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SWIMMING POOLS - SAUNA - SPA
Salt rooms
Sauna, steam baths, spa
PVC and PE fittings
Home Salt rooms
Halotherapy, also known as salt therapy is a popular method not only for treatment of certain medical conditions but also for maintaining of health, beauty and well-being of the guests of spa and wellness centers around the globe. The reasons to own a specialized room for halotherapy, salt room, are plenty but in order to help you to make an informed decision we suggest that you get aquainted with the most important aspects of halotherapy. Specifically, here you will find information on the following topics:
The origins of halotherapy. - The origins of halotherapy, also known as salt therapy are traced back to ancient Greece. The Greeks placed great faith in the healing power of the salt-rich Mediterranean. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato put it short, "The sea cures all ailments of man". Hippocrates...(more)
Halotherapy principles. - The benefits of salt aerosol inhalation have undergone a considerable scientific research since then and this method is considered highly effective against a whole range of respiratory and obstructive airway illnesses. The scientific research of the efficacy of the salt started in 1968. As a result, the officially approved scientific basis of speleotherapy...(more)
Application of halotherapy in cases of Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and Smoker's Cough - Halotherapy consistently demonstrates a dramatic positive effect on symptoms of asthma and obstructive bronchial conditions caused by inflammation and harmful debris in the respiratory system. Naturally antibacterial and anti-inflammatory sodium chloride particles are carried into the deepest...(more)
Application of halotherapy with Allergies - Halotherapy presents a unique treatment option for allergy sufferers that offers relief naturally and fast. Salt is a well known decongestant; it reduces inflammation widening of the airway passages, restoring the normal transport of mucous secretion and...(more)
Application of halotherapy with Coughs, Cold and Flu - Sessions with Halotherapy have an immediate remedial effect on the symptoms of colds and flu. Breathing becomes easier as inhaled salt aerosol naturally absorbs edema from swollen air passages and thins mucus secretions so that drainage is easier. The dispersal system of microscopic salt particles...(more)
Application of halotherapy in cases of Sinus and Ear Infections - Halotherapy's ability to reduce edema in passages and cavities not immediately accessible to other means of treatment make it the perfect solution for dealing with ear and sinus infections. Halotherapy is perfectly safe and comfortable for children as well as adults, and can bring...(more)
Application of halotherapy in Dermatology - Halotherapy has a beneficial influence to the integument system (skin protective layer) and to hair. Halotherapy provides pH normalization and induces reparative and regenerative processes in derma; it increases skin rigidity and stimulates hair growth. The dry salt impacts the skin microcirculation and assists...(more)
Negative ions and what is their impact on us during halotherapy sessions - A Salt Room's abundance of negatively charged ions improves moods and relieves fatigue and depression. At the New York State Psychiatric Institute, researchers found that negative ions helped to alleviate the symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder...(more)
What exactly the salt room is? - Salt rooms come in different sizes, starting from the single-person room (2-3 m2) to 10-persons' room (18 m2). Extra large rooms can fit in up to 30 patients at the time. The walls, ceiling and floor ...(more)
In which cases the salt therapy would be recommended? - Doctors say that salt rooms are extremely suitable for asthmatics: the influence of salt facilitates the secretion of sputum, and dyspnea is reduced or disappears totally. Extremely fine salt destroys the bacteria and fungi on mucosa at the same time strengthening the immune system related to mucosa. Therefore...(more)
When should we avoid the salt room? - As Halotherapy is known as a safe and natural treatment, clients who have any serious health conditions or women who are pregnant should always seek proper medical advice from a doctor first. Halotherapy is not recommended for people who have the following conditions...(more)
What will I experience when I sit in the salt room? - Salt rooms are methodically designed in such a way so that people can relax in a soothing and tranquil environment. It's a place where one can sit back and experience the salt treatment in a very peaceful and non-stressful setting. People can read, listen to music or nap...(more)
Are there any side effects? - Normally there are no side effects. Some people might experience a scratchy throat or a tickle in their sinuses. Others who might be slightly more sensitive could experience a minor skin irritation, which tends to go away after a session or two...(more)
Are there any contraindications? - Not really. However, because Halotherapy has a detoxifying effect by releasing toxins and bacteria from the body, people who are taking certain medications might want to wait until they are done with the medication...(more)
I am interested in the salt room offered by VITEH. I would like more information/quote
The origins of halotherapy
The origins of halotherapy, also known as salt therapy are traced back to ancient Greece. The Greeks placed great faith in the healing power of the salt-rich Mediterranean. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato put it short, "The sea cures all ailments of man". Hippocrates, ancient Greek physician, also known as the "Father of Medicine" used salt in his practice on a regular basis, including inhalation of steam from salt water for the treatment of respiratory ailments.
In the Middle ages, European monks, while mining in salt caves, discovered a method of quickly relieving respiratory ailments, known as speleotherapy. They took sick people to salt caves and let them breathe and inhale the tiny salt particles coming naturally from the crushing of salt rocks.
In mid19-th century, the Polish physician Dr.Feliks Boczkowsky noticed that coal miners suffered heavily from chronic respiratory diseases, while salt miners were rarely ill at all, and in fact they were healthier than most people in the community. Both categories of workers were miners the only difference between them being the stuff they were digging. Based on these findings, his successor, Mstislav Poljakowski established the first salt clinic.
During World War II, salt mines in Germany were used as bomb shelters. During bombings, people often had to remain in the mines for extended periods of time, breathing in the salt dust. Upon leaving, many asthmatics were able to breathe much easier.
Halotherapy principles
The benefits of salt aerosol inhalation have undergone a considerable scientific research since then and this method is considered highly effective against a whole range of respiratory and obstructive airway illnesses. The scientific research of the efficacy of the salt started in 1968. As a result, the officially approved scientific basis of speleotherapy was founded. This came about in the Hospital of Allergic Diseases in the city of Solotvino, West Ukraine, where the treatment and research was carried out in the salt shaft. Much obligated to the research results, the new effective asthma treatment method was established. It acquired the name of "halo therapy". It is based on patients' being in the special salt room, where the salt aerosol is constantly scattered into the air for the patients to breathe in. The salt aerosol consists of tiny and dry salt particles which are grinded in the special salt generator. Salt particles kill pathogenic micro-organisms by dehydrating microbial cells, soothing inflammation, reducing the thickness of mucus, and restoring the body's ability to remove both mucus and pathogens from the airways. An asthma patient can start breathing easily after just a few sessions, and a complete treatment regimen of six to ten sessions can provide healthful benefits for as long as a year. In a similar way, by widening the airways of the respiratory tract, clearing it of bacteria and viruses, and reducing inflammation, salt therapy can bring relief for people with other respiratory issues such as allergies, sinusitis, rhinitis, bronchitis, emphysema and cystic fibrosis. It's important to note that there is no risk of a negative interaction with medications, making salt therapy an ideal complementary approach.
Application of halotherapy in cases of Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and Smoker's Cough
Halotherapy consistently demonstrates a dramatic positive effect on symptoms of asthma and obstructive bronchial conditions caused by inflammation and harmful debris in the respiratory system. Naturally antibacterial and anti-inflammatory sodium chloride particles are carried into the deepest recesses of the bronchial system due to the unique aerosol dispersal system and the microscopic size of the particles. Over a series of treatments, inhalation of dry salt aerosol will bring about the improvement of mucociliary clearance and decrease of bronchial inflammation, the decrease or elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, and a reduction of bronchial hyper responsiveness. This translates into better lung function, fewer spasmodic attacks, and clearer air passages with less use of drugs to control symptoms. Even chronic deep cough due to tobacco use, nicknamed "Smoker's Cough" shows marked improvement with continued treatment.
Research Articles:
Bucharest, Romania 2010
St. Petersburg, Russia / Ciechocinek, Poland 2007
Finland, 2006
St. Petersburg, Russia 2004
Application of halotherapy with Allergies
Halotherapy presents a unique treatment option for allergy sufferers that offers relief naturally and fast. Salt is a well known decongestant; it reduces inflammation widening of the airway passages, restoring the normal transport of mucous secretion and free blockages in the bronchi and bronchioles leading to rapid elimination of the residual tar and foreign allergens. Improved drainage allows for reduction in contaminants that may trigger or prolong allergic episodes. Additionally, salt's ability to absorb edema from swollen mucosa linings in the sinuses and respiratory tract opens airways to bring about quick relief of symptoms. Long term studies with allergy patients in Russia who reported remarkable improvement over a period of ten years have led to Halotherapy being recognized as a certified allergy treatment by the Russian Ministry of Health and other associations in Europe.
Portland, Oregon 2007
Application of halotherapy with Coughs, Cold and Flu
Sessions with Halotherapy have an immediate remedial effect on the symptoms of colds and flu. Breathing becomes easier as inhaled salt aerosol naturally absorbs edema from swollen air passages and thins mucus secretions so that drainage is easier. The dispersal system of microscopic salt particles used in this therapy allows the salt aerosol to be taken deep into these cavities, bringing the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory action to the root of the problem. Relief from the irritation of sticky mucus secretions and debris, as well as the antispasmodic effect produce by calming negative particles, calms and quiets coughs. Additionally, the deep cleaning of the sinus cavities and respiratory tract inherent in this type of treatment reduces the toxic load on the immune system, regardless of external exposure. A series of Halotherapy treatments not only helps to relieve and heal a current cold or flu episode, but increases resistance to new infections for months in the future.
Istanbul, Turkey 2006
Application of halotherapy in cases of Sinus and Ear Infections
Halotherapy's ability to reduce edema in passages and cavities not immediately accessible to other means of treatment make it the perfect solution for dealing with ear and sinus infections. Halotherapy is perfectly safe and comfortable for children as well as adults, and can bring not only relief in the short term, but lasting resistance to recurrence of such infections. In the case of ear infections, aerosolized particles are able to penetrate deep into the internal passages of the ear, reducing inflammation, edema, and bacteria in the Eustachian tubes. Relief of edema from swollen tissues widens passages, improving drainage and increasing aeration behind the tympanic membrane, reducing infection in the pockets where bacteria often builds due to collected fluid. Relief from sinus infections is also achieved through deep penetrating dry salt particles. The negative charge of dry aerosol particles causes them to be literally drawn into the essentially positively charged environment of inflamed and infected sinus cavities. Relief is achieved quickly as mucus secretions become thinner and are able to drain properly, removing trapped pockets of debris and bacteria. Microscopic salt particles also stimulate the immune system, increasing the body's innate ability to resist further infection as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties reduce the current episode. This can significantly reduce the use of antibiotics in chronic sufferers of ear and sinus infections.
Krakow, Poland 2014
Bari, Italy 2013
Application of halotherapy in Dermatology
Halotherapy has a beneficial influence to the integument system (skin protective layer) and to hair. Halotherapy provides PH normalization and induces reparative and regenerative processes in derma; it increases skin rigidity and stimulates hair growth. The dry salt impacts the skin microcirculation and assists cellular membrane activity. The anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of Halotherapy treat skin conditions such as eczema, dermatitis and psoriasis. According to Traditional Chinese medicine, the lung meridian rules the skin, so inhaling salt air will positively affect first the lungs and then the skin. As salt therapy removes toxins and impurities, skin will look and feel better.
Negative ions and what is their impact on us during halotherapy sessions
A Salt Room's abundance of negatively charged ions improves moods and relieves fatigue and depression. At the New York State Psychiatric Institute, researchers found that negative ions helped to alleviate the symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), a type of winter depression. Barbara Ann Brennan, healer, teacher and author of Hands of Light: A Guide to Healing through the Human Energy Field, believes that illness begins with a weakness in the auric field, or the "luminous body that surrounds and interpenetrates the physical body." Salt therapy can be an excellent preventative tool, as salt air and negative ions are thought to charge the auric field and create a more efficient flow of energy. What Are Negative Ions? Simply put, ions are atoms OR molecules that take on an electrical charge .In our modern world, we have too many positive ions, and not enough negative ions. Air conditioning, forced-air heat, chemicals, and even winds rob the air of negative ions, and put too many positive ions in to the air. Salt crystals naturally create negative ions, so halotherapy rooms have high concentrations of negative ions. Why does that matter? Because more than 40 years of research, conducted around the world, shows that treatment with negative ions has beneficial effects for patients with:
- Chronic Bronchitis
- Sinusitis
- Sinus infections
- COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Allergic rhinitis or Hay Fever
- Ear Infections
- Various acute or chronic respiratory diseases
- Smoker's cough
Other studies show that negative ions reduce:
- Stress
- Headaches
- Lethargy
And negative ions can dramatically increase your:
- Mental alertness
- Overall sense of well-being
Other than walking along the ocean, or being outside immediately after a thunderstorm, it's hard to expose yourself to as many negative ions as you can inside a halotherapy room. It's an enjoyable way to spend 45 minutes literally recharging your mental batteries!
Salt therapy is both an age-old and a new-age healing treatment for the body and soul, a completely non-invasive, natural treatment with no side effects to harm the body in any way.
What exactly the salt room is
What exactly the salt room is. Salt rooms come in different sizes, starting from the single-person room (2-3 m2) to 10-persons' room (18m2). Extra large rooms can fit in up to 30 patients at the time. The walls, ceiling and floor of the salt room are covered with at least quadruple layers of salt. This salt is dry and has about 1-15 in depth. For this purpose, 1000-5000 kg clean and white NaCl rock salt is needed. Inside the salt room, patients can experience the following conditions:
- Humidity - 40-50%
- Temperature - 20-24°C
- Aerosol concentration - 0,5-15 mg / m3
The salt aerosol consists of salt particles in sizes of 1-5 μkm. The particles carry kinetic energy which is succeeding immediately after crushing the salt crystals in the grinder. In case of different diseases, various cure modes can be implemented. For example, the level of the aerosol and the duration of the treatment can be adjusted according to the wish. Usually, the common salt treatment session lasts about 20-40 minutes. This is repeated every day in 10 days. It is also extremely recommended to repeat the treatment 2-3 times in a year. The power of the salt generator does not exceed 200W. The salt demand is max 100 g for each session. The salt rooms can be:
- Stationary
- Salt cabins (portable)
The salt room prefigures a dry, sterile and hermetic space in sizes varying from 2-30 m2. Few tones of dry rock salt create a special microclimate which is identical to the underground salt caves:
- Тhe air saturated with salt aerosol, which consists of negative ions - Humidity оф 40-50%
- Temperature 20-24°C
The guestss sit in relaxed positions on the comfortable deck chairs and take sessions of 30-40 minutes. The diffused light and calming music are adding to help the patient relax. The kids can play "sand cave adventures" in the salt box, where sand is substituted by the salt. The aerosol emerging from the salt generator is curative for the skin and respiratory system.
In which cases the salt therapy would be recommended?
- Frequent viral infections, coughs and colds
- Chronic ENT illnesses (ear-nose-throat)
- Frequent ear infections
- Problems with skin, caused by allergies
- Allergic colds
- Eczema and dermatitis
- Stress, nervous instability, anxiety
- Insomnia
- Joint aches and arthritis
CURATIVE INFLUENCE
Doctors say that salt rooms are extremely suitable for asthmatics: the influence of salt facilitates the secretion of sputum, and dyspnea is reduced or disappears totally. Extremely fine salt destroys the bacteria and fungi on mucosa at the same time strengthening the immune system related to mucosa. Therefore, children who have been treated in a salt room have stronger health and they fall ill less frequently. Employees of salt rooms have also experienced the curative influence of it, saying that they have not been ill with any viral diseases during the last two years of working in the salt room. Salt also relieves mucus oedema: you stop sneezing, the congested nose disappears, and rhinitis is relieved or disappears. However, sometimes you start coughing more after being in a salt room. Still this does not mean that your health has worsened. Quite the contrary - it is a sign of recovery. Salt aerosol is good for your nervous system and relieves stress as it contains several negative ions. Besides, salt rooms help to get rid of various dermal problems, as salt destroys bacteria on your skin. Salt rooms have an effect on people with:
- Long acute diseases of the upper airways
- Chronic diseases of the airways
- Chronic pharyngitis
- Chronic tonsillitis or inflammation of the tonsils
- Chronic maxillary sinusitis
- Chronic inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsil
- Bronchitis which has persisted longer than two weeks
- Relapsing bronchitis and pneumonia
- Chronic and acute otitis
- Frequent viral infections
- Polinosis or hay rhinitis
- Putrid dermal infection
One treatment session lasts 45 minutes, and depending on the disease you have to go 10-15 times. If necessary, you can have two treatment courses a year. No age limits. Very small children have shorter sessions with lower salt concentration. General practitioners, family doctors, otorhinolaryngologists and allergologists can send patients to a salt room. Widely used is common salt (sodium chloride) or halo aerosols because they are widespread in nature. Normally salt concentration in the air is 0,1-1,5 mg/m3, where it moves due to ventilation. Contemporary technology enables the salt concentration in aerosol to be maintained. 0,5 - 12,0 mg/m3. The main effective factor is a curative breathing environment, which is saturated with common salt/sodium chloride. Dry salt aerosols get into the halo room pneumatically simultaneously grinding salt in "the mill". The latter also generates the negative charge of the particles, which is most favorable to human body.
When should we avoid the salt room?
As Halotherapy is known as a safe and natural treatment, clients who have any serious health conditions or women who are pregnant should always seek proper medical advice from a doctor first. Halotherapy is not recommended for people who have the following conditions:
- Infections associated with a fever
- Contagious diseases
- Cancer
- Tuberculosis
- Cardiac disease patients
- Acute respiratory disease
- Severe hypertension
- Chronic obstructive lung diseases
- Intoxication
What will I experience when I sit in the salt room?
Salt rooms are methodically designed in such a way so that people can relax in a soothing and tranquil environment. It's a place where one can sit back and experience the salt treatment in a very peaceful and non-stressful setting. People can read, listen to music or nap if they want to. Each Salt room is different and can have different themes and feels depending on the type salt décor that is used. Each salt room has uniqueness about it but provides the same beneficial wellness treatment that only halotherapy can offer.
Normally there are no side effects. Some people might experience a scratchy throat or a tickle in their sinuses. Others who might be slightly more sensitive could experience a minor skin irritation, which tends to go away after a session or two. For those who experience a slight cough, this is a sign that the salt therapy is effectively working. The body is loosening and releasing all the mucous buildup.
Are there any contraindications?
Not really. However, because Halotherapy has a detoxifying effect by releasing toxins and bacteria from the body, people who are taking certain medications might want to wait until they are done with the medication. Always check with your doctor before starting any Salt Therapy treatments if you are taking any medications for severe conditions.
Copyright © 2005-2019 VITEH EOOD. Powered by VITEH EOOD


Thousands of years ago, megaliths began to appear in Europe — standing stones, dolmens, stone circles. They vary from single stones to complexes like Stonehenge.
There are about 35,000 such monuments in Europe, many along the Atlantic coast of France and Spain, in England, Ireland, Scandinavia and throughout the Mediterranean. They attract both tourists and archaeologists, who have spent a century debating how the knowledge to build such monuments spread.
One idea suggested that this cultural change came from the Near East, and spread west along coastal routes, perhaps by a priestly caste. Later theories suggested techniques may have developed independently in different locales.
But a scientist who analyzed 2,410 radiocarbon dates of megaliths and their surroundings reported on Monday that the first such tombs appeared in France, about 6,500 years ago, and then spread along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, as well as to England, Ireland and Scandinavia.
"It took me 10 years of my life for this research," said the scientist, Bettina Schulz Paulsson, a prehistoric archaeologist at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden. She combed the literature in 11 languages, assessed the validity of the dating tests, and used a statistical method called Bayesian analysis to narrow the dates further.
She reported her findings in the journal PNAS, concluding that the building of megalithic graves appeared and spread along the coast of France, Spain and Portugal and the Mediterranean within a period of 200 to 300 years.
Kristian Kristiansen, also at Gothenburg University but not involved in Dr. Schulz Paulsson's study, said the research was "a real breakthrough," providing for the first time both the origin and the evidence for a coastal, maritime spread of the technology. That, in itself is significant because it suggests that people of the time had boats and skill to travel along the coasts and quickly spread the megalithic method.
Dr. Schulz Paulsson found that the oldest megalithic graves dated from about 4800 to 4000 B.C. in northwest France and other areas like the Channel Islands, Corsica and Sardinia. But northwest France is the only one of these areas that showed evidence of earthen grave monuments that preceded the first megaliths, dating back to around 5000 B.C. These graves, in the geological area known as the Paris basin, indicate the beginnings of monument building that are lacking in the other areas.
Dr. Schulz Paulsson said that the earliest standing stones in Brittany were some of the largest. An early stone called the Grand Menhir, once rose more than 20 meters high.
Some of the early monuments were dolmens, tablelike structures that look like the Greek letter Pi. Around 4300 B.C., she wrote, the builders made dolmens that could be re-opened, for additional burials. The earliest is in Prisse-la-Charriere in central western France, constructed between 4371 and 4263 B.C.
There were also subsequent waves of megalith construction, she said. One between 3500 and 4000 B.C. involved passage graves, which have a corridor and allow for multiple burials.
She also found a "megalithic revival" in Sicily, Apulia and the Balearic Islands, which include Mallorca and Ibiza, in the second millennium (2000 to 1000 B.C.).
Some of the more famous and elaborate megaliths, like Stonehenge, came near the end of the construction of megalithic monuments, around 2500 B.C.
He said the construction of the megaliths, particularly the passage tombs, was quite complex. He said researchers had even found tombs that seemed to bear a signature design in Denmark and in northern Germany.
Dr. Schulz Paulsson said that future research will focus on the trading of greenstone along the route she traced for the expansion of the tomb technology. Greenstone trading is known to have occurred in the Stone Age, but she thinks the maritime trading along that route was more advanced than previously thought, and maritime technology more sophisticated, too.
She also hopes to do carbon-dating and more field work. Over the past decade, she said, she had dragged her family with her on research trips.
Of course, she acknowledged, much of that travel was along the Atlantic coast of France and to the various Mediterranean coastal sites.
"It's not the worst," she said.


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New Pokémon Snap is coming to the Nintendo Switch April 30 (Updated)
2 years ago Dave LeClair
The beloved Pokémon Snap franchise from the days of the Nintendo 64 is finally making a comeback on the Nintendo Switch.
6 things we want to see from the Nintendo Switch in 2021
2 years ago Nick Fernandez
The Nintendo Switch had a great year in 2020, but here's how the semi-portable console can stay on top in 2021.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


NetScript can train and prepare your coders to pass their certification thru our rigorous online classes. NetScript Coding School Institute has already helped coders receive their certification on their first attempt.
NCSI can also take someone with little to no medical background and prepare them to enter the coding job market.
For more information, visit our school link.


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Transformation / Program Management
Health Services Research and Evaluation
Prometheus Federal Services and Customer Value Partners Awarded Contract to Support Implementation of the Veteran Health Administration's Clinical Resource Hubs
March 2, 2022 /in Titan Alpha JV
WASHINGTON, DC – Titan Alpha, a joint venture between Prometheus Federal Services (PFS) and Customer Value Partners (CVP), was awarded a contract with the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Office of Primary Care to assist national leaders in implementing, standardizing, and marketing the 18 Veterans Integrated Services Network's (VISN) Clinical Resource Hubs (CRH).
Titan Alpha will collaborate with the Office of Primary Care, other VHA program offices, VHA and VISN leaders, and multidisciplinary CRH leadership teams to develop and implement plans for CRHs' expansion and enhancement. Specifically, the team will develop automated CRH dashboards as well as develop and implement a strategic communications plan. Each CRH offers primary care, mental health, clinical pharmacy, and nursing support. CRHs will be expanded to include surgical services, specialty services, rehabilitation and extended care, pain, substance use disorder, and other services as VISNs determine.
"CRHs help address critical barriers to healthcare services, such as long travel distances, a shortage of providers, and other reasons why facilities have gaps in care or clinical service," said PFS Chief Executive Officer, Greg Smallwood. "We're ready to use our data analytics and communications expertise to help expand and enhance CRH services."
For more information regarding this contract, please contact info@pfs.us.
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PFS assists federal clients in planning and implementing healthcare transformation, innovation, technology, and quality improvement initiatives, programs, and projects.
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Donation from South Korea to Assist VA with COVID-19 Efforts Prometheus Federal Services and Customer Value Partners' Portfolio of Integrated...


White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide – loudlatinlaughing – Euge! Euge!
Carole Anderson's book should be assigned at birth to anyone with white skin. I'm not sure how she manages to pack in so much history into so few pages without bursting with rage herself.
Post Civil War Reconstruction was a terrible period, Southern white resentment at federal meddling causing inexcusable terror to be brought upon the newly freed. Once Andrew Johnson (Lincoln's VP from Tennessee) assumed the Presidency, all hell broke loose. Johnson said "This is … a country for white men, and by God, as long as I'm President, it shall be a government for white men." Southern states went about immediately trying to "Reconstruct" life as it had been under slavery, passing the notorious Black Code laws that required annual labor contracts to be signed, and anyone who wasn't working could be arrested for vagrancy. Blacks couldn't hold any jobs except laborer or domestic unless they had the written consent of the mayor, and were banned from hunting and fishing. Punishment was by whipping. Here's an unpleasant surprise: Mississippi delayed their ratification of the 13th Amendment until 2013. Lovely.
Anderson then tackles the Great Migration (read Isabel Wilkerson's amazing book for more detail) and the fight to get equal education. Next came the Civil Rights movement, which was when racists went underground. Her final chapter is on Obama's historic presidency, bringing all the racists back out again. He had 4x the number of death threats than George W. Bush.
The book is extensively researched and annotated. I doubt you'll be able to read it without feeling some rage against the awful society America has inherited.


After you've given us a description of your invention we carry out a search regarding novelty and inventive activity and inform you whether a patent application can be recommended.
Subsequently, we prepare a patent application which is optimized thanks to intense discussions with the inventors. Afterwards, your patent application is filed at the "Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt" (German Patent and Trademark Office) or at the European Patent Office or at the International Office of the WIPO. We pay the official fees, observe the official deadlines and we timely remind you of due deadlines.
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We defend your granted patents, take legal action in cases of patent infringement or prepare license agreements for your patents in order to ensure a profitable commercialization .


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Great for salads and other cold foods, these hinged PLA deli containers snap shut with a great air tight seal.


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Dr. Dre's Father Comes Out Of The Shadows: "We Have No Relationship"
West Coast rap icon Dr. Dre has had his entire personal life laid out for the public in recent months. The latest piece of family drama sees Dre's father coming forward to shed some more light on his view of the Doctor's past.
Dr. Dre's Dad Speaks On Relationship
The Page Six section of the New York Post ran a feature piece on Dr. Dre that went into detail about the good, the bad and the ugly of the hip-hop mogul's life and career. In it, Dr. Dre's father, Theodore Young, talked about their nonexistent relationship — seemingly blaming that on Dre's mother and grandmother badmouthing him.
"I haven't seen Andre since his grandfather died and I can't even remember when that was," the 73-year-old told The Post from his home near Sacramento, Calif. "We have no relationship. My other sons love me. They tell me they love me. But coming from where I come from, most young men like Andre who have a big success don't give a damn about their dad."
A post shared by SOHH (@sohhdotcom)
NEWSDaniLeigh Apologizes For Yellow Bone Drama: "I'm Not A Racist, I Date A Whole Chocolate Man"
Dre Gets More Bad Press: 'Notorious Woman Beater'
In a new interview, veteran comedian/actress Luenell says Dr. Dre is a "notorious woman beater," referencing the disturbing allegations by Nicole Young (which he denies) and the incident when he admittedly assaulted VJ Dee Barnes. R&B singer Michel'le has also accused Dre of domestic abuse.
"Now, one would say, does Dre get a pass for being such a notorious woman beater 'cause he makes good music? One would say that some people ain't gonna be praying for Dr. Dre. A lot of women, but you can get a pass, it seems, if you're popular. He a notorious woman beater."
NEWSOffset Shows He's Winning W/ Cardi B: "I Know You Wish You Was Me"
Nicole Young's Domestic Violence Claims Against Dr. Dre
The former NWA member's soon-to-be ex-wife alleges the legendary producer was violently abusive during their marriage. The worst of Nicole Young's claims include Dre holding a gun to her head, punching her in the face and attempting to choke her.
Five months after filing for divorce, Nicole, 51, alleges that Dre (né Andre Young) "held a gun to my head" twice in 2000 and 2001, that he "punched me in the head/face" in 1999 and 200 and that he "kicked down a door" while she hid "from his rage" in 2016, among other instances of abuse. "Andre has verbally and emotionally decimated my personhood to the extent that I currently suffer from post-traumatic stress syndrome," she said in the documents, filed to the Superior Court of California. (People)
Dre Also Accused Of Abuse By Michel'le
The allegations by Nicole Young sound very similar to what his former fiancee, Michel'le, accused the Doc of doing to her during their relationship. Michel'le's story was told in a 2016 Lifetime movie called Surviving Compton: Dre, Suge & Michel'le.
Meg Thee Stallion's Hottie Boot Camp Week 1 Results Are In: "See The Progress"
New Pop Smoke Music + Collaborations Are Coming
Travis Scott Vows To Rock Out Like Never Before W/ New Album
Nipsey Hussle, Belly, & Dom Kennedy "Double Up" Video
Breonna Taylor Grand Juror Claims Homicide Charges Never Considered


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L.A. Is Resegregating–and Whites Are a Major Reason Why
Michael Bader, Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2016
Some of America's most racially integrated neighborhoods and cities are on a path to becoming segregated all over again. In Los Angeles this means neighborhoods where Latinos and Asians now live alongside black or white neighbors may have few to no whites or blacks in 10 to 20 years.
In research I conducted with Siri Warkentien, another sociologist, we used a statistical model and census data to identify the most common changes in racial composition in 10,681 neighborhoods in metropolitan L.A., Houston, Chicago and New York, beginning as far back as 1970 in some areas. That starting point corresponds with the implementation of the 1968 federal Fair Housing Act, which protects buyers and renters from discrimination in choosing where to live.
Covina, 22 miles east of downtown L.A., provides an example of one city at risk of resegregating. Whites make up about 26% of Covina as of 2014 and Latinos about 57%. Typically we consider neighborhoods with at least 10% of each group to be racially integrated. But the mix is crumbling. Latinos made up 13% of Covina's residents in 1980, 26% in 1990, 40% in 2000, and 52% in 2010. Four years later, according to the most recent census estimate, the Latino population had grown by five more percentage points. By 2025, Covina is likely to be overwhelmingly Latino.
Something similar happened already in nearby Norwalk. In 1990, just under half its residents were Latino and about a third were white (not unlike Covina now). By 2014, Latinos made up 70% of residents and whites 11%.
The data show that vast portions of south and east Los Angeles are slipping from mixed populations toward single race populations. And the change has not just occurred in formerly white areas. One of the trajectories that we identified followed a similar pattern in neighborhoods that were once black. Compton residents were nearly three-quarters black in 1980; by 1990, the mix was about 52% black and 43% Latino; in 2014, two-thirds Latino. Such slow but steadily increasing Latino growth can be found in 46% of the neighborhoods we studied in the Los Angeles metropolitan region.
What's causing a shift from mixed to single-race populations?
Immigration is one obvious factor. {snip}
White preferences are another major factor that helps explain resegregation.
Our model showed that, broadly speaking, during the 1980s, whites stopped fleeing from neighborhoods that were becoming integrated. But then–more than any other racial group–when whites did move they chose new neighborhoods with same-race neighbors.
In other words, Latinos moving to an area would not cause most whites to move out. But the prospect of having Latino neighbors might be enough to prevent whites from moving into a neighborhood. {snip}
Topics: California, Segregation
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text:
Prince William >
Pink Blasts Prince
By Bang Showbiz on 12 December 2009
Follow Prince William
Prince William Stella Mccartney
Pink has revealed she contacted Britain's Prince William to speak to him about why fox hunting is wrong.
Pink has branded Britain's Prince William a "redneck".
The 'So What' singer - who is a member of PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) - wrote to the prince about why fox hunting is wrong and was shocked by his response.
She told Q magazine: "I wrote to him to protest about fox hunting and I figured he would be this stuffy, privileged a**hole. But he's like a redneck from the south.
"If you're brought up shooting and hunting animals, if you really think it's second nature and you're blasting away then it's hard to see the other point of view. You need educating."
Prince William is not the only member of the British royal family that Pink has written to.
She once penned a letter to William's grandmother Queen Elizabeth about the use of bear skin hats on her guards and was disappointed not to receive a response.
She revealed: "To be truthful I was really surprised I didn't get a reply to that one. I wasn't just writing in and complaining, and it certainly was not a publicity stunt.
"I actually proposed a plan. Stella Mccartney had designed theses replacement hats for the guards using fake fur. I felt we were solving the problem for her and offering a viable solution. But she never wrote back. Maybe she doesn't have any of my stuff on her iPod."
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Enjoy the best of Mother Nature's winter décor of icicle-covered trees and snowy hills from behind the frosted window of a train. Weaving your way through blankets of snow as a warm and cozy passenger of a Wisconsin winter train is one of best ways to experience stunning winter scenery. With Jack Frost as your conductor, hop aboard for wintertime fun on a Wisconsin railway this season.
If you're in more of a mood for a couples getaway this winter, we suggest you rekindle the romance by rail! This Valentine's Day, snuggle in a cozy cabin of the Mid-Continent Railway's Snow Train, heated by the train's traditional stoves. Whether an outing with the kids or an afternoon of romance, all aboard for an adventure-filled day with Mid-Continent Railway Museum.
Let the East Troy Electric Railroad put a little more merry in your holiday season. Tag along this December for their holiday-themed events including the Christmas Express Train. Reservations are suggested for this popular event. Santa and company will arrive in East Troy by decked-out train to kick off the holiday season in early December by lighting the Christmas Tree during Santa on the Village Square.
Take it easy as you go back in time on one of the Great Northern Railroad's diesel locomotives in a vintage train car. Travel along the wintery Wisconsin countryside on a track that was laid more than 100 years ago. Watch as the train illuminates the snowy scenery on one of their evening Elegant Dinner Trains, where you'll enjoy a five course dinner and cozy on up in a dining car from 1918. If a romantic getaway is what you seek, spend an evening in a 1950's sleeping car for their Bed & Breakfast Train. Whatever train you choose, the Great Northern Railroad is guaranteed fun this winter!
Create your own snow train tour by hopping on the Amtrak Empire Builder Train. It makes six stops throughout the most scenic parts of the state. Stops include Milwaukee and Wisconsin Dells.
Can't make it to the train station this winter? Join in on the Madison Children's Museum winter fun by attending their Tea and Trains event. Sip on hot chocolate while kids wonder through an exhibit of miniature, electric trains.


William Patrick Schuck, "Pat," "Bill," age 55 of Hartford, Wisconsin passed away Tuesday, March 19, 2019 at the Kathy Hospice in West Bend, WI with his loving mother by his side.
Pat was born April 4, 1963 in Hartford, WI to Frances (nee Durkee) and William Schuck. He was an over the road semi-truck driver most of his life. He enjoyed riding his motorcycle with his brother-in-law, Don as well as snowmobiling with him and his nephew, DJ. Pat was an avid Green Bay Packer fan. He loved his family, get-togethers, holidays, and especially loved his niece and nephews who he was very proud of.
Pat is survived by his loving mother, Fran Schuck of Hartford; dear sister, Angie Theama of Hartland; dear nieces and nephews, William R. Theama, Donald J. Theama Jr., and Angeline R. Theama. He is further survived by other relatives and friends.
He is preceded in death by his maternal and paternal grandparents; father, William; brother, Chris Schuck; and brother-in-law, Don Theama.
A Mass of Christian Burial for Pat will be celebrated Saturday, March 23, 2019 at St. Teresa of Calcutta, (W302 N9583 O'Neil Road, Monches, WI 53029) at 1:00p.m. Family will greet relatives and friends on Saturday at the church from 10:00a.m.-12:45p.m.
Future inurnment in St. John's Cemetery in Monches, WI.
To send flowers or a remembrance gift to the family of William Patrick Schuck, please visit our Tribute Store.
"Email Address" would like to share the life celebration of William Patrick Schuck. Click on the "link" to go to share a favorite memory or leave a condolence message for the family.


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Mohs surgery is a procedural treatment for skin cancers. A dermatologist specially trained in Mohs surgery and histopathology like Dr. Heather Loesch can perform this type of skin cancer treatment.
The procedure is usually done in stages, all in one visit, while the patient waits between each stage. First, the skin cancer lesion is surgically removed and the tissue is processed and placed on a slide that the doctor examines under a microscope. If there are cancer cells remaining, the surgeon knows the exact area where they are and removes another layer of tissue. This process repeats until there are no cancer cells remaining. At the end of the procedure, the surgical site is closed using appropriate suturing (stitching) reconstruction. Mohs surgery ensures complete removal of skin cancer while also removing the least amount of non-cancerous tissue.
After the surgery is over, the surgeon will provide with you with post-op instructions. It's suggested that you avoid strenuous work or exercise for at least 24-48 hours and to look out for warning signs of any possible wound infection.
Mohs surgery offers the highest cure rate for skin cancer (95-99%!), while also preserving healthy tissue and maintaining a better cosmetic appearance post-surgery than any other treatment methods. In contrast, other treatment methods typically have cure rates of 50-85%, especially for more aggressive skin cancers.
The reason Mohs surgery is so effective at treating skin cancer is because the technique allows for the evaluation of 100% of the surgical margin. It also allows the surgeon to detect any cancer cells that may typically be left behind with an excision type treatment. Another advantage to Mohs surgery is its relative safety profile, because the surgery uses only local anesthesia rather than general anesthesia.
I have Skin Cancer. Do I Need Mohs Surgery?
Mohs surgery is generally applied to skin cancers found on the face, head, neck, fingers, and toes, where the best cosmetic outcome is desired. However, certain aggressive skin cancer subtypes should be treated with the Mohs technique to ensure that there are no remaining cancer cells after surgery.
If Mohs surgery sounds like the right treatment for you, contact us to schedule an appointment. We'll discuss any existing health conditions you may have and explain what you can expect from the moment you walk into our office until your surgery is complete.


text:
Sailor Art, Da Crusher and the Giant
In the seven-year history of this blog (and three years of its predecessor blog) one of the subjects I believe I've never written about was professional wrestling.
To get one thing clear first: No, pro wrestling is not a sport. The fact that Sports Illustrated covers pro wrestling, at least online, demonstrates the downhill spiral of SI. As Steve Allen, whose early career included pro wrestling announcing, said in an A&E special on pro wrestling, yes, pro wrestling is fake. And we wouldn't have it any other way.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8GcFLyUzFI
Facebook's If You Grew Up in Madison, Wisconsin, You Remember page mentions live pro wrestling at Breese Stevens Field, presented by promoter Jimmy Demetral and apparently hosted by John Schermerhorn, who both covered sports and hosted the "Dairyland Jubilee" show on WKOW-TV in Madison.
It turns out my hometown was also the hometown of one of the noted wrestiers of the 1960s, Sailor (or Seaman) Art Thomas:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-1VgzVpC7A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iJXD-MPWiM
(Those from the '80s might remember Lou Albano in the first Cyndi Lauper video, "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun.")
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ccdF7VrLKU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQ6xcKWsqbg
I'm told WKOW carried pro wrestling, but I don't remember watching it. The first pro wrestling I remember watching was on an Iowa TV station my grandparents got in Southwest Wisconsin. Whoever lost this particular match bled enough "blood" that it looked as though a case of ketchup had exploded. (Imagine cleaning that afterward.)
Once we got cable TV, we were able to watch, first, "All Star Wrestling" on WVTV-TV (channel 18) in Milwaukee. And our favorite wrestler was South Milwaukee's own The Crusher:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VN02ZwqiPU
The Crusher started as a heel …
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evuiz7TH7Yg
… before he became a hero:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYaxc_Y2S2w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQGKmNtjbUc
The Crusher and his tag team partner, The Bruiser (former Green Bay Packer William Afflis), were even in a movie:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypwTUW9sY7k
It turns out some of The (Da?) Crusher's contemporaries are still on the scene, though Reggie Lisowski died in 2005:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTlYJUSMEM8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uX6BU8OGY50
WVTV was then taken off the cable system, replaced by WTCG-TV in Atlanta, which became WTBS, which became TBS. That replaced one hour of All Star Wrestling with two hours of Georgia/World Championship Wrestling.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVXLe1jatU4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xKT3V2K0Pc
You wonder why pro wrestling has been popular for decades? Check out this from around 1980 (and remember where the U.S. was vs. the Soviet Union in those days):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u42tFhDXYYQ
Meanwhile, MSG, which carried New York Rangers hockey games, also carried the World Wrestling Federation.
And that brings up what Kyle Smith writes about:
When he first started wrestling in America, the French combatant who had been calling himself "le Géant Ferré" in Montreal needed a new handle. A midwestern promoter explained that running ads for the Giant Fairy wouldn't fly. Why not, he asked, wrestle under your own name instead?
So was born the legend of André the Giant.
Growing up in a small town in France, the young André Roussimoff told family members, "I don't want to live on a farm my whole life. I want to do something different." His life turned out to be as unusual as his body, which, due to an unchecked hormonal surge (his parents and siblings were of normal size), grew up past seven feet and out to nearly 500 pounds. Not an actor, not quite an athlete, he was what the wrestling entrepreneur Vince McMahon calls him in the new HBO documentary André the Giant: "an attraction."
Roussimoff became the cynosure of McMahon's pro-wrestling circuit in the 1970s and early 1980s. Other wrestlers on the payroll created their characters with masks or robes or trash talk or eccentric behavior. (George "the Animal" Steele, for instance, made a habit of dining on the padding in the corners of the wrestling ring.) But André's character was his body. All he had to do was show up. Even routine interactions became strange in his presence. One dining companion interviewed in the documentary recalls that once when he tried to pick up the check at dinner, the Giant, not having it, instead picked him up like a doll and set him on top of an armoire. The speaker relating this anecdote is Arnold Schwarzenegger.
More than any movie star, André couldn't escape the world's eyes, couldn't hide under sunglasses and a hat. He was an oddity too big to ignore, and even people who didn't know about his career play-acting violence inside the wrestling ring approached him as you would a fantastic creature. Friends, too, dehumanized him. One writer in the documentary compares his hands to a lowland gorilla's. Fellow wrestler Terry Bollea, better known as Hulk Hogan, said he moved like a Clydesdale horse. He once played Bigfoot on a 1976 episode of The Six Million Dollar Man.
Yet director Jason Hehir finds the humanity in this superficially bestial figure. It's pleasing to think of such a powerful man as being a gallant one, and his admirers say he was. Within the fake brutality of pro wrestling, says Hogan, André maintained civility by using real brutality. "This is not a business of tough guys," says Hogan. "If you're in this business, it's to entertain. For those guys who thought they were tough guys in this business, André would straighten 'em out real quick." Example: André despised the wrestler known as "Macho Man" Randy Savage. A clip from the documentary shows a match in which the Macho Man found his face absorbing abuse from the Giant's gargantuan bottom. "He's sitting right on his head!" cries an announcer. Buttocks, face, buttocks, face. That's showbiz, kids! Maybe the true fantasy element André stirred in us was not our wish that a man-Alp could be as tender as the one he portrayed in The Princess Bride, but the longing to humiliate our annoying coworkers as proficiently as he did. Cook fish in the office microwave and an André-style response seems condign.
André had his faults, of course. His drinking was as renowned as his performing: A writer who profiled him said that on any given night, he would put away several mixed drinks, four bottles of wine, and 20 to 25 beers. That's nothing, says another intimate, who claims he once saw André consume 106 beers. Of equal note is the Roussimoffian flatulence, which is likened sonically to incoming bad weather and would carry on for 30 seconds at a go. Once it nearly crashed a plane, or so legend has it, the aircraft's pilots being temporarily stunned by the chemical-weapons-grade emission. Flying was excruciating for the wrestler as well: He couldn't fit into any plane's bathroom. Someone would have to curtain him off and bring him a bucket in which to relieve himself.
The drinking looked different to a co-star of The Princess Bride, on the set of which an ailing André needed help to catch Robin Wright's sylphlike Buttercup. Co-star Cary Elwes tells us André drank to relieve the pain. Pro wrestling takes a serious toll on the human body, especially for someone André's size. He suffered severe back and joint distress linked to his disorder, called acromegaly, and by the time of his valedictory bout with Hogan in 1987, his chief wrestling move was the "standing perfectly still" gambit. Hogan had to come up and allow himself to be bear-hugged for a prolonged period to provide the thrills. Roussimoff was then 40, and had been warned he wouldn't survive into a fifth decade. The prophecy was off, but only by six years.
HBO's documentary is riddled with gaps — the portrait of McMahon's wrestling circus, in particular, seems unduly forgiving — because it is determined to frame André's life as a piece of entertainment. We learn, for instance, that André left behind a daughter, but nothing about her mother or any other woman with whom he had relationships. Instead, it's the fellas who tell us what a hit he was with the ladies. "He wore a size 24 ring, what else can I tell you?" says one of the guys. The movie is much more interested in this sort of japery than it is in showing who André really was, but then again, he was a difficult person to know. "He was not the most articulate man in the world," observes an announcer who knew him. His ballads were in his body slams.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_jTeuajas0
Andre's acting career included Bigfoot:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVYGHHc0Es4&t=14s
Just in case, don't go to work Monday
Presty the DJ for April 21
2 thoughts on "Sailor Art, Da Crusher and the Giant"
mitchmusiccom says:
Thanks for using your journalism acumen in a positive way! Loved the Leckrone piece as well. Probably won't make the concert this year.
Greg Apologia says:
Steve, you are a very good writer. This is a subject that honestly doesn't interest me, but you wrote about it in such an interesting manner, that I wanted to read it through. You made Andre come alive in my mind and heart. Thanks, g


The Black Horse Hotel at Skipton, boasting almost four hundred years of Yorkshire history, is marking out its future with a £400,000 refurbishment, putting locals of God's own country right at its heart.
With its picturesque canal-side, historic steps where King Richard III reputedly tethered his horse, and close to Skipton castle, its little wonder The Black Horse is a destination for tourists. But, says owner Stonegate Pub Company, the traditional coaching inn is as important for locals, so from sports to a celebration of the town's market day, beer from six North Yorkshire breweries, and a Diamond (OAP) club for valued residents, there will be plenty to keep the Britain's happiest town* happy.
After a month of closure, the pub reopens on Friday 8th June from 5pm with a VIP offer including Prosecco, cask and menu tasters, when the Mayor of Skipton will be joining customers at the revamped pub with its additional seating, homely feel, and nod to the town's heritage as the Gateway to the Yorkshire Dales. Saturday is host to a party for families, welcoming younger guests and inviting them to experience the refreshed pub from 12-4pm.
The building, erected in 1676 and Grade II listed, has a function room for up to 200 hosting traditional soul & swing events as well as being available for hire. Sky sports and Sports Table Service have been brought in ready for the World Cup; traditional pub food ranges from 2-4-1 meals from £9.99 to Pie & Pint night at £5.99; and proving there's 'nowt like a proper brew' – cask ales from Black Sheep, Keighley brewery, and Beer Monkey.
Eight new jobs have also been created as a result of the investment. Other reasons to visit include: Monday traditional board games; Tuesday CAMRA discount and Cask Collector boost; Wednesday market day; Thursday Diamond Club; Friday Kwizzbit; Saturday late DJ; and Sunday Sport (as well as Sunday roast).


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Tag Archives: WCIT
Some WCIT-12 statistics
I've been working on some substantial posts about WCIT-12, but have been sidetracked by statistics. They're shorter, display nicely in graphs, and don't require as many words to be written about them. So until I finish my other articles, enjoy these numbers:
WCIT-12 document statistics
As of 2 pm Dubai time:
Document type Number of documents
Administrative (ADM) 25 + 12 Revisions
Contribution (C) 51 + 14 Revisions + 9 Addendum + 2 Corrigendum
Limited Distribution (DL) 22 + 4 Revisions
Temporary Documents (TD/DT) 48 + 18 Revisions + 1 Corrigendum
Informational (INF) 3
Total 149 + 48 Revisions + 9 Addedum + 3 Corrigendum
Notes on the above:
There are 3 Informational documents, but they are numbered 2 through to 4. A week into WCIT-12, INF1 is still a placeholder for a document "be posted in due time".
Contribution C3 is a tangle of Revisions, Addendum and Corrigendum, so I may not have the total number of Contribution documents and variations correct. To explain my confusion, here are the C3 documents currently listed:
Addendum 3
Revision 2 Corrigendum 1
Addendum 1 Revision 1
What can we learn from the large numbers of documents in each category above? When combined with the punishing schedule of Ad Hoc Group, Working Group, Delegation, Committee and Plenary sessions, it's easy to see why delegates are getting confused about what document is under discussion at any given point in time.
Gender breakdown of WCIT-12 attendees
Using the ITU document ADM4, which in its current incarnation lists all WCIT-12 delegates who had arrived onsite as of 6 December, we have:
Title Number of Member State delegates
Mr 827
Mrs 49
Dr (gender unspecified) 39
Let's look at that in pie chart form, shall we?
Member State delegates at WCIT-12 are disproportionately male.
Given three-quarters of the government delegations are male, I now understand why "Chairman" and "Vice-chairman" are the standard currency at the meeting. I do wonder why 49 of the women felt it necessary to inform the world that they are married given there is no way to differentiate between the married and unmarried men at WCIT-12. I prefer how the Internet Governance Forum registration list works: you're either a "Mr" or a "Ms".
Posted in Uncategorized	| Tagged gender, ITU, WCIT	| Leave a reply
WCIT-12 plenary 1
Despite the opening ceremony declaration of peace and harmony, the first plenary session of the World Conference on International Telecommunications gave us a hint of what is to come over the next two weeks:
1. Procedure, procedure, procedure
In an environment where nations all vie to have their ideas adopted as the international norm, getting your proposals discussed before anyone else's can influence the discussion to your benefit. Equally, the earlier you can knock out your opposition's ideas, the more chance you have of getting your proposal through. Alternatively, if you are patient, you could sit back, wait for all the other competitors to knock each other out of the running, and come in at the end with your proposal intact. Formal protocol and procedures help prevent a meeting descending into a Lord of the Flies scenario by introducing apparently neutral ways to proceed with discussion. How are we seeing this play out at WCIT-12?
The agenda for the first plenary wasn't decided until half an hour into the first plenary
There were debates about whether it was appropriate for one section of the proposed ITRs to be discussed before a section that proceeded it
There was debate whether it was better to first agree on general high-level principles for the ITRs or to dive into the details straight away
Attempts by some Member States to have their individual positions discussed before the wider regionally-agreed positions had been aired were rebuffed by the Chair
Photo credit: ITU
2. We love the Internet, but…
There were repeated references to the fact that most of the world's population still doesn't have a connection to the Internet. To illustrate the exorbitant costs of connecting to the Internet, the jet-setting ITU Secretary-General, Hamadoun Touré, complained that he had to pay 76 USD for three days' hotel Internet connection while in New York recently. The Twitter crowd wasn't sympathetic, by the way, with @stickywcit suggesting Touré pick a hotel with free wifi in future.
The opening ceremony may have been full of positive words about ICANN, but the subtle inference in the first plenary was that the Internet community was somehow failing in getting the Internet out to the world's majority who are located in developing countries. ITU has long positioned itself as the champion of developing country telecommunication needs, so you don't need to be a mind-reader to see where this may go over the next fortnight.
Touré has made it clear that WCIT-12 is not about taking over the Internet, nor about Internet governance. However, what the WCIT-12 is about—connecting the unconnected via broadband, mobile, standards for modems, etc—does stray a little into Internet administrative territory. Newly connected Internet users need IP addresses, for example. And modems need software that can handle IPv6. Last week, Member States at WTSA-12 agreed to continue study into IPv6 in Study Group 2 or 3. At WCIT-12, it may be difficult for ITU Member States to agree on what is relevant territory for ITU to handle under the banner of "connecting the unconnected" without, perhaps, straying into areas already handled by parts of the Internet governance ecosystem, but that are seen as failing the disconnected two-thirds of the world.
3. Early mornings and late nights
The first informal discussion group was formed, and met at 8 am on Day 2 of WCIT-12 to discuss whether references to "Recognized Operating Agency" in the ITRs should be changed to the far broader term, "Operating Agency". Soon, the 8 am informal discussion group slots will be filled and earlier slots will be needed, as well as slots after the official WCIT-12 days end at 5:30 pm. Weekend sessions will be invoked, too. Participants will become exhausted and grumpy. You may not think you should care how little sleep high-level government representatives are getting, but tired officials are less likely to pick up problems in newly proposed text for the ITRs. Tired and cranky officials are also less inclined to feel generous towards their ideological opponents during the more intense debates at the meeting.
Finally, a couple of unconnected thoughts
Touré made a number of comments on the first day of WCIT-12 about his recent travels around the world. I wondered whether these were perhaps a little ill-judged. A lot of developing Member States can't attend ITU meetings without special funding from ITU. Even then, some of the smallest and least developing states don't have the human resources to devote to regular ITU participation. Knowing that the ITU Secretary-General is travelling the world and able to pay 76 USD for three days' Internet access in New York might, to such states, seem as offensive as the large bonuses bank executives received in the wake of government bailouts of banks in the US and UK. On the other hand, developing countries may appreciate knowing that the Secretary-General is travelling to them, rather than expecting them to travel to ITU's home in Geneva.
I am amazed at the lack of gender neutral language being used in the plenary. "Chairman" and "Vice-chairman" were the norm, even when referring to female occupants of those positions. ITU has been very active in promoting the role of women in ICTs (for example, Girls in ICT Day), so the use of phallocentric terminology at WCIT-12 was a bit confusing. Just because most of the positions are filled by men doesn't mean that gender-neutral terms are unnecessary. Language helps define norms, and if ITU continues to use "Chairman" and "Vice-chairmen", even for women in chairing positions, it fails to challenge the outdated norm that men are the natural choice for leadership roles in ICT.
ITU archive of WCIT-12 Plenary 1 discussions
Video archive available at WCIT-12 webcast page
Transcript (English only)
Posted in Uncategorized	| Tagged gender, IPv6, ITU, WCIT	| Leave a reply
World Conference on International Telecommunications begins
After months of acrimonious mud-slinging between the more extreme ends of the pro-ITU and pro-Internet camps, the opening ceremony of WCIT-12 in Dubai was full of peace, harmony and goodwill. ICANN's new CEO, Fadi Chehadé, spoke warmly of the new era of cooperation between ICANN and the ITU. ITU Secretary-General, Dr Hamadoun Touré spoke at length of the virtues of consensus, of the great opportunity WCIT-12 presented for the ICANN and ITU communities to reach out to one another.
This was a far cry from the 2010 Plenipotentiary in Guadalajara, Mexico, where ICANN had wanted to attend, but had been told that as ICANN was not a sector member of ITU, it was not possible for ICANN to attend. The story also floats around that ITU didn't invite ICANN to attend one of its meetings because ITU had never been invited to an ICANN meeting. The Internet community's response to this may be, "Well that's silly, because nobody's invited to an ICANN meeting. It's open to anyone who wants to attend". However, if you come from the far more formal world of intergovernmental forums, the invitation process forms an integral part of conference protocol.
Two years on, in 2012, the invitation problem has been overcome. In a first, ITU invited ICANN to speak at the opening ceremony of WCIT-12. At the opening ceremony, Chehadé, who had evolved his "summer of listening" pitch since ICANN 45 in Toronto, told the room of 160 ITU Member States that "Engagement starts with listening". Even better from the point of view of the Internet crowd, this engagement had begun at the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) in Baku last month, where Chehadé and Touré had their first face-to-face discussion. Given the shaky legs that the IGF is standing on—it still has no Executive Director or Special Advisor to the UN Secretary-General, and its mandate comes up for renewal in 2015, pending WSIS+10 outcomes—having the leaders of the two most prominent organizations in the Internet governance debate come together at the IGF is a huge boost to argue for IGF's effectiveness.
Will peace and harmony reign throughout WCIT-12?
Of course it won't. Having the leaders of the ITU and ICANN secretariats swap a handshake or two during the opening ceremony won't solve significant idealogical differences between governments on the telecommunications and Internet-related matters that up for discussion over the next couple of weeks. But even though there will be some seriously fraught debates and disagreements during WCIT-12, there must be a final ITR document by the end of the meeting. Some things to remember:
Touré is the head of the ITU Secretariat. The Secretariat ultimately has to do what its membership wants it to do. While Touré can say from the heart that ICANN and ITU will work collaboratively and respect each others separate competencies, if the membership chooses to have ITU encroach on areas traditionally within the sphere of Internet organizations (ICANN, IETF, RIRs, domain name registries, etc), the ITU secretariat has to carry out the membership's wishes.
ITU membership is very divided on a number of Internet-related issues under discussion at WCIT. The greater the division, the harder it will be for the membership to reach agreement on those topics. This means that some Internet-related issues will be removed completely from the final ITR revisions due to complete lack of agreement on how to go forward, or will be watered down to the point that neither side of the disagreement can disagree any more.
While the vast majority of more extreme Internet-related proposals will be knocked out of the ring during WCIT, there is always the danger that last-minute compromise text is written in ways that down the track can then be read differently to its originally intended meaning. So what can look like harmless text now can have serious ramifications down the track. All we have to do is look at the 2005 WSIS Tunis Agenda text on "enhanced cooperation" to see how something written many years ago can still be cause for disagreement years later.
ITU Member States can submit reservations to the final ITRs, meaning that even if the ITRs state "All ITU members must do X", a country can say that it will not be bound by that regulation, but will abide by everything else in the ITRs. If the ITRs ended up encroaching on Internet territory in ways that some Member States thought was going too far, they could submit reservations on those parts of the ITRs.
Although many of the articles and statements leading up to WCIT-12 have been melodramatic in their predictions of the End of the Internet as We Know It, they have succeeded in drawing the interest of a much wider range of stakeholders' interest in what is happening at WCIT. The WCIT-12 webcast is open to the world. Back at the 2010 ITU Plenipotentiary, there was no public webcast, and information was only available to the public from a few news articles and the few attendees who were blogging and tweeting the meeting. But even that attention was useful in creating positive outcomes: when Internet-related arguments became toxic in Guadalajara, in an effort to get Member States to work together, Touré reminded delegates that the world was following what was happening. In 2012, in Dubai, all stakeholders, be they from government, business, civil society, academia or the Internet technical community, can watch WCIT-12 webcasts and decide for themselves whether their governments are representing their interests.
ICANN isn't the only Internet body that could be affected by the final ITRs
Yes, a lot of the early WSIS disagreements were about ICANN's role, but Internet governance involves far more bodies than just ICANN. It is a very positive step forward to see ITU and ICANN speaking in such positive terms about each other at the WCIT-12 opening ceremony, but it would be a mistake to think that a good relationship between Touré and Chehadé solves the all of the relationships and coordination processes within the Internet governance ecosystem once and for all. The improved ITU/ICANN relationship is a very big step, but let us not forget all the other very important players in the Internet ecosystem. The Internet is a network, not a hierarchical pyramid. ITU and ICANN are both important, but neither organization, by themselves or as a pair, comes anywhere near fulfilling the vast and diverse range of processes needed to maintain and develop the Internet.
Badly written ITRs could damage the Internet. But badly written ITRs could also damage telecommunications. Focusing world attention on WCIT-12 as the pivotal point in the Internet's future is overly simplistic. WCIT-12 is going to be an important two weeks for the Internet's future, but there have been other important weeks for the Internet this year, including IGF, ICANN, IETF and other meetings. Let's have less hysteria over WCIT-12 and more long-term, level-headed deliberation on Internet development.
Posted in Uncategorized	| Tagged ICANN, IGF, ITU, WCIT	| Leave a reply


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If you are unable to pass the whisper test, you may be still be able to qualify with an Audiometric Test.
In which case, you will pass if you do not have an average hearing loss in the better ear greater than 40 decibels at 500 Hz, 1,000 Hz, and 2,000 Hz. We do not currently offer this test in our office.


Terrorist Acts > 2000-2006 > Incidences per million: Terrorist acts by country from 2000 to 2006. Data for 1998-Present covers both domestic and international incidents. NOTE: Data for Chechnya: 220 incidences; 768 injuries; 362 fatalities. Data for Kosovo alone: 58 incidences; 80 injuries; 19 fatalities. Data for Montenegro alone: 6 incidences; 1 fatality. Data for Northern Ireland: 561 incidences; 105 injuries; 17 fatalities. Data for Kashmir: 920 incidences; 2208 injuries; 1236 fatalities. Figures expressed per million population for the same year.
SOURCES: GLOBAL TERRORISM: AN OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS Monty G. Marshall INSCR Integrated Network for Societal Conflict Research CIDCM Center for International Development and Conflict Management University of Maryland, College Park and the Center for Systemic Peace Draft: September 11, 2002; GLOBAL TERRORISM: AN OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS Monty G. Marshall INSCR Integrated Network for Societal Conflict Research CIDCM Center for International Development and Conflict Management University of Maryland, College Park and the Center for Systemic Peace Draft: September 11, 2002. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.; Computed by NationMaster. Data from MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Database; MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base; MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base. Population figures from World Bank: (1) United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), (3) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, (4) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, (5) Secretariat of the Pacific Community: Statistics and Demography Programme, and (6) U.S. Census Bureau: International Database.
"Guinea Terrorism Stats, NationMaster." 1963-2006. <http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/Guinea/Terrorism>.
"Guinea Terrorism Stats", NationMaster [Internet]. 1963-2006. Avaliable from: <http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/Guinea/Terrorism>.
"Guinea Terrorism Stats", NationMaster. Avaliable at: nationmaster.com. Assessed 1963-2006.


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Is Algebra Really Necessary?
column | STEM
By Michael B. Horn (Columnist) Mar 10, 2020
AnastasiaStone / Shutterstock
Education reformers often bemoan that schools never shed programs that are no longer needed or effective. New school initiatives are consequently layered on top of past practices, which means schools become overburdened and educators struggle to implement new ideas—all of which is costly.
But reformers often seem less likely to ask the same questions of curriculum despite changing world conditions.
Algebra is a prime example. It's seen as a gateway course to college success, with a bevy of research to support the contention.
Reformers have often accordingly doubled down on efforts to help students pass algebra. But as with many endeavors, finding a good answer depends on asking the right question.
The logic is circular in this case. It says, in essence, that schools require algebra. Students who don't do well in algebra do poorly in school. Therefore, shouldn't we double down on helping more students pass algebra?
But perhaps we should ask different questions. Does every student need to take algebra? Could we not find a better set of mathematical experiences to build students' fluency for today's world? What if colleges were to rethink the importance and relevance of algebra?
University of Chicago economist Steven Leavitt devoted a recent Freakonomics podcast to the question and essentially concluded that algebra should not be a requirement. He notes that the primary reason high schools offer algebra is because Harvard began requiring knowledge of the subject in 1820 in order to gain admittance. As a result, secondary schools began teaching algebra.
Fifty years later Harvard added geometry to its requirements—and secondary schools again followed suit.
Jo Boaler, a professor of mathematics at Stanford, has written a lot on the topic. On the podcast, she says that no other country requires this "geometry sandwich—a course of algebra for a whole year, followed by a course of geometry for a whole year, and then another course of algebra." She contends that this historical legacy is reflected in the paltry mathematics results on tests of America's students.
Levitt concludes that every high school student should instead graduate with data fluency, which he describes as "an understanding of the difference between correlation and causality; the ability to evaluate claims that others make with data; maybe even to take a pile of data and make sense of it." Yet he points out that "only 10 percent of high school students take a statistics class—and even most statistics courses are primarily theoretical rather than requiring students to get their hands dirty with data." (The figure, according to the National Center of Education Statistics, was 11 percent in 2009.)
This would be far more relevant than algebra for the vast majority of students. As Anthony Carevale, the director of the Center on Education and the Workforce at Georgetown University, told Education Week, just 11 percent of U.S. jobs involve work that requires understanding Algebra 2 concepts, and only 6 percent regularly use advanced algebraic operations.
Topics like data fluency and financial literacy, on the other hand, appear to be far more in-demand—not just in the workplace, but also in everyday life.
So why won't colleges abandon the algebra requirement? As selective universities think about how they can best support K–12 schools, thinking through admissions requirements would be a good start.
One charitable explanation is that colleges and universities are worried about how students will acquire analytical, problem solving, and reasoning skills.
But if teaching reasoning and problem solving is the purpose of algebra, then why not teach those and similar topics explicitly? That's the approach taken by the Minerva Institute, an accredited, alternative university program which teaches logic, reasoning and analyses in its first-year courses. (For those interested in learning more about how Minerva teaches these principles, I highly recommend the book "Building the Intentional University," edited by Stephen M. Kosslyn and Ben Nelson, who founded Minerva and offer the book as an open manual for their approach for anyone to copy.) Jonathan Haber also offers a helpful summary on the topic of teaching reasoning in his forthcoming book "Critical Thinking" for MIT Press.
The point is that understanding algebra is not the only way to learn these skills—and it certainly isn't the most direct. Algebra need not be the gateway to learning these skills, let alone the gateway to college success.
There is certainly a limit to the logic. Committing multiplication tables to memory—although not by rote learning per se—has value in developing automaticity that allows us to do higher order math and application of complex concepts. But is that true of algebra in which concepts are used rarely in the real world?
As Tom Vander Ark, CEO of Getting Smart, wrote recently:
"High school should be an opportunity to figure out who you are, what you're good at, and where you want to make a contribution. That should start with problem finding—spotting big tough problems of interest. Next comes understanding the problem and variables associated—that's algebraic reasoning. But rather than focusing on computation (including factoring those nasty polynomials), students should be building data sets and using computers to do what they're good at: calculations. Add some finance and probability to guide the investment of time and resources, and you have a new, more compact set of math requirements for making a living and making a difference."
The good news is that there is some evidence that high schools and others are open to rethinking math courses and sequences. Although they aren't going as far as Leavitt, Boaler, and Vander Ark suggest, it's a welcome start to moving past symbol manipulation for its own sake. Algebra is yet another structure—along with courses, traditional letter grading, seat time and the like—that educators and policymakers should rethink for our current era.
Michael Horn (@michaelbhorn) is head of strategy for the Entangled Group, senior partner for Entangled Solutions, and the co-founder of the Christensen Institute.


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Nissan sees 10% of workforce told to self-isolate
The city had 955 Covid cases per 100,000 people in the week to 10 July.In contrast, the average area in England had 287.The problems at the Japanese carmaker come amid increasing evidence of widespread absenteeism at firms because of workers who have been "Pinged" by the NHS app. Anyone alerted who has come into contact with an infected person has to self-isolate for 10 days. Nissan said: "Production in certain areas of the plant has been adjusted as we manage a number of staff being required to self-isolate following close contact with Covid-19."The well-being of our team is our number one priority and we remain confident in the rigorous safety controls we have on site. Currently, if you are required to self-isolate, your employer cannot force you to come into work, says Emma Bartlett, an employment lawyer at CM Murray. A £500 grant is also available in England to people on low incomes who have to self-isolate.
Make a complaint about Nissan by viewing their customer service contacts.
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