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STORY AND PHOTOS BY MICHELLE LIU | DEC. 4, 2019
A year after Willie Hollinghead died, his family received a death certificate in the mail.
They already knew what was printed on the form:
Name: Willie L Hollinghead
Age at last birthday: 36
Facility name: South Mississippi Correctional Institution
Still, one fact eluded them. Cause of death: Undetermined.
Employees at the Leakesville prison found Hollinghead, who was serving time for a sale of cocaine conviction, lying unconscious late in the night that August. An emergency medical technician pronounced him dead less than an hour later, according to an incident report.
His family is still making calls to the Mississippi Department of Corrections, trying to find out what led to Willie Hollinghead's last moments on the prison floor.
"We've talked to the chaplain over at the prison, we've talked to the warden over there, we've talked to (Greene County Coroner) Ladd Pulliam," said Michele Nix Hollinghead, the wife of Willie's brother Johnny. "I've talked to everybody, and there's no answers nowhere."
Michelle Liu
Hollinghead, a prisoner at South Mississippi Correctional Institution in Leakesville, was the youngest of five. He is pictured here with his brother, Johnny, and sister-in-law, Michele Nix Hollinghead, at their wedding.
Willie Hollinghead was one of 16 people whose deaths in the Mississippi prison system during one month last year drew intense public scrutiny. MDOC maintained that many of the deaths were from illnesses and "natural" causes, and that the number of deaths was "not out of line" with prior months. But questions from family and civil rights advocates have persisted. One year ago, in the immediate aftermath in the spike of prison deaths, MDOT Commissioner Pelicia Hall released a statement that the state would call on the Federal Bureau of Investigations to assist the Mississippi Department of Public Safety in investigating the deaths "in the interest of transparency."
Now, one year after that promise of federal involvement and transparency, there are no further explanations on the causes of the deaths, and families and advocates continue to demand answers. Hall has refused Mississippi Today's repeated requests for an interview.
"The MDOC has no additional information regarding Commissioner Hall's request to the FBI in 2018 in investigating inmate deaths," wrote MDOC spokesperson Grace Fisher in an email in response to questions about the case. "This administration is committed to ensuring that all individuals in the care of the Mississippi Department of Corrections receive appropriate medical care. All deaths are investigated to determine whether foul play is involved. If foul play is determined, the cases are referred to the appropriate authorities. …"
In response to an interview request, FBI public affairs specialist Brett Carr replied last month via email: "As we stated in August of 2018, we received a request for assistance from Commissioner Hall. However, the state maintained the lead on the investigation and the FBI offered technical assistance. I recommend that you contact the state in regards to any findings regarding the investigation."
Cliff Johnson of the MacArthur Justice Center in Mississippi, which has litigated prison conditions before, said, "I think a big part of the story is that when people die in jail, we don't know any more a year later than we did when those people died."
Johnson said that too often the government and the public's shared attitude is dismissive: "Who really cares? Who even asks the questions?"
Willie Hollinghead died at the age of 36 at South Mississippi Correctional Institution in Leakesville on August 3, 2018, but his family still wonders what happened that night.
A log of in-custody deaths kept by the agency denotes 14 of those deaths as "natural." The remaining two, Willie Hollinghead and a man named Nija Bonhomme who died at Wilkinson County Correctional Facility three weeks later, are listed as homicides.
One year later, no charges have been filed against anyone for Willie Hollinghead's death, according to Greene County Circuit Clerk Cecelia Bounds.
In lieu of definitive answers, Hollinghead's family speaks in hypothetical scenarios — what happened in those last minutes, what Willie must have said, who touched him, how he fell to the floor. After retrieving his body from a mortuary in Jackson, and before burying him, his brothers Otties Brewer and Johnny Hollinghead noticed blue marks under his neck and a bruise on his forehead, they said. Those marks form the basis of the scenario the Hollingheads have constructed and revisited over and over in the last year.
"When they choked him, they throwed him down," Nix Hollinghead hypothesized. The bruise, she figured, must have surfaced after Willie hit the floor.
"Procedurally, the MDOC refers homicide cases to the respective district attorney's offices and leaves any discussions about defendants, charges or related matters to those prosecutors," wrote Fisher, spokesperson for MDOC.
For those familiar with the state's prison system, the lack of transparency is nothing new.
"The problem with these kinds of deaths and the attempt to learn what MDOC knows about them is that if MDOC just defers and delays, that inquiry becomes ancient history and goes away," Johnson said. "These aren't prominent, powerful families that can keep these issues in front of people and get answers out of a government agency."
Still, several family members of those who died in Mississippi prisons in the summer of 2018, have talked to lawyers, including Grenada attorney Carlos Moore, who said he is representing five families. Moore said he believes the deaths were caused by negligence and indifference on the part of the state.
One of Moore's clients, Kent Rathmann, whose daughter Nicole died after she was taken from Central Mississippi Correctional Facility to a hospital Aug. 23, 2018, said he and the rest of Nicole's family will pursue litigation "to expose what really happened so it doesn't happen to somebody else again, so somebody else's family doesn't go through this."
Rita Korsen
Nicole Rathmann, 33, was a prisoner at a central Mississippi when she died on August 23.
Nicole Rathmann, 33, who died just days before her parole date, had served six years for a sale of methamphetamine conviction from 2013 and had been active in working toward her release, even writing a state lawmaker about her chances at parole and her history of addiction. Her cause of death was an aneurysm caused by ingestion of methamphetamine, her father said.
Joel Bomgar
A letter dated April 3, 2018 from Nicole Rathmann, then in MDOC custody, to Rep. Joel Bomgar.
Kent Rathmann cited rumors of neglect including: delayed or deficient medical care and widespread complaints of illicit drug dealing in the prison. He said further investigation into these issues might shed light on the death of his daughter. He added that seeking financial restitution is not a motivating factor in the family's efforts to take on the state of Mississippi. He said he and his family want to "rattle" the cage of a sprawling and seemingly indifferent prison system.
By the end of 2018, 77 people had died in MDOC custody that year, mostly from natural causes, the agency reported. On average, between 2013 and 2017, about 65 people died each year in MDOC custody.
Rep. Bill Kinkade, R-Byhalia, chairman of the House Corrections Committee, said following the August deaths, he ran a "cursory study," comparing the number and type of deaths at MDOC to those in a county of a comparable population of 19,000 people, finding no "correlation of anything that seemed inappropriate," he said.
His focus these days, Kinkade said, is on the 4,000 people who leave the prison system each year. He is not privy to any MDOC investigations into individual deaths, he added.
"Corrections takes a lot of criticism, and I get that," Kinkade said. "I'm a big boy, I can take it. But we're doing a lot of good things. Or trying."
As public attention has drifted to other issues in the system, Nicole Rathmann's and Willie Hollinghead's families are left behind to make sense of their deaths.
Rathmann's grandmother, Edna Medders, often visits Rathmann's grave near Eupora, where Medders lives.
To get to the Bluff Springs Baptist Church Cemetery, where Nicole and the rest of her family lies, her grandmother, Edna Medders, winds through a dusty, unpaved road that passes by stretches of farmland, including the house in which Medders grew up. Here, Medders has decorated Nicole's grave with brightly painted rocks and planted a rosebush opposite the tombstone. She visits often, as does Nicole's now-teenage son.
"Nicole's death destroyed everybody," Medders said.
For Willie's siblings, the death of their youngest brother feels like a moment of personal failure, they said.
This summer, several of Willie's relatives gathered to comb through the box of Willie's belongings Michele Nix Hollinghead had picked up from the prison agency. No one had opened the box since Willie died, Nix Hollinghead said, as she smoothed out folded sheets of paper, revealing graded worksheets from a correspondence course. Otties Brewer, Willie's oldest brother, thumbed through a pocket Bible.
Nix Hollinghead picked up a bag of clothes — the prison whites her brother-in-law Willie was wearing when he died — still sealed into a tight ball in a clear plastic bag.
Brewer didn't understand why the corrections department released the garments; to him, the bag was evidence that should still be locked up at the state's crime lab.
"We've never opened it," Johnny Hollinghead said. "I don't want to open it."
About Michelle Liu
Michelle Liu is a 2018 corps member for Report for America, a national service program that places talented journalists in local newsrooms. She has covered criminal justice issues across the state since joining our team June 2018. Her work has appeared in the New Haven Independent.
More by Michelle
Cause of death: Undetermined
by Michelle Liu, Mississippi Today

Cause of death: Undetermined

by Michelle Liu, Mississippi Today
December 4, 2019

STORY AND PHOTOS BY MICHELLE LIU  |  DEC. 4, 2019

A year after Willie Hollinghead died, his family received a death certificate in the mail.

They already knew what was printed on the form:

 Name: Willie L Hollinghead
Date of Death: 08/03/2018
Age at last birthday: 36
Facility name: South Mississippi Correctional Institution

Still, one fact eluded them. Cause of death: Undetermined.

Employees at the Leakesville prison found Hollinghead, who was serving time for a sale of cocaine conviction, lying unconscious late in the night that August. An emergency medical technician pronounced him dead less than an hour later, according to an incident report.

His family is still making calls to the Mississippi Department of Corrections, trying to find out what led to Willie Hollinghead's last moments on the prison floor.

"We've talked to the chaplain over at the prison, we've talked to the warden over there, we've talked to (Greene County Coroner) Ladd Pulliam," said Michele Nix Hollinghead, the wife of Willie's brother Johnny. "I've talked to everybody, and there's no answers nowhere."

Michelle Liu

Hollinghead, a prisoner at South Mississippi Correctional Institution in Leakesville, was the youngest of five. He is pictured here with his brother, Johnny, and sister-in-law, Michele Nix Hollinghead, at their wedding.

Willie Hollinghead was one of 16 people whose deaths in the Mississippi prison system during one month last year drew intense public scrutiny. MDOC maintained that many of the deaths were from illnesses and "natural" causes, and that the number of deaths was "not out of line" with prior months. But questions from family and civil rights advocates have persisted. One year ago, in the immediate aftermath in the spike of prison deaths, MDOT Commissioner Pelicia Hall released a statement that the state would call on the Federal Bureau of Investigations to assist  the Mississippi Department of Public Safety in investigating the deaths "in the interest of transparency."

Now, one year after that promise of federal involvement and transparency, there are no further explanations on the causes of the deaths, and families and advocates continue to demand answers. Hall has refused Mississippi Today's repeated requests for an interview.

"The MDOC has no additional information regarding Commissioner Hall's request to the FBI in 2018 in investigating inmate deaths," wrote MDOC spokesperson Grace Fisher in an email in response to questions about the case. "This administration is committed to ensuring that all individuals in the care of the Mississippi Department of Corrections receive appropriate medical care. All deaths are investigated to determine whether foul play is involved. If foul play is determined, the cases are referred to the appropriate authorities. …"

In response to an interview request, FBI public affairs specialist Brett Carr replied last month via email: "As we stated in August of 2018, we received a request for assistance from Commissioner Hall. However, the state maintained the lead on the investigation and the FBI offered technical assistance. I recommend that you contact the state in regards to any findings regarding the investigation."

Cliff Johnson of the MacArthur Justice Center in Mississippi, which has litigated prison conditions before, said, "I think a big part of the story is that when people die in jail, we don't know any more a year later than we did when those people died."

Johnson said that too often the government and the public's shared attitude is dismissive: "Who really cares? Who even asks the questions?"

Michelle Liu

Willie Hollinghead died at the age of 36 at South Mississippi Correctional Institution in Leakesville on August 3, 2018, but his family still wonders what happened that night.

A log of in-custody deaths kept by the agency denotes 14 of those deaths as "natural." The remaining two, Willie Hollinghead and a man named Nija Bonhomme who died at Wilkinson County Correctional Facility three weeks later, are listed as homicides.

One year later, no charges have been filed against anyone for Willie Hollinghead's death, according to Greene County Circuit Clerk Cecelia Bounds.

In lieu of definitive answers, Hollinghead's family speaks in hypothetical scenarios — what happened in those last minutes, what Willie must have said, who touched him, how he fell to the floor. After retrieving his body from a mortuary in Jackson, and before burying him, his brothers Otties Brewer and Johnny Hollinghead noticed blue marks under his neck and a bruise on his forehead, they said. Those marks form the basis of the scenario the Hollingheads have constructed and revisited over and over in the last year.

"When they choked him, they throwed him down," Nix Hollinghead hypothesized. The bruise, she figured, must have surfaced after Willie hit the floor.

"Procedurally, the MDOC refers homicide cases to the respective district attorney's offices and leaves any discussions about defendants, charges or related matters to those prosecutors," wrote Fisher, spokesperson for MDOC.

For those familiar with the state's prison system, the lack of transparency is nothing new.

"The problem with these kinds of deaths and the attempt to learn what MDOC knows about them is that if MDOC just defers and delays, that inquiry becomes ancient history and goes away," Johnson said. "These aren't prominent, powerful families that can keep these issues in front of people and get answers out of a government agency."

Still, several family members of those who died in Mississippi prisons in the summer of 2018, have talked to lawyers, including Grenada attorney Carlos Moore, who said he is representing five families. Moore said he believes the deaths were caused by negligence and indifference on the part of the state.

One of Moore's clients, Kent Rathmann, whose daughter Nicole died after she was taken from Central Mississippi Correctional Facility to a hospital Aug. 23, 2018, said he and the rest of Nicole's family will pursue litigation "to expose what really happened so it doesn't happen to somebody else again, so somebody else's family doesn't go through this."

Rita Korsen

Nicole Rathmann, 33, was a prisoner at a central Mississippi when she died on August 23.

Nicole Rathmann, 33, who died just days before her parole date, had served six years for a sale of methamphetamine conviction from 2013 and had been active in working toward her release, even writing a state lawmaker about her chances at parole and her history of addiction. Her cause of death was an aneurysm caused by ingestion of methamphetamine, her father said.

Joel Bomgar

A letter dated April 3, 2018 from Nicole Rathmann, then in MDOC custody, to Rep. Joel Bomgar.

Kent Rathmann cited rumors of neglect including: delayed or deficient medical care and widespread complaints of illicit drug dealing in the prison. He said further investigation into these issues might shed light on the death of his daughter. He added that seeking financial restitution is not a motivating factor in the family's efforts to take on the state of Mississippi. He said he and his family want to "rattle" the cage of a sprawling and seemingly indifferent prison system.

By the end of 2018, 77 people had died in MDOC custody that year, mostly from natural causes, the agency reported. On average, between 2013 and 2017, about 65 people died each year in MDOC custody.

Rep. Bill Kinkade, R-Byhalia, chairman of the House Corrections Committee, said following the August deaths, he ran a "cursory study," comparing the number and type of deaths at MDOC to those in a county of a comparable population of 19,000 people, finding no "correlation of anything that seemed inappropriate,"  he said.

His focus these days, Kinkade said, is on the 4,000 people who leave the prison system each year. He is not privy to any MDOC investigations into individual deaths, he added.

"Corrections takes a lot of criticism, and I get that," Kinkade said. "I'm a big boy, I can take it. But we're doing a lot of good things. Or trying."

As public attention has drifted to other issues in the system, Nicole Rathmann's and Willie Hollinghead's families are left behind to make sense of their deaths.

Michelle Liu

Rathmann's grandmother, Edna Medders, often visits Rathmann's grave near Eupora, where Medders lives.

To get to the Bluff Springs Baptist Church Cemetery, where Nicole and the rest of her family lies, her grandmother, Edna Medders, winds through a dusty, unpaved road that passes by stretches of farmland, including the house in which Medders grew up. Here, Medders has decorated Nicole's grave with brightly painted rocks and planted a rosebush opposite the tombstone. She visits often, as does Nicole's now-teenage son.

"Nicole's death destroyed everybody," Medders said.

For Willie's siblings, the death of their youngest brother feels like a moment of personal failure, they said.

This summer, several of Willie's relatives gathered to comb through the box of Willie's belongings Michele Nix Hollinghead had picked up from the prison agency. No one had opened the box since Willie died, Nix Hollinghead said, as she smoothed out folded sheets of paper, revealing graded worksheets from a correspondence course. Otties Brewer, Willie's oldest brother, thumbed through a pocket Bible.

Nix Hollinghead picked up a bag of clothes — the prison whites her brother-in-law Willie was wearing when he died — still sealed into a tight ball in a clear plastic bag.

Brewer didn't understand why the corrections department released the garments; to him, the bag was evidence that should still be locked up at the state's crime lab.

"We've never opened it," Johnny Hollinghead said. "I don't want to open it."

?

This article first appeared on Mississippi Today and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.
Mississippi Prisons
Prison Deaths
Violence at Mississippi jails and prisons: Timeline, Fact check
As of Jan. 3, at least five prisoners at three Mississippi correctional facilities were confirmed dead in disturbances at jails and prisons. These deaths come amid a series of violent disturbances reported via social media and news outlets


text:
Tipaimukh (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is one of the 60 Vidhan Sabha constituencies in the Indian state of Manipur.

Members of Assembly
 1972: Ngurdinglien, Independent
 1974: Ngurdinglien, Indian National Congress
 1980: Ngurdinglien, Indian National Congress
 1984: Ngurdinglien, Independent
 1990: Selkai Hrangchal, Janata Dal
 1995: Dr. Chaltonlien Amo, Indian National Congress
 2000: Ngursanglur, National Congress Party
 2002: Dr. Chaltonlien Amo, Indian National Congress
 2007: Ngursanglur, Rashtriya Janata Dal
 2012: Dr. Chaltonlien Amo, Indian National Congress

 2022 : Ngursanglur Sanate, JD(U)

Election results

2022
 Manipur legislative Assembly election, 2022: Tipaimukh

{{Election box with winning candidate with party link |
 | Candidate = Ngursanglur Sanate
 | Party     = JD(U)
 | Vote      = 3702

{{ Election box candidate with party link |
 | Candidate = Chalton Lien Amo
 | Party     = BJP
 | Vote      = 3301

2017

See also
 Churachandpur district
Manipur Legislative Assembly
List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly

References

External link

Assembly constituencies of Manipur
Churachandpur district

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A: Newburgh, New York is on the Hudson River, north of New Windsor and south of Marlborough. The highways that run through it are 9W, 17K, 52, 84, 87 and 207.
Q: How long is the Metro-North Commuter Line ride between New York City and Newburgh?
Q: What is there to do in Newburgh?
A: What do you want to do?
Q: I hear something about George Washington and Newburgh - what's that story all about?
A: Oh yes. George Washington was stationed in Newburgh and it was here that he received a letter from Army Captain Lewis Nicola suggesting that he be the king of the United States. Washington was furious, as the new American ideals held that no man should have absolute power.
Q: Where can I stay in Newburgh, New York?
A: There are plenty of major hotels and motels where you can rest your head in Newburgh, such as: Courtyard Marriott, Hampton Inn, Quality Inn, Howard Johnson and Ramada Inn. There are also Bed and Breakfasts like the Early Settler and Kelsay's House of Nations.
Q: When was Newburgh founded?
A: Newburgh was founded by Palatine German refugees in 1703.


I too have the same problem and am totally frustrated.
Then tried to use the Firmware 3.0 from here (http://www.csd.toshiba.com/cgi-bin/tais/support/jsp/modelContent.jsp?ct=DL&os=&category=&moid=2288415&rpn=undefined&modelFilter=MEG-F40&selCategory=666409&selFamily=727858). (I am not sure if this is the Japanese version or US version).
Followed the instructions exactly as mentioned in the Gigabeat Room manual.
It still showed "NO SYSTEM FOUND IN HDD".
Then followed the steps exactly to format the Gigabeat using Gigabeat Room.
Then tried again to install Firmware 3.0.
Then tried to install Rockbox using the Rockbox Utility.
It still shows "NO SYSTEM FOUND IN HDD".
The Gigabeat always shows up in "My Computer" and Windows Explorer. I can copy & paste files & folders to it. But this thing never boots up.
Problem solved . It's such a relief.
1. Connected the Gigabeat in switched off state directly to the computer using USB (not via dock).
2. Switched on the Gigabeat. Gigabeat drive showed up in My Computer or Windows Explorer.
3. Used Fat32 Format to format the Gigabeat. Selected the Gigabeat drive. Kept "Allocation unit size" to its default value. Typed "GIGABEAT" (without quotes) under "Volume label". Put a tick under "Quick Format". Clicked "Start" button. Fat32 Format was obtained using this link (http://www.ridgecrop.demon.co.uk/guiformat.exe).
4. Unzipped the dummy GBSYSTEM files into the root of Gigabeat. Files were obtained from this link (http://www.rockbox.org/wiki/pub/Main/GigabeatFXPort/GBSYSTEM.zip).
5. Copied & pasted the FWIMG01.DAT into the FWIMG folder in Gigabeat. The path to FWIMG folder is F:\GBSYSTEM\FWIMG (where F: drive is the Gigabeat drive). FWIMG01.DAT was obtained from this link (http://download.rockbox.org/bootloader/gigabeat/FWIMG01.DAT).
6. Unzipped Rockbox files into the root of Gigabeat. Rockbox files were obtained using this link (http://download.rockbox.org/release/3.7.1/rockbox-gigabeatfx-3.7.1.zip).
7. Closed all open Gigabeat folders.
8. Ejected Gigabeat using "Safely Remove Hardware" from the Windows taskbar.
Just by ejecting the Gigabeat, it restarted automatically into Rockbox. Didn't require to switch it off & on or switch off the battery switch.
To be on safe side I switched off the Gigabeat. Switch off the battery switch. Switched on the battery switch. Switch on the Gigabeat.
Its been running in its full glory since.


text:
Q: Crosstab finding values that exist in every column I have a crosstab in excel where I have about 200,000 loans in the rows and in the columns I have price values for dates starting January 2010 and goes on until July 2018. I'm looking to find the loans that have pricing data for all of the dates that are listed in columns A to BC. If i filter every column for nonblank values i would need to do that for every date column which would be a lot. Is there an easier way to do that?
Thanks,
Ian

A: I think you can just create and run a macro like this one:
Sub HideMyBlanks()
 For i = 1 To 26   'these are the column numbers, from A to Z here
     ActiveSheet.Range("$A$1:$Z$200000").AutoFilter Field:=i, Criteria1:="<>"
 Next
End Sub

Modify those ranges-- the column numbers and the filter range-- to suit your needs.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Senator Pennacchio said New Jersey's film tax credit program needs to go, and the award of $21.8 million to Netflix as the company released 'Cuties' to American audiences proves the point.
Senator Joe Pennacchio (R-26)
Home | Facebook | Twitter
Contact: Robbie Kenney / (609) 847-3600
Pennacchio: $21.8 Million Dollar Taxpayer Gift to Netflix Wrong
Netflix Should Be Condemned for Child Exploitation, Not Rewarded
Last week, Netflix was approved for $21.8 million in corporate incentives under New Jersey's film tax credit program. The funding was approved by the Economic Development Authority for the production of "Army of the Dead," an upcoming zombie movie being shot in Atlantic City.
Senator Pennacchio said New Jersey's film tax credit program needs to go, and the award of $21.8 million to Netflix as the company released 'Cuties' to American audiences proves the point. (Wikimedia Commons)
Senator Joe Pennacchio, an outspoken critic of New Jersey's film tax credit, was particularly upset at the award coming off the recent release of the Netflix movie, "Cuties."
"Cuties" is a French-directed film that follows the exploits of an 11-year-old girl who joins other youngsters in a dance group, and the premature sexual awakening of the underage dancers. Pennacchio claims the movie goes too far.
"The girl's mother in the movie is shocked by her evolution, and anyone who watches it should be nauseated," Pennacchio said. "The sexual profiteering of children borders on criminal. It is an assault on common decency.
"On Screen, viewers see 11-year-old pre-pubescent girls spreading their legs, touching themselves, twerking their backsides and suggestively pounding the floor. This exploitation should not be tolerated either as art or an artistic indictment of a cultural disintegration," Pennacchio continued. "We should be a society that protects and nurtures its children, not one that sacrifices their safety and innocence at the altar of the almighty dollar.
"We have the right to free speech which lets people say abhorrent things and produce disturbing videos that sexualize children in a way that I believe is inappropriate, but that doesn't mean they have a right to have taxpayers pay to subsidize their corporate profits through our state's film tax credits," Pennacchio said. "It's another reason our flawed tax credit program needs to go. We can't allow New Jersey taxpayer dollars to support companies that churn out exploitive and disgusting garbage like 'Cuties.'
"Now, more than ever, our society must stand up for the protection of our children. Minimally, corporations should not profit off the backs of New Jersey taxpayers," concluded the Senator.
Related Tweet:
https://twitter.com/joepennacchio/status/1305526873544372226
Website Post:
https://www.senatenj.com/index.php/pennacchio/pennacchio-21-8-million-dollar-taxpayer-gift-to-netflix-wrong/50072

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
42 Must-Ride Gravel Bike Trails in PA to Get You Moving
Ghost Town Trail
Prepare to feel like Indiana Jones as you grind that gravel beneath your bicycle's wheels this spring! There are plenty of amazing off-road trails to explore across Pennsylvania with an incredible amount of history to absorb along the way. Grab your bike and travel the roads less taken for a scenic and adventurous ride.
1. Ghost Town Trail
Cambria and Indiana Counties
As Pennsylvania's 2020 Trail of the Year and a federally designated National Recreation Trail, the 46-mile Ghost Town Trail is simply spectacular, brimming with beautiful scenery and history. The trail has an abundance of mountain streams, stands of rhododendrons, dozens of wildflower species, and riparian woodlands, along with numerous remnants of the coal mining and now abandoned coal-mining towns that attesting to the area's rich industrial history. Comprised of hard-packed limestone, the trail has an easy grade, promising a wonderful ride.
2. McClintock Trail
Venango County
McClintock Trail
The McClintock Trail is a unique 1.8-mile, graveled share-the-road on Waitz Road in Venango County. Hop on the trail at the McClintock Trailhead at McClintock Well #1, the oldest producing oil well in the world. Adjacent to the trail's southern portion, you just might spy some slow-moving rail traffic of the Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad, a still active Class Three railroad.
3. Union Canal Trail
The 6.5-mile Union Canal Trail is a wonderful ride along the Tulpehocken Creek, passing by remnants of Pennsylvania's storied Union Canal. This 82-mile engineering marvel and its 93 locks connected the Schuylkill River in Reading to the Susquehanna River in Middletown creating a means to ship coal and lumber from inland Pennsylvania to Philadelphia. The crushed gravel trail is an easy ride and takes you right past the Berks County Heritage Center where you'll find the Gruber Wagon Works, a National Historical Landmark, as well as the Red Bridge, the longest single-span covered bridge in Pennsylvania.
4. David S. Ammerman Trail
David S. Ammerman Trail
With scenic views of forests, farmland, and waterways, the 10.5-mile David S. Ammerman Trail offers several opportunities to stop and enjoy the scenic beauty of the area. Built on an abandoned rail corridor and part of the Great Shamokin Path used by the Lenape and Mohican tribes, the crushed stone trail provides a smooth and easy ride, complete with picnic tables at around 2.5 miles, 4 miles and 6.7 miles outside of Grampian.
5. Houtzdale Line Trail
Houtzdale Line Trail
The 10.5-mile, gravel Houtzdale Line Trail abounds with vestiges of the area's rich coal mining history. Now lined with beautiful hedgerows of multiflora and other deciduous shrubs, the trail traverses wetlands, upland forest, and a stream corridor filled with wildlife and native plants once you get beyond Ramey and Houtzdale. There are nearly eight miles of improved surface with the best access point at the trail center in Houtzdale, but the extreme east and west ends of the trail are in rough condition so may not be appropriate for all riders.
6. Lebanon Valley Rail Trail
Lebanon County
The 18-mile Lebanon Valley Rail Trail traces much of the history of millionaire industrialist Robert Coleman. Known as Pennsylvania's first millionaire who constructed the Cornwall & Lebanon Railroad in the late 1800's and built a vacation resort at Mount Gretna, the Chautauqua-style arts and education retreat. The crushed-stone trail follows the route of Coleman's railroad, with a side trail to Mount Gretna for you to explore.
7. Pine Creek Rail Trail
Lycoming and Tioga Counties
Pine Creek Rail Trail
Recognized as one of the "10 Best Places to Take a Bike Tour" by USA Today, the Pine Creek Rail Trail is one of the northeast's premier rail trails. Located in the "Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania," a federally designated National Natural Landmark, the 62-mile trail with its hard-packed gravel surface takes you on a journey through land once used to transport freight by train from Wellsboro to Williamsport. The trail has a small grade of around two percent and runs mostly uphill. Even equestrians can join the fun with a section of the trail designed specifically for horses.
8. Lehigh and New England Rail Trail
The 2.7-mile, crushed-stone Lehigh and New England Rail Trail follows a section of the former Lehigh and New England Railroad corridor just south of Tamaqua in eastern PA. Ride through lush greenery where you'll come upon the remains of the Shellhamer Ice Dam, a former recreation and entertainment complex, about halfway along this peaceful trail.
9. Schuylkill Valley Heritage Trail
The 7.3-mile Schuylkill Valley Heritage Trail passes through the rolling green hills of the Schuylkill River Valley from just outside Tamaqua to Middleport. Start your journey in historic Tamaqua, a former mining town, and end your way in Middleport, where the route is a bit more on the challenging side with hills and tricky trails due to dirt and a sand base requiring a bit of caution as you bike through.
10. D&H Rail Trail
Lackawanna, Susquehanna, and Wayne Counties
D&H Rail Trail
The 38-mile D&H Rail Trail offers some wonderful scenic views of the Lackawanna River and several small lakes. The trail provides some challenging sections with steep inclines, including a few where you just may have to walk your bike. With a trail bed comprised of cinder, original ballast, and hard-packed dirt, a hybrid or mountain bike is recommended to ride this intermittently rugged trail, where once lumber and anthracite coal were transported to the coast and to Canada.
11. Redbank Valley Rail Trail
Clarion and Jefferson Counties
Redbank Valley Rail Trail
In 2014, the 51-mile Redbank Valley Rail Trail was named Pennsylvania's first-ever Trail of the Year and it's easy to see why. With its packed crushed limestone surface and 1% grade in most sections, the trail promises a smooth ride brimming with beautiful scenery. The trail boasts 20 bridges, numerous stone arches, and three former railroad tunnels (Brookville remains closed), with 42 miles of the trail winding along Redbank Creek. A flash flood in July 2019 destroyed the historic arch bridge over Long Run at mile 19, which the association has since replaced with a bridge. The winding 9-mile Sligo Spur has up to a 3% grade along scenic Wildcat Run.
12. Butler-Freeport Community Rail Trail
Butler-Freeport Community Rail Trail
Enjoyed by people of all ages for walking, jogging, hiking, bicycling, birdwatching, and even cross-country skiing when conditions are right, the 42-mile Butler-Freeport Community Trail passes through beautiful forestland, by bucolic farms, and along the scenic Buffalo and Little Buffalo Creeks. The trail's surface has 15 miles of level, crushed limestone that promises a smooth ride, with an additional five miles of unfinished trail – perfect for mountain biking.
13. Allegheny National Forest
Elk, Forest, McKean, and Warren Counties
The Allegheny National Forest's hundreds of miles of graveled roads are open for cyclists to enjoy. With scenic vistas, tall trees, and an abundance of wildlife, the multi-use trails are popular with riders of all skill levels. The 3.8-mile Blaisdell-Emery Trail is a relatively easy ride with an improved stone surface and built on an abandoned railroad grade that follows the main branch of the Tunungwant Creek. The trail passes the derrick of a wooden oil drilling rig and has a path leading to the historic Penn-Brad Oil Museum.
14. Hoodlebug Trail
Indiana County
The delightfully named Hoodlebug Trail pays tribute to the self-propelled passenger coach that ran here until 1940. A federally designated Natural Recreation Trail, the 11.3-mile Hoodlebug Trail runs from Blacklick to the county seat of Indiana with plenty of beautiful scenery along the way. Following or passing over Stony Run, Two Lick Creek, Yellow Creek, and Black Lick Creek, the trail largely is comprised of a tar and chip surface made from recycled asphalt millings with just a slight grade making for an easy, pleasurable ride.
15. Great Allegheny Passage
Allegheny, Fayette, Somerset and Westmoreland Counties
Soaring over valleys, snaking around mountains, and skirting alongside three rivers, the 150-mile Great Allegheny Passage offers an unforgettable ride between Cumberland, Maryland and Pittsburgh's Point State Park. Along the way, you'll experience almost countless historic locations, monumental bridges, and spectacular scenery. Built on the remains of abandoned rail lines, the trail is essentially level with an average grade of less than 1%. Its packed crushed limestone surface guarantees a smooth, easy ride.
16. Path of the Flood Trail
Cambria County
The 13.86-mile Path of the Flood Trail follows the fateful path of the devastating Great Johnstown Flood of 1889. The trail extends from just below the site of the breached South Fork Dam to the Johnstown Flood Museum. Historical interpretive signs along the trail relate the story of the rushing waters and the terrible aftermath that led to the loss of 2,200 lives. The trail features beautiful scenery, steep inclines, a variety of surfaces including crushed stone and asphalt, and a fun ride through the Staple Bend Tunnel that at one time carried barge traffic over the mountains via rail.
17. Jim Mayer Riverswalk Trail
The 3-mile Jim Mayer Riverswalk Trail is a little gem of a trail. Located between Johnstown's Riverside and Hornerstown neighborhoods, the trail offers beautiful views of Stonycreek River, abundant bird-life and wildflowers, historic turn-of-the-century homes, and best yet, views of the stunningly beautiful, 50-foot Buttermilk Falls located about mid-trail. A federally designated National Recreation Trail, the trail is nearly level and its surface groomed for an easy ride.
18. Bloomsburg Rail Trail
Bloomsburg Rail Trail
If you don't have enough time for a full day of exploration but want to experience Columbia County's breathtaking nature, make a special trip to ride this short but sweet 1.5-mile rail trail. However, if you are in the area and looking for a scenic, short distance ride, then the Bloomsburg Rail Trail fits the bill. Running along a former rail bed on the northwest side of town, the trail follows the east bank of Fishing Creek and is enjoyed by walkers and bikers alike. Some sections are paved with asphalt, while other sections are comprised of gravel.
19. Lower Trail
Blair and Huntingdon Counties
The 17-mile Lower Trail with its mostly crushed-stone surface offers a peaceful, relatively remote ride complete with wildlife, scenic rivers, and mountains. There is even one 11-mile segment without a single road crossing! The trail passes through an area where you can still see canal locks and channels from the 1800's, as well as remnants of the lock tenders' houses. The trail also passes through the remains of Carlim, an old limestone-mining town, for a bit more of the area's industrial history. (Hint: "Lower" is pronounced like "flower" and named in memory of trail benefactor, R. Dean Lower.)
20. Susquehanna Warrior Trail
Columbia and Luzerne Counties
Susquehanna Warrior Trail
Nestled in the beautiful Susquehanna River Valley, the 12.3-mile Susquehanna Warrior Trail is lush with green meadows, surrounding mountain peaks, and wildlife. Biking along you have a decent chance of spotting bald eagles, otters, heron, and a multitude of other animals. The trail is built along the corridor of the old Delaware, Lehigh and Western railroad beds and is still a work in progress, with some sections right along U.S. Route 11.
21. Buffalo Valley Rail Trail
The 9.5-mile Buffalo Valley Rail Trail is built on rail lines that were a key part of the valley's transportation network for well over 125 years until 1982 when the last train rumbled through. Largely paved at both ends with the middle section comprised of gravel, today the scenic trail is now a key part of the area's outdoor recreation system with thousands of visitors walking, running, and biking along the trail.
22. J. Manley Robbins Trail (Old Reading Line Trail)
Montour County
The 2.6-mile J. Manley Robbins Trail, also referred to as the Danville Bicycle Path and the Old Reading Line Trail, is a relatively short trail built along a former narrow-gage railroad that once carried iron ore to furnaces for smelting. The rustic loop trail of hard-packed gravel is tucked among the trees north of downtown Danville and generally recommended for mountain bikers. Riders can go into the solitude of the woods to encounter a delightful covered wooden bridge over Mahoning Creek, a crossing once used by the Reading Railroad.
23. Bald Eagle State Forest
Centre, Clinton, Mifflin, Snyder, and Union Counties
Not for the faint of heart, the ridges and valleys in Bald Eagle State Forest are a mountain biker's paradise and the site of more than a few competitive races over the past several years. At close to 200,000 acres, the forest's numerous trails offer challenges for mountain bikers of all skill levels, along with beautiful scenery, stunning old-growth forests, and miles of pristine mountain streams. Most of trails are open to mountain bikers with the exception of designated natural areas and the Mid State Trail. For information on trail conditions, ride recommendations, maps and upcoming events, be sure to check out the Bald Eagle Mountain Bike Association.
24. Spillway Trail
Spillway Trail
The 2.5-mile Spillway Trail in the northeastern section of Pymatuning State Park is an easy trail enjoyed by hikers and bikers alike. Photography enthusiasts will find that the sunsets on this path are breathtaking, while bird watchers can spy numerous duck species, swans, grebes, and even the occasional eagle. Biking enthusiasts can also enjoy a 4.7-mile loop trail at the southern end of the lake by the Ackerman Picnic Pavilion #9 with its own scenic views.
25. Stony Valley Rail Trail
Dauphin, Lebanon, and Schuylkill Counties
Tucked into the Appalachian Ridge and Valley region, the 19.5-mile Stony Valley Rail Trail travels through State Game Lands No. 211, past vanished coal boomtowns, a deteriorating stone tower, and the well-hidden remnants of a former 200-room tourist resort where visitors once soaked in cold spring waters until a fire swept through in 1900. The dirt and gravel trail surfaces make for an easy ride, along with the slight grade as the trail follows the lines laid by the old Schuylkill & Susquehanna Railroad and its successors dating back to the 1850's. Note: For safety's sake, the trail should not be ridden during hunting season.
26. Swatara State Park
Lebanon and Schuylkill Counties
The 3,520-acre Swatara State Park provides nearly 15 miles of biking bliss for riders of all skill levels. Surrounded by forests and wetlands, the scenic Swatara Creek meanders the length of the park and supports a diversity of wildlife. No better way to ride than to do it through the lush greenery in PA's greater-than-great outdoors!
27. Cumberland Valley Rail Trail
Cumberland Valley Rail Trail
Riders of all skill levels can enjoy the 13.7-mile Cumberland Valley Trail that stretches from Shippensburg to Newville and offers a scenic sampling of Cumberland Valley's countryside and woodlands. A federally designated National Recreation Trail, interpretative way-point signs illustrate the area's rich agricultural and Civil War heritage along the trail.
28. Delaware Canal Towpath
Bucks and Northampton Counties
Delaware Canal Towpath
You can just imagine mules pulling cargo-laden boats while exploring any of the 60 miles of the Delaware Canal Towpath at Delaware Canal State Park. The crushed stone towpath begins in Easton at the D&L Trail and continues to Jefferson Avenue in Bristol. Bikers, walkers, runners, and cross-country skiers are all welcome on the trail. Please be aware that this route does contain some bumpy terrain and is prone to flood damage.
29. Angelica Creek Trail
While the 1.9-mile Angelica Creek Trail does not take much time to bike, it is part of the much longer (118 miles longer when completed!) Schuylkill River Trail for those who want to extend their ride. For most of its length, the trail parallels Anjelica Creek in Reading's 90-acre Angelica Creek Park, a great spot for birdwatching and wildlife viewing, and connects the park to the KenGrill Recreation Center.
30. Capital Area Greenbelt
Grab your bike and head on over to the Capital Area Greenbelt, a 20-mile, multi-surface recreational trail that loops in and around the city of Harrisburg. The surface varies from on-road, paved paths to gravel sections for bikers, walkers, and other non-motorized activities. The entire loop connects several points of interest including Reservoir Park and the National Civil War Museum, Wildwood Park, Pennsylvania Farm Show Complex & Expo Center, City Island, and Riverfront Park which runs along the Susquehanna River. Featured stops include the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, Pennsylvania Holocaust Memorial, and the Five Senses Garden.
31. Exeter Scenic River Trail
Winding along the north bank of the Schuylkill River, the 2.3-mile Exeter Scenic River Trail more than lives up to its name as it passes through lush, shady forests filled with birdsong and small and not-so-small animals. The trail is lined with numerous benches for you to stop and enjoy the peaceful serenity.
32. D&L Trail (Delaware & Lehigh National Heritage Corridor)
Bucks, Carbon, Lehigh, Luzerne, and Northampton Counties
Much of the Lehigh Valley's mighty industrial heritage can be seen and explored biking along the 142.2-mile D&L Trail in the Delaware & Lehigh National Heritage Corridor that celebrates the people, cities and towns, and industries that built this nation. The trail runs from the hills just outside of Wilkes-Barre to the canal town of Bristol in Bucks County, following old rail beds and canal towpaths on alternating sides of the Lehigh and Delaware rivers. A 26-mile section of the trail runs through Lehigh Gorge State Park then explore 37miles of the trail winding through the Pocono Mountains. If you're up for more adventure, discover the entire Bucks County section and travel through Delaware Canal State Park.
33. Clarion-Little Toby Trail
Elk and Jefferson Counties
Clarion-Little Toby Trail
Venture on the wild side biking the 18-mile Clarion-Little Toby Trail connecting Ridgway and Brockway, two towns with historic districts that grew out of the early 19th-century logging industry. Spy majestic deer and other wildlife as you follow the Clarion River, a federally designated National Wild and Scenic River, and Little Toby Creek. Consisting of well-packed, fine gravel, the trail is flat, with the exception of a short hill near Ridgway, with ghost towns and an off-trail swinging bridge along the way.
34. Perkiomen Trail
Wending its way along Perkiomen Creek, the 20.6-mile Perkiomen Trail passes through beautiful natural landscapes, quaint villages and towns, and numerous historical sites. Using much of the rail bed of the Perkiomen Line of the Reading Railroad, the trail's mostly flat, crushed stone and paved surfaces are perfect for riders of all skill levels. Historic sites along the trail include the John James Audubon Center at Mill Grove and Pennypacker Mills, the 1720 mansion and eventual home of Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker in Schwenksville.
35. Chester Creek Trail
With 5.4-miles of trail, follow along the Civil War era, Chester Creek Branch line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. When complete, The Chester Creek Trail will take travelers along Chester Creek from the former SEPTA Wawa R3 station to Caleb Pusey Plantation in Upland. Construction on phase II, which brought the trail further into Aston Township, began in 2021. Visit their website for all trail updates.
36. Ridley Creek State Park Loop Trail
Ridley Creek State Park Loop Trail
Bike, hike, or run this easy 4.4-mile recreational trail. The Ridley Creek State Park's Loop Trail is home to an abundance of outdoor enthusiasts year-round and encompasses more than 2,606 acres of the county's woodlands and meadows. It's the perfect destination for city folk looking for their nature fix as it's only 16 miles from Philadelphia.
37. Rail 66 Country Trail
Clarion County
Rail 66 Country Trail
The Rail 66 Country Trail accounts for 20.1-miles of non-motorized terrain and is open to the public all-year-round. The trail will take the explorer in you through scenic northern Clarion County, stretching from Route 322 in Paint Township to Vowinckel that connects to the North Country Trail. The Rail 66 trail isn't just for hiking and biking – grab your binoculars to identify birds along your journey.
38. West Creek Trail
Cameron & Elk Counties
West Creek Trail
The West Creek Trail is packed with outdoor adventures for every season. From hiking and biking to cross-country skiing and snowmobiling, there are endless activities to make your way down this 19-mile rail trail from St. Marys to Emporium. Once you arrive in Emporium the adventure doesn't end; explore the town packed with amenities and sights to see.
39. Armstrong Trails
Clarion & Armstrong Counties
You can bike, walk, hike, run, geocache, or dive into history on 35.5-miles of terrain on the Armstrong Trails. There are plenty of opportunities to explore the beautiful countryside, flora/fauna, birds, wildlife, and the picturesque eastern bank of the Allegheny River. Make this exploration a multi-day adventure – the trail allows camping with the proper permits.
40. Michaux Gravel South
Franklin & Adams Counties
Michaux Gravel South
Michaux Gravel South offers the perfect mix of trails for all skill levels. The 37-mile marked, shared-use trail is broken up into 18 miles of easy-to-explore trails, 11 miles of more difficult, and 8 miles of most difficult. You can put the pedal to the metal on this trail and try your hand at mountain biking as well.
41. Switchback Railroad Trail
Switchback Railroad Trail | Credit: via @hellbender68
Discover the countryside of Jim Thorpe, which was once called "The Switzerland of America," when you tackle one of the two 9-mile routes that intersect on the Switchback Railroad Trail Walk, hike, and mountain bike on one of the most historic trails in Pennsylvania's Rails-to-Trails Conservancy.
42. The McDade Recreational Trail
The McDade Recreational Trail
Experience vertical drops to flat straightaways on challenging, packed gravel paths that cut through stunning scenery along the Delaware River on the McDade Recreational Trail. The 32-mile adventure will take you through the sights and scenes of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. Most adventurers recommend mountain or hybrid bikes to add some extra adrenaline to your trip. Bring your own bike or rent one through Edge of the Woods Outfitters, the only bike rentals in the area.
To learn about additional biking spots in Pennsylvania, check out the visitPA website. Be sure to follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram for more PA inspiration. Don't forget to sign up for our monthly Happy Thoughts e-newsletter so you never miss an update.


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Q: Solr exact match field boosting I have this requirement: if the query text match exactly with a particular field value (the title field) the result must be first or al least be boosted.
So I need to boost the results with the exact match.
My solution is to create the title as an untokenized field, so it'll match only exactly, and boost this the title with an edismax query.
Is there any othere way?
How can I index a field untokenized? So without tokenize on spaces?

A: Use a KeywordTokenizer - this will index the field as a single value, but still allow you to attach filters - for example to lowercase the text before storing the token.
If you don't want to perform lowercasing either, you can use a string (StrField) field - a string field will only give a hit if the value is exactly the same.
This is usually what you'll do to give exact hits a larger boost than other hits - and you can use the qf parameter to dismax (which you probably are already) to give this list. Use copyField to index the content into separate fields with different definitions.


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New Rules to Observe as More Activities Open in Italy
Posted by Olubunmi Dan-Ekhator | May 18, 2020 | News | 0
Italy is the first country in Europe to go on a lockdown after the spike in infection and death rate of the coronavirus when it surfaced in its Northern parts. It also has the longest lockdown period worldwide
New rules have been put in place as more activities open up in Italy. From this week more businesses can open to members of the public with strict measures to be observed by the clients and workers. In his address, the Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte said the country is taking a calculated risk as it continues to ease lockdown restrictions. In this phase shops, bars and restaurants are to open 18 May including churches and other places of worship. Gyms, swimming pools and sport centres will reopen on 25 May while cinemas and theatres will do same on 15 June.
In bars, It's no to all types of buffet, you could take a coffee while standing or sitting but the tables should be cleaned after use by each client. Utensils cannot be reused and sugar or milk jars are prohibited while only the bar attendant could serve milk. Access to the toilet is reduced as its keys could spread the contagion. Social distancing must be maintained.
Beauty Centres
In beauty centres, no sauna baths, facial treatment allowed with both client and worker wearing masks and no vapour should be used. Card payments only and the facility should be cleaned after each client's use.
Barbers/Hairdressers
At the hairdressers/barber's salon entrance is one client at a time and booking is necessary. The worker and client must wear protective aprons and talks should be done with client and stylist both facing the mirror. Hair must first be washed at home before a cut.
At restaurants: menus are to be written and ordered on boards or through an app. The waiters must wear surgical masks throughout their shift. Tables must be 4 metres apart and no cash payments.
In hotels: book and pay online before arrival is the new rule. Public area usage is banned and the guest can only stay in his or her room. No morning buffet as well. Lifts can only be used by one person at a time. Keys must be sanitised.
In shops: if the shop is less than 25m square, one client would be attended to at a time. There should be a different entrance and exit, if not the clients do it one after the other. Dresses could be tried on but shoppers must clean their hands well and must wear masks. The shops should be sanitized daily.
At the beach: between umbrellas there must be at least 4-5 metres and beds should have at least 2 metres. No beach ball or volley. For the free area, app should be created to book by managers. In emergency there would be no mouth to mouth respiration but chest compression.
In churches: all worshippers should wear masks. There should be ushers at the entrance to indicate where to sit, where to enter and exit. There should be pamphlets telling worshippers the social distancing rules. There should be no touching of hands and no contact with others. No blessing water for the Catholics, the hand sanitizer is a must, also offerings should be deposited in a box and not collected by people.
People will be allowed to travel within the country's region without permits from 3 June. Travelers from EU countries will be allowed into the country without going into two-week quarantine. The country also plans on allowing tourists to come in for the summer.
Italy is the first country in Europe to go on a lockdown after the spike in infection and death rate of the coronavirus when it surfaced in its Northern parts. It also has the longest lockdown period worldwide. It has the third highest death toll after the US and UK but has reported a sharp decline. The Prime Minister warns that the contagion curve could rise again but the country could not afford to wait for a vaccine. He continued that "we have to accept it otherwise we will never be able to start up again…and end up with a strongly damaged economic and social structure."
The government has already approved a stimulus package of €55bn this month to help businesses and families cushion the effect of the pandemic, most citizens are yet to receive it due mainly to Italy perennial bureaucracy.
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