votes cast by electors.
67.05(13) (13) Combination of issues. Bonds authorized under various initial resolutions may, in the discretion of the governing body, be combined into one issue and designated as "corporate purpose bonds". The resolution providing for such combination and the bond form for the combined issue shall separately itemize the amount being issued for each of the purposes provided by the underlying initial resolutions.
67.05(14) (14) Referendum not required for certain temporary borrowing. This section shall not be construed to require, or at any time before July 9, 1955, to have required, the submission to the electors for approval of any borrowing under s. 67.12, the provisions of said s. 67.12 being controlling as to such borrowing.
67.05(15) (15) Referendum not required for refunding obligations. This section does not require the submission to the electors for their approval of any resolution that authorizes the issuance of municipal obligations to refund outstanding municipal obligations or the interest on outstanding municipal obligations.
67.05 History History: 1971 c. 29; 1971 c. 154 ss. 41, 80; 1971 c. 211, 295; 1973 c. 23; 1975 c. 182, 311, 422; 1977 c. 26; 1977 c. 29 ss. 733, 734, 1654 (8) (c); 1977 c. 427 s. 132; 1979 c. 221, 297, 311; 1981 c. 20, 282, 377, 391; 1983 a. 207 ss. 47 to 52, 93 (5), (6), (7), 95; 1983 a. 236 s. 13; 1983 a. 532 s. 36; 1983 a. 538; 1985 a. 187, 225, 304; 1987 a. 197; 1987 a. 391; 1989 a. 31, 192, 205; 1991 a. 49; 1993 a. 399; 1995 a. 378; 1997 a. 237, 286; 1999 a. 9; 1999 a. 150 ss. 622, 672; 1999 a. 182; 2001 a. 16; 2005 a. 333; 2007 a. 1; 2009 a. 28; 2011 a. 32, 75; 2015 a. 37, 55, 118; 2017 a. 59.
67.05 Annotation The whole school bond referendum process did not become illegal because the board of canvassers was improperly composed of 6 of the 7 school board members, plus 3 city council members. Karker v. Board of Unified School District No. 1 of Ashland, 51 Wis. 2d 542, 187 N.W.2d 160 (1971).
67.06 67.06 Form and contents of bonds. Every municipal bond shall be a negotiable instrument payable to bearer, or, in case of registered bonds, to the registered owner; shall bear interest; shall specify the times and the place or places of payment of principal and interest; shall be numbered consecutively with the other bonds of the same issue which shall begin with number one and continue upward, or, if so directed by the governing body, shall begin with any other number and continue upward; shall bear on its face a name indicative of the purpose specified for it in the resolution of the governing body authorizing its issuance or in a resolution pursuant to s. 67.05 (13); shall contain a statement that a direct annual irrepealable tax has been levied by the municipality sufficient to pay the interest when it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal at maturity; may contain a statement that the bond is callable with or without premium on conditions prescribed on it; and may contain any other statement of fact not in conflict with the resolution. The entire issue may be composed of bonds of a single denomination or 2 or more denominations.
67.06 History History: 1973 c. 172; 1983 a. 207.
67.07 67.07 Maturity and place of payment. The principal of every sum borrowed and secured by an issue of municipal bonds may be made payable at one time in a single payment or at several times in 2 or more installments; but every installment, whether of principal or interest, shall be made payable not later than 20 years after the original date of the bonds, except that when the bonds are issued for the acquisition of lands by a county having a population of 150,000 or over, for public, municipal purposes or for the permanent improvement thereof, by a sewerage district or county having a population of 150,000 or over for sewerage purposes and by any city for sewerage purposes, all installments of principal and interest shall be made payable within a period not exceeding 50 years from the original date of the bonds. The terms of the bonds shall comply with the initial resolution.
67.07 History History: 1971 c. 154; 1981 c. 282; 1983 a. 207.
67.08 67.08 Execution and negotiation.
67.08(1)(1) Municipal obligations shall be executed in the name of and for the municipality issuing them by their qualified officers who shall, for that purpose, sign the same in their official capacities, as follows: for a county, the chairperson of the county board and the county clerk; for a city, the mayor or the city manager and the city clerk; for a village, the president and the village clerk; for a town, the chairperson and the town clerk; for a technical college district, the chairperson and secretary; for a metropolitan sewerage district established under ss. 200.21 to 200.65, the chairperson and secretary; for any other municipality, the president and clerk or secretary of the governing body. The facsimile signature of any of the officers executing a municipal obligation may be imprinted on the municipal obligation in lieu of the manual signature of the officer but, unless a municipality has contracted with a fiscal agent under s. 67.10 (2) to authenticate the municipal obligation, at least one of the signatures appearing on each municipal obligation shall be a manual signature. Municipal obligations bearing the signatures of officers in office on the date of the execution of the municipal obligations remain valid and binding even if before the delivery of the municipal obligations any or all of the persons whose signatures appear on the municipal obligations have ceased to be officers of the municipality issuing them. Each municipal obligation issued by a municipality having an official or corporate seal shall be sealed with such seal or a printed facsimile of such seal.
67.08(2) (2) The sale of bonds shall be public and noticed as provided by resolution, except that refunding bonds and bonds issued by a municipality and to be purchased by itself for any of the debt service accounts for any of its bond issues or any trust or reserve fund of the municipality may be sold at public or private sale. Bonds may be sold at such price or prices as shall be determined by the municipality.
67.08(3) (3) Any or all bids received may be rejected and the sale canceled, or the sale of all or any part of the bonds negotiated, after bids at public sale have been rejected or if no bids are received.
67.08(5) (5) Such negotiation and sale, or other disposition, may be effected by a disposition from time to time of portions only of the entire issue when the purpose for which the bonds have been authorized does not require an immediate realization upon all of them.
67.08 History History: 1977 c. 182; 1979 c. 297; 1981 c. 282; 1983 a. 24, 27, 192 ss. 158, 303 (2); 1983 a. 207 ss. 55, 56, 93 (4); 1987 a. 197; 1989 a. 56 s. 258; 1993 a. 399; 1999 a. 150 s. 672.
67.09 67.09 Registration of municipal obligations.
67.09(1)(1) All municipal obligations may be payable to bearer or may be registered as to the principal or principal and interest by the clerk or treasurer of the municipality issuing them or such other officers or agents, including fiscal agents under s. 67.10 (2), as the governing body of the municipality determines. Registrations shall be recorded.
67.09(2) (2) The holder of any registrable bearer municipal obligation may have the ownership thereof registered under sub. (1), and such registration noted on the municipal obligation by or on behalf of the municipality. After such registration, no transfer thereof shall be valid unless made on the records of the municipality by the registered owner in person or by the registered owner's duly authorized attorney and similarly noted on the municipal obligation, but the same may be discharged from registration by being in like manner transferred to bearer, and thereafter transferability by delivery shall be restored; but such bond may again be registered as to principal or as to principal and interest or transferred to bearer, as before. Registration only as to principal under this section shall not affect the negotiability of the appurtenant coupons, but every such coupon shall continue to be transferable upon delivery and shall remain payable to bearer.
67.09(3) (3) Any municipality may establish a book entry system as a means of identifying the persons entitled to receive principal and interest payments on any of its municipal obligations, maintaining such a system itself or contracting for its maintenance.
67.09 History History: 1983 a. 24; 1987 a. 197; 1991 a. 316.
67.10 67.10 Fiscal and administrative regulations.
67.10(1)(1) Money of the United States. All money received in payment of any tax levied under this chapter shall be lawful money of the United States; all municipal obligations shall be issued in exchange for lawful money of the United States or an obligation of the federal reserve bank or the state to pay such money; and all municipal obligations shall be payable in such money.
67.10(2) (2) Fiscal agents. The governing body of any municipality may appoint a fiscal agent or fiscal agents. Every fiscal agent shall be an incorporated bank or trust company authorized by the laws of the United States or of the state in which it is located to do a banking or trust company business or shall be a Wisconsin governmental body or officer. This contract may create a trust relationship and may provide for the performance by the fiscal agent of any of the following functions:
67.10(2)(a) (a) Distribution of municipal obligations.
67.10(2)(b) (b) Payment of debt service.
67.10(2)(c) (c) Investment of funds.
67.10(2)(d) (d) Registration of municipal obligations.
/statutes/statutes/67 true statutes /statutes/statutes/67/05/6a/bg Chs. 59-68, Functions and Government of Municipalities statutes/67.05(6a)(bg) statutes/67.05(6a)(bg) section true


After four weeks now, we are slowly getting into our stride and this last week has seen some more memorable achievements and developments.
In terms of EOTCs, Year 6 has already gone to visit the Grand Mosque and the Qinglongsi Temple. The students learned a lot about other cultural belief systems.
In Secondary School, our IB Diploma students conducted their IB DP Geography fieldtrip and very soon the IB DP Biology students will be undertaking their fieldwork up in a mountain forest.
As we speak, all the IB Diploma students in Years 12 and 13 are on their way to the Gubei Watertown, north of Beijing.
As an IB Continuum School, languages play a very important part of our children's education. In terms of cultural understanding and in making the world a better and more peaceful place, languages are critical. That's why Hanova's philosophy on languages maintains that all languages – irrespective of whether they are 'host country', 'mother tongue' and English are of equal importance.
We have been working to improve our languages provision and we hope that over the next few weeks we will be able to announce further developments.
However, in the meantime, please be reminded that the language of instruction at Hanova is English and please encourage your children to practice their English outside of the classroom and the school.
I would like to share with you another very useful resource. Some parents may have heard of TED ED. TED ED is part of the organization that has been sharing TED Talks for several years now. TED ED is a free web-site that has possibly thousands of excellent and though-provoking mini-lessons in a very wide range of subjects – English, Maths, Sciences, Humanities etc. The mini-lessons are very short and are animated – that means that students who find English difficult should be able to learn from them. TED ED is suitable for students in Years 5 up to Year 13.
News from Secondary School. At Hanova International School students use a laptop as part of their learning in most subjects.
Both of these are unacceptable. We have asked students not to use their laptops for playing games or accessing social media. We would ask parents to support that view. At break and lunch-time we would also encourage students to go outside now that the temperature is at a reasonable level.
Yesterday it was tremendous to see the first week of our ECA programme. It was wonderful to see all students engaged in a large variety of different activities. Nearly every student got their first choice and no club is over prescribed. Over the next few weeks we look forward to students producing a wide variety of different outcomes.
Congratulations to the new house leaders who were elected on Friday 7th September 2018.
The house system at Hanova gives students the opportunity to work together across the year groups to win points for their house. House points are awarded on the basis of: sports and cultural activities and academic achievements. Houses also work together to fill and run a stall at our Christmas market and plan and run activities at our Carnival at the end of the academic year. We wish our new leaders every success in the year ahead!
This week our IB Diploma Geography students went on a field trip into the city of Xi'an. The whole excursion was planned and run by the students to meet the requirements of their Internal Assessment. We have studied 'Urban Environments' in the course and have been inspired to understand more about our city. We investigated three very different neighbor-hoods and are now analyzing how people in those places perceive relevant urban stressors.
News from Primary School. We are pleased to announce that after careful consideration and input from teachers and parents, we have decided to use RaZ Kids as an online literacy resource from Years 1-6. This will allow consistency across the PYP and provide a great library of English resources for all the PYP families to access at home. Each homeroom teacher will be setting up their class lists and passwords in the next week. For Nursery and Reception students, we will be using Starfall, a literacy and math resource geared for younger children. You will receive more detailed information from your homeroom teachers. We are currently making decisions regarding a math resource, and will let you know as soon as this has been confirmed.
Mother Tongue lessons will begin after the National Holiday for Years 3-6 students. We will be sending home more information regarding the vision and purpose of this program. In the meantime, if any parents are interested in assisting in the Mother Tongue program, please feel free to contact our PYP Coordinator, Miss Trish Scott via email at trish.scott@his-xian.com.
There was much excitement among the students on Wednesday afternoon as they attended the ECA (Extra Curricular Activity) of their choice. We hope your children enjoyed the various activities. We look forward to seeing the outcomes and achievements of this first block of extra-curricular activities.
6b have been inquiring into "Who we are" for our first Unit of Inquiry. We created self-portrait silhouettes, displaying who we are, as individuals. We thought about what our hobbies were, who our family and friends are and values and beliefs that make us, us!


Due out later this year, early drafts of the Fifth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change were leaked earlier this week, confirming what scientists have been saying now for years, even decades: global warming is real. Many see little change in the IPCC's Fifth Report from its previous assessment published in 2007, albeit with ever-increased confidence in the science and better understanding of regional climate change. One notable difference is the projection of change in the Arctic, where observations of rapid warming and melting ice portend change at a scale of which previous assessments have only hinted.
None have heard the ringing of change more than those that have lived in the Arctic for generations. For these people climate change is a day-to-day reality that threatens a way of life.
In fact, we don't need to wait until "tomorrow" it feel it. Climate change is here, everywhere.


Enjoy the annual display of holiday lights as you drive through Coleman Memorial Park. The event is open Wednesday-Thursday from dusk-9:00 p.m.; Friday-Saturday from dusk-10:00 p.m.; and Sunday from dusk -9:00 p.m. through December 31, 2018. Admission is $15.00 per car.


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On several occasions, Colts interim coach Bruce Arians has said that head coach Chuck Pagano could return from leukemia treatments by the final game of the regular season, on December 30 at home against the Texans.
Pagano could be back sooner than that.
Chris Mortensen of ESPN reports that Pagano is ahead of schedule, given the success of his chemotherapy treatments for leukemia. The final treatment starts Friday.
That doesn't mean Pagano will be cleared to come back before December 30, but it's making December 30 look more and more like a sure thing.
We wish Coach Pagano all the best as the most inspirational story of the 2012 NFL season continues to push toward a very happy ending.
Awesome news. His speeches, practice appearances, and game appearances have all been inspirational and nice, but the best thing for this team is to have him back on the sidelines running the show again.


The Department of Labor has issued an updated definition for "spouse" under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) to make compliance with FMLA easier for both employers and employees. The new regulations will be effective on March 27, 2015, and will define "spouse" as a husband or wife, which refers to a person "with whom an individual entered into marriage as defined or recognized under state law." The governing state law is that of the "celebration state" or where the marriage took place. Residency of the employee or the state of the employer will no longer have any bearing on the definition of "spouse" for purposes of FMLA. This change means that the same criteria for determining whether an employee is legally married will apply to both benefits and FMLA eligibility determinations.


Big rises in rent across the Eurozone – with Lisbon and Madrid both jumping 45 places in rankings, and Dublin rent increases by USD 880.
Hong Kong remains the most expensive location in the world for expatriate rent, with typical expat accommodation averaging USD 10 929 per month. This was one of the findings of the latest research published by ECA International, the world's leading provider of knowledge, information and software for the management and assignment of employees around the world.
Rental prices for an unfurnished, mid-market, three-bedroom apartment in areas commonly inhabited by international executives in Hong Kong average USD 10 929 per month – an increase of 4.9% from last year.
ECA International has been conducting research into accommodation costs for international executives for more than 20 years to help companies provide the right housing options as part of the overall compensation package for mobile employees. The research compares rental costs in accommodation in areas typically inhabited by expatriate staff in over 320 locations worldwide.
New York remains the second most expensive city in the world for overseas workers to rent in, and by far the most expensive location in the Americas, with USD 10 101 being the average expat rental cost. However, rents have dropped by over USD 250 since last year, as demand dropped slightly.
Rental costs in Tokyo rose by an even greater rate than Hong Kong, with typical expat accommodation now costing USD 8 668 per month on average. This is a rise of 6.9% and means that Tokyo is the third most expensive location in ECA's survey.
Rent in London is the most expensive in Europe for expats, averaging USD 7 189 per month. However rental costs decreased in central London (zone one) this year, whilst rent in outer London remained stable.
"A polarisation of rent changes was observed between properties in central and outer London since the previous year. Rents fell in prime neighbourhoods in London travel zone one, with salaries for top jobs largely stagnant and demand waning. Rents in outer London were more stable, but are anticipated to increase with London property purchases growing ever more out of the reach of many Londoners," explained Smith.
Rental costs across Europe rose significantly through 2018, due in part to the strength of the Euro. Dublin saw the biggest rises in expatriate rental costs in Europe with a rise of USD 880 in just one year but other major cities such as Madrid, Rome, Paris and Barcelona all saw increases over USD 500.
In Spain, Madrid saw the average expatriate rent rise by USD 650 to USD 2828 (€2299), whilst in Barcelona rent increased by USD 566 to USD 2521 (€2049).
Meanwhile in Paris, as the city continues to target attracting business due to Brexit, demand remains strong for property in the French capital and expatriate rent has risen to USD 4090 (€3324), an increase of over USD 700.
There were contrasting trends for the Australian cities in the rankings as Sydney and Melbourne continued to rise, but Perth plummeted to 168th overall – a fall of 131 places since 2012.
At the bottom of the rankings it is the new addition Bursa which takes the spot of the cheapest location for overseas workers to rent in. The Turkish city has average rental costs of just USD 560 per month.


The Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America class at Louisa County Middle School has come up with a unique way for LCMS students to appreciate themselves. And soon, their initiative will be on display for the entire school to see!
On Tuesday, February 12th, FCCLA students spent their lunch period inviting their classmate sand teachers to think of something positive about themselves. Then, the FCCLA students had their classmates and teachers write those thoughts down on a paper heart. By the end of the lunch period on Tuesday, a stack of hearts several inches high had already formed!
On Thursday, the dozens of hearts will be used to create a billboard at the school, which will be called The Rainbow of Confidence. The billboard will be on display in the cafeteria, so students will be able to see it during the LCMS Valentine's Dance on Friday!
"I think it's going to make the school a better place, because it's going to make students feel kinder and meet new people and new friends," LCMS seventh grader Nathan Ritchie said.
LCMS FCCLA advisor Gracie Quarles said she was particularly encouraged by the initiative shown by the students who participated.
The initiative was part of FCCLA Week, which lasts from February 11th to the 15th. Each day during the week, FCCLA groups nationwide are encouraged to inspire and motivate their fellow students!


The entire Dark Souls trilogy soundtrack has now been added to the music streaming platform Spotify.
A lot went into the Dark Souls series, character design, creepy environments, brutal action, but it is only enhanced by the integral soundtrack that puts the player on edge during those most momentous scenes. As of now, you can relive these epic battles through Spotify, as they've now added all three original soundtracks from Dark Souls, Dark Souls II and Dark Souls III.
However, those who were hoping to relive soundtracks from Dark Souls III in it's entirety might be a little let down, as it's only the abridged version that has made it to Spotify. What this means is you'll be able to find all the tracks that appear in the game, however some will be the shortened version. While this is a slight damper you will still be able to enjoy all the tracks from the game.
This is not the first time that game music has been added to Spotify with the recent addition of a slew of track from Capcom which include Monster Hunter, Devil May Cry, Mega Man and more being added to the streaming platform.
It's great to see more composers' work being added to the platform, which means more can enjoy their music from their favourite games, anywhere and at anytime. Thanks to Reddit for spotting these tracks now on Spotify. You can find the playlist for Dark Souls, Dark Souls II and Dark Souls III here.
If you want to read more about the music that goes into FromSoftware games you should definitely find out about the inspiration that went into their latest IP Sekiro in Composer Yuka Kitamura Explores Inspiration Behind Sekiro Soundtrack.
If you enjoyed reading about FromSoftware news, be sure to read next 10 Things I Want From Sekiro Shadows Die Twice, After Dark Souls. You can also read about the Dilapidated Temple hub as well as Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice Interview Talks About Balance, New IP And More.


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Q: Why is the background color not changing when button press? Problem
Below are the xml and main activity files from a simple android program, to change the background color of the screen when the button is clicked.
Why is the code below generating the following error, and what is the best way to fix it? I believe it the problem is something to do with the id activity_main, but am not sure how to resolve it. I have looked at similar problems on this site with out success.
Error
java.lang.NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke virtual method 'void android.widget.RelativeLayout.setBackgroundColor(int)' on a null object reference at com.beutifultec.strobelight.MainActivity.onCreate(MainActivity.java:32)
This is the line
bgElement.setBackgroundColor(Color.RED);

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<android.widget.RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context="com.beutifultec.strobelight.MainActivity">

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Change"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.56"
        app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.498"
        tools:layout_constraintLeft_creator="1"
        tools:layout_constraintRight_creator="1"
        tools:layout_constraintTop_creator="1" />

</android.widget.RelativeLayout>

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
public void myButtonListenerMethod() {
    Button button = (Button)findViewById(R.id.button);
    button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
        @Override
        public void onClick(View v) {
            RelativeLayout bgElement = (RelativeLayout)findViewById(R.id.activity_main);
            int color = ((ColorDrawable) bgElement.getBackground()).getColor();
            if (color == Color.RED) {
                bgElement.setBackgroundColor(Color.BLUE);
            }
            else { bgElement.setBackgroundColor(Color.RED);
            }
        }
    });
}
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
    RelativeLayout bgElement = (RelativeLayout) findViewById(R.id.activity_main);
    bgElement.setBackgroundColor(Color.RED);
    myButtonListenerMethod();
}

The exact code works fine if I change the code to change the color of the button instead of the main display.
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
    Button bgElement = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);
    bgElement.setBackgroundColor(Color.RED);
    myButtonListenerMethod();
}

public void myButtonListenerMethod() {
    Button button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);

    button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
        @Override
        public void onClick(View v) {
            Button bgElement = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);
            int color = ((ColorDrawable) bgElement.getBackground()).getColor();
            if (color == Color.RED) {
                bgElement.setBackgroundColor(Color.BLUE);
            }
            else {
                bgElement.setBackgroundColor(Color.RED);
            }
        }
    });
}
}

A: Add id for root view, RelativeLayout in this case.
<android.widget.RelativeLayout
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:id="@+id/root_layout"           // <- Add this line here
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context="com.beutifultec.strobelight.MainActivity">

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Change"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.56"
        app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.498"
        tools:layout_constraintLeft_creator="1"
        tools:layout_constraintRight_creator="1"
        tools:layout_constraintTop_creator="1" />

</android.widget.RelativeLayout>

And change RelativeLayout bgElement = (RelativeLayout) findViewById(R.id.activity_main); to RelativeLayout bgElement = (RelativeLayout) findViewById(R.id.root_layout);
This should work.
Note: Remove the comment from the XML

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


PowerFlare Temporary Airfield Marking Kit - Flight Light Inc.
Our PowerFlare Temporary Airfield Marking Kit has everything you need to rapidly deploy runway lighting: 48 white LED lights to mark a 5,000 foot runway (position one light every 200' on each side of the runway); 12 red LED lights to mark the runway ends (position six lights on either end of the runway, fanned outwards). Each compact (4") beacon emits 360° of ultra-bright LED light, visible up to 10 miles away. All 60 LED lights fit in our waterproof, easy-rolling case.
The PowerFlare is waterproof and so tough it can withstand being run over by trucks at highway speeds. Unlike flashlights with alkaline batteries or light sticks, PowerFlare beacons can handle extreme temperatures and many HAZMAT situations (intrinsically safe). The LED bulbs are unbreakable and can operate thousands of hours. PowerFlare beacons have been proven with some of the most demanding users in the world: military, special forces, SWAT teams, and rescue units.
• Rugged: waterproof polymer shell withstands extreme impact.
LED Light Colors (per unit): White (runway edge), red (runway end), blue (taxiway). Custom colors available.
* Note: Times listed are for red LEDs. White and blue color LED versions will run from 50-80% of listed times depending on pattern used.
When elevated lighting is required for extra visibility, PowerFlare lights can be mounted on top of any standard traffic cone using our patent-pending Cone-Top Adapter.


English, Spanish and French spoken in our office.
We provide high quality Nerve Conduction Studies (NCVs) and Electromyography (EMG) using state of the art equipment.
We offer infusion therapy in a relaxing and comfortable setting.
We provide treatment for spastic muscles using botulinum toxin.
We provide opportunities to participate in clinical trials for new investigational drugs to treat MS and Myasthenia Gravis.
Our Mission is to provide the highest quality of comprehensive and compassionate patient centered medical care. To achieve this we offer and execute a treatment plan that promotes wellness and improves quality of life in a highly efficient and friendly clinic setting.
Dr. Schneider obtained fellowship training in Neurophysiology and has over 10 years of experience in performing NCVs and EMGs. We strive to perform high quality studies with attention to patient comfort.
All Rights Reserved. | Site Design by Infinity Medical Marketing.


Discover the beauty and wonders of nature at Singapore's first ASEAN Heritage Park. Uncover a world filled with rich biodiversity as you wander through the wetlands with an extensive mangrove forest of Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve.
Sungei Buloh was first opened as a Nature Park in 1993. In 2002, 130 hectares were officially gazetted as a Nature Reserve and renamed Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve to better reflect its status. In the same year, it was recognised as a site of international importance for migratory birds and awarded a certificate by Wetlands International, marking the reserve's formal entry into the East Asian Australasian Shorebird Site Network, which includes Australia's Kakadu National Park, China's Mai Po – Inner Deep Bay and Japan's Yatsu Tidal Flats. And in 2003, Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve became Singapore's first ASEAN Heritage Park.
Since then Sungei Buloh has expanded to include 202ha of mangroves, mudflats, ponds and forests, providing an even larger sanctuary for the flora and fauna that call it home. This includes the newest extension that houses a brand new Visitor Centre and new trails for visitors to explore and enjoy. This new extension is situated along Kranji Way, and is easily accessible by public transport, bringing Sungei Buloh even closer to the public.
Throughout the year: Trek through this ecological jewel's many trails and discover its native inhabitants such as mudskippers, crabs, shellfish, water snakes, birds, spiders, monitor lizards and otters. Admire the beauty of resident birds such as herons, kingfishers and sunbirds.
Seasonal from September to March: During the migratory season, catch sight of the diverse flocks of shorebirds or waders including plovers and sandpipers.
View live scenes of Sungei Buloh here.
Catch a glimpse of the wildlife found in Sungei Buloh through these videos.
Parking lots are available near both entrances.
Board SMRT Bus 925 from Kranji MRT Station. Alight at Kranji Reservoir Carpark B. Walk across the road to the Visitor Centre.
Board SMRT Bus 925 from Kranji MRT Station. The bus stops at the Wetland Centre entrance. Please note that SMRT Bus 925 operates only from Woodlands Interchange on Sundays and Public Holidays.
Kranji Express operates daily starting from 8.30 am and ending at 5.45 pm from Kranji MRT Station. Bus schedule details can be found here.
Visitorship is managed at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve to minimise any disturbance to the natural environment. If your group size is 120 pax and above, please call 67941401 or email this form to nparks_sbwr@nparks.gov.sg in advance.
Johor National Parks and NParks celebrate the sister wetland relationship between Pulau Kukup Johor National Park and Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve (SBWR) with the launch of the 'Passport2Nature' programme! Simply pick up the passport at the entrance counters of both sites and learn about the diverse flora and fauna found there. Explore the trails, answer the questions in the passport, and get your passport stamped at both sites to redeem a limited-edition souvenir the next time you visit Pulau Kukup or SBWR!
Measuring about 647ha, and surrounded by 800ha of mudflats, Pulau kukup Johor National Park was declared a Ramsar site in 2003.
September to March: Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve mudflats functions as a "refuelling point" for the waders to feed and roost. These habitat-specific birds feed on the polychaetes (worms) found in the mudflats of the Reserve.
Throughout the year: Look out for resident birds such as herons, kingfishers, bitterns, sunbirds, tailorbirds and fruit pigeons.
Throughout the year: You can see mangroves, mangrove wildlife such as giant mudskipper, tree-climbing crab, birds, spiders, butterflies, estuarine crocodile, monitor lizards, otters and molluscs.
There are free guided walks conducted at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve every weekend. Explore and learn more about the Reserve from the experienced and knowledgeable guides who will take you around.
Shutterbugs will enjoy photographing a wide variety of flora and fauna the Reserve can offer. Photographers are encouraged to submit photos to Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve at Nparks_sbwr@nparks.gov.sg. From time to time, selected photos will be used for our publications.
Interested to have a learning journey to Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve? Please email to nparks_sbwr@nparks.gov.sg for advice. Alternatively, you may call us at 67941401.
It aims to motivate teens to contribute positively to society, through skills that physically and mentally challenge them, and activities that are based on confidence and team building in a natural setting. Students can participate in various activities such as coastal clean-ups, mangrove salvaging and water parameter testing. Launched in 2007,Nature Nurtures has touched the lives of more than 100 students from Chestnut Drive Secondary School, Shuqun Secondary School and Northlight School.
Nature Nurtures programme is a joint initiative by the National Parks Board and Shell Petroleum Pte Ltd.
Here at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, we are able to enjoy and learn about nature every day, and would love to have you share in this. As such, we have developed a series of informative worksheets for teachers and parents. We hope teachers and parents would find them useful in helping children better understand and appreciate the reserve and its interesting inhabitants, as well as realize the importance of conserving our natural heritage. And most of all, we hope that both adults and children alike have fun exploring our natural heritage!
Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve also produces issues of electronic newsletters annually. This publication boasts a wealth of information about the reserve, its flora & fauna, and activities that are happening here. For budding photographers, there is also a chance for your photographs of Sungei Buloh to be published here, so do send them in.
And for those who are more interested in what wetland centres are, and how they are operated, you'll be pleased to know about the handbook produced by the Ramsar Convention Secretariat. Centred around the theme of best practices in design and operation of wetland centres, lessons showcased in this handbook are drawn from real life experiences of managers of wetlands all around the world. As such, this handbook will also be particularly valuable in also assisting existing managers of other wetland centres in outreach and management planning.
The SUN Club programme is founded on the idea of 'nature for everyone'. It aims to bring nature appreciation to students with special needs through tailor-made projects developed in consultation with special schools.
Special schools who are interested to give their students the SUN Club experience are welcome to email us at G_Shila_Kumari@nparks.gov.sg or call us at 67941418. We would be more than happy to look into your requests and to co-ordinate a programme to cater to your needs.
The SUN Club Programme is a joint project between the National Parks Board and Singapore Press Holding Foundation (SPH Foundation).
The Sister Wetland Affiliations Programme (SWAP) facilitates collaboration of sister wetlands and sister schools in the East Asian Australasian region for the conservation of wetlands and protection of migratory shorebirds. If you are interested to participate in this collaboration between schools' activity, please email us at nparks_sbwr@nparks.gov.sg or call us at 67941401.
This one day camp encompasses a series of fun-filled and educational indoor and outdoor learning of the wetlands and nature conservation issues through worksheets, nature walks and hands-on activities. The Young Naturalists Programme is a joint project between the National Parks Board and HSBC.
Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve is a nature reserve where mosquitoes naturally inhabit. To prepare for a visit to the wetland reserve, visitors are advised to wear shoes and socks, long pants and long-sleeved shirt in preferably light colours, and apply insect repellent on exposed skin and clothing before entering the wetland reserve. The insect repellent can help to keep the mosquitoes away and make your visit to the wetland reserve a more enjoyable and safe outing.
FAQ:	Do you require special permission to visit the reserve?
Answer:	No special permission is required for group or individuals visiting Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, unless you have special activities or needs such as the use of the reserve's facilities.
•	Prior approval will have to be given for any research activity in the reserve. The researchers will have to write in for approval.
•	Researchers must produce the letter of authorization issued by the reserve before the activity is allowed. The research activity will be carried out in accordance to the conditions stated in the authorization letter.
•	In the event of unscheduled visitation, the researcher(s) may be admitted, solely for the purpose of scouting. The researcher(s) will be bound by the rules applicable to normal visitors.
•	Researcher(s), during an unscheduled visit, will not be admitted if the intention is to collect any matter, venture beyond visitor boundaries or carry out any activity that normal visitors would not.
Do note that a permit is required for a group of 120 and above.
FAQ:	What are some of the do's & don'ts in the reserve?
Visitors can leave the items that are not allowed into the reserve at the lockers provided before entry is allowed. However, we will not be responsible for any items missing or not in proper condition. Entry will be denied for visitors who refuse to abide by the rules.
FAQ:	Why are bicycles not allowed in the reserve?
Answer:	The terrain in the reserve is rough and winding. Visitors who are unfamiliar with the narrow terrain will be a hazard to both themselves and other visitors.
A variety of mangroves and freshwater plants. Interesting fauna such as mudskippers, crabs, shellfish, water snakes, birds, crocodiles, spiders, moths, monitor lizard, otters. Resident birds like herons, bitterns, sunbirds, coucals, pigeons, kingfishers.
Migratory birds, in particular, shorebirds (egrets, sandpipers, plovers).
Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve is a great place for volunteer opportunities. Do visit our Volunteer page to find out more.