text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />

    <title>Hello</title>
    <meta name="description" content="" />

    <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />

    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://aql.github.io/hubpress.io/favicon.ico">

    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//aql.github.io/hubpress.io/themes/casper/assets/css/screen.css?v=1489144325616" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Merriweather:300,700,700italic,300italic|Open+Sans:700,400" />

    <link rel="canonical" href="https://aql.github.io/hubpress.io/2017/03/10/Hello.html" />
    <meta name="referrer" content="origin" />

    <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
    <meta property="og:title" content="Hello" />
    <meta property="og:description" content="world." />
    <meta property="og:url" content="https://aql.github.io/hubpress.io/2017/03/10/Hello.html" />
    <meta property="article:published_time" content="2017-03-10T00:00:00.000Z" />
    <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
    <meta name="twitter:title" content="Hello" />
    <meta name="twitter:description" content="world." />
    <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://aql.github.io/hubpress.io/2017/03/10/Hello.html" />

    <meta name="generator" content="HubPress" />
    <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="" href="https://aql.github.io/hubpress.io/rss/" />

Hello

                <time class="post-date" datetime="2017-03-10">10 March 2017</time>

world.

                TOYODA Tetsuya's Picture

TOYODA Tetsuya

Read more posts by this author.

                    http://hikoboshi.org/

Share this post

                    Twitter

                    Facebook

                    Google+

 © 2017

Proudly published with HubPress


text:
Source: Department of Public Information (DPI)
United Nations News Service (See also > DPI)
UN political chief urges Israelis and Palestinians to give diplomacy a chance
27 September 2011 – While the Security Council mulls over the Palestinian application to become a Member State, the United Nations political chief today called on the Israelis and the Palestinians to return to negotiations to reach a comprehensive and lasting settlement.
"Judged by the passions of last week, the parties remain far apart. No one can deny the depth of their dispute," Under-Secretary-General B. Lynn Pascoe told the Security Council in his monthly update on the Middle East.
"But there are now some building blocks in place that could help make negotiations more effective than before – a clear timetable, expectations that the parties must come forward with proposals, and an active role of the Quartet," he said, referring to the diplomatic group comprising the European Union, Russia, the UN and the United States.
"It will not be easy to chart a way forward, but now is the time for everyone to give diplomacy a chance," he stated.
Israeli-Palestinian peace talks have been stalled since late September last year after Israel's refusal to extend a 10-month freeze on settlement activity. The talks had only resumed a few weeks earlier after a two-year hiatus.
Last Friday the President of the Palestinian Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, submitted an application to Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon for Palestine – which is currently has observer status – to be a Member State of the UN. Mr. Ban transmitted the application to the President of the Security Council, which is set to meet tomorrow to refer the application to the committee that deals with new members.
"As these deliberations continue, we must spare no effort to help the parties back to the negotiating table," said Mr. Pascoe.
"The main obstacles to a Palestinian State are not institutional, but political: the unresolved issues in the conflict between the parties, the continuing Israeli occupation, and the ongoing Palestinian divide," he added.
Mr. Pascoe recalled that the Quartet, which also met on Friday after the application was submitted, called for resumed negotiations and urged concrete proposals from the parties on territory and security within three months of talks resuming. It also urged them to avoid provocations on the ground.
In this connection, both Mr. Pascoe and the UN Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, Robert Serry, spoke out against today's decision by Israeli authorities to advance planning for a large number of new settlement units in East Jerusalem.
A statement issued by Mr. Serry's office noted that the decision not only ignores the Quartet's appeal to the parties to refrain from provocative actions, but also "sends the wrong signal at this sensitive time."
Mr. Pascoe also noted that more Palestinian structures in Area C – over 60 per cent of the West Bank where Israel retains control over security, planning and building – have been demolished to date in 2011 than in either of the past two years.
Today a group of UN human rights experts called for an immediate end to the demolitions of Palestinian-owned houses and other structures in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and urged Israeli authorities to prevent attacks by settlers against Palestinians and their property.
"The impact and discriminatory nature of these demolitions and evictions is completely unacceptable. These actions by the Israeli authorities violate human rights and humanitarian law and must end immediately," said the three independent experts who work on the rights to adequate housing, water and sanitation, and food.
Given the human cost of the ongoing conflict, Mr. Pascoe also said it is essential that all sides impress on their security forces and civilian population the need to act responsibly. "They must do their utmost to avoid escalation, and take early action to defuse possible tensions," he said, adding that extremists on both sides must not be allowed to inflame the situation.
Turning to Gaza, he condemned the continued firing of rockets from the area into Israel, while also calling on Israel to show maximum restraint in their response. He also called for the further easing of Israeli closure measures on Gaza, particularly in regard to imports of construction materials, exports, and freedom of movement of people.
In addition, Mr. Pascoe said there was no movement on Palestinian reconciliation, or progress regarding access to or the release of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, who remains in the captivity of Hamas.
The Under-Secretary-General also commented briefly on developments in Lebanon, where the overall situation remained calm, and in Syria, where "the polarization continues to deepen" between the regime of Bashar Al-Assad and the growing popular opposition.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Having recently completed our latest round of client reviews with households from many different walks of life, I found myself hearing and answering the same comments and set of questions. These are relevant and timely questions in light of market conditions and performance over the last 18-20 months. All of our clients should spend some time with this important update.
For most portfolios, in aggregate, that situation is real and largely accurate. Of course, everyone's situation is different depending on whether or not you are adding or withdrawing money and your strategic allocation among our strategies. But for the most part, returns have been flat, even slightly down for many of our client households for almost two years. That feels like a long time and certainly, it begs a few questions like, are we doing something wrong or why am I paying management fees if I'm not making money. Said another way, there seems to be an expectation that paying a money manager means that you will make money all the time. Last week, we talked about the value of risk management and the realities of market drawdowns, changing asset class performance, etc. For this update, we'll add to that discussion by setting expectations (or reminders for most) for upside returns in difficult markets.
You must recognize that there are long periods of time when stocks simply fail to move higher. We have been in one of those flat spots. For most broad domestic and global stock indices, it began on July 3rd, 2014 (678 calendar days ago). Yes that is about two years ago. The S&P 500 and the Dow Jones Industrial average are up a total of 3.6% since July of 2014 but neither are broad market indices. The Dow is made up of only 30 stocks right? The bulk of global stocks and stock indices are actually down 7-8% since July 3rd of 2014. Here's a chart showing the NYSE index (red), the Dow Jones Global stock index (green) and the Russell 2000 small cap index (yellow).
I have marked the date of July 3rd, 2014 for reference as the beginning of our current global stock market "Flat spot". Also, you should know that losses through yesterday include a very strong and healthy advance off the lows in February, 2016 when several benchmark stock indices formally experienced bear market losses of 20% or more. Is there more downside to come? Or was that the end of the garden variety bear market we've been talking about since 2014? At this point we don't know honestly, but we will have an answer by summer time.
Now to the question of why we have not made money for as long.
Should we be expected to make money, earn returns, in this type of negative investing environment as risk-focused money managers?
The answer is no - although that outcome is still possible and has happened in the past (2000-2003 for instance). Our job as risk managers is to assess market conditions daily following more than 20 different technical and fundamental pieces of data to determine our Net Exposure for our various strategies. In difficult and unproductive markets like these, we will naturally adjust our net market exposure to carry more cash, lean on defensive holdings and play solid defense.
Plainly stated, for long stretches of time over the last couple years, we have not tried to make returns as much as worked to protect your hard earned investment capital.
When conditions improve, we'll be there to take advantage of healthy return opportunities. But for now and for the last seven quarters, opportunities have been thin and risk has been high.
I'll give you a close up example with an illustration using our flagship All Season strategy (red) compared to our benchmark, the Dow Jones Global Stock Index (green) to show you the value of what we're doing.
The beginning of 2016 was the worst start of any year in stock market history. Yes that's a fact, we made history this year but not in a good way. Stocks opened the year, falling nearly straight down 10% and made a final dramatic low on February 11th, down 12%. Going into 2016, our net exposure screen had already moved us into defensive mode with nearly 50% cash and non-correlated holdings. The All Season strategy at it's very worst on February 11th was down a total of -4.38% including a full quarter of management fees netted out. Subsequently, we got back in the driver's seat as our systems quickly switched back to adding net exposure (buying) and we've enjoyed a nice ride higher since.
This is what we do. We adjust our holdings according to market conditions finding that balance of downside risk control as well as upside opportunity. Over time, this disciplined process yields solid results with real wealth accumulation. Here's the long range picture of our All Season strategy (net of any and all fees) versus the same Dow Jones Global Stock index benchmark with the clear performance advantage going back to December of 1997. By the way, you won't find many in our industry with a verified performance track record going back that far. We are a proud few.
Investing requires a high degree of patience. Two years of no returns, even slight losses, is not a problem as these periods of time also tend to reset value and create new highly profitable return opportunities. I think we're almost there but that's another discussion.
Question – Should I Shift My Accounts Into the Income strategies?
The situation is this. Our Income models are making all time new highs now as one would expect while stocks are under pressure. We have two such strategies. One is designed for retirement accounts, the other is designed to be more tax efficient for taxable investors, called Freeway High Income. Freeway has been doing especially well of late given it's very large exposure to high yield municipal bonds which are appreciating at a healthy clip of 9% annualized on a total return basis. Both income models were relatively unproductive in 2015 but have shot higher since the start of 2016 and remain fully invested in combinations of corporate bonds, investment grade and junk grade, preferred securities, emerging market debt, municipal bonds, TIPS and Build America Bonds. All are in strong uptrends. Pictured below is our Freeway High Income Strategy since global stocks went flat in July of 2014.
Back to the question – Should you move your accounts into this Income strategy?
We don't like to make strategy changes within a portfolio unless there has been a significant life change related to finances, like death, divorce, inheritance, business sale or retirement to name a few. We understand the interest in moving accounts into strategies that are making all time new highs but in effect this is return chasing and generally a bad practice from a strategic allocation perspective. Instead we lean on our client profiles to help keep your money balanced appropriately through your various stages of life.
We have four client profiles established in our firm with prescribed portfolio allocations among our various strategies. These are based on your age, situation, goals, preferences and risk tolerance etc. All of our client profiles can be viewed on our company home page (Plant, Grow, Cultivate and Harvest profiles). You might take a look if you haven't been exposed to this information as a client – or need a reminder.
There are two conditions now where we might justifiably increase your exposure to our Income strategies. The first is that you don't have any exposure to Income strategies for whatever reason. Certainly in this case, we'd like you to consider that as all of our profiles have SOME income allocation. The second reason might be that you have a pile of cash sitting in the bank earning nothing and you want to make that money more productive. In this case, we believe there is a compelling reason to consider adding to, or opening, an account in our Freeway high Income strategy. The current annualized return of Freeway is 8.87% net of all fees. That's better than zero.
Next week, I'll try to answer a few more recent client questions as I may have exhausted you for today.


text:
Alkaline Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell: Effect of the Anode Flow Field Design and the Setup Parameters on Performance
A Novel Multi-Objective Optimal Design Method for Dry Iron Core Reactor by Incorporating NSGA-II, TOPSIS and Entropy Weight Method
Energy Modeling and Model Predictive Control for HVAC in Buildings: A Review of Current Research Trends
An AI-Layered with Multi-Agent Systems Architecture for Prognostics Health Management of Smart Transformers: A Novel Approach for Smart Grid-Ready Energy Management Systems
Academic Editor
Songling Huang
More by Author Links
Nadolny, Z.
Impact of Changes in Limit Values of Electric and Magnetic Field on Personnel Performing Diagnostics of Transformers
Zbigniew Nadolny
Institute of Electric Power Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
Energies 2022, 15(19), 7230; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197230
Received: 7 September 2022 / Revised: 27 September 2022 / Accepted: 29 September 2022 / Published: 1 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Power Transformer Diagnostics)
Electric and magnetic fields accompany technical personnel in their working environment (work exposure). That is why many countries have the appropriate regulations. The impact of electric and magnetic fields on humans is still not fully recognized. This is the reason why the limit values of its intensity in many countries differs significantly. The article presents changes in the stress limits of the electric and magnetic fields in Poland at the turn of the last dozen years. The last such change was the result of a Directive of the European Union (2013/35/EU). The effects of changes in limit values on the working conditions of technical personnel performing diagnostics of high voltage transformers or working in the immediate vicinity of such transformers are presented. The article shows that recent changes have improved the working conditions of technical personnel in relation to the electric field and worsened the conditions taking into account the magnetic field.
diagnostics of high voltage transformers; electric and magnetic field stress
1.1. Hazards and Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Humans
The electric and magnetic fields in recent years have aroused negative feelings among the public. In the international literature, you can find many articles where the negative effects of the field on people are presented. However, it should be emphasized that until the 1970s, the electric and magnetic fields were not associated in a negative way.
The first important piece of research on the negative impact of electric and magnetic fields on humans was initiated by live work [1], which was developed in the early 1960s. However, the breakthrough in the perception of the field, especially magnetic, negatively affecting humans dates back to 1979, with the publication of a study by N. Weitheimer and E. Leeper, where they report a higher than average incidence of leukemia among children, caused by the immediate vicinity of overhead power lines. Since then, the development of research referring to the impact of electric and magnetic fields on humans has been noticed.
Currently, there is a lot of research related to the impact of electric and magnetic fields on humans [2,3,4]. Most often, these works concern the influence of the field generated by overhead high voltage lines (50/60 Hz). The most frequently analyzed parameter is the current that will be generated in the human body as a result of the interaction of electric and magnetic fields. [5,6,7]. The research also concerns the impact of the field on people during live work [8]. Researchers are analyzing the effects of the field on psychophysiology [9], blood [10], stress [11], and the structure of human cells [12]. Many studies have been devoted to the effects of the high frequency field on the human body [13,14,15]. Researchers are analyzing the impact of the field generated by wireless energy transmission systems [16] and metro stations [17]. Recently, much attention has been paid to the impact of the field generated in electric cars on passengers [18]. Relatively few articles concern the impact of the field generated at high voltage distribution stations, especially near power transformers, on technical personnel [19].
It should be added that research on the influence of the field on humans is a difficult issue, because the lower limits of field perception by humans are as much as 100 kV∙m−1 (electric field) and 10 kA∙m−1 (magnetic field), and the presence of animals only in a field with an intensity of 500 kV∙m−1 may result in their death, caused not by the influence of the field, but by electric shock [20,21].
The effects of electric and magnetic fields on humans can be broadly divided into two categories—thermal and non-thermal. The latter is divided into immediate effects, usually in the form of an induced current in the human body, and effects felt after a longer period, which are the result of damaged biological structures [5,7].
1.2. Thermal Effect
The best known effect of electric and magnetic fields is the thermal effect. Its essence lies in the increase in body temperature to a value that can cause protein coagulation. The most exposed to this effect of the field are human organs that are located close to the field, i.e., skin and limbs, and those that are characterized by ineffective blood circulation, i.e., the gallbladder and the lens of the eye. The reports of radar operators, describing cases of eye clouding and cataracts, are the best example of this.
The thermal effect is most often the results of the interaction of a high frequency electric and magnetic field (from 300 MHz). The physical quantity describing this area is the surface power density expressed in W∙m−2.
On the basis of research, it has been proven that the thermal effect occurs in the presence of a field with a density of more than 100 W∙m−2. However, below 10 W∙m−2, this effect is unlikely. There are countries where the thermal effect is treated as a criterion for the selection of the limit value of the power density, e.g., the United States, where the limit value of the power density is equal to 100 W∙m−2. Mobile phones are of great concern in the area of the high frequency field. However, they have not been found to have a negative impact on humans, although they may be a source of a small and local increase in temperature. Based on research, it has been proven that such phones generate a field with a density of several W∙m−2 (older models) and less than 1 W∙m−2 (modern models) [14,15].
1.3. Effect in the Form of Induced Current
The International Commission on Non–Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) recommends that the density of the current induced in the body should not exceed 10 mA∙m−2. Too much value of this current can disrupt the work of the human nervous system.
Electric field stress equal to 10 kV∙m−1 (f = 50 Hz)—the limit value in Poland for environmental exposure—induces a current of 0.5 mA∙m−2, while a magnetic field stress of 60 A∙m−1—a limit value in Poland for environmental exposure—induces a current of 0.5 mA∙m−2. Therefore, taking into account the permissible value of current density, it can be concluded that the Polish regulations, in relation to environmental exposure, are very restrictive because the permissible values of electric and magnetic field stress generate a current with a density 20 times lower than the permissible [22,23,24].
On the basis of simulation calculations, the density of the current inducing in the human body under an overhead high voltage line of 380 kV (I = 700 A) was determined. The calculated values of current density were as follows: legs 0.007 mA∙m−2, head 0.046 mA∙m−2. None of the determined density values exceeded 10 mA∙m−2.
1.4. Effect Recorded after Prolonged Exposure of Electric and Magnetic Field
Many concerns are raised by electric and magnetic fields as a cause of cancer. Research on the effects of the field on humans is conducted in different ways. These are in vitro studies (a) involving the separation of DNA cells and the analysis in the laboratory of the effect of the field on these cells; in vivo (b), consisting of a field impact study on animals; carried out on a group of volunteers (c); and epidemiological research conducted on a certain population of people who have been subjected to the influence of the field during their work (d).
These studies are characterized by some imperfections. In vitro studies (a) do not provide the possibility of using the defense mechanisms at the disposal of the entire human body, because only selected DNA cells participate in the research. These mechanisms include: adaptive, compensatory, and regenerative. In turn, the results of animal studies (b) are not so easy to transfer to humans because of a different physique. On the other hand, studies on volunteers (c) have the negative feature that they concern a group of people who were subjected to field influence only during the experiment. Epidemiological studies (d) on a group of people are impossible to carry out because such a population does not exist [25].
Studies on the interaction of electric and magnetic fields are the subject of extensive research around the world. Based on them, it can be concluded that the negative impact of the field on human DNA has not been proven. It is not easy to tell if there is an effect of the field on heart rhythm, pressure, ECG, and EEG, because literature sources often give contradictory results. The same applies to the magnetic field as a cause of cancer.
Analysis of the impact of the field on animals (b) proves that magnetic field can be the cause of cancer. However, these studies are carried out in a field of thousands of A∙m−1, to which people are not exposed either in their workplace or outside it.
The results of studies in Sweden and the USA are of concern. According to them, leukemia among children can be caused by a magnetic field equal to 0.33 A∙m−1. However, there are no reports describing the negative impact of the electric field on cancer.
It is worth emphasizing that the interaction of the magnetic field is not a linear relationship, which significantly hinders the proper interpretation of the research results. In a field above 12 A∙m−1, the human body showed no reaction, which was not confirmed for lower field values. The phenomenon of the "window" is explained by the adaptive properties of the organism [26,27].
Reputable agencies and world organizations state that the electric field is not a source of diseases. In the case of the magnetic field, CIGRE (International Council on Large Electric Systems, working group 36.06) and NIEHS (National Institute of Environmental Health Science) suggest continuing the study, as the impact of this field is not satisfactorily understood [28].
A completely different point of view on the issue of the interaction of electric and magnetic fields allows us to assume that their presence strengthens the immune system of people and minimizes the effect of "clean hands".
1.5. Summary of the Hazards and Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Humans
Electric and magnetic fields should not be seen as a source of danger to humans. This field is the source in special circumstances of a thermal effect that is characteristic only of high frequencies. The field can also induce current, but this requires a large value of its intensity, which exceeds those under the overhead high voltage line [29]. There is a discussion about the field as a source of diseases, even though there is no conclusive evidence that electric and magnetic fields are the source of various ailments.
When adopting Directive 2013/35/EU, which is the basis for the current changes to the permissible values for electric and magnetic field stress in the work exposure, the European Parliament and the European Council adopted the following statement in recital [7]:
"This Directive does not address the suggested effects of distant exposure to electromagnetic fields, as there is currently no well-established scientific evidence of a causal link in this regard. However, where such well-established scientific evidence becomes available, the [European] Commission should consider the most appropriate measures to take account of those effects and inform the European Parliament and the [European] Council thereof by means of a report on the practical implementation of this Directive. In carrying out this obligation, the Commission should take into account not only the relevant information received from the Member States, but also the latest available research results and new scientific knowledge resulting from data in this field."
2. Limit Values of Electric and Magnetic Field Stress in the World
2.1. Different Approaches to Limit Values of Electric and Magnetic Field Stress
People, like most living organisms, are not equipped with electric and magnetic field receptors. The exception are the eyes, which record electromagnetic fields from the visible light range. On the other hand, there is evidence of a negative impact of the field, of relatively high intensity, on living organisms. For this reason, the values of the field stress should be subject to appropriate adjustments.
However, there are many different approaches to regulation, regarding the electric and magnetic field stress. Among them, one can distinguish, among others, the proposal of a maximum reduction in the limit values. Another approach, completely different from the one previously presented, assumes that the field stress should not be limited, since there is no conclusive evidence of their negative impact. There are also indirect approaches, according to which unnecessary exposure to the field should be avoided or its normative limits should be established [30].
The proposal to limit the maximum permissible values of the intensity, as you can guess, is the most expensive proposal. The financial resources needed for its implementation should be associated with the reconstruction of the electric power system and consumer equipment powered by electricity. An excellent example of this approach is Italy, where the limit value for magnetic field stress, with a frequency of 50 Hz for environmental exposure, has been reduced to 0.4 A∙m−1 in built-up areas. As experts have calculated, in Milan alone, the costs of converting the lines to a voltage of 132, 220, and 380 kV, due to their adaptation to the new regulations, will amount to about EUR 24 billion, which will result in an increase in the price of electricity by about 40 % [28,30].
Another extreme solution is the proposal not to limit the value of the electric and magnetic stress at all. The argument of the proponents of this approach is the lack of conclusive evidence about the harmfulness of the field. The results of research of one research center, testifying to the harmful effects of the field, are not usually confirmed by the work of other centers. For this reason, in many countries, such as Canada, France, Spain, Switzerland, and until recently the US, there are no restrictions on the electric and magnetic fields stress. In the US, it was only under pressure from public opinion that energy companies created appropriate regulations [31,32].
However, the most common approach in many countries to the problem of regulating the electric and magnetic fields stress are intermediate solutions. One of them is the application of the ALARA principle, the abbreviation of which is derived from the first letters of the words, as low as reasonably acceptable. The essence of this principle is to limit the field stress as low as it is reasonably achievable, and, therefore, not requiring large expenditures of costs associated with the reconstruction of the power system. An example of the application of this principle is the US, where it is additionally recommended to conduct further research on the effects of the field on living organisms [30,32,33].
Another intermediate solution is to use appropriate criteria when selecting the limit values of field stress. The most commonly used criteria are the intensity of the thermal effect and the density of the current induced in the human body [23,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37].
2.2. Environmental and Work Exposure
In most countries, the limit values for electric and magnetic field stress refer to environmental and work exposure. Environmental exposure concerns this group of people who do not have to be aware of the impact of the field on it. In turn, work exposure refers to a group that is aware of the impact of the field on it. This group often only includes employees of the broadly understood electric power industry, working at the transmission and distribution station, which is not always the case. This group should also include people who, in the course of their work, know that they are subject to the influence of the field. For this reason, this group should be expanded, among others, to include employees of steel mills (induction furnaces), GSM stations, or people working near radars. This group should also include some employees completely unrelated to the electric distribution system. An example would be office workers if they work in a building where there is a medium voltage transformer. Such situations occur in older buildings.
Normally, in relation to environmental exposure, only limit values of intensity are determined without a time limit for staying in the field. It is different in the case of work exposure, in relation to which limit values are usually set and often the maximum time spent in the field. This means that the work exposure limit values are usually higher than those for environmental exposure. Therefore, the time spent in a field of higher intensity should be limited. However, there are some exceptions to the rules described above. There are countries where time constraints can be distinguished in relation to both environmental and work exposure, an example of which is Germany. There are also countries where there are no time limits at all, in relation to both exposures. Yet another example is the legislation in Bulgaria, where field stress limit values are regulated only for work exposure.
In many countries, limit values may depend on the type of exposure and the purpose of the area where the field may be present. It is necessary to take into account, among others, such places as residential areas, parking lots, road intersections, road intersections with a high voltage line, or the area that is the border of the line corridor. Usually, the limit values apply to the whole body, although there are countries where there are some exceptions to this rule, according to which limbs can be exposed to a field of greater intensity than the rest of the body.
As you can see, many different approaches are used to determine the permissible values of field stress. It is not surprising, therefore, that many international organizations are inclined to unify them [30,31,32,33,38].
2.3. Review of the Global Intensity Limit Values for Work Exposure
Table 1 shows the limit values for electric field stress for work exposure for different countries. These values range from 10 to 250 kV∙m−1. The most common value is 10 kV∙m−1. Most countries use only one value, above which stay is prohibited. The exception is Hungary, which gives two limit values for long and short times. Another exception is Austria, where the permissible residence time is inversely proportional to the electric field stress. The next exception is the Netherlands, where limit values depend on parts of the human body.
Table 2, as well as Table 1, gives the permissible values of magnetic field stress for work exposure. As you can see, the dispersion of limit values is quite large from 400 to 20,000 A∙m−1. The most commonly reported limit is 400 A∙m−1. In the case of Australia, Hungary, and the US, a certain gradation was applied, taking into account the residence time or individual parts of the human body.
Analyzing the data in Table 1 and Table 2, it is difficult to determine what criteria the legislator followed in individual countries when establishing limit values for electric and magnetic field stress. This information is difficult to obtain because the relevant regulations do not usually contain any explanations. According to the author, legislators in individual countries were most often guided by one of the intermediate criteria, which is the ALARA principle—as low as reasonably acceptable.
To sum up, it should be said that both the permissible values of electric and magnetic field stress vary significantly from country to country. Usually, there is only one acceptable value of the field, above which the presence of employees is prohibited. Some countries use a gradation of limit values that take into account the residence time, the intensity value, or the appropriate part of the human body. It is not surprising, therefore, that international organizations, including the European Union, are making efforts to harmonize, as far as possible, the limit values for electric and magnetic field stress for work exposure.
3. Purpose and Scope of Work
The aim of this article is, firstly, to present changes in the limit values of the electric and magnetic field stress with a frequency of 50 Hz in the work exposure in Poland, and, secondly, to present the effects of mentioned changes on the working conditions of technical personnel performing diagnostics of high voltage transformers or operating in the immediate vicinity of such transformers.
There are diagnostic methods for transformers that require that during the tests the transformer works, so it is under voltage and current load. These methods include, first of all, the measurement of partial discharges (PD) by various methods, such as the electrical (traditional) method, the acoustic emission (AE) method, and the antenna method–ultra high frequency (UHF) method [40,41,42,43,44,45,46]. This method requires measurements of partial discharges over a period of several hours. In such a situation, the transformer is a source of electric and magnetic fields that affect technical personnel.
The overwhelming number of diagnostic methods is carried out on a switched off transformer. These methods include, among others, measurement of water content in transformer insulation (recovery voltage method—RVM, frequency response analysis—FRA, polarization and depolarization current—PDC), insulation resistance measurement, tap changer condition analysis, and others [47,48,49,50,51,52]. In such a situation, the tested transformer is not a source of electric and magnetic fields. However, a few meters away there is usually a second transformer, typically switched on to voltage and loaded with current. Such a transformer is already a source of electric and magnetic fields, although to a lesser extent.
The last change of mentioned limit values of electric and magnetic fields was a consequence of the Regulation of the Minister of Family, Labor and Social Policy of 27 June 2016. This Regulation was a direct consequence of Directive 2013/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on the minimum health and safety requirements, regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (twentieth individual directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
This directive was a long-awaited legal act of the European Community because it unifies as far as possible the regulations on limit values for electric and magnetic field stress in EU countries. Until the introduction of the directive, the limit values differed significantly in relation to the work exposure.
The limit values of electric and magnetic field stress in the work exposure have changed relatively often at the turn of the last dozen or so years in Poland:
29 November 2002 [53];
6 June 2014 [54];
27 June 2016 [55].
Regulations on the permissible values of electric and magnetic field stress in the work exposure in Poland introduce the concept of "zone", depending on the value of field stress. These zones are divided into two groups, i.e., a protection zone and a safe zone. The former includes a danger, hazard, and intermediate zone.
A danger zone shall be deemed to be an area where presence is not permitted or is permitted provided that adequate personal protection is provided. A hazard zone is an area where staying is allowed but with time constraints that depend on the intensity value. The parameter determining the limit time of stay in this area is dose D. The next zone is the intermediate zone, where stay is limited to the duration of one working shift. The last one is the safe zone. This is an area where the duration of stay is not subject to any regulations.
The permissible dose of electric and magnetic fields D is expressed by the following formulas [30,31,32]:
D E = E 2 · t
D H = H 2 · t
where DE is the permissible value of electric field dose [(kV∙m−1)2∙h], E—electric field stress [kV∙m−1], t—residence time in field [h], DH—permissible magnetic field dose [(kA∙m−1)2∙h], H—magnetic field stress [kA∙m−1]. As you can see, the formulas for the dose, according to Polish regulations, are the result of square of the field stress and time expressed in hours.
Using the Formulas (1) and (2), the permissible residence time t in a field of a given value can be determined so that the permissible dose D is not exceeded:
t = D E E 2
t = D H H 2
The permissible dose value for the electric field in Poland is DE = 800 (kV∙m−1)2∙h, while for the magnetic field is DH = 0.32 (kA∙m−1)2∙h. This means that Formulas (3) and (4) can take the following form:
t = 800 E 2
t = 0.32 H 2
4. Changes in the Limit Values of the Electric and Magnetic Field Stress with a Frequency of 50 Hz in the Work Exposure in Poland
Table 3 and Figure 1 show the limit values for electric field stress at a frequency of 50 Hz for occupational exposure in Poland, changing over the last several years. As can be seen, the boundary between the danger and hazard zones E2 did not change and was always equal to 20 kV∙m−1. This means that the danger zone occurs when the electric field stress exceeds the value of 20 kV∙m−1. The boundary between the hazard and the intermediate zones E1 has been reduced as a result of recent legislative changes from 10 kV∙m−1 to 3.33 kV∙m−1. Thus, the hazard zone occurs when the electric field stress is currently in the range of 20 to 3.33 kV∙m−1. The residence time in this zone shall be determined in such a way that the permissible dose of the electric field DE is not exceeded. This means that the scope of this zone has expanded towards smaller values of electric field stress, which clearly reduces the time of exposure of workers to the electric field, which should be treated as a beneficial move. The same trend can be observed in relation to the boundary between the intermediate zone and the safe zone E0. Its value gradually decreased from 5 kV∙m−1 to 3.33 kV∙m−1, and finally to 1 kV∙m−1. Currently, the intermediate zone occurs when the electric field stress is in the range from 3.33 to 1 kV∙m−1. The time spent in this zone is equal to one working shift. That is, the range of this zone shifted towards smaller values of the electric field stress, which reduces the time of impact of the electric field on people in the work exposure, which should also be seen as a satisfactory action.
Change in the value of E1, which define the boundary of the intermediate and hazard zones, cause changes in the time spent in the hazard zone (E2 did not change). According to regulations from 2002 and 2014, this zone occurred for an electric field stress of 10 to 20 kV∙m−1. Based on the Formula (5), a time interval was determined for the limit values of the electric field stress, which was from 8 to 2 h. The E1 change introduced in 2016, from 10 to 3.33 kV∙m−1, caused the time range of staying in the hazard zone to expand from 72 to 2 h.
Table 4 and Figure 2, similarly to Table 3 and Figure 1, show the limit values for magnetic field stress at a frequency of 50 Hz in relation to the work exposure in Poland. The scale of the value of the magnetic field stress H in Figure 2 is not linear to make the graph more readable. As you can see, the limit value between the danger zone and hazard zone H2 has increased from 2000 to 3200 A∙m−1. This means that the danger zone now occurs when the magnetic field stress exceeds 3200 A∙m−1, and not as it was in previous years at 2000 A∙m−1. Such an increase in the H2 value results in increased exposure to the magnetic field in the work exposure, which can be perceived as an effect that worsens working conditions. The deterioration of working conditions means that before the changes in the limit values, the employee could not stay in a magnetic field in range of 2000 A∙m−1 to 3200 A∙m−1. Currently, unfortunately, the employee can already being staying in a field of this scope. A similar trend can be seen in the limit value between the hazard zone and the intermediate zone H1, the value of which also increased from 200 to 533.33 A∙m−1. This means that hazard zone occurs when the value of the field stress exceeds only 533.3 A∙m−1, and not 200 A∙m−1 as before. Such a change also increases the time of impact of the magnetic field on people in work exposure, which is a negative consequence of recent legislative changes. In turn, the limit value between the intermediate and safe zone H0 was reduced from 66.67 to 60 A∙m−1. This means that the intermediate zone begins when the magnetic field stress exceeds the value of already 60 A∙m−1, and not 66.67 A∙m−1, as it was so far. This reduces exposure to the magnetic field in the work exposure, which is beneficial from the point of view of the impact of the magnetic field on humans.
Changes in the values of H1 and H2, which define the boundaries of the hazard zone, cause changes in the time spent. According to regulations from 2002 and 2014, this zone occurred for an magnetic field stress of 200 to 2000 A∙m−1. Based on the Formula (6), a time interval was determined from 8 h to about 5 min. The increase in H1 from 200 to 533.33 A∙m−1 and the increase in H2 from 2000 to 3200 A∙m−1 change the time interval from about 70 min to 2 min.
Summing up the changes in the values of the intensity separating individual zones, it should be stated that in the case of an electric field, these changes are generally beneficial from the point of view of exposure to the field in the work exposure, because they shorten the time of impact of this field on people. Unfortunately, in the case of a magnetic field, the opposite situation occurs. The intensity values of this field demarcating individual zones have increased. The result is an increase in the time of exposure to magnetic fields.
An interesting fact is the current values of electric and magnetic field stress, separating the intermediate and safe zones E0 and H0—the upper limit of the safe zone.
In the case of an electric field, the value of E0 decreased from 3.33 to 1 kV∙m−1, which means that currently the safe zone occurs when the electric field stress does not exceed 1 kV∙m−1. The time spent in such a zone is no longer regulated, so it can be infinitely long. At this point, it is worth saying that 1 kV∙m−1 is also an acceptable value of electric field stress for environmental exposure (Table 5). This means that after many years there was an expected equalization of the electric field stress, which is the upper limit of the safe zone for work exposure and the limit value for environmental exposure.
The situation is similar in the case of a magnetic field. The value of H0 also decreased from 66 to 60 A∙m−1, which results in the safe zone occurring in an area where the magnetic field stress does not exceed 60 A∙m−1. This value is also the permissible value of magnetic field stress for environmental exposure (Table 5). This means that in the case of a magnetic field also, the upper limit of the safe zone for work exposure has been aligned with the permissible value of the magnetic field stress for environmental exposure.
5. Effects of Changes in the Limit Values of Electric and Magnetic Field Stress on Personnel Working near Transformers
5.1. Basic Information on the Electric and Magnetic Field Stress near Transformers
The transmission and distribution system of electricity is perceived as the most serious source of electric and magnetic fields. The element of this system that raises the greatest concerns in the context of field emissions are power stations. The most sensitive area of such a station is the area around high voltage transformers.
The author has extensive experience in measuring the electric and magnetic field stress both under high voltage lines and at power stations. Below are the distributions of electric field stress at 110, 220, and 400 kV stations located near high voltage transformers. Presented distributions of electric field stress were measured by the author. The analyzed areas are places where, according to the author and technical staff, the highest intensity values of the field stress may occur.
The author does not present distributions of magnetic field stress, because its values turned out to be relatively small compared to the limit values. As you know, the magnetic field stress is directly proportional to the value of the current and inversely proportional to the distance from current source. Using a very large simplification, assuming that the distribution of the magnetic field at the station is consistent with the distribution of the field around the infinitely long wire through which the current flows, you can use the following relationship to estimate the value of the magnetic field stress H:
H = I 2 · π · d
where I—the current [A], d—the distance from the conductor through which the electric current flows [m]. On this basis of Formula (7), you can roughly estimate the value of the stress H by knowing the current and distance. The H values measured by the author at power stations, close to the high voltage transformers, ranged from a few to a dozen A∙m−1. Therefore, they are not interesting to analyze in the context of limit values.
5.2. Different Ways to Quantitatively Measure the Electric Field Stress
Methods for determining the electric field stress can be divided into analytical, numerical, and measuring.
Analytical methods consist of determining the value and direction of field stress on the basis of mathematical relationships describing the physics of phenomena. Their use is limited to systems with a simple structure.
Numerical methods consist of an approximate solution of a system of equations describing the electric field stress in the studied area. The limitation of the use of these methods is due to the fact that in the case of some insulation systems, the equations describing the electric field stress are not fully known.
Measurement methods consist of determining the desired the electric field stress based on the measurement of other physical quantities. These methods can be divided into: historical, physical modeling methods using capacitive probes, methods involving potential measurement and non-electrical methods.
The most popular are methods involving the measurement of potential. They consist of measuring the voltage drop on a fragment of the insulation system and, on this basis, determining the value of the electric field stress. The disadvantages of the methods consisting of the measurement of the potential include interference in the original distribution of the electric field, caused by the need to place conductive elements in the tested area and averaging the measurement results from relatively large fragments of the insulation system. In addition, it is not possible to determine the direction of the field strength vector. The advantage of these methods is the ease and speed of taking measurements. For the above reasons, the author decided to carry out measurements of the electric field stress using this method.
In turn, non-electrical measurement methods can be divided into thermal imaging method and electro-optical methods. The thermal imaging method is at the initial stage of development. In contrast, electro-optical methods, among which one should mention the method based on the use of the electro-optical Kerr effect, are promising [57,58]. However, they have not yet been widely used to measure the strength of the electric field on the surface of high-voltage insulation systems.
5.3. Electric Field Distribution near Transformers
Figure 3a shows a fragment of a 110/15 kV high voltage station, and more precisely the area between the power switch and the high voltage 110 kV transformer, where the electric field stress E was measured. Figure 3b shows the distribution of electric field stress E between power switch and high voltage 110 kV transformer. The highest value of intensity E does not exceed 6 kV∙m−1. This means that a certain part of this area, until the last change in the regulations in 2016, was qualified as an intermediate zone and now as a hazard zone, for which the duration of residence is subject to restrictions. It can be concluded that the change in the limit values has a positive effect on the degree of protection of technical personnel against the electric field.
Figure 4a shows a fragment of a 220/110 kV high voltage station, where the measurements were carried out. Figure 4b shows the distribution of electric field stress E between the disconnector and high voltage 220 kV transformer. The highest value of E intensity was equal to 10 kV∙m−1. On the basis of the current regulations, it can be concluded that, until 2016, a certain part of this area was qualified as an intermediate zone, which changed its status to a hazard zone. It can, therefore, be concluded that, as in the previous example, the change in the limit values has a positive effect on the degree of protection of technical personnel against mentioned fields.
Figure 5a shows a fragment of a 400/220/110 kV high voltage station. Figure 5b shows the electric field stress distribution E along a span connecting 400 kV current transformer and power switch. The highest value of E intensity exceeded 11 kV∙m−1. This means that until 2016, only a small fragment of the analyzed area was a hazard zone. Currently, the danger zone is much larger. It can, therefore, be said that, as in the previous examples, the recent amendments to the legislation have a positive effect on the level of protection of technical staff.
To sum up, it can be said that recent changes have caused certain areas of high voltage stations, especially areas close to high voltage transformers, which until now were intermediate zones, to change their status to a hazard zone. Such a change protects technical personnel more from the impact of an electric field.
The introduction of Directive 2013/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on the minimum health and safety requirements for the exposure of workers to hazards caused by physical agents has caused significant changes in the values of electric and magnetic field stress, delimiting individual zones (safe, intermediate, hazards, and dangerous), which until recently were in force in Poland.
With regard to the electric field, these changes are generally beneficial from the point of view of the field's impact in the work exposure, as they reduce the time of exposure of the field to humans. The effect of such changes is the improvement of working conditions of technical personnel at the power station performing diagnostics of high voltage transformer.
Unfortunately, in the case of a magnetic field, we are dealing with the opposite situation. The values of the stress of this field, which are the boundaries of individual zones, have increased significantly. The result is an increase in the time of exposure to magnetic fields, which is a negative thing. Such changes are likely to cause a deterioration in the operating conditions at the electric power station near the high voltage transformer, given the magnetic field.
An important conclusion is that the upper limits of the safe zone, both in relation to the electric and magnetic fields, have been equated (lowered) to the limit values of field stress for environmental exposure, which should be considered a beneficial phenomenon.
The research was financed by the Poznan University of Technology's financial resources for statutory activity. The number of projects: 0711/SBAD/4560.
Lopatkiewicz, R.; Nadolny, Z.; Rakowska, A. Electric Field in Area of Electricians Doing the Work under High Voltage in 400 kV High Voltage Power Transmission Line. Electr. Rev. 2010, 11, 258. [Google Scholar]
Mandrea, L.; Curta, I.; Costea, M. The Influence of the Low Frequency Electric Fields on the Human Being. In Proceedings of the E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB), Iasi, Romania, 21–23 November 2019. [Google Scholar]
Wang, W.; Hong, V.; Rohan, M.; Eisenberg, S.R. Electric Fields Induced in a Human Heart by MRI Gradient Coils: A Finite Element Study. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Montreal, QC, Canada, 20–23 September 1995. [Google Scholar]
Loskovska, S.; Kacarska, M.; Grcev, L. Monitoring System for Visualization of Electromagnetic Fields Influences on Humans. In Proceedings of the 9th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON), Tel-Aviv, Israel, 18–20 May 1998. [Google Scholar]
Liang, Z.; Jiang, Y.; He, J.; Jiang, D.; Guo, F. Induced Current in Human Body by Electric Field of Overhead Lines. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computer Science and Network Technology, Dalian, China, 12–13 October 2013. [Google Scholar]
Liang, Z.; Yu, H. Calculation of Human Body Suffered Electric Field under Ultra High Voltage Overhead Lines. In Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, Wuhan, China, 25–28 March 2011. [Google Scholar]
Irimia, D.; Crenguta Bobric, E. Determination of Induced Currents in Human Body Sitting under an Overhead Power Line. In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering (ATEE), Bucharest, Romania, 7–9 May 2015. [Google Scholar]
Ma, A.; Wang, J.; Bi, Y.; Fang, Y. The Influence of EHV AC lines on the Body Surface Electric Field of Live Working Personnel in Parallel UHV DC Transmission Lines. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE), Beijing, China, 6–10 September 2020. [Google Scholar]
Hanzelka, M.; Dan, J.; Fiala, P.; Dohnal, P. Human Psychophysiology Is Influenced by Low-Level Magnetic Fields: Solar Activity as the Cause. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 1600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Nunes, J.M.; Galindo-Rosales, F.J.; Campo-Deaño, L. Extensional Magnetorheology of Viscoelastic Human Blood Analogues Loaded with Magnetic Particles. Materials 2021, 14, 6930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Klimek, A.; Rogalska, J. Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Field as a Stress Factor—Really Detrimental?—Insight into Literature from the Last Decade. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Chen, X.; Wang, S.; Leung, P. Electromagnetic Field Exposure may Influence the Apoptosis Rate of Human Cell Cultures. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Wireless Symposium (IWS), Xi'an, China, 24–26 March 2014. [Google Scholar]
Ololoska, L.; Janev, L.; Loskovska, S. A Method for Determination, Analysis and Visualization of High Frequency Electromagnetic Field Influence on Human. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computational Electromagnetics and Its Applications (ICCEA), Beijing, China, 1–4 November 2004. [Google Scholar]
Topa, V.; Munteanu, C.; Andreica, S.; Gliga, M. High Frequency Analysis of the Influence of YagiUda Antenna on the Human Head. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical And Power Engineering (EPE), Iasi, Romania, 22–23 October 2020. [Google Scholar]
Ololoska, O.; Janev, L.; Loskovska, S. A Determination and Analysis of High Frequency EMF Influence on Human Exposed on Plane Wave Incident Field. In Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Washington, DC, USA, 3–8 July 2005. [Google Scholar]
Wen, F.; Huang, X. Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Parallel Wireless Power Transfer Systems. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Gryz, K.; Leszko, W. Magnetic Field Related to Transient Currents of Electric Transportation Systems—Assessment of Human's Exposure in Metro Cars. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies, Bratislava, Slovakia, 24–26 November 2009. [Google Scholar]
Yang, L.; Lu, M.; Lin, J.; Li, C.; Zhang, C.; Lai, Z.; Wu, T. Long-Term Monitoring of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields in Electric Vehicles. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Munteanu, C.; Purcar, M.; Bursasiu, D.; Merdan, E.; Farcas, V. CAD/CAE modeling of the human exposure to electric field inside a high voltage substation. In Proceedings of the International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE), Iasi, Romania, 16–18 October 2014. [Google Scholar]
Farag, A.S. Impact of Electromagnetic Fields Management on the Design of 500 kV Transmission Lines. In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH), Graz, Austria, 28 August–1 September 1995. [Google Scholar]
Hamza, A.H.; Shaher, A.; Ghania Samy, M. Evaluation of Human Exposure to Magnetic Fields under Live Line Maintenance Conditions. In Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH), Delft, The Netherlands, 25–29 August 2003. [Google Scholar]
Bottauscio, R.; Conti, R. Magnetically and Electrically Induced Currents in Human Body Models by ELF Electromagnetic Fields. In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH), Quebec, QC, Canada, 25–29 August 1997. [Google Scholar]
Conti, R. Live–line Maintenance Works–Characterization of Human Exposure to 50 Hz Electric and Magnetic Fields in View of a Correct Formulation of Occupational Protective Standards. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Live Maintenance, Madrid, Spain, 17–19 May 2000. [Google Scholar]
Matsumoto, T. Effect of Concurrent ELF Electric and Magnetic Fields on Induced Current Density in Biological Model in the Vicinity of the Ground. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, London, UK, 23–27 August 1999. [Google Scholar]
Zmyslony, M.; Aniolczyk, H. The Influence of Electromagnetic Field on Human Body- Methodology of Investigation and Assessment of Investigation Results Credibility. In Proceedings of the Conference Electromagnetic 50 Hz Fields in Human Environment, Poznan, Poland, 27–29 October 2003. (In Polish). [Google Scholar]
London, S.J.; Tynes, T.; Ranung, A. Electric and Magnetic Field Cancer: An Update. Electra 1995, 161, 131–141. [Google Scholar]
Maruti, R. Electric and Magnetic Fields Around AC Transmission Lines. In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH), Graz, Austria, 28 August–1 September 1995. [Google Scholar]
Pilatowicz, A. Electromagnetic Fields Problems in CIGRE. In Proceedings of the Conference Electromagnetic 50 Hz Fields in Human Environment, Poznan, Poland, 27–29 October 2003. (In Polish). [Google Scholar]
Kasprzak, W.; Nadolny, Z. Electric and Magnetic Field in Various Parts of Multi Chanel High Voltage 400/220/110 kV Line. Electr. Rev. 2008, 10, 170–173. [Google Scholar]
Mosinski, F.; Wira, A. Ecological Problems of Transmission and the Use of Electricity; Lodz University of Technology Publishing House: Lodz, Poland, 1999. [Google Scholar]
Jaworski, M. Overview of Standards and Regulations for Protection against the Effects of Electromagnetic Fields 50 Hz in Force in Different Countries. In Proceedings of the Conference Electromagnetic 50 Hz Fields in Human Environment, Poznan, Poland, 27–29 October 2003. (In Polish). [Google Scholar]
Szuba, M. Electric Power Lines and Stations in Human Environmental; Polish National Grid Publishing House: Warsaw, Poland, 2002. [Google Scholar]
Rozycki, S.; Wira, A. Environmental Protection Problems Related to the Transmission of Electricity–Polish and International Regulations. In Proceedings of the High Voltage Engineering Symposium, Poznan, Poland, 19–22 May 1996. (In Polish). [Google Scholar]
Moscicka-Grzesiak, H. High Voltage Engineering in Electric Power Engineering; Poznan University of Technology Publishing House: Poznan, Poland, 1996. [Google Scholar]
Reivonen, S. Internal Currents in a Human Body with Spheroidal Model in 400 kV Switching Substation. In Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering ISH'99, London, UK, 23–27 August 1999. [Google Scholar]
Rozanski, L. Electromagnetic Filed and Waves; Poznan University of Technology Publishing House: Poznan, Poland, 1997. [Google Scholar]
Trzaska, H. Measurements of Electromagnetic Fields in Near Field; Wroclaw University of Technology Publishing House: Wroclaw, Poland, 1998. [Google Scholar]
Kosztaluk, R.; Arciszewski, J. High Voltage Testing Technology; Scientific and Technical Publishing House: Warsaw, Poland, 1985. [Google Scholar]
Szuba, M. Electric Power Lines in Human Environmental; Polish National Grid Publishing House: Warsaw, Poland, 2008. [Google Scholar]
Moranda, H.; Moscicka-Grzesiak, H.; Przybylek, P.; Walczak, K.; Szewczyk, J. Comparative Tests of Partial Discharges in Nomex® 910 Paper and Cellulose Paper. Energies 2020, 13, 647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sikorski, W.; Walczak, K.; Przybylek, P. Moisture Migration in an Oil-Paper Insulation System in Relation to Online Partial Discharge Monitoring of Power Transformers. Energies 2016, 9, 1082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Wotzka, D.; Sikorski, W.; Szymczak, C. Investigating the Capability of PD-Type Recognition Based on UHF Signals Recorded with Different Antennas Using Supervised Machine Learning. Energies 2022, 15, 3167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Walczak, K.; Sikorski, W. Non-Contact High Voltage Measurement in the Online Partial Discharge Monitoring System. Energies 2021, 14, 5777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sikorski, W.; Walczak, K.; Gil, W.; Szymczak, C. On-Line Partial Discharge Monitoring System for Power Transformers Based on the Simultaneous Detection of High Frequency, Ultra-High Frequency, and Acoustic Emission Signals. Energies 2020, 13, 3271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sikorski, W. Development of Acoustic Emission Sensor Optimized for Partial Discharge Monitoring in Power Transformers. Sensors 2019, 19, 1865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sikorski, W. Active Dielectric Window: A New Concept of Combined Acoustic Emission and Electromagnetic Partial Discharge Detector for Power Transformers. Energies 2019, 12, 115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Przybylek, P. Application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Measure the Water Content in Liquid Dielectrics. Energies 2022, 15, 5907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cybulski, M.; Przybylek, P. Application of Molecular Sieves for Drying Transformers Insulated with Mineral Oil, Natural Ester, or Synthetic Ester. Energies 2021, 14, 1719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Dombek, G.; Nadolny, Z.; Przybylek, P.; Lopatkiewicz, R.; Marcinkowska, A.; Druzynski, L.; Boczar, T.; Tomczewski, A. Effect of moisture on the thermal conductivity of cellulose and aramid paper impregnated with various dielectric liquids. Energies 2020, 13, 4433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Przybylek, P.; Moranda, H.; Moscicka-Grzesiak, H.; Cybulski, M. Laboratory Model Studies on the Drying Efficiency of Transformer Cellulose Insulation Using Synthetic Ester. Energies 2020, 13, 3467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Przybylek, P.; Moranda, H.; Moscicka-Grzesiak, H.; Szczesniak, D. Application of Synthetic Ester for Drying Distribution Transformer Insulation—The Influence of Cellulose Thickness on Drying Efficiency. Energies 2019, 12, 3874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Przybylek, P. A New Concept of Applying Methanol to Dry Cellulose Insulation at the Stage of Manufacturing a Transformer. Energies 2018, 11, 1658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Regulation of the Polish Minister of Labor and Social Policy of 29 November 2002 on the Highest Allowable Concentrations and Intensities of Agents Harmful to Health in the Work Exposure. Available online: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20022171833 (accessed on 29 September 2003).
Regulation of the Polish Minister of Labor and Social Policy of 6 June 2014 on the Highest Allowable Concentrations and Intensities of Agents Harmful to Health in the Work Exposure. Available online: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20140000817 (accessed on 24 September 2014).
Regulation of the Polish Minister of Family, Labor and Social Policy of 27 June 2016 Amending the Regulation on the Highest Allowable Concentrations and Intensities of Agents Harmful to Health in the Work Exposure. Available online: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20160000952 (accessed on 1 July 2016).
Regulation of the Polish Minister of the Environment of 30 October 2003. Regarding the Permissible Levels of Electromagnetic Fields in the Environment and Methods of Checking Compliance with These Levels. Available online: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=wdu20031921883 (accessed on 29 November 2003).
Kasprzak, W.; Nadolny, Z.; Kaczmarek, M.S.; Wozniak, Z.; Pochylski, M.; Blaszczak, Z. Investigations on Kerr Cell with Various Electro-Optic Liquids. In Proceedings of the XV International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 27–31 August 2007. [Google Scholar]
Kasprzak, W.; Nadolny, Z. Method of Electric Field Stress Measurement Based on Electro-Optic Kerr Effect. In Proceedings of the XVII International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Hannover, Germany, 22–26 August 2011. [Google Scholar]
Figure 1. Electric field stress values E delimiting protection zones for 50 Hz in Poland [53,54,55].
Figure 2. Magnetic field stress values H delimiting protection zones for 50 Hz in Poland [53,54,55].
Figure 3. High voltage station 110/15 kV (a), electric field stress distribution E (f = 50 Hz) on the distance perpendicular to 110 kV conductors between power switch and 110 kV high voltage transformer (b).
Figure 4. High voltage substation 220/110 kV (a), electric field stress distribution E (50 Hz) along the distance parallel to middle phase 220 kV conductor, between disconnector and 220 kV high voltage transformer (b).
Figure 5. High voltage substation 400/220/110 kV (a), electric field stress distribution E (f = 50 Hz) along a span connecting 400 kV current transformer and power switch (b).
Table 1. Limit electric field stress E in selected countries for work exposure (f = 50/60 Hz) [39].
E [kV∙m−1]
Australia 10 ÷ 30 limit time, h, t < 80∙E−1
Bulgaria 25
Czech Republic 10
Hungary 10 no time limit
30 short time
Netherlands 62.5 acceptable level for torso and head
250 acceptable level, excluding the torso and head
Table 2. Limit magnetic field stress H in selected countries for work exposure (f = 50/60 Hz) [39].
H [A∙m−1]
Australia 400 no time limit
4000 no longer than 2 h per day
20,000 only for legs and hands
Holland 480
Croatia 400
US 960 for whole body
4800 only for legs and hands
9600 only for palm and foot
Bulgaria 960
Czech Republic 400 no time limit
Hungary 400 no time limit
4000 for short time
Table 3. Electric field stress values E delimiting protection zones for 50 Hz in Poland [53,54,55].
Electric Field Stress Values E [kV∙m−1] Delimiting:
Intermediate and
Safe Zones E0
Hazardous and
Intermediate Zones E1
Dangerous and Hazardous Zones E2
2002 5.00 10.00 20.00
Table 4. Magnetic field stress values H delimiting protection zones for 50 Hz in Poland [53,54,55].
Magnetic Field Stress Values H [A∙m−1] Delimiting:
Safe Zones H0
Intermediate Zones H1
Dangerous and
Hazardous Zones H2
2002 66.67 200.00 2000.00
Table 5. Limit values for electric and magnetic field stress at a frequency of 50 Hz, in relation to environmental exposure in Poland [56].
Electric Field Stress E
Magnetic Field Stress H
kV∙m−1
A∙m−1
Places intended
for development 1 60
Places accessible to people 10 60
© 2022 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Nadolny, Z. Impact of Changes in Limit Values of Electric and Magnetic Field on Personnel Performing Diagnostics of Transformers. Energies 2022, 15, 7230. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197230
Nadolny Z. Impact of Changes in Limit Values of Electric and Magnetic Field on Personnel Performing Diagnostics of Transformers. Energies. 2022; 15(19):7230. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197230
Nadolny, Zbigniew. 2022. "Impact of Changes in Limit Values of Electric and Magnetic Field on Personnel Performing Diagnostics of Transformers" Energies 15, no. 19: 7230. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197230
Energies, EISSN 1996-1073, Published by MDPI


text:
package milkyway.SaveableSerializing.ItemStacks.Upper_1_7.ItemData;

import milkyway.SaveableSerializing.ItemStacks.Upper_1_7.DataTypes.ListRGB;
import milkyway.SaveableSerializing.Parser.SaveableData;
import org.bukkit.Color;
import org.bukkit.FireworkEffect;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * Created by Developer_Unlocated on 2017-04-18.
 */
public class FireworkEffects implements SaveableData{
    private boolean isFlicker = false;
    private boolean trail  = false;
    private ListRGB main = null;
    private ListRGB fade = null;
    private String fireworkType = FireworkEffect.Type.BALL.name();
    public FireworkEffects(){}
    public FireworkEffects(FireworkEffect effect){
        if(effect != null){
            main = new ListRGB(effect.getColors());
            fade = new ListRGB(effect.getFadeColors());
            trail = effect.hasTrail();
            isFlicker = effect.hasFlicker();
            fireworkType = effect.getType().name();
        }else{
            main = new ListRGB(new ArrayList<>());
            fade = new ListRGB(new ArrayList<>());
        }
    }
    @Override
    public void writeBy(StringBuilder builder) {
        builder.append(String.valueOf(isFlicker)).append("\n");
        builder.append(String.valueOf(trail)).append("\n");
        builder.append(fireworkType).append("\n");
        main.appendSubSet(builder);
        fade.appendSubSet(builder);
    }

    @Override
    public void appendTo(List<String> builded) {
        try{
            isFlicker = Boolean.parseBoolean(builded.get(0));
            trail = Boolean.parseBoolean(builded.get(1));
            fireworkType = builded.get(2);
        }catch (Exception ex){}
    }

    @Override
    public String getName() {
        return "FireworkEffect";
    }

    @Override
    public void appendObject(String str, SaveableData data) {
        if(data instanceof ListRGB){
            if(main == null)
                main = (ListRGB) data;
            else
                fade = (ListRGB) data;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Object getOriginal() {
        FireworkEffect.Type t =  FireworkEffect.Type.BALL;
        try{
            t = FireworkEffect.Type.valueOf(fireworkType);
        }catch (Exception ex){}
        if(((List<Color>)main.getOriginal()).size() >= 1)
         return FireworkEffect.builder().with(t).flicker(isFlicker).trail(trail).withColor((List<Color>)main.getOriginal()).withFade((List<Color>)fade.getOriginal()).build();
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public SaveableData getNewInstance() {
        return new FireworkEffects();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation
Cardiovascular Research Center
Biointerfaces Institute
Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care
Michigan Institute for Clinical & Health Research
Medical School Office of Research
Business Engagement Center
Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System
Health Information Technology and Services
Michigan Center for Materials Characterization
Central Biorepository
Biomedical Research Core Facilities
NCRC Art Program
NCRC Amenities
Picasso@NCRC
MLibrary@NCRC
Quality of Life Survey
Space Usage at NCRC
Occupancy, People, Jobs, and Events
Capital and Operating Costs
As one of the most successful, productive academic emergency medicine programs in the country, the U-M Department of Emergency Medicine's (EM) research capacity has flourished in the last decade. EM's broad-scope strength in research has led to high-impact initiatives and with a hub of activity located at NCRC, momentum is picking up thanks to synergy with research across campus.
EM is a leader in training future researchers, with five faculty currently funded with K-equivalent awards. In addition, U-M recently received a prestigious K12 training grant that will ensure a continuing pipeline of future EM researchers by providing a platform for transitioning junior EM faculty to independent careers in federally funded research.
EM is home to seven major centers and programs that provide national leadership in such areas as neurologic emergencies, pediatric emergency care, injury prevention, critical care, stroke, and more. Four of those groups are located at NCRC, primarily in Building 10:
For 2 of the past 3 years, EM has been ranked first in the nation in NIH-funded emergency research.
U-M EM has the largest number of NIH-funded principal investigators of any emergency department in the country. In fact, it receives more than 12% of the NIH funding awarded to emergency medicine PIs.
EM research spans from prevention research to ground breaking critical care research in its Emergency Critical Care Center (EC3), which is the first and largest Emergency Department based ICU in the country.
Faculty publish in top-tier journals, and publications have steadily increased.
5 EM researchers are among the top 50 most highly NIH-funded emergency medicine researchers in the country.
EM houses investigator-initiated clinical trials (such as the EROCA (ExtraCorporeal CPR for Refractory Cardiac Arrest) study, but also leads and participates in large national clinical trial networks (NETT, PECARN, StrokeNet, PETAL).
U-M leads the only CDC-funded injury control research center housed in an emergency medicine environment.
Acute Care Research Unit
Led by Mahshid Abir, M.D., M.Sc., the ACUTE Care Research Unit (ACRU), in partnership with the U-M Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation (IHPI), applies quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, and community-based participatory research to study intra- and inter-setting dynamics and improve Access, Costs, Utilization, Transitions, and Effectiveness (ACUTE) through multidisciplinary health services research.
With a goal of unifying the delivery of acute care along the continuum of prehospital, emergency, inpatient, and ambulatory care, ACRU conducts research, performs program and policy assessment, provides educational opportunities, and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration. Dr. Abir says, "ACRU facilitates multidisciplinary collaboration involving all the relevant fields around the continuum of acute care. NCRC provides the physical space for these collaborations to occur. It provides close proximity to our regular collaborators within the university and the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation as well as larger conference spaces to host our collaborators from other institutions."
Michigan Emergency Department Improvement Collaborative
Supported by Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan and Blue Care Network, the Michigan Emergency Department Improvement Collaborative (MEDIC) is a quality-improvement program that collects/analyzes data, identifies best practices, and improves overall performance.
MEDIC is an integrated adult and pediatric emergency medicine-led project encompassing the full spectrum of care across diverse emergency department settings, including academic and community, urban and suburban, and general and pediatric hospitals. Led by Keith Kocher, M.D., MEDIC measures, evaluates, and enhances the experience and outcomes of patients seeking care in emergency departments across Michigan.
MEDIC is recruiting new hospitals annually. Regular consortium meetings ensure engagement of all sites, as well as enable dissemination of new findings, and shared knowledge and experience of site participants, combined with timely feedback on performance on quality measures, helps inform improved patient care.
University of Michigan Injury Center
The U-M Injury Center is a comprehensive research program working to reduce injury–the leading cause of death for people ages one to 44–through research and education. It is one of only nine CDC-funded injury centers in the country, and it has called NCRC home for almost four years now.
The Center, led by Rebecca Cunningham, M.D., focuses on preventing:
prescription drug overdose
transportation injury
Ongoing research projects focus on making young drivers more safe, providing effective interventions to prevent opioid misuse and youth violence, and developing resources to reduce incidence of sport concussion in youth.
In addition, the Center is actively engaged in developing a significant surveillance system to identify opioid overdose incidents in real time, and is working with both law enforcement and public health agencies to develop responses that support communities.
"NCRC provides an ideal venue for our growing research team and for our many educational events," says Rebecca Cunningham, M.D., Director of the U-M Injury Center. "As a multidisciplinary program, being co-located with others passionate about reducing injury–in various disciplines–has accelerated collaborations and communication."
The Center is currently working to produce a massive open online course (MOOC) on pediatric injury prevention, to which thousands of medical students, clinical staff, and public health practitioners across the country will subscribe. The Center also produces educational events throughout the year to disseminate best practices and evidence-based interventions for injury prevention.
Peking University and the University of Oslo
MCIRCC and researchers from across Michigan Medicine welcomed cardiac arrest researchers from the University of Oslo's OSlo CArdiopulmonary Resuscitation research network (OSCAR), a global leader in cardiac arrest research, to the University of Michigan. The visiting researchers, alongside counterparts from U-M, presented research in resuscitation, cardiovascular emergencies and critical care. The conference paved the way for what will hopefully be an ongoing collaboration between two of the finest research institutions in the world, improving outcomes for cardiac arrest patients in the future.
U-M and Peking University researchers are also working together, developing a clinical research platform that will enable multicenter interventional clinical trials in ED settings. The Emergency Critical Care Center (EC3) at Michigan Medicine provides a unique collaboration opportunity with the well-established Resuscitation Unit and Intensive Care Unit at Peking University.
Dr. Prashant Mahajan
Dr. Prashant Mahajan joined the Department of Emergency Medicine in October 2016 to engage, facilitate and push the needle of the research mission of the division of Children's Emergency Services at C.S. Mott Children's Hospital. He is the Vice-Chair of the Department of Emergency Medicine, and Section Chief of Children's Emergency Services. A Professor of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, he also serves as the Chair of the Section of Emergency Medicine for the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
Much of Dr. Mahajan's work has focused on identifying novel diagnostic approaches to the investigation of bacterial and non-bacterial infections in the emergency setting. For over 15 years he has led a multidisciplinary team of investigators with expertise in emergency medicine, infectious diseases, immunology, genomics, and bioinformatics to develop novel tools to change the paradigm in the evaluation of febrile illnesses.
Dr. Mahajan brought with him to U-M an AHRQ award to investigate clinical decision making, safety, and quality in the emergency department. This research focus on errors in decision-making in the context of quality of care for children in the inpatient and outpatient setting, and on understanding the impact of systems and processes that preclude us from delivering high-quality care.
Within six months of joining the faculty at U-M and the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation (IHPI), Dr. Mahajan has developed cross-disciplinary collaborations with:
Acute Care Research Unit: collaborating on the application of a mixed methodological approach to the evaluation of clinical decision-making in the pediatric emergency setting
Department of Learning Health Sciences: developing software for natural language processing to aid in the assessment of clinical decision-making
Computer Engineering and the School of Nursing: utilizing augmented reality, an innovative and disruptive technology, to foster clinical education, with the long-term goal of changing the paradigm for pediatric ED care delivery at pediatric centers and general EDs
Advancing basic and translational research
In addition to the research mentioned above, a number of additional Emergency Medicine investigators, including Drs. Robert Neumar, Scott VanEpps, Tulasi Jinka, Cindy Hsu, and M. Hakam Tiba occupy research space at NCRC in Building 26. These clinician scientists are advancing basic and translational research in the areas of:
bloodstream infections associated with intravascular devices
development of novel materials to prevent adhesion of bacteria to artificial surfaces
post-cardiac arrest therapeutic hypothermia
Individually, each group provides national and regional leadership in their fields, and each is known for their multidisciplinary research approach. Their co-location with other groups at NCRC facilitates interdisciplinary research collaboration that would not be possible elsewhere.
Such interdisciplinary collaborations include studies with Dr. Robert Bartlett, examining novel strategies for treating cardiac arrest using extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), and Dr. Hasan Alam, studying traumatic brain injury biosensor, both from the Department of Surgery.
EM is always looking to expand its research portfolio. To that end, Thomas Sanderson, Ph.D., a newly recruited faculty member, will be joining EM in August of 2017. Dr. Sanderson's research will focus on brain damage caused by cardiac arrest/resuscitation, mitochondrial dysfunction/modulation of electron transport, and chain activity to confer neuroprotection.
"As we continue to grow a robust, productive research portfolio, we are working to bring in new researchers in emergency medicine as well as continue to develop research capabilities in our clinical faculty, who contribute significantly to our overall body of work," says Bob Neumar, Chair of Emergency Medicine. "Having a physical space that can serve as 'home' to our research functions allows us to cultivate talent and ensure connection with other groups with mutual interests."
Emergency Medicine Annual Research Forum
Second annual William G. Barsan Emergency Medicine Research Forum
In celebration of the department's expansive research, as well as to gain a better understanding of the impact and full spectrum of the department's research, the second annual William G. Barsan Emergency Medicine Research Forum, named for the department's founding chair, convened at NCRC again in 2017. The forum featured a keynote address by Dr. Lynne D. Richardson from The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (NY), one of the most accomplished investigators in emergency medicine and a nationally recognized expert in health services research.
Rebecca Cunningham, Associate Chair for Research for Emergency Medicine, says, "Emergency Medicine, by definition, touches a broad array of specialties and disciplines, and our research portfolio spans bench research to large clinical trials. The NCRC location has provided a unique research environment and resource for our faculty. The location near the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation and so many other collaborators has worked as a force multiplier to bring multidisciplinary teams to share ideas that will position U-M well to continue to lead the country in Emergency Medicine research."
153 attendees (an increase of 34% over the inaugural event) included EM research groups, along with clinical faculty, other research faculty, fellows, residents, and staff. Additional events include presentations by 13 faculty, residents, and fellows, as well as a poster session that highlighted work from 38 research projects and initiatives. Six outstanding individuals were also honored with special awards for excellence in research.
For more information on how Emergency Medicine is creating the future of emergency care, visit medicine.umich.edu/dept/emergency-medicine.
Sitemap | Print Version |NCRC Home | © 2017 Regents of the University of Michigan | Disclaimer | Privacy Statement North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 18 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2800 U-M | U-M Medical School | U-M Health System | U-M Engineering | Office of the Vice President for Research


To define the term photosynthesis.
To practice iodine test for the presence of starch in leaves.
sunlight and one that has not.
CAUTION! This activity uses heat and requires safety training and supervision!
room temperature for an hour so.
split stem will change into two different colors, one each side of the flower.
liquids from one part of the plant to other.
reports.  These activities are PASS/FAIL only.


text:
Victoria and Esquimalt mayors call for regional cost-sharing for policing
Esquimalt releases VicPD and RCMP policing proposals
Sep. 24, 2012 5:00 a.m.
Victoria Mayor Dean Fortin and Esquimalt Mayor Barb Desjardins hold a joint press conference on Friday to release details of the township's policing proposals
After months of privacy concerns, Esquimalt has finally released its policing proposals, revealing a pick-and-choose menu of options from the RCMP and a comprehensive all-in package from the Victoria Police Department.
The proposals shed light on the province's decision in June to force Esquimalt to maintain policing services with VicPD, despite the township's push to switch to the RCMP.
It will cost Esquimalt an average of $7.9 million each year for VicPD services, an unsustainable expense without regional or provincial support, said Mayor Barb Desjardins and Victoria Mayor Dean Fortin at a joint press conference on Friday at Esquimalt's municipal hall.
"We host two-thirds of the population of Greater Victoria on any given day," Fortin said.
"We have two municipalities that are paying the cost, and one force delivering the service. This financial model isn't sustainable for the taxpayers of Victoria or Esquimalt," he added.
The initial budget projections in the RCMP proposal – $4.7 million for 2013 – don't tell the entire story.
They do not include "optional specific services" such as bike patrol units, victims services or the Vancouver Island Integrated Major Crime Unit, a key component in complex homicide and drugs investigations.
Although she wasn't able to identify which services Esquimalt could have done without, Desjardins said switching to RCMP policing would nonetheless have saved $2 million a year.
"At the end of the day, to spin it any other way than 'there was a significant difference in cost at an equal level of service,' would be not accurate," she said.
VicPD's proposal includes the full spectrum of police services from its 243-member force, as well as dedicated officers to be stationed in the township's aging public safety building on Park Place.
Desjardins hopes a framework agreement, spearheaded by provincial facilitator Lee Doney, will provide a chance to blend the best of both proposals for the township.
VicPD Chief Const. Jamie Graham said his department's proposal is meant to serve as a "foundation on which a final agreement will be built."
The framework agreement will be negotiated in the coming year, while Fortin and Desjardins continue to push the province and other municipalities on regional cost-sharing for policing.
"Everybody benefits, so everybody should share the load," Desjardins said.
2010 cost for policing per resident:
Victoria: $433
Esquimalt: $356
Oak Bay: $241
Saanich: $214
Sidney (RCMP): $200
dpalmer@vicnews.com
Mastermind re-sentenced for role in shootings outside Victoria nightclub
Victoria anti-treatment advocates push back with awareness campaign
Police identify pair found dead along highway in northern B.C.
Woman from the U.S. and man from Australia found dead near Liard Hot Springs


text:
Religious family among Evangelical Protestants who are ages 18-29 by views about government aid to the poor
Religious family among Evangelical Protestants who are ages 18-29 by views about government aid to the poor (2014) Switch to: Views about government aid to the poor among Evangelical Protestants who are ages 18-29 by religious group
% of Evangelical Protestants who are ages 18-29 who are…
Views about government aid to the poor
Does more harm than good 1% < 1% 2% < 1% < 1% 35% < 1% < 1% < 1% < 1% < 1% < 1% < 1% 2% < 1% 4% < 1% < 1% 1% < 1% < 1% < 1% < 1% 26% < 1% < 1% 6% < 1% < 1% < 1% 2% < 1% 13% < 1% 1% 2% < 1% 1% < 1% 5% < 1% < 1% 582
Does more good than harm 6% < 1% < 1% < 1% < 1% 29% < 1% < 1% < 1% < 1% 1% < 1% < 1% 2% < 1% 4% < 1% < 1% < 1% < 1% < 1% < 1% < 1% 20% < 1% < 1% 6% < 1% < 1% < 1% 1% < 1% 16% < 1% 1% 2% < 1% 1% < 1% 11% < 1% < 1% 459
Learn More: Baptist Family (Evangelical Trad.), Nondenominational Family (Evangelical Trad.), Pentecostal Family (Evangelical Trad.)


text:
Q: My animated favicon does not show animation I am using these
<link rel="icon" href="/images/favicon.png" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />

I can see favicon in my address bar but no animation? What else am I supposed to do?

A: Get rid of the first line pointing to the favicon.png so that you have only
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />

And ensure that the favicon.ico is a real animated favicon and not something renamed. You can use http://www.animatedfavicon.com or http://www.favicongenerator.org to convert an animated .gif file to an animated .ico file.

A: I believe some browsers simply do not support animated favicons.  So you may want to check around on different browsers and realize that on some you may have a static icon, while on others it looks just as you wanted it to.

A: Some browsers don't support them like Chrome or Safari but it works quite well in Firefox....Keeping in mind that you use a .ico file.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Chair of the Property Law Committee of the New South Wales Law Society.
Chair of the Law Society of New South Wales Specialist Accreditation Board.
Councillor of The New South Wales Law Society.
Member of The Law Society's Diversity Committee previously Advancement of Women.
Director of Lawcover Insurance Pty Limited.
Secretary of the North Metropolitan Law Society.
Chair of The Appeals Committee New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union.
Graduate of Australian Institute of Company Directors.


The Email Events trigger allows you to set up a Zap, which will activate upon a certain email event - e.g. the mail is opened, a link within it is clicked, it bounces and cannot be delivered etc. This allows you to transfer information back to your Pipedrive account for the respective emails you are interested in.
The events currently supported by this trigger are email sent, opened, clicked, bounced, spam and blocked. You can see a description for all events in the Mailjet Email Statuses page.
Naturally, the ways to configure the Zap depend on the Zapier actions available for Pipedrive. Here as an example we will configure a Zap to leave a note in a Pipedrive contact every time this contact 'clicks' an email.
Click on 'Make a Zap!', enter the name of your zap and choose Mailjet as the Trigger App.
Select the 'Email Events' trigger, then click on 'Continue'.
Choose a Mailjet account to use, or link a new one to Zapier, if needed. For more information click here.
You will now need to select the events you want to automatically track for this trigger. Event Tracking simply means whenever there is an event, an event is dispatched to the provided Endpoint URL, containing meaningful context about the event (like the recipient email, timestamp, etc). From here, the customer can script actions to be done following it.
Mailjet allows you to track each event from one URL at a time, so it will not be possible to track a Click event simultaneously from Zapier and a custom URL, for example.
We will use the URL provided to allow Zapier to recognize when a link in an email was clicked, and subsequently trigger the Zap. To do that, first please copy the provided URL to your clipboard.
Then go to the Trigger Events section of your Mailjet account.
Follow the below instructions to configure the Endpoint URL for the Click trigger.
A. Tick the checkbox next to the 'Click' event.
B. Paste the previously copied URL into the 'Endpoint URL' field for the 'Click' event.
C. You can test the URL by clicking on the 'Send' button – if it is correct, you will receive a 'OK, Code 200' response.
D. Click on 'Save' to submit the changes.
In order to track email Clicks or Opens, you need also to have the respective options turned on in your Account Settings as well.
Once you have done this, go back to Zapier and click on 'Continue'.
You will be given the option to select a contact list for the zap. Call up the drop-down menu and choose the list you want to use.
If you do not select a contact list, the trigger will activate for all contacts linked to your Mailjet account. This will allow you to track transactional emails as well.
Once you have made your selection, click on 'Continue'.
You will be asked to review your selections - make sure that you have added the Endpoint URL link and selected the proper contact list.
The system will now want to test the trigger. Make sure that you have recent events matching your selections so far. In this case, we need a contact from the 'Mail Events List' contact list, who has clicked on a link in a Mailjet campaign recently.
Once the test is successful, click on 'Continue' to complete the trigger configuration.
Search for and select Pipedrive as the Action App.
Choose the action you want the Zap to perform. In our example this will be a 'Create Note' action. Then click on 'Continue'.
Select the Pipedrive account you want to use, or connect a new one to Zapier. Once you have chosen the account, click on 'Continue'. For reference click here.
You will now need to configure the note. Once you have configured it on your end, click on 'Continue'.
Zapier will now ask you to test the zap - click on 'Create & Continue' to do that, or on 'Skip Test & Continue' to skip it. Afterwards simply Finish the Zap and turn it on and you are all set!