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Resources: Wolf Ecology & Behavior
Wolfology Item #1319
Journal of Mammalogy
v.79 (1998)
Click on the journal title (above) for information on acquiring the complete article
Population Limitations and the Wolves of Isle Royale
Rolf O. Peterson, Nancy J. Thomas, Joanne M. Thurber, John A. Vucetich, Thomas A. Waite
Population regulation for gray wolves in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan was examined in 1987-1995 when wolves were in chronic decline following a crash of the population in 1981-1982. Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) was probably influential during but it disappeared by the late 1980s.
Based on their analysis of fluctuations of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in Isle Royale National Park, Peterson and Page (1988:97) concluded that "the only natural limits to wolf density are those ultimately imposed by food supply." Specifically, they attributed a major crash of wolves on Isle Royale in 1981-1982 to shortage of food. They predicted that wolves would remain at a relatively low level through the 1980s and would increase as the number of old moose in the population rose in the 1990s. Instead, wolves declined further; hypotheses as to the cause included lack of food, disease, or genetic deterioration, or demographic stochasticity. In this study, recent demography for this population is analyzed, and those four hypotheses are evaluated.
Wolves on Isle Royale are isolated geographically from mainland wolves, and there is no evidence of successful immigration of breeding individuals after the population was founded in the late 1940s. Wolves on Isle Royale have been protected from human-caused mortality and have existed in dynamic equilibrium with moose (Alces alces), its most important prey. Size of the wolf population has been monitored annually since 1959.
Isle Royale is a roadless island (544 km2) in Lake Superior ca. 25 km from the Ontario mainland. It is almost entirely forested by a mix of boreal and mixed-hardwood tree species (Peterson, 1977). Wolves on Isle Royale subsist primarily on moose, with beaver (Castor canadensis) as a secondary prey that may be seasonally important. Almost the entire island is managed as a designated Wilderness Area by the United States National Park Service, and human activity is limited largely to shoreline camp grounds and 280 km of foot trails. The park is staffed and open to recreational visitors only mid-April through October. Mammalian pets are prohibited on the island.
During 1987-1995 wolves were studied annually during 2 periods, mid-January through February and mid-May through August. During winter, wolves were snow-tracked, counted, and observed from a Piper 18-150 Supercub with skis. A complete count of all wolves was made several times each winter. Wolves, especially territorial packs, were back-tracked to determine their extent of travels. Those packs usually occupied exclusive, defended space, and scentmarked regularly during their travels. Continuity of packs from 1 year to the next was indicated by the presence of at least one identifiable wolf in the pack in both years. In summer, wolves were radio-tracked from aircraft and on foot, and sites with repeated use were monitored for evidence of reproduction. Pups were counted opportunistically during group howls. Pups were enumerated more accurately in winter by aerial observations of behavior and appearance....Annual mortality was estimated from total size of the population and the number of recruits each winter. Emigration and immigration were assumed to be zero because none was detected in February 1991 or January-February 1994, the only periods when an ice bridge to the mainland was present.
....Size and age structure of the population of moose on Isle Royale were reconstructed through cohort analysis of recoveries of dead moose during 1958-1993. Wolf predation was selective for moose -10 years old (43% of wolf-killed moose-Peterson, 1977), so their abundance was used to index the supply of food for wolves.
....Where pups were present but the number of pups was uncertain, we estimated the number present based on annual change in pack size and prevalent annual mortality rates of 15-30%. Likewise, longevity of identifiable breeding wolves was used to estimate turnover probabilities for wolves in breeding positions in packs when their longevity was uncertain....
Prior to this study the wolves of Isle Royale fluctuated between 14-50 individuals, and average size of the population was 27 during 1959-1986. The population was stable in 1959-1973; then it increased steadily and peaked in 1980. A crash of the population in 1981-1982 left only 14 wolves alive, but the population recovered to -20 wolves during the mid-1980s. The crash of 1981-1982 provided a natural breakpoint for analysis of demographic parameters over time.
Wolf numbers and organization. The number of wolves on Isle Royale declined from 20 in 1986 to 16 in 1987 and 12 in 1988-the lowest level attained since annual counts were initiated in 1959. Thereafter, the population stabilized and then increased to 17 wolves in 1994.
....In each winter, the population of wolves on Isle Royale comprised two or three territorial packs that exhibited scent-marking by alpha wolves. Those packs typically occupied territories for several years, and areas used by new packs (East III [EIII] pack in 1989, Middle II [MII] pack in 1990) were usually similar to territories of previous packs that disappeared. In such cases, it was possible that a single non-collared wolf remained as a founder of a subsequent pack.
The West II (WII) pack formed no later than 1982 and was the only pack to persist throughout 1987-1995. The EII pack on the east end of Isle Royale declined to just an alpha pair by 1988, which was its last year as a recognized territorial pack. By 1990 a new pack (EIII) had fully replaced it and assumed the same territory. The Middle I (MI) pack, persecuted for many years by both neighboring packs, continued as a remnant group of three wolves in 1987 after the EII pack killed one wolf in the MI pack in 1986. In 1987, the EII pack again attacked the MI pack and killed an adult male. An adult female and a smaller wolf, probably a pup, survived, but they did not scent mark in subsequent observations; their former territory was utilized by the EII and WII packs in 1988 and 1989. In 1991, a male and female of unknown origins, designated as Middle II (MII) pack, claimed a territory in the middle of the island. In 1994, both of those wolves died, and their territory was claimed by a yearling male offspring that paired with a yearling female that probably originated in the adjacent EIII pack.
Packs of wolves often chased and occasionally killed lone wolves in their territory. Outcomes of encounters between packs and single wolves were variable and partially dependent on individual circumstances and previous associations. The WII pack chased a lone wolf and killed it 2 days later after a second chase. Another lone wolf was chased at least twice by this pack but not attacked. After reproducing successfully, one alpha female became intolerant of another female and threatened her during a chase and a non-fatal attack; the two wolves previously had been close associates.
In August 1993, the 12 wolves that remained on Isle Royale included three females, seven males, and two wolves of unknown sex, which was the lowest point in the known number of wolves of either sex on the island. The only females known to exist were the breeding females in each pack.
Social organization of wolves on Isle Royale in 1988-1993 was typified by long tenure of individual breeding wolves in territorial packs. During 1993-1995, however, there was turnover in four of the six alpha positions; three of those vacancies were filled by wolves born in 1993.
Reproduction. Pups were counted accurately during winter when they were 8 months old. The annual number of recruits steadily declined in the mid-1980s and then remained low during 1988-1995, except in 1994 when eight pups survived from the 1993 cohort.
Average size of litters declined only slightly after the 1981-1982 crash of the population, and was highly variable (median 3.5 in 1971-1980 versus 2.3 in 1984-1995). Before the crash, alpha females consistently raised young each year, but after 1985, actual reproduction increasingly fell short of potential reproduction because established packs often failed to produce any pups that survived at least 8 months....
Mortality. Mean annual mortality was high in 1981-1988 (41.3%), whereas in all other years during 1971-1995 mean annual mortality was 15.2%. There was little direct information on causes of mortality for most of the wolves that died in 1971-1988. About 17 wolves disappeared between successive studies in winter 1976 and 1977, but an exceptional ice connection to the mainland in 1977 could have allowed emigration. Between counts in 1980 and 1982 when no ice bridge to the mainland existed, 43 wolves died that had been counted in previous winters. An additional nine pups alive in summer 1981 also perished. Starvation of old wolves and direct killing by other wolves caused death of five dead wolves recovered in 1980-1982, but [more than] 90% of the mortality remained unexplained.
....Causes of mortality were determined after 1988 using radiotelemetry. Of the 30 wolves that were alive during any part of 1988-1995, 15 died by March 1995. Mortality for 10 wolves that were radiocollared was attributed to killing by wolves (two), malnutrition at an advanced age (two), accidents (one fell through ice in Lake Superior and one died of probable trauma), and unknown causes after radiofailure (five....). Additionally, one uncollared wolf died of malnutrition at an advanced age and another uncollared wolf was killed by other wolves.
Parasites and disease. Seven wolves handled in 1988-1989 were screened for endo- and ecto-parasites and diseases of viral, bacterial, and fungal origin. Little evidence of exposure to infectious diseases was found. There was no serologic evidence of exposure to rabies or canine distemper, Brucella canis, Leptospira, or Blastomyces dermatitidis. Serological results for canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) were equivocal in two of four wolves, but no microfilaria were detected so they were considered negative. All four wolves tested for infectious canine hepatitis had antibodies, similar to high prevalences reported for wild wolves in North America. Three of four wolves had low positive antibody titers to Borrelia burgdorferi (the human Lyme disease agent), but there were no clinical indications of Lyme disease.
Serology indicated that four live-captured wolves had been exposed to CPV-2, but such evidence declined after 1988. Two of the first four wolves handled in 1988 had positive antibody titers to CPV-2. In 1989, two of four wolves were marginally positive for exposure to CPV-2, and one recaptured wolf was negative in both 1988 and 1989. In 1990-1994, all six wolves handled were negative for CPV-2. Serological testing of 31 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) on Isle Royale in 1988 and 1989 revealed negative titers for CPV-2 in this species. Canine parvovirus was not detected in the feces of nine wolves handled in 1988-1991.
Parasites in wolves on Isle Royale were similar to those reported in other North American wolves. Fresh fecal samples from seven captured wolves and 18 other samples collected throughout Isle Royale in 1988-1994 were examined for parasites. Helminths were found in 13 of the 25 fecal samples. One fecal sample contained three different species of helminths, three other samples contained two, and nine samples contained one. Hookworm was most prevalent in feces (11 of the 25 samples). Taeniid eggs were found in four samples, and one sample contained Filaroides, Trichuris, Alaria, and Eucoleus aerophilus....
Long-term trends in food supply. Abundance of old moose was correlated positively with numbers of wolves before and after the crash of the population in 1980-1982. Density of wolves after 1982 was lower and the response of wolf numbers to increased food supply was less pronounced than before 1980.....
Genetic deterioration. A model estimating effective population size (Ne) and resulting rate of genetic deterioration (loss of neutral genetic diversity) for wolves on Isle Royale in 1971-1995 revealed a high expected genetic loss....
Territorial packs are the typical reproducing unit of wolves, and the enduring nature of packs of wolves on the east and west ends of Isle Royale probably arises from these areas being reliable sources of prey in winter. During the 1980s, a pack struggled unsuccessfully to colonize the middle of the island, and a pack (MII) was finally established there in the 1990s. Meanwhile, the EIII pack on the east end maintained a moderate size while the WII pack declined substantially in numbers and slightly in territorial size. Decline of the WII pack and growth of the population of moose on the island enhanced prospects for a reproducing pack in the middle of Isle Royale.
Our study underscores the important role of food, in this case moose [more than]10 years old, in limiting abundance of wolves on Isle Royale, and it suggests that an epizootic of disease likely caused the precipitous population decline in 1980-1982, contrary to conclusions of Peterson and Page (1988). Before and after the crash of the population, there was an obvious link between supply of food and density of wolves, but after the crash, numbers of wolves were depressed as mortality exceeded recruitment. In 1982-1988, this resulted from unusually high mortality, but in 1985-1995, low reproductive success limited rate of increase of wolves on Isle Royale.
It is unlikely that any single factor was responsible for the overlapping but asynchronous changes in both mortality and reproduction after 1982. Four hypotheses are proposed that involve demographic stochasticity, shortage of food, disease, and genetic losses in the decline of wolves on Isle Royale.
Demographic stochasticity. Random fluctuation in birth and death processes that operate independently among individuals (i.e., demographic stochasticity) may lead to decline and extinction of small populations. The decline in population size for Isle Royale wolves in the 1980s and early 1990s resulted from 7 years of high mortality (1981-1988) and an overlapping decline in reproductive success in 1985-1992. These patterns are consistent with expectations of a stochastic demography hypothesis, which comprises individual variation in lifetime reproductive success.
While the importance of demographic stochasticity is difficult to evaluate without controlled experiments, this hypothesis would seem less plausible if young wolves that attain breeding status in the late 1990s exhibit reproductive failure similar to those of the 1980s. Alternatively, if all other hypotheses for population decline could be rejected, demographic stochasticity would remain a reasonable cause for the decline.
Food shortage. After wolves were reduced to low levels in 1982, shortage of food may have led to the chronic decline and low numbers of wolves that persisted into the mid-1990s. Messier (1987) found that packs of wolves preying on moose at low density had low reproductive success (61%). When density of moose was higher, 93% of the packs of wolves reproduced. On Isle Royale in 1985-1995 when density of moose was [more than] 2.0/km2 and two or three territorial breeding pairs were present, successful reproduction occurred in only 45% of the possible occasions. That represented unprecedented lack of reproduction for wild wolves, with no evident explanation in shortage of prey.
Nevertheless, the low numbers of wolves around 1990 corresponded to a relative low in supply of food. Before the crash, the average number of available old moose per wolf was 10.1, and reproduction of wolves was maintained consistently in territorial packs. During 1985-1995 with decreasing reproductive success, the average number of old moose per wolf was 16.2 and was never [less than] 13.3. Thus, available data on abundance of prey on Isle Royale do not suggest food shortage as the primary cause for the decline of wolves but do support the importance of food in dynamics of wolves. After 1982, numbers of wolves continued to track supply of food, but density of wolves was consistently lower than before 1980. Accompanying the lower size of the population was a less-pronounced response of wolves to increase in food. The food-shortage hypothesis alone does not explain adequately the overall reduction in number of wolves in the 1980s and early 1990s and the reduced response to supply of food in this period. The addition of one or more new limiting factors could explain these findings.
Disease. The initiation of high mortality in wolves on Isle Royale in 1981 coincided with the probable initial arrival of CPV-2. After its first appearance in domestic dogs in 1978, CPV-2 spread worldwide by 1980. This virus was clearly present in other populations of wolves and coyotes in North America by 1979 and 1980. Following an outbreak of parvovirus in coyotes (Canis latrans) in Texas in 1980, the ratio of pups to adults dropped from an 11-year mean of 0.42 to 0.09, and in 1981 numbers of coyotes reached the minimum measured in 11 years. CPV-2 also proved to be virulent in wolves upon first exposure and was responsible for death of 11 of 12 pups and yearlings in a captive pack. The prevalence of CPV-2 was correlated with population trends of wolves in Minnesota and mortality of pups in Montana.
If wolf pups succumbed to CPV-2, mortality is expected in their first 4 months if they are unprotected by maternal antibodies. In 1981 when we speculate that CPV-2 was responsible for high mortality, at least three pups were detected in each of three packs in August, but none was subsequently present during aerial surveys 5 months later. The skeleton of a pup that died on Isle Royale in 1986 was of a size that suggested mortality at ca. 4 months of age.
During 1983-1988 following the crash of the population of wolves on Isle Royale, it is less clear that CPV-2 caused the prevalent high mortality among wolves [more than] 8 months old, an age group not typically susceptible to disease from CPV-2. Yet the only fully documented case of mortality to CPV-2 in a wild wolf involved an 8-month-old pup in Minnesota. After 1988, annual mortality among wolves on Isle Royale declined to typical levels, and there was evidence that exposure to CPV-2 decreased because the frequency and level of titers of antibodies declined. Because the probable period of CPV-2 exposure coincided with high mortality in 1981-1988, we suspect that this disease played a significant role both in the crash of the population in 1981-1982 and the chronic decline through 1988. The effects of CPV-2 on wolves on Isle Royale might have been exacerbated by shortage of food in the early 1980s, loss of genetic heterozygosity, and parasitism by helminths. In any case, there was no apparent involvement of disease in the reproductive decline that persisted into the 1990s.
Genetic deterioration. If wolves on Isle Royale experienced high rates of genetic deterioration, and genetic deterioration reduces fitness, viability of the population may become increasingly limited. Molecular estimates and calculations based on demographic data for wolves from Isle Royale indicate that this population has experienced a high rate of inbreeding and genetic deterioration since the population's founding....
It is impossible to predict precisely the impact of genetic deterioration on fitness in Isle Royale wolves because direct experimental evidence is unavailable. The onlv published study of inbreeding in a (captive) wolf population revealed that inbreeding significantly reduced fitness components, so it is plausible that fitness in wolves on Isle Royale has also been reduced by genetic deterioration. This inference is strengthened by considering that in a stressful environment (characteristic of wild populations) inbreeding depression is more severe, and wolves on Isle Royale may have experienced a higher rate of genetic deterioration than the population studied by Laikre and Ryman (1991). Unfortunately, the inference is limited by the observation that inbreeding depression varies greatly. Thus, genetic deterioration is plausibly a critical factor limiting dynamics of this population, but the evidence required to reject this hypothesis will be very difficult to obtain.
Factor interaction. While factors limiting growth of the population of wolves on Isle Royale have varied over time, it is also likely that more than one factor operated simultaneously. The significance of food was pervasive in 1959-1995, but the arrival of new disease coincided with a period of high mortality that dominated the 1980s. Less certain was the degree of genetic decay arising from isolation; inbreeding depression should appear gradually and thus be difficult to detect against a background of other factors. Demographic stochasticity in a population with so few breeding individuals could be substantial. Full recovery of wolf numbers to a food-limited level (matching levels in 1959-1980 determined by moose [more than] 10 years old) would underscore disease as singularly important in the 1980s, allow rejection of the genetics hypothesis explaining the chronic decline, and suggest that reproductive failure in 1985-1995 can be attributed to demographic variation in combination with persistent constraints of availability of food. If numbers of wolves or reproductive performance fail to fully recover in the next generation, genetic losses in the absence of outbreeding likely will be implicated as an important limiting factor to the population.n.
Figure 1: For the wolf population of Isle Royale, 1971-1995...(a) number of wolves, (b) annual mortality, and (c) proportion of pups in mid-winter.
Figure 2: Influence of (a) percentage of mortality and (b) percentage of pups on annual finite rate-of-increase.
Figure 3: Spatial organization of territorial packs of wolves on Isle Royale, 1987-1995.
Figure 4: Blood levels of antibody titers to canine parvovirus in wolves live-captured on Isle Royale, 1988-1994.
Figure 5: Relationship between abundance of moose...and size of the wolf population on Isle Royale, 1959-1980.
Figure 6: The predicted deterioration of neutral genetic heterozygosity over time for the wolf population of Isle Royale...
Table 1: Organization and demography of wolves on Isle Royale, 1987-1995.
Table 2: Chronology of identifiable breeding wolves and reproductive success of Isle Royale, 1968-1995.
References: 51


We have received an overwhelming response to the call for workshop proposals, with almost 50 proposals submitted.
The workshop program is currently elaborated to involve most of the contributions and will be published beginning of February 2018.
The GBS2018 agenda proposes three breakout sessions each of which could host up to four parallel workshops (12 workshops in total). Based on the experience of the GBS2015 and a number of requests already received, the organizers have decided to launch a call for workshop proposals to allow the widest possible participation.
Workshop organizers will be responsible for defining the concept, the topics to be discussed and for inviting speakers. In addition, the conference secretariat manages a list of speakers and will assign these experts to suitable workshops. The GBS2018 organization will provide the facilities, participant logistics and standard materials required.
A list of key topics for GBS2018 is provided in the submission form.
If you are interested in submitting a workshop proposal, please fill in the submission form with all the details required.
All entries received within the specified deadline will be evaluated by an Organizing Committee, which will be composed of representatives from the German Bioeconomy Council and the International Advisory Council of the GBS2018. The committee will select up to 12 workshop proposals to be held at the GBS2018.
Workshop abstracts will be published in the Conference Proceedings and on the GBS2018 website. They will also be covered in the GBS2018 report.


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How we helped Bringg with their international expansion into Australia
Bringg is a high growth delivery & fulfillment saas platform. See how we helped Bringg with their international expansion into Australia!
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Bringg is a cloud platform connects, automates and orchestrates supply chain technology, people and providers, making innovative delivery and fulfillment models accessible and valuable to everyone.
Bringg works with the likes of Walmart and McDonalds, as well third-party delivery businesses like DoorDash, giving companies the ability to optimize driver schedules, automatically dispatch orders, allow drivers to communicate their availability and in turn communicate to drivers by way of smart alerts to make sure deliveries are picked up, queued and delivered on time. Other services that Bringg can offer to customers include helping them run click-and-collect schemes, manage "crowdsourced" fleets, and returns.
We spoke with Gonen Gershuni, former co-sell program leader under the Alliances group at Bringg for 'best practice' tips for building partnerships when expanding internationally, and how our Land & Expand offering helped with Bringg's intial launch in Australia.
H: Was the Australian market on Bringg's agenda before we started our conversations?
Before we started our conversations, we were looking at the Australian market from an opportunistic perspective, exploring it and keeping an open mind on the option of engaging with potential prospects within the market. Of course, we understood its huge potential, but the fact that we did not have a physical presence within the market was a hindrance for our potential growth as, if you're not physically located there, establishing and building relationships with key stakeholders is very challenging.
Opportunities came and went, and we took them with arms wide open. When the time came for us to take a deeper look into the Australian market, we knew that we had to have a strategic partner or strategic partners physically located there to help us fuel this growth.
H: What is it about Think & Grow's Growth-as-a-Service offering that drew you to work with us?
I had a past acquaintance with Hugo, which was made through Aleph, one of our key investors. I've been very thankful for having known him prior to his relocation to Australia as it really helped in cementing the trust and an initial relationship. That was very key to both sides feeling comfortable very quickly.
A new partnership with Think & Grow began with having the conversation with Hugo and JJ, which helped form the understanding that Think & Grow are the market leaders when it comes to anything related to a partnership. And for me, it was a very easy decision to make. I knew that with Think & Grow, based on their huge experience in helping high growth, international companies penetrate the Australian market with such huge credentials, it was a sure bet.
What's really exciting (and also unique) with Think & Grow are two key parameters:
Think & Grow has a tremendously powerful network of senior stakeholder relationships across the Australian landscape and also outside of Australia which is key when trying to build rapport or a relationship with your prospects. Cold outreach to prospects can get you in the door, but it's going to take way longer when you don't have a pre-existing relationship with these senior stakeholders. As Think & Grow's relationships are based on their past experience and work delivered in terms of successful projects and deployments and implementations and successes way beyond the initial KPIs, this serves as a major trust builder when a new vendor like Bringg enters the market.
The partners at Think & Grow are fantastically knowledgeable individuals. From bridging the points of technical understanding to relationship building and management. When you combine these factors, that's the holy trifecta. The human side, the tech side and then the connector between vendor and partner.
H: How has Think & Grow's Australian connectivity helped you drive forward the sales process?
The key vision and strategy were to enable an additional revenue maker for the company in the form of pipeline generation and expediting the sales cycles. Think & Grow have helped us to expedite sales cycles through the alleviation of this initial phase where we did not have to do cold outreach to prospects, trying to see if they were in buying mode or if they were indeed looking for a solution like ours.
Within less than a year of working together, we've seen a substantial pipeline being generated. We've seen their immense value shine from the very early stages of establishing such discussions with prospects. Additionally, Think & Grow have enabled us to initiate new discussions, bringing to the table new potential prospects that we hadn't previously considered.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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NIO has gone from strength to strength in recent years, creating a buzz around their electric cars and Formula E technology. The automotive industry is on the cusp of profound change, and NIO believes it isn't just products and technology that must change; it is how people use these products, and their entire ownership experience. NIO want the public to feel positive again about owning a car.
NIO's Chinese name, Weilai, means Blue Sky Coming and this is represented in their symbol. The top is about the sky, openness, vision, the future. The bottom part is about the earth, direction, action and forward momentum. Blue Sky Coming is NIO's guiding philosophy and stands for their commitment to a brighter tomorrow.


The Geological Engineer is responsible for the investigation and analysis of earth materials prior to construction projects. The Geological Engineer's role is to make sure that geological factors affecting engineering works are identified and provided for.
Do You Work as a Geological Engineer ?
Tell us about your experience as a Geological Engineer . How much you earned, who your employer was, how much education was required or anything that pertains to this career. Help others who are trying to enter into this field. All information is kept anonymous.


When you think of the word "brand", what comes to your mind?
Is it the logos and colours of the business titans of the world? Coca-Cola and Red, IBM and blue, 'Virgin' written in the way it has always been written, since the days when Richard Branson was delivering records.
Or perhaps it is some famous tag-line like "every little helps", or "just do it".
All of these pieces of branding are linked to enormous companies. But what about branding in small companies? What does brand really mean for startups?
If a company was a person, its brand would be its personality.
Your brand is your startup's identity. All of your logos, colours, and one-liners are simply the manifestations of this underlying identity, just as the clothes we wear and the words we say are expressions of our personality.
Your brand defines how customers perceive your company.
The problem is that so many small companies focus far too much on their product in the early days, neglecting their brand, and, therefore, their identity and personality.
Below we discuss 6 particular reasons why you should never neglect your brand, even when your company is one day old.
Someone has seen your cool new product and they want to tell their friends about it….. but what was it called again, what was the story behind it?
It has been shown that it takes 5–7 impressions on average for a brand to be remembered. If your identity doesn't shine through in these early impressions, which could be across many different media, then you may not be optimising your word of mouth network.
Everyone remembers the people at the party with the strong personalities!
Word of mouth referrals are incredibly powerful, particularly in the early stages of growth. By setting up a memorable brand and message, you can help people spread the news about your company. Word of mouth is free; make good use of it!
Consumers like a strong and consistent brand. People want to feel like they are purchasing from the same company and they want to receive the same experience each time.
Think about when you see those grey London cabs; they just don't feel like the real thing.
A consistent brand builds trust and confidence in your clients, and this will compel them to return to you rather than look elsewhere.
Your brand sets your consumer's expectations as to what level of service they might expect to receive. This makes it easier for you to deliver the right service to your consumers, to keep them happy and to extend their lifetime value for your business.
People like to do business with familiar brands. If your brand is consistent and familiar, then even the smallest things can remind a potential customer of your brand, from a phrase in one of your adverts to the shape of your logo. This means consumers are more likely to find it easy to engage with you, and this leads to increased sales and brand loyalty.
As humans, our actions are usually driven by our emotions (much as we might try to control them!). Your brand can tap into those emotions. Think of a few really powerful brands — they tend to conjure up emotions and we all begin to associate particular brands with particular feelings.
Your brand is your company's personality and so naturally it defines the culture in the office. A strong brand makes it clear how things are going to work in the office, and it can help to build and improve your office culture making your company a more attractive place to work.
Deciding upon the first iteration of your brand identity must be done very early in the life of any startup and it is a very difficult process (more blogs to follow on ways to do this).
However, maintaining and developing your brand is just as difficult. With so many brand touchpoints to manage, it is more important than ever to have a clear brand identity.
Having centralised and easy-access brand assets is a powerful way to ensure your brand is working. Keep control!
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Microsoft Office free offline installer might seem the small amount of tricky, since you'll find the wide range of resources bundled in to the set up kit, therefore laptop or computer knowledge can easily appear in useful when trying in order to deploy the fresh copy in the application.
AutoPatcher currently exists for Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7 and some server equivalents (Windows 2003 and 2008), Office XP, Office 2003 and Office 2007. Windows Updates Downloader Unlike AutoPatcher, it will only download the updates.
MS Office Offline Installer For Windows PC Posted By Offline Admin on Aug 21, 2018 in Office Apps , Windows Apps MS Office Offline Installer is an office suite of applications for the business, school and home based users.


Mode of action Absorbed copper disrupts the enzyme systems of pathogens. Multi-site activity.
Formulation and application details Usually supplied as a soluble concentrate or wettable powder that is mixed with water and applied as a spray.


For a top quality enamel badge, a Hard Enamel Badge is your first choice. Also known as vitreous enamel, this is the traditional method of badge making. Using a glass powder, each enamel colour is oven baked at extremely high temperatures then air-cooled.
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Empowered Parenting
August 9, 2019 by Playa_Vista_Direct Leave a Comment
Renee Airya and Akira Chan struggled to find relatable resources for new families, so they started creating their own
Story by Andy Vasoyan | Photos by Zsuzsi Steiner
(Left to right) Osirus and dad, Akira Chan, Kingston with dad, Preston Smiles, Renee Airya and Alexi Panos
Media producer, brain tumor survivor, visitor to Richard Branson's private island: at 44 years old, Renee Airya is not your typical mom. The self-described healer and speaker was living an international bohemian lifestyle when she found out that she was pregnant — at the age of 43.
Airya had been working abroad for RARE media, the company she and husband Akira Chan started in 2014. The "conscious media company" has clients all over the world, which includes Deepak Chopra's Chopra Center and the Mindvalley University in Estonia.
The couple decided to transition their lifestyle to one that would be more child-friendly, eventually settling in Playa Vista. They also worked to find more information on their impending parenthood, which was — surprisingly — a bit scarce.
"We would get on Google and ask question by question, and some of the information and answers we would get back we would connect with, but most of it, we just didn't," Airya says. "So that was around the time that we thought: We have a production company. We're already in a community of such empowered people — experts, and authors. What can we do to bring this out to the world?"
The answer, at first, was a short video series called "The Power of Pregnancy," about "empowerment principles while being pregnant." That series then lead to the conception of "Little Humans," a documentary project with expert interviews, footage of their son Osiris, and useful tips about the parenting experience of the kind that Airya had been looking for during her pregnancy.
Left: Osiris and Kingston imagine they're driving a Tesla
Right: Osirus loves to climb
"I was really surprised by the lack of empowering pregnancy information I could find," Airya says. "Most of the conversations people were having with me were around … all the things I would have to buy. I felt the dialogue was very consumer-oriented, and I wanted more depth in the conversation."
"Little Humans" adds depth through human experience: 14 experts and modern-day families tackle subjects ranging from parent-to-parent relationships such as co-parenting, external influences such as the use of cell phones and social media, and being emotionally intelligent.
"A lot if it is taking best wisdom and practices that we were seeing … and putting it together in an organized way," Chan says. "The reason we're doing this is not to tell people how to parent — no one wants to be told how to parent — but to provide inspiring stories and inspiring practices that may work for you, so you can figure out how you want to do it."
The couple is planning on premiering their documentary in Playa Vista near the end of the year, but fitting all those weighty topics (others include education, growth and parental rituals) into one 40-minute documentary would be impossible. So, in true Playa Vista fashion, the "Little Humans" documentary will also be getting a sibling "Little Humans" app to accompany it.
"The unique differential with this parenting app is that we've divided transformational parenting into six different pillars that make it really easy for people to integrate these lessons into their lives," Airya says.
"All of those [pillars] come together to form a really holistic look at modern parenting today, which is changing, like, every day, every week," Chan adds. "There's a lot of information out there, but just not a lot of human storytelling and direct guidance and learning that we can see or find easily from other parents."
Tiny Osirus Chan pushes the scooter he was gifted when he accidentally stepped into a photo shoot for the scooter company
Finding storytellers was not hard for Airya and Chan. Two are neighbors; one who lives in their building, and another who lives two blocks away from their Runway apartment.
"My community are my friends, and they were a big inspiration for me to come," Airya says. "We would love to premiere [the movie] here in Playa Vista. It would just be very meaningful for us, and I think, for the other families."
While the local premiere of the movie is aiming at a release after filming wraps in September, the online additions will be offered separately via a partnership with Mindvalley University, followed by a release of the app. With both a global and local distribution, Airya and Chan are aiming for "Little Humans" to cast as wide and as helpful a net as possible.
"If we can really be a resource that can assist parents in feeling more empowered and more comfortable and safer in their parenthood," Airya says, "they will be able to really be there for their children and provide an environment and a relationship that allows them to thrive."
Visit LittleHumans.com for more information about Airya and Chan's production company.


text:
NOWCAST WBAL-TV 11 News at Noon
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New same-sex marriage law leads to legal protections
Parenting, health care designations will now be available
Updated: 9:30 AM EST Nov 8, 2012
After spirited debate from both sides, the law legalizing same-sex marriage in Maryland will stay on the books.Voters narrowly approved Question 6, which allows same-sex couples to get married and provides them with several legal protections. Legal experts said one of the more important protections involves parenting.Before the law, only one member of a same-sex couple could be the legal guardian of an adopted child. But under the new law, both can now claim that designation."That's a huge step forward for the parents of these children, that they can step forward and say, 'I'm the legal parent,' and have the authority and the law to back them up to make these decisions for their own children," said family law attorney Monica Scherer.Same-sex partners will also be entitled to health insurance coverage through their spouses and their estate if he or she passes away. It also means if a couple splits, things that used to tie up the civil court system will, in theory, be streamlined."These things become marital property issues," Scherer said.Since the law is so new, some things still need to be worked out, one of which is the marriage license itself.The Maryland Association of Court Clerks is meeting Tuesday to decide how to change the language to accommodate same-sex partners. A court representative said the civil ceremony language will also have to change, as will the software used to enter marriages into public record.The law goes into effect Jan. 1.
BALTIMORE —
After spirited debate from both sides, the law legalizing same-sex marriage in Maryland will stay on the books.
Voters narrowly approved Question 6, which allows same-sex couples to get married and provides them with several legal protections. Legal experts said one of the more important protections involves parenting.
ID theft law, gay marriage take effect Tuesday
City webpage to help same-sex couples with marriages
Question 6: Marriage measure approved
Before the law, only one member of a same-sex couple could be the legal guardian of an adopted child. But under the new law, both can now claim that designation.
"That's a huge step forward for the parents of these children, that they can step forward and say, 'I'm the legal parent,' and have the authority and the law to back them up to make these decisions for their own children," said family law attorney Monica Scherer.
Same-sex partners will also be entitled to health insurance coverage through their spouses and their estate if he or she passes away. It also means if a couple splits, things that used to tie up the civil court system will, in theory, be streamlined.
"These things become marital property issues," Scherer said.
Since the law is so new, some things still need to be worked out, one of which is the marriage license itself.
The Maryland Association of Court Clerks is meeting Tuesday to decide how to change the language to accommodate same-sex partners. A court representative said the civil ceremony language will also have to change, as will the software used to enter marriages into public record.
The law goes into effect Jan. 1.
WBAL-TV 11 Baltimore
MD Digital Political Ad Disclosures
©2019, Hearst Television Inc. on behalf of WBAL-TV.


This includes a list of airports in Uttar Pradesh. The list includes domestic, training and international airports.
City served – The city generally associated with the airport. This is not always the actual location since some airports are located in smaller towns outside of the city they serve.
Customs Airports with customs checking and clearance facilities handling international flights but not elevated to international airport status.
^ "Airport Authority of India". Aai.aero. 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
^ a b c d e f g "Info" (PDF). shasanadesh.up.nic.in.
^ "सिविल एन्क्लेव- क्रेडिट वाले बाबू.. फ्लाइट की डेट तो बताओ". Amar Ujala.
^ "Regional air service to 8 places to start from Hindon in May - Times of India". The Times of India.
^ a b "Cabinet grants international airport status to five airports". timesofindia-economictimes.
^ "Press release" (PDF). www.aai.aero. 25 January 2019.
"Licensed Aerodromes in India" (PDF). Directorate General of Civil Aviation of India. 10 November 2008.
"ICAO Location Indicators by State" (PDF). International Civil Aviation Organization. 12 January 2006.
This page was last edited on 22 April 2019, at 23:14 (UTC).


In the last part of this 3D integration VFX series, I showed you how to use the 3D camera tracker and how to export your tracking data ready for import into your 3D program.
In this tutorial I will show you how to import that data into your 3D program, create some virtual elements and render out all of the layers you will need for compositing everything together.
I am using 3dsMax for this tutorial, but it doesn't really matter which specific 3D program you use. You should use to one you're most comfortable with. The theory behind each step should apply to all comparable products like Maya or Cinema 4D.
Create a new project in 3dsMax and go to your render settings. Set the output width and height to match the footage you shot for the 3D integration effect. I shot the UFO scene in 1080p so I will go with 1920x1080. Often it is useful to work in half or quarter resolution until you are ready to export the final render simply to make the iterative workflow faster.
Set up the renderer you want to use. I am going with the Default Scanline Renderer for this tutorial.
If you have vRay - and know how to use it properly - I highly recommend it, but that could be a whole new tutorial in itself and I don't want to over-complicate things here.


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Virat Kohli turns 31 as #HappyBirthdayViratKohli trends with over 350k tweets on Twitter
By Anurag MallickPublished on 5 Nov 2019 9:09 AM GMT
Hyderabad: As the Captain of the Indian Cricket team and one of the best Batsman in the world, Virat Kohli celebrates his 31st Birthday today, Indians couldn't keep calm as #HappyBirthdayViratKohli took over twitter with over 350k tweets on the occasion of his birthday.
Born on 5th November 1988 in Delhi, he first rose on to the scene when he scored a gutsy 90 against Karnataka in his debut Ranji season for Delhi in 2006. Deciding to play in spite of his father's death is something that showed his passion for the game.
He later went on to Captain the India U-19 side which won the U-19 World Cup in Malaysia against South Africa in 2008. He soon made his international debut for India in the same year against Srilanka at the age of 19.
The Royal Challengers Bangalore also picked him in the inaugural IPL season for a base price of 20 lakh. Although that season was not one to remember, he continued to nourish his game with each challenge.
In August 2009, He was selected in the four-team Emerging players Tournament held in Australia. He opened the innings for India and was the leading run-getter in the tournament with 397 runs in 7 matches. He scored a brilliant 104 off 102 balls in the finals against South Africa Emerging players to help his team win the game and title at Brisbane.
Kohli has called this tournament as the "turning point" of his career.
He was then included in the Indian side for the Champions Trophy in 2009 in which he scored an unbeaten 79 against the Westindies to win his first Man of the Match award.
He then found a spot in the home series against Srilanka in 2009 where he scored his first ODI Hundred (107 off 111) in Kolkata and also shared a 224-run partnership with Gautam Gambhir who made his career-best score of 150. India won the match and the series by 3-1 which also saw a very kind gesture from Gautam Gambhir as he gave his Man of the Match award to the young Virat who scored his maiden ODI 100.
Virat's rise through the ranks began in the year 2010 as he was the leading run-scorer for India with 995 runs in 25 matches averaging 47 with three centuries. This also made him a strong contender for a spot in India's World Cup squad.
In January 2011, He went up to No.2 in the ICC ODI Batsmen rankings and was selected in the 15-man squad for the World Cup.
He made a statement in India's inaugural game against Bangladesh as he scored a hundred in his very first World Cup game and became the first Indian to do so. Opener Virender Sehwag scored 175. The next few games didn't go his way as he scored 8, 34, 12 and 1. He scored 35 in the World Cup final against Srilanka. He shared a valuable 83-run partnership with Gautam Gambhir chasing a target of 275 before getting out caught to Tilakaratne Dilshan as India went on to win the World Cup for the second time since 1983.
Kohli's Test Debut
Having found a place in the Indian squad against Australia in 2011, he scored his first Test Century (116) in the fourth test at Adelaide which was the only century scored by an Indian in the series. Although India lost the series 0-4, he was the top run-scorer for India.
In the tri-series against Australia and Sri Lanka in Australia, he scored an unbeaten 133 off 86 balls to keep India alive in the series. As a result of his hundred, India chased down a Mammoth total of 321 with 13 overs to spare which gained India a bonus Point as well. Although India couldn't qualify for the final, his innings of 133 were considered as one of the best ODI knocks in the history of the game.
Although with a few ups and downs in his career, Virat Kohli has only become a better version of himself with each passing innings.
From a poor show in the 2014 test series in England to shutting his critics with hundreds in both the innings of a test match in Australia after being handed the Test Captaincy, his aggression has always brought the best out of him.
On the occasion of Virat's 31st Birthday, let us have a look at few of the records he has broken and set
. First Batsman to score 20,000 runs across formats in a decade (417 innings).
. Fastest to 10,000 ODI runs (205 innings) as he surpassed the great Sachin Tendulkar who achieved this feat in 254 innings.
. The most no of runs in a single IPL season (934).
. First Asian Captain to win a Test series in Australia against Australia in 71 years.
. He is India's most successful Test Captain surpassing MS Dhoni who had 27 wins as a Captain.
. First Indian Batsman to score 7 Double hundreds in tests. He also has the most no of 150+ scored as a Captain in tests.
. Most Double hundreds as Test Captain.
. He has taken the most no of catches since his international debut (234).
. Only batsman to average more than 50 in all the formats.
. Man of the tournament in consecutive T20 World Cups (2014, 2016)
. First Indian to score 3 consecutive ODI centuries.
. Fastest ODI hundred by an Indian Batsman (52 balls)
. The only player to score three consecutive hundreds as a Captain in tests.
. Highest Run scorer in the IPL. (5412)
. Fastest to teach 30, 35, 40 ODI centuries.
. First Batsman to score 500 runs in a bilateral ODI series.
. Most centuries by a Captain in a calendar year. (11)
These are some of the well-known records besides the plethora of records that Virat Kohli has broken and set in his illustrious career of 11 years and will continue to do so in the coming years of his career.
Here's wishing a very Happy Birthday to our very own Indian Captain and one of the greatest Batsman of the game, Virat Kohli.
My journey and life's lessons explained to a 15-year old me. Well, I tried my best writing this down. Do give it a read. 😊 #NoteToSelf pic.twitter.com/qwoEiknBvA
— Virat Kohli (@imVkohli) November 5, 2019
Virat Kohli's 254* powers India to 601/5 as Umesh Yadav rattles the Proteas on Day-2


We rebuild using elements captured from our surroundings, and are thereby connected to animals and plants around us, and to the bacteria within us that help digest them, and to geological processes such as continental drift and volcanism here on Earth. We are also intimately linked to the Sun's nuclear furnace and to the solar wind, to collisions with asteroids and to the cycles of the birth of stars and their deaths in cataclysmic supernovae, and ultimately to the beginning of the universe. Our bodies are made of the burned out embers of stars that were released into the galaxy in massive explosions billions of years ago, mixed with atoms that formed only recently as ultrafast rays slammed into Earth's atmosphere. All of that is not just remote history but part of us now: our human body is inseparable from nature all around us and intertwined with the history of the universe.
Karel Schrijver is a Senior Fellow at Lockheed Martin's Advanced Technology Center in Palo Alto, California. He was trained as a stellar astrophysicist, but soon focused on the Sun as the one star that regulates life on Earth. His professional interests range from the magnetism in the solar interior and atmosphere to interplanetary space, to the environments of planets, and to the impacts of space weather on human technology. He has authored many research publications and several pieces for the general public, but this is the first book reaching beyond his daily work. He never tires from looking at the beautiful star that we live with, observed with instruments in space that capture the Sun's atmosphere in colors that cannot reach the unaided human eye.
Iris Schrijver is a Professor of Pathology and Pediatrics at Stanford University School of Medicine. She is a physician with medical specialty training in both genetics and pathology, and she directs the Molecular Pathology laboratory at the Stanford Medical Center. This laboratory provides diagnostic testing for children and adults with inherited conditions and with cancers. Depending on the condition tested for, the testing helps to make a diagnosis, to establish the prognosis, to select the right treatment, and to monitor for recurrence of disease. Her research targets the causes of hereditary hearing loss and cystic fibrosis, and the development and application of optimal diagnostic methods. She has authored and edited original research articles, book chapters, and books. She is fascinated by all the connections between her world of DNA, Karel's universe, and the sheer multitude of links between them, so paramount to all aspects of life.


text:
Shirley Terlaje, former education board member, mourned
Shirley Terlaje died in her home peacefully on Feb. 27, 2019 at age 80.
Shirley Terlaje, former education board member, mourned Shirley Terlaje died in her home peacefully on Feb. 27, 2019 at age 80. Check out this story on guampdn.com: https://www.guampdn.com/story/news/local/2019/02/27/shirley-terlaje-former-education-board-member-mourned/3000250002/
Jasmine Stole Weiss, Pacific Daily News Published 4:45 p.m. ChT Feb. 27, 2019
AJ Rafael is scheduled to perform at the Ypao Amphitheater on Sunday, March 3. Log on to tbmfguam.org for the full lineup of concerts during the Tumon Bay Music Festival. Pacific Daily News
Shirley Ann Coulter Terlaje photographed in 1975. (Photo: PDN file photo)
Former school board member Shirley Ann Coulter Terlaje, died Wednesday at home peacefully.
The 80-year-old Terlaje was a member of the Territorial Board of Education in 1975, Pacific Daily News files show.
She was married to Edward Terlaje, attorney and former senator, for the past 60 years. The pair had 11 children together including Sen. Therese Terlaje.
More: Pvt. Claytun Cepeda's family mourns loss of soldier, hopes for answers
More: Guam talk radio pioneer Jon Anderson honored, remembered by family and friends
Therese Terlaje, the fourth born and eldest girl of Shirley and Edward's children, said her mother grew up on a farm in Nebraska.
She met Edward Terlaje at Creighton University in Nebraska. After they got married, Shirley and Edward moved to Guam, Therese Terlaje said.
"She's a very good wife and mother. Old fashioned, you know, the kind that did everything, was able to do it all and still be happy and loving and kind," Therese Terlaje said.
Shirley was part of a number of organizations
Shirley Terlaje was also very active in her church. "She was a very dedicated Christian and was a leader of the Christian Mothers Organization in Yona," Therese Terlaje said.
She played the piano and organ at the church for many years, Therese Terlaje added.
She was also a teacher at University of Guam and St. Francis Catholic School. Therese Terlaje said many times teachers and students alike would approach her and talk to her about Shirley Terlaje, their former teacher.
In her life, Shirley Terlaje was part of a number of organizations including National Education Association, Confraternity of Christian Mothers, Women's Democratic Party of Guam, Stanford Alumni Association, University of Guam Alumni Association and more, according to Pacific Daily News files.
Sen. Terlaje: She was very kind
"Everybody's going to remember her that she was very strong in her faith and she really trusted God," Therese Terlaje said. "She raised us all to be that way also. To believe in God through all adversity. He will be your strength."
Therese Terlaje said her mother was hard-working and never gave up.
And, she was very kind, Therese Terlaje said.
Therese Terlaje said the family would like to extend their gratitude to all her mother's friends in Yona and everywhere for their prayers and their kindness as her mother dealt with health issues.
Rosary schedule
Nightly Rosary: 5:30 p.m.
Nightly Mass: 6 p.m. Feb. 27 to March 7 at St. Francis Church, Yona
Friday, March 1 and Wednesday, March 6 Mass only at 6:30 p.m.
Sunday, March 3 Mass at 8 a.m.
Viewing and Last Respects: 9 to 11:30 a.m. Friday, March 8.
Mass of Christian Burial: 12 noon Friday, March 8.
Woman rescued from Ypao Beach
YouTuber AJ Rafael to play free concert as part of Tumon Bay Music Festival lineup
Read or Share this story: https://www.guampdn.com/story/news/local/2019/02/27/shirley-terlaje-former-education-board-member-mourned/3000250002/
GFD evacuates airport due to smoke from moving walkway
Man allegedly punches relative
5.6 magnitude earthquake recorded
Plea deal reached in jury tampering case
Man allegedly hit another in the head with rock
Governor to senators: Don't roll back taxes


text:
Photo by Oklahoma State Athletics
Oklahoma State Softball
Oklahoma State Slots In At No. 3 In USA Softball Preseason Poll
Author By Oklahoma State Athletics Media Relations
STILLWATER – The Oklahoma State softball team is No. 3 in the ESPN.com/USA Softball Collegiate Top 25, marking the Cowgirls' fourth top-three ranking of the 2023 preseason.
A look at the full list of the Cowgirls' preseason rankings:
No. 2 in the Softball America Preseason College Top 25
No. 2 in the Big 12 Conference Preseason Poll
No. 3 in the D1Softball Preseason Top 25
No. 3 in the ESPN.com/USA Softball Preseason Collegiate Top 25
The Cowgirls have advanced to each of the last three Women's College World Series and return six starters – including All-Americans Kelly Maxwell and Katelynn Carwile – from last year's team that advanced to OKC and finished the 2022 season ranked third in the nation.
The 2023 preseason rankings are further validation of how the Cowgirls have earned a spot among the sport's elite in recent years.
Oklahoma State joins Arizona, Oklahoma and UCLA as the only teams to appear in each of the last three Women's College World Series.
Including the last three seasons, Oklahoma State now has 14 Women's College World Series appearances all-time; only UCLA, Arizona, Oklahoma, Arizona State and Cal have more.
Oklahoma State has been ranked in the top 25 of the NFCA poll in each of its last 203 games played.
Oklahoma State's 32-12 record (72.7%) is second in the Big 12 Conference over the last three seasons, trailing only Oklahoma. The Cowgirls have finished no lower than third in the Big 12 standings in each of the last six seasons.
The Cowgirls open the season February 10 when they take on Oregon at the Puerto Vallarta Challenge in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico.
ESPN.com/USA Softball Preseason Collegiate Top 25
1. Oklahoma
2. UCLA
3. Oklahoma State
4. Florida State
5. Florida
6. Arkansas
7. Alabama
8. Northwestern
10. Clemson
11. Virginia Tech
12. Tennessee
14. Stanford
16. Washington
17. Kentucky
18. UCF
19. Duke
20. LSU
21. Auburn
22. Oregon
23. Missouri
24. Louisiana
25. Oregon State
More Softball
OSU Softball Ranked Unanimous Preseason Top Three Team
by Oklahoma State Athletics Media Relations
Maxwell, Becker Named To 2023 USA Softball Collegiate Player Of The Year Watch List
Oklahoma State Softball Picked Preseason Second in Big 12
Gajewski and Oklahoma State Cowgirls Ranked No. 3 in D1 Softball Preseason Poll
Oklahoma State Softball Announces 2023 Schedule
Tags: Softball, Oklahoma State, 2023
Cowboy Corral (1 replies) Pistol Pete Premium (0 replies)
445 Views | 1 Replies | Last: 6 days ago by TeaTownCowboy
TeaTownCowboy
Kenny G has done a fantastic job. I don't think many know he played baseball at......zerOU!


Portlanders drink more cider per capita than people in any other US city. McMenamins started the state's first modern-era cidery in 1992. Now, Oregon is home to 67 cider producers—fifth in the US, behind WA, CA, MI, and NY.


Midaur Casino is a new online casino with a handpicked selection of hundreds of video slots and casino games. The gold and black design is a great backdrop to the titles on offer and the games really 'pop' from the screen! Whether you are playing on your desktop or mobile, you will find the experience slick and seamless.
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07/19/2013 - Factory Development Institute National Select Program Morgan continues to develop as an athlete. Her eagerness to learn and make adjustments sets a tone on the field. As a C, she has a basic idea of the position and made corrections on her stance and target. Continuing to focus on throwing regiment/arm strength, strong wrists when receiving, and pushing forward and rolling shoulders when blocking will increase efficiency and fielding success. As a hitter, she has a basic fundamental skill set that produces contact. Continuing to focus on a stride and load, driving the hands through the zone, utilizing the lower half, keeping the front side closed, and timing will increase power and efficiency. Implementing a strength and conditioning program will increase speed, agility, power, body awareness, and coordination. As Morgan continues to develop and mature through application and experience, she will be on track for seeking collegiate attention.
03/10/2013 - College PREP - Bel Air (Baltimore), MD Morgan is a talented young C with a developing skill set on both sides of the ball. Defensively, she receives with soft hands, makes good throws with carry and gets out from behind the plate well to field bunts. She will benefit from staying low to throw, quickening her footwork to throw and leading with the glove to block, all of which she is athletic enough to improve. At the plate, Morgan uses a simple set up with a controlled stride and centered balance. An aggressive hitter, she keeps the barrel through the ball very well to generate leverage and create back spin to improve carry. She can drive the ball to all fields and should continue to work on keeping her hands close to her body and seeing the ball deeper into the zone to improve point of contact, ultimately improving power production and overall quality of contact. Overall, Morgan has a lot of potential and should continue to work hard, seek quality instruction and find the best possible competition to ensure she is being pushed.


text:
Hotrod Rockefeller Lincoln?
August 10, 2016 August 10, 2016 Posted in Conspiracy, Intellectual zombies, Lies, Treason, US Politics
Trump Blasts RINOs
who Attacked Him: 'They are
the ones who allowed
Trump shrugs off 50 Bush-era national security strategists who say they won't vote for him
Adan Salazar
The 50 Republican national security strategists who came out against Trump Monday are the ones responsible for the rise of the Islamic State terror group, Trump responded in a pointed press release. Former national security officials, including desperate remnants of the George W. Bush administration, wrote a letter opposing a Trump presidency, declaring, "None of us will vote for Donald Trump." "From a foreign policy perspective, Donald Trump is not qualified to be President and Commander-in-Chief," the letter reads. "Indeed, we are convinced that he would be a dangerous President and would put at risk our country's national security and well-being." […]
This article was posted: Tuesday, August 9, 2016 at 2:48 pm
VISH VARNAY • 16 hours ago
Making Amerika Wunderbar!
robrod09 (To) VISH VARNAY • 15 hours ago
Adolf Hitler and the Grand Mufti, so happy together..
Et.Tu.Britass (To) robrod09 • a few seconds ago
Got one of Adolf Hitler and his Zionist US Fed financiers dogshoot?
This is close, it's probably Photoshop, yet still pretty accurate too…
HANGTHEOWL • 17 hours ago
Trump Blasts RINOs,,,???,, hell he just hired one for VP,,,,
You are, without a doubt, on the odd occasion that is, every now and then, once or twice every few months, some months more than others, others not so much…
"THE MOST REVOLTING ACCOUNT ON THIS SUBNET"…
Sooo, according to me, "HANGTHEOWL" for prez in 2016…
And it looks like Phyllis Diller agrees with me on that, yes, it's been fully confirmed by State (Dept) and here's visual proof, Phyllis Diller backs "HANGTHEOWL" in 2016 😉
PS America, my step-mom once said to me with a wry wink…
"Wit is lost on the witless, boy"…
Now please, don't tell me you don't get it do you? 😉
JackerRaabit • 13 hours ago
"We are convinced that in the Oval Office, he would be the most reckless President in American history." Merely making such an accusation, without providing very strong corroboration, instantly eliminates you as a public-policy advisor: it speaks of really raw incompetence in that field. Why, they are acting no better that Cruz, Ryan, McCain, Preibus, or any other Establishment Satanist/ Atheist/ Socialist/ Humanist.
Et.Tu.Britass (To) JackerRaabit • 2 hours ago
This is getting silly…
You can vote Hillary or Trump or Cruz, Ryan, McCain, or even vote for a General Motors Preibus Volt (sic) or even a Toyato Prius, or vote for a Reba McIntire cruiser or a Tammy Wynette sports coupe with the new supercharged glove box and whitewall senior-hottie leg warmer ear muffs, but whoever or whatever it is you vote for it'll still be a Rockefeller bloodline offspring you're told won the race, cause…
it's their turn…
That means it'll be Trump Hillary, or be someone who looks like them 😉
Remember 2012 when Trump ran to get doppelganger 'Obi' elected? 😉
BTW, that's the new "Tammy Wynette Sports Coupe" above here 😉
Thought_Crimes • 14 hours ago
"Rather than attacking them outright, the Trump campaign instead thanked the 50 Republicans for coming out of the woodworks and exposing themselves to the American people." Brilliant response!
Et.Tu.Britass (To) Thought_Crimes • 2 hours ago
Never mind ~ Will a "LYON' (sic) SCOUNDREL" do Thought _ Crimes? 😉
How 'bout a coyote or a laughing hyena or some such sad nonesuch? 😉
The last man that tried to do something to help our country,,,
look at the contempt for him in Sick Willy's and Pedo Bush's face,,,,,,,
Rick (To) HANGTHEOWL • 13 hours ago
You believed Perot was sincere, but you think Trump's a fraud.
Trump never backed out of an election with some crazy story about a Kung Fu terrorist attack at his daughter's wedding.
Et.Tu.Britass (To) Rick • 2 hours ago
That be partially true Obadiah, that be partially true, from memory there wasn't a crazed kung fu killer in sight when Trump had some 'CIA' guy who was already dead in a failed bank robbery stalk him at one of his hotels so he could gracefully withdraw to put 'OBI TWO' across the line in 2012 ~ Thankfully, the Secret Service got the dead guy before he could do any real (Snicker) harm to America's official unofficial great white hope, "Sir Donald J. Goldstein Jnr" ~ I'm truly worried about you America, I'm worried about you, I'm so worried about you that I'm thinking all 330 very odd million of you should all be placed on the 'TSA No Fly' list and all of your 'WMD' removed and kept in a safe (r) place until you get better, maybe a safer place like the moon…
or Mars, or Pluto, or even Uranus 😉
beacon007 • 3 hours ago
The ship is sinking the rats sense they should run for safety, the Trump factor whacks
them, none of the rats reach shore. ——————————————————————-
Reminds me of the story about Moses when he whacked the Pharaohs.
My thoughts, history is about to repeat it self. Whack those Rinos Trump.
Et.Tu.Britass (To) beacon007 • 2 hours ago
Something about Moses + politics that brings out the divine cynic in me…
Wonder what screwed-out the American people's collective memory so much that a small group of Masons under control of the Bavarian Illuminati could grab the American people's heart and mind by the balls so tightly and not get shot 😦
It's been nearly 60 years of perversity since some treasonous Masons in the military helped their Bavarian Illuminati masters steal a US Air Force hydrogen bomb, whether it was functional or not is immaterial when those they were working against at the time (You) believed on the balance of what they were told by higher order levels of Masonry that is was, and ever since it's been the season of constant treason…
Not like lies America lives under near 24\7 just started Jan 20th 2001…
Not like lies America lives under near 24\7 started on Jan 20th 2001 is it…
Here's a very purposeful rant, maybe worth a read to thinkers and seekers…
I've (Personal) permission to (Re) tell this following story about a part of what went down behind the scenes of Zion's world chess play of 'WW2' using secretly Zionist mostly German Jew Masons where the story involves so many convoluted twists and turns that the average 180 Char Twitter poster may as well, whether male or female, just toddle off to bed right now and after taking a bottle of 'Dr Feelgood's congressional cocaine and Viagra' pills, jerk off for a few hours while watching old 'Gary Glitter' videos rather than continue reading ~ That'll be far more enlightening to your political spiritual and philosophical understanding than what I'm saying here, and it'll be more uplifting to your soul rather than reading any further, because this actually requires you to think, and to think for yourselves too ~ Anyway, a favor was asked of me while still both a child in years and a mildly naïve adult-child to do so, to re-tell this story, a favor asked by their Fuhrer, and by their Italian Stallion, and also by Uncle 'Eichie' tho not necessarily in that order and, although naïve enough to respond affirmatively I'd still been smart enough to place an unchangeable condition on the first person who asked, one where I'm under no obligation to keep retelling this factual story, or cease, whatever, until I've received justice ~ A wry smile on the face of the person that asked me showed me that he'd perhaps rightly assumed I'd never get justice, but had, to put it pretty cynically, 'Taken the bait' anyway, that much was obvious, although in all truth that was just their perspective
After all, the dictionary meaning of the word 'Justice' has two parts to it…
Of the other two times following that, I'd complied with the request on a lessor, yet greater, condition, said condition being that I'd only be obliged to cease mentioning these facts when and if my good will, good faith, and higher nature (Spirit) concluded it was right to do so, and as for what constituted 'Right' that also was to be left to my judgment, and mine alone ~ It was on that basis I'd agreed to, whenever the time was right, to tell this story about a small part of the hidden parts of 'WW2' and how this mostly hidden behind the scenes reality has impacted world history ever since, in a way, how it warped the hopes of 'ANY' true hearted little boys like I'd been the first time I'd been asked, and also warped the hopes of any true hearted Mason if such a thing existed in the real world, and left both them and me somewhat dazed and disillusioned and in my case literally bleeding from the butt at the feet of World Masonic Zionism and it's 'Bavarian Illuminati' masters who rule World Freemasonry on behalf of a shady Swiss Zionist group I've heard called "The Octagon Lodge"
Firstly, a few facts ~ Best as I'm able to ascertain the world's first modern day nuclear explosion was in Tunguska in 1907 after a shell of relatively crudely refined Uranium refined simply using the old Tesla earth energy grid pulling electricity from earth's magnetic field to power magnetrons to refine the metal, at great loss of life to the mostly Armenian and non White Russian slave labor who worked on it, and that was then fired down the barrel of a specially made 120 meter high velocity cannon into a meter square block of similar material placed in a 100 ton concrete block meant to absorb all impact and allow maximum the maximum kinetic effect (Impact) between the shell and the block to create nuclear fission ~ Immediately, or perhaps concurrently, the same type of device was built in Moscow at one of the major arms cartels there, an arms cartel in large part financed by that $100 million ($1 to $8 Trillion) in cash bearer bond tax monies that Tammany House Masonic Lodge head Boss Tweed stole from America immediately after the civil war ~ This device in Moscow was used by the German Jew descent Russian born high ranking Masons in the Czar's Court who were in overall charge of Russia to steal 'ALL' of Russia's quite massive gold reserves under threat of the destruction of Moscow in one massive explosion without a single shot being fired ~ This gold was then used to created the US Federal Reserve which in 1929 asset stripped Wall St and in 1933 used that same money to finance (Illegitimate) Astor descendent Adolf Hitler to begin both the looting of Europe's gold as well as begin the political and social deconstruction of Europe in order to bring it to heel under the hidden hand of World (Feudal) Masonic Zionism, in effect ruled, as stated above, using high ranking emissaries including Jesuits etc from within Switzerland, 'NOT' the Vatican, while also providing the gold needed to turn full circle from Boss Tweed's Masonic theft in the 1800's to complete the subjugation of America itself to the world order as feudal chattel, something that in this part of this convoluted shemozzle began with the (Illegal) 1973 US Fed so called 'Chinese Gold Loan' which did indeed involve a huge amount of looted Chinese gold which the Japanese had stolen on Britain's behalf in the 1920's and 30's, but also contained those 10's of 1000's of tones of gold which the Nazi 'SS' had seized on behalf of the Swiss, or the Russians, or the US Fed, or the British monarch, or whoever the fcuk they claim was really running shit in this 'Crime of the Century'~ That gold from both China as ell as Europe was mostly stored in Crimea and in Switzerland from 'WW2' onwards for 30 odd years up until 1973 and was then the leverage for the creation of Reaganomics, the asset stripping of Wall St and American industry thru junk bonds, then laying the groundwork thru blackmail of both "GOP' and Democrat via perverted sex dugs greed and blackmail in the Young Republican movement (sic) for the Machiavellian Zionist purpose of…
the full blown 'Coup D'Etat' America underwent on '911'
Now, the fake (Non-functional) nuke that was placed in Berlin in time for the 1936 Olympics, placed there by I've no fcuking idea whatsoever, and the fake nuke in London which Rudolph Hess placed opposite the House of Commons after sailing it in on a Portuguese smuggler x fishing vessel a few weeks prior to the Scotland crash landing cover story, with a similar non functional device placed in New York up the Manhattan River by none other than Mussolini and Captain Erich Topp, well that's what allowed the greatest military bluff in modern human history over the last 12,000+ years to succeed ~ As for who really ran it and who really knew, it's a 33rd degree Freemason thing, yet maybe not as much a secret (That the nukes were non functional) as some like to pretend, and it was what high ranking German Jews on the British throne and Nazis in Germany and perhaps even Stalin in Moscow used as their justification among lower level Masons (Partly) in the know to just throw up their hands in despair and go along with what Zio-Nazi puppets of the Swiss suggested (Commanded) after the war because, whatever you think you think you know, it was in a sense the 'Nazi SS' that won 'WW2' while both Axis and Ally powers lost, totally lost, even tho up until 1972 it's been said a nuclear weapon capable of being launched from a bomber had yet to be perfected, in effect meaning those rumors of 1 to 200,000 tons of "TNT' in Hiroshima and Nagasaki along with a firebombing attack by the US Air Force were what really caused the destruction of both cities, all to introduce the fear paranoia slavery and mindless compliance of the Zionist nuclear age
They've got nuclear bombs and missiles now, real ones, but it wasn't until 1972
It was a massive lying cold-hand bluff by Zionist Masons on the world at large
Thanks for supporting me with legal + medical expense, not
Fcuk, come-on you creeps, you were on test after what you did to the German Army in Russia and, depending on whether you're Lucifer the light giver or Lucifer the devil today, you're either winning or losing right, or both you lousy low rotten sneaky conniving Machiavellian Masonic Zionist fascist cheapskates…
Fact remains you cheated me on resource (Supplies) to do this stupid task just as you did to your army in Russia in 'WW2' and although I've got one hell of a sense of humor, I'd really like to inform you that when paradise (Valhalla) falls I'll be waiting for you, me and many others, and, to put it bluntly, in between me 'AND' them…
Where the hell do you think you'll be able to hide in Hades dudes?
So now America, how many lives did Iraq's and Libya's gold cost you?
Where do you Zionist types think you'll be hiding from 'Your' army?
Learn from history, both ancient and recent
Never trust a Jew, a Jew god, or a Jew devil
Those that do soon enough regret doing-so
Elsewhere in these blogs large parts of pretty well everything you've been lied to back to Boss Tweed helping to steal $100 Million Dollars in cash bearer bonds, equivalent to the value of $1 to $8 Trillion Dollars in todays money for the Bavarian Illuminati, are covered in some depth~ This thing with bankers ripping off the new country was nominally done under the overall control of the (Masonic) British Monarch…
acting as agent for the Swiss in the 1860's…
Not a lot about anything is even remotely as you've been told it was…
For instance look at the moon landing "Official Story" or look at the reality…
You've been conned by Masons for over 150 years already America…
Face-it American Mason, you cut so many corners since you financed the Nazis to loot Europe's gold under illegitimate Astor Adolf Hitler that you've created a problem with no solution out of what was just a house of cards to start with…
The main consequence of the lies you've used to hide the lies you've hidden to avoid accountability for the things you've done got to the point where you and your military almost need to be in a constant state of readiness to police citizens like you as if you were already in some kind of banana republic, and to do that…
you got them "Not asking" (sic) and "Not telling" double time…
I-do 'NOT' own cartoons, old photos, or vids used in this blog ~ I'm not seeking one jot or tittle in financial advantage thru their use and claim it's all fair use for the sake of a higher cause, and fair comment as well, along with some much needed albeit cynical timely humor and 'VERITAS' (Truth) plus a bit of hard core political philosophical and religious sarcasm, also in the cause of truth, mostly because somebody had to do it, and 'I'M SOMEBODY' you illuminated assholes, and all past present and future legal rights of any kind whatsoever (Except denying me fair use) and all past present plus all future royalties also remain those of the original owners
(PS: Watch out for 'NSA' phishing using these blogs)
Sadly, no-longer of much real concern to me…
Met all three of these below in the 1960's, and, it's three different men…
Two are German-born full brothers, one, an American-born 1\2 brother…
America, your Masonic Lodges don't think much of your intelligence…
ACHTUNG BABY…
As has been clearly stated 'MANY' times on many different occasions in this blog thus far, the secretly Jewish German-born man just above this comment here at the end of the three pictures whom most of you will think of as George Herbert Walker Bush, a man who's real name is "Scherff", literally anally raped me three times in 1970 which was the first year since age two when the torture associated with their "MK Ultra" brainwashing and torture first began didn't happen at their hands, again 'THAT SHIT BEGAN AT AGE TWO YEARS' you assholes, that was the first years since 1959 that your high and mighty fascist kiddy fcuking child murdering 'CIA' didn't torture me in real terms exactly as the dictionary defines the meaning of the word, instead that year they had one of their old 'WW2' generals do it, a man most thought Israel hung in 1962, the same man that treasonous Masons Cheney and Rumsfeld helped to place a stolen US Air Force hydrogen bomb under congress while Israel pretended to have the man in custody awaiting execution ~ You were nothing but a bunch of lying treasonous Looney bitter twisted warped power hungry Luciferin whores and assholes back then American Freemasons, and that's all you are still to this very day…
There's a story I've told elsewhere about being strapped to a chair drugged shitless on their "MK Ultra" stuff by 'CIA' with my eyes pinned open with surgical equipment a few months after their murder of missing Australian bub Azaria Chamberlain in front of me by a 'POS' operative for 'CIA' known to some in Australia as "Little Hans" a week or so after her so called death by a 'Dingo' (sic) taking her from her tent…
for an untrained victim it's very easy to place fully believable memories into someone's mind using those same drug based brainwash techniques, so she may very well have believed she saw a dingo take her baby ~ Anyway, at the time of the baby's murder both 'GHW (Scherff) Bush' (41) and Rumsfeld were in the house within the previous half hour of her (Azaria's) murder with a literal 'Bayonet' to the heart, anyway, again, this part I'm relating here a few months or so after her murder was basically just…
torture to make me forget what I'd seen…
That included seeing Rumsfeld Cheney and your fake Kerry torture 9 babies to death, and then your 'Scherff-41' and one of his brother's torture 5 older children to death, all Aboriginal and all 14 that I'd seen slowly cut up with knives…
This time (For the torture described above) only 'GHW (Scherff) Bush' (41) and one other I'd not known by sight was in the house from memory, and for what seemed like about an hour to an hour and a 1\2 'THE' most violent video shit I've ever seen before or since was endlessly played in front of me, no way to turn away…
Control of a so-called 'Love Interest' I've never even met, it's all bullshit…
I'd need a lawyer for due process and justice or a mortician pretty soon too…
ConspiracyCrimes against humanityLiarsTreasonTruthZionist Masons
Previous: Previous post: The blood of the holy lamb…
Next: Next post: HEEEY, WHAT'S THE BIG IDEA?


text:
description: Understand how metadata works with Auth0.
topics:
   - metadata
   - rules
   - endpoints
contentType: concept
useCase: manage-users
v2: true
---

# Metadata

Auth0 provides you with **metadata** fields to store individual user information that did not originate with an identity provider. Auth0 distinguishes between two types of metadata:

* **User metadata**: used to store user attributes (e.g., user preferences) that do *not* impact a user's core functionality;
* **App metadata**: used to store information (e.g., a user's support plan, security <dfn data-key="role">roles</dfn>, or access control groups) that can impact a user's core functionality, such as how an application functions or what the user can access.

::: note
An authenticated user can modify data in their profile's `user_metadata`, but not in their `app_metadata`.
:::

You can read, create, and edit user metadata using Rules, Auth0 APIs, and Lock.

### Metadata Best Practices

* Both `app_metadata` and `user_metadata` are limited to a size of 16mb each. However, we recommend against using these properties like a database. They should be used for identity related information. Additionally, at some point we may put a more strict size limit on these properties. Please also be aware that using Rules and/or the Management Dashboard may further limit the amount of metadata you can store.

* An authenticated user can perform actions that modify data in their profile's **user_metadata**, but they can't do anything that modifies their **app_metadata**.

* Use a consistent datatype each time you create or update a given metadata field. Using `user.user_metadata.age = "23"` for one user and `user.user_metadata.age = 23` for another user will cause issues when retrieving the data.

## Rules

[Rules](/rules) are JavaScript functions executed as part of the Auth0 authentication process (prior to authorization). Using rules, you can read, create, or update user metadata and have such changes affect the results of the authorization process.

For more information and examples refer to [User Metadata in Rules](/rules/current/metadata-in-rules).

## Auth0 APIs

When you use the [Authentication API](/api/authentication), you can use the [Signup](/api/authentication?shell#signup) endpoint to set the `user_metadata` for a user. **This endpoint only works for database connections.**

For an example of working with metadata during a custom signup process, see [Custom Signup > Using the API](/libraries/custom-signup#using-the-api).

:::note
You can also use the [GET /userinfo endpoint](/api/authentication#get-user-info) in order to get a user's `user_metadata`. To do so, you first have to [write a Rule to copy `user_metadata` properties to the ID Token](/rules#copy-user-metadata-to-id-token).
:::

You can use the [Management API](/api/management/v2) in order to retrieve, create, or update both the `user_metadata` and `app_metadata` fields at any point.

| **Endpoint** | **Description** |
|--|--|
| [Search user by id](/api/management/v2#!/Users/get_users_by_id) | Use this if you want to search for a user based on Id. For an example request see [User Search](/users/search/best-practices#users-by-id). |
| [Search user by email](/api/management/v2#!/Users_By_Email/get_users_by_email) | Use this if you want to search for a user based on email. For an example request see [User Search](/users/search/best-practices#users-by-email).|
| [Get a list of users](/api/management/v2#!/Users/get_users) | Use this if you want to search for a list if users with other search criteria. For an example request see [User Search](/best-practices/search-best-practices#users). See also [Export Metadata](/best-practices/search-best-practices#export-metadata) for limitations. |
| [Create User](/api/management/v2#!/Users/post_users) | Create a new user and (optionally) set metadata. For a body sample see [POST /api/v2/users](/api/management/v2#!/Users/post_users).|
| [Update User](/api/management/v2#!/Users/patch_users_by_id) | Update a user using a JSON object. For example requests see [PATCH /api/v2/users/{id}](/api/management/v2#!/Users/patch_users_by_id).|

:::note
For examples and more information, see [Manage User Metadata](/users/guides/manage-user-metadata).
:::

## Metadata usage

Suppose the following metadata is stored for a user with the email address `jane.doe@example.com`:

```json
{
    "emails": "jane.doe@example.com",
    "user_metadata": {
        "hobby": "surfing"
    },
    "app_metadata": {
        "plan": "full"
    }
}
```

::: note
Any valid JSON snippet can be used as metadata.
:::

To read metadata, simply access the correct property as you would from any JSON object. For example, if you were working with the above example metadata within a [Rule](/rules) or via a call to the Management API, you could reference specific items from the data set as follows:

```js
console.log(user.email); // "jane.doe@example.com"
console.log(user.user_metadata.hobby); // "surfing"
console.log(user.app_metadata.plan); // "full"
```

::: note
With Management APIv1, all metadata was stored in the `metadata` field. Data stored in this field is now available under `app_metadata`.
:::

## Metadata and custom databases

If you are using a [custom database](/connections/database#using-your-own-user-store), the **app_metadata** field should be referred to as **metadata** in the scripts you run to manage your metadata.

For example, you would *not* use this:

```json
{
    "emails": "jane.doe@example.com",
    "user_metadata": {
        "hobby": "surfing"
    },
    "app_metadata": {
        "plan": "full"
    }
}
```

Instead, you would use this:

```json
{
    "emails": "jane.doe@example.com",
    "user_metadata": {
        "hobby": "surfing"
    },
    "metadata": {
        "plan": "full"
    }
}
```

## Keep reading

* [Manage User Metadata](/users/guides/manage-user-metadata)
* [User Metadata in Rules](/rules/current/metadata-in-rules)
* [User Data Storage Best Practices](/best-practices/user-data-storage-best-practices)
* [User Data Storage Scenario](/users/references/user-data-storage-scenario)
* [Change User Pictures](/users/guides/change-user-pictures)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub