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1976 EXPLOITATION TRIPLE FEATURE, PART ONE: THE OMEN & CARRIE
April 27, 2017 Alfred Eaker	2 Comments
1976 is such an astoundingly productive year in exploitation and horror that we're forced to divide it into two parts. Religious-themed horror takes front and center in this first part, beginning with Alfred Sole's Communion [better known today as Alice Sweet Alice], one of the most substantial cult films ever produced. Beginning with a young Brooke Shields torched in a pew, dysfunctional Catholicism is taken to grounds previously unseen. Mantling the most pronounced trends of the 1970s, Sole plays elastic with multiple genres (slasher, psychological, religious, independent movies, horror) with such idiosyncratic force that the movie's cult status was inevitable. It should have made Sole a genre specialist, but his career as a director never took off, and he only made a few more films. Surprisingly, critics have been slow in coming around to Communion. It's essential viewing and we hope to cover it in greater detail here at a later date.
Larry Cohen's God Told Me To remains one of the most relentlessly original films of the 70s, already covered here and a solid List contender.
Richard Donner made a bona fide pop star out of a pre-pubescent antichrist with The Omen. It was a marketing bonanza, spawning endless sequels and a pointless 2006 remake. Sensationalistic, red-blooded, and commercially slick, in a National Enquirer kind of way, it's predictably most successful in coming up with ways to slaughter characters—the most infamous of which is a decapitation by glass. In that, The Omen is a product of its time. The creativity in many of the later Hammer Dracula films was often solely reserved for ways to dispatch (and resurrect) its titular vampire. The Abominable Dr. Phibes took tongue-in-cheek delight utilizing the plagues of Egypt to annihilate everyone in sight. It was also the decade of Old Nick and deadly tykes. Throw in apocalyptic biblical paranoia, and The Omen is practically a smorgasbord of 70s trends.
The Omen is helped tremendously by Jerry Goldsmith's score, which is reminiscent of Carl Orff and still remembered (and imitated). Three character performances stand out: Billie Whitelaw, who literally lights up as a nanny from the pit, David Warner as a photographer obsessively trying to avoid his predestined end, and Patrick Troughton as a priest who "knows too much" (and gets his own Dracula-like finish). Unfortunately, the film is considerably hindered by its two leads. Gregory Peck, nice fella that he was off screen, is his usual wooden self and poorly cast as Damien's adoptive ambassador father. The role was first offered to Charlton Heston, whose old school conservative machismo and hammy charisma would undoubtedly have been a better fit. Alas, even though he rightly predicted it would be a major success, Heston objected to a film in which evil triumphed over good, and chose instead to star in the awful Midway, which was also a box office hit that year. Almost equally uninspiring is Lee Remick as Peck's wife. Like Peck, she's too wishy-washy, coming to life most when she's about to die. Together, Peck and Remick throw the film off-balance. In contrast, director Donner rightly doesn't take this nonsense seriously. Harvey Stephens is effectively stoic as Satan Jr., which renders him even an even creepier beast, but surprisingly, his is more of a supporting character.
Peter Sykes also meddled in Satanism in Hammer's To the Devil a Daughter. The film benefits from its cast of Christopher Lee, Richard Widmark, Nastassja Kinski, Denholm Elliott, and Honor Blackman. Inevitably, it was an also-ran in the devil's long cinematic comeback. It did poorly with critics, audiences, and fans of Dennis Wheatley (who wrote the source material on which the film was loosely based). It's probably best know for being Hammer Studios' last theatrically released film—the final nail in the coffin.
Frequent Jess Franco actor Michel Lemoine starred in, and helmed, Seven Women for Satan. Lemoine proved to be an even worse director than his mentor. Seven Women starts off with a descendant of Count Zaroff (played by Lemoine) hunting a naked woman, making one expect a nudie version of "The Most Dangerous Game." Everything about it is softcore-tawdry, including Lemoine's cheesy, glued-on whiskers. He later graduated to hardcore, which is where he belonged.
Evil Heritage (AKA Satan's Slave is another softcore nudie devil flick, directed by Norman Warren. It features lots of T&A, S&M, and Michael Gough's BIG mustache. Warren went the reverse route of Lemoine, starting with porn and "graduating" to horror. Unfortunately, they're both incompetent.
Worst of the entire occult/Satanism wave was Land of the Minotaur (directed by Costas Carayiannis), starring Donald Pleasance and Peter Cushing. Slipshod filmmaking at its most embarrassing, it's not not even bad enough for a laugh. The young hip crowd is disappearing from a Greek village, and priest Pleasance is out to quash the minotaur cult responsible. Naturally, that dastardly Cushing is up to no good. Neither is Brian Eno, who scored, and undoubtedly omits this from his considerable resume.
The Premonition (directed by Robert Schnitzer) is an E.S.P. oddity teetering between arthouse and horror. it was recently released on Blu-ray by Arrow Video as part of its handsome "American Horror Project, Volume 1."
Despite a stellar cast of Bette Davis, Oliver Reed, Burgess Meredith, and cult icon Karen Black, along with genre TV director Dan Curtis, Burnt Offerings is a disappointing possessed house entry that is a precursor of sorts to genre films that followed. Still, it has a fan following, a memorable downer finale, and is covered in more detail here.
Naked Massacre ( directed by Denis Héroux ) is a Canadian production about a Richard Speck-like Vietnam veteran murdering nurses. This is a good example of exploitation cinema trying and failing to have its cake and eat it too.
Who Can Kill A Child? (directed by Narciso Ibáñez Serrador) is the mack daddy of a small, but substantial 70s trend: killer kids. AIP jumped on the bandwagon and released an edited version of this under the title Island of the Damned. Serrador, who also wrote the screenplay, treats the subject with grim caution and smartly never explains why island children are slaughtering adults. His approach helped make the film a cult phenomenon. However, with its period pacing and unsettling, taboo imagery (assault weapon toting adults vs. baby-holding killer tykes, a group of boys undressing the corpse of a woman, children using an elderly man as a pinata, and an unborn infant attempting to kill its mother from the womb) it was swept under the rug for decades, only to re-emerge briefly in the home video market.
Bloodsucking Freaks (directed by Joel Reed) usually makes everyone's list of worst all-time movies. It should. It's revolting in all the worst ways. Clearly influenced by Herschell Gordon Lewis and taking misogyny to a new low, a post-movie shower is required for almost any viewer, a few current politicians excepted.
Nico Mastorakis' Island of Death is yet another film inspired by Tobe Hooper's Texas Chainsaw Massacre. It usually tops lists of sleaze cinema. How could it not be with bestiality, homemade crucifixions, and homosexual genocide?
Dino de Laurentiis' infamous production of King Kong (directed by John Guillermin) may have rightfully made a star out of Jessica Lange, but it almost all involved prefer it forgotten (the director and producer, who made the belated sequel King Kong Lives in 1986, excepted. It amazingly made their first effort look like a masterpiece). The movie was a box office bonanza, despite making everyone's worst of the year list. Of course the 'Murican masses will line up for a pile of crap, if it's marketed right.
Predictably, the financial success of King Kong prompted a quick parody: Queen Kong (directed by Frank Agama). The producers of King sued, however, and won, which catapulted the simian mate into a thirty year obscurity. It resurfaced on home video after Peter Jackson's 2005 take on the Kong legend. For those of us who had read about Queen for years, it proved an abysmal discovery. Plan 9 from Outer Space it's not.
South Korea also had its say about giant monkeys with A.P.E (directed by Paul Leder). The monkey suit must have been an ordeal to wear, especially when chasing toy army trucks.
Werewolf Woman (directed by Rino Di Silvestro) is Italian exploitation, allegedly about a lycanthrope. However, it's actually about a mentally disturbed descendant of a she-wolf, which makes the film a cheat. It does have a relatively good performance by Annik Borel and like virtually all of Di Silvestro's films, it wears titillation on its sleeve.
Creature from Black Lake was director Joy Hock's entry in the minor Bigfoot craze. It stars Jack Elam, hamming it up as usual, which is beneficial since the film is too subdued for its own good. On the plus side, the Louisiana swamp is well-photographed.
Embryo (directed by Ralph Nelson) has an A-List cast in Rock Hudson, Barbara Carrera, Diane Ladd, and Roddy McDowell co-starring in a sci-fi yarn about the creation of a perfect woman. Naturally things don't go according to plan, which means a typical 70s shock finale. Unfortunately, it's mostly a dull affair.
Blacula director William Crain tried his blaxploitation horror hand again with Dr. Black, Mr. Hyde. Lightning didn't strike twice. Frequent genre director Arthur Marks did slightly better with J. D.'s Revenge, which features an early performance from Lou Gossett, Jr. The
Monkey Hu$tle (directed by Arthur Marks) is more late blaxpolitation. It stars Yaphet Kotto, was shot in Chicago, and is imminently forgettable.
Al Adamson meets blackspolitation in Black Heat. Do you really need to know more than that?
Fresh off his aptly neurotic Obsession, Brian De Palma struck gold with Carrie: the first, best, and hippest screen adaptation of a Stephen King novel to date. Of course, in the contemporary scene, the King brand brings a given market, but in 1976, this adaptation of his first novel was high risk-taking. Ballsy De Palma fits the bill. Although social misfit Carrie (Sissy Spacek) has telekinetic powers, the seed of authentic horror here is religious fundamentalism. Horror stems from what we know. None of us have encountered supernatural vampires or zombies. Yet, anyone who has been exposed at length to fundamentalism, and is intelligent or moral enough, recognizes it as horror.
One of the criticisms occasionally leveled at the film is the performance of Piper Laurie as Margaret White, mother of Carrie. According to the naysayers, she is too easy of a target; hammy, one-dimensional, and cartoonish. They're wrong, and in most cases, I would venture to guess that such critics have never set foot inside of a charismatic, fundamentalist church or have known a subscriber to such a primitive worldview. The sole objection to Robert Duvall's The Apostle (1997), an otherwise fine film, is that it purports that glossolalia and slaying in the Spirit stem from the joy of loving God. Occasionally, perhaps, but most often it arises from apocalyptic fears and reactionary hatred of everything that challenges or contradicts their simplified, ragtag beliefs, which is why extremist right wing ideologies and fundamentalism go together like peanut butter and jelly. In choosing false piety, devotees, more often than not, render themselves caricatures. In this regard, King knows of what he writes, but De Palma has an even more authentic feel for it. The result is a rarity in being a film that is actually "better than the book."
When her painfully introverted and attractive daughter starts going through puberty, Margaret reaches for the cross and whatever weapon she can find. It would be completely comical, if the ignorance wasn't so unsettling and astutely captured. Carrie's going through the change of life only validates to Margaret that her daughter's focus is Earth-bound, rather than on the above. It's perfectly reasonable then that this mother, having committed her daughter to God, expected her to be miraculously spared puberty, and she is genuinely surprised that Carrie has also inherited the curse of Eve. Alas, it's her daughter's failure, not God's. To make Carrie's life even worse, she is tormented by her school peers, but at least gets sympathy from her gym teacher (Betty Buckley).
Locking Carrie in the closet and forcing her to recite prayers has little long term effect, because while the vivid religious imagination can catapult Margaret to visions of empowerment, actual power is, smartly, gifted to Carrie. De Palma handles her religious ecstasy with authentic sensuality, making this a powerhouse of a woman's film, which sharply contradicts the frequent accusation of this director as a misogynist.
Carrie is bookended by an infamous, blood-soaked opening and finale with a crucifixion so over the top that it literally is a "slaying in the spirit"; a telekinetic revenge on hypocritical puritan values and a ferocious prom night slaughter of the middle class (guilty and innocent alike). De Palma executes his narrative with assured satire, making this among the greatest of horror films, even surpassing established genre masterpieces helmed by the likes of George Romero, John Carpenter, and Alfred Hitchcock (yes, I said that). Because of its high school landscape and King's pulp reputation, Carrie is oddly remembered by some as yet another period teen horror. A belated 1999 sequel (directed by Katt Shea) and limp 2013 remake (directed by Kimberly Peirce) probably haven't helped the original's cause.
1976Brian De PalmaGregory PeckHorrorOliver ReedRichard DonnerSissy SpacekStephen King
Previous Post280. DESPERATE LIVING (1977)Next PostWEIRD HORIZON FOR THE WEEK OF 4/28/2017
2 thoughts on "1976 EXPLOITATION TRIPLE FEATURE, PART ONE: THE OMEN & CARRIE"
Brad Hollowniczky says:
Being a long-term Doctor Who fan it's good to see Patrick Troughton getting a little 366 love. Troughton is actually my favorite Doctor despite that so few of his episodes still exist. He was such a charismatic and eclectic actor–in every role, however small, you can't take your eyes off of him. In The Omen he's at his most intense and his crazed delivery of "His mother was a jackal!" is for me the highlight of a film that's otherwise extremely uneven.
Alfred Eaker says:
Agree Brad. Troughton is Dr. Who. No other actor can compete with his intensity.
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The List Thus Far (Certfied Weird Movies)
3-Iron (2004)
3 Women (1977)
8 1/2 (1963)
200 Motels (1971)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T (1953)
The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971)
Adaptation. (2002)
The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the Eighth Dimension (1984)
After Hours (1985)
After Last Season (2009)
Akira (1988)
Akira Kurosawa's Dreams (1990)
Alice [Neco Z Alenky] (1988)
Allegro non Troppo (1976)
Altered States (1980)
Amarcord (1973)
The American Astronaut (2001)
The Apple (1980)
Arise! The SubGenius Movie (1992)
Arizona Dream (1993)
Audition [Ôdishon] (1999)
Bad Boy Bubby (1993)
Barbarella (1968)
Barton Fink (1991)
Batman Returns (1992)
The Beast [La Bête] (1975)
The Beast of Yucca Flats (1961)
Beauty and the Beast [La Belle et la Bete] (1946)
The Bed Sitting Room (1969)
Begotten (1991)
Being John Malkovich (1999)
Belladonna of Sadness (1973)
Belle de Jour (1967)
Beyond the Black Rainbow (2010)
Birdboy: The Forgotten Children (2015)
Black Moon (1975)
Black Swan (2010)
Blancanieves (2012)
Blood Diner (1987)
Blood Freak (1972)
The Blood of a Poet [Le sang d'un poète] (1930)
Blood Tea and Red String (2006)
Blue Velvet (1986)
The Boxer's Omen [Mo] (1983)
A Boy and His Dog (1975)
Branded to Kill (1967)
Brand Upon the Brain! (2006)
Bronson (2008)
The Butcher Boy (1997)
Careful (1992)
Carnival of Souls (1962)
Catch-22 (1970)
Cat Soup (2001)
Cemetery Man [Dellamorte Dellamore] (1994)
Un Chien Andalou (1929)
Christmas on Mars (2008)
The City of Lost Children [La cité des enfants perdus] (1995)
City of Women (1980)
Clean, Shaven (1993)
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
The Color of Pomegranates [Sayat Nova] (1969)
Come and See (1985)
The Company of Wolves (1984)
Conspirators of Pleasure (1996)
The Cook the Thief His Wife & Her Lover (1989)
Cowards Bend the Knee, or, the Blue Hands (2003)
The Cremator [Spalovac Mrtvol] (1969)
Crime Wave (1985)
Cube (1997)
Daisies [Sedmikrásky] (1966)
The Dark Backward (1991)
Dark City (1998)
Dead Alive (1992)
Dead Leaves (2004)
Dead Man (1995)
Dead Ringers (1988)
Death Bed: The Bed That Eats (1977)
Death by Hanging (1968)
Death Laid an Egg [La morte ha fatto l'uovo] (1968)
Delicatessen (1991)
Dementia [Daughter of Horror] (1955)
Der Samurai (2014)
Desperate Living (1977)
Destino (2003)
The Devils (1971)
Dillinger is Dead (1969)
The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972)
Django Kill… If You Live, Shoot! (1967)
Doggiewogiez! Poochiewoochiez! (2012)
Dog Star Man (1964)
Dogtooth [Kynodontas] (2009)
Dogville (2003)
Donnie Darko (2001)
Don't Look Now (1973)
The Double (2013)
Dr. Caligari (1989)
Eden and After (1970)
Eisenstein in Guanajuato (2015)
Elevator Movie (2004)
Enemy (2013)
Enter the Void (2009)
Eraserhead (1977)
Escape from Tomorrow (2013)
Even Dwarfs Started Small (1970)
The Exterminating Angel [El àngel exterminador] (1962)
Eyes Without a Face [Les Yeux sans Visage] (1965)
The Face of Another (1966)
The Falls (1980)
Fantasia (1940)
Fantastic Planet [La Planète Sauvage] (1973)
Fantasy Mission Force (1983)
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998)
Fellini Satyricon (1969)
Female Trouble (1974)
Final Flesh (2009)
The Forbidden Room (2015)
Forbidden Zone (1982)
Funeral Parade of Roses [Bara no sôretsu] (1969)
Funky Forest: The First Contact (2005)
Glen or Glenda (1953)
Godmonster of Indian Flats (1973)
Goke, Body Snatcher from Hell (1968)
Goodbye Uncle Tom (1971)
Gozu (2003)
La Grande Bouffe (1973)
Greaser's Palace (1972)
The Greasy Strangler (2016)
Gummo (1997)
Häxan [Witchcraft Through the Ages] (1922)
Head (1968)
Heavenly Creatures (1994)
Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001)
Hellzapoppin' (1941)
Help! Help! The Globolinks [Hilfe! Hilfe! Die Globolinks] (1969)
Holy Motors (2012)
The Horrors of Spider Island [Ein Toter hing im Netz] (1960)
The Hourglass Sanatorium (1973)
Hour of the Wolf [Vargtimmen] (1968)
House [Hausu] (1977)
Howl's Moving Castle (2004)
How to Get Ahead in Advertising (1989)
Hugo the Hippo (1975)
The Hypothesis of the Stolen Painting (1978)
I Can See You (2008)
Idiots and Angels (2008)
If…. (1968)
I'm A Cyborg, But That's OK [Saibogujiman Kwenchana] (2006)
The Immaculate Conception of Little Dizzle (2009)
Indecent Desires (1968)
Inherent Vice (2014)
Institute Benjamenta, or This Dream People Call Human Life (1995)
It's Such a Beautiful Day (2011)
I Will Walk Like a Crazy Horse [J'irai Comme un Cheval Fou] (1973)
Jacob's Ladder (1990)
Japanese Summer: Double Suicide (1967)
John Dies at the End (2012)
Johnny Got His Gun (1971)
Keyhole (2011)
Kin-Dza-Dza (1986)
Kontroll (2003)
Kung Fu Hustle (2004)
Kwaidan (1964)
L'Age d'Or (1930)
The Lair of the White Worm (1988)
Last Year at Marienbad [L'Année Dernière à Marienbad] (1961)
The Legend of Suram Fortress [Ambavi Suramis Tsikhitsa] (1984)
Lemonade Joe [Limonádový Joe aneb Konská Opera] (1964)
Léolo (1992)
L'Immortelle (1963)
L'Inhumaine (1924)
Liquid Sky (1982)
Lisztomania (1975)
Little Otik [Otesánek] (2000)
The Lobster (2015)
Lost Highway (1997)
Love Exposure (2008)
Lucifer Rising (1981)
Lunacy [Sileni] (2005)
The Lure [Córki Dancingu] (2015)
Maelstrom (2000)
Malpertuis (1972)
Manos: The Hands of Fate (1966)
The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976)
Marquis (1989)
Meet the Feebles (1989)
Meshes of the Afternoon (1943)
Metropolis (1927)
The Milky Way [La Voie Lactee] (1969)
Millennium Actress (2001)
Mind Game (2004)
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
Mood Indigo (2013)
My Winnipeg (2007)
Naked Lunch (1991)
Natural Born Killers (1994)
Neon Genesis Evangelion: The End of Evangelion (1997)
Never Give a Sucker an Even Break (1941)
Night of the Hunter (1955)
Night Train to Terror (1985)
Ninja Champion (1985)
The Ninth Configuration (1980)
Nosferatu (1922)
No Smoking (2007)
Nostalghia (1983)
Nothing but Trouble (1991)
Nuit Noire [Black Night] (2005)
O Lucky Man! (1973)
Orpheus (1950)
A Page of Madness [Kurutta ippêji] (1926)
Pan's Labyrinth (2006)
Paprika (2006)
Perfect Blue (1997)
Performance (1968/1970)
Phantasm (1979)
The Phantom of Liberty (1974)
Phantom of the Paradise (1974)
Pi (1998)
Pierrot le Fou (1965)
The Pillow Book (1996)
Pink Flamingos (1972)
Pink Floyd the Wall (1982)
Playtime (1967)
The Pornographers (1966)
Possession (1981)
Prospero's Books (1991)
The Red Squirrel [La Ardilla Roja] (1993)
The Reflecting Skin (1990)
Reflections of Evil (2002)
Repo Man (1984)
A Report on the Party and Guests (1966)
Repulsion (1965)
Robot Monster (1953)
The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)
Roma (1972) [AKA Fellini's Roma]
Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990)
Rubin & Ed (1991)
The Ruling Class (1972)
Run Lola Run (1998)
The Saddest Music in the World (2003)
Sans Soleil (1983)
Santa and the Ice Cream Bunny (1972)
Santa Claus (1959)
The Saragossa Manuscript (1965)
Save the Green Planet! (2003)
A Scanner Darkly (2006)
Schizopolis (1996)
The Science of Sleep (2006)
Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010)
The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb (1993)
A Serious Man (2009)
Seven Servants (1996)
Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors (1964)
Shanks (1974)
Shock Corridor (1963)
Silent Hill (2006)
Sin City (2005)
The Singing Ringing Tree (1957)
Sita Sings the Blues (2008)
Skidoo (1968)
Skins [Pieles] (2017)
Solaris [Solyaris] (1972)
Songs from the Second Floor (2000)
Sorry to Bother You (2018)
Spider Baby (1967)
Steppenwolf (1974)
Strange Frame: Love & Sax (2012)
Street of Crocodiles (1986)
Survive Style 5+ (2004)
Sweet Movie (1974)
Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971)
The Swimmer (1968)
Swiss Army Man (2016)
Synecdoche, New York (2008)
Tales from the Quadead Zone (1987)
The Taste of Tea (2004)
Taxidermia (2006)
Tekkonkinkreet (2006)
The Telephone Book (1971)
The Tenant (1976)
Teorema (1968)
The Testament of Orpheus (1960)
Tetsuo: The Iron Man (1989)
That Obscure Object of Desire (1977)
Thundercrack! (1975)
Tideland (2005)
Time Bandits (1981)
The Tin Drum (1979)
The Tingler (1959)
Titus (1999)
Tokyo Gore Police (2008)
Toto the Hero [Toto le Heros] (1991)
Trash Humpers (2009)
The Trial (1962)
The Triplets of Belleville (2003)
Tromeo & Juliet (1996)
Tuvalu (1999)
Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992)
Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives (2010)
Underground (1995)
Upstream Color (2013)
Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer (1984)
Valerie and Her Week of Wonders (1970)
Vampire's Kiss (1988)
Vampyr (1932)
Videodrome (1983)
Visitor Q (2001)
Viva la Muerte [Long Live Death] (1971)
Waking Life (2001)
Waltz with Bashir (2008)
Wax, or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees (1991)
Weekend (1967)
Werckmeister Harmonies (2000)
Why Don't You Play in Hell? (2013)
The Wicker Man (1973)
Wild at Heart (1990)
Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971)
The Woman in the Dunes (1964)
Wool 100% (2006)
WR: Mysteries of the Organism (1971)
You, the Living [Du Levande] (2007)
Zardoz (1974)
Zazie dans le Metro (1960)
A Zed and Two Noughts (1985)
Zéro de conduite (1933)
Celine and Julie Go Boating [Céline et Julie vont en bateau] (1974)
Electric Dragon 80000V (2001)
The Happiness of the Katakuris (2001)
Singapore Sling (1990)
Under the Silver Lake (2018)
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text:
Associazione Italiana per l'Educazione Demografica
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AIED was founded on 10 October 1953 by a group of worldly journalists and scientists, of varied political orientations, who had beliefs founded on democratic, non-religious inspiration.
They set out various objectives for the Association:
spread the concept of free and responsible procreation;
stimulate cultural and social growth in matters of sexuality;
promote and support initiatives aimed at improving the quality of life and safeguard the health of humanity, both at individual and collective levels;
be committed to develop a new culture regarding maternity and birthing, with particular attention also paid to the various problems posed by assisted human procreation and bioethics;
fight every form of discrimination among men and women in the workplace, in the family, in society, and every form of sexual violence and child abuse, providing assistance and protection –also legal – to the victims;
promote and organize training and professional updating of teachers and professional personnel in all types of schools and educational institutions of all grades to teach sex education, while also promoting sexual education courses for students and parents;
encourage and realize studies and social and scientific research, aimed at confronting and analyzing in depth the core themes of AIED, such as demography, also in collaboration with local universities;
stimulate but also watch over government institutions, to ensure that laws are duly enforced in terms of contraception, abortion, sexual and andrological information, social-health prevention, and respect of minorities and diversity (homosexuality). In addition, propose integration and modifications in cases where norms are inadequate.
Based on its own By-Laws, AIED does not have a commercial scope and is a non-profit organization. In the pursuit of realizing its corporate objectives, the organization is committed to avoiding racial religious, social and political discrimination. AIED operates through its national corporate bodies (National Congress, National Board of Directors, National Chairman, National Executive Body) and its Sections. Acts in collaboration with other associations, committees, public and private entities, both Italian and foreign, whose aims do not contrast with those of AIED.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The most important time to do something is precisely when you don't feel like doing it.
You know that going to the gym this morning is what you need, but you don't feel like it.
You know that keeping your mouth shut right now because you're mad will help the situation, but you just can't help yourself.
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What we truly need is often the hardest thing to do.


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ABVenture Zone is an incubation space for new start-up and spin-out companies and is also a comfortable, collaborative working space with state-of-the-art equipment. It is particularly suitable for the development of ideas in the digital and IT sectors but is open to entrepreneurs targeting other sectors.
This incubator is part of the Accelerate Aberdeen programme, funded through Aberdeen City Council under the UK Department of Culture, Media and Sport Superconnected Cities initiative. Partner organisations receiving funding under the same scheme are Robert Gordon University and Elevator.


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text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel.Composition;
using System.IO;
using System.IO.Compression;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
using GameRes.Formats.Strings;
using GameRes.Utility;

namespace GameRes.Formats.NitroPlus
{
    internal class NpkEntry : PackedEntry
    {
        public readonly List<NpkSegment> Segments = new List<NpkSegment>();
    }

    internal class NpkSegment
    {
        public long Offset;
        public uint AlignedSize;
        public uint Size;
        public uint UnpackedSize;
        public bool IsCompressed { get { return Size < UnpackedSize; } }
    }

    public class Npk2Options : ResourceOptions
    {
        public byte[] Key;
    }

    internal class NpkArchive : ArcFile
    {
        public readonly Aes Encryption;

        public NpkArchive (ArcView arc, ArchiveFormat impl, ICollection<Entry> dir, Aes enc)
            : base (arc, impl, dir)
        {
            Encryption = enc;
        }

        #region IDisposable Members
        bool _npk_disposed = false;
        protected override void Dispose (bool disposing)
        {
            if (_npk_disposed)
                return;

            if (disposing)
                Encryption.Dispose();
            _npk_disposed = true;
            base.Dispose (disposing);
        }
        #endregion
    }

    [Export(typeof(ArchiveFormat))]
    public class NpkOpener : ArchiveFormat
    {
        public override string         Tag { get { return "NPK"; } }
        public override string Description { get { return "Mware engine resource archive"; } }
        public override uint     Signature { get { return 0x324B504E; } } // 'NPK2'
        public override bool  IsHierarchic { get { return true; } }
        public override bool      CanWrite { get { return true; } }

        static Npk2Scheme DefaultScheme = new Npk2Scheme { KnownKeys = new Dictionary<string, byte[]>() };
        internal Dictionary<string, byte[]> KnownKeys { get { return DefaultScheme.KnownKeys; } }

        const uint DefaultSegmentSize = 0x10000;
        static readonly Encoding DefaultEncoding = Encoding.UTF8;

        public override ResourceScheme Scheme
        {
            get { return DefaultScheme; }
            set { DefaultScheme = (Npk2Scheme)value; }
        }

        public override ArcFile TryOpen (ArcView file)
        {
            int count = file.View.ReadInt32 (0x18);
            if (!IsSaneCount (count))
                return null;
            var key = QueryEncryption (file.Name);
            if (null == key)
                return null;
            var aes = Aes.Create();
            try
            {
                aes.Mode = CipherMode.CBC;
                aes.Padding = PaddingMode.PKCS7;
                aes.Key = key;
                aes.IV = file.View.ReadBytes (8, 0x10);
                uint index_size = file.View.ReadUInt32 (0x1C);
                using (var decryptor = aes.CreateDecryptor())
                using (var enc_index = file.CreateStream (0x20, index_size))
                using (var dec_index = new CryptoStream (enc_index, decryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Read))
                using (var index = new ArcView.Reader (dec_index))
                {
                    var dir = ReadIndex (index, count, file.MaxOffset);
                    if (null == dir)
                        return null;
                    var arc = new NpkArchive (file, this, dir, aes);
                    aes = null; // object ownership passed to NpkArchive, don't dispose
                    return arc;
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                if (aes != null)
                    aes.Dispose();
            }
        }

        List<Entry> ReadIndex (BinaryReader index, int count, long max_offset)
        {
            var name_buffer = new byte[0x104];
            var dir = new List<Entry> (count);
            for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
            {
                index.ReadByte();
                int name_length = index.ReadUInt16();
                if (0 == name_length || name_length > name_buffer.Length)
                    return null;
                index.Read (name_buffer, 0, name_length);
                var name = DefaultEncoding.GetString (name_buffer, 0, name_length);
                var entry = FormatCatalog.Instance.Create<NpkEntry> (name);
                entry.UnpackedSize = index.ReadUInt32();
                index.Read (name_buffer, 0, 0x20); // skip
                int segment_count = index.ReadInt32();
                if (segment_count < 0)
                    return null;
                if (0 == segment_count)
                {
                    entry.Offset = 0;
                    dir.Add (entry);
                    continue;
                }
                entry.Segments.Capacity = segment_count;
                uint packed_size = 0;
                bool is_packed = false;
                for (int j = 0; j < segment_count; ++j)
                {
                    var segment = new NpkSegment();
                    segment.Offset = index.ReadInt64();
                    segment.AlignedSize = index.ReadUInt32();
                    segment.Size = index.ReadUInt32();
                    segment.UnpackedSize = index.ReadUInt32();
                    entry.Segments.Add (segment);
                    packed_size += segment.AlignedSize;
                    is_packed = is_packed || segment.IsCompressed;
                }
                entry.Offset = entry.Segments[0].Offset;
                entry.Size   = packed_size;
                entry.IsPacked = is_packed;
                if (!entry.CheckPlacement (max_offset))
                    return null;
                dir.Add (entry);
            }
            return dir;
        }

        public override Stream OpenEntry (ArcFile arc, Entry entry)
        {
            if (0 == entry.Size)
                return Stream.Null;
            var narc = arc as NpkArchive;
            var nent = entry as NpkEntry;
            if (null == narc || null == nent)
                return base.OpenEntry (arc, entry);

            if (1 == nent.Segments.Count && !nent.IsPacked)
            {
                var input = narc.File.CreateStream (nent.Segments[0].Offset, nent.Segments[0].AlignedSize);
                var decryptor = narc.Encryption.CreateDecryptor();
                return new InputCryptoStream (input, decryptor);
            }
            return new NpkStream (narc, nent);
        }

        public override ResourceOptions GetDefaultOptions ()
        {
            return new Npk2Options { Key = GetKey (Properties.Settings.Default.NPKScheme) };
        }

        public override object GetAccessWidget ()
        {
            return new GUI.WidgetNPK (KnownKeys.Keys);
        }

        public override object GetCreationWidget ()
        {
            return new GUI.WidgetNPK (KnownKeys.Keys);
        }

        byte[] QueryEncryption (string arc_name)
        {
            byte[] key = null;
            var title = FormatCatalog.Instance.LookupGame (arc_name);
            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty (title))
                key = GetKey (title);
            if (null == key)
            {
                var options = Query<Npk2Options> (arcStrings.ArcEncryptedNotice);
                key = options.Key;
            }
            return key;
        }

        byte[] GetKey (string title)
        {
            byte[] key;
            KnownKeys.TryGetValue (title, out key);
            return key;
        }

        public override void Create (Stream output, IEnumerable<Entry> list, ResourceOptions options,
                                     EntryCallback callback)
        {
            var npk_options = GetOptions<Npk2Options> (options);
            if (null == npk_options.Key)
                throw new InvalidEncryptionScheme();

            var enc = DefaultEncoding.WithFatalFallback();
            int index_length = 0;
            var dir = new List<NpkStoredEntry>();
            foreach (var entry in list)
            {
                var ext = Path.GetExtension (entry.Name).ToLowerInvariant();
                var npk_entry = new NpkStoredEntry
                {
                    Name = entry.Name,
                    RawName = enc.GetBytes (entry.Name.Replace ('\\', '/')),
                    IsSolid = SolidFiles.Contains (ext),
                    IsPacked = !DisableCompression.Contains (ext),
                };
                int segment_count = 1;
                if (!npk_entry.IsSolid)
                    segment_count = (int)(((long)entry.Size + DefaultSegmentSize-1) / DefaultSegmentSize);
                index_length += 3 + npk_entry.RawName.Length + 0x28 + segment_count * 0x14;
                dir.Add (npk_entry);
            }
            index_length = (index_length + 0xF) & ~0xF;

            int callback_count = 0;
            using (var aes = Aes.Create())
            {
                aes.Mode = CipherMode.CBC;
                aes.Padding = PaddingMode.PKCS7;
                aes.Key = npk_options.Key;
                aes.IV = GenerateAesIV();
                output.Position = 0x20 + index_length;
                foreach (var entry in dir)
                {
                    if (null != callback)
                        callback (callback_count++, entry, arcStrings.MsgAddingFile);

                    using (var writer = new NpkWriter (entry, output, aes))
                        writer.Write (DefaultSegmentSize);
                }
                output.Position = 0;
                var buffer = new byte[] { (byte)'N', (byte)'P', (byte)'K', (byte)'2', 1, 0, 0, 0 };
                output.Write (buffer, 0, 8);
                output.Write (aes.IV, 0, 0x10);
                LittleEndian.Pack (dir.Count, buffer, 0);
                LittleEndian.Pack (index_length, buffer, 4);
                output.Write (buffer, 0, 8);

                using (var encryptor = aes.CreateEncryptor())
                using (var proxy = new ProxyStream (output, true))
                using (var index_stream = new CryptoStream (proxy, encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write))
                using (var index = new BinaryWriter (index_stream))
                {
                    if (null != callback)
                        callback (callback_count++, null, arcStrings.MsgWritingIndex);
                    foreach (var entry in dir)
                    {
                        index.Write (entry.IsSolid); // 0 -> segmentation enabled, 1 -> no segmentation
                        index.Write ((short)entry.RawName.Length);
                        index.Write (entry.RawName);
                        index.Write (entry.UnpackedSize);
                        index.Write (entry.CheckSum);
                        index.Write (entry.Segments.Count);
                        foreach (var segment in entry.Segments)
                        {
                            index.Write (segment.Offset);
                            index.Write (segment.AlignedSize);
                            index.Write (segment.Size);
                            index.Write (segment.UnpackedSize);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        byte[] GenerateAesIV ()
        {
            using (var rng = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider())
            {
                var iv = new byte[0x10];
                rng.GetBytes (iv);
                return iv;
            }
        }

        static readonly HashSet<string> SolidFiles = new HashSet<string> { ".png", ".jpg" };
        static readonly HashSet<string> DisableCompression = new HashSet<string> { ".png", ".jpg", ".ogg" };
    }

    internal class NpkStoredEntry : NpkEntry
    {
        public byte[]   RawName;
        public byte[]   CheckSum;
        public bool     IsSolid;
    }

    internal sealed class NpkWriter : IDisposable
    {
        NpkStoredEntry  m_entry;
        FileStream      m_input;
        Stream          m_archive;
        CryptoStream    m_checksum_stream;
        Aes             m_aes;
        long            m_remaining;
        byte[]          m_buffer;

        public NpkWriter (NpkStoredEntry entry, Stream archive, Aes aes)
        {
            m_input = File.OpenRead (entry.Name);
            m_archive = archive;
            m_entry = entry;
            m_aes = aes;
            m_buffer = null;
        }

        static readonly byte[] EmptyFileHash = GetDefaultHash();

        public void Write (uint segment_size)
        {
            long input_size = m_input.Length;
            if (input_size > uint.MaxValue)
                throw new FileSizeException();
            m_entry.Offset = m_archive.Position;
            m_entry.Size = m_entry.UnpackedSize = (uint)input_size;
            if (0 == m_entry.Size)
            {
                m_entry.CheckSum = EmptyFileHash;
                return;
            }
            if (!m_entry.IsSolid)
                m_buffer = new byte[segment_size];
            else if (input_size > segment_size)
                segment_size = (uint)input_size;

            using (var sha256 = SHA256.Create())
            using (m_checksum_stream = new CryptoStream (Stream.Null, sha256, CryptoStreamMode.Write))
            {
                m_remaining = input_size;
                int segment_count = (int)((input_size + segment_size - 1) / segment_size);
                m_entry.Segments.Clear();
                m_entry.Segments.Capacity = segment_count;
                for (int i = 0; i < segment_count; ++i)
                {
                    int chunk_size = (int)Math.Min (m_remaining, segment_size);
                    bool should_compress = m_entry.IsPacked && chunk_size > 2;
                    var file_pos = m_input.Position;
                    var segment = WriteSegment (chunk_size, should_compress);
                    if (should_compress && !segment.IsCompressed)
                    {
                        // compressed segment is larger than uncompressed, rewrite
                        m_input.Position = file_pos;
                        m_archive.Position = segment.Offset;
                        RewriteSegment (segment, chunk_size);
                        m_archive.SetLength (m_archive.Position);
                    }
                    m_entry.Segments.Add (segment);
                    m_remaining -= segment.UnpackedSize;
                }
                m_checksum_stream.FlushFinalBlock();
                m_entry.CheckSum = sha256.Hash;
            }
        }

        NpkSegment WriteSegment (int chunk_size, bool compress)
        {
            var segment = new NpkSegment { Offset = m_archive.Position };
            using (var proxy = new ProxyStream (m_archive, true))
            using (var encryptor = m_aes.CreateEncryptor())
            {
                Stream output = new CryptoStream (proxy, encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write);
                var measure = new CountedStream (output);
                output = measure;
                if (compress)
                    output = new DeflateStream (output, CompressionLevel.Optimal);
                using (output)
                {
                    if (m_remaining == chunk_size)
                    {
                        var file_pos = m_input.Position;
                        m_input.CopyTo (output);
                        m_input.Position = file_pos;
                        m_input.CopyTo (m_checksum_stream);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        chunk_size = m_input.Read (m_buffer, 0, chunk_size);
                        output.Write (m_buffer, 0, chunk_size);
                        m_checksum_stream.Write (m_buffer, 0, chunk_size);
                    }
                }
                segment.UnpackedSize = (uint)chunk_size;
                segment.Size = (uint)measure.Count;
                segment.AlignedSize = (uint)(m_archive.Position - segment.Offset);
                return segment;
            }
        }

        void RewriteSegment (NpkSegment segment, int chunk_size)
        {
            using (var proxy = new ProxyStream (m_archive, true))
            using (var encryptor = m_aes.CreateEncryptor())
            using (var output = new CryptoStream (proxy, encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write))
            {
                if (m_remaining == chunk_size)
                {
                    m_input.CopyTo (output);
                }
                else
                {
                    chunk_size = m_input.Read (m_buffer, 0, chunk_size);
                    output.Write (m_buffer, 0, chunk_size);
                }
            }
            segment.UnpackedSize = segment.Size = (uint)chunk_size;
            segment.AlignedSize = (uint)(m_archive.Position - segment.Offset);
        }

        static byte[] GetDefaultHash ()
        {
            using (var sha256 = SHA256.Create())
                return sha256.ComputeHash (new byte[0]);
        }

        bool _disposed = false;
        public void Dispose ()
        {
            if (!_disposed)
            {
                m_input.Dispose();
                _disposed = true;
            }
            GC.SuppressFinalize (this);
        }
    }

    internal class NpkStream : Stream
    {
        ArcView     m_file;
        Aes         m_encryption;
        IEnumerator<NpkSegment> m_segment;
        Stream      m_stream;
        bool        m_eof = false;

        public override bool CanRead  { get { return m_stream != null && m_stream.CanRead; } }
        public override bool CanSeek  { get { return false; } }
        public override bool CanWrite { get { return false; } }

        public NpkStream (NpkArchive arc, NpkEntry entry)
        {
            m_file = arc.File;
            m_encryption = arc.Encryption;
            m_segment = entry.Segments.GetEnumerator();
            NextSegment();
        }

        private void NextSegment ()
        {
            if (!m_segment.MoveNext())
            {
                m_eof = true;
                return;
            }
            if (null != m_stream)
                m_stream.Dispose();
            var segment = m_segment.Current;
            m_stream = m_file.CreateStream (segment.Offset, segment.AlignedSize);
            var decryptor = m_encryption.CreateDecryptor();
            m_stream = new InputCryptoStream (m_stream, decryptor);
            if (segment.IsCompressed)
                m_stream = new DeflateStream (m_stream, CompressionMode.Decompress);
        }

        public override int Read (byte[] buffer, int offset, int count)
        {
            int total = 0;
            while (!m_eof && count > 0)
            {
                int read = m_stream.Read (buffer, offset, count);
                if (0 != read)
                {
                    total += read;
                    offset += read;
                    count -= read;
                }
                if (0 != count)
                    NextSegment();
            }
            return total;
        }

        public override int ReadByte ()
        {
            int b = -1;
            while (!m_eof)
            {
                b = m_stream.ReadByte();
                if (-1 != b)
                    break;
                NextSegment();
            }
            return b;
        }

        #region IO.Stream members
        public override long Length
        {
            get { throw new NotSupportedException ("NpkStream.Length not supported"); }
        }
        public override long Position
        {
            get { throw new NotSupportedException ("NpkStream.Position not supported."); }
            set { throw new NotSupportedException ("NpkStream.Position not supported."); }
        }

        public override void Flush ()
        {
        }

        public override long Seek (long offset, SeekOrigin origin)
        {
            throw new NotSupportedException ("NpkStream.Seek method is not supported");
        }

        public override void SetLength (long length)
        {
            throw new NotSupportedException ("NpkStream.SetLength method is not supported");
        }

        public override void Write (byte[] buffer, int offset, int count)
        {
            throw new NotSupportedException ("NpkStream.Write method is not supported");
        }

        public override void WriteByte (byte value)
        {
            throw new NotSupportedException("NpkStream.WriteByte method is not supported");
        }
        #endregion

        #region IDisposable Members
        bool _disposed = false;
        protected override void Dispose (bool disposing)
        {
            if (!_disposed)
            {
                if (disposing)
                {
                    if (null != m_stream)
                        m_stream.Dispose();
                    m_segment.Dispose();
                }
                _disposed = true;
                base.Dispose (disposing);
            }
        }
        #endregion
    }

    [Serializable]
    public class Npk2Scheme : ResourceScheme
    {
        public Dictionary<string, byte[]> KnownKeys;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Filter stream that counts total bytes read/written.
    /// </summary>
    public class CountedStream : ProxyStream
    {
        long    m_count;

        public long Count { get { return m_count; } }

        public CountedStream (Stream source, bool leave_open = false) : base (source, leave_open)
        {
            m_count = 0;
        }

        public override int Read (byte[] buffer, int offset, int count)
        {
            int read = BaseStream.Read (buffer, offset, count);
            m_count += read;
            return read;
        }

        public override int ReadByte ()
        {
            int b = BaseStream.ReadByte();
            if (b != -1)
                ++m_count;
            return b;
        }

        public override void Write (byte[] buffer, int offset, int count)
        {
            BaseStream.Write (buffer, offset, count);
            m_count += count;
        }

        public override void WriteByte (byte b)
        {
            BaseStream.WriteByte (b);
            ++m_count;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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First of all, incident healthcare insurance urgent plan products are appling to protect advance damage appropriate costs for the ER. Yet applications can use to enhance an existing health insurance for emergency strategy. Or just as a accidents strategy to pay for any unexpected ER trips or surgeries. Affordable Health Insurance for Elderly People.
Many People in America are involved with guaranteeing the everyday incidents like actual physical accidents and e. r. protection. Of program, ensuring things like Many forms of melanoma and Heart Strikes are significant, but for younger adults and particularly kids, e. r. visits are far more prevalent. Unfortunately, a trip to the e. r. isn't cheap and the healing process from a serious actual physical damage can be exhausting.
Broken body parts often need to operatively fix and the postoperative Actual physical Therapy classes feel like a Sylvester Stallone Bumpy Movie. I am not proceeding to lie, the Bumpy Four soundtrack got me through my Physical Therapy exercises post ACL Knee surgery treatment.
Health insurance for the self-employed is particularly complex when it comes to e. r. visits. To be qualified for a Major Healthcare PPO strategy one must go through underwriting and medically are eligible. Supposing you approved, you'll need to select a insurance strategy deductible and strategy style. The most cost effective PPO policies in the individual wellness insurance plan market are the HDHP (High Deductible Health Plan) plans.
Insurance deductible is the out of pocket cost the insured has before the wellness insurance free quotes choices up the invoice. PPO stands for Preferred Provider Company and is the type of wellness insurance strategy plan that lets you select any doctor. Choosing any doctor isn't necessarily true, theirs a lot of gray area with "being in network or out of network" with PPO's.
Deductible choices for individuals in the PPO industry are $1,500, $2,500, $3,500, and $5,000. Common family insurance strategy insurance deductible choices are $3,000, $5,000, $7,000, and $10,000. And You'll want to select a co-insurance of 100%. Due to, this co-insurance is the cheap cost between you and the quotes company after the strategy insurance deductible. Most people acquainted with 80/20 % co-insurance. 100% co-insurance is well-known. Because, you won't need to comprehend Calculus to figure out any upcoming healthcare middle bills. Insurance plan options up 100% of the bills after insurance insurance deductible with this option.
Higher insurance insurance deductible family wellness insurance strategy plan protection have lower prices. However, with that great insurance deductible comes risk of having to owe. That insurance strategy deductible quantity if you use the urgent health insurance plan. As a result, a $5,000 dollar insurance strategy deductible medical center invoice is one bone away. Guess how a lot of People in America end up spending that HDHP $5,000 deductible? You believed it, in the e. r. from a random physical damage.
Therefore, accident health and fitness insurance strategy plan items have been doing a good job stuffing this ER gap for years. Other titles used for this strategy consist of individual accident insurance , e. r. insurance supplemental, accident health protection, accidents insurance over 50 plan, 24 hour accident security, and accident additional advantage strategy. Another efforts are under in my viewpoint and license wellness insurance strategy plan.
Agents are doing a disservice to their clients if they don't bring it up. I say this because so many people are shelling out a lot of money each month to insurance technique providers. And if they actually use the strategy could stuck with a huge insurance method deductible invoice.
Reverse the PPO accident health insurance plan industry is Assurance Issue insurance method products. Emergency accident health insurance products fall into this distinction and are automatic acceptance. Online applications have zero wellness concerns but do need social security figures and birth dates. In conclusion, this type of guarantee issue accident medical cost protection is an indemnity. Indemnity's make up members with a predetermined advantage quantity.
Burial insurance for seniors over 70 to 86.
Personal damage plans in this classification are account associations. The account organization helps individuals and families in the United States gain access to discount programs. And in this case, the lb for lb most practical e. r. insurance strategy supplement I've seen so far.
While, each organization member can select a benefits level of accident protection to fit their monthly price range. Or to match the HDHP insurance strategy insurance deductible.
Furthermore, programs protect the HDHP insurance method insurance deductible giving great insurance. Method deductible wellness plans a virtual zero insurance deductible effect. Remember, a lot of HDHP's max out insurance from ER trips due to accidents. Consequently ER tactic will pay harm appropriate costs to pay off the PPO insurance deductible. Again, programs only protect ER relevant costs due to harm and not sickness.
Emergency Accident Health Insurance For Elderly People.
Hence, members can choose a e. r. protection level of $2,500, $5,000, $7,500, or $10,000. Incident settlement advantages pay out per damage and have no boundaries on use. Typically a person will have a $100 dollar insurance strategy deductible per protected accident. Therefore, ER plan will pay up to the $2,500, $5,000, $7,500, or $10,000 per accident excluding the $100 insurance strategy insurance deductible. Hence, in simple terms, you'll owe $100 dollars for any protected damage assuming the invoice doesn't surpass the plan. Advantage max of $2,500, $5,000, $7,500, or $10,000.
* Emergency Accident Health Insurance For Seniors Free Quotes at burialinsuranceexpenseplan.com.


Where can physics take you? Quite literally into space!
Year 12 physics students took part in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths) day in November at the National Space Centre in Leicester.
We had a great day learning about careers in places as varied as Rolls Royce, the Met (weather) Office and the RAF. Did you know that most weather forecasters had physics degrees? There was also lots of information from the universities of Birmingham, Warwick and Leicester about some of the research they carried out and all of it linked to space exploration.
The keynote speaker was Dr Chris North from Cardiff University. He spoke about the discovery of gravitational waves and the challenges of measuring a disturbance to Planet Earth less that one thousandth of a diameter of the atom's nucleus across that's just 0.000 000 000 000 000 001metres.
The students were a credit to themselves and the college. If you want to know anything about high level physics, you know who to ask. Thanks too to Mr Campbell who accompanied us on the trip and looked after all.


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The Long-Term Impact of Early-Career Setbacks
Fail fast, fail often is one of Silicon Valley's best known mantras. Is there something to this belief that if you're not failing fast and often you may be stuck in a stagnating endeavor? After all, social scientists have their own Matthew Effect, - i.e., the rich get richer and the famous get more famous, - as evidenced in our age of rising economic inequality and superstar dynamics.
In early March, - just before Covid-19 brought normal life to a screeching halt, - I attended a very interesting seminar by Northwestern professor Dashun Wang. Over the past several years, professor Wang, along with various collaborators, has been investigating the impact of early-career setbacks on the future careers of scientists.
"Setbacks are an integral part of a scientific career, yet little is known about their long-term effects," notes a recent article he co-authored in Nature Communications. "Despite the ubiquitous nature of failures, it remains unclear if a setback in an early career may augment or hamper an individual's future career impact." The Matthew Effect would suggest that early-career success is an important determinant of a successful scientific career. On the other hand, early setbacks could well be a marker for future achievement, teaching young scientists, entrepreneurs, artists, etc, valuable lessons that they wouldn't have otherwise learned, i.e., what doesn't kill you makes you stronger. Which is the most likely scenario?
To find out, Wang and his collaborators examined the relationship between early-career failure and success for young scientists. They did so by analyzing a data set containing all grant applications submitted by individual investigators to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), - the largest public founder of biomedical research in the world, - from 1985 to 2015. The data set has information on over 750,000 applications submitted by almost 140,000 investigators, including the evaluation score for each application and the funding decision.
To asses the impact of early-career successes and setbacks, the research team focused its analysis on junior scientists who early in their careers applied for NIH grants between 1990 and 2005. In particular, the analysis focused on two groups of individuals: the near misses, - who narrowly missed funding because their evaluation score was just below the threshold; and the narrow wins, - who narrowly succeeded in getting funded because their evaluations scores were just above the threshold.
The research team found 561 narrow wins and 623 near misses. They looked at the characteristics of these two groups of investigators and found them to be statistically indistinguishable along all examined dimensions. The only difference between the two groups is that one narrowly succeeded in getting an NIH grant of $1.3 million on average for five years, and the other just missed getting the grant.
Next, they examined the scientific output of each group, - the narrow wins and the near misses, - over the next 10 years and found that the two groups published a similar number of papers per person. They then looked at the number of hit papers found in each group, - defined as the top 5% of papers based on the number of citations they received in their field as indicated in the Web of Science database.
Both groups had a substantially higher percentage of hit papers than the 5% rate for average scientists in their field. Over the next five years, 13.3% of the papers published by the narrow-win group turned out to be hit papers. But, much to the researchers surprise, the near-miss group had a 16.1% hit paper rate, a 21% difference. This performance advantage persisted over the subsequent five years. To ensure that the surprising results weren't limited to hit papers, the research team quantified the performance of the two groups using other measures, such as average citations received within five years of publication. Overall, the near-miss group outperformed the narrow-win group over the 10 years after the initial NIH grant.
"This finding itself has a striking implication. Indeed, take two researchers who are seeking to continue their careers in science. While both near-miss and narrow-win applicants published high-impact papers at a higher rate than their contemporary peers, comparing between the two groups, it is the ones who failed that are more likely to write a high-impact paper in the future."
These results are particularly surprising given that, by definition, the narrow-win group started out with an initial NIH funding advantage. In fact, the near-miss group received significantly less NIH funding in the five years after the initial awards, about $0.29 million less per person. The funding difference between the two groups disappeared over the subsequent five years. Similar results were found when investigating other sources of funding, such as the National Science Foundation (NSF). Overall, the narrow-win group received more funding from all sources in the first 5-year windows, but the difference disappeared over the next five years.
"Together, these results demonstrate that over the course of ten years, near misses had fewer initial grants from the NIH and NSF," notes the Nature paper. "Yet they ultimately published as many papers and, most surprisingly, produced work that garnered substantially higher impacts than their narrow-win counterparts. Is the uncovered difference in outcomes causally attributable to the early-career setback? Or, could it be explained by other alternative forces?" To shed light on these questions, the researchers considered two distinct hypotheses.
Survival of the fittest. In the years following their initial grant application, the near-miss group had a higher attrition rate of investigators that continued to apply for NIH grants, - around 11% per year, - than the narrow-win group. Perhaps failing to get a grant weeded out the weakest investigators, leaving only the most determined, higher performers to continue doing research and writing papers. Further analysis of various versions of this hypothesis concluded that it was insufficient to account for the observed difference between near misses and narrow wins.
Learning from failure. After exploring a number of other possible explanations, the research team concluded that narrowly failing to get a grant caused the rejected scientists to try even harder to succeed. For those with the grit to persevere, early failure isn't taken as a negative signal, but as a way to learn valuable lessons going forward.
"Overall, these results document that an early-career setback has powerful, opposing effects, hurting some careers, but also, quite surprisingly, strengthening outcomes for others. As such, these findings show that prior setback can indeed be a mark of future success." In other words, what doesn't kill you does indeed make you stronger.
Posted on July 25, 2020 at 05:41 AM in Complex Systems, Data Science and Big Data, Economic Issues, Education and Talent , Future of Work, Management and Leadership, Society and Culture | Permalink
Irving, I wonder if some of this is due to the way that we think about risk. According to Kahnemann and Tversky, a team becomes more risk-seeking when it has less to lose and the most risk-seeking when they are "underwater". For a team that's gotten the funding, they will be more risk-averse because they have the money and the research and don't want to lose it. For the team that didn't get the funding, they need to do something really interesting! From this, you'd expect the really interesting thinking to come from those with nothing to lose!
Posted by: RobertSchlaff | July 26, 2020 at 05:26 PM
Irving, Many thanks for a provocative article. One variable not noted in the research could be significant, however. I have seen enormous variability in the presentation quality of proposals; i.e. some are far more coherently presented and argued than others, irrespective of the underlying scientific or mathematical bases. Perhaps the linguistic and organizational communications facility is a factor. (This would be very difficult to analyze, of course.) Thanks for the thoughtful, and well-presented, contribution.
Posted by: David Matthew | July 28, 2020 at 08:28 PM