text:
package org.wildfly.extension.elytron;

import static org.jboss.as.controller.descriptions.ModelDescriptionConstants.OP_ADDR;
import static org.wildfly.extension.elytron.CertificateChainAttributeDefinitions.getNamedCertificateList;
import static org.wildfly.extension.elytron.CertificateChainAttributeDefinitions.writeCertificates;
import static org.wildfly.extension.elytron.ElytronExtension.ISO_8601_FORMAT;
import static org.wildfly.extension.elytron._private.ElytronSubsystemMessages.ROOT_LOGGER;

import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.Principal;
import java.security.cert.CertificateEncodingException;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.function.BiConsumer;

import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLPeerUnverifiedException;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLSession;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLSessionContext;

import org.jboss.as.controller.OperationFailedException;
import org.jboss.as.controller.PathAddress;
import org.jboss.as.controller.PathElement;
import org.jboss.as.controller.SimpleAttributeDefinition;
import org.jboss.as.controller.SimpleAttributeDefinitionBuilder;
import org.jboss.as.controller.SimpleOperationDefinition;
import org.jboss.as.controller.SimpleOperationDefinitionBuilder;
import org.jboss.as.controller.SimpleResourceDefinition;
import org.jboss.as.controller.descriptions.ResourceDescriptionResolver;
import org.jboss.as.controller.registry.ManagementResourceRegistration;
import org.jboss.as.controller.registry.OperationEntry;
import org.jboss.dmr.ModelNode;
import org.jboss.dmr.ModelType;
import org.wildfly.security.util.ByteIterator;

/**
 * A resource definition to represent a currently established SSL session.
 *
 * @author Darran Lofthouse
 */
class SSLSessionDefinition extends SimpleResourceDefinition {

    private static final SimpleAttributeDefinition APPLICATION_BUFFER_SIZE = new SimpleAttributeDefinitionBuilder(ElytronDescriptionConstants.APPLICATION_BUFFER_SIZE, ModelType.INT)
            .setStorageRuntime()
            .build();

    private static final SimpleAttributeDefinition CIPHER_SUITE = new SimpleAttributeDefinitionBuilder(ElytronDescriptionConstants.CIPHER_SUITE, ModelType.STRING)
            .setStorageRuntime()
            .build();

    private static final SimpleAttributeDefinition CREATION_TIME = new SimpleAttributeDefinitionBuilder(ElytronDescriptionConstants.CREATION_TIME, ModelType.STRING)
            .setStorageRuntime()
            .build();

    private static final SimpleAttributeDefinition LAST_ACCESSED_TIME = new SimpleAttributeDefinitionBuilder(ElytronDescriptionConstants.LAST_ACCESSED_TIME, ModelType.STRING)
            .setStorageRuntime()
            .build();

    private static final SimpleAttributeDefinition LOCAL_PRINCIPAL = new SimpleAttributeDefinitionBuilder(ElytronDescriptionConstants.LOCAL_PRINCIPAL, ModelType.STRING)
            .setStorageRuntime()
            .build();

    private static final SimpleAttributeDefinition PACKET_BUFFER_SIZE = new SimpleAttributeDefinitionBuilder(ElytronDescriptionConstants.PACKET_BUFFER_SIZE, ModelType.INT)
            .setStorageRuntime()
            .build();

    private static final SimpleAttributeDefinition PEER_HOST = new SimpleAttributeDefinitionBuilder(ElytronDescriptionConstants.PEER_HOST, ModelType.STRING)
            .setStorageRuntime()
            .build();

    private static final SimpleAttributeDefinition PEER_PORT = new SimpleAttributeDefinitionBuilder(ElytronDescriptionConstants.PEER_PORT, ModelType.INT)
            .setStorageRuntime()
            .build();

    private static final SimpleAttributeDefinition PEER_PRINCIPAL = new SimpleAttributeDefinitionBuilder(ElytronDescriptionConstants.PEER_PRINCIPAL, ModelType.STRING)
            .setStorageRuntime()
            .build();

    private static final SimpleAttributeDefinition PROTOCOL = new SimpleAttributeDefinitionBuilder(ElytronDescriptionConstants.PROTOCOL, ModelType.STRING)
            .setStorageRuntime()
            .build();

    private static final SimpleAttributeDefinition VALID = new SimpleAttributeDefinitionBuilder(ElytronDescriptionConstants.VALID, ModelType.BOOLEAN)
            .setStorageRuntime()
            .build();

    private static final ResourceDescriptionResolver RESOURCE_DESCRIPTION_RESOLVER = ElytronExtension.getResourceDescriptionResolver(ElytronDescriptionConstants.SERVER_SSL_CONTEXT, ElytronDescriptionConstants.SSL_SESSION);

    private static final SimpleOperationDefinition INVALIDATE = new SimpleOperationDefinitionBuilder(ElytronDescriptionConstants.INVALIDATE, RESOURCE_DESCRIPTION_RESOLVER)
            .build();

    private boolean server;

    SSLSessionDefinition(boolean server) {
        super(new Parameters(PathElement.pathElement(ElytronDescriptionConstants.SSL_SESSION), RESOURCE_DESCRIPTION_RESOLVER)
            .setAddRestartLevel(OperationEntry.Flag.RESTART_NONE)
            .setRemoveRestartLevel(OperationEntry.Flag.RESTART_RESOURCE_SERVICES)
            .setRuntime());
        this.server = server;
    }

    @Override
    public void registerAttributes(ManagementResourceRegistration resourceRegistration) {
        resourceRegistration.registerReadOnlyAttribute(APPLICATION_BUFFER_SIZE, new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler((ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> r.set(s.getApplicationBufferSize())));
        resourceRegistration.registerReadOnlyAttribute(CIPHER_SUITE, new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler((ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> r.set(s.getCipherSuite())));
        resourceRegistration.registerReadOnlyAttribute(CREATION_TIME, new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler(
                (ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> r.set(new SimpleDateFormat(ISO_8601_FORMAT).format(new Date(s.getCreationTime())))));
        resourceRegistration.registerReadOnlyAttribute(LAST_ACCESSED_TIME, new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler(
                (ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> r.set(new SimpleDateFormat(ISO_8601_FORMAT).format(new Date(s.getLastAccessedTime())))));
        resourceRegistration.registerReadOnlyAttribute(getNamedCertificateList(ElytronDescriptionConstants.LOCAL_CERTIFICATES),
                new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler((ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> {
                    try {
                        writeCertificates(r, s.getLocalCertificates());
                    } catch (CertificateEncodingException | NoSuchAlgorithmException ignored) {
                    }
                }));
        resourceRegistration.registerReadOnlyAttribute(LOCAL_PRINCIPAL, new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler((ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> {
                    Principal p = s.getLocalPrincipal();
                    if (p != null) {
                        r.set(p.toString());
                    }
        }));
        resourceRegistration.registerReadOnlyAttribute(PACKET_BUFFER_SIZE, new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler((ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> r.set(s.getPacketBufferSize())));
        resourceRegistration.registerReadOnlyAttribute(getNamedCertificateList(ElytronDescriptionConstants.PEER_CERTIFICATES),
                new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler((ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> {
                    try {
                        writeCertificates(r, s.getPeerCertificates());
                    } catch (CertificateEncodingException | NoSuchAlgorithmException | SSLPeerUnverifiedException ignored) {
                    }
                }));
        resourceRegistration.registerReadOnlyAttribute(PEER_HOST, new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler((ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> r.set(s.getPeerHost())));
        resourceRegistration.registerReadOnlyAttribute(PEER_PORT, new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler((ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> r.set(s.getPeerPort())));
        resourceRegistration.registerReadOnlyAttribute(PEER_PRINCIPAL, new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler((ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> {
                    try {
                        Principal p = s.getPeerPrincipal();
                        if (p != null) {
                            r.set(p.toString());
                        }
                    } catch (SSLPeerUnverifiedException ignored) {}
        }));
        resourceRegistration.registerReadOnlyAttribute(PROTOCOL, new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler((ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> r.set(s.getProtocol())));
        resourceRegistration.registerReadOnlyAttribute(VALID, new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler((ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> r.set(s.isValid())));
    }

    @Override
    public void registerOperations(ManagementResourceRegistration resourceRegistration) {
        super.registerOperations(resourceRegistration);
        resourceRegistration.registerOperationHandler(INVALIDATE, new SSLSessionRuntimeHandler((ModelNode r, SSLSession s) -> s.invalidate()));
    }

    class SSLSessionRuntimeHandler extends SSLDefinitions.SSLContextRuntimeHandler {

        private final BiConsumer<ModelNode, SSLSession> biConsumer;

        SSLSessionRuntimeHandler(BiConsumer<ModelNode, SSLSession> biConsumer) {
            this.biConsumer = biConsumer;
        }
        @Override
        protected void performRuntime(ModelNode result, ModelNode operation, SSLContext sslContext) throws OperationFailedException {
            SSLSessionContext sslSessionContext = server ? sslContext.getServerSessionContext() : sslContext.getClientSessionContext();
            SSLSession sslSession = sslSessionContext.getSession(sessionId(operation));
            if (sslSession != null) {
                performRuntime(result, operation, sslSession);
            }
        }

        protected void performRuntime(ModelNode result, ModelNode operation, SSLSession sslSession) throws OperationFailedException {
            biConsumer.accept(result, sslSession);
        }

        @Override
        protected ServiceUtil<SSLContext> getSSLContextServiceUtil() {
            return server ? SSLDefinitions.SERVER_SERVICE_UTIL : SSLDefinitions.CLIENT_SERVICE_UTIL;
        }
    }

    private static byte[] sessionId(ModelNode operation) {
        PathAddress pa = PathAddress.pathAddress(operation.require(OP_ADDR));
        for (int i = pa.size() - 1; i > 0; i--) {
            PathElement pe = pa.getElement(i);
            if (ElytronDescriptionConstants.SSL_SESSION.equals(pe.getKey())) {
                return ByteIterator.ofBytes(pe.getValue().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)).hexDecode().drain();
            }
        }

        throw ROOT_LOGGER.operationAddressMissingKey(ElytronDescriptionConstants.SSL_SESSION);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


There are millions of individuals out there that are suffering from coronary coronary heart illness or some other form of coronary heart illness. Are you one of those millions that are now struggling from the illness? Have you experienced a heart assault?
Besides becoming nicely versed on nutrition he is also a bodybuilder. He has written about exercise plans for the beach physique, the belly body fat, and workouts for the more than 40 group.
I don't need to exercise if I consume don't eat that many calories. Wrong. Exercise is not only good for your heart, but it boosts your metabolic process. You have a two-pronged assault if you reduce down your over-sized lunch and exercise. Not only that, but by eating less food, you'll trick your physique into reducing your metabolism. You don't want to do that.
Finally, with lifting weights you want to do workouts which are tried and accurate and gained't squander your time. Focus on presses, curls, rows, squats, and other previous college exercises which have proven effective throughout the many years. You can use some machines, but don't make them the centerpiece of your exercises.
The supper menu at nine 75 is a accurate eclectic mix. You can select from the raw bar, exactly where items variety from oysters for $3.00 on up to $14.00 for blackened yellowfish tuna. Then you can pick a little plate this kind of as popcorn shrimp for $8.00, goat cheese ravioli for $9.00 or chipotle lobster tacos for $12.00 then add on what you want from the this and that section like lavs guide for $5.00, sauteed seasonal mushrooms for $7.00 or grilled asparagus for $8.00.
You will discover this fascinating especially if you appreciate your eating excursions. Like my friend who is not a quick food junkie but has a granddaughter that enjoys eating out. When he is watching his excess weight is when the granddaughter tempts him with her wishes to consume something not always healthy. How can he resist?
Before bed, consume high fat and protein food. Nicely, if you're not aware, nutritional body fat is a very slow procedure for digesting. When you're heading to bed, you'll probably sleep 8hrs, so you need the protein to final all evening. The higher fat and protein mix will permit your digestion to sluggish enough to keep your muscle tissues to have enough nutrition to final the entire night.
Belly fat is hard to get rid of with out good guidance. Bodybuilding without great nutrition is just bruising your muscles with extremely little outcomes. Those of you more than forty have to appear at the concept of reduced impact higher depth exercises that build muscle faster. If you truly appear at your self you could probably use assist in all three areas particularly if you are prone to higher blood pressure and other cardio vascular illnesses.


"Fado Chic" had its 1st edition in 2014 and brought to Chamusca (supported by the municipality) the singers Rodrigo Costa Félix, Ana Maria Bobone, Marco Rodrigues and still Fado Chamusquense with local artists.
This year takes place the 3rd edition, runs from March until November. The attractive poster brings together singers Filipa Cardoso and Carolina, two voices that make the actuality of fado in Portugal, accompanied by instruments Luis Guerrero, Pedro Pinhal and Didi, family attendance at Adega Machado. Even the voices, Isabel Noronha and Yola Dinis, more familiar could not be.


TIP! Try making a group as an alternative to creating a page. Groups are like little communities where your fans can interact together.
Since social media has become so popular, it is no wonder why many people have been using Facebook for marketing. You should know some things before starting if this type of marketing interests you. Read this article to learn about it.
TIP! The custom audiences feature allows you to upload an existing email contacts for your customer base and target ads towards them. This is a good way to improve your conversion ratio and reduce what you spend to develop your campaign.
An excellent Facebook marketing tool is contests; therefore, you should utilize it. When a person likes your page, they can enter a drawing to win a great prize. If you do offer a cash or gift prize, though, make sure it is actually awarded. Be honest in business, of course.
TIP! Consider carefully before you promote your business on someone else's page. Posting on another page gets attention.
Give away free items to loyal or potential customers. Offer these free items to those who subscribe to your page. Make your winners viewable to maintain the legitimacy of your contest.
TIP! If you have a company that doesn't have a lot of customers all the time, like a car dealership, then you don't need to get a business page on Facebook. Your customers will want to read your posts everyday on Facebook.
When you publish something on your website or other social media accounts, link to it from your Facebook page. If you publish a blog, configure Facebook to automatically include a link and summary of your post. Link your Twitter and Facebook pages to have your tweets posted on your page.
TIP! Have your fans participate in decisions about your company. Folks like feeling as though they are part of the process.
Consider creating a Facebook group rather than just a page. Creating a group on Facebook will make other people more likely to start a community with each other where they can interact. You can also use a group and a page so subscribers can share their content via your group and they can get updates via your page.
TIP! Keep your audience as informed as possible regarding your products and services offered. This is not to say that you should post multiple times per day, but regular updating is important.
Learn how to build a fan base. Having an excess of 5,000 fans is best. After you have developed a fan base, you can begin marketing your products by increasing your investment.
TIP! When studying Facebook marketing, make sure to look up negative tips and reports as well as positive ones. You don't have to look too far to find the examples you need.
Remember the customers you already have. Many times, people only pay attention to getting more likes and followers and they sometimes neglect the followers they already have. You have to respect your audience if you want to be successful with Facebook marketing. Communication leads to a great relationship with your customers.
TIP! Speak with others through your Facebook page. You should encourage conversation.
A Facebook advertisement can be a good investment. Your ad can be customized so that people in a specific age group or gender can see it. Your budget can be your guide. Finally, you don't have to commit long-term. Your ad can be taken down at any time.
TIP! Encourage people to share content with others they know. Give them a reason to by offering them something of value for sharing your updates with the people on their friend lists.
Make sure to give someone incentive if they "like" your page. These "likes" can bring new attention to the Facebook page. Think about offering something that is free and exclusive when they "Like" your page. It could be a sweepstakes of some kind or a free sample. If you are offering them something that they want, they probably won't think twice about the quick click of a button.
TIP! Remember that a large subscriber base does not always mean a successful campaign. Try to focus on those users who are more likely to actually become customers or pass your content on to their social circle.
If your need for customer interaction is not a regular thing, then a Facebook page will not be of benefit. Your customers appear randomly, so there's no reason for them to follow all your daily posts. You should definitely be focusing on targeted Facebook ads.
TIP! You may find it necessary to hire someone to manage your Facebook campaign. In order to succeed with Facebook marketing, it is crucial that your page is properly maintained.
The idea of marketing on Facebook is to get more business for your company. That means you need to set goals based on sales increases. Although achieving many page likes is good, if you cannot get these likes to translate into sales, this does not matter. Look at your results and make tweaks to your strategy if you do not make what you expect.
Define why you need a Facebook page. From a business standpoint, you should always be actively promoting yourself and your products on your page. Is your goal to communicate with your customer? Do you want clients to talk to you? Using Facebook to grow your customer base is different from using it to retain and promote loyalty among existing customers.
TIP! You can promote sales and gain friends at the same time on Facebook. You may utilize coupons as a way to attract newer friends and promotional offers as a way to maintain relationships with existing ones.
Try responding to every comment you receive. This includes those you get in your inbox and those you see on your page. It will be surprisingly time-consuming, but it will pay off big in customer support and satisfaction.
TIP! While you may not get results overnight, that's no reason to give up. It takes time for any marketing campaign to work and Facebook is no exception.
Keep your profile updated. If anything changes within your business, be sure you change it on your profile page. Updated your page constantly is useful to customers wishing to learn more about what you do. You may even decide to change things around on your profile page; this will keep people coming back to see what you have going on.
TIP! Include all of your customers when celebrating business milestones on Facebook. A brief "thank you" message to your friends list is appropriate, as is a little bit of celebration on your primary website.
TIP! If you have a site besides Facebook, add a plug-in for Facebook. Some blogging platforms let you integrate this element very easily but you should be able to find the code to add a Facebook plug-in to your site in your settings.
Ask your followers to share your page with friends. Offering an incentive such as a discount when they share will help you gain more subscribers. A coupon code can be given if they share your update with their friends.
TIP! It takes time for a successful Facebook campaign to develop and yield results. Marketing campaigns usually take a bit of time to show signs of success.
Do not neglect the power that event sharing can have for your business when using Facebook. For instance, when you go to trade shows, you might want to develop an event that explains it to followers and can help you garner more "likes." Facebook can help remind everyone of the events for you.
TIP! Facebook contests aren't for increasing fans, they're for building loyalty. Whatever fans you get from a contest may not be very engaged and will probably be short-lived.
For best results, hire a dedicated employee to tend to your Facebook and other social media accounts. Daily status updates and other content will remind customers why they patronize your business. What is even better is that users can share your posts with their friends as well.
TIP! The better your connection with your customers, the more they will trust you. This is a general marketing concept that is definitely valuable and pertinent to Facebook.
If others will be posting on your Facebook page, be sure there is consistency. Your campaign should be consistent yet open to change in order to be successful. Prepare updates very week and go over them with your colleagues.
TIP! Though you should make a Facebook posting roughly every day, you should take care not to go overboard. If you post too much, people might feel overwhelmed.
Make sure there is a Facebook plugin for your site. Certain blogging platforms make is easy to implement a Facebook plug-in, but you may have to search for the code. The plug-in displays a link that leads to your page, your latest updates, or your subscriber list.
TIP! Try not to bombard your customers with sales messages. People want to purchase things of their own free will, without feeling pressure.
You can probably tell it's not hard to use Facebook to help get customers interested in your products and services. Always keep in mind that it will take some time to bring success. Exercise patience and use all the tips you've learned here to your advantage.


International producer and DJ, ADAM SKY, is one of the most charted and supported artists in Asia. Originally from Australia, ADAM is one of the few DJ's and Producers in Asia with signings to mega labels such as Ultra Records and Armada Music, along with a handful of other marque house labels, and has chalked up more Top 100 charted tracks than any other Asia based DJ and producer in recent years. No stranger to the global clubbing circuit, ADAM SKY, is a regular in the international club and festival circuit scene and now one of the most supported electronic dance music artists in the region, gaining support from industry heavy weights such as Afrojack, UMEK, David Guetta, R3HAB, Chuckie, MAKJ, Laurent Garnier, Fedde Le Grand, Laidback Luke and many more.
He is the host of a globally syndicated radio show, The Guestlist, with over a million monthly listeners which features regular guests such as Afrojack, MAKJ, Tommy Trash, Timmy Trumpet, BlasterJaxx and many more it's no surprise ADAM SKY was labelled by JUICE Magazine Asia as the up and coming 'Aussie regional superstar DJ'. Previously known as "MODIUM", he has stamped his name at some of the world's leading festivals and night clubs, including a raft of Asia based DJ MAG Top 100 ranked clubs, and holds down several residences around the region. Regularly touring and sharing the stage alongside names such as Paul Oakenfold, Nick Warren, Fat Boy Slim, Will Sparks, Tenishia, Borgeous, Sander Kleinenberg, Seb Fontaine, Daddy's Groove and many more, it is clear why he is one of the most sought after artists within Asia today.


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text:
Do Gooders
There may be individuals in the group who perform in socially proper ways in the group and are still disruptive. Members who fill this category are labelled do-gooders. A do-gooder's behaviour is usually evident through his desire to give advice to others, to help members plan what they should do, or through exaggerated assistance in helping another member or the therapist to achieve. Such do-gooders may be repeating manipulative behaviour patterns that led them to earlier difficulties in life, or so that they may become gods to the receivers of such help, who then fail to fulfil the desires of the do-gooder.
In a sense, all the behaviours listed in this article can be considered forms of individual resistance. The silent member, the member who singles out a scapegoat, the do-gooder and others may, in one way or another be attempting to impede the group's progress because of personal fears that they will be subjected to unpleasant experiences in the group.
As might be expected, resistance to personal exploration is most common during early sessions where cohesiveness and trust are minimal. The group experience may be novel to most who participate and the fear of the unknown is to be expected. As the group develops and trust and cohesiveness emerge, the initial fears tend to dissipate and resistance will become less of a problem. The important thing for the therapist to remember is that early and sharp probing will tend to increase resistance and perhaps destroy the group. Groups need time to develop and grow, and unnecessary haste can destroy the group and cause individual harm.
There is a leadership-by-default technique in which the therapist responds to initial tensions in the group by turning back questions. Since in his thinking, initial questions are authority-ridden and reflect members' wishes to be led, the trainer simply invites the speaker to give him his own answer in a warm but firm reply–"let me hear what you think about this." This approach is effective in helping group members become aware that they must handle their own problems.
Therapists can employ a number of resistance-reducing techniques that have been found useful:
Assurance: The therapist expresses approval or agreement to the group or to an individual member. The approval is usually intended to encourage the group of individual member.
Humour: The therapist eases the tension with a humorous remark. This may be done when, in the therapist's opinion, the group tension is too high for optimal functioning.
Objective Materials: The therapist uses material- a story or a poem–to promote discussion. This technique is probably more effective with children's groups.
Personal Reference: Personal references are a means for the therapist to insert his own personality into the group–"I feel that…" "I think that…", "It seems to me…"
Non personal Anecdote: The use of the experience of another person to illustrate a point.
Member Responses as Springboards: The therapist follows a group member's lead and uses it to involve other group members in the discussion. "Joan says she's still not sure what' we're doing here. I wonder if others are unsure too?"
Like other techniques, none of these produce instant magic. Yet if timed properly, they are useful during the early stages of group life.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Wild and clever, Maggie Tulliver struggles with Victorian society's stifling conventions. Denied the opportunities offered to her adored brother, Tom, she desperately tries to reconcile her thirst for knowledge with her family's expectations. She strikes up a close friendship with Phillip Wakem, son of a local lawyer, but their fathers become embroiled in a bitter legal dispute that only the prosperous Wakem can win, and the Tullivers find fate dealing them the first harsh hand of many. But then, Maggie meets a passionate man who loves her for her wit, intelligence and sensuality and her true nature threatens to erupt . .


Whether it was me sulking around the house and my mom offering an olive branch in the form of some flaky French pastry, or me apologizing for being a brat via fresh made pasta, the one thing that could do no wrong in our family was having dinner together.
Without fail, every night we would gather around the table in high spirits. And, as I watched my mother painstakingly assemble meals, I grew to understand that even if my mother wasn't the most emotive person, she showed her love through whatever she spooned onto our plates.
For us, food was peaceful communication, and the love and effort my parents put into feeding my sister and I, profoundly impacted the way I perceive meals and eating today.
Meals have never been something I do to keep me full, they're an opportunity to be creative and have fun. They're a way to find common ground with strangers and friends alike, because everyone, at some point, has to eat.
Meals and the process of cooking can form deep bonds; they can mend relationships and begin new ones. A good meal, and the dinner table it's served on, is how you get to know people (and sometimes pets) to show them you care.
In short, if you want to be sure someone likes, and dare I say loves you, wait for a dinner invite.


The login timeout for this server's default regular (non-SSL) listen port. This is the maximum amount of time allowed for a new connection to establish.
A value of 0 indicates there is no maximum.
<Mar 17, 2019 8:38:54 PM CST> <Critical> <WebLogicServer> <BEA-000386> <Server subsystem failed. Reason: java.lang.AssertionError: Could not obtain the localhost address. The most likely cause is an error in the network configuration of this machine.


I started racing in 1972 aged 18 and was "A" grade before my 21st birthday.
I won the 250cc Production race at Bathurst in 1974, my first year there. Between 76 and 78 I was runner up in the Australian Championship in 350 & 500 3 times.
Winning the 350 class of the Marlboro series in 77 beating both Chas Mortimer and Randy Mamola.
I won the Coca Cola International race in New Zealand at Pukekoe on my 350 when John Woodley and Steve Parrish crashed their Suzuki 500s.
I travelled to the UK with my best friend Ken Blake (who was sadly killed at the IoM) on the new "F" model which turned out to be the biggest heap of crap that Yamaha have produced.
I rode a few meetings and became extremely disillusioned with the sport. I rode the North West '200' and was friendly with Tom Herron who was killed there.
My memories of the Isle of Man are very good. I broke down at Ballaugh Bridge and a little old lady asked me to park my bike in her front garden (to stop souvenir hunters). She asked me to sign her autograph book and as you can imagine, the names in her book were basically the history of motorcycle racing.
Anyway I rode for a couple of years back here (half heartedly) my last race being Bathurst 250 GP in 82 where I ran 4th.
I was involved with business and sponsored a rider for a number of years and now we have parties and the older we get the faster we were!!!


Stone crusher mod. Guidetti Caesar2, for inert's recycling, indicated to be used in small yards with lack of space.
Advantages: stand-alone, it requires one operator only and allows to directly reutilize the grinded inert, thus avoiding transport costs as well as landfill ones.


text:
package hdhomerun

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/hex"
	"testing"
)

func TestEncode(t *testing.T) {
	for _, testPacket := range testPackets {
		buffer := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte{})
		e := NewEncoder(buffer)
		e.Encode(testPacket.p)
		if !bytes.Equal(testPacket.b, buffer.Bytes()) {
			t.Errorf("Packet encoding failed\nExpected:\n%s\nReceived:\n%s\n", hex.Dump(testPacket.b), hex.Dump(buffer.Bytes()))
		}
	}
}


text:
Yuna To Make Debut in Hong Kong at Clockenflap 2016 Hong Kong's biggest music and arts festival promises a weekend of fun and discovery
By Angeline - November 15, 2016
Malaysian darling and global phenomenon, Yuna, is set to make her Hong Kong debut with the perfect blend of dream-pop and R&B music during the Clockenflap Hong Kong Music and Arts Festival 2016 (Clockenflap 2016). Taking place from 25 – 27 November at Central Harbourfront, Clockenflap 2016 is Hong Kong's biggest music and arts festival that imbues a kaleidoscope of music, arts, performances and fun attractions.
Join Yuna and plan a festival itinerary with an impressive line-up of performers that exude diversity and depth, across three main live band stages, two electronic music stages, two theatre venues, two immersive entertainment spaces and two expansive grassy areas, perfect for enjoying a chilled vibe.
MUSIC: DIVERSE MIX OF LIVE ARTISTS FROM LOCAL HEROES TO GLOBAL STARS
Harbourflap stage, FWD stage and KEF stage will all feature full set performances to give festival goers the full experience of an eclectic music line-up (refer to Appendix II) that spans a wide variety of genres, ranging from rising stars to legendary headliners:
MISS OUT AT YOUR PERIL: CLOCKENFLAP'S MUST-SEE ARTISTS
Joining in the fun are Clockenflap's latest stunning additions: M.I.A. (UK), one of the most influential female rappers in the world, and London Grammar (UK) playing their exclusive Asian show of 2016 with us. Other must-see sets include The Chemical Brothers (UK), a leading force for over two decades in England's big beat and electronica scene, post-rock Icelandic heavyweights Sigur Rós (IS), Taiwanese ethereal superstar Cheer Chen (TW) and festival favourite Foals (UK).
THE BEST OF ASIA: REGIONAL FAVORITES FROM HONG KONG AND BEYOND
There will be a host of performers hailing from Hong Kong and across the region. New to the line-up is Taiwanese alternative rock band No Party For Cao Dong (TW), the most sought after emerging band fusing post-rock with indie and metal. Meanwhile, talented local singer-songwriter Ellen Loo (HK) will make her strong comeback to the Clockenflap stage. For those seeking regional talent, be sure to check out mid-1990s alternative rockers ....Huh!? (HK), blues-influenced five-piece Juicyning (HK), Seoul-based indie quartet hyukoh (KR) and J-Rock's rising star SEKAI NO OWARI (JP).
THE LEGENDS: FOREVER FAVORITES
Joining the line-up is pioneering hip hop group, The Sugarhill Gang (US), with "Rapper's Delight" as the first rap single to become a Top 40 hit on Billboard. For those looking to be propelled to another era, make sure you also check out Jamaican folk mento masters The Jolly Boys (JM), Rock & Roll Hall of Famer George Clinton & Parliament Funkadelic (US) and genre-hopping indie rockers Yo La Tengo (US). Your mind is sure to be flooded with great memories!
THE FUTURE HEROES: UP AND COMING ACTS
Besides Malaysian chanteuse Yuna (MY), the festival boasts a number of exciting up-and-coming acts such as NME's '20th coolest man in music' Blood Orange (UK), post-dubstep mixer SBTRKT (DJ set) (UK), Shura (UK) with her unique blend of synthpop, R&B and indietronica, progressive jazztronica innovators badbadnotgood (CA), and hypnotic UK dance act Pumarosa (UK). With all these and many more acts, Clockenflap 2016 is guaranteed to be a kaleidoscope of fun!
PARTY FROM DAY TO NIGHT: ELECTRONIC MUSIC STAGES
Electriq stage, and the Robot stage, which is sponsored by adidas Originals, provide a unique party vibe from day to night. Acts on these stages include Berlin techno savant Rødhåd (DE), electro DJ and producer Danny Daze (US), house and techno DJ Nick Höppner (DE) and British Tech House DJ and producer Terry Francis (UK). Also on the bill are American electronic musician Jimmy Edgar (US) and London's Shy FX (UK), best known for his drum and bass and jungle music.
BE AMAZED BY THE DELIGHTFULLY WONKY CLUB MINKY
Not just a music festival, Clockenflap has a world-class line-up of theatre, cabaret, comedy, acrobatics and offbeat live music performances that can be found at the exceptional Club Minky. The varied performances will take you into a surreal underworld of audacious skills and unexpected thrills. Winners of the "Best Circus and Physical Theatre" award at the Adelaide Fringe this year, All Genius All Idiot (SE) will undoubtedly be a festival favourite.
MAKE YOUR EXPERIENCE PERSONAL
Immerse yourself at the Silent Disco by CAMPER with our free-to-loan headphones where you can listen to top-class local DJs and dance like nobody's watching! Alternatively, enter an immersive world of audio-visual imagination at Cinema Silenzio and transport yourself from the hustle and bustle of the festival to a world of our specifically curated film and animation programme and be the first to watch Lo and Behold, from Legendary Master Film Maker – Werner Herzog.
TREAT YOUR SENSES TO THE CORNUCOPIA OF ARTS
Above and beyond the music and live performances, Clockenflap will offer festival enthusiasts a cornucopia of arts to explore and a wealth of activities to enjoy. Visit WARP Black Box for In The Eyes Of The Animals (ITEOTA) - a ground-breaking 360° virtual reality experience that allows you to traverse from the forest floor to the treetops through the eyes of distinctive animals and experience the world as never before. Visitors are invited to meet Sophia, Hanson Robotics' latest and most advanced robot. She is an evolving genius machine that learns by experience. Every human interaction teaches her something more. Since her public unveiling, Sophia has become a celebrated media personality with her charm stemming from her incredible human likeness, unbelievable facial expressions, and verbal and nonverbal interactivity. Experience The Blind Robot as it touches your face delicately, unlike any machine you've experienced.
Discover the many art installations across the festival site and keep your eyes peeled for surprise performances and mobile arts over the weekend! If you find your smartphone running out of juice taking photos of all these marvellous menageries of festival programmes, there will be recharge services available on-site, Recharge with GP, to get you back snapping great pictures throughout the festival.
EAT, DRINK AND BE MERRY WITH FRIENDS AND FAMILY
Grab a drink at one of the many bars, or take a break and relax on the grass fields. Relax and enjoy an extensive choice of food from around the world ranging from Middle Eastern, European, South American to Asian cuisine at the picnic area by Deliveroo in the Food Bazaar and Kuuchi Café, both offering a picnic feel under the unbeatable views of the city's iconic skyline. Explore the Craft Market and discover Hong Kong's finest, homemade arts and crafts.
Future Fields, powered by FWD, will play host to various family-friendly attractions. Performing on The Acorn stage will be a wide range of family-friendly programs during the day, followed by chill out music at night. For those with bags of energy, the bouncy castle is sure to be a big hit, while thrill-seekers can experience the FWD Leap of Faith, Clockenflap's all-new tower jump, a mini free fall experience.
WORKSHOPS: HAVE FUN AND LEARN
If creativity is your thing, check out one of the workshops on offer: Kiehl's will be running the Natural Mix DJ School, Hong Kong's stylish DJ and music production school. For fashionistas of all ages, Levi's® Tailor Shop is popping up on site to show festival-goers how to personalise denim. With designers flying in from Australia, this is not to be missed for those hoping to make a festival-style statement. Finally, the family-friendly robot-making workshop is sure to keep creative types happy.
CLOCKENFLAPPERS RECYCLE
Clockenflap takes recycling matters seriously. The site will offer numerous recycling stations with clear signage and dedicated staff at each, helping the festival-goers separate their waste into the correct bins. All separated waste then goes to a recycling facility in Hong Kong where it is cleaned and packaged accordingly. Every cup and container we hand out is 100% recyclable and is considerate of the available processes for recycling that Hong Kong can offer. We hope that the festival-goers will support and help all the endeavours to improve the environmental impact of the festival.
This year's Phase 2 tickets are now on sale and will end November 10. For further information on single-day and weekend ticket prices, please visit clockenflap.com/tickets. Young Clockenflappers who hold a valid full-time Hong Kong Student ID or are aged between 13-17 years old, can also enjoy discounts on all ticket types. For festival-loving families, Clockenflap offers free entry for children aged 12 and under (maximum two per one paying adult).
For more information and to register, please visit clockenflap.com
facebook.com/clockenflap
instagram.com/clockenflap #clockenflap2016
About Clockenflap
Clockenflap is Asia's premier outdoor music and arts festival, and a major highlight of Hong Kong's annual cultural calendar. Cultivating and celebrating creativity, the festival is an unrivalled cultural mix of local and worldwide talent with a mission to inspire individuals through a journey of music and arts. With a dazzling and diverse selection of activities, Clockenflap is a world-class festival that encourages people to come together with openness and imagination.
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Disassembly / Reassembly Is always on top of the Cerakote coating prices. It usually ranges between $25 – $75 depending on the Gun and difficulty.
We have a $50.00 Minimum.
At the present time we are running between 4 – 6 weeks out on single or multi color jobs already broken down.
These time frames are AFTER we receive your project in the shop.
We do try to carry most Cerakote colors but unfortunately we cannot carry every single one they make.
That being said, Cerakote colors that we do not normally stock will add an additional $35 to your order.
Are you the world's worst procrastinator? Good news if you are.
We have just added rush service.
Also includes up to 2 mags One color.
WARNING!!!! WE MUST KNOW IF YOUR STOCK IS FIBERGLASS….
Fiberglass does weird things when baked and we recommend NOT doing anything that is fiberglass….
That being said….. We will coat your fiberglass stocks and parts but you must know that We are NOT responsible for anything that happens to fiberglass parts if you really want them done.
At RG4 Arms, we always offer a 10% discount for military and law enforcement On work performed only.
*NOTE: Prices are subject to change without prior written notice. Not all firearms are the same and sometimes special circumstances may apply. Rg4 Arms will notify the owner of special requirements upon receipt and inspection of the firearm and provide a revised quote before services are performed.
Are you ready to start your coating project? Contact us today to schedule a time.
We do not coat sears, springs, bores/chambers or other tolerance critical or high-flex parts. In addition, we do not media blast scopes or other optics and, as a result, there will not be as good an adhesion of the Cerakote to those items.
TOLERANCE: For standard firearms applications it is often inadvisable to coat both pins and pin holes, as the resulting one (1) mil thickness of the coating when applied to rounded surfaces creates increase of two (2) mil to the part tolerance and four (4) mil (.004) when both hole and pin are coated. This is also applicable to auto-pistol slide and frame fit, such as on tight-fitting 1911's. We typically plug or mask holes and pins and only coat the pin ends. However, we can coat pins and holes and then custom fit these parts after coating for an additional charge. We recommend hand fitting and lapping for 1911 pistol slides and frames as this will yield a precision fit and can help to tighten looser fitting slide/frame combos.
MARKINGS: For receivers, frames, slides, Picatinny rails which have painted on or lightly laser etched markings these markings will be lost during the surface preparation and coating unless they are machine engraved or stamped. If these markings are of great importance we can mask over them, but those areas in and immediately around the markings will not be coated and, as such, will not blend. Manufacturer's serial numbers will be masked at no additional charge where needed or coated where possible. Some manufacturer model numbers, name etc which are laser engraved will be masked over. This is per BATFE (ATF) regulations. Please consult us for specific requirements.
H-Series is the most durable of the standard Cerakote family of coatings and provides the best performance in hardness, wear and scratch resistance, adhesion and rust resistance. It can withstand heat up to 500f – 600f degrees and comes in the widest range of colors. Therefore, we use the H-Series wherever possible. However, it's a two-part heat cure finish and, therefore, cannot be applied to optics and other items or substrates which cannot, or should not be cured at the required temperatures.
RUST RESISTANCE: Cerakote™ finishes have been tested in salt spray and full emersion and have withstood beyond 3,000 hours in salt spray and hundreds of hours in full emersion testing. These results outperform other finishes by over 10x. This makes Cerakote™ finishes the clear choice for marine environments and other environments subject to high humidity and salt water environments.
WEAR RESISTANCE: Cerakote™ finishes can withstand over 5,000 (5,212) wear cycles per mil (.0001). The Tabor wear test uses an 8″ abrasive wheel applied to a metal plate coated with 1 mil thickness of the Cerakote coating. In addition, Cerakote's Coefficient of Friction is 80% less than stainless steel against stainless steel. So, when one or both moving parts of a firearm are coated you can expect a significantly longer product duty cycle or service life.
ADHESION: Cerakote finishes have an ASTM D3359 rating of 5B and can withstand a 180° mandrel bend rotation test around a 1/4″ mandrel and a ball bearing impact test of 160 inch-lbs with no cracking or loss of adhesion. This is significant performance given Cerakote's 9H pencil hardness, which is the highest hardness rating in the scale.
HARDNESS AND SCRATCH RESISTANCE: ASTM D3363 is a 9H pencil hardness and 6H scratch resistance.


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KWASU VC SEAT: OFFA Professors Seek a Halt in Selection Process
A group of Professora of Offa origin has asked that relevant authorities halt the process of selecting a substantive Vice Chancellor for the kwara State owned University.
The Professors under the aegis of Offa Professors Forum, OPF, a group comprising more than 100 Professors from Offa, has raised an alarm over the ongoing selection process of a substantive vice-chancellor for Kwara State University, Malete, describing it as jaundiced and inequitable.
In a Statement issued in Ilorin recently said that the ongoing process was fraught with irregularities from the very beginning and urged the incoming government to put a halt to it immediately.
According to the statement: "The university in accordance with its Act has set in motion processes that will usher in a successor to the incumbent, Professor Abdulrasheed Na'allah whose tenure expires in July, 2019.
"At the close of applications last week, the University Council had set up, beside the statutory Senate-Council Selection Board and the search team, an internal screening committee to especially scrutinize applicants from within the university."
However, OPF has faulted the selection process, describing it as "skewed and constructed in line with the recent Ilorin Emirate Descendants Progressive Union's (IEDPU) clannish public declaration that it holds the forever-right to KWASU headship because it is sited on the Emirate's soil."
The OPF said: "With such mindset that is totally antithetical to the universality of a university and the expected academic excellence, the ideals of fair play and equity have been jettisoned for parochial sentiment."
The group observed that with the constituents of the university principal officers, where the Chancellor, Pro-Chancellor, Vice Chancellor and the Acting Registrar are all from Ilorin, it is certain that candidates from the emirate are not only favoured, outsiders will automatically be sidelined.
According to it: "The Vice-Chancellor is replaying an old script of 2009 when the selection committee was dominated by three Ilorin indigenes (Prof Abdulraheem Oba, Late Prof Shehu Jimoh, AlhBolaji Abdullahi) out of four! The current selection committee with Prof Saka Nuhu (Chairman, Ilorin), Prof Hassan Saliu (Member Council, Ilorin), Prof Abdulrasheed Na Allah (VC, Ilorin), Alh Oba Aluko (Member, Ilorin), Prof KabirSolihu (Senate Rep, Ilorin) is the height of insensitivity to diversity of Kwara State.
"The inclusion of Prof MrsTemidayo Oladiji as Senate Representative while on sabbatical leave is unknown to global best practice while having competent professors in-house but who are perceived unnameable to parochial and primitive agenda of the Vice Chancellor Prof Na Allah and IEDPU"
The group wondered why a university that ought to be of a global outlook has become clannish in outlook to the extent that it has taken such blight to the public.
It further said: "Beyond the fact that KWASU is founded and being funded by all the local government areas in the state, academic excellence is hinged on competence and merit.
"The current subversion of an otherwise universally known process started with the expiration of the tenure of the Pro-Chancellor Senator Shaaba who was then replaced by AlhSaidu both from Kwara North, while Mr Kola Abioye acted briefly with the demise of AlhSaidu. Instead of the confirmation of Mr Kola Abioye as the substantive Pro Chancellor, Prof Saka Nuhu, an Ilorin indigene was appointed to complete a selection committee completely dominated by Ilorin Emirate!"
The group noted that the appointment of a Vice Chancellor is expected to go beyond ethnic or religious colouration such that has been deployed.
It said: "We are not unmindful of all the efforts to subvert the process in favour of an Ilorin indigene after being in the saddle for ten good years but we were hoping that being an Islamic community, fair play, equity and even Islamic injunction would guide their conduct. Qu'aran Chapter says you are not a good Muslim until you want for your neighbor what you desire for yourself.
"We reject, in totality, a jaundiced process where Ilorin is already favoured. We want the best for the university but either from the North or South. We are not saying that there is anything wrong in having an Emirate candidate appointed as VC if the selection is purely on academic and managerial merit and not because a section believes that it is her perpetual right to hold on to the headship.
"Let Ilorin establish their own university and no one will begrudge them on what they do with it, if mediocrity is their watchword", the group averred.
The OPF therefore demanded that the incoming government should put a halt to the current process, appoint the most senior DVC as Acting VC and constitute a new equitable Council.
Previous NUJ President Vows To Achieve Enhanced Media Salary Structure
Next Girl-Child Technovation Cost US 30,000 Dollars – Envoy


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Hi, This is mine when i was some time to work on it.... But now it became impossible for me to continued... I sell.
Happy New Year everyone !!! Bonne Année tout le monde !!! Bona annada totòm !!
just the front number, but the dust hide it. What do you want exactly?
:clin: Tell me if it is ok, or the modifications that i must doing.
not sure that i am understand what you mean !! (google translate) but i think it not skinning , if u want add ou supp something on model like armor plate.


text:
30-Day Song Challenge Day 25 – A Song in a Different Language
"I think there is a song out there to describe just about any situation." (Criss Jami)
A friend and long-time loyal blog follower recently sent me a 30-Day Song Challenge meme in the hope that I couldn't resist taking the challenge and blogging about it. Here's Day #25 – A Song in a Different Language: Malo, Cafe
Mix some high energy funk horns in a blender with a scoop of the intensity of Santana's pulsating rhythm section and a dash of jazz sensibilities and what it would become is the group Malo featuring Carlos Santana's brother Jorge on guitar. Sadly, Jorge passed away due to natural causes on May 14.
As much as I love, love, love Santana, I agree with the Allmusic.com review:
. . . despite some expected similarities to Santana, [Malo] played some of the most exciting and exuberant fusions of rock, soul, and Latin music. [They] leaned more heavily on hot Latin jazz brass than Santana did, though Jorge Santana himself generated plenty of friction with his burning electric guitar. It's not an exaggeration to state that . . . Malo's Latin rock blend sounded fresher than Santana's, if only because they sound hungrier and less formulaic.
Another observer said this:
But musician, bandleader and WBGO radio host Bobby Sanabria summed it up well on his Facebook tribute to Jorge Santana: "Picture Blood Sweat & Tears fused with Chicago, fused with Afro-Cuban rhythms and guitar driven rock. It was Santana on steroids."
My thoughts? Citing those two quotes is my evidence that I agree. Their self-titled debut album is the equivalent if not better of Santana's first three albums.[1]
Unfortunately the band couldn't match Santana's radio hits and by the third and fourth albums, Malo imploded with many of its members leaving to join some of the biggest names in jazz and Latin music. Jorge went on to a solo career. What was left of Malo carried on but it wasn't close to the same. What a missed opportunity for what could have been incredible contributions to popular music.
This song Cafe is so hot.
[1] HUGE statement coming from me.
30-Day Song Challenge Day 24 – A Song You've Had Stuck in Your Head
30-Day Song Challenge Day 26 – A Song That Helps You Fall Asleep


text:
Ernapadu is located in Bandiatmakur Mandal, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India with a population of approximately 8,000 people.

References

Villages in Kurnool district

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Stanford Researchers Observe Decision Making in the Brain - & Influence the Outcomes
news.stanford.edu
Photo: Gil Costa
In the course of deciding whether to keep reading this article, you may change your mind several times. While your final choice will be obvious to an observer – you'll continue to scroll and read, or you'll click on another article – any internal deliberations you had along the way will most likely be inscrutable to anyone but you. That clandestine hesitation is the focus of research, published Jan. 20 in Nature, by Stanford University researchers who study how cognitive deliberations are reflected in neural activity.
These scientists and engineers developed a system that read and decoded the activity of monkeys' brain cells while the animals were asked to identify whether an animation of moving dots was shifting slightly left or right. The system successfully revealed the monkeys' ongoing decision-making process in real-time, complete with the ebb and flow of indecision along the way.
"I was just looking at the decoded activity trace on the screen, not knowing which way the dots were moving or what the monkey was doing, and I could tell Sania [Fong], the lab manager, 'He's going to choose right,' seconds before the monkey initiated the movement to report that same choice," recalled Diogo Peixoto, a former postdoctoral scholar in neurobiology and co-lead author of the paper. "I would get it right 80 to 90 percent of the time, and that really cemented that this was working."
In subsequent experiments, the researchers were even able to influence the monkeys' final decisions through subliminal manipulations of the dot motion.
"Fundamentally, much of our cognition is due to ongoing neural activity that is not reflected overtly in behavior, so what's exciting about this research is that we've shown that we can now identify and interpret some of these covert, internal neural states," said study senior author William Newsome, the Harman Family Provostial Professor in the Department of Neurobiology at Stanford University School of Medicine.
"We're opening up a window onto a world of cognition that has been opaque to science until now," added Newsome, who is also the Vincent V.C. Woo Director of the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute.
One Decision At A Time
Neuroscience studies of decision making have generally involved estimating the average activity of populations of brain cells across hundreds of trials. But this process overlooks the intricacies of a single decision and the fact that every instance of decision making is slightly different: The myriad factors influencing whether you choose to read this article today will differ from those that would affect you if you were to make the same decision tomorrow.
"Cognition is really complex and, when you average across a bunch of trials, you miss important details about how we come to our perceptions and how we make our choices," said Jessica Verhein, MD/Ph.D. student in neuroscience and co-lead author of the paper.
For these experiments, the monkeys were outfitted with a neural implant about the size of a pinky fingernail that reported the activity of 100 to 200 individual neurons every 10 milliseconds as they were shown digital dots parading on a screen. The researchers placed this implant in the dorsal premotor cortex and the primary motor cortex because, in previous research, they found that neural signals from these brain areas convey the animals' decisions and their confidence in those decisions.
Each video of moving dots was unique and lasted less than two seconds, and the monkeys reported their decisions about whether the dots were moving right or left only when prompted – a correct answer given at the correct time earned a juice reward. The monkeys signaled their choice clearly, by pressing a right or left button on the display.
Inside the monkeys' brains, however, the decision process was less obvious. Neurons communicate through rapid bursts of noisy electrical signals, which occur alongside a flurry of other activity in the brain. But Peixoto was able to predict the monkeys' choices easily, in part because the activity measurements he saw were first fed through a signal processing and decoding pipeline based on years of work by the lab of Krishna Shenoy, the Hong Seh, and Vivian W. M. Lim Professor in the School of Engineering and a professor, by courtesy, of neurobiology and of bioengineering, and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator.
Shenoy's team had been using their real-time neural decoding technique for other purposes. "We are always trying to help people with paralysis by reading out their intentions. For example, they can think about how they want to move their arms and then that intention is run through the decoder to move a computer cursor on the screen to type out messages," said Shenoy, who is co-author of the paper. "So, we're constantly measuring neural activity, decoding it millisecond by millisecond, and then rapidly acting on this information accordingly."
In this particular study, instead of predicting the immediate movement of the arm, the researchers wanted to predict the intention about an upcoming choice as reported by an arm movement – which required a new algorithm. Inspired by the work of Roozbeh Kiani, a former postdoctoral scholar in the Newsome lab, Peixoto and colleagues perfected an algorithm that takes in the noisy signals from groups of neurons in the dorsal premotor cortex and the primary motor cortex and reinterprets them as a "decision variable." This variable describes the activity happening in the brain preceding a decision to move.
"With this algorithm, we can decode the ultimate decision of the of the monkey way before he moves his finger, let alone his arm," said Peixoto.
Three Experiments
The researchers speculated that more positive values of the decision variable indicated increased confidence by the monkey that the dots were moving right, whereas more negative values indicated confidence that the dots were shifting left. To test this hypothesis, they conducted two experiments: one where they would halt the test as soon as the decision variable hit a certain threshold and another where they stopped it when the variable seemed to indicate a sharp reversal of the monkey's decision.
During the first experiments, the researchers stopped the tests at five randomly chosen levels and, at the highest positive or negative decision variable levels, the variable predicted the monkey's final decision with about 98 percent accuracy. Predictions in the second experiment, in which the monkey had likely undergone a change of mind, were almost as accurate.
In advance of the third experiment, the researchers checked how many dots they could add during the test before the monkey became distracted by the change in the stimulus. Then, in the experiment, the researchers added dots below the noticeable threshold to see if it would sway the monkey's decision subliminally. And, even though the new dots were very subtle, they did sometimes bias the monkey's choices toward whatever direction they were moving. The influence of the new dots was stronger if they were added early in the trial and at any point where the monkey's decision variable was low – which indicates a weak level of certainty.
"This last experiment, led by Jessie [Verhein], really allowed us to rule out some of the common models of decision making," said Newsome. According to one such model, people and animals make decisions based on the cumulative sum of evidence during a trial. But if this were true, then the bias the researchers introduced with the new dots should have had the same effect no matter when it was introduced. Instead, the results seemed to support an alternative model, which states that if a subject has enough confidence in a decision-building in their mind, or has spent too long deliberating, they are less inclined to consider new evidence.
New Questions, New Opportunities
Already, Shenoy's lab is repeating these experiments with human participants with neural dysfunctions who use these same neural implants. Due to differences between human and nonhuman primate brains, the results could be surprising.
Potential applications of this system beyond the study of decision making include investigations of visual attention, working memory, or emotion. The researchers believe that their key technological advance – monitoring and interpreting covert cognitive states through real-time neural recordings – should prove valuable for cognitive neuroscience in general, and they are excited to see how other researchers build on their work.
"The hope is that this research captures some undergraduate's or new graduate student's interest and they get involved in these questions and carry the ball forward for the next 40 years," said Shenoy.


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text:
Slippery When Wet- Bristol's Runway
This article discusses some problems with the United Kingdom's Bristol International Airport that led to the cancellation of a number of flights due to safety concerns. Concerns arose stemming from the airport's 17 million British pound landing strip resurfacing project, conducted mostly during the night hours to avoid costly airport shutdowns. For the areas of the runway being worked on, contractors used a temporary surface; however, the surfacing used was, prior to the incident sparking the cancellations, lacking the grooves standard in runways that allow for better traction of airplane wheels. When an airplane in taxi slid off the pavement during inclement weather, a number of airlines using the airport justifiably cancelled all their incoming and outgoing flights from the airport due to safety concerns. These concerns were quickly mitigated by an application of grooves to the surface.
Maslen, Richard
Features: Photos;
Airports International
Publisher: Key Publishing, Limited
TRT Terms: Airport runways; Airports; Construction scheduling
Geographic Terms: Bristol (England)
Subject Areas: Aviation; Pavements; Terminals and Facilities;
Source Agency: UC Berkeley Transportation Library
Files: BTRIS, TRIS
Created Date: Mar 22 2007 12:28PM


Human being or boiled ham? Just asking!
Jerome Corsi (1946–) is a nutty right-wing political commentator, currently serving as the head of the InfoWars branch in Washington D.C. He was formerly a senior columnist for WorldNutDaily.
Unfit for Command with John O'Neill — Swiftboating John Kerry.
Black Gold Stranglehold with Craig R. Smith — Abiotic oil.
The Late Great USA — North American Union, NAFTA Superhighway, and Amero conspiracy theories.
The Obama Nation — "an innuendo-filled, mistake-riddled biography"
Where's the Birth Certificate? — Birtherism, obviously.
Corsi is also the author of the novel The Shroud Codex, about the Shroud of Turin. It's full of blatant errors that make it look like it was never proof-read after he finished writing it. He also declared that Barack Obama was married to his male Pakistani roommate(!) before he married Michelle, which must set some record for combined unsubstantiated wingnuttery and homophobia in a single conspiracy theory. And just like most conspiracy memes of this kind, the gauntlet got picked up by at least one fellow nutter (Scott Lively, no less) who was also dumb enough to think that it was a perfectly valid argument. Most recently he has appeared on King-of-The-Crazies Alex Jones' Infowars program and claimed that Hillary Clinton was in a secret-M00slim-Lesbian relationship with her aide Huma Abedin.
Corsi is also convinced that proof of Obama's Kenyan citizenship can be demonstrated by the fact that there was a photo of him on a Kenyan calendar from 2005 when Obama was still a Senator from Illinois. With standards of evidence like that, there's every indication that he's in a competition with Joe Arpaio for the 2012 Booby Prize in late-period Birther silliness.
Basically, Corsi is useful as a benchmark or barometer for current fashions of conspiracy theory and crankery. If Corsi writes on it, it's hot on the fringe. Think of him as a device powered by crank magnetism.
In 2018, Corsi was subpoenaed by Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into the Trump-Russia connection, apparently in regard to Corsi's association with Roger Stone. On January 25, 2019, Stone was arrested and charged by Mueller's team with obstruction of proceedings, making false statements, and witness tampering. That same day, Corsi and Randy Credico, another Stone associate, indicated a willingness to testify against Stone in court.
Robert W. Felix, on whose websites he likes to peddle his abiotic oil crankery.
↑ Politicking as Crimson-Hued Blood Sport, Harvard Magazine, 8.28.08. The title of Corsi's thesis was Prior Restraint, Prior Punishment, and Political Dissent: A Moral and Legal Evaluation and it was apparently pretty good, according to Harvard Magazine, unlike his subsequent crankery (also according to Harvard Magazine).
↑ McCain Corsi Quip Irks Obama Camp by Anne E. Kornblut (August 15, 2008) The Washington Post.
↑ Rightwing author Jerome Corsi subpoenaed in Mueller investigation: Conspiracy theorist and associate of Trump adviser Roger Stone will cooperate in Russia inquiry, lawyer says by Jon Swaine (5 Sep 2018 14.44 EDT; Last modified on Wed 5 Sep 2018 14.46 EDT) The Guardian.
↑ Roger Stone: Trump ally arrested on seven Mueller probe charges. BBC News. January 25, 2019.
↑ Former Stone associates indicate willingness to testify against him by Jacqueline Thomsen (01/25/19 06:34 PM EST) The Hill.
This page was last modified on 4 March 2019, at 23:22.