text:
Utah gymnastics announced new creative content manager
University of Utah Athletics
University of Utah head gymnastics coach Tom Farden announced the addition of Misty-Jade Carlson as the Red Rock's new creative content manager on July 3, 2019.
Carlson comes to Utah after competing for Iowa on vault and beam for the past four years while also cementing herself as a strong asset for the Hawkeyes off the competition floor. The three-time Big Ten All-Academic team selection and Big Ten Distinguished Scholar graduated from Iowa with two degrees in mass communication and graphic design in 2019.
In her position at Utah, the Portland, Oregon, native will be responsible for developing and creating graphics and videos to promote Utah gymnastics on all of their digital platforms, something she already has a proven track record with based on her academic background.
Along with her creative duties, Carlson will be in charge of athlete development while overseeing academic registration, monitoring study table and mentoring sessions, and tracking academic progress. Farden believes that filling Carlson's role completes the hiring of his new staff to have a completely balanced program.
Carlson is also charged with increasing social media engagement and followers through the use of innovative content. With Carlson's appointment, Farden is the first gymnastics head coach in the nation to hire a full-time creative content manager as a sport-specific, non-coaching staff member.
"We believe with the hiring of Misty that our program will continue to be one of the leaders in marketing gymnastics to the masses," Farden said. "Her ability to produce eye-catching assets coupled with her self-starter motivation is a perfect fit for our program."
While competing at Iowa, Carlson worked with the Daily Iowan as an illustrator, working with the creative team there to create Snapchat illustrations for the publication. She also worked as a graphic designer at William Easton Design in Iowa City, Iowa, where she designed advertising campaigns for several local businesses.
Excelling in sports, the classroom and community
UTAH GYMNASTICS HOSTS STAFF APPRECIATION DAY
A SEASON TO REMEMBER

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The story of Africa is, at once, rich and convoluted, punctuated at several points by interventions from here and there. It is the story of a continent frozen by the cold arms of unfriendly intentions that keeps pushing her away from the right trajectory. What should ordinarily be a one-mile journey for Africa, has become one of a thousand miles, with the end slipping more and more out of sight, the farther the journey takes her. It hardly helps that the story of Africa has become one carefully tucked away in an envelope of false narratives, with metres of truth striving in vain, to catch up with kilometres of falsehood, planted over the years.
Africa might not have had much of a choice about a lot in its past, but dwelling on that, at this time, is only a choice. The future beckons, not minding what fate dished out to Africa yesterday, bu t w i t h anticipation of what she chooses to make of it. There is not much choice really – the die is cast. The future that is upon us is one to be lived on terms set by new realities founded on the wings of innovation. Tomorrow only truly belongs to those with the wherewithal to embrace the future ahead of its premiere. To keep romanticising victories of the past and rationalising the defeats rather than take responsibility for the future will take Africa nowhere.
The starting point might just lie with Africans taking charge of the narrative to showcase what is being done and what is possible, if we put our minds to it. If only we know, perhaps it is not as much of doom and gloom as it has been projected. Perhaps, the renaissance is real. Perhaps, it is not the question of Africa being the last frontier, but the very first for Africans to discover, explore and join hands through inter-African engagement to build. The era of waiting for those outside the continent to take the initiative is gone.
We might not have as huge a platform as others have, to tell our story. But we must find a way to do so. We must tell the world that we too have dreams. We must share with the world that some of our dreams are being realised. We must tell our story of exploits and enterprise. We must build a platform to showcase our entrepreneurial stories and innovation, so that those with new dreams can take a cue from those who ahead on the journey of enterprise.
The case of Africa is that of arrested development. It is not a terminal case. It is one of fractured dreams that can be mended. Fired by the communal sense of Ubuntu, a bright future, founded on the spirit of enterprise, is definitely within reach.
Integrity, according to Strive Masiyiwa, is better capital than money. Integrity is a key ingredient for unlocking the future of Africa. We must embrace it for our fractured dreams to mend.


The club will be holding its annual xmas lights cruise on the 11th December. This is a chance to bring the family out, and get all members, and potential members, out to go and see all the pretty lights around the suburbs!
This year we will be taking donations on the night to help others less fortunate during the xmas season, so please come prepared and donate what you can. All proceeds will go to the Salvation Army to purchase food for the less fortunate and homeless. Let's do our part to help others and show everyone West Coast Commodores try to help the community!
As this is the last event that the club is holding for the year, let's all get behind it and make it the best xmas lights cruise yet!
Hopefully i can make it cheers for the notice!
This event is on this Saturday night!
Anyone else keen to come along???
yeah id most probably be there! i hope there is a good turn out..?


Venue: Basaksehir Fatih Terim Stadyumu, Istanbul.
Istanbul Basaksehir host Trabzonspor in one of the most exciting of the first round fixtures in Turkish Super Lig.
The hosts will come into it off the back of a goalless draw to Premier League outfit Burnley on Thursday evening in the third round of Europa League qualifications.
Karadeniz Firtinasi will, on the other side feature their first official game of the season here given that the fifth-place finish from the last season was not good enough to send them to Europa League this summer.
Istanbul's head coach Abdullah Avci might make some changes to the starting line-up in order to keep the main players fresh for the reverse fixture against Clarets at Turf Moor.
The hosts rely heavily on the Bosnian pair of attackers Edin Visca and Riad Bajic who have both failed to create on Thursday evening.
Trabzon have a positive head to head record in matches against Istanbul Basaksehir.
Karadeniz Firtinasi won 11 and lost only 5 of 23 meetings with the Istanbul side.
Nevertheless, Basaksehir took four points from two clashes with Trabzon last season.
Only one of last six H2H outings saw three or more goals scored.
Basaksehir had some string tests in the pre-season and they've been pretty tough to break down along the way.
If we ignore the 3-1 loss to Stuttgart, Avci's men conceded only one goal in remaining three games against the likes of Eibar, Bayer Leverkusen and Burnley.
Given that the recent H2H record suggests a low-scoring affair, we have to find the value in backing the Under 2.5 goals FT bet at the 2.00 odds.
Moving forward, Trabzon conceded no goals in last two friendlies against Samsunspor (3-0 win) and Cagliari (0-0 draw).
The hosts are midway through the Europa League tie which is why we'd avoid home win picks. Instead, let's shoot for the draw at the odds of 3.60.


lab. More than 80% time was utilized for laboratory session.
student gained valuable hands-on experience.
Totally 49 students of third year EXTC have attended this work shop.
1) Features in RISC Architecture: - From hardware Point of view.


text:
Race and ethnicity in the United States census, defined by the federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the United States Census Bureau, are the self-identified categories of race or races and ethnicity chosen by residents, with which they most closely identify, and indicate whether they are of Hispanic or Latino origin (the only categories for ethnicity).

The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and, "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country." OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the U.S. census as not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups.

Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with Hispanic or Latino origin asked as a separate question. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino". However, the practice of separating "race" and "ethnicity" as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.

In 1997, OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the federal government. The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws." Among the changes, OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of interracial children and wanting to capture the diversity in a measurable way and having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge their or their children's full ancestry rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the census and other government data collections asked people to report only one race.

How data on race and ethnicity are used
The OMB states, "many federal programs are put into effect based on the race data obtained from the decennial census (i.e., promoting equal employment opportunities; assessing racial disparities in health and environmental risks). Race data are also critical for the basic research behind many policy decisions. States require these data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data are needed to monitor compliance with the Voting Rights Act by local jurisdictions".

"Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Act; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act)."

Brief overview of race and ethnicity in U.S. census history

18th and 19th centuries

1790 census

The 1790 United States census was the first census in the history of the United States. The population of the United States was recorded as 3,929,214 as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution and applicable laws.

"The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within each jurisdiction, there to remain for the inspection of all concerned, and that 'the aggregate amount of each description of persons' for every district be transmitted to the president." This law along with U.S. marshals were responsible for governing the census.

Loss of data
About one-third of the original census data has been lost or destroyed since documentation. The data was lost in 1790–1830, and included data from Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Delaware, Georgia, New Jersey, and Virginia. However, the census was proven factual and the existence of most of this data can be confirmed in many secondary sources pertaining to the first census.

Data
Census data included the name of the head of the family and categorized inhabitants as: free white males at least 16 years of age (to assess the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years of age, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and slaves. Thomas Jefferson, then the Secretary of State,  directed marshals to collect data from all 13 states (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia), and from the Southwest Territory. The census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that state's admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year.

Contemporary perception

Some doubt surrounded the numbers, as President George Washington and Thomas Jefferson maintained the population was undercounted. The potential reasons Washington and Jefferson may have thought this could be refusal to participate, poor public transportation and roads, spread-out population, and restraints of current technology.

Data availability
No microdata from the 1790 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas and their compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. However, the categories of "Free white males" of 16 years and upward, including heads of families under 16 years, "Free white females", including heads of families, All other free persons, and "Slaves," existed in the census form.

1800 and 1810 census
In 1800 and 1810, the age question regarding free white males was more detailed with five cohorts and included All other free persons, except "Indians not taxed", and "Slaves.".

1820 census
The 1820 census built on the questions asked in 1810 by asking age questions about slaves. Also the term "colored" entered the census nomenclature. In addition, a question stating "Number of foreigners not naturalized" was included.

1830 census
In the 1830 census, a new question, which stated, "The number of White persons who were foreigners not naturalized" was included.

1850 census
The 1850 census had a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. Two questionnaires were used - one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person were white, marked "B" if a person were black, and marked "M" if a person were mulatto. Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave were black and an "M" if mulatto.

1890 census
For 1890, the Census Office changed the design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished among different Asian ethnic groups, such as Japanese and Chinese, due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term "race" in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write "White", "Black", "Mulatto", "Quadroon", "Octoroon", "Chinese", "Japanese", or "Indian".

1900 census
During 1900, the "Color or Race" question was slightly modified, removing the term "Mulatto". Also, there was an inclusion of an "Indian Population Schedule" in which "enumerators were instructed to use a special expanded questionnaire for American Indians living on reservations or in family groups off of reservations." This expanded version included the question "Fraction of person's lineage that is white."

20th century

1910 census
The 1910 census was similar to that of 1900, but it included a reinsertion of "Mulatto" and a question about the  "mother tongue" of foreign-born individuals and individuals with foreign-born parents. "Ot" was also added to signify "other races", with space for a race to be written in. This decade's version of the Indian Population Schedule featured questions asking the individual's proportion of white, black, or American Indian lineage.

1920 census
The 1920 census questionnaire was similar to 1910, but excluded a separate schedule for Indigenous Americas. "Hin", "Kor", and "Fil" were also added to the "Color or Race" question, signifying Hindustani (South Asia Indian), Korean, and Filipino, respectively.

1930 census
 The biggest change in this census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro", no matter the fraction of that lineage (the "one-drop rule"). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless they were considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both white and American Indian ancestry was to be recorded as American Indian, unless their Indigenous ancestry was small, and they were accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had white and some other racial ancestry, they were to be reported as that other race. People who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father.

For the first and only time, "Mexican" was listed as a race. Enumerators were instructed that all people born in Mexico, or whose parents were born in Mexico, should be listed as Mexicans, and not under any other racial category. In prior censuses and in 1940, enumerators were instructed to list Mexican Americans as white, perhaps because some of them were of white background (mainly Spanish), many others mixed white and Native American and some of them Native American.

The Supplemental American Indian questionnaire was back, but in abbreviated form. It featured a question asking if the person was of full or mixed American Indian ancestry.

1940 census
President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a "good neighbor" policy that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935, a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent the decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness.

The 1940 census was the first to include separate population and housing questionnaires. The race category of "Mexican" was eliminated in 1940, and the population of Mexican descent was counted with the white population.

1940 census data was used for Japanese American internment. The Census Bureau's role was denied for decades, but was finally proven in 2007.

1950 census
The 1950 census questionnaire removed the word "color" from the racial question, and also removed Hindu and Korean from the race choices.

1960 census
The 1960 census re-added the word "color" to the racial question, and changed "Indian" to "American Indian", as well as adding Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, Aleut, and Eskimo. The "Other (print out race)" option was removed.

1970 census
This year's census included "Negro or Black", re-added Korean and the Other race option. East Indians (the term used at that time for people whose ancestry is from the Indian subcontinent) were counted as White. There was a questionnaire that was asked of only a sample of respondents. These questions were as follows:

 a. Where was this person born?
 b. Is this person's origin or descent...
 # Mexican
 Puerto Rican
 Cuban
 Central or South American
 Other Spanish
 None of These
 What country was the person's father born in?
 What country was the person's mother born in?
 a. For persons born in a foreign country – Is the person naturalized?
b When did the person come to the United States to stay?
 What language, other than English, was spoken in the person's home as a child?
Spanish
French
Italian
German
Other
None, only EnglishQuestions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent

Is this person's origin or descent?

Mexican

Puerto Rican Cuban

Central American Other Spanish

No, none of these

1980 census
This year added several options to the race question, including Vietnamese, Indian (East), Guamanian, Samoan, and re-added Aleut. Again, the term "color" was removed from the racial question, and the following questions were asked of a sample of respondents:

 In what state or foreign country was the person born?
 If this person was born in a foreign country...
a. Is this person a naturalized citizen of the United States?
b. When did this person come to the United States to stay?
 a. Does this person speak a language other than English at home?
b. If yes, what is this language?
c. If yes, how well does this person speak English?
 What is this person's ancestry?  Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent

Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent?

No, not Spanish/Hispanic

Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano Yes, Puerto Rican

Yes, Cuban

Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic

1990 census
The racial categories in this year are as they appear in the 2000 and 2010 censuses. The following questions were asked of a sample of respondents for the 1990 census:

 In what U.S. State or foreign country was this person born?
 Is this person a citizen of the United States?
 If this person was not born in the United States, when did this person come to the United States to stay?
The 1990 census was not designed to capture multiple racial responses, and when individuals marked the "other" race option and provided a multiple write-in. The response was assigned according to the race written first. "For example, a write-in of 'black-white' was assigned a code of 'black,' while a write-in of 'white-black' was assigned a code of 'white.'"

Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent

Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin?

No, not Spanish/Hispanic

Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano

Yes, Puerto Rican

Yes, Cuban

Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic, print one group ...Census data indicate that the number of children in interracial families grew from less than one-half million in 1970 to about two million in 1990. In 1990, for interracial families with one White partner, the other parent was Black for about 20 percent of all children, the other parent was Asian for 45 percent, and the other parent was American Indian and Alaska Native for about 34 percent.

2000 census
Race was asked differently in the 2000 census in several other ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the 2000 census data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses. Use of caution is therefore recommended when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the U.S. population over time.

The following definitions apply to the 2000 census only.
 White — A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "white-skinned people" or report entries such as Irish, German, English, Scandinavian, Scottish, Near Easterners, Iranian, Lebanese, or Polish.
 Black or African American — A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am." or provide written entries such as Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian.
 American Indian and Alaska Native — A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment.
 Asian — A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. It includes "Asian Indian", "Chinese", "Filipino", "Korean", "Japanese", "Vietnamese", and "Other Asian".
 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander — A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. It includes people who indicate their race as "Native Hawaiian", "Guamanian or Chamorro", "Samoan", and "Other Pacific Islander".
 Some other race — Includes all other responses not included in the "Caucasian", "Black or African American", "American Indian and Alaska Native", "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander" race categories described above. Respondents providing write-in entries such as multiracial, mixed, interracial, We-Sort, or a Hispanic/Latino group (for example, Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban) in the "Some other race" category are included here.
 Two or more races — People may have chosen to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, by providing multiple write-in responses, or by some combination of check boxes and write-in responses.

The federal government of the United States has mandated that "in data collection and presentation, federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino". The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic or Latino" as "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race."

Use of the word "ethnicity" for Hispanics only is considerably more restricted than its conventional meaning, which covers other distinctions, some of which are covered by the "race" and "ancestry" questions. The distinct questions accommodate the possibility of Hispanic and Latino Americans' also declaring various racial identities (see also White Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans, and Black Hispanic and Latino Americans).

In the 2000 census, 12.5% of the U.S. population reported "Hispanic or Latino" ethnicity and 87.5% reported "Not-Hispanic or Latino" ethnicity.

21st century

2010 census
The 2010 census included changes designed to more clearly distinguish Hispanic ethnicity as not being a race. That included adding the sentence: "For this census, Hispanic origins are not races." Additionally, the Hispanic terms were modified from "Hispanic or Latino" to "Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin".

Although used in the census and the American Community Survey, "Some other race" is not an official race, and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 census. As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled "Ancestry" found in prior censuses, there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic West Indian Americans, Turkish Americans, Armenian Americans, Arab Americans, and Iranian Americans to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question, specifically the "Some other race" category.

The Interagency Committee has suggested that the concept of marking multiple boxes be extended to the Hispanic origin question, thereby freeing individuals from having to choose between their parents' ethnic heritages. In other words, a respondent could choose both "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino".

2020 census
The 2020 census featured similar designs to the 2000 and 2010 censuses. Subsequently, the Census Bureau adhered to the 1997 OMB standards and thus used two separate questions to collect data on race and ethnicity. However, there were improvements in the phrasing of the race and ethnicity questions within the OMB guidelines, that would enhance clarity for respondents.

The Hispanic origin question included the same checkboxes as the 2010 census ("Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano", "Puerto Rican", "Cuban"), along with a "Yes, another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin". Under this category, two changes emerged. The first was the shift from "Print origin, for example" to "Print, for example". The removal of the word origin was due to the surveyed confusion and differentiating meanings origin has for respondents or varying backgrounds. Furthermore, the Census Bureau updated the write-in instructions for the "Some Other Race" category and included the instruction to "Print race", but changed the instruction to read "Print race or origin" to match the primary instruction to "Mark ☒ one or more boxes AND print origins".

According to the United States Census Bureau, as a result of significant feedback, a detailed write-in response and example were included for the "White" and the "Black or African Am." racial categories to compensate a wider horizon of identities. There were also six example groups for each of the "White", "Black or African American", and "American Indian or Alaska Native" racial categories. In addition, after 100 years, the term "Negro" was removed from the 2020 census, as a large portion of respondents advocated for its removal. Instead, the category shifted from "Black, African Am., or Negro" to "Black or African Am." on paper questionnaires and electronic instruments.

The identification of the term African American first occurred in the 2000 census, reflecting a long-standing history of offensive terminology since the censuses' inception. The 1790 census included other "free persons" by color and "slaves". From 1850 to 1880, the codes for enumerators were generally Black (B) and Mulatto (M). In 1900, there were no specified categories on the census listing form, and the instructions called for enumerators to list "B" for "Black (or negro or negro descent)", displaying the first occurrence of the controversial term "Negro". In 1930, there were specific instructions that used the term "Negro". Mixed persons were to be counted as "Negro" no matter how small the share of blood, also known as the one-drop rule. It was not until 1970 that the term Black appeared on a census form, and in 1990 the enumerator of color was eliminated.

The next change was reordering the example groups from "Argentinean, Colombian, Dominican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran, Spaniard, and so on." to "Salvadoran, Dominican, Colombian, Guatemalan, Spaniard, Ecuadorian, etc." to reflect the ever-increasing geographic diversity of the Hispanic or Latino category and the variations in populations sums each year.

*Net coverage error is statistically significantly different from 0.

Though the issues of identification questions of origin were addressed, the accuracy of the 2020 census displays undercounts and overcounts of Black people, Latinos, and Native Americans according to the work conducted under Robert Santos, the current director of the United States Census Bureau. A follow-up survey concluded that the miscounting of children under five years of age and that American Indians and Alaska Natives living on reservations continued to have the highest net undercount rate, similar to 2010. One of the leading factors of the misrepresented information in the 2020 census is the coronavirus pandemic, which caused notable delays in the bureau's Post-Enumeration Survey. The Post-Enumeration Survey is used to determine how accurate the census results are and inform planning for the next national count in 2030. Furthermore, discrepancies persisted due to the irrefutable variables of delays to field work, migration of many college students and others, and some respondents failed to answer the necessary questions required for the Post-Enumeration survey to match the census.  American Journalist for the New York Times, attributes group quarters like college dormitories, long-term care facilities and prisons to have the largest contingencies in the tally as the pandemic pushed many university students to return home, making it harder to count them in the dormitories or apartments where they normally would have been.

Hispanic or Latino

Translating the data set, the 3.45 difference in net coverage error for the Hispanic or Latino category proves widely problematic, but is an avid reflection of the seismic shifts in the United States. Mexican immigrants have been at the center of one of the largest mass migrations in contemporary history, reaching a peak of 12.8 million in 2007, but have since declined, as reported by PEW Research Center. The predominant reasoning being shifts in political authority and the coronavirus pandemic resulting in policy changes. More specifically, immigrants entering through a permanent legal residency (green card), visa overstays, and apprehensions have drastically changed the input and output of data.

PEW Research Center also found that the number of immigrants who entered the U.S. in fiscal 2020 through a "green card" was down 45% from the prior year, most notably during the onset of the pandemic. Furthermore, the total number of non-immigrant visas processed in Mexico by the U.S. Department of State dropped 35% compared with the prior year, from about 1.5 million in 2019 to about 960,000 in 2020. The temporary visas were processed for tourism, business, or crossing the border. They did not include work authorization.

Consequently, due to political shifts, apprehensions of unauthorized Mexican immigrants increased considerably after the pandemic started in 2020. In fiscal 2020, the number of detainments of Mexican adults at the U.S.-Mexican border reached sky-high new levels under former president Donald Trump. There were 253,118 such encounters, up 52% from 166,458 the previous year. Now under president Joe Biden who has annulled record high immigration laws formulated under Donald Trump, the numbers of deportations and detainments is subject to change by the 2030 census.

Under the Biden administration, the number of people who received a green card declined from about 240,000 in the second quarter of the 2020 fiscal year to about 79,000 in the third quarter. However, Biden has proposed to provide a pathway for the undocumented immigrants in the United States to remain and gain legal status. Regarding refugees, the U.S. admitted only 11,411 refugees in fiscal year 2021 according to Pew Research Center. The low number of admissions appeared after the Biden administration raised the maximum number of refugees the nation could admit to 62,500 in fiscal 2021 and 125,000 for fiscal 2022.

Relation between ethnicity and race in census results

The Census Bureau warns that data on race in 2000 census are not directly comparable to those collected in previous censuses. Many residents of the United States consider race and ethnicity to be the same.

In the 2000 census, respondents were tallied in each of the race groups they reported. Consequently, the total of each racial category exceeds the total population because some people reported more than one race.

According to James P. Allen and Eugene Turner from California State University, Northridge, by some calculations in the 2000 census the largest part white biracial population is white/Native American and Alaskan Native, at 7,015,017, followed by white/black at 737,492, then white/Asian at 727,197, and finally white/Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander at 125,628.

The Census Bureau implemented a Census Quality Survey, gathering data from about 50,000 households to assess the reporting of race and Hispanic origin in the 2000 census with the purpose of creating a way to make comparisons between the 2000 census with previous census racial data.

In September 1997, during the process of revision of racial categories previously declared by OMB directive no. 15, the American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommended that OMB combine the "race" and "ethnicity" categories into one question to appear as "race/ethnicity" for the 2000 census. The Interagency Committee agreed, stating that "race" and "ethnicity" were not sufficiently defined and "that many respondents conceptualize 'race' and 'ethnicity' as one and the same underscor[ing] the need to consolidate these terms into one category, using a term that is more meaningful to the American people."

The AAA also stated,

The recommendations of the AAA were not adopted by the Census Bureau for the 2000, 2010 and 2020 censuses. This includes Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin, which remained an ethnicity, not a race. While race/ethnicity definitions for 2020 remained consistent, individuals who identify as White, Black/African American, and/or American Indian or Alaska Native was asked to specifically identify their racial origins.

Other agencies

In 2001, the National Institutes of Health adopted the new language to comply with the revisions to Directive 15, as did the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission of the United States Department of Labor in 2007.

See also
 Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood
 Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom
 Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States
 Judicial aspects of race in the United States
 Language Spoken at Home
 Race (human categorization)
 Race and ethnicity in censuses
 Race and ethnicity in the United States
 Racial segregation in the United States
 Visible minority

References

Further reading

 Prewitt, Kenneth. What Is Your Race? The Census and Our Flawed Efforts to Classify Americans (Princeton University Press; 2013) argues for dropping the race question from the census.

Demographics of the United States
Race in the United States
Ethnic groups in the United States
United States census

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
12 of History's Most Baffling Mass Hysteria Outbreaks
Khalid Elhassan - November 28, 2017
Woodcutting of a witch burning during the period of the Lille school witch hysteria. The Outsiderz
Lille Boarding School Witchcraft Hysteria
Antoinette Bourignon, a pious but mentally unstable seventeenth-century Frenchwoman, founded an all-girls boarding school in Lille, France. One day in 1639, upon entering the classroom, Madam Bourignon imagined that she saw a swarm of little black angels flying around the heads of the schoolgirls. Taking fright, she told the children to beware the devil, whose little black imps were buzzing all around them.
The school headmistress developed an obsession with the little black imps hovering around her wards' heads, and kept warning the schoolgirls daily to watch out for the Devil. Soon, the impressionable children came to believe that there were, indeed, little black demons flying all around them, and before long, Satan and satanic possession became almost the sole topic of conversation in the school.
One of the girls ran away, too frightened to remain in a school infested with little black devils who might possess her at any moment, as Madam Bourignon and her staff never tired of warning the students. When she was brought back, she claimed not to have run away, but to have been carried away by the Devil, and that she was a witch and had been one since age seven.
Upon hearing that, about fifty other schoolgirls started having fits, and when they came to, joined in a "me, too!" rush, and claimed to be witches as well. In their clamor to confess, the children competed to outdo each other with the details of their supposed dark and fell deeds. Some claimed to ride on broomsticks, only to be topped by others claiming an ability to pass through keyholes, to be trumped in turn by those claiming to feast on the flesh of babies or to have attended the Domdaniel, or gathering of the demons.
A formal investigation was launched, and while some clergy and citizens of Lille were skeptical, the majority were of the opinion that the children's confessions were valid, and that an example should be made by burning all fifty schoolgirls at the stake as witches. Their lives were only spared after some of the skeptical clergy, aghast at what was about to happen, insisted that the investigators dig in deeper, at which point they discovered what the school's headmistress had done to fill the girls' heads with thoughts of demonic possession. The children were absolved, and the blame was shifted to Madam Bourignon, who barely escaped punishment after the authorities, unsure of her sanity and tired of the whole affair, wound down and closed the investigation.
William of Orange being welcomed to England during the Glorious Revolution. Emaze
Irish Fright of 1688
From the start of his reign, resentment simmered against Britain's Catholic King James II, as his mostly Protestant subjects decried and feared his perceived machinations to restore Catholicism to the realm. The resentment was kept under control, however, as the concerned populace reasoned that the elderly monarch had no son, and when he died, would be succeeded by his staunchly Protestant daughter Mary, and her even more staunchly Protestant husband, William of Orange.
In 1688, however, king James unexpectedly had a son, removing at a stroke the option of running out the clock and waiting for the king's eventual death and replacement by a Protestant successor. The simmering resentments came to a boil, setting in motion the Glorious Revolution that ended with the flight of King James II and his replacement on the British throne by his daughter Mary II and her husband William III.
In the interregnum between James' flight and his replacement by William and Mary, there was no government and fears of anarchy and lawless violence gripped the country. The greatest manifestation of those fears came to be known as the Irish Fright, which centered around an Irish army that James II had brought to England towards the end of his reign in an attempt to prop up his tottering throne. That army was greatly resented and feared by the English, many of whom recalled and most of whom believed the (sometimes exaggerated) stories of widespread Irish massacres and depravities against Protestants during the Civil War a few decades earlier.
Many English people were thus primed to believe that the Irish were predisposed to savagery and capable of any atrocity. Against that backdrop, rumors began circulating in December of 1688 that the Catholic Irish forces quartered in England were readying themselves to fall upon the English to massacre, rape, and loot, to avenge the ouster of the Catholic king James. The Irish Fright began in earnest on the night of December 13th, 1688, when news arrived at Westminster that the ravening Irish were marching on London.
Fake news of preparations for atrocities were quickly followed by fake news of actual atrocities, as false reports that the Irish were putting English towns to the torch and massacring the inhabitants spread. The panicked English in London and surrounding shires rushed to arm themselves and form militias, erect fortifications, and patrol the countryside to guard against the imminent arrival of imaginary hordes of bloodthirsty Irish.
The Irish Fright subsided after a few days, and in hindsight, it seems that the rumors were begun, or at least spread, as part of an organized propaganda campaign by opponents of James II to further discredit his cause and to buttress that of William of Orange. When the latter landed in England at the head of a mostly foreign army, he was greeted not as an invader, but with raptures as a savior not only of the Protestant faith, but of the Protestants themselves from the feared depredations of the Irish.
Accusers in the grip of mass hysteria swooning in court during Salem Witch Trials. How Stuff Works
Perhaps history's most famous or infamous case of mass hysteria, the Salem Witch craze of 1692 – 1693 took place against a cultural and religious background that was predisposed to believe in the supernatural. While witchcraft is laughable to most today, in seventeenth-century Colonial America, and especially in Salem and the Massachusetts Bay Colony, it was taken quite seriously. The belief that the Devil could grant witches extraordinary powers in return for their loyalty, and that witchcraft could be used to inflict harm on the good and godly, was taken for granted.
It began in January of 1692 when the 9-year-old daughter and 11-year-old niece of Salem's reverend started having screaming fits, during which they contorted themselves into unnatural positions, threw things, and made weird noises. A local doctor, finding no signs of physical ailment, blamed it on the supernatural. Soon, another young girl, aged 11, started exhibiting similar symptoms.
Examined by magistrates, the girls accused three women of bewitching them: the reverend's black slave, Tituba, an elderly impoverished woman named Sarah Osborne, and a homeless beggar named Sarah Good. Osborne and Good protested their innocence, but for whatever reason – perhaps torture or perhaps a promise of leniency – Tituba confessed to having been visited by the Devil, whom she described as a black man who asked her to sign a book. Admitting that she signed, Tituba went on to point the finger at other "witches".
The mass hysteria then erupted, and over the following months, a flood of accusations came pouring in, and the more farfetched they were, the more they solidified the populace's belief in the potency of witchcraft and enhanced the panic. When the godly and regular churchgoer Martha Corey was accused of witchcraft, rather than give the good people of Salem pause, it merely redoubled their fears: if solid citizen Martha Corey could be a witch, then anybody could be a witch.
On May 27th, the colony's governor ordered the establishment of a special court to try the accused, and its first victim was Bridget Bishop, an older woman known as gossip and with a reputation for promiscuity. Her protestations of innocence were unavailing, and she was convicted, sentenced to death, and hanged on June 10th in what became known as Gallows Hill. Five more were convicted and hanged in July, another five in August, and eight more that September.
The trials were marked by a lack of due process, and the use of "spectral evidence" – basically, testimony by witnesses that they dreamt or had a vision that the spirit or "spectre" of the accused witch did them harm. Thus, an accuser's dream or vision that "Jane Doe bit, hit, and punched me", was admissible evidence in court that Jane Doe had actually bit, hit, and punched the accuser, even if the unfortunate Doe was nowhere near the accuser that day – her spectre was. Respected theologian and reverend Cotton Mathers wrote the court cautioning against the use of spectral evidence, but was ignored.
The colony's governor finally put an end to the trials and their ever-expanding circle of accusations when his own wife was accused of being a witch, by which point 200 people had been accused of witchcraft, and 20 had already been hanged. Eventually, the authorities admitted that the trials had been a mistake, and compensated the families of the wrongly convicted victims of the witch hunt. Thereafter, the Salem mass hysteria and resultant trials became synonymous with paranoia and injustice, and stand today as a cautionary tale about the dangers of religious extremism, false accusations, and the lack of due process.
The killing of Thomas Millwood during the Hammersmith Ghost Hysteria. Crime Magazine
Hammersmith Ghost Hysteria
In November of 1803, reports began circulating of ghost sightings in the Hammersmith district in west London. Many thought that the ghost was that of a recent suicide buried in Hammersmith's churchyard, which was in line with a widespread contemporary belief that suicides should not be buried in consecrated grounds, because their souls would then find no rest there.
The ghost was described by all who saw it as being very tall and dressed all in white, with some witnesses adding horns and glass eyes to the description. Alarm at the sightings quickly grew to widespread panic, and then mass hysteria, as more and more people stepped forward to report that they had not only seen the Hammersmith ghost, but had been attacked by it as well. In response, fearful citizens took to arms and began patrolling the neighborhood.
On the night of January 3rd, 1804, one of the armed citizens, Francis Smith, was on patrol when he came across a bricklayer, Thomas Millwood, returning home from a visit to his parents while clad in the typical clothing of his trade: white pants, white shirt, and white apron. Leveling his shotgun at what he took to be the ghost, Smith shot Millwood in the face, killing him instantly.
Smith was arrested and tried for willful murder. The presiding judge instructed the jury that establishing malice was not necessary for a conviction, and that all killings were either murder or manslaughter, absent extenuating circumstances that were not present here. Smith was duly convicted, then sentenced to death, which sentence was subsequently commuted to a year's hard labor. As to the Hammersmith "ghost", it later emerged that it was an elderly local shoemaker who wore the guise to frighten his apprentice.
Police questioned many people while looking for the Halifax Slasher. How Stuff Works
The Halifax Slasher
In 1938, the town of Halifax in England was gripped by a mass hysteria that lasted for about two weeks, during which an imaginary attacker fell upon local women. It all began on the night of November 16th, 1938, when two young female employees of a local mill were attacked by an unknown man, and rushed to a nearby house for aid, with blood streaming down their heads from a wound apparently caused by a razor blade.
Police were called, a report was filed, and disquietude spread throughout the community. As described by the Halifax Courier, the local newspaper: "Until the culprit is found and effectively dealt with there is not likely to be much peace of mind, not only [locally] but further afield. The affair has created a tremendous sensation and it has thoroughly upset the people".
Five days later, another young woman in the vicinity reported being attacked by a man, who left her with a deep and clean-cut to her wrist, as if from a razor. Notwithstanding a clear description of the attacker, police had no luck finding him. When three days later another victim stepped forward, the authorities turned to the public for leads, and the local newspaper carried the headline: "£10 police reward for the arrest of Halifax 'Slasher'".
With news that a "Slasher" was in their midst, mass hysteria gripped the community. Even as Scotland Yard was called in to help the local police, businesses in Halifax and its surroundings shut down. The panic grew apace as more and more reports, and rumors of reports, all of them unfounded, came pouring of new attacks by the Slasher in surrounding towns.
Out on the streets, wild-eyed vigilante groups were set up and started patrolling the region, which set upon and beat up many a stranger whom they came upon and mistakenly assumed was the Slasher. After a woman alleged that she had been attacked, a local Good Samaritan who had gone to help ended up being wrongly accused by vigilantes of being the Slasher, and was set upon by a mob. Only the intervention of police, who escorted him home, saved his life.
The mass hysteria finally began to subside when, on November 29th, one of the "victims" of the Halifax Slasher admitted that his injuries had been self-inflicted. Other supposed victims soon confessed that they, too, had made up the attacks, and after 9 of 12 "victims" confessed to self-harm, Scotland Yard concluded that there had never been a "Halifax Slasher" and closed the investigation. Five locals who had filed false reports were arrested and charged, of whom four ended up doing time in prison for public mischief.
The crowded city streets of Taipei. Shutterstock
The Taipei Slasher
For a fortnight in 1956, the population of Taipei in Taiwan was terrorized by rumors of a crazed slasher roaming the streets, surreptitiously slicing people with a razor blade as he brushed past them, then disappearing into the crowds and teeming throngs of the city. About twenty-one victims were reported, mostly poor and poorly educated people from the lower classes.
A typical example was that of an older gentleman who told police that he had been slashed by a stranger. After a medical examination revealed that the injury was caused by a blunt object and could not have resulted from a razor, the "victim" admitted that he did not really know how he had been injured, but assumed that he must have been slashed "because of all the talk going around".
Another example of a phantom slasher attack was caused by incompetent doctors who examined another older gentleman who showed up with a laceration on his wrist. When the patient casually mentioned that a stranger had brushed against him around the same time that he noticed the bleeding, the doctors put two and two together and came up with nine, attributed the wound to the feared slasher, and contacted police. A follow-up examination by more competent doctors revealed that the laceration was simply an old wound that had been reopened by scratching.
In reality, there had never been a slasher, but simply a mass delusion or hysteria, amplified by sensationalist press reporting. After thorough investigation, police concluded that the "victims" had simply suffered the kinds of everyday accidental cuts and slight injuries that most people endure from time to time without hardly noticing. In the fevered atmosphere of the slasher scare, people simply attributed any rip in their clothes or scratch on their bodies to a surreptitious attack from the imaginary slasher. As the final report of the police investigation put it, out of twenty-one reported "victims" of the crazed slasher: "five were innocent false reports, seven were self-inflicted cuts, eight were due to cuts other than razors, and one was a complete fantasy".
Schoolgirls in former Tanganyika, modern Tanzania. Baobab
Tanganyika Laughter Epidemic
In 1962 a mass hysteria episode, in which people started laughing uncontrollably, began in the village of Kashasha on the western shore of Lake Victoria in Tanganyika (modern Tanzania) and quickly spread throughout the surrounding region. By the time it subsided months later, the mass hysteria had affected thousands of people, and led to the closure of 14 schools.
It all started on January 30th, 1962, when a girl in a missionary boarding school had a fit of anxiety-induced laughter, and started cackling uncontrollably. She was soon joined by two of her friends, and it was not long before the contagion had spread and engulfed the school. Within a short time, 95 out of the school's 159 students were also laughing uncontrollably. It got bad enough that the schoolgirls were unable to concentrate, and the school was forced to shut down 6 weeks later.
The afflicted students took their mass hysteria with them when they were sent back to their families, and within a short time of returning home, the contagion had spread from the schoolgirls to the surrounding community. Before long, students in other schools in the region were afflicted as well. The symptoms consisted in the main of recurring bouts of uncontrollable laughing and crying that lasted from a few hours to over two weeks, combined with a general restlessness, aimless running around, and the occasional resort to aggressive violence. Doctors could find no physical cause for the contagion.
By the time the mass hysteria subsided about a year later, 14 schools had closed down, and thousands had been afflicted. Subsequent investigation attributed the initial outbreak to stress among the schoolgirls, who found themselves in an alien environment within the missionary-run boarding school – the outbreak affected only the schoolgirls, without touching any of the teachers or staff. Beyond the school, the surrounding population was dealing with the stress and uncertainty of their country's future, as Tanganyika had gained its independence only a month before the mass hysteria eruption.
Ray Buckey and his mother Peggy McMartin during their trial. How Stuff Works
McMartin Preschool Child Abuse Hysteria
In 1983, a mentally unstable mother accused Ray Buckey, an employee of the McMartin preschool in Manhattan Beach, California, of raping her child. She also went on to add that people in the day school had sex with animals, that Ray Buckey's mother and preschool owner Peggy McMartin had perforated a child under the arm with a power drill, and that "Ray flew in the air".
Police were skeptical, but nonetheless sent a letter to other parents at the school, asking them to question their children about abuses at the school. As parents talked to their children and other parents, other accusations of child sexual abuse began trickling in, and soon turned to into a flood of wild, weird, and increasingly incredible accusations of sexual abuse that stretched credulity amidst a mass hysteria of false accusations.
Social workers were brought in to gather more information, and between a combination of incompetence and leading questions, the children's accusations grew steadily wilder and more bizarre. In addition to being molested by Ray Buckey and his mother Peggy McMartin, the children alleged that they had been made to participate in satanic rites in which they were forced to drink the blood of a baby whom they had witnessed being sacrificed in church.
The children also said that they saw witches fly, that they had been abused in a hot air balloon and in (nonexistent) tunnels beneath the preschool, and one child claimed to have been sexually molested by actor Chuck Norris. Other children added that, after being abused in secret rooms, they were flushed down toilets, then cleaned up and presented to their parents.
Although the accusations were incredible, they came at a time when the country was in the grip of widespread fears of ritual sexual abuse of children, connected in some way to satanic worship and dark magic rites. With elections drawing near, ambitious Los Angeles District Attorney Ira Reiner unscrupulously sought to capitalize on the mounting public hysteria, and slapped Ray Buckey and his mother Peggy McMartin with 208 counts of child molestation.
Buckey and his mother were arrested in 1984, and the investigation lasted for three years, until 1987. Mother and son were then put through a 3-year trial, which lasted from 1987 to 1990. It was the longest and most expensive criminal trial in American history. At its conclusion, a jury acquitted Peggy McMartin of all charges, while Ray Buckey was acquitted of 52 of 65 charges, with the jury deadlocked on the remaining counts 10 to 2 in favor of acquittal. Those charges were then dropped, and the mass hysteria and subsequent trial concluded without a single conviction.
Sources For Further Reading:
Ozy – Mass Psychogenic Illness: From Dancing Plagues to Meowing Nuns
How Stuff Works – 10 Strangest Mass Hysterias
History Collection – American Hysteria: 5 Witch Hunts That Rocked the U.S. in the 20th Century
Medium – The Plague That Made People Dance Themselves to Death
BBC Culture – The Town That Nearly Danced Itself to Death
Library of Congress – The Case of a Ghost Haunted England for Over Two Hundred Years
History of Yesterday – Mass Hysteria and Murder: The Tale of the Hammersmith Ghost
STRANGE ATTRACTOR – The Ballad of the Halifax Slasher
Taiwan News – Taipei MRT Slasher Attacks Two Victims Within a Week
WNYC – The Trial That Unleashed Child Abuse Hysteria
History – The Mcmartin Preschool Trials
Oxygen – Everything You Need To Know About The Infamous McMartin Preschool Sex Abuse Case Mentioned In 'Outcry'
LA Times – McMartin Case Cast Wide, Dark Shadow: Charges, Suspicion Resulted in 7 Area Preschools Closing


Deep Neural Networks (DNN), or simply Deep Learning (DL), took Artificial Intelligence (AI) by storm and have infiltrated into business at an unprecedented rate. Access to vast amounts of data, recently made available by the Big Data revolution, extensive computational power and a new wave of efficient learning algorithms, helped Artificial Neural Networks to achieve state-of-the-art results in almost all AI challenges.
DL is the cornerstone technology behind products for image recognition and video annotation, voice recognition, personal assistants, automated translation and autonomous vehicles. DNN works similarly to the brain by extracting high-level, complex abstractions from data in a hierarchical and discriminative or generative way.
A key feature of DL algorithms is their capability to learn from large amounts of data with minimal supervision – contrary to shallow models that normally require less data, but with labels and easily reach an accuracy plateau. DL however, comes with a cost: there is no theory to guide the learning algorithms and architecture optimization and hyper-parameters selection rely on complex and time-consuming heuristics – training a single model can take weeks on well equipped PCs.
The implications of DL supported AI in business is tremendous, shaking to the foundations many industries – perhaps the biggest trans formative force after the Internet. In this book I present the most significant algorithms and applications, including Natural Language Processing (NLP), image and video processing, risk assessment, forecasting, control and robotics, gaming and finance. I'll also refer to some key findings and implications in business of DL, key companies and startups adopting this technology and some investments. I'll also refer to some frameworks for training the DL models, key methods and tricks to fine-tune the models and finally some products and companies where this technology is being applied.


For 2 players, ages 14+, playing time around 45-60 minutes.
Battle Ravens is a game of Viking Age warfare: a brutal clash of strength, cunning and luck, where subtlety and nuance are neither welcome or commonplace. You need to out-think and out-fight your opponent to win the battle. You do so by choosing whether to command your battle line to attack, defend, or redeploy, through clever use of action points. Combat is resolved by the roll of dice, and armies consist of Hirdmen (armoured warriors), Bondi (unarmoured warriors), and Thralls (cowardly but useful skirmishers!).


text:
Q: entropy of normal distribution What is the entropy of a normal distribution with mean 0 and variance \sigma?
Thanks!

A: I found here that "the negative differential entropy of the normal distribution"
(which may not be what you are asking for?) is:
$$-\frac{1}{2} [ \log (2 \pi \sigma^2 ) + 1 ] ,$$
independent of $\mu$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Recently, Spartan inked a new multi-year partnership with BODYARMOR, one of the fastest goring sports drink companies. The new partnership begins immediately and will continue through the 2019 season offering participants BODYARMOR beverages at all U.S. events.
BODYARMOR, the fastest growing sports drink in its category, has forged a multi-year partnership with Spartan, the World's largest obstacle race (OCR) and endurance brand, becoming the "Official Sports Drink of Spartan U.S." BODYARMOR will hydrate Spartan athletes with its better-for-you hydration options when they cross the finish line at events across the U.S. through the 2019 season.
The consumer demand for a premium sports drink has made BODYARMOR the No. 3 sports drink in the U.S, with the brand having doubled in size entering 2018. The partnership with Spartan further solidifies BODYARMOR's strong connection to athletic achievement – BODYARMOR has amassed a superstar roster of professional athletes who are also investors in the company, including James Harden, Mike Trout, Andrew Luck and Dustin Johnson. Kobe Bryant is the number three shareholder in BODYARMOR.
With activations at Spartan's regular season events, five-race U.S. Championship Series, North American Championship and the Spartan World Championship in North Lake Tahoe, CA, BODYARMOR Sports Drink will hydrate Spartan athletes of all skill levels from beginners up to the elites competing in gated heats with cash prizes on the line. These athletes embrace a healthier way of life and crave the potassium-packed electrolytes, high vitamin counts, and coconut water in BODYARMOR which allows them to achieve maximum performance, without the added artificial ingredients found in typical sports drinks.
Spanning more than 35 countries with more than one million participants across the world, Spartan events focus on sport and athleticism, pushing the bodies and minds of competitors to the limit across miles of unforgiving terrain while they conquer signature obstacles such as the Spear Throw, Bucket Brigade, Monkey Bars and Barbed Wire Crawl.


The current crisis in orthodontic education : the residents' perspective.
The purpose of this study is to identify orthodontic residents' demographic trends, goals for the future, and perspectives on training. A 26-item survey, conducted at the Graduate Orthodontic Residency Program, in August 2003, was distributed to residents representing 51 of the 58 orthodontic programs in the U.S. Questionnaires were sent to 5 programs not attending GORP. Of the 380 questionnaires distributed at the meeting, 295 were returned, while 35 of 50 mailed questionnaires were returned. Total response rate was 77%. Clinical education was the most important factor when choosing a residency. Residents' future plans were to publish their research, earn American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) certification, and work four days a week. Several trends were identified since last surveyed in 1992. Interest in full time academic orthodontic careers continues to decline. The number of females in orthodontic training is increasing. Residents planning to earn ABO certification increased significantly.
Bruner, Matthew Kawabori, "The current crisis in orthodontic education : the residents' perspective." (2004). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 169.


2017 marked a number of milestones for Pendulum. We celebrated our 10 year anniversary, opened Jimmy John's Field, and witnessed the incredible journey of the Hartford Yard Goats with the opening of Dunkin' Donuts Park – the 2017 recipient of http://www.baseballparks.com "Ballpark of the Year" Award.
Pendulum also enjoyed a couple nice key wins on deck for 2019 and 2020. following the opening of our Coastal Plains League (CPL) facility in Holly Springs Pendulum was awarded the role of Architect of Record for the Fuse District Multi-Use Complex in Gastonia, NC (also CPL). The Fawley Bryant/Pendulum team won the design of the new Atlanta Braves spring training complex currently under construction in North Port, FL.
As we look ahead to 2018 we are in eager anticipation of opening two new Pendulum facilities, Willie Horton Field of Dreams for the Detroit Police Athletic League and Historic Luther Williams Field, home of the Macon Bacon (the absolute best team name ever – keep sizzling!).
Our Clients – Thank you for encouraging us to keep taking chances and pushing the envelope.
Joe Mock, http://www.baseballparks.com – We're still excited about the DDP award!
Pendulum Staff – Let's get it!


The modern, corset inspired design paired with the incredibly strong power knit material give you the most dramatic shaping and slimming results possible. Soft, microfiber shoulder straps lay comfortably on the shoulders, offering the ideal amount of lift and support. The hook and eye front closure offers 3 sizing levels to best fit the shaper to your body. The mid-thigh leg line smooths away bumps and bulges while lying seamlessly on the skin, making a clean visual transition from shaper to thigh.
Add-Under bust design lifts and supports the bust and can be worn with your own bra.


text:
"""

.. dialect:: mysql+pyodbc
    :name: PyODBC
    :dbapi: pyodbc
    :connectstring: mysql+pyodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>
    :url: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyodbc/

    .. note:: The PyODBC for MySQL dialect is not well supported, and
       is subject to unresolved character encoding issues
       which exist within the current ODBC drivers available.
       (see http://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/issues/detail?id=25).
       Other dialects for MySQL are recommended.

"""

from .base import MySQLDialect, MySQLExecutionContext
from ...connectors.pyodbc import PyODBCConnector
from ... import util
import re

class MySQLExecutionContext_pyodbc(MySQLExecutionContext):

    def get_lastrowid(self):
        cursor = self.create_cursor()
        cursor.execute("SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()")
        lastrowid = cursor.fetchone()[0]
        cursor.close()
        return lastrowid

class MySQLDialect_pyodbc(PyODBCConnector, MySQLDialect):
    supports_unicode_statements = False
    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_pyodbc

    pyodbc_driver_name = "MySQL"

    def __init__(self, **kw):
        # deal with http://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/issues/detail?id=25
        kw.setdefault('convert_unicode', True)
        super(MySQLDialect_pyodbc, self).__init__(**kw)

    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""

        # Prefer 'character_set_results' for the current connection over the
        # value in the driver.  SET NAMES or individual variable SETs will
        # change the charset without updating the driver's view of the world.
        #
        # If it's decided that issuing that sort of SQL leaves you SOL, then
        # this can prefer the driver value.
        rs = connection.execute("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set%%'")
        opts = dict([(row[0], row[1]) for row in self._compat_fetchall(rs)])
        for key in ('character_set_connection', 'character_set'):
            if opts.get(key, None):
                return opts[key]

        util.warn("Could not detect the connection character set.  "
                  "Assuming latin1.")
        return 'latin1'

    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
        m = re.compile(r"\((\d+)\)").search(str(exception.args))
        c = m.group(1)
        if c:
            return int(c)
        else:
            return None

dialect = MySQLDialect_pyodbc

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


After fighting a request for information for several months, the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) responded to a subpoena from Rep. Lamar Smith (R-TX), chairman of the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology.
David Schnare, general counsel of the Energy and Environment Legal Institute, which has sued several federal agencies in recent years to force the disclosure of information they used to formulate regulations, criticized NOAA's reluctance to comply with Smith's request.
"NOAA's refusal to disclose the public records sought by Congress demonstrates two problems in this nation today," Schnare said. "First, alarmist climate scientists have replaced independent, unbiased science with a policy agenda. Second, this fact would be exposed if their actual informal communications became public.


Jimmy Heartburn I heard this two years ago at a record shop in Reykjavik. Great tune. Now if only Fræbbblarnir would get their discography on bandcamp!
Get all 6 Vonbrigði releases available on Bandcamp and save 25%.
Includes unlimited streaming via the free Bandcamp app, plus high-quality downloads of Guðfræði, Ó Reykjavík, Kakófónía, Eðli Annara, Tapir, and Hanagal. , and , .


text:
Tempe Beach Park and Tempe Town Lake Directions
United States Arizona Phoenix
All Phoenix
Judy Hedding
Judy Hedding is a Phoenix resident and has written more than 1,000 articles about Greater Phoenix and Arizona since 2000.
TripSavvy / Jackson Vance
Tempe Beach Park and Tempe Town Lake are adjacent to one another, located in downtown Tempe, Arizona, not far from Downtown Phoenix and Sky Harbor International Airport. You can take a tour of Tempe Town Lake on a Segway or rent various kinds of personal watercraft for some urban recreation.
The address of the Tempe Town Lake Operations Center and Marina (north side of the lake) is 620 N. Mill Avenue.
The address for Tempe Beach Park (south side of the lake) is 80 W Rio Salado Pkwy.
Tempe City Hall is just a few short blocks away at 31 East 5th Street.
Directions to Tempe Town Lake / Tempe Beach Park
South Bank - Tempe Beach Park - Tempe Beach Park at Tempe Town Lake is where many of the events, concerts, and festivals are held. The amphitheater is on the south bank. Tempe Beach Park is on the Rio Salado Parkway. From the Loop 202 (Red Mountain Freeway) you can exit at either Priest (west side) or Rural (east side) and travel south to the Rio Salado Parkway.
North Bank - Town Lake Marina - You'll want to get to the north bank if you want to launch a boat or use the pedestrian, biking, and skating pathways located on the north side of Tempe Town Lake. The operations center is located on this side. Take the Loop 202 (Red Mountain Freeway) east to the Priest/Center Parkway exit. Exit north (left), cross the freeway overpass and turn east (right) on Washington Street. Look for the Marquee Theater on the south side of the road, and go into that parking lot to find the Operations Center under the freeway.
Parking - Parking at Tempe Town Lake can be confusing. There are some free lots and some pay lots, and of course, any spot you can find in downtown Tempe around Mill Avenue. You can also park on the north bank, where the parking is usually free, and walk across the bridge to the south bank. Specifics about parking lots and garages nearby can be found at the Downtown Tempe website.
Directions to Downtown Tempe and Mill Avenue
Mill Avenue is a vibrant area in Downtown Tempe. Restaurants, nightlife, shops, and Sun Devil Stadium are are all part of the Mill Avenue downtown district in Tempe. Many popular events are held on Mill Avenue, including the semi-annual Tempe Festival of the Arts, Tempe Festival of Lights Parade, the Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl, and the New Year's Eve Celebration. Also within a few blocks is the main Arizona State University campus, including ASU Gammage.
From Sky Harbor International Airport - Take Loop 202 (Red Mountain Freeway) and exit at Priest Drive. Turn south (right) on Priest, east (left) on Rio Salado Parkway, and then south (right on) Mill Avenue.
From the southeast - Take the Price Freeway 101 Loop north to the Red Mountain Freeway Loop 202. Go west on the 202 toward Phoenix. Exit at Rural Road and make a left (south) to Rio Salado Parkway. Make a right (west) on Rio Salado to Mill Avenue and make a left (south).
Or take US60 Superstition Freeway to Mill Avenue exit. Drive south on Mill Avenue.
From the south - Take I-10 west towards Phoenix. Exit at 143 Hohokam Expy, and take that to the University Exit. Go east (right) on University to Mill Avenue and make a left (north) on Mill.
From the north - Take SR51 to the Loop 202 Red Mountain Freeway. Go east on the 202. Exit at Priest Road and make a right (south) to Rio Salado Parkway. Make a left (east) on Rio Salado to Mill Avenue and make a right (south).
Take Valley Metro Light Rail
Downtown Tempe, Tempe Beach Park, and Tempe Town Lake are accessible by light rail. The closest station is Mill Avenue and Third Street.
Get to Know Tempe Center for the Arts in Phoenix
Tempe, Arizona Neighborhood Profile
From Dinghies to Speedboats: Tempe's Holiday Boat Parade
Boating in Tempe, Arizona? You Betcha!
You'll Want to Know! Phoenix Light Rail Facts and Trivia
Tempe Big Event: Ironman Triathlon
Find Directions to Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport
Ooh! Aah! It's a Fantasy of Lights in Downtown Tempe
The 9 Best Tempe, Arizona Hotels of 2020
A Phoenix Amusement Park for the Little Ones
Stunning Desert Beauty at Desert Botanical Garden
Tips for Visiting Arizona Spring Training Stadiums
Don't Need a Golf Course or a Spa? These Hotels May Be Just Right
How to Enjoy the Oldest Water Park in Phoenix
Where Kids Can Cool off in Phoenix
Driving in Arizona: What to Know Before You Go


Abstract Background Perkinsus marinus, a protozoan parasite of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, has devastated natural and farmed oyster populations along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. It is classified as a member of the Perkinsozoa, a recently established phylum considered close to the ancestor of ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans, and a key taxon for understanding unique adaptations (e.g. parasitism) within the Alveolata. Despite intense parasite pressure, no disease-resistant oysters have been identified and no effective therapies have been developed to date. Results To gain insight into the biological basis of the parasite's virulence and pathogenesis mechanisms, and to identify genes encoding potential targets for intervention, we generated >31,000 5' expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from four trophozoite libraries generated from two P. marinus strains. Trimming and clustering of the sequence tags yielded 7,863 unique sequences, some of which carry a spliced leader. Similarity searches revealed that 55% of these had hits in protein sequence databases, of which 1,729 had their best hit with proteins from the chromalveolates (E-value ≤ 1e-5). Some sequences are similar to those proven to be targets for effective intervention in other protozoan parasites, and include not only proteases, antioxidant enzymes, and heat shock proteins, but also those associated with relict plastids, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase and methyl erythrithol phosphate pathway components, and those involved in glycan assembly, protein folding/secretion, and parasite-host interactions. Conclusions Our transcriptome analysis of P. marinus, the first for any member of the Perkinsozoa, contributes new insight into its biology and taxonomic position. It provides a very informative, albeit preliminary, glimpse into the expression of genes encoding functionally relevant proteins as potential targets for chemotherapy, and evidence for the presence of a relict plastid. Further, although P. marinus sequences display significant similarity to those from both apicomplexans and dinoflagellates, the presence of trans-spliced transcripts confirms the previously established affinities with the latter. The EST analysis reported herein, together with the recently completed sequence of the P. marinus genome and the development of transfection methodology, should result in improved intervention strategies against dermo disease.


text:
FBI met weekly with Big Tech ahead of the 2020 election, agent testifies
JUDGE SAYS FBI AGENT CAN BE DEPOSED FOR ALLEGEDLY WORKING WITH META TO BURY HUNTER BIDEN LAPTOP STORY
C.R Holbrook.
By Brianna Herlihy| Fox News
California GOP Chairwoman Jessica Millan Patterson and Fox News contributor Richard Fowler discuss Elon Musk vowing to return free speech to Twitter and the White House's reaction on 'Fox News @ Night.'
EXCLUSIVE – An FBI agent testified to Republican attorneys general this week that the FBI held weekly meetings with Big Tech companies in Silicon Valley ahead of the 2020 presidential election to discuss "disinformation" on social media and ask about efforts to censor that information.
On Tuesday, lawyers from the offices of Attorneys General Eric Schmitt of Missouri and Jeff Landry of Louisiana deposed FBI Supervisory Special Agent Elvis Chan as part of their lawsuit against the Biden administration. That suit accuses high-ranking government officials of working with giant social media companies "under the guise of combating misinformation" to achieve greater censorship.
Chan, who serves in the FBI's San Francisco bureau, was questioned under oath by court order about his alleged "critical role" in "coordinating with social-media platforms relating to censorship and suppression of speech on their platforms."
During the deposition, Chan said that he, along with the FBI's Foreign Influence Task Force and senior Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency officials, had weekly meetings with major social media companies to warn against Russian disinformation attempts ahead of the 2020 election, according to a source in the Missouri attorney general's office.
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said the FBI came to his company to warn about Russian "disinformation." (Reuters)
Those meetings were initially quarterly, then monthly, then weekly heading into the presidential election between former President Donald Trump and now President Biden. According to a source, Chan testified that in those multiple, separate meetings, the FBI warned the social media companies that there could be potentially Russian "hack and dump" or "hack and leak" operations.
In their complaint, the GOP AGs noted an Aug. 26 podcast episode of "The Joe Rogan Experience," in which Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg stated that "the FBI basically came to us" and told Facebook to be "on high alert" relating to "a lot of Russian propaganda." Zuckerberg added that the FBI said "there's about to be some kind of dump… that's similar to that, so just be vigilant."
As noted in the complaint, Zuckerberg stated, "If the FBI… if they come to us and tell us we need to be on guard about something, then I want to take that seriously." Zuckerberg said he could not recall if the FBI specifically flagged the Hunter Biden laptop story as Russian disinformation, but said that the story "basically fit the pattern" that the FBI had identified.
"On information and belief, the FBI's reference to a 'dump' of information was a specific reference to the contents of Hunter Biden's laptop, which was already in the FBI's possession," the complaint said.
Two GOP attorneys general are probing whether Big Tech companies were pressured into censoring information about Hunter Biden's laptop. (Drew Angerer/Getty Images)
According to the complaint, pursuant to a third-party subpoena, Meta identified the FBI's Foreign Interference Task Force and Chan as involved in the communications between the FBI and Meta that led to Facebook's suppression of the Hunter Biden laptop story.
A Louisiana federal judge ordered Chan's deposition on Nov. 14. "Chan had authority over cybersecurity issues for the FBI in the San Francisco, California region which includes the headquarters of major social-media platforms and played a critical role for the FBI in coordinating with social-media platforms related to censorship," Judge Terry A. Doughty wrote in his court order.
LAWSUIT FILED AGAINST BIDEN, TOP OFFICIALS FOR 'COLLUDING' WITH BIG TECH TO CENSOR SPEECH ON HUNTER, COVID
"Even if Chan played no role in the Hunter Biden laptop communication issue, he may have knowledge of who did, and his deposition is nonetheless warranted," the judge said. "If Chan played no role in the suppression of the Hunter Biden laptop story, then such information will be made clear in his deposition."
Fox News Digital also learned that, according to Chan's testimony, the FBI regularly sends social media companies lists of internet URLs and social media accounts that should be taken down because they are "disinformation" from "malign foreign influence operations." The FBI then inquires whether the platforms have taken down the content. On many occasions, the platforms take down the accounts flagged by the FBI.
"It's clear from Tuesday's deposition that the FBI has an extremely close role in working to censor freedom of speech," said Missouri Attorney General Eric Schmitt. (Kent Nishimura / Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)
"Since filing our lawsuit, we've uncovered troves of discovery that show a massive 'censorship enterprise,'" Attorney General Eric Schmitt told Fox News Digital. "Now, we're deposing top government officials, and we're one of the first to get a look under the hood — the information we've uncovered through those depositions has been shocking to say the least. It's clear from Tuesday's deposition that the FBI has an extremely close role in working to censor freedom of speech."
"Americans should be angered that during the 2020 election cycle, federal agencies peddled information that has since been disproven," Attorney General Jeff Landry told Fox News Digital.
"No American should be censored by the government," he added.
Chan and the FBI did not immediately respond to Fox News' request for comment.
In this article:election tampering, FBI, Social Media
Bulldog Regional/Local
Beechwood Independent Schools teacher being investigated for having sex with students Identified
Kentucky State Police have confirmed they are conducting an investigation into the allegations
National NewsApril 4, 2022
EXCLUSIVE: What WASN'T in Hunter Biden's book: How he got unauthorized Secret Service protection
Also , Begged Joe To Run For WH To Salvage His Own Reputation And Made Porn Films With Prostitutes. Forensic Experts Prove Laptop IS...
News 2April 8, 2021
Huge crowd attends Freedom Fest In KY – Kimberly Guilfoyle, Tomi Lahren, Eric "The Bulldog" Deters Speak
By Mark Hansel Bulldog Report managing editor The inaugural Freedom Fest in Morning View, Kentucky, drew a crowd of thousands to the farm of...
National NewsSeptember 13, 2021
Breaking News on vax Mandate battle between greater Cincinnati Health Care Providers and employees: Video
Letter from St. E doctors and other healthcare professionals expresses strong opposition to mandate Deters law has received a copy of a letter from...
National NewsSeptember 1, 2021


One of the best things that came from my time on the Bolaven Plateau (motor bike loop) was my time spent with Mr. Hook and his family in the village of Kok Phoung Tai. In Laos there are over 100 ethnic groups and in this particular village I had a pleasure of interacting with the beautiful Katu people.
I arrived at the village on April 13th with plans to stay only for one night. However, Pi Mai (Lao New Year) was a couple of days away and I thought it would be much more interesting to experience it with the locals. My total stay turned into a three night stay surrounded by a family of thirty-four, including more than fifteen children, and I loved every minute of it.
There are a few more traditions that are kept during the Lao New Year celebration, but these were the ones I had the pleasure of experiencing first hand. I put together a video capturing some of my highlights during my time at Captain Hook's Coffee Plantation and Homestay, I hope you enjoy.


Last call for 9 and 11 year old Players.
Home / News / Last call for 9 and 11 year old Players.
We still have some spaces left in our 9 and 11 year age groups.
Come on down and join in the fun!
NetSetGo age groups (6 – 10 years of age) have a separate registration page so please choose the correct registration option listed below.
You will need your Login ID and password.
Please note that for NETSETGO registration, if you have played for multiple clubs/associations the registration process will allow you to register for these other clubs/associations.
Please ensure you SELECT West Pymble to register with the correct forms.
Well, what a first day of netball. It's the first time in our memory that games have been cancelled on day 1. We had rain, sun, wind and even a bit of light hail.
But that didn't stop our umpires from shining.
Ture to their promise, the KNA Umpiring committee were out in force looking at all the umpires and badging those they felt were ready.
Congratulations, a fantastic effort for day 1.
West Pymble Netball Club shared a post.
ALL games at Lofberg netball courts have been cancelled.
Further updates will be posted if required.