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Newest volume of The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein now available online
The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 16 (Documentary Edition)
Available in Hardcover
The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 16 (Translation Supplement)
Available in Paperback
We're excited to share that The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 16: The Berlin Years—available in a documentary edition in the original German, with a companion volume of select material in English translation—is now available to read on The Digital Einstein Papers website.
Volume 16 was published in print in 2021 and appears now in digital form on the centenary of Albert Einstein receiving the Nobel Prize for his "services to theoretical physics." Edited by Diana Kormos Buchwald, Ze'ev Rosenkranz, József Illy, A. J. Kox, Daniel J. Kennefick, Dennis Lehmkuhl, Tilman Sauer, and Jennifer Nollar James, the volume includes source material from June 1927 until May 1929, a period during which Einstein was working to discern whether an electron's equations of motion are derived from the field equations of general relativity and embarking on a new approach to the unified field theory founded on teleparallel geometry.
In 1927, Einstein attended the historic Solvay Conference and was invited to a research professorship at Princeton. Writings from the following year chronicle the onset of a severe heart ailment and despite a period of convalescence, ongoing engagement with scientific work and writing, as well as with social and political issues, including advocacy for domestic legislative reform, gay, and minority rights in Germany, European rapprochement, and conscientious objection to military service. Also covered are Einstein's resignation from the Board of Hebrew University, his hiring of Helen Dukas—who was ultimately instrumental to the preservation of his written archive—as his assistant, and his fiftieth birthday in March 1929.
Volume 16 and the supplemental translation appear on The Digital Einstein Papers site alongside the prior fifteen volumes, and English translations, beginning with Volume 1: The Early Years, 1879–1902. A collaboration between Princeton University Press, The Albert Einstein Archives at Hebrew University, and The Einstein Papers Project at the California Institute of Technology, the website was launched in 2014 and currently hosts and makes available close to 20,000 pages and more than 8,000 unique documents from Albert Einstein's written records. New materials are added online roughly 18 months after publication of the print edition. Learn more about the project: https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/
Previous Princeton University Press partners with Glassboxx to launch direct-to-consumer e-commerce for PUP audiobooks and ebooks  Next Princeton University Press hosts Ask UP this winter

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Posts Tagged With: Malcolm X
Malcolm X and Abraham Lincoln
Posted on December 17, 2020 by Dave Taylor
As I have noted before, I am in the process of getting my Master's degree in American History. Slowly but surely, I'm getting closer to being an actual historian rather than just an elementary school teacher who knows a bit about Lincoln's assassination. My most recent class was titled The Revolutionary Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. and it was taught by Dr. Peniel Joseph who is pictured above. Dr. Joseph is the author of a new dual biography of X and King titled, The Sword and the Shield: The Revolutionary Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. This was one of the main texts we used in the course and I highly recommend this book for anyone looking to learn more about these two hugely influential figures in the Civil Rights movement.
As the course progressed, I found myself fascinated by the life story of Malcolm X, a man that I sadly knew very little about. Due to this, I ended up writing most of my papers and discussion posts about this "sword" of a man who was active during the heroic period of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s. Early on, I decided that my final paper for the class would somehow revolve around Malcolm X. I'm always trying to connect my different classes to aspects of Lincoln's assassination and while I could have written a comparative piece about Malcolm X's own assassination, the details of that killing are too unclear and still too recent to be fully understood. In the end, I decided to explore how Malcolm X used the legacy of Abraham Lincoln in his own activism. Many pieces have been written comparing Martin Luther King's use of Abraham Lincoln's legacy and words, yet I was not able to find any detailed account of how Malcolm X related to Lincoln. What follows is my analysis of Malcolm X's often controversial relationship with the legacy of the 16th President.
I do not claim to be an expert on Malcolm X (nor Abraham Lincoln for that matter), so please forgive any egregious errors you may come across. I have tried my best to accurately portray Malcolm X and his views, but I am well aware that I am incapable of truly understanding the lived experiences and struggles of a Black man in 1960s America (and today). At the very least, I hope that this paper may motivate some of you to learn more about Malcolm X and his massive impact on the ongoing fight for Civil Rights.
By Dave Taylor
In 1964, author Robert Penn Warren was in the process of collecting material for an upcoming book entitled, Who Speaks for the Negro? The volume was Warren's attempt to learn more about the ongoing Civil Rights movement and those on the ground working to promote equality and fairness for all Americans. During his research, Warren met with many activists and leaders of the movement. On June 2, Warren found himself interviewing the noted firebrand, Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little. Warren asked the 39-year-old his opinions of politicians, living and dead. Never one to mince his words, Malcolm X spoke honestly of the many ways in which politicians and his fellow Civil Rights leaders had failed the Black community time and time again. Warren then posed the question, "What do you think of Abraham Lincoln?" Malcolm X replied, "I think that he probably did more to trick Negroes than any other man in history."[1] As one of the most celebrated presidents in American history, often referred to after his death as The Great Emancipator, this harsh generalization of Abraham Lincoln's legacy in regard to race was a shocking statement. While other Civil Rights leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr. often sought out the words and legacy of Abraham Lincoln in their unifying messages, Malcolm X provided an almost startling contrast, actively calling out and challenging the legacy of Abraham Lincoln, a man considered by many white and Black Americans as an untouchable martyr for liberty. By analyzing the few other times that Malcolm X's views on Abraham Lincoln were recorded and by doing an exploration into the source of Malcolm X's education on the 16th President, it becomes clear that X's criticisms of Lincoln were the product of valid historical inquiry. In addition, there is strong evidence to support the idea that Malcolm X embraced the idea of creating controversy over Lincoln's legacy as a means of promoting his own views of Black self-determination and autonomy.
Just a few months prior to Warren's interview with him, Malcolm X had been a high-ranking member of the Nation of Islam (NOI). However, X's increased devotion to political matters and his internal conflicts with the NOI's religious leader, Elijah Muhammad, had caused X's ousting from the organization. Yet his dismissal from the Nation of Islam had done little to impede X's involvement in the Civil Rights movement. Rather, it unshackled him in many ways to be more open with his views as he no longer had to worry about whether they conflicted in anyway with the NOI's teachings. Warren's interview with X, dealt mostly with the role and viewpoints of Black Muslims in regards to the greater Civil Rights movement. Though removed from the NOI, X was still a devote Muslim, having converted to the Sunni faith. Warren pressed Malcolm to talk more about the non-violence movement endorsed by other members of the Civil Rights movement like Dr. King. This interview came just a few months after Malcolm X delivered one of his most famous speeches, The Ballot or the Bullet, in which he supported the power of voting in order to enact change, but also warned that Black Americans were tired of having to "turn the other cheek" while their rights and lives were threatened. The Ballot or the Bullet was a clarion call to all Black Americans that appeasement towards white supremacy was to stop, one way or the other.
While many of X's answers to Warren's questions did not end up making it into Warren's finished product, the line about Abraham Lincoln having "tricked the Black man" did. In 1985, over twenty years after this interview, Black historian John Hope Franklin took exception to X's categorization of Lincoln writing in his essay, "The Use and Misuse of the Lincoln Legacy" that X was, "not at all clear on what the trick was."[2] Yet, perhaps unknown to Franklin was the fact that X had expanded on his thoughts regarding Lincoln during his interview with Warren and it was Warren who failed to include this additional material in his book. In continuing his explanation of how Lincoln had tricked the Black Americans, X stated:
"He was interested in saving the Union. Well, more Negroes have been tricked into thinking that Lincoln was a Negro lover whose primary aim was to free them and he died because he freed them. I think Lincoln did more to deceive the Negroes and to make the race problem in this country worse than any man in history."[3]
From this extended response it is clear that Malcolm X put forth some supporting evidence for his view that Lincoln had tricked Black people. For Malcolm, Abraham Lincoln had unjustly been given the role as a white savior to the Black race. Malcolm was engaging in a form of historical analysis by actively questioning whether the veneration Lincoln had received in the period since his death was based on the actions and views of the man, or the mythology that had formed around him. While this off the cuff remark to Warren helps lay the groundwork of his views, additional sources help to define Malcolm X's analysis further.
Malcolm X's interview with Robert Penn Warren was not the first (nor the last) recorded example of his views on Abraham Lincoln. A few months earlier, at the end of February, 1964, Malcolm X was in Miami acting as a spiritual advisor of sorts to one of the Nation of Islam's most high profile converts, Cassius Clay, soon to rename himself Muhammad Ali.
Malcolm X was already in the process of being pushed out of the Nation of Islam at this point but still had hopes that his service in helping to convert Clay would put him back into good graces with Elijah Muhammad. In the hours leading up to Clay's famous bout with Sonny Liston, where Clay would become one of the youngest heavyweight champions ever, Malcolm X sat at a lunch table with sports journalist George Plimpton who found himself fascinated by X. Plimpton asked many questions to X about Islam, Clay's conversion, and the overall condition of Black Americans. Plimpton got onto the topic of X's ongoing troubles with the Nation of Islam, which X claimed were due to remarks about the recently assassinated John F. Kennedy which the NOI deemed in poor taste. But Malcolm did not believe he was wrong in stating that Kennedy had not been a friend to Black Americans. He reminded Plimpton that Kennedy was, above all, "a cold-blooded politician," and that, "there never had been a politician who was the Negro's friend."[4] In Plimpton's recollections of the discussion, which were published in Harper's Magazine in June of that year, X then started began talking about Abraham Lincoln stating, "Lincoln? A crooked, deceitful hypocrite, claiming championship to the cause of the Negro who, one hundred years later, finds himself singing, 'We Shall Overcome.'"[5] Like his later comments to Warren, Malcolm X expresses his frustration at the disparity he feels exists between Lincoln the man and Lincoln the legacy. While, on the face of it, Malcolm's words may seem like – to use the vernacular of boxing – a sucker punch to Abraham Lincoln, his harsh words stem from legitimate criticisms on Lincoln views and policies on race.
The best source we have for understanding Malcolm X's thought process on Abraham Lincoln comes from a recorded interview he did with a yet undetermined interviewer around 1960. A short, 29 second clip of what appears to be a televised interview can be found online. Narration starts the clip noting that the, "news media had begun to take notice" of Malcolm X, before we see the interviewer hold out his microphone to X. While we do not know the exact phrasing of the interviewer's question, the response makes it clear that Malcolm X was asked directly about Abraham Lincoln. Malcolm X then gives the following response:
"Abraham Lincoln tricked the so-called Negro into thinking that he was free and when you read some of the books that were written by the so-called Negro historian J. A. Rogers, one of his books Africa's Gift to America, he points out plainly how Abraham Lincoln did nothing but trick the Negro, fool the Negro, and use the Negro the same as every other politician who has been in the White House has been tricking and fooling and using the Negro as a political football ever since America has been America."[6]
This interview very much echoes Malcolm X's words to George Plimpton in 1964 as the Civil Rights leader equates Lincoln to generations of politicians who have used and misused Black Americans for their own benefit. However, the key to this interview is that X provides the source of his material. He essentially advertises for the Black historian Joel A. Rogers, specifically mentioning his book, Africa's Gift to America.
Joel Augustus Rogers was a groundbreaking Black historian who, "dedicated over fifty years of his life to writing about and debunking the fallacies of racist European and American scholarship that denied people of African descent had a history worth writing about."[7] Among Roger's numerous works were books and articles titled, "What are We, Negroes or Americans?", "The Negro in European History", World's Greatest Men and Women of African Descent, "The Suppression of Negro History", and the aforementioned Africa's Gift to America: The Afro-American in the Making and Saving of the United States. This last volume was one of Roger's final books, having been published originally in 1959 with an updated version coming out two years later in 1961. Joel Rogers was also a regular contributor to the Pittsburgh Courier, a leading Black newspaper of the day, in which he wrote a column entitled History Shows. Malcolm X had a long familiarity with Rogers. On January 1, 1959, Malcolm X invited Rogers to speak to over 1,600 Nation of Islam members at New York's Temple No. 7, where he was the leader. While not a Muslim himself, Rogers spoke glowingly of the NOI and how its followers were educating themselves about their history. "Not only do they, themselves, want to learn, but they want to spread this knowledge to the rest of our people," Rogers stated to Malcolm X's audience.[8] Joel Rogers was one of the pioneers of what we would now refer to as African American Studies.
In many ways, Joel Rogers was a kindred spirit to Malcolm X. When asked about his writing on the topic of Black history, Rogers stated that his motivation stemmed from his, "early childhood when it was firmly impressed on me by the ruling class that black people were inherently inferior and that their sole purpose for being was to be servants to white people and the lighter-colored mulattoes."[9] Rogers rejected the white supremacist doctrine of his youth that Blacks were inherently inferior to whites. Similarly, Malcolm X vividly recalled his own childhood memories of being called by racial epithets and being treated poorly by whites of all classes. Yet, like Rogers, Malcolm witnessed the inherent strength and promise of the Black race, even while a white supremacist society tried to keep him down. Malcolm had the benefit of having been born to activist parents and in his autobiography, Malcolm recalled being transfixed by meetings his father organized: "I remember how the meetings always closed with my father saying, several times, and the people chanting after him, 'Up, you mighty race, you can accomplish what you will!"[10] It is no surprise then that Malcolm X was a firm proponent of Joel Rogers' work. Rogers helped to provide Malcolm with a historical basis for the strength and self-dignity that Malcolm X knew Black people possessed, despite the attempts of white supremacy to deny them this heritage.
Therefore, to understand Malcolm X's views on Abraham Lincoln, it is important to analyze the historiographical work of Joel Rogers on the subject. In Africa's Gift to America, Roger heads the corresponding chapter on the Civil War as, "The Negro In the Saving of America" and this perfectly encapsulates his overall thesis. Rogers recalls the process of the Civil War and the struggles the Union had in gaining the upper hand over the Confederate states. When describing the Emancipation Proclamation, Rogers quickly dismisses the oft held idea that the true purpose of the decree was to end slavery. Rogers writes, "Did it free the slaves? Definitely not. It was a gesture rather than a reality since it 'freed' only those slaves Lincoln had no power to free and kept in slavery those he had the power to free."[11] While other historians made find exception with Rogers' directness and candor on this, he is not incorrect with his assessment of the direct effect of the Emancipation Proclamation. The order only claimed to free the slaves in the states then in rebellion, and had no effect on the enslaved people still held in bondage in the Union border states. Granted, it did result in the freeing of those held in bondage in Union occupied areas of the South, but direct emancipation as a result of the proclamation was very minimal. Rogers opines the mythology of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation as having singlehandedly freed the slaves, writing, "Perhaps no other important document in all history has been more misinterpreted."[12] Yet, Rogers does acknowledge that the Emancipation Proclamation was incredibly vital for the survival of the United States, for, while it did little to free those still held in bondage, it created a pathway for Black men to become part of the Union army and fight for the freedom of their brothers and sisters. Rogers spends most of the remaining chapter demonstrating how the tireless devotion and bravery of the newly formed United States Colored Troops helped the Union emerge victorious after four long years of fighting. Rogers recounts moments of both regimental and individual acts of selflessness and sacrifice on the part of Black soldiers even in the face of incredible adversity and racism on the part of white Confederate and Union citizens alike. Malcolm X no doubt appreciated and valued Rogers' work in showing how men who were once enslaved themselves, fought and freed those still held in bondage.
While Rogers' accounts of glory personified Malcolm X's views on Black power, his critical assessment of the legacy of Abraham Lincoln also spoke to X's distaste of white savior myths which disregarded Black autonomy and self-determination. In his efforts to bring the mighty image of Father Abraham off of his pedestal, Rogers spends a considerable amount of space in his book quoting Lincoln's distasteful racial views. Rogers recalls how, in his debates with Stephen Douglas in 1858, Lincoln stated, "there must be the position of superior and inferior, and I as much as any other man am in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white race."[13] For Rogers, this was evidence that the image of Abraham Lincoln as a benevolent friend of all Black people was misguided. Rogers also criticized the delayed nature of Lincoln's issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation after years of war. Since the beginning there had been the near constant call of abolitionists, both white and Black, asking for the chief executive to make it explicitly known that the cause of the war was to end slavery. From the abolitionists' point of view, this was what the Confederate states had understood it to be when they seceded in the first place. Included in the Lincoln portion of Rogers' book is a quote from Frederick Douglass. At the unveiling of the Emancipation Memorial in Washington, D.C. in 1876, the famous Black abolitionist and orator recalled that Lincoln, "was preeminently the white man's President, entirely devoted to the welfare of white men. He was ready and willing at any time during the first years of his administration to deny, postpone, and sacrifice the rights of humanity in the colored people in order to promote the welfare of the white people."[14] When Rogers presented these quotes and wrote about Lincoln in Africa's Gift to America, he was not breaking new ground in Lincoln research. Lincoln's record on race relations and devotion to the preservation to the Union were well documented in other Lincoln texts of the day. One of the sources Joel Rogers uses for his book was the groundbreaking series by Carl Sandburg's called Abraham Lincoln: The War Years. The first volume in this series contains a letter Lincoln wrote to abolitionist newspaper editor Horace Greeley in 1862 in which the President stated:
"My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union."[15]
This assertion that the preservation of the Union was the first and foremost goal in Lincoln's mind during the Civil War is also combined with Lincoln's support, even during his time as President, for colonization movements. Believing that the different races could not live together in harmony, Lincoln proposed for Black Americans to be sent to Africa and establish colonies there. When told of this plan in person, Frederick Douglass and many others balked at the idea of being sent from their homeland to a continent they knew nothing of. In recounting Lincoln's words and opinions on race, Joel Rogers makes a compelling argument that humanizes Lincoln as a complicated man which disassociates him from the otherwise held myth of Father Abraham, patron saint of the Black race.
Yet, even as Joel Rogers uses Lincoln's own words to criticize the 16th President, the historian is not unfeeling or ignorant of the circumstances Lincoln found himself in. Rogers writes, "There is much I admire about Lincoln and I sympathize greatly with him for the many trying problems he had to face but in all fairness it must be said that he owed vastly more to the Negro than the Negro to him."[16] As Rogers posited, it was the Black troops that helped to turn the tide of war in the Union's favor. The increased manpower brought about by the enlistment of Black soldiers and the devotion with which they fought for the cause of freedom, saved Lincoln from suffering the fate as vanquished Confederate President Jefferson Davis. But, more importantly, Rogers defends his criticisms of Lincoln's words and personal views even if it seems contrary to the popularly accepted interpretation of the Great Emancipator. Rogers writes, "Lincoln became the bible of the great Negrophobes."[17] According to Rogers, Black Americans put too much stock in Lincoln the politician who only directly freed a miniscule amount of enslaved people in order to win a war. This mythology caught on so much that the power of Black Civil War soldiers was diminished so as to essentially remove them from the narrative. Black Americans were expected to bow and pay reverence to Lincoln for their freedom rather than acknowledge their own success. Perhaps this idea is personified best by the nature of the statue Frederick Douglass helped to unveil in 1876 which shows a formerly enslaved man kneeling at the feet of Lincoln who is beckoning him to stand up.
Joel Rogers and Malcolm X could both see the way in which this legacy of Abraham Lincoln could be weaponized against Black people. In his autobiography, Malcolm spoke of the way in which he worked to change the narrative in order to include the stories of Black strength completely independent of white savior imagery. There was a considerable backlash to Malcolm's refusal to pay heed or enough reverence to the man the white press thought should be an icon to the Civil Rights leader. Malcolm recalled:
"I can remember those hot telephone sessions with those reporters as if they were yesterday. The reporters were angry. I was angry. When I'd reach into history, they'd try to pull me back to the present…They would unearth Lincoln and his freeing of the slaves. I'd tell them things Lincoln said in speeches, against the blacks."[18]
It was in this way that Malcolm sought to engage his interviewers in the process of historical analysis but was met with anger due to his perceived disrespect for an American icon.
In August of 1963, many Civil Rights leaders and activists were busy preparing for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The march would culminate at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. with Martin Luther King giving his now timeless, "I Have a Dream" speech. Malcolm X, the ever-reliable contrarian, took issue with the ways in which the planned march had been co-opted by the government. He stated that when the, "white man heard about this mass demonstration in the beginning which was to consist of sit-ins etc. on the White House lawn, airports and other public grounds, he decided to control it."[19] A proponent of Black strength in the face of white supremacy, Malcolm regularly criticized the Civil Rights movement for failing to act in what he considered to be the proper, revolutionary way. He felt that King and other leaders spent too much time capitulating to white supremacists and their laws rather than actively fighting against them. At this point in his life, X did not see integration as a feasible or desired outcome. His lived experience as a Black man in America, his religious conversion to the Nation of Islam, and his readings from historians like Joel A. Rogers, had collectively taught him that white America would not accept true integration and social equality. Malcolm sought Black autonomy as a means of protection for his people. The hard lessons of life had trained him to be suspicious of most white people, especially those who claimed to be liberal minded and on the side of Civil Rights. Thus, King's inclusion of white activists and leaders into the March on Washington was seen by X as a neutering element. X echoed this idea in the months after the March on Washington:
"It's just like when you've got some coffee that's too black, which means it's too strong. What you do? You integrate it with cream; you make it weak. If you pour too much cream in, you won't even know you ever had coffee. It used to be hot, it becomes cool. It used to be strong, it becomes weak. It used to wake you up, now it'll put you to sleep. This is what they did with the march on Washington."[20]
Malcolm X's compelling criticisms of the non-violence and non-confrontational nature of the march in response to acts of violence and discrimination against Black Americans was perfectly aligned to his overall opposition to Dr. King's vision for the Civil Rights movement in general. Malcolm was tired of acquiescing any ground to white supremacists and those who supporting their agenda, whether knowingly or otherwise. He was tired of the strength and ability of Black people being ignored or diminished. For X, Civil Rights would only be gained when Black people actively rejected all forms of white supremacist indoctrination, including the internalized kind. By understanding this, it is easier to address why Malcolm X vehemently rejected what he believed to be a mythicized interpretation of Abraham Lincoln and his legacy.
In an Associated Press article that was published in newspapers around the country just two days before the March on Washington, X repeated his message charging that King was allowing the government to co-opt what should otherwise be a revolutionary act. He lamented that the march was now being, "controlled by the government and is being used for political expediency."[21] However, this larger message was overshadowed in the press due to X's decision to make mention of Abraham Lincoln and the fact that the march was to end at the Lincoln Memorial. Instead of headlines for the article highlighting the Civil Rights leader's critique of outside influence on the march, many of the nation's leading newspapers carried the article under headlines like, "Black Muslim Leader Knocks Lincoln's Image", "Lincoln No Hero, Malcolm X Insists", and "Lincoln Didn't Free Slaves – Malcolm X". In Abraham Lincoln's former hometown of Springfield, Illinois, the Illinois State Journal titled the story with "Abe Failed Negroes: Malcolm X". The change of focus away from the march and onto Abraham Lincoln was due to X, once again, engaging in a form of historical analysis on Lincoln's legacy. In the article Malcolm X stated:
"For all these Negro leaders to bring Negroes from all over the country and go down to a dead man's statue, a dead president's monument who was supposed to have issued an Emancipation Proclamation 100 years ago, and if what he had issued had any authenticity or sincerity and had gotten the job done this whole problem wouldn't exist now."[22]
By reading this quote closely, it appears that X was actually using Lincoln as a metaphor for the generational failures that prevented those freed from slavery from achieving any sort of equality in the century of so-called progress that followed. This criticism was as much a condemnation of X's time as it was a shot across Lincoln's bow. Malcolm X seemed to be challenging everyone to look at the world around them and decide whether the condition of Black Americans in his time could easily be rectified if Lincoln's mythicized legacy of the white savior was to be believed. In this way, X was engaging in his common pattern of trying to get his audience to question long held and internalized views of white supremacy in order to help them find their own power.
When further pressed about his personal opinion of Lincoln, Malcolm stated, "I don't think anyone who reads the true history of Lincoln, his motives, regards him as any hero."[23] Malcolm is once again showing his acceptance of Joel Rogers' thesis that Abraham Lincoln's actions on behalf of African Americans was a result of political necessity rather than higher moral conviction. However, as noted above, even Rogers tended to give Lincoln a bit more sympathy and understanding than Malcolm X did in his public comments. Malcolm X, would not dispense any such sympathy with Lincoln, at least not publicly, because it wasn't really Lincoln that Malcolm X was sparring against, but the way in which the legacy of Lincoln had been used to the benefit of white supremacy. By putting the end of slavery solely on the shoulders of Abraham Lincoln, the contributions of others, namely the sacrifice of thousands of African American troops and the enslaved themselves, were dismissed and buried. Lincoln's legacy as the Great Emancipator had been used against Malcolm X and his call for Black autonomy. Even though Lincoln had done well in helping to bring about the end of slavery, Malcolm X saw how the adulation of Lincoln could have a negative effect when it stripped Black Americans of knowledge of their own contributions and reinforced the idea that a white savior was needed for any significant change to their circumstances to happen.
Lincoln historians have long taken issue with Malcolm X's criticisms of the 16th President. They acknowledge the truth contained in Rogers' book in so far as Lincoln did express racial views that would not be acceptable today. They also acknowledge that Lincoln was, at one time, a proponent of the colonization movement which aimed to send Black Americans to Africa. However, most Lincoln historians will also be quick to point out that Lincoln was capable of great change and growth. Part of the reason Lincoln is admired in the way that he is, is due to the way he continually adapted to changing circumstances and evolved in his views. This was also true when it came to his views on race. This is evident in the last speech he gave from the balcony of the White House on April 11, 1865. In that speech, Lincoln discussed how the former Confederate states were to be allowed back into the Union. He discussed the new state Constitution of Louisiana, taking a moment to touch on the concept of Black suffrage. Lincoln stated, "It is also unsatisfactory to some that the elective franchise is not given to the colored man. I would myself prefer that it were now conferred on the very intelligent, and on those who serve our cause as soldiers."[24] While the enfranchisement solely of Black soldiers and those arbitrarily deemed "very intelligent" would not have satisfied Malcolm X, the gesture helps to demonstrate the evolution that X often denied Lincoln in his comments. It can be argued that Lincoln's racial evolution contributed to his death as John Wilkes Booth was in the audience of that last speech and allegedly took such umbrage at the idea of Black citizenship that he then vowed to murder Lincoln. Still, while historians are quick to come to Abraham Lincoln's defense with examples of Lincoln's complexity and growth, it appears that few are willing to accord the same level of detail to understanding the context behind Malcolm X's criticisms.
In a 2000 article by Eric Foner entitled, "Was Abraham Lincoln a Racist", the noted historian lamented the "full scale assault on Lincoln's reputation" by Black author Lerone Bennett who presented an updated version of Joel Rogers' thesis. Foner provided the context for many of Lincoln's more egregious racial comments and laid the groundwork to show Lincoln's growth on racial issues. In this way, Foner falls in around Lincoln, helping to defend the 16th President's legacy from what he believes are misguided misinterpretations of a far more complex individual. The Lincoln field is full of both professional and amateur historians, always ready to defend Lincoln's legacy from any perceived slights. However, Foner should be noted for his likewise ability to analyze and engage with Malcolm X's criticisms rather than tossing them aside. Foner becomes one of the few historians to provide Malcolm X with the same degree of understanding as scholars generally give Abraham Lincoln. Foner noted that, "In the early 1960s, Malcolm X urged blacks to 'take down the picture' of Lincoln – that is, to place their trust in their own efforts to secure racial justice rather than waiting for a new white emancipator."[25] Unlike the press and white public in Malcolm X's time, Foner acknowledged that Malcolm X's criticisms of Lincoln were a product of his own lived experiences and activism.
From Malcolm X's study of history, the widely held view that Abraham Lincoln was a true abolitionist with a lifelong devotion to the freedom and elevation of African Americans was at odds with the evidence shown in the historical record. While Lincoln's actions did help bring about the end of slavery and such a step was crucial in the advancement of civil rights in the United States, Malcolm X took exception to the elevation of Abraham Lincoln above all others in the cause of abolition. Malcolm X observed that the veneration for Lincoln could sometimes produce toxic results as it overshadowed the acknowledgment of Black Americans who fought for their own freedom and future. Lincoln was also sometimes used against those in the Civil Rights movement as even white supremacists invoked Lincoln as a way of demanding obedience, as if Black Americans still owed the white race for Lincoln's magnanimous actions a hundred years earlier. It was for all these reasons that Malcolm X rejected and spoke out against the mythicized Abraham Lincoln. He knowingly created controversy through his criticisms of Lincoln in order to reframe the discussion away from the century dead, white marble martyr seated in his shrine and towards the conditions Black citizens faced in the U.S. in the 1960s.
While he gave interviews to white reporters and authors, Malcolm X's audience was always his Black brothers and sisters. When Malcolm X referenced Lincoln's racist views, he did so to start conversations among Black Americans about their own form of internalized white supremacy. During his short time on earth, X channeled the words he heard as a child, doing all that he could to motivate Black citizens to rise up and, "accomplish what you will." Malcolm X rejected the internalization of Abraham Lincoln as a white savoir. He rejected this mythicized view of Lincoln and sought to replace it with stories of Black autonomy and strength. In the end, Malcolm X's criticisms of Abraham Lincoln were based on legitimate historical evidence. This evidence was provided through the lens of historian Joel Rogers who shared in Malcolm X's view that the accomplishments of Black Americans had been drastically overshadowed and rejected. Malcolm X had grown up with a legacy of Abraham Lincoln which, through his study, he came to see as a myth. As a result, Malcolm X fought against that mythology because he came to see Lincoln's legacy as a form of white supremacy. By challenging Lincoln's legacy through historical analysis, Malcolm X worked to counter the mythology that he felt detracted from the accomplishments of Black Americans in shaping and claiming their own destinies.
[1] Malcolm X, Interview by Robert Penn Warren, June 2, 1964, tape 2, transcript and recording, University of Kentucky, https://whospeaks.library.vanderbilt.edu/interview/malcolm-x.
[2] John H. Franklin, "The Use and Misuse of the Lincoln Legacy," Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 7, no. 1 (1985): 35.
[4] Malcolm X, The Portable Malcolm X Reader edited by Manning Marable and Garrett Felber, (New York: Penguin Books, 2013), 290.
[6] Malcolm X in interview by unknown reporter, 1960, Budget Films, http://www.budgetfilms.com/clip/13991/.
[7] Thabiti Asulkile, "J. A. Rogers: The Scholarship of an Organic Intellectual" The Black Scholar 36, no. 2-3 (Summer/Fall 2006): 35.
[8] Pittsburgh Courier, Jan. 10, 1959, p6
[9] Thabiti Asulkile, "J. A. Rogers: The Scholarship of an Organic Intellectual", 38
[10] Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964), 9.
[11] Joel A. Rogers, Africa's Gift to America: The Afro-American in the Making and Saving of the United States, (New York: Futuro Press, 1961), 157.
[13] Joel A. Rogers, Africa's Gift to America, 202.
[15] Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years Vol. One, (Philadelphia: C. Scribner's Sons, 1926), 567.
[17] Joel A. Rogers, Africa's Gift to America, 203 – 205.
[18] Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, 264.
[19] Malcolm X, The Portable Malcolm X Reader, 243.
[21] Malcolm X, "Abe Failed Negroes: Malcolm X" Daily Illinois State Journal (Springfield, IL), Aug. 26, 1963.
[24] Isaac Arnold, The Life of Abraham Lincoln, (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, & Company, 1885), 415.
[25] Eric Foner, "Was Abraham Lincoln a Racist?" Los Angeles Times (CA), Apr. 9, 2000.
Categories: History	| Tags: Abraham Lincoln, Malcolm X	| 6 Comments
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text:
Q: Sencha touch 2 filterby() not updating records I have a nested list on one of the pages of a Tabbed Panel app that is pulling data from "offices.json"
I should like to be able to filter this list when a user clicks on a toolbar button. However my filterBy() function doesn't update the store and the list of offices I can see, even though I can see in the console it is iterating the records and finding a match. What am I doing wrong?
(And yes I have tried doing s.load() both before and after the filterBy to no avail!)
toolbar:{
   items:[{
           text: 'Near you',
           id: 'btnNearYou',
           xtype: 'button',
           handler: function() {
             s = Ext.StoreMgr.get('offices');
             s._proxy._url = 'officesFLAT.json';
             console.log("trying to filter");
             s.filterBy(function(record) {
              var search = new RegExp("Altrincham", 'i');
              if(record.get('text').match(search)){
               console.log("did Match");
               return true;
              }else {
               console.log("didnt Match");
               return false;
             }
           });
           s.load();
          }
   }]

For the record I'm defining my store like so:
store: {
    type: 'tree',
    model: 'ListItem',
    id: 'offices',
    defaultRootProperty: 'items',
    proxy: {
        type: 'ajax',
        root: {},
        url: 'offices.json',
        reader: {
            type: 'json',
            rootProperty: 'items'
        }
    }
}

A: *

*No need to recreate the regex each time, cache it outside.

*You can simplify the code a lot (see below).

*Why are you calling load directly after? That's going to send it to the server and it will just retrieve the same dataset.
toolbar: {
    items: [{
        text: 'Near you',
        id: 'btnNearYou',
        xtype: 'button',
        handler: function() {
            s = Ext.StoreMgr.get('offices');
            s._proxy._url = 'officesFLAT.json';
            var search = /Altrincham/i;
            s.filterBy(function(record) {
                return !!record.get('text').match(search);
            });
        }
    }]
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If you have any sort of parrot, they will simply love to have a wall mounted entertainment center to entertain themselves with when they are outside of their cages.
Just as we enjoy our wall mounted entertainment centers like this one on the left, birds will similarly enjoy their own wall mounted entertainment center of a different kind.
Wall mounted entertainment centers are also great because they stop your feathered friend from chewing on your couches or wooden dining room chairs.
This wall mounted entertainment center can be hung on the wall or used on a table top.
The wall mounted entertainment center includes a removable tray, locking dishes and toy attachment points.
Features place for photos on the doors.
Can be used for any companion birds.
3-1/2-Inch long, 20-inch wide, 12-inch high.
The wall mounted entertainment center simply folds away and you can close it neatly after use.
"Both my cockatiels fit on this wall mounted entertainment center at the same time.
They have other play areas as well, but sometimes they just keep trying to get to me, so I have this on the wall near my favorite chair so they can be close and still out of the way.
The best part is when I'm not using it I fold it up and it reveals two 8″ x 10″ family photos. I like that the treat cups are detachable for washing. It also has multiple eye hooks for hanging toys (it comes with none). It was better built than I thought it would be for the price!
I didn't use the mounting brackets. Instead, I drilled a slat of wood trim into a stud in the wall, then drilled straight through the wood back into the slat.
I was afraid my son would try to open the doors and bump it which would send it flying off the wall. Also, I got a brown furniture marker and colored a wide strip on the bottom of the tray so that it was less visible when it's closed (there's about a 1/16″ gap between the doors, but nothing unsightly.
"This wall mounted entertainment center is perfect for small birds such as Parakeets. The product arrived on time in perfect condition. We were impressed with the wood quality and how well thought out it was!
This one is not wall mounted.
Made with 7/8″ dowel, Not recomended for Cockatoo's, Amazons, or Macaws.
Get Super Pet Feathered Fun Wall Mount Activity Center, Pet Bird, Keet/Tiel at the best price available today.
For more bird playgrounds and entertainment centers, click here.
With a little thought and imagination, you could even try making your own bird gym for your little friend.
All you would need is wood, PVC, ropes, chains, and swings.
Because all parrots love to chew, a wood base would be the best.
You could use branches from parrot safe trees like apple, hickory or manzanita. Clean the wook well with a scrubbing brusy and non-toxic disinfectant to remove anything that may make your bird sick. Allow the wood to dry in the sun.
You could stand your branch in a pot plant pot or attach it to a base, as long as it is sturdy and won't fall over when your bird is playing on it.
You can use PVC to make perches and ladders for your bird to play on. PVC is a little stronger than wood and will last when your bird chews on it. Try to find a pipe that is about 1/2 to 3/4 inch in diameter.
Try using a thick rope with knots tied in it every 12 to 24cm. Your bird will enjoy climbing up it. Chains can also be used, but don't use large openings that your bird could put her whole foot or head through, or she may get stuck.
A bell is a great idea, as parrots love making a noise. Buy some at your pet shop to ensure that they are bird safe. You can attach with rope or chains.
Don't forget to include a swing, as birds normally love swings. These can also be bought at your pet shop and attached to the branches or wood.
Have fun watching your bird play on his new entertainment center or play gym.
I'm looking to buy the Feathered Fun Wall Mount Activity Centre for my 26yo cockatiel but I can't find anywhere online that ships to Australia. Can you please help?
I know it's a problem.
I stay in South Africa and have the same issues. You find some great stuff to buy online, but then they don't ship to your country. I can't check Australia from here, but I did find some on Amazon that do ship to South Africa, although they are only a few, so maybe its the same with Australia. This is one that does ship to South Africa, so maybe it would be the same for Australia.
Hope this helps and good luck. The other option would be to get somebody who is good a woodwork to make you a customized wall mounted pet activity centre.


text:
Home Entertainment 'Uncivilised' Kangana Ranaut faces more trouble after insulting remarks for journalists as...
'Uncivilised' Kangana Ranaut faces more trouble after insulting remarks for journalists as Press Club of India joins call for boycott
Bollywood actress Kangana Ranaut may have had it easy up until now with her series of nasty remarks for anyone she did not agree with. But her recent attempts to intimidate a journalist has been causing an unending spate of trouble for the Queen actress. Days after Kangana was seen intimidating a journalist from news agency PTI, the Entertainment Journalists Guild had decided to boycott her unless she apologised to journalist Justin Rao.
The threat by the Guild prompted Kangana's producer Ekta Kapoor to immediately release an open apology, but Kangana released a video insulting the media fraternity and people who worked in this industry. Among other things, she called them 'sold out, traitors' and 'rotten.' This was on 11 July.
Two days later, the Press Club of India has called for a complete boycott of Kangana calling her behaviour towards a journalist unacceptable. In a joint statement, the journalists' national body said that they were deeply anguished and shocked at Kangana's behaviour and condemned her for intimidating a journalist during a press conference.
"We the Press Club of India are aghast, anguished and shocked at the incident involving an actress of Bollywood using uncivilised, uncultured, filthy and abusive language against the media persons. We condemn it in the strongest possible words. This behaviour and hurling abuses towards journalists is unacceptable. We support the decision of the boycott by the journalists covering the entertainment industry in Mumbai namely Entertainment Journalists Guild," news agency PTI quoted the statement from the Press Club of India.
The journalists' body also urged the film fraternity to 'prevail upon these uncivilised, uncultured and unruly elements and entities of their industry.'
This followed another call for a boycott of Kangana by the Mumbai Press Club, which had said that it stood by Entertainment Journalists' Guild's demand of an apology from Kangana.
Elsewhere, the Uttar Pradesh State Accredited Correspondents Committee also expressed anger over the incident and demanded an unconditional apology from the actor. During the music launch of her upcoming film, Kangana had falsely accused Justin Rao of PTI of running a smear campaign against her.
uncivilised
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After my recent revelation about how good vegan desserts can be (see the Vegan Divas review) I was on the lookout at the show for more exceptional vegan desserts. Luckily, I found a new line to feature. Surprisingly, it was from the veteran Upper East Side trailblazer, Candle Cafe, who is launching a new in-store line of vegan desserts.
Whenever possible, I like to find desserts I can recommend without qualification and I am happy to report that all five items I tasted were quite good. You should feel safe serving any of them to your carnivorous and dairy-consuming friends without fear of feeding into whatever their worst stereotype of "vegan food" is. In other words, none of these five taste materially different from their milk and egg-contianing counterparts.
That said, I did have my favorites. The clear standout was the chocolate peanut butter tart. This tart had plenty of peanut butter and chocolate flavor and also had just the right amount of sweetness. I didn't feel the urge to reach for my toothbrush after eating it like I might after consuming a Reeses Peanut butter cup.
I also really liked the raspberry Linzer torte which had particularly flavorful raspberries inside and a crust that was just superb, vegan or not. The raspberry taste reminded me of those expensive preserves you get from Switzerland or France-very "high-end".
Finally, the chocolate mousse tart was also excellent, especially in the sweetness category – not too sweet but with lots of chocolate flavor. I would have liked it to be made with even darker chocolate but I know most people will find the cocoa content just right.
These should be available at Whole Foods shortly.
Candle Cafe's web site is here.
Thanks a lot for sharing this with all of us you really understand what you are speaking approximately! Bookmarked. Please also talk over with my site =). We can have a link exchange agreement among us!


Organized Diffusion: Tristis is an artist…too.
The author sits in attendance among her learned student colleagues.
Here I am, back at school.
Okay, technically, I've been at school for a little while now, but I don't ever let things like chronology get in the way of a good celebration and the start of a blog should be celebratory.
So break out your party hats, folks and take a look at what I learned me at art school (sic)!
First: It's a two year diploma program that I'm enrolled in (drumroll, please) : Graphic Design.
I chose it over photography only after months of waffling and lip-chewing. My main reason for going in this direction was that it was more or less the same thing I was already doing. I figure I can go back to take photography later, but I suspect Robert Frost had it on the nose with the roads and the wood and the sigh.


text:
Meeting Dates, Costs and Officers
The Lodge meets on the Fourth Thursday in March (Installation), May, September and November at Twickenham District Masonic Centre, Cole Court, London Road, Twickenham TW1 1HD
Costs for membership due on the 1st April each year are currently £160 for the four meetings with a £30 per meal dining cost payable in advance with the annual subscription or on the night of a meeting.
New members on their Initiation into the Lodge will be expected to pay a one off fee of £90 and the Lodge subscription plus dining for the year or part year.
Joining Members will pay the Lodge subscription plus dining for the year or part year.
Visiting Members: Dining cost to be agreed between themselves and their host.
Lodge Officers 2019 to 2020
W Bro. HT John Cane
Bro. Paul C. Davies
Bro. Chris JM. Berry
W Bro. Paul M. Kerswell
W Bro. Michael J.Parsons
W Bro. Peter A.Tomlinson
W Bro. Steven E. Draper
W Bro. Michael J. Parsons W Bro. Richard Gray
W Bro. Steven Draper
W Bro. Brian A. Kemp
W Bro. John Mellor
W Bro. Nigel Ball
Almoner
Charity Steward
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WANT TO BECOME A FREEMASON
THE MALINES LODGE
LINKS TO LODGES


text:
Juvenile Justice Information Exchange (https://jjie.org/2016/03/07/millions-of-us-are-affected-by-draconian-prison-penalties/)
Millions of Us Are Affected by Draconian Prison Penalties
By Kate Boccia | March 7, 2016
A crisis is defined as "a stage in a sequence of events at which the trend of all future events is determined." It is a turning point, a condition of instability or danger that will lead us to a decisive change.
We are at such a turning point right now with mass incarceration, which is the No. 1 public health crisis as the Vera Institute says in its report, "On Life Support: Public Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration." The political climate is poised to make the necessary changes to truly reform our criminal justice system because without these changes we will have a collapse. The catastrophic fallout and collateral consequences have affected each and every one of us who pay taxes.
Studies have proven that incarcerating young offenders actually leads to more criminal behavior and more serious crimes. The harm done to their families and the community is profound. If we don't create safe, effective solutions now it will get worse.
As the mother of a Georgia inmate, his incarceration has had a profound consequence on the way I have lived for the past four years. Pain from being dragged through the mire of the criminal justice system and fear of the unknown world of incarceration have directly affected how I do business and who I do business with. It has changed the way I vote, and it has changed the way I see the world. It has changed me.
For the returning citizen (ex-con), the collateral consequences of a criminal conviction are those that are NOT part of the civil penalties (i.e. incarceration, fines or probation). They include loss of professional license, ineligibility for public funds and potential loss of voting rights (depending on where you live), among thousands of other consequences that makes coming home and staying home nearly impossible.
Now keep in mind, I don't have the same losses forced on me as my son will when he returns, but I have collateral consequences nonetheless. My income is less because I had to give up a full-time job so that I can advocate for my son, hence I pay less taxes. Because my income is less, my spending has decreased.
In fact, I have not spent a fraction of what I did pre-prison years, except to support my son. Between phones, commissary, gas to visit, quarters for vending during visits, books, magazines, shoes, shirts, etc., I have spent nearly $50,000. This doesn't even count legal fees or my time. Money that I can't get back, and money that I didn't spend in my community.
[Related: Solitary Reform Shows Power of Brain Science to Change Policy]
On top of the loss of money, I no longer find the need to have a spontaneous meal out on the town. I no longer find the need to buy that pretty bauble, and I no longer have the desire to support things that have no depth or meaning. You see, when you have someone you love in prison, you are basically in prison right along with them, so being frivolous with your time and money becomes painful, especially considering how meagerly they live.
Multiply this by the 2.5 million families who have a loved one in prison and I think the numbers speak for themselves. Families who are torn apart by mass incarceration have an enormous responsibility to forsake things in order to help their loved ones. They also must prepare to support them when they return, because returning citizens are barely able to find work due to the collateral consequences of their conviction. And 90 percent of them will return one day.
Our business leaders and owners need to understand that mass incarceration and the collateral consequences it has on the families hit them directly in their wallet. And more importantly, our lawmakers need to understand that they have collateral consequences as well. With the transparency that social media allows, we can no longer sugarcoat the truth. The prison-industrial complex is a financial burden on all of us, and the taxpayers and family members are the pillars who hold up this very unstable system.
The only way we can properly turn the ship around is by using our political clout. We need to come together as one community and vote according to the needs of ourselves and our loved ones before, during and after incarceration.
We need to vote for people who have compassion for reform, and are willing to address laws that are draconian and destructive to our country. We need to vote for leaders who stand up and speak for us. With almost 7 million people in our country under some form of supervision, jail, prison, probation and parole, we must have another 7 million who love them.
The time for decisive change is now.
Kate Boccia is the founder and CEO of the National Incarceration Association.
More related articles:
Miracle at State Correctional Institution Forest
Telestory Unites New York Children — Briefly — with Incarcerated Parents
2 thoughts on "Millions of Us Are Affected by Draconian Prison Penalties"
Katina haywood on March 16, 2016 at 3:33 pm said:
I have several questions pertaining to my son recent incarceration?
Kate Boccia on March 24, 2016 at 10:49 am said:
Please reach out to me at kateboccia@joinnia.com


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The best of Bavaria is now at Coomera!
This brand new, family-friendly venue located at the dining precinct inside Westfield Coomera offers an unrivalled range of Bavarian food, pure imported biers and non-stop sports entertainment broadcast across several big screens. Relax with a stein and enjoy the naturally lit interior, hanging planters with cascading greenery and decorate drinking ledges that look out to the al fresco area at the entrance. From here, you can even see the Giant Drop over at Dreamworld!
With 2-for 1 Schnitzels on Tuesday, All You Can Meat Wednesday and a whole range of other fantastic food and beverage promotions The Bavarian Coomera is the perfect place to catch up with mates, watch your favourite team or end your late night shopping trip – oh and did we mention Kids Eat Free Sundays?
See you at The Bavarian Coomera!


I have seen a lot of people talking about wanting to start a blog but having no idea where to start. I have been blogging on various platforms since 2002 so I thought I would give a few tips on how to start and where to find things to write about. Even though I have been blogging for so long, I am, by no means, an expert. There is no One True Method to blogging. Please take these tips and change them around to fit your particular style.
A lot of people start blogging on either Wordpress.com or Blogger. Both of these are great places to start blogging for free. However, if you are looking to make money with your blog, you will, at minimum, need to register a custom domain name. Many pay-to-blog sites will not accept blogs with wordpress.com or blogspot.com subdomain names.
If you are willing to spend a little more money, you can purchase hosting services for your blog. For many years, the previous version of this blog - The Geek Within - was hosted on GoDaddy servers and used Wordpress as the blog software. When I decided to change my blog into a fully formed website, I moved over to Squarespace. They use their own blog software, which has taken some time to get used to, but I am able to do so much more with my site now.
These are just a few of the most popular options out there. If you are not satisfied with these, there are some other options. Do a Google search for "blog software" and see if any of those tickle your fancy.
In my opinion, this is always the most difficult part of the process. When I was using Blogger or LiveJournal or Vox (which no longer exists), the URL was always my name (cassandramorgan) but the title would change depending on how I felt that day. Sometimes it was a song lyric, sometimes it was just my name again...there was no consistency. When I registered the domain for The Geek Within, I had decided that I was mostly going to talk about "geeky" things like Japanese dramas or video games or nerdy television shows. However, after seven years of the name, I felt like it was too constricting for me. I wanted to write about other things that wouldn't necessarily fall into the "geek" realm. That is why I made the big domain change this year.
So. You want to make sure your blog title is descriptive of what you do. (Yes, I know Cassandra Morgan is not particularly descriptive. I intentionally made that decision.) BUT. You don't want to make it too limiting either. If you call your blog "Fox TV Shows," what will happen in a few years when you want to write about shows on other channels? Perhaps a better title would be "24/7 TV" or "The Television Guru." Be creative!
If you have found a title that you love and a subject that you are dying to discuss, topics should come fairly easily. Write about the things you know! When you get stuck (and there will always be a day or two when your writing muse has decided to take a nap), you can turn to sites like 30 Days of Lists or Pinterest for ideas. Google is your friend. Do a little bit of searching and I'm sure a topic in your particular niche will pop up. Don't be afraid to write a "fluff" article once in awhile. No one is expecting you to write prize-winning blog posts every day of the year. That said, try your best to stick with your genre. If you are writing a celebrity gossip blog, you might lose readers if you start writing about the hottest cars of the year.
Blogging really needs to be something that comes from the heart. You shouldn't blog because you want to make tons of money or get free products or anything like that. I have found that if you write like you are talking to your friends, people are not only more likely to return to your site, they will also recommend it to their friends.
Are there other things you want to know about the world of blogging? Leave me a comment and I will try my best to answer all your questions.
I was nominated for the One Lovely Blog Award by Carol from Intrice. She reviews beauty items and is so super cute. Thank you, Carol! Everyone else, go read her stuff. She is awesome.
- Take time to thank the person who nominated you and use the award logo in your own post.
- List 7 facts about yourself.
- Nominate 7 other awesome bloggers you would like to get to know better.
- Follow the person who nominated you.
My very small house is very full. The house itself is over 100 years old. The occupants include myself, my husband, and my daughter. But then there are three dogs, two chinchillas, a cat, a bird, and a gajillion fish. Sometimes it feels like we don't even have room to move.
I love Japanese culture. I watch anime, I listen to J-Pop, I watch Japanese dramas, I eat Japanese snacks...the list goes on. I'm not nearly as rabid about the fandom as I used to be but I still do those things occasionally.
I doubled majored in Theater Arts and Visual Communications in college. Because I am insane, I also threw in a music minor.
I hate the winter. I dislike the cold very much. I prefer the summer.
I drive a light blue Honda Fit Sport and I love it!
I have been blogging on various platforms since 2002.
I get bored easily. As a result, I have a lot of hobbies.
I can't wait to hear more about everyone!
One of the reasons I haven't been writing every day is simple writer's block. I just don't know what to write about. So I signed up for the 30 Days of Lists. Every day for the month of March, they will give me a writing prompt. Some of them are lists (for example, 'Name your 5 favorite female TV characters.') but some of them are not. I'm hoping that this will get the creative juices churning again and I will find that writing spark once more. My friend, Heidianna, did the December version of the list over on her blog, In The Spice Rack and it was super cool. I can't wait to start!
It's been a very long time since I've really blogged here. So I'm going to start over. Sorta. Some things have changed around here. I decided to stop doing paid blog posts. Not only were the assignments very repetitive, they were also very boring. I'm glad I got the opportunity to do it and I was able to make some decent pocket change to allow me to do some other things in my personal life but now it is time to move on.
I've also printed out some prompts to get the writing juices going again. Since tomorrow is the start of a new month, tomorrow will also be the official start of the new Geek Within.
Let me know if there is anything you'd like me to bring back. TV reviews, Favorite Friday, whatever. Tell me what you want to read in the comments and I'll do my best.
Those of you that have visited the website should have noticed a drastic change in our theme. The previous theme was a bit depressing so now it's a cute winter theme. The reason for the change? Girl Scout Cookies! My daughter joined Girl Scouts this year and we'll be selling cookies until March 3. If you live in the Reading/Pottstown, PA area, use the link on our website to order your cookies. Once we receive your order, I'll contact you to set up payment and delivery. Yay cookies!
There is some massive flooding going on in my area of the state. Luckily, my house is on a bit of a hill so we are unlikely to have any flood problems ourselves. However, many of the bridges in/out of town are getting close to being underwater. Of course, there is supposed to be more rain tonight. The rain isn't supposed to stop until Monday. (I hope it doesn't rain on Sunday so my daughter can play tennis.) It will be terrible if the rain keeps going. A friend of mine showed me a site called My Drama List. You can keep track of what Asian dramas you have watched. As I was filling out My List, I realized that I am missing a few reviews on here. I could have sworn I wrote reviews for the three seasons of Trick but they aren't here. I'm not sure I remember the shows well enough to review them properly and I'm not even sure I could re-download them to re-watch them. I will have to figure out a good solution.
I'm sorry for the lack of posting lately. My workplace has blocked quite a few websites and I'm working on how I can keep updating TGW with interesting things at other times. I will get back to posting more often eventually. Sorry for the delays!
Since winter is over and spring has supposedly sprung (though you'd never know it around here!), I am giving the site a new look. I kinda like this one but I'm not sure I love it. Of course, this means there may be a few different looks before I settle on one. Feel free to give me your opinions on this theme. If you think you've found a better one, put the link in a comment. I'll be sure to check it out!
I uploaded an app that will let me post from my phone. This is the official test for it. The photo is my current wallpaper on my phone.


Description: Singer is a classic shirt model in Stylein's new viscose crepe quality. The shirt has a straight fit, which is combined with a rounded collar and classic cuffs and placket. Singer works perfectly together with your favourite accessories for the evening out.


When Taysir Batniji left his home in Gaza City in 1993, he was only able to do so thanks to a laissez-passer issued by the Israeli authorities. Valid for one year, the travel document provided the then 25-year-old with the permission he needed to travel to the Italian city of Naples, where Batniji hoped to build on the studies he had already completed in the West Bank and to continue his education and progression as an artist.
In it, Batniji retraces the journeys made by his cousins who decided to leave Gaza and who now have extended families of their own in California and Florida.
While Gaza to America occupies the ground floor, the monographic survey of Batniji's work occupies the first, including series such as the Bernd and Hilla Becher-inspired Watchtowers (2008) and Fathers (2006), which consists of photographs of commemorative portraits that hang in shops and workplaces across Gaza and Gaza Diary #3 (1999-2006).


When private school M2 Academy announced its sudden closure last month, it said it would arrange for its students and teachers to go to two other education institutions.
But a month on, six of its 15 lecturers have been left out of the arrangement, as their modules had been discontinued by the two private schools, PSB Academy and Kaplan. And all M2 lecturers are still waiting to be paid for their services for September and October.
M2 opened last year at orchardgateway@emerald mall to offer diplomas and degree courses from institutions like the University of South Australia (UniSA). It had about 250 students, including those taking online courses.
M2 founder Mark Coggins, former president of Kaplan's Asia Pacific unit, told The Straits Times last month the school had to fold because its investors had pulled funding. M2 is now in liquidation.
Students and lecturers were told the UniSA programme would be transferred to Kaplan, and the rest would go to PSB Academy.
An engineering lecturer,who declined to be named, said he signed a contract with PSB but was later told the module he taught had been discontinued. The 53-year-old said he is owed $1,500 in salary by M2.
And writer Felix Cheong, 50, was told by PSB that the English and creative writing module he taught as part of M2's communications and media diploma had been dropped. He is owed $2,100, he said.
A spokesman for PSB said it contracted seven former M2 lecturers to teach certain units, while Kaplan took in two.
Two weeks ago, M2's managing director Stephen Kelly e-mailed the 15 lecturers informing them that the institute's parent company had "committed" to pay them for invoices from Sept 28 to Oct 16, and that he expected the money to be in their banks by the following week. When this did not happen, some lecturers wrote to Mr Kelly, but he told them to approach Mr Coggins for help instead.
The lecturers have not heard from Mr Coggins. He did not respond to ST queries.
Frustrated, Mr Cheong turned to the Council of Private Education (CPE) and the Ministry of Manpower for help.
He was told by the council that it does not regulate private schools' handling of employee and employer issues. And because M2's lecturers worked on a contract basis, they are not covered by the Employment Act.
Mr Cheong said the council should protect the welfare of lecturers for the private education sector to prosper. The CPE did not respond to ST queries.
Mr Cheong said he found M2's handling of the closure "shoddy".
The lecturers had helped M2 to get its classes going, even though they had no course materials to work with during the first few weeks. "Yet we persevered and got the school on its feet," he said. "Now when the ship is sinking, we have been thrown overboard."


text:
Demand Justice: Get (Amended) Laws
13/10/2008 subhash gatade Leave a comment
The recent move by the Ministry of Social Justice to go for important amendments in the Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (POA) 1989 supposedly to simplify the process of hearings and strengthen investigation mechanisms has largely gone unnoticed.
According to reports appearing in a section of the media the ministry is contemplating amendments in section 14 of the act which would facilitate establishment of special courts for speedy trials in case of atrocities against scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. It is also being proposed that, in case of serious offences like murder and rapes against these marginalised sections, a detailed report should be sent to the Centre and the National Commission on SCs and STs within four days of filing of First Information Reports.
[Read the full article at Tehelka.]
SC & ST actspecial courtsspeedy trial
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text:
package oss

import (
	"hash"
	"hash/crc64"
)

// digest represents the partial evaluation of a checksum.
type digest struct {
	crc uint64
	tab *crc64.Table
}

// NewCRC creates a new hash.Hash64 computing the CRC64 checksum
// using the polynomial represented by the Table.
func NewCRC(tab *crc64.Table, init uint64) hash.Hash64 { return &digest{init, tab} }

// Size returns the number of bytes sum will return.
func (d *digest) Size() int { return crc64.Size }

// BlockSize returns the hash's underlying block size.
// The Write method must be able to accept any amount
// of data, but it may operate more efficiently if all writes
// are a multiple of the block size.
func (d *digest) BlockSize() int { return 1 }

// Reset resets the hash to its initial state.
func (d *digest) Reset() { d.crc = 0 }

// Write (via the embedded io.Writer interface) adds more data to the running hash.
// It never returns an error.
func (d *digest) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	d.crc = crc64.Update(d.crc, d.tab, p)
	return len(p), nil
}

// Sum64 returns CRC64 value.
func (d *digest) Sum64() uint64 { return d.crc }

// Sum returns hash value.
func (d *digest) Sum(in []byte) []byte {
	s := d.Sum64()
	return append(in, byte(s>>56), byte(s>>48), byte(s>>40), byte(s>>32), byte(s>>24), byte(s>>16), byte(s>>8), byte(s))
}

// gf2Dim dimension of GF(2) vectors (length of CRC)
const gf2Dim int = 64

func gf2MatrixTimes(mat []uint64, vec uint64) uint64 {
	var sum uint64
	for i := 0; vec != 0; i++ {
		if vec&1 != 0 {
			sum ^= mat[i]
		}

		vec >>= 1
	}
	return sum
}

func gf2MatrixSquare(square []uint64, mat []uint64) {
	for n := 0; n < gf2Dim; n++ {
		square[n] = gf2MatrixTimes(mat, mat[n])
	}
}

// CRC64Combine combines CRC64
func CRC64Combine(crc1 uint64, crc2 uint64, len2 uint64) uint64 {
	var even [gf2Dim]uint64 // Even-power-of-two zeros operator
	var odd [gf2Dim]uint64  // Odd-power-of-two zeros operator

	// Degenerate case
	if len2 == 0 {
		return crc1
	}

	// Put operator for one zero bit in odd
	odd[0] = crc64.ECMA // CRC64 polynomial
	var row uint64 = 1
	for n := 1; n < gf2Dim; n++ {
		odd[n] = row
		row <<= 1
	}

	// Put operator for two zero bits in even
	gf2MatrixSquare(even[:], odd[:])

	// Put operator for four zero bits in odd
	gf2MatrixSquare(odd[:], even[:])

	// Apply len2 zeros to crc1, first square will put the operator for one zero byte, eight zero bits, in even
	for {
		// Apply zeros operator for this bit of len2
		gf2MatrixSquare(even[:], odd[:])

		if len2&1 != 0 {
			crc1 = gf2MatrixTimes(even[:], crc1)
		}

		len2 >>= 1

		// If no more bits set, then done
		if len2 == 0 {
			break
		}

		// Another iteration of the loop with odd and even swapped
		gf2MatrixSquare(odd[:], even[:])
		if len2&1 != 0 {
			crc1 = gf2MatrixTimes(odd[:], crc1)
		}
		len2 >>= 1

		// If no more bits set, then done
		if len2 == 0 {
			break
		}
	}

	// Return combined CRC
	crc1 ^= crc2
	return crc1
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Yesterday I spent much of the day chasing a 40 foot mechanical elephant around central London with my camera. The Sultan's Elephant is performance art taking part in London over four days. If you're reading this today (Sunday) and can get to London, make sure you go and see it (schedule here). If you can see the puppets on the move, it's fantastic. The elephant was accompanied by a live band as well, so there was quite a carnival atmosphere as people followed it through the streets.
If not - or even if you did - check out my photos of The Sultan's Elephant sightseeing in London.


Do you love the look of Raku? Want to make your own faux raku jewelry using Syndee Holt easy to do faux Raku on polymer clay, Yes well let's go.
Check out this easy to follow the video and then head on back to Linda's Art Spot.com for everything you need to get started.
You'll find supplies like pearl ex mika powders , to citadels Nihilakh Oxide the paint she used for the green highlights. You can even find the bowls for making assorted sized domes here, and of course I have the glue in magnet ends and leather for the bracelets.
SO watch the video now and head on over to Linda's Art Spot.com and get busy making some Raku jewelry you'll enjoy today. Oh and don't forget all the wonderful gifts you could make for family and friends.
Looking for a fun way to mix your texture stamps and Pebeo paints? You can make this fun pendant out of polymer clay. And guess what you can find all the supplies you need at Linda's Art Spot.com that's one of the places that Samatha of Jessama tutorials likes to shop.
Hope you have fun creating!


Michael Hjort just finished his 21st year of teaching Social Studies, 15th year teaching AP US History and is in his 11th year as an AP Reader and Early Table Leader in Louisville, KY and Tampa, FL reading and scoring the APUSH essays (primarily SAQs). Michael currently teaches 3-5 sections of AP US History and is the Social Studies Department Chair at Rouse High School in Leander, TX. He has been a College Board consultant since 2013, presenting over 40+ one-day/two-day conferences and one-week AP Summer Institutes. Michael postponed his 17 year athletic coaching career after leading the Rouse tennis team to a Sweet 16 Finish as a team in the fall 0f 2014 and was named 4A District 25 Coach of the Year. Michael also is the UIL Academic Coordinator at Rouse HS and Social Studies/Current Event Academic Coach (District Champions 2015, 2017, 2018; Region Champion 2017, 2018; 4th and 5th place STATE).
Michael Hjort has been the Gilder Lehrman National History Teacher of the Year Award Nominee (2014 - 2019), , HEB Humanities Texas Outstanding Teaching of the Humanities Award Nominee (2013-2016), Leander ISD Educational Excellence Foundation Student Teacher Academic Recognition Award Winner (2014 – double nominee and 2012), Coaching Hall of Fame Inductee Tolleson Union HS – Golf (2009), 4A District 25 – Fall Varsity Tennis Coach of the Year, CEAI National Educator of the Year Runner-up (2006), National Honor Roll's Outstanding American Teacher (2005/2006), Teacher of the Year Tolleson Union HS (1998 – 1999 & 2004 - 05), Who's Who Among American Teachers (2002, 03, 04, 05) Disney Teacher of the Year nominee (2002 – 2004) West Valley Region Golf Coach of the Year (1997 & 1999), Tolleson HS Excellence in Education Award (1999 – 2004). Michael Hjort has been married to his wife Kristy for 25 years with his oldest child working to become a fire fighter and his daughter just finished her third year at Texas A&M.


Education Mag. art. in Cultural Sociology, University of Copenhagen 1973.
Studies at London School of Economics 1967.
Studies at Makerere University College 1968.
1985 Archive research in OMM and national archives, Maputo, Mozambique.
1981 - 1984 Investigations and data collection in Mozambique, north, south and centre, on behalf of Organização da Mulher Moçambicana (OMM).
Signe Arnfred 1996: Rethinking law in a Gender Perspective, in Ann Schlyter (ed): A Place to Live. Gender research on housing in Africa, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala, p 32-46.
Signe Arnfred 2001: Questions of Power: Women's Movements, Feminist Theory and Development Aid, pp 73-87 in Discussing Women's Empowerment, SIDA Studies no 3, SIDA, Stockholm.
Signe Arnfred 2001: Ancestral Spirits, Land and Food: Gendered Power and Land Tenure in Ribáué, Nampula Province, pp 153-178 in R.Waterhouse and C Vijfhuizen (eds): Strategic Women, Gainful Men. Gender, Land and Natural Resources in different rural contexts in Mozambique. Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique.
Signe Arnfred 2005: Oyeronke Oyewumi - en introduktion, in: Kvinnovetenskaplig Tidskrift 4/2005.
Gender and Power in Modern Yoruba: What Gender is Motherhood? Changing Yoruba Ideals of Power, Procreation and Identity in the Age of Modernity. By Oyèrónké Oyewùmí. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Pp. xi + 262. $100.00, hardback (ISBN 9781137538772).
Arnfred, S., jul. 2018, I : Journal of African History. 59, 2, s. 341-342 2 s.
Arnfred, S., 2018, (Afsendt) tentative vol on Matriliny/Islam. Koria, M. (red.). 20 s.


This is the English version of an article I wrote as an user of German gaming site Gamersglobal. The original user-review can be found here (in German).
Today, I would like to add something new to this blog, by giving you recommendations for two podcasts. One is a German one, hence the translated version of this article below, and the other one is published in English.
Recently, I have been listening a lot to podcasts while working or playing on the computer. To me it often has an inspiring effect listening to a well made podcast with interesting topics while doing some other taks at the same time. Both of the podcast shine with good quality in every issue as well as interesting topics most of the times.


System boilers are suited to homes with multiple bathrooms and as they only require a cylinder to store hot water, they are perfect for homes with little or no loft space.
The Ideal Thermstore range of stainless steel cylinders are manufactured to the highest standards and are designed to compliment our heat and system boilers.
Our range of Ideal Thermstore cylinders combines excellent product quality and outstanding value. We have 8 models in the range, all with a 2 year parts and labour warranty*.


Any type of eczema that develops on the hands can be classified as hand dermatitis. Also it is referred to as hand eczema. Actually it is a skin condition in which rashes develops on hands and they become dry, red, cracked and inflamed. Hand dermatitis varies in severity. It may affect the backs of the hands, the palms or both sites.
Often it starts as a mild intermittent complaint, but it can become increasingly severe and persistent.
It is caused by a combination of factors which includes constitutional factors, contact with allergy and irritants.
Primary treatment for hand dermatitis is typically uses topical corticosteroids, especially when the offending agent(s) cannot be identified or avoided. However, patients may eventually develop tachyphylaxis to the anti-inflammatory activity of mid-potency or high-potency topical corticosteroids and patients with severe, chronic involvement may often be less likely to respond. There are limitations to treatment duration with mid- to ultra high-potency steroids due to dermal atrophy and other side-effects.
To prevent dermatitis returning regular application of moisturisers and avoiding irritants should be continued. Occasionally, patch testing by a dermatologist may be necessary to determine whether a true allergy to a chemical is occurring. If allergy does occur, then it is important to avoid contact with the chemical.
The study showed that 15% of the massage therapists surveyed had been diagnosed with hand eczema; 23% reported symptoms of the condition.
In resistant cases both topical and systemic PUVA is required. Short courses of systemic steroids, methotrexate and cyclosporine have occasionally been used in very disabling circumstances. The treatment for this usually involves the avoidance of irritants and aggressive use of moisturizers and barrier creams. Preparations including salicylic acid and tar can be of some benefit. In severe cases oral retinoids have been utilized.


text:
Kaiser Permanente pharmacies to stay open after…
Kaiser Permanente pharmacies to stay open after union strike canceled
Kaiser Woodland Hills pharmacy is open for business Monday May 19 (Photo by Dean Musgrove Los Angeles Daily News)
By Melissa Pinion-Whitt | Melissa.Pinion-Whitt@inlandnewspapers.com and Susan Abram | bysusanabram@gmail.com |
PUBLISHED: May 19, 2014 at 10:04 am | UPDATED: September 6, 2017 at 6:24 am
A strike that would have shut down Kaiser Permanente pharmacies statewide today was postponed as hospital officials and union representatives negotiated.
Some 1,430 pharmacists working for Kaiser facilities across Southern California planned to strike if a deal wasn't reached, said Robin Borden, president of the Guild for Professional Pharmacists. Instead, talks continued on through Sunday night.
Kaiser Permanente announced Monday that all pharmacies in Southern California would be open during normal hours.
"Negotiations between Kaiser and the Guild for Professional Pharmacists last night made some progress, and the Guild agreed to postpone its strike scheduled for 7 a.m. to June 2," Borden said. "We need to continue our momentum and are hopeful that if movement continues we can reach a fair and equitable agreement that advocates patient safety without resorting to a strike. We don't want our patients inconvenienced."
The pharmacists are negotiating a new three-year contract and want benefits comparable to other Kaiser employees, Borden said, as well as adequate time to fill prescriptions and counsel patients. She accused Kaiser Permanente of "putting too much focus on speed."
Borden said one of the key issues in the negotiations between Kaiser and the pharmacists "is the fact that the union gave up pension benefits three years ago after being told that other bargaining units would be asked to do the same."
But, she noted, that didn't happen.
Kaiser Permanente has more than 40 hospitals statewide. Its Southern California facilities include Woodland Hills, Panorama City, Hollywood, Downey, Baldwin Park, West Los Angeles, Fontana and Ontario.
If a strike were to occur, patients would be advised to order prescriptions online or visit local drugstores. A statement from Kaiser to its members said all Southern California pharmacies will hold normal business hours.
"We're pleased to announce that the Guild for Professional Pharmacists, representing 1,400 Southern California pharmacists at Kaiser Permanente, has canceled a work stoppage that was scheduled to begin Monday, May 19, 2014," read the statement. "We remain in contract negotiations with the Guild and hope to reach an agreement soon. We apologize for any confusion this may have caused."
Melissa Pinion-Whitt
Susan Abram
Susan Abram is a freelance writer who previously covered public health and L.A. County government for the Los Angeles Daily News.
Follow Susan Abram	@sabramLA


The great majority of B2B firms are always focused on the generation of fresh leads, but the real issue is quality rather than just quantity. You know you have made the right choices when it comes to marketing when the money rolls in and there are methods by which you can improve the overall quality of your leads and convert a greater number of them into actual sales.
One good tip is to start scoring your leads. You can assign points to every lead and make use of terms such as "cold", "warm" or "hot" to make it clear which leads seem more likely to result in a definite sale. Each lead can also be ranked by a set of characteristics that have been pre-defined.
Allow your sales and marketing team to give their feedback on what they believe constitutes a good lead and that information can be shared between them both. The most appropriate group will then be able to take action based on the interest and fitness of the lead.