Suggestion for the T-shirts in the Store.
PugGaming - Gaming Never Done Alone » News » Feedback and Suggestions » Suggestion for the T-shirts in the Store.
Instead of being able to choose the color of the entire Logo why not have Royal Blue Puggaming.net Players United Gaming and we choose what Crosshair color we want. I think that would be cool if possible. I'm not sure if you use 1 pattern for the entire logo but from the looks of the one I got on right now, It seems to be 2 but I could be wrong.
BTW I'm probably gonna Buy 2 more this Weekend. Be nice if I could get the colored logo on the Black Tees too.
Re: Suggestion for the T-shirts in the Store.
Hey i see what u mean. That is very possible. I will set the store up to choose your shirt color. and your shirt logo color. Look for this and the new designs in stock sometime hopefully 2mrrow!


December | 2014 | POPPYCOCK!
25 DECEMBER, 1914: Bah! Humbug!
Poppycock's War is running a little late, but then it's Christmas and everyone knows war stops for Christmas. At least, it did in 1914, or so last week's heritage commemorations would have you believe.
It's been hard to miss the centenary of that football truce on the Western Front, and it's been heartwarming stuff. The spirit of Christmas soothes mankind's savage breast, ordinary men default to goodwill and a kick-about when the chance arises, there's a whiff of honourable conduct in the air… it's all very Old World, very British, and you could be forgiven for thinking the Football Truce reflected the respectful politesse of a bygone age. Well maybe, but let's balance the picture with a glance at what the Royal Navy was up to on Christmas Day 1914.
On the evening of 24 December, three converted cross-Channel steamers, HMS Engadine, HMS Empress and HMS Riviera, left Harwich for positions off the north German coast. Escorted by two light cruisers and ten destroyers, each steamer carried three Short seaplanes, which were lowered into the water some 70 miles from Germany early on Christmas morning. Replacing wheels with floats to create seaplanes was almost as old as flight itself, but taking off from anything but calm water was still a lottery and only seven of the aircraft managed the feat before flying on to celebrate the festive season by carrying out the world's first naval air raid.
Their official mission was 'air reconnaissance' of German military installations in Heligoland, Cuxhaven and the major naval base at Wilhelmshaven, locations far beyond the range of any land-based Allied aircraft, but the Navy also hoped to bomb the coastal airfield at Nordholtz, just south of Cuxhaven, which housed the half dozen Zeppelins then being used as very effective support for German ground operations on the Western Front. The raid's underlying purpose was a more strategically significant attempt to provoke the German Navy's High Seas Fleet into leaving port, and ten British submarines had been stationed off the coast to ambush any warships coming out of Wilhelmshaven.
None of the above really worked. Gathering coastal mist prevented any of the seaplanes from finding Cuxhaven, let alone attacking Nordholtz, and they eventually dropped small bomb loads on Wilhelmshaven, inflicting minor damage on seaplane base, a cruiser and a submarine. Some valuable reconnaissance was carried out, and the bombing did provoke the battlecruiser Von Der Tann into evasive manoeuvres that ended in collision with a cruiser, but the High Seas Fleet wasn't tempted out to sea. Meanwhile all seven Short seaplanes received hits from ground fire, and only two made it back to the British fleet, although all the aircrew involved came through the mission unscathed. The only two men not picked up by British ships were rescued by a Dutch trawler and interned in the Netherlands.
Though the Royal Navy's Christmas present to Germany, known to posterity as the Cuxhaven Raid, failed in almost every practical respect, its long-term influence was both significant and malign. Trumpeted by the British as a technical triumph, it confirmed the potential of naval air power to both sides, prompting rapid improvements in coastal anti-aircraft defences and encouraging the development of genuine aircraft carriers during the next few years. The raid also encouraged advocates of long-range strategic bombing, adding weight to the theory that aerial attacks on civilian or infrastructural targets could bring an enemy to its knees, while the outrage it caused in Berlin has been credited with influencing the German High command's decision to use Zeppelins against Allied cities in 1915.
So that was a Merry Christmas from the Royal Navy, scaring a lot of people and giving a mighty leg-up to the theory that would see civilians bombed into oblivion all over the world to no real strategic effect for the next thirty years. Then again, the Navy was merely adhering to Britain's military policy of the day and demonstrating aggression, essentially for its own sake and in defiance of any seasonal lull in the fighting. The same thinking, designed to keep the nation in warlike mood and the enemy on his toes, lay behind the British Army's continuous trench raids all along the Western Front that winter, and the military's stern disapproval of pacifist episodes like the football match.
Did the War take a Christmas pause? Not really, and not if the British had anything to do with it.
A hundred years ago today the British Empire announced a formal protectorate over the Ottoman province of Egypt. This came as no surprise to contemporary observers, given that the two empires were at war, that Constantinople was in no position to impose its will on Egypt and that the country was immensely valuable to Britain, not only as a central base for African, Asian and Mediterranean operations, but also as the host nation of the Suez Canal. What might have surprised them was the long-term impact of British rule on a nation edging towards independence from Ottoman Turkey.
The Ottoman Empire's control over Egypt had been a matter of form rather than substance at the end of the eighteenth century, when Napoleon led a French army (and a boatload of scholars) across the Mediterranean and occupied the country, only to be expelled by the British a few years later. The two nations had competed for influence over a virtually autonomous Egypt through much of the nineteenth century, but construction of the Suez Canal (aka the massive shortcut to India) had changed the stakes. Using endemic tribal warfare on Egypt's southern and western frontiers as an excuse, Britain had placed the country under what amounted to military occupation in the 1880s.
This was still the situation in 1914. Though Egypt was nominally ruled by a hereditary Khedive under the auspices of the Sultan of Turkey, the Khedive and his council of ministers took orders on all military, foreign and economic affairs from the British consul-general. That post, held by Lord Kitchener from 1911 until he became British War Minister in August 1914, came with its fair share of problems. Libya and the Sudan remained chronically unstable, requiring periodic military intervention to quell uprisings, while nationalist movements were gaining strength within Egypt. The Legislative Assembly, a quasi-representative body established in 1913, was virulently anti-British, as was the devoutly pro-Ottoman Khedive, Abbas Himli.
Egypt's strategic importance as a military base and a trade route was instantly multiplied by the outbreak of war. The British government would have liked nothing better than an immediate takeover and the ruthless suppression of dissident elements, but for the first few months of the conflict it was unwilling to do anything that might provoke the Ottoman Empire into siding with the Central Powers. The result was chaos in Cairo, as Turkish neutrality prevented the deportation of some 70,000 Germans and Austrians resident in Egypt and the country became a seething hotbed of international intrigue.
As soon as Turkey entered the war in early November, British forces were free to impose martial law and dissolve the Assembly. On 19 December, one day after the country's effective annexation,Abbas Himli was deposed and replaced as Khedive by his pro-British uncle, Husein Kemal. Egypt remained firmly in British hands, governed by a High Commissioner appointed in London, for the rest of the War.
Nationalist agitation still simmered in Egypt but with little practical effect before 1918, and the largely native Egyptian Army spent most of the War dealing with tribal unrest on the frontiers. Meanwhile the Royal Navy made use of Alexandria as a port, and imperial ground forces came and went en route for campaigns in Gallipoli, Salonika, East Africa, Palestine and Mesopotamia. Though Egyptian forces never fought overseas for the British, in line with a promise made at the start of the Protectorate, a volunteer Egyptian Labour Corps provided 120,000 men for support services on the Mesopotamian and Western Fronts, and the country's agricultural resources suffered heavy exploitation.
Four years of war as a British possession did nothing to encourage political stability in Egypt, but did establish the Wafd Party as the political voice of nationalist opposition. Wafd objections to British control of the Canal Zone were the main stumbling block to dissolution of the Protectorate after 1918, and though formal independence was eventually granted in 1922 it was little more than a facade disguising continued military occupation. Even after the occupation was ended by treaty in 1936 the British maintained occupying forces around the Canal, and they remained in place until the Suez Crisis of 1956.
Whichever way you look at it, Britain's annexation of Egypt in December 1914 had serious, long-term warping effects on that country's social, economic and political future, with momentous consequences that are still being felt by the world as a whole. So while we mull over the Football Truce, or consider the continuous, costly and futile attacks still taking place all along the Western Front, let's spare a seasonal thought for the geopolitical havoc being brewed by the British in the Middle East.
A week or two back, I mentioned that winter warfare in Europe was restricted by weather conditions, an obvious fact illustrated by the entrenched stalemate that had infested both the Western and Eastern Fronts by mid-December 1914. There were many good reasons for this – weather-related transport problems, the battlefield chaos caused by mud and shortage of daylight hours, to name just a few – but one man was determined to ignore them all. That man was Marshal Joseph Joffre, the French Army's Chief of Staff and de facto field commander, and he chose 10 December 1914 as the opening day of the biggest Allied offensive of the War to date.
Generally known as the First Champagne Offensive (two more were to follow in 1915 and 1918), it began around the town of Perthes but eventually spread all along the northern and central sections of the Western Front. Intended to remove two German-held bulges (or salients) from the front line, the campaign achieved absolutely nothing during four months of attrition, and cost the French army some 90,000 men. It did provide conclusive evidence that well-constructed defensive positions held an unbeatable advantage in the contemporary technological climate, a fact already quite clear to many observers, but Joffre went on to mount similar offensives with grimly similar results all through 1915. Why?
On the whole I don't subscribe to the 'lions led by donkeys' school of remembrance. Most generals on the Western Front and elsewhere were not brilliant but nor were they stupid. Commanders on both sides were dealing with unprecedentedly huge conscript armies in unprecedented conditions that demanded attack, when the state of military and infrastructural technology made defence the only sustainable option. On the other hand, and particularly during the War's early stages, some important commanders can be accused of blind faith in military theory, of refusal to accept its manifest failure and of autocratic deafness to alternatives. Nobody fits this unfortunate bill more completely than Joffre.
An engineer with an unspectacular career in colonial warfare behind him, Joffre was a consensus choice as Chief of Staff in 1911. Already approaching sixty, he proved a true, arguably fanatical believer in the French Army's sacred role as the sword of national redemption, and in its prevailing military doctrine of attack, attack and attack. A stern, magisterial presence, armoured by an utter contempt for politicians and politics, he lobbied aggressively for increased military budgets, purged the Army of 'defensively minded' officers and developed an unshakeable faith in the prospects of the Army's offensive strategy for the inevitable war against Germany, Plan Seventeen.
A natural offspring of fanatically attack-minded strategists, Plan Seventeen assumed that all-out, passionate offensive spirit was the key to victory, and came a spectacular cropper in the early weeks of August 1914. True to his faith, Joffre kept driving his generals forward into Germany, convinced that sweeping conquest was only a sufficiently dashing attack away, until the German invasion of France had all but succeeded to his rear. Luck and German mistakes, along with his attack-minded opportunism and that of senior subordinates, enabled Joffre to save Paris and his job at the Marne in September, a victory for which he took full credit and the mantle of national hero.
After the Marne Joffre was untouchable, and knew it. He dropped any pretext at consulting civilian authorities, deliberately kept politicians and the public uninformed about the military position or his own plans, and took complete control of the French struggle on the Western Front. Charging up and down the front line in his high-powered automobile, swooping on individual units without warning (and often staying for a full, two-hour lunch), he was an autocrat unfettered – and he still believed that total victory was just a matter of attacking the enemy with sufficient verve and audacity. The French term for this was élan, and through the succession of failed attacks that saw fixed trench lines established from the Belgian coast to the Swiss frontier, Joffre remained convinced that a little more of it would do the trick next time. This was still his view in December.
There can come a point when belief in a theory is no longer a matter of choice, because the consequences of disproving the theory are too terrible to contemplate. It may well be that, having already sacrificed so many lives, Joffre was psychologically incapable of writing them off as a mistake, and it was certainly the case that nobody in Paris or the Army possessed the authority to prevent the Saviour of France from a policy of semi-permanent, all-out offensive warfare. Joffre would fling his troops at German defences again and again, winning nothing and learning nothing, until he was eventually replaced in late 1916, after the ghastly, ten-month carnage of Verdun had exposed his neglect of defensive preparations. Even then his public popularity required the government to promote him to the largely honorific post of Marshal of France.
So yes, the generals deserve at least some of the blame they've been taking from posterity, but men like Joffre were a type of officer found at the start of every major conflict: commanders unable to forget lessons from the last war. Their infamy has been compounded by the facts that the previous major war had been forty years ago, that technology had transformed the battlefield in the meantime, and that sociopolitical changes had drastically raised the numbers of potential casualties involved. Even the big difference between Joffre and his peers at the Great War's command posts – his absolute power to apply the wrong lessons on a stupendously grand scale – was as much a product of peculiarities in French society as of one man's personal failings.
The Battle of the Kolubara River began a hundred years ago today, a six-day carnage in northern Serbia that ended the third and final Austro-Hungarian invasion of the country in 1914. So let's talk about Serbia and its war to date.
Serbia was yet another of Europe's new countries, having gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878. Its twentieth-century character had been defined by a coup d'état in 1903, when King Alexander was assassinated and the Karadjordjevic dynasty, in the person of King Peter I, was installed in its place. The King ruled through an appointed cabinet that answered to a National Assembly (Skuptshina) directly elected by all male taxpayers and dominated by moderate liberals.
The regime's home policies broadly reflected this political preference but its foreign policy, heavily influenced by the military, was aggressively expansionist and committed to the establishment of a pan-Slav state. In practical terms this meant seeking access to the Adriatic through Albania, and control over the rest of what would one day be Yugoslavia through absorption or federation. Tiny, independent Montenegro aside, all these places were controlled by the Austro-Hungarian or Ottoman Empires in 1914, and this fact alone pretty much guaranteed diplomatic support for Serbia from Russia.
Russian support had been crucial to Serbian success in the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. While St. Petersburg's guarantees kept other European powers from intervening, Serbia almost doubled it size and raised its population to around 4.5 million. You couldn't call these secure or stable gains, given that the entire region – including Bulgaria, Greece and Rumania – was soon gearing up for another territorial merry-go-round, but Serbia made an alliance with Greece to counterbalance the threat of Bulgarian dissatisfaction with the 1913 peace, and went right on trying to expand.
A nice, simple regional map of the Balkan mess in 1914.
Belgrade had been encouraging pan-Slav separatist movements in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia since 1903. Both were semi-autonomous states within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until the latter seized full control of Bosnia in 1908, after which rising tension between Vienna and Belgrade found red hot focus in the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. By June 1914 Sarajevo was ready to blow, and the assassination of visiting Austrian Archduke Franz-Ferdinand, an act so famous you don't need me to describe it, lit the touch paper. Some controversy still hangs around the question of whether or not the Serbian government planned the killing. It didn't, as evidenced by its desperate attempt to stave off war in answering Vienna's subsequent ultimatum, but the Black Hand did.
The Black Hand was a hard-line nationalist organisation with strong military links and fingers in every other important Serbian pie, essentially a state within a state. It had engineered a political crisis that forced King Peter to pass executive power to his son, Alexander, on 14 June, and an election to legitimise the change was underway when the Archduke died. The killing was in line with Black Hand ambitions to goad Vienna into an aggressive act that would bring Russia to war, allowing Serbia to profit from a wider conflict's fallout, and this pragmatic policy reflected the basic fact that Serbia couldn't hope to win a war against an industrial power.
An overwhelmingly rural society, landlocked and essentially tribal in its outlying regions, Serbia possessed few mineral or other industrial resources. A mere 10,000 Serbs were engaged in industrial manufacture, almost all of them in Belgrade (itself a primitive backwater compared to major European capitals), and the economy was largely dependent on exports of food and hides to Germany, Austria and Turkey. All Serbia's fuel, arms and other military necessities were imported overland, using the navigable Danube, poor roads or the country's only two railway lines, which linked Belgrade with Sofia and Constantinople. Meanwhile its army could muster a maximum of some 350,000 men, most of them ill equipped and overage, and was hardly the instrument to fulfil the leadership's grandiose ambitions.
So Serbia was relying on outside help, and despite the government's initial fears the Black Hand felt pretty confident about getting it . Meanwhile the Serbian population, fuelled by years of racially based propaganda (as were Austrians on the other side of the frontier), rushed to battle with the same confident enthusiasm displayed in Berlin, London and Paris when war came at the end of July. Disaster beckoned.
Help didn't arrive. As the diplomatic dominoes crumbled and massed armies collided all over Europe, none of Serbia's allies against the Central Powers could spare the resources to provide significant support, and Serbia (along with Montenegro) was forced to face Austro-Hungarian invasion alone. What followed was a brilliant series of defensive campaigns, under the skilled command of General Putnik and carried out by troops familiar with the mountainous terrain.
By the time he launched a counterattack against Austrian positions at the Kolubara, Putnik had repelled two ineptly executed invasions in August and September, and made a tactical retreat before a third in November, giving up Belgrade to enemy occupation on 2 December. The counterattack struck at fatigued troops, and after two days of heavy fighting Austrian forces began retreating back towards the frontier. Serbian forces recaptured the nearby town of Valyevo on 6 December, and the invaders re-crossed the frontier at the Drina three days later, at which point Putnik's exhausted army gave up the pursuit.
Serbian troops crossing the Kolubara River. It took a while.
The third invasion had cost the Austrians more than 225,000 troops, but the drain on victorious Serbian forces was more significant. The country had acted as a nation in arms, sparking reprisals by Austrian occupiers no less gruesome than those inflicted on Belgium by occupying German armies, and losses of some 180,000 men during the year could not be replaced. Still denied any material support by the Allies (although Britain did provide money for the purchase of supplies), the battered, exhausted rump of the Serbian Army could only spend the winter huddled in its fastnesses, desperately short of food, medicines and all other military necessities, while typhus spread through the ranks.
Driven by soaring ambition at the heart of its body politic, Serbia had gambled on war and lost, but seemed to have got away with it at the end of 1914. The year to come would bring a terrible reckoning.


The awesome digital photography below, is other parts of 2019 Volkswagen Golf Sportwagen Review, specs and Release date report which is arranged within Wallpaper, 2019 volkswagen golf sportwagen, and published at September 5th, 2018 11:05:34 AM by admin.
Here is fundamental notification on 2019 volkswagen golf sportwagen. We have the best method for 2019 volkswagen golf sportwagen. Check it out for yourself! You can discover New 2019 Volkswagen Golf Sportwagen Concept guide and look the latest 2019 Volkswagen Golf Sportwagen Review, specs and Release date in here.


text:
Industrial development and economic growth 299 tion in overall poverty in the 1981-2001 period. In India, the Gini coeffi-cient of household consumption expenditure fell in the 1950s as a result of •The best Trade Strategy is a robust Industrialization Policy. •The most effective Industrialization policy is one that deepens and expands local value-chain. •PH' biggest incentive, is our growing domestic market (size & income)— whose requirements are largely being met by imports. •Biggest challenge is the expanding deficit.
their industrialization and economic de velopment. Trade liberalization in developing countries Starting in the early 1970s, an increasing number of developing countries, espe-' cially those that had opted for an inward oriented strategy or import-substitution industrialization (IS!) during the 1950s and 1960s, began to liberalize trade. (1994-2001). They reveal the central government's strategy of trade and industrial policies for the economic institutional reform and open-door policy. As for the "post-accession-to-WTO" phase, China has transformed trade development strategy focusing on import substitution or export promotion to a new sustainable Momentum is a traditional strategy for currency trading. Past winners are likely to continue to perform well, and past losers are likely to continue to do badly. The most recent illustration is the launch of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in March 2018, a single market for goods and services in Africa that aims to unlock manu- facturing potential and facilitate industrialization, driving sustainable growth and jobs among other objectives. PDF | On Sep 29, 2010, Thom-Otuya, Vincent Chinyere Thom-Otuya and others published THE ROLE OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION POLICY IN THE ECONOMY OF NIGERIA | Find, read and cite all the
trade liberalization in most developing countries. Finally, I examine the relation- ship between strategic trade policies, en- dogenous growth, and economic devel
Disappointment about the results of import substituting industrialization strategies as well as the spectacular performance of a few newly industrialised countries have led many developing countries to switch in the 1970s to export oriented industrialization. This analysis cautions against any misplaced euphoria with regard to this strategy in a neo-mercantilistic and hegemonic world. import substitution industrialization(ISI). It treats the role of the state as a devel-opmental actor and introduces the exchange rate and trade tools used to promote industrialization. It concludes by evaluating the performance of import substitution industrialization as an answer to the puzzle of how to promote development in Latin America. to rely on a growth-cum-debt strategy in order to deal with the distortions of ISI. ISI prevailed as Industrialization strategy in the majority of developing countries and Ulli Arnold. "Industrialization Strategy Based on Import Substitution Trade Policy." In . Designing Public Procurement Policy in Developing Countries, Springer New Egypt's Industrial Development Strategy Industry: The Engine of Growth Trade and Industry will not be the sole actor, several public and private partners will be involved. Success will be the result of a concerted Egyptian effort. industrialization strategy An industrial policy can be a vehicle for catch-up and structural transformation, and increasingly such a policy must focus on how an economy is integrated into global trade and production networks. Industrial policy may be defined as "a strategy that includes a range of
1 Jan 2012 To combat trade deficit, governments adopt intervention mechanisms such as trade restrictions, which are in themselves, ISI strategies (Shikida,
disagree as to whether a policy of trade liberalisation is good, bad or irrelevant for by the Industrial Revolution and the Agricultural Revolution that preceded it were The Growth Report: Strategies for. Sustained EconomicGrowth.pdf
The most recent illustration is the launch of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in March 2018, a single market for goods and services in Africa that aims to unlock manu- facturing potential and facilitate industrialization, driving sustainable growth and jobs among other objectives.
decent jobs, provided that the right industrialization strategy is pursued. economic theory has always taught us that free trade raises welfare to all and this may be www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/reports/documents/ enginesofgrowth.pdf. led industrialization, and adopting instead a strategy drafted along the lines of the so-called Washington Consensus, centred therefore on trade liberalization Therefore, it need to study EOI as strategy to help reduce poverty and promote effective external trade in developing countries. State of World Industrialization during the Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) period, the institutional with periods of autarchic, state-guided economic strategy ended in a major crisis fails to adapt its industrialization strategies to new rules of international investment a n d trade. Consequently, Indonesia's industrialization strategies have not 1 Jan 2012 To combat trade deficit, governments adopt intervention mechanisms such as trade restrictions, which are in themselves, ISI strategies (Shikida, "Industrialization Strategy Based on Import. Substitution Trade Policy." In Designing Public Procurement Policy in Developing Countries, Springer New York,.
Towards an Economic Strategy for South Africa flexible industrial and trade policy; and (v) promoting export competitiveness and harnessing regional growth Leveraging public procurement to support industrialization: the government's status as a big state-of-the-internet-report-q1-2016.pdf (Accessed 23 April 2018). disagree as to whether a policy of trade liberalisation is good, bad or irrelevant for by the Industrial Revolution and the Agricultural Revolution that preceded it were The Growth Report: Strategies for. Sustained EconomicGrowth.pdf policies/industrialization strategies like import substitution approach, export promotion foreign exchange, create favourable balance of trade and payments, 1 Ron Sandrey is Research Associate at the Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa The objective of this paper is to examine the state of industrialization in Africa and strategy for its own development and benefit, direct and indirect assistance theory and policy' http://users.ox.ac.uk/~econpco/research/pdfs/ TradePrefs-. from an import-substituting industrialization (ISI) strategy to an export-oriented financing for target industries, infant industry (trade) protection, pricing policies,. Reinvigorating Manufacturing: New Industrial Policy and the Trade System –. Policy Options strategic look at the opportunities to improve the system's effectiveness and industrialization.5 Alternative views have emerged regarding . 3 For other Economics. http://piie.com/publications/pb/pb14-6.pdf. Ciuriak, Dan, et al. countries' trade strategies, recalling protectionists' features of covering national industries by introducing barriers to imports to promote self-reliance through the
Canada oil reserves 2020
Nifty calls for tomorrow
Brownfield oil moberly mo
Robinhood trade options
Xm mt4 trading platform
Ftse 100 index trading hours
Make future consultancy
Lvmh stock
Penny stock dumping
Trading schedule ice
Long stock long call
List of indian companies listed on nasdaq
Price of silver over time
Sim slots free online slot
Bitcoin cotação em tempo real
Best books to learn stock trading for beginners
Forex analysis book
Walmart online grocery revenue
Future costco in florida
Gram rate for silver
Highest pe ratio companies
Utilization rate calculation example
Return rates retail
Location oil pressure sensor cummins n14
Best uk forex trading brokers
Saving for the future listening
How to grow trading business
Bist 100 companies
Bank of america online open checking account
Raw material price index canada
E trade incentives
Quantum stock trading discord
How to calculate expected return finance
Dollar vs euro exchange
How to transfer money international online

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Interregnum čili mezivládí (z lat. inter- mezi a regnum vláda) je období, kdy původní mandát k vládnutí (resp. obecněji výkonu určité funkce) již zanikl a nový dosud nevznikl. V církevním prostředí se v obdobném smyslu užívá i termínu sedisvakance (z lat. vacatio sedis, doslovně "uprázdnění stolce").

Charakteristika
Interregnum může vyvolat určitou nejistotu o kontinuitě výkonu a směřování vlády a z toho vyplývající nestabilitu, proto obvykle existují snahy o jeho vyloučení či alespoň zkrácení na minimum.

Moderní monarchie často pro tento účel v případě panovníka aplikují maximu Král je mrtev, ať žije král, která vyjadřuje nastoupení vlády původního dědice trůnu již okamžikem smrti jeho předchůdce (a tedy bez jakékoli prodlevy) a nikoli pozdějším formálním tvrzením nebo korunovací — "úřad" vládce přetrvává bez ohledu na osud jednotlivce.

Ve volebních monarchiích se zpravidla užívá institutu zvláštního regenta (interrex) vykonávajícího potřebné pravomoci do nástupu nové hlavy státu (typicky v období volební monarchie polské byl takovýmto regentem arcibiskup hnězdenský).

Obdobnou úpravu lze ovšem nalézt i v republikách — např. podle čl. 66 Ústavy České republiky vykonávají v takovýchto případech některé pravomoci prezidenta republiky předseda vlády a předseda Poslanecké sněmovny, resp. Senátu.

Příklady interregna v dějinách
České království
 Pohusitské interregnum (1439–1453)

Osmanská říše
 Osmanské interregnum (1402–1413)

Svatá říše římská
 Interregnum (1257–1273)
nominálními vládci Richard Cornwallský (1257–1272) a Alfons Kastilský (1257–1284)

 Interregnum (1740–1742)
Poznámka: Marie Terezie, habsburská dědička a dcera císaře Karla VI. vládla v letech 1740–1745 svým rodovým državám jako arcivévodkyně rakouská a královna česká a uherská. Po roce 1745, kdy se její muž František Štěpán Lotrinský stal císařem, byla i císařovnou-manželkou, její skutečná moc však i poté vycházela z titulu vládkyně habsburských zemí.

Anglie
 Commonwealth a cromwellovský Protektorát (1649–1660)
z monarchického hlediska typické interregnum, fakticky však vláda existovala.

Skotské království
 První interregnum (1290–1292)

 Druhé interregnum (1296–1306)

Rusko
 Smuta (1598–1613)
 období od vymření Rurikovců do nástupu Romanovců

 Ruské interregnum v roce 1825

Odkazy

Literatura

Externí odkazy

Politická filozofie
Monarchie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Evolution of default genetic control mechanisms
Bains, William, Borriello, Enrico and Schulze-Makuch, Dirk 2021. Evolution of default genetic control mechanisms. PLoS ONE 16 (5) , e0251568. 10.1371/journal.pone.0251568
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251568
We present a model of the evolution of control systems in a genome under environmental constraints. The model conceptually follows the Jacob and Monod model of gene control. Genes contain control elements which respond to the internal state of the cell as well as the environment to control expression of a coding region. Control and coding regions evolve to maximize a fitness function between expressed coding sequences and the environment. The model was run 118 times to an average of 1.4∙106 'generations' each with a range of starting parameters probed the conditions under which genomes evolved a 'default style' of control. Unexpectedly, the control logic that evolved was not significantly correlated to the complexity of the environment. Genetic logic was strongly correlated with genome complexity and with the fraction of genes active in the cell at any one time. More complex genomes correlated with the evolution of genetic controls in which genes were active ('default on'), and a low fraction of genes being expressed correlated with a genetic logic in which genes were biased to being inactive unless positively activated ('default off' logic). We discuss how this might relate to the evolution of the complex eukaryotic genome, which operates in a 'default off' mode.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License


ARLINGTON (CBSDFW.COM) – Winner, winner, chicken dinner! A person who lives in Arlington is now $1 million richer!
Officials with the Texas Lottery say the person recently claimed a top winning prize in the Million Dollar Loteria scratch ticket game.
Officials say the game offers more than $90 million in total prizes and that the overall odds of winning any prize in the game are 1 in 3.31.
The winning scratcher was purchased at the MMTJ Food Store, in the 2500 block of East Arkansas Lane.
It may be hard to try and get a loan though — the new millionaire has chosen to remain anonymous.


The South Aegean Region is launching an environmental campaign titled "Keep Aegean Blue" with a series of awareness-raising activities on Rhodes, Kos, Patmos, Kalymnos and Leros.
More than 2,700 runners from 30 countries will participate in the 5th International Rhodes Marathon, scheduled to take place on April 29.
Blue Star Ferries is the official sea transport sponsor of the 5th "Roads to Rhodes" Marathon and has announced special discounts to participants.
In efforts to stimulate tourism to the Eastern Aegean islands hit by the refugee influx the Greek tourism ministry has announced yet another series of incentives including friendlier prices at hotels.
The hotel associations of Samos, Lesvos, Chios, Kos and Leros are joining the Tourism Ministry's efforts to boost domestic tourism and are offering Greek travellers special discounts on room prices and accommodation packages.
Greek passenger shipping company Blue Star Ferries has announced a 30 percent discount on the ferry tickets of travellers that will vacation this summer on the islands of Lesvos, Chios, Kos and Leros.
Inspired by Greek hero Odysseus and his travels and travails, cultural project "Meeting the Odyssey" sets out for its last tour this summer to visit Greece between June 3 and August 9.
Five islands of the Aegean, which are the main entry points of refugees and migrants to Europe, will receive support to strengthen their tourist arrivals, according to a decision of the Labour and Tourism ministries and the Greek Manpower Employment Organization (OAED).
The European Commission said on Wednesday, that Greece had made progress on the construction of the so-called hotspots or refugee reception centers, four of which opened this week on Lesvos, Chios, Samos and Leros.
The Greek Tourism Ministry on Thursday invited local authorities to cooperate for the smooth operation of identification centres, the so-called hotspots, on the Aegean islands where migrants and refugees are disembarking.
Frontex, the EU border agency, initiated on Monday the deployment of 293 officers and 15 vessels to the Greek islands as part of a new operation called "Poseidon Rapid Intervention" after Greece requested additional assistance at its external borders in the Aegean earlier this month.
Greece is expected to come under significant pressure over its response to the refugee crisis during the upcoming EU leaders' summit on Thursday.
Greek ferry operator Dodekanisos Seaways was honored with the Passenger Line of the Year award at the recent Lloyd's List Greek Shipping Awards 2015.
The mayors of several Greek border islands are calling on the government to step in with immediate measures to deal with the increasing numbers of illegal migrants reaching their shores daily as they do not have the resources to deal with the situation.
Tourism sector professionals in Greece are expressing their concern that the increasing number of illegal migrant incidents will negatively affect the smooth operation of the upcoming tourist season.


text:
#ifndef __BL_PACKET_H__
#define __BL_PACKET_H__

//*****************************************************************************
//
// Packet Handling APIs
//
//*****************************************************************************
extern int ReceivePacket(unsigned char *pucData, unsigned long *pulSize);
extern int SendPacket(unsigned char *pucData, unsigned long ulSize);
extern void AckPacket(void);

#endif // __BL_PACKET_H__

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Mindy's fitness Journey: Food Prep? Done with Diet-to-Go!
Food Prep??? No need with Diet-to-Go!!!!
If you have ever read my blog, you know that I struggle with preparing food and planning. I am a single mom with an active little boy, and I work full time. In order to do all the things that I have to do in my day to day life, I need to prep food for the week. Well, I am still struggling with that... That means that my planning meals is NOT happening. And we all know that when you have no plan, you are planning to fail.
This is why I jumped at the chance to review Diet-to-Go when I was asked. Diet-to-Go is a diet meal delivery. I was a little worried because I have the sense of adventure with food of a 5-year-old. I decided to grow up and try new things. And let me tell you that Diet-to-Go didn't disappoint!!!
This is how it came for me! Yum!
A few months ago, many of my fellow bloggers were posting pictures of these meals that were already ready and just needed to be heated up. I started to do some research and couldn't believe how great and perfect for me this seemed. I contacted Diet-to-Go and asked some questions and let them know that I was interested. Before they got back to me, I was offered the chance to review the food. This was great because I was already trying to figure out how to order some meals. I was thrilled when they arrived!
Diet-to-Go is the most inexpensive fresh diet delivery service on the market right now. They were rated by Epicurious #1! What is really nice is that there are 3 different menus of meals to choose from. They have low-fat, vegetarian, and low-carb. There are 20 different plans to choose from.
"According to a University of Washington study published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, high-quality, healthy foods cost on average $18.16 per 1,000 calories –just for the ingredients! That's why eating healthy with Diet-to-Go is such a great value. With Diet-to-Go, you can get a delicious variety of fully prepared, healthy meals for just $17.02 per 1,000 calories. And, everything you need is included. No shopping, no complicated recipes, and no messy clean-up – It's like having your own personal chef. Best of all, it may be less expensive than trying to do it on your own." When I read this about Diet-to-Go, I knew that I would rather not go to the trouble. How nice that it is done for me!
I love the fact that this is a diet meal delivery service. I swear that sometimes I think my grocery store wants to put out a missing persons report for me. I don't go in there enough, and when I do, it's to buy one of two things. The fact that this food is delivered to my door stops me from messing up my nutrition plan! It takes my mistakes, my lack of planning, my laziness and my being busy out of the equation.
Diet-to-Go is consistently ranked a top pick in taste tests and was recently ranked the top meal plan in a national blind taste test conducted by Epicurious.
It is not enough to be the best tasting. We believe the product must be priced to be accessible to customers who have grown accustom to cheap, processed, unhealthy foods. We have worked hard to control cost everywhere in our business other the food. This allows Diet-to-Go to deliver quality, delicious fully prepared and ready toeat meals, for as little as $6.81 per meal. This is the best price/quality value on the market, bar none.
Diet-to-Go is offering 20% off any meal plan to all of you with the coupon code "fitfluential." This makes a great deal even better! Seriously, this stuff is DELISH! You must try!
Diet-to-Go sent me the low-fat plan. My favorite meals are pictured above. I loved my Thursday night dinner. It was blackened turkey loin with carrot chipotle puree. It was so good. It was like I was eating at a favorite restaurant! I don't cook, so you don't want to hear it tasted like a home-cooked meal :) I also loved Wednesday's breakfast. The strawberry maple syrup made the pancakes! And I loved the french toast too. I think everything tasted great. I was impressed with the way the food held up in the microwave too. I made sure to heat up under the suggested time and add time slowly. I didn't have any problems!
TOtally agree! It was great when I tried it. COmpletely delicious and not diet tasting at all.
This looks like such an awesome concept!
Diet-to-Go sounds like a great service for busy people who want to eat healthy but lack the time/skills to prepare healthy meals every day of the week. I am anxious to try it out - thanks for sharing your thoughts!
I agree! I feel like it was made for me!
Question, can you order your meals to meet your macro needs or so they just have a certain plan?
I am not sure exactly. This is what I have found for you... For our low-fat and vegetarian menu, we offer 1,200 or 1,600 calorie plans on a 5-day or 7-day menu (their choice). We also offer a low-carb menu, also on a 5-day or 7-day plan. I'm not sure what they're asking. If they're macro needs are above 1,600 calories, then the answer is no, that's the highest plan we offer. We recommend supplementing with snacks in between meals.
Really loved the vegetarian Diet to Go plan. Very happy with my experience. Glad you enjoyed it too!
Me too! Glad you did too!
Thank Kierston!!! Congrats again to you! You are amazing!!! I love following you!
Really helpful post! There is some very informative stuff to read, it's a great time spent on your blog. Thank you for sharing such a good resource. Just keep it up; I'll wait to get a more influential post like it.
Ceremony take several containers along intended for lunch break to ensure you might be eating balanced all day. Getting the meal shipped can necessarily more Diet Food Delivery hours to waste using your children.
find it very troubloesome to tell the tгuth however Ӏ will certainly come back again.
It's a pleasure to read such an informative blog post. Will definitely look after your post regularly, keep blogging. Thanks for sharing.
Great post!! It is a very effective article and easy to understand the things with your posts. Thanks, I appreciate it. Keep it up and all the best.
I enjoyed your article and I completely agree with you. Excessive work! I'll wait to see such post further. Thank you for sharing.
Sounds Great! Finally I have found something useful. Will bookmark this blog and visit regularly to get more interesting knowledge. Thanks a lot!
In pregnancy i love Vegetarian food. Almost all foods contain at least a small amount of protein. Whole grains, beans, legumes, soy, nuts, and seeds are all great sources of protein. A simple peanut butter and banana sandwich on 2 slices of whole grain bread contains 18-22g of protein. By eating a variety of plant based foods, a vegan diet can meet and exceed recommended protein intakes.For more information please visit this site http://www.momycenter.com/.


text:
Притула Олександр Леонтійович ( 23 грудня 1970, м. Василівка Запорізької області) — один з керівників сучасного Українського козацтва.

Життєпис
Народився 23 грудня 1970 року в місті Василівка Запорізької області. За національністю — етнічний українець. Громадянин України.

Освіта повна вища.

У 1992 році закінчив Запорізький машинобудівний інститут ім. В. Чубаря за спеціальністю інженер-електрик, у 1998 році — Запорізький інститут державного та муніципального управління за спеціальністю «Правознавство», у 2002 році — факультет фізичного виховання Запорізького державного університету, за фахом — викладач фізичного виховання.

Із 1992 по 1993 роки працював начальником електротехнічної лабораторії комунального підприємства «Запоріжводоканал» міста Запоріжжя.

Із 1993 по 1998 роки — викладач фізичного виховання Запорізького інституту державного та муніципального управління.

Із 24 травня 2007 року по цей час — директор Товариства з обмеженою відповідальністю «Вознесен-проект 2007» міста Запоріжжя.

Займає активну громадянську національно-патріотичну позицію.

Із 14 жовтня 1996 року по цей час — керівник громадської організації "Школа запорозького традиційного козацького бойового мистецтва «Спас».

Із 10 лютого 1997 року — керівник громадської організації "Дитячо-юнацька школа козацького бойового мистецтва «Спас» міста Запоріжжя.

Із 18 лютого 1998 року по цей час — керівник Запорізької міської козацької дитячо-юнацької спортивної школи бойового мистецтва «Спас».

Із 2002 по 2005 роки — Голова Правління Всеукраїнської благодійної організації «Всеукраїнська Федерація спасу».

Із 03 червня 2003 року по цей час — Голова Правління Всеукраїнської громадської організації "Товариство Нестора Махна «Гуляй-Поле».

Із 04 червня 2005 року як голова ВГО "Товариство Нестора Махна «Гуляй-Поле» був членом Ради Українського козацтва при Президентові України.

Із 07 червня 2005 року по цей час — Президент Всеукраїнської громадської організації "Всеукраїнська федерація «Спас».

Із 14 березня 2009 року — наказний отаман громадської козацької організації "Спілка Козаків України «Військо Запорозьке».

Із 30 вересня 2009 року по цей час — суддя національної категорії.

Із 25 січня 2011 року по цей час — член Громадської ради при Запорізькій обласній державній адміністрації.

Із 16 лютого 2011 року по цей час — член наглядової ради Національного заповідника «Хортиця».

Із 2011 року по цей час — член обласної координаційної ради з питань розвитку козацтва при Запорізькій обласній державній адміністрації.

Із 23 листопада 2011 року по цей час — член Координаційної ради з питань розвитку козацтва в Україні при Кабінеті Міністрів України.

Із 2011 року по цей час — голова наглядової ради громадської організації «Південно-Східний Центр Соціального Партнерства» міста Запоріжжя.

Універсалом Верховного отамана Українського козацтва у квітні 2012 року йому було присвоєно почесне козацьке звання генерал-осавул козацтва.

Олександр Притула проживає у місті Запоріжжі Запорізької області. До кримінальної відповідальності не притягувався (не судимий).

Кандидат у народні депутати від Аграрної партії на парламентських виборах 2019 року (округ № 76, Запорізька область). Доцент кафедри теорії та методики фізичної культури і спорту Запорізького національного університету. Безпартійний.

Державні нагороди
 Відзнака Президента України — Хрест Івана Мазепи (30 листопада 2009) — за значний особистий внесок у соціально-економічний, науково-технічний і культурний розвиток України, вагомі досягнення у трудовій діяльності, багаторічну сумлінну працю та з нагоди річниці підтвердження всеукраїнським референдумом 1 грудня 1991 року Акта проголошення незалежності України
 Заслужений працівник фізичної культури і спорту України (4 травня 2019) — за значний особистий внесок у державне будівництво, соціально-економічний, культурно-освітній розвиток України, вагомі трудові здобутки та високий професіоналізм

Примітки

Українські громадські діячі
Нагороджені Хрестом Івана Мазепи
Заслужені працівники фізичної культури і спорту України
Випускники Запорізького національного технічного університету
Випускники Класичного приватного університету
Випускники Запорізького національного університету
Науковці Запорізького національного університету


text:
KONA TEAM
The 2022 Kona Factory Team is ready to take on the world's most challenging tracks, from the technical rocks of the Swiss Alps to North Vancouver's roots and loam. There may be a little Scottish slop in the mix too.
Kicking off her third year with Kona is former DH world champion Miranda Miller, she headlines the Factory Team and will take on select 2022 Enduro World Series events, the odd DH race and even a little gravel as part of a new media driven program. Caleb Holonko returns as a force on the freeride side of the spectrum, with big projects in the works and a bottomless pool of talent. Rumor has it we may even see him on an EWS start line. The Factory program will also feature a new face in Frenchman Tito Tomasi, who will be bringing his unique mix of art, world travel and adventure to the team.
CALEB HOLONKO
TITO TOMASI


Canada's men and women finished 12th and 7th, respectively, at the Rugby World Cup sevens tournament from San Francisco. Relive their journey with a musical montage.
Who is your pick for World Rugby Men's Sevens Player of the Year?


text:
Q: Pointer to pointer dereference with pre-increment operator The following program gives output as 17,29,45; I can't understand what does **++pp; mean. Can anyone explain the program in detail.
    #include <stdio.h>

    int main() {
        static int a[] = {10, 22, 17, 29, 45};
        static int *p[] = {a, a + 2, a + 1, a + 4, a + 3};
        int **pp = p;
        **++pp;
        printf("%d %d %d", **pp, *pp[3], pp[0][2]);
    }

A: In your code, **++pp; is the same as * (* ( ++pp));. It first increments the pointer, then deferences twice (the first dereference result is of pointer type, to be elaborate).
However, the value obtained by dereferencing is not used. If you have compiler warnings enabled, you'll get to see something like

warning: value computed is not used

You can remove the dereferencing, it's no use.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: How do you get a paragraph number for a given position in a RichTextFX CodeArea? Specifically I want to know the starting and ending lines of the user's current selection.  The positions in the text are available from the selection, as in:
IndexRange selection = editor.getSelection();
int startPos = selection.getStart();
int endPos = selection.getEnd();

and as far as I can tell one of those positions is in the current paragraph (unless the cursor is at the beginning of the line after the selected line above?).
But how can I go from the other position to a paragraph (i.e. line) number?
I see that the starting and ending paragraphs are part of the SelectionImpl class https://javadoc.io/doc/org.fxmisc.richtext/richtextfx/latest/org/fxmisc/richtext/SelectionImpl.html
But I can't see how to get an instance of that class representing the current selection.

A: I found the answer. The data is hidden within CaretSelectionBind:
    int startPar = editor.getCaretSelectionBind().getAnchorParIndex();
    int endPar = editor.getCaretSelectionBind().getParagraphIndex();


*Robina in Search of a Husband. New York, Samuel French, 1914.
A12 B-C12 D10 (-D.10). Pp. 1-6 7-90. (French's Acting Edition, no. 1408).
Contents: 1 half-title: ROBINA IN SEARCH OF A / HUSBAND; 2 blank; 3 title-page; 4 blank; 5 ROBINA IN SEARCH OF A / HUSBAND / Produced on Tuesday, December 16, 1913 at the Vaudeville / Theatre, London, with the following cast of characters:- [includes Rowena Jerome as Robina Pennicuicque]; 6 blank; 7 information on amateur production fees; 8 stage plan; 9-90 text.
Produced in London at the Scala, 16 March 1906, as Susan in Search of a Husband; and then in New York, 20 November 1906, under Eugene Presbrey's name; the New York Public Library has a typescript with the title Robina's Web.
Printed on wove paper, size 184 x 114mm.
*Pinkish brown paper, lettered in black.
Copies seen: FR (later impression); British Library 2304.i.8, date of accession 13 March 1914; Library of Congress, date of accession 17 February 1914.


What is Tamara Ecclestone Net Worth?
How much is Tamara Ecclestone Net Worth?
How much is Tamara Ecclestone Salary?
Tamara was born in Milan to former Armani model Slavica and Bernie Ecclestone, who is the British billionaire owner of Formula One and is the source of her estimated $300 million net worth. Born June 28, 1984, she is the younger sister of Petra Ecclestone. Both Petra and Tamara are famous socialites due to being heirs to their father's massive fortune. She was educated at the Francis Holland School of London and attended the London School of Economics but did not complete a degree. She has spent time helping various charities and causes and has worked as a model and as a TV presenter for Sky Sports in Italy (She speaks English, Croatian and Italian). She has also has been involved with several lifestyle, fashion and glamor productions and is set to star in her own reality show for BBC Channel 5, called Tamara Ecclestone: Billion $$$ Girl.


text:
For the Summer Olympics, there are 34 venues that have been or will be used for water polo. Debuting in 1900, the first venues took place similar to that of the swimming events. By the 1908 Games, the first water polo venue not located on a river or a lake took place. It was not until the 1920 Games that a separate venue was created for the aquatic venues. 1948 was the first Olympics in water polo took place both indoor and in more than one venue. The first separate water polo venue that was not connected to other aquatic venues was at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

See also
 Water polo at the Summer Olympics

 Lists of Olympic water polo records and statistics
 List of men's Olympic water polo tournament records and statistics
 List of women's Olympic water polo tournament records and statistics
 List of Olympic champions in men's water polo
 List of Olympic champions in women's water polo
 National team appearances in the men's Olympic water polo tournament
 National team appearances in the women's Olympic water polo tournament
 List of players who have appeared in multiple men's Olympic water polo tournaments
 List of players who have appeared in multiple women's Olympic water polo tournaments
 List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)
 List of Olympic medalists in water polo (women)
 List of men's Olympic water polo tournament top goalscorers
 List of women's Olympic water polo tournament top goalscorers
 List of men's Olympic water polo tournament goalkeepers
 List of women's Olympic water polo tournament goalkeepers

References

Sources

Venues
Olympic venues
Water polo


text:
Q: How do I set the content of a label to a database table cell in WPF? I have built a program in WPF using Visual Basic that allows users to select from a series of items. The list of items may change as I add more items or remove older ones. Originally, I would just add and remove these items in the project code, and rebuild the executable.
Over time, however, the list of items grew and became tedious and impractical to maintain in the code. It occurred to me that it would be easier to store the items in a database table which the program can read, and the list can just be updated by adding and removing items from this database.
I have the database built, and I've added it as a Data Source. I have the data connection set up and everything is ready to go.
What I need to know is how to set the Content property of a label to a cell from a table in the database. I want to do this in the codebehind, not in markup (XAML).
My guess is that I will need to set up a sort of query with a for loop to find the cell I want.
The name of the database is ItemsDB. It contains a table called ItemsTable, and the fields in the table have a unique ID (key) with an AutoNumber data type. The column containing the data I want is named ItemLabel.
So, to sum it all up, I want a label to show the content from a single cell in the database, specified in the codebehind. Either C# or VB is fine.
EDIT
I guess I should've mentioned that the labels themselves actually function as buttons, and I don't really want to display a ListView if I don't have to. I know it's not helpful to not have any code posted, but I don't even know where to start, so there's no code to post.

A: Took a while longer than I expected, hope this is still useful. So, what you want to do is iterate through a collection and create a new Label for each row.
You will need a container for the Labels, I used WrapPanel, but you can use any Panel you want. I'm replacing your Data Source with a simple DataTable, you'll get the point from this:
foreach (DataRow row in YourItemsTable.Rows)
{
    Label newLabel = new Label();
    newLabel.Content = row["ItemLabel"].ToString();
    // If you need some events, attach the handlers here
    yourParentContainerPanel.Children.Add(newLabel);
}

This should be all you need.


Optional day of community building – meet the participants of the retreat that you will spend all day Saturday with! Eco Community Scavenger Hunt in the Vibe District of the Virginia Beach Oceanfront. TOP 3 Winners receive herbal based prizes by local businesses.
Join us – we'd love for you to be a part! Only 20 spaces available. All are welcome- tourists and locals alike. Oceanfront parking is included. Secure your spot with a friend!
For photos and testimonials from past events, please visit our Plant Based Wellness & Herbal Healing Facebook page.


text:
IndiaTamil NaduThoothukudi District
Thoothukudi is a district in Tamil Nadu State of India. It has a total of 8 Taluks in this district. The district has an total area of 4,745 sq km. There are 35 towns and 439 villages in this district.
Thoothukudi Population
As per census Thoothukudi District has a population of 1,750,176 in 2011 out of which 865,021 are male and 885,155 are female. Population of Thoothukudi District in 2019 is 1,849,365(estimates as per aadhar uidai.gov.in feb 2019 data). Literate people are 1,349,697 out of 703,106 are male and 646,591 are female. People living in Thoothukudi District depend on multiple skills, total workers are 748,095 out of which men are 503,727 and women are 244,368. Total 44,633 Cultivators are depended on agriculture farming out of 31,404 are cultivated by men and 13,229 are women. 161,418 people works in agricultural land as labor, men are 85,704 and 75,714 are women. Thoothukudi District sex ratio is 1,023 females per 1000 of males.
Thoothukudi District District Rural and Urban Population
The district has an total area of 4,745 sq km., 414.8 sq km is urban and 4330.2 sq km is rural. Out of total population of 1,942,696 in the district, 876,802 are in urban area and 873,374 are in rural area. 226,561 households are in urban, 235,449 are in rural area. 707,011 literate people are in urban, 642,686 are in rural area.
Thoothukudi Demographics
Languages are Tamil
The Thoothukudi average altitude (elevation) 2 Meters above sealevel.
Population Density of Thoothukudi : 378 per sq km
District Official website : http://www.thoothukudi.tn.nic.in
The Nearest Airport to Thoothukudi is Tuticorin Airport.The Collectorate office for this district is Tuticorin District Collector Office, and other popular district head offices are District Employment Office, DSP office, Tuticorin District Regional Transport Office, District Central Library, The nearby Fire service for this district is Fire and Rescue Service Station. The District Library is Public Library.The Head Post office for this district is in Head Post Office. and the Railway Station is Tuticorin Railway Station (station).
Thoothukudi Population Statistics(2011)
Thoothukudi District Nearest Airport:
Tuticorin Airport
Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu 628001, India
Thoothukudi District Fire Station:
Fire and Rescue Service Station
Tiruchendur Rd, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu 628001, India
Thoothukudi District Libraries:
Thoothukudi District Head POST OFFICE:
Head Post Office
Tiruchendur Road, Opposite Kamaraj College, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu 628001, India
Timings: 0930 - 2030 (closed)
Thoothukudi District Railway Zone:
Tuticorin Railway Station
Shanmugapuram, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu 628001, India
Thoothukudi District Collectorate Office:
Tuticorin District Collector Office
National Highway 7A, Korampallam, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu 628101, India
Thoothukudi District Offices:
District Employment Office
Palayamkottai Road (NH-7A), Korampallam, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu 628101, India
DSP office
Bryant Nagar, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu 628008, India
Tuticorin District Regional Transport Office
PSP Nagar, Korampallam, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu 628101, India
District Central Library
Toovipuram 9th Street, Toovipuram, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu 628002, India
Thoothukudi District Taluks List
Thoothukudi District has total 8 Taluks, Below is the list of Thoothukudi Taluks.
Ettayapuram
Vilathikulam
Ottapidaram
Thoothukudi District Taluks Map
Post your comments or problems on Thoothukudi
Ettayapuram, Thoothukudi District S.PONRAJ said on Jan 29,2015
I am lick do athikinar .my village
Districts of Tamil Nadu
Cities/Towns of Tamil Nadu
Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu in India. Indiagrowing.com is a information site listing about the geographical locations of state, district, towns, cities and village information. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Indiagrowing is a non-profit organization written in english, started in the year of 2011. It currently contains more than 833 districts information. District maps are displayed from gooogle maps


text:
Q: Preserve order of array elements after unnest and array_agg in AWS Athena / Presto I have an Athena query that unnests an array, join the elements with another table, and then collects them back into an array using array_agg. I want to preserve the original order of the elements, but Athena does not support the Presto feature to add an ORDER BY clause to array_agg. How can I preserve the order of elements?
The query is similar to this example:
SELECT x, array_agg(b) bs
FROM table1 -- table1 columns are x, ys
CROSS JOIN UNNEST(ys) AS t(y)
JOIN table2 ON y=a -- table2 columns are a, b
GROUP BY x

*

*The default behavior seems to be to preserve the order. Is it reliable?

*If not (1), is there an implementation that would preserve the order of ys in bs?

A: had same problem, my workaround is to aggregate values to map with ordinality as key. and then to transform values of map to array(ordered by keys):
SELECT t1.x,
       transform(sequence(1,cardinality(map_agg(n,y)),(x)-> map_agg(n,y)[x])
FROM table1 t1 CROSS JOIN
UNNEST(t1.ys) WITH ORDINALITY AS t(y, n) JOIN
     table2 t2
     ON t1.y = t2.a
GROUP BY t1.x;

A: Presto supports unnest() with ordinality:
SELECT t1.x, array_agg(t2.b ORDER BY n) bs
FROM table1 t1 CROSS JOIN
     UNNEST(t1.ys) WITH ORDINALITY AS t(y, n) JOIN
     table2 t2
     ON t1.y = t2.a
GROUP BY t1.x;

Note that you don't need comments to specify where columns come from.  Just quality the column reference with the appropriate table alias.  This also makes the query unambiguous and easier to understand.

A: One way to preserve the order without ORDER BY:

*

*prefix each output value with a sort string

*aggregate into the unsorted array

*sort the array

*remove the sort prefix from each array element

SELECT
x
-- prefix each "b" with a 19-digit sortable string
-- aggregate into array, sort, then remove the prefix
, TRANSFORM(
  ARRAY_SORT(
    array_agg(
      SUBSTR(LPAD(CAST(yi AS VARCHAR), 19, '0'), -19)
      || b))
  , e1 -> SUBSTR(e1, 1 + 19)
  ) AS bs
FROM table1 -- table1 columns are x, ys
CROSS JOIN UNNEST(ys) WITH ORDINALITY t (y, yi)
JOIN table2 ON y = a -- table2 columns are a, b
GROUP BY x

This method assumes:

*

*the sortable data will fit into a varchar array column

*b is character data (or readily convertible)


Have you observed indications of water damage in your basement? Whether you're buying or offering a home or just want to fix the house you love, Update Basements has the option. We resolve all kinds of damp basement issues, like leaks, humidity and moldy smells to provide you a basement that's dry and healthy.
Our goal has actually been to be the leader in the market not just in new construction however also in your existing home. No matter what item you need our ever growing cutting edge methods and equipment will be there to deliver high quality service.
With almost 20 years of experience, Update Basements understands the effects water damage can do to your home. The seen and hidden consequences that can affect your foundation, crawl space, basement and the general health of your house is our priority. We strive to tailor our services to satisfy each problem and aid prevent them in the future. Call today or fill out the type on our site to arrange a free evaluation and expense quote.
We provide free estimates, we are guaranteed, warranty, and wait our work. We can provide a service warranty for brand-new building. Our experienced crews can deal with any domestic or industrial waterproofing requires from caulking to basement waterproofing-new or existing.
Even without standing water or rain, it is possible to still have water problems in your basement. If water permeating through your basement cracks isn't scary, knowing the extra seepage could be affecting your house's foundation should be.
Soil that has been placed around your house's structure is not as firmly loaded or as dense as the soil that has actually not been disrupted located further far from your home. Water will collect into the soil that surrounds your house as a result, hence putting pressure on the walls of your foundation triggering cracks to form.
When soil around your structure ends up being damp, it will expand and put pressure on your foundation. The water will then discover its way to any openings that exist, consisting of cracks that have actually formed around your windows or pipes.
Moisture concerns can be produced when a home has a damp basement or mold is produced, making it hard on property owners to offer the home. A wet basement is among the most worrying flags that will prevent buyers to pursue the house. Nevertheless, Update Basements supplies basement waterproofing services and products to help fix these concerns.
Our Hampton basement waterproofing system comes with a written, transferable, lifetime service warranty. Our system brings back and secures your home's worth, offering you with a peace of mind.
The specialists at Update Basements will supply your home with the very best options. They have actually seen it all, and will work to keep your basement dry.
If you are experiencing leaking or flooding in your basement, mold, mildew, or musty odors, then give Update Basements a call to set up a free basement waterproofing price quote. A basement waterproofing specialist will visit your the home of thoroughly check the foundation of your home's basement.


At the cabin, the kids and I are working on a lot, learning a lot, and making a lot of mistakes, but most of all, we're having a blast and making experiences as a family! Read some of what we are up to and what's new along our journey. Welcome to the Cabin Chick Blog!
I can't believe 10 years ago today was the day changed my life and sanity for forever... I found out I was going to be a mom. Definitely the busiest, most stressful, and most bizarre-turn-of-events decade of my life (thus far).
10 years ago today I remember that sinking feeling of "Oh *hit, I'm late!" I went to the nearby CVS in my darkest sunglasses (as if like anyone would recognize me and I'd be met out front by the paparazzi #Diva) to buy a "test" and soon found it was positive. Afterwards, I paced in my backyard for an hour not knowing what to feel. The first person I called was my mom, then Chad haha. When so many of my friends are now just having babies, I found out I was starting this chapter a decade ago at 23. Having a kid definitely changes everything (under statement), especially having 3! What was I thinking haha! (Love you Trent, Casey, Norah ❤) 10 years ago having a kid without maternity coverage was a pre existing condition! WOW! I cried when I found this out - a lot! Before I could even think about enjoying pregnancy, I immediately started looking for a job that offered insurance right away and found retail was who offered this. Due to violent pregnancy sickness, I threw up in between each interview, peeing myself along the way, weaving a scented trail of my despair throughout Easton 😳 By the end of the day I landed a management position at Crate and Barrel (1 week later: "Oh btw CB, someone preggoed my eggo!"🤰🏼). The benefits package was 10 hours on your feet all day with a stockroom upstairs selling crap people don't need (but I want it!). If someone says retail while preggers is fun, THEYRE LYING!


text:
Ice Scream 6 Friends Charlie v1.0.2 Apk Mod [Mod Menu / Unlimited Ammo]
Adventure / December 26, 2021 December 26, 2021
Ice Scream 6 Friends Charlie mod apk unlimited money is the continuation of the incredibly popular horror game series. With adventure and quest elements. Where you will rejoin the heroes' adventures.
In the previous chapter, Jake helped Mike escape from the factory's engine room, the heroes found themselves in the control room, but two more friends need his help. You'll play as Charlie, who is still in the factory and just has to face all the dangers.
In this part of the Ice Scream 6 mod menu, you can switch between characters, change the role of Charlie to the role of Jay. Explore a wide variety of factory locations and also meet a new villain – a super robot.
You'll find an original soundtrack, a well-developed track system, thanks to which, even if you reach a dead end, you'll be able to find the right vector for movement. Mini-games, exciting puzzles, an encounter with a new enemy and several difficulty levels to choose from are prepared for you.
In this new part of the game, you'll play as Charlie, who is still lost in the factory and who, with J.'s help, will have to face all the dangers that await them there. Change characters and go back to being J. whenever you need to. Explore the new areas of the factory in this chapter. So, meet the Super Robot who runs the kitchen, and face off against the Mini Rods and the ice cream parlor to gather your friends.
– Display of advertising disabled;
– You can get free stuff without watching ads;
– Endless traps;
– Mod menu with the ability to enable unlimited ammo.


text:
<!--
  Copyright SemanticBits, Northwestern University and Akaza Research

  Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD 3-Clause License.
  See http://ncip.github.com/caaers/LICENSE.txt for details.
-->
<dataset>
    <ctc_versions
        id="2"
        name="2.0"
        />
    <ctc_versions
        id="3"
        name="3.0"
        />
    <ctc_categories
        id="201"
        name="allergy/immunology"
        version_id="2"
        />
    <ctc_categories
        id="202"
        name="auditory/hearing"
        version_id="2"
        />
    <ctc_categories
        id="203"
        name="blood/bone marrow"
        version_id="2"
        />
    <ctc_categories
        id="204"
        name="cardiovascular (arrythmia)"
        version_id="2"
        />
    <ctc_categories
        id="301"
        name="allergy/immunology"
        version_id="3"
        />
    <ctc_categories
        id="302"
        name="auditory/ear"
        version_id="3"
        />
    <ctc_categories
        id="303"
        name="blood/bone marrow"
        version_id="3"
        />
    <ctc_categories
        id="304"
        name="cardiac arrythmia"
        version_id="3"
        />

    <ctc_terms
        id="1"
        category_id="301"
        term="Allergic reaction/hypersensitivity (including drug fever)"
        ctep_term="Hypersensitivity"
        ctep_code="10020751"
        other_required="0"
        />
    <ctc_terms
        id="2"
        category_id="301"
        term="Allergic rhinitis (including sneezing, nasal stuffiness, postnasal drip)"
        ctep_term="Allergic rhinitis"
        ctep_code="10001723"
        other_required="0"
        />
    <ctc_terms
        id="3"
        category_id="301"
        term="Allergy/Immunology - Other (Specify, __)"
        ctep_term="Immune system disorder"
        ctep_code="10021425"
        other_required="1"
        />

    <ctc_grades/> <!-- to delete in case of existing refs -->
</dataset>


Bengaluru is a city of hope and dreams where one can achieve their career goals and passion. It is the place known for its wide industrial expansion and its contribution to the Indian economy. Having many companies and industries, it is important for the owners and entrepreneurs of a company or a firm or an industry to establish their business strongly in the market. As Bengaluru is witnessing the increase in competition between the rival companies in the same sector or field, it is important for one to register their Trademark for making an impact on the market and prevent others from infringing the same. By registering a trademark one can also assign or transfer the rights. Assignment and licensing in Bengaluru can be done with Company Vakil without stepping out of your house.
Trademark assignment refers to the process of transfer of the proprietary rights vested in the trademark by the owner to another person. The ownership conferred upon the other party by assignment can be either complete or partial. The agreement of trademark assignment gives a legal effect to the transfer of trademark. A trademark can assign by filing the application in form TM-P with the registrar of the trademark.
Get your Online trademark assignment Bengaluru done at Company Vakil as they are the registration platform aimed on making legal registrations efficient and affordable to end user.
It becomes very beneficial for the assignee as they won't need to market their brand. The existing brand has its value in the market.
It adds more value to the business as newcomers will be working under your brand.
The assignment should be done for a consideration.
The assignor must obtain the consent of the registrar of trademarks.
In case of associated trademarks, they have to be assigned together.
It must perceptibly identify the assignor and assignee.
In case the assignment involves the transmission of money outside India, then the permission of the concerned authority is required to be produced.
For assignment and licensing in Bengaluru of a trademark, an application for the same has to be made by the assignor or assignee, or both by making a joint request to register assignee as a subsequent proprietor.
Next, an application in form TM-P has to be filed with the registrar of a trademark within six months from the date of acquisition of the proprietorship. The said application can also be filed later, but the requisite fee has to be paid along.
In case the assignment is without goodwill or is of certified trademark, the direction from the registrar of trademarks has to be obtained before the expiry of six months from the date on which assignment is made or within the extended period which is allowed by the registrar.
The assignment then has to be advertised in such form and manner and within such period as the registrar may direct. A copy of the direction of the registrar and advertisement of the assignment must be submitted to the office just to make sure that the directions have been complied with.
Once the online trademark assignment Bengaluru application and required documents are submitted, the registrar after getting satisfied shall register the assignee as the proprietor of the trademark and enter the particulars of the assignment in the register.
An assignment agreement enables the brand owner to unlock the value of the brand, which earlier had value only on paper.
It helps assignee to enter the market with an already well-known brand, rather than building a new one entirely.
It helps establish rights through the deed, in case of disputes.
It also helps the Registrar ensure that all the checks are in place by examining the validity of all the clauses in the agreement and publishing the assignment in the Trade Marks Journal.
1. What is Trademark Assignment?
Trademark Assignment is a process of transferring the ownership and proprietary rights of the trademark. This assignment can be with or without the goodwill of the business.
2. Are Trademark Assignment and Trademark Transmission same?
Yes, assignment and transmission both are same and refers to the transfer of ownership of the trademark.
3. Can a Trademark be assigned before its registration?
Yes, the ownership of the trademark can be transferred during the examination of the trademark application.
4. Is there any restriction on the transfer of trademark rights in Bengaluru?
Trademark cannot be assigned if the exclusive rights of the trademark vests with more than one person.
5. Can a trademark be registered in the name of more than one applicant?
Yes, Indian law authorizes a trademark which can be owned jointly by multiple applicants.
6. What is the difference between Complete and Partial Assignment of Trademark?
In the complete assignment, all the rights vested in a trademark including the right for further assignment are granted; whereas in the partial assignment, there are certain restrictions on the transfer of ownership.
7. Who can assign the trademark?
Any person who is a registered owner and who has the right to transfer the trademark to the subsequent user can assign a trademark. The registered proprietor can also assign the trademark either completely or partially.
8. When can trademark be assigned?
Trademark assignment and licensing in India can be done anytime either during the examination of the trademark registration application or after the registration of the trademark.
9. Are there any restrictions on the transfer of trademark rights in Bengaluru?
Yes, there are certain restrictions on the transfer of trademark rights in Bengaluru to prevent the splitting of rights over the trademark.


text:
America's First Lighthouse
July 12, 2017 July 12, 2017 / Sarah Kay Bierle
The first official lighthouse America was built in 1716, and, though the original Colonial Era structure was destroyed, there's is still a lighthouse at the location on Brewster Island, Boston Harbor.
Today's blog post explores reasons for building that first lighthouse and some details of it's early history!
Safety For Maritime Commerce
Remember talking about maritime commerce and it's important role in Colonial development? Well, those ships carried profits, and no merchant or captain is happy when his profits are wrecked.
Similar to the ancient world, early colonial settlements used beacon fires to guide or warn approaching ships. Also, beacon fires were sometimes prepared to warn the settlers of dangers from the sea – approaching pirates or raiders. If a group of ships was spotted and wasn't expected, the guards would light the beacon fires as a signal to assemble the militia for the defense of the settlement.
Since the colonies weren't united and each had it's own government, it was up the citizens of each colony or settlement to decide if they wanted or needed an official lighthouse or light tower. After-all, the structure would have to be built with funds appropriated from the colonies treasury, and the keeper would have to be paid to tend the aid to navigation.
1729 drawing of a ship with Boston Lighthouse in the background.
Local Appeal
By 1713, Boston harbor flourished with a brisk trade. However, the local merchants wanted to make it easier for ships to enter the harbor, avoid the islands, and be able to sail in directly if they arrived at night. The harbor needed an aid to navigation – aka, a lighthouse. They petitioned the General Court of Massachusetts which eventually agreed to the request and set aside funds to build a lighthouse on Beacon Island (now called Brewster Island).
To help fund the project, the court set up a system of dues for ships/merchants to pay. "One Penney per Ton Inwards [coming into the harbor], and another Penney Outwards [leaving the harbor], except Coasters, who are to pay Two Shillings each, at their clearance Out, and all Fishing Vessels, Wood Shoops, etc. Five Shillings each by the Year." And that's how the Boston Light was funded in the Colonial Era.
Colonial builders started constructing the lighthouse in 1715 and completed the structure the following year. The original lighthouse was described and depicted as a stone building with "a tall, graceful tower."
On September 14, 1716, a beacon light shown from Boston Lighthouse for the first time. That first light was probably created by lamps or candles, probably with some sort of reflector – but it would've been nothing like the brilliant beams produced by the Fresnel Lens in the next century (more on that in another blog post.)
A painting completed in 1879 of Boston Lighthouse and Ships
Keepers At Boston Lighthouse
The Massachusetts General Court hired the first keeper, George Worthylake. His contract stated that he would receive fifty pounds per year, keep the light burning from sunset to sunrise, and could pilot boats into the harbor. If he failed to perform his contracted duties, Worthylake would be fined one hundred pounds (two years wages!). George Worthylake and his wife and daughter apparently lived on the island at lighthouse for two years and faithfully tended the light until their deaths in 1718 (see next section.)
Two years later (1718) the court gave the Boston lightkeepers a raise – seventy pounds per year. In 1719, they added a fog signal – a large cannon that had to be fired at regular intervals in bad weather. By the 1730's the court permitted the keeper to officially pilot boats into the harbor and receive payment from the ship masters for the work.
Tragedies, Fires, & War
November 3, 1718 – George Worthylake, Mrs. Worthylake, their daughter, and two men were somewhere in Boston Harbor, returning to the island. Their boat capsized and the occupants drowned; it was an early precedence for the dangers lightkeepers and their families would face in the coming decades. Although no known copies have survived, young Benjamin Franklin, working in a print shop, wrote some "wretched verses" to memorialize the tragedy and sold them in newspapers on Boston streets.
The Boston Lighthouse attracted fire…because it attracted lightning. The light tower was struck by lightning on several occasions, and in 1751, a fire burned all the wooden stairs and interior of the structure. Obstinately, the keepers and lighthouse overseers avoided putting up a lightning rod, believing it was God's Providence that the tower would be lightning struck and that it would displease the Almighty to interfere. However, after a few more fires, they gave in, begged God's forgiveness, and installed a lightning rod.
Boston Lighthouse witnessed the early days of protest in Massachusetts – its light would've guided the East India Company ships into the harbor with that cargo of tea (which would end up in the harbor and possibly drift past the lighthouse after the Sons of Liberty had their say). It would've warned and guided the British ships, arriving to close Boston Harbor and greeted the transport ships bringing the troops to occupy the "rebel town."
Modern Day photo of Boston Lighthouse, a National Historic Site.
However, in 1775, American soldiers removed the lamps from the lighthouse tower and burned the tower so it wouldn't aid the British any longer. The following week British soldiers and marine guards arrived at the island and began repairing the lighthouse. George Washington sent Major Benjamin Tupper and three hundred troops to the island in small whaleboats; in the fight, the Americans managed to destroy the new repairs and fought off British reinforcements.
The original Boston Lighthouse became a casualty of the War For Independence on June 13, 1776. The British planted explosives around the tower and blew it up as they left the harbor.
After the war, another lighthouse was built on Brewster Island, and it's one of several light beacons currently guiding ships in and around Boston Harbor. It's a National Historic Landmark, is the last lighthouse in 21st Century America to have a government paid official lighthouse keeper, and is overseen by the U.S. Coast Guard.
19th Century American Maritime, American War for Independence, Colonial America, Lighthouse
19th Century Maritime, american lighthouse, American War for Independence, Benjamin Franklin, boston, boston lighthouse, colonial era, colonial lighthouse, colonial maritime, colony of massachusetts, George Washington, george worthylake, history of lighthouses, Lighthouse, major benjamin tupper, Massachusetts, Revolutionary War
← 1862: "A Confederate War Vessel"
5 Things You Should Know About Saratoga, 1777 →
3 thoughts on "America's First Lighthouse"
Pingback: Building American Lighthouses, 1789-1851 | Gazette665
Pingback: American Lighthouses: New England | Gazette665
Pingback: American Lighthouses: Then What Happened? (And What About Today?) | Gazette665


text:
Patient Care & Health Information
Asthma attack
Sectionsfor Asthma attack
Symptoms & causes
Doctors who treat this condition
active Find a doctor whose last name begins with the letter C C
There are no doctors whose last name begins with the letter F F
There are no doctors whose last name begins with the letter P P
Find a doctor whose last name begins with the letter R R
Last Name Initial: C
Eva M. Carmona Porquera, M.D., Ph.D.
Sarcoidosis, Asthma attack, Lung cancer, Interstitial lung disease
Brendon M. Colaco, M.B.B.S.
Polysomnography, Bronchoscopy, Endobronchial ultrasound biopsy, Thoracentesis, Bronchiectasis, Complex sleep apnea, Int...erstitial lung disease, Asthma attack, Obstructive sleep apnea, Central sleep apnea, COPD
Show more areas of focus for Brendon M. Colaco, M.B.B.S.
Albuterol side effects
Asthma attack video
Asthma: Colds and flu
Show more related content
Associated Procedures
Nitric oxide test for asthma
Research: It's All About Patients


text:
We use necessary cookies to make our site work. We would also like to set some optional cookies. We won't set these optional cookies unless you enable them. Please choose whether this site may use optional cookies by selecting 'On' or 'Off' for each category below. Using this tool will set a cookie on your device to remember your preferences.
For more detailed information about the cookies we use, see our Cookie notice.
We'd like to set cookies to help us to improve our website by collecting and reporting information on how you use it. For more information on these cookies, please see our Cookie notice. The cookies collect information in an anonymous form. Data is only used in aggregate.
We'd like to set cookies to provide you with a better customer experience. For more information on these cookies, please see our Cookie notice.
Need assistance? Call 0800 612 3556
About MyLawyer
Why MyLawyer?
The MyLawyer Team
How MyLawyer works
What you can save
Wills centre
Power of attorney centre
Divorce centre
Property centre
Show me what I might need?
Personal services by telephone
Browse personal documents
Personal law guide
Business homepage
Business start-up centre
Employment law centre
Health and safety centre
Business law plan
Business services by telephone
Business legal healthcheck
Browse business documents
Business law guide
Law guide: Property
Buying property (England, Wales and Northern Ireland)
Property contracts
Sale contracts for commercial premises
Checking the site
Buying property (Scotland)
Sales contracts for commercial premises
Building work (England, Wales and Northern Ireland)
Land & building work
Building work (Scotland)
Types of agreement
Lodger agreements
Setting up a tenancy
How to find and manage tenants
References and checks
Fees ban
Registering the deposit
Documents to give tenants
Prescribed information
Electrical safety report
Tenant information checklist
Inventory of furnishings and fittings
Rent book
Registration and licensing
Overview of registration and licensing
Information Commissioner's Office (ICO)
Houses in multiple occupations (HMOs)
Penalising bad landlords and letting agents (England)
Tenants' personal information
Documenting processing activities
Overview of landlord obligations
Housing standards
Rent arrears
Rent reviews (England & Wales)
Rent reviews (Northern Ireland)
Rent reviews (Scotland)
Evicting a residential tenant
Recovering possession under section 8
Rent arrears possession procedure
Accelerated possession procedure
Overview - Recovering possession in Scotland
Recovering possession of a private residential tenancy
Tenancy approaching termination date
Recovering possession on s 18 grounds
Overview - Recovering possession in NI
England, Wales & Northern Ireland
Drafting a commercial lease
Renewing a commercial lease
See how we helped Michael
"Fantastic! The legal document I used was so comprehensive and easy to complete. It is very reassuring to know my business now has this level of protection"
Michael S, London
1. Is the lodger a licensee or tenant?
1.1. Does the licensee have exclusive possession?
2. Is the lodger an 'excluded occupier'? (England & Wales)
3. Terms of a lodger agreement
4. How to end a lodging arrangement
4.1. England, Wales and Northern Ireland
4.2. Scotland
If you rent a room in your home to a lodger, you ought to have an agreement so you don't fall foul of certain laws. This is particularly important if you intend taking a lodger as a business arrangement.
If you are part of the Government's Rent a room scheme, the rent you earn up to a certain threshold will be tax free. However, you must be living in the property for at least some of the time that the room is rented.
In law, a lodging arrangement is defined as 'a residential licence' – the lodger doesn't have exclusive use of the premises and shares the living space with the person letting the room (called 'the licensor').
Lodgers who are licensees don't have the same rights in law as tenants. This means that, for example, a licensor does not need to protect a deposit in a government-authorised tenancy deposit protection scheme. It also means that (in England, Wales and Northern Ireland) it may be able to end a lodging agreement more easily and gain possession of a property because you do not need a court order, provided the lodger leaves peacefully.
However, if the lodger refuses to leave, it's illegal to forcibly evict them and you will need to apply for a court order.
Note that in Scotland lodgers have a 'common law' tenancy and you must always obtain a court order for possession. However, it is probably less likely that a licensee would have a defence to the order than a tenant.
The licensor doesn't have to own the property; a lodger could have a lodging arrangement for a room from another tenant or lodger who lives in the property, as long as they have consent from the owner or landlord to do so.
Is the lodger a licensee or tenant?
The main test of whether the arrangement is a licence or a tenancy relates to whether the lodger has exclusive possession of the room or rooms that they occupy. This is important because if the licensee does have exclusive possession the arrangement is usually a tenancy and you would need to get a court order for possession. The tenant would have rights under the Housing Acts and you would need to use one of the grounds in the Housing Act to get possession.
Does the licensee have exclusive possession?
In order for the arrangement to be a licence and not a tenancy, the licensee must not be able to stop the licensor from entering the room or rooms occupied by the licensee. This is easy to establish if the licensor and licensee both share the rooms, e.g. in the case of a kitchen or living room that they both use. However, this might be more difficult in practice with a bedroom. If the licensor has a right to enter the room without the licensee's permission e.g. to inspect or to clean, or if instead of the lodger being allotted a particular room, the licensor can move the lodger to a different room at the licensor's convenience, the arrangement is likely to be a licence not a tenancy.
However, it is important to note that if the matter is ever raised in court, whether or not a licence has been created will be assessed not only on the language of the agreement, but also on how the parties conducted themselves in reality. This means that you should at all times follow the terms of the agreement. For example, if there are restrictions on parts of the house/flat to which the lodger has access, make sure that these restrictions are enforced.
Is the lodger an 'excluded occupier'? (England & Wales)
A different but related question of the status of a lodger is the degree of protection they have from eviction under the Protection from Eviction Act 1977. This Act protects residential occupiers of property from eviction without a court order and provides for a minimum of 4 weeks' notice to be given to them. However, lodgers who share accommodation with a resident owner are 'excluded occupiers' who are excluded from this protection. This is particularly true of lodgers who lodge on a bed and breakfast basis. They only need to be given reasonable notice.
The occupier will be an excluded occupier if:
1.	they share accommodation with the owner (e.g. the bathroom or kitchen); and
2.	the owner occupies the premises of which the shared accommodation forms part as his only or principal home.
Alternatively the occupier will be an excluded occupier if all of the following is true:
1.	They share accommodation with a member of the owner's family
2.	The member of the owner's family occupies the premises of which the shared accommodation forms part as their only or principal home
3.	The owner also lives in the same building as the shared accommodation as his only or principal home
4.	The building is not a purpose-built block of flats
A lodger who just occupies the premises for the purpose of a holiday only is also specifically excluded.
The person letting the room to the lodger must use the property as their only or main home from the start and throughout the letting. It's accepted that they may live elsewhere for short periods; but it must be evident that they intend to return to live in the property (for example, they've left belongings at the property).
The arrangement usually isn't a lodging arrangement if the landlord:
Stays in the property only occasionally and has another home elsewhere
Lives in a separate purpose-built flat in the same building
Terms of a lodger agreement
A formal agreement with a lodger should include the following:
The names and address of the licensor and lodger.
The address of the property and the room or rooms the lodger is entitled to occupy. The licensor should be able to change the rooms at will.
The status of the agreement – that it is a licence and does not give the lodger exclusive possession. A court would look at whether this was actually the position based on the conduct of the parties.
The duration of the agreement.
The amount to be paid by the lodger, how often and when it should be paid and whether any utilities are included.
Whether any services will be provided to the lodger, e.g. breakfast or cleaning.
Rights and obligations of both parties.
How to end a lodging arrangement
You can end a lodging arrangement more easily than a tenancy (because the law recognises that you're more vulnerable in your own home if the arrangement with a lodger goes wrong).
This means, generally, that a lodger must leave if you give reasonable notice to quit. But if the lodger refuses to leave, you may need to apply to court to get an order for possession. You can't forcibly remove or evict a lodger from the property; if you do, you'll be committing a criminal offence.
England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Lodgers need only be given 'reasonable' notice to leave. There is no set notice period unlike the position with a tenancy agreement. If the lodger refuses to leave you can't use force and must then apply for a court order for possession.
You must give the lodger (licensee) at least 4 weeks' notice. If they don't leave at the end of the notice period, you (the licensor) must apply for a possession order from the First-tier Tribunal. This is usually quick and straightforward as the lodger has little or no defence to stay in the property.
Legal Lifestyle
Legal healthcheck
Intellectual property rights notice
the visually impaired
Prefer to call us for advice
or prepare a document by phone? 0800 612 3556
Copyright © 2021 Epoq Group Ltd. All trademarks acknowledged, all rights reserved
This website is operated by Epoq Legal Ltd, company number 3707955, whose registered office is at 2 Imperial Place, Maxwell Road, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, WD6 1JN. Epoq Legal Ltd is authorised and regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA number 645296).