text:
United States v. Espinosa-Guerra
U.S. v. Hardy
"Only when the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the…
U.S. v. Hastamorir
We have identified three categories of police-citizen encounters which invoke the fourth amendment:…
Full title:UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT, v. JESUS ESPINOSA-GUERRA…
Court:United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit
Date published: Dec 16, 1986
805 F.2d 1502 (11th Cir. 1986)
United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit
In Espinosa-Guerra, a federal agent learned the name under which the defendant was traveling and the telephone number that the defendant had given to the airline as his home number, called the telephone number, and discovered that no one at that number had any knowledge of anyone by the name that the defendant had used to make the reservation.
Summary of this case from U.S. v. Hardy
See 5 Summaries
Julie E. Carnes, Asst. U.S. Atty., Atlanta, Ga., for plaintiff-appellant.
Stephanie Kearns, Federal Public Defender, Atlanta, Ga., for defendant-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.
Before KRAVITCH and CLARK, Circuit Judges, and HENDERSON, Senior Circuit Judge.
CORRECTED OPINION
KRAVITCH, Circuit Judge:
The United States appeals from the district court's order suppressing cocaine discovered in a search of a small bag which defendant/appellee Jesus Espinosa-Guerra was carrying while awaiting a flight at the Atlanta airport. The district court concluded that the evidence must be suppressed because appellee had been seized without reasonable suspicion or, alternatively, arrested without probable cause. We reverse.
The United States may appeal from a district court order suppressing evidence. 18 U.S.C. § 3731.
We find the district court's factual determinations, with the exceptions noted, are supported by the record. Because the progression of events leading to the search is critical to the resolution of this case, we discuss the facts in some detail.
Certain of the district court's findings regarding Agent Markonni's conduct immediately upon entering the Delta office are clearly erroneous. See infra note 9.
We have augmented the district court's findings with additional uncontroverted facts from Agent Markonni's testimony at the suppression hearing.
In the early evening hours of July 16, 1985, appellee arrived at the Atlanta airport on a non-stop Delta flight from Miami. Paul Markonni, a highly experienced special agent with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), observed appellee deplane and approach a Delta ticket agent. Appellee held his ticket up to the agent and said "Detroit?". Agent Markonni observed: that appellee's ticket was issued in the name of Carlos Valdez; that there were no claim checks for baggage attached to the ticket jacket; that appellee was unshaven and appeared as though he had been in the same clothes for an extended period of time; and that appellee was carrying a small tote bag. The ticket agent told appellee "Gate 28" and pointed in the direction of the gate where the flight to Detroit was to depart some time later.
Agent Markonni has over 17 years of law enforcement experience and has participated in over 600 arrests at airports for drug related offenses.
As appellee proceeded to Gate 28, Agent Markonni went to the Delta ticket counter to investigate. Markonni retrieved appellee's ticket reservation record and discovered that appellee had purchased the ticket approximately two hours prior to the flight's departure from Miami and that a south Florida telephone number was listed as his home call back number. Markonni telephoned the number and asked for Carlos Valdez. The voice at the other end denied any knowledge of anyone by that name.
Agent Markonni then went to Gate 28 to attempt to interview appellee. Dressed in casual civilian clothes, displaying no weapons, and speaking in a normal tone of voice, Markonni presented his credentials and identified himself to appellee as a law enforcement officer. Markonni asked appellee if he could speak with him for a few minutes. Appellee said yes. When Agent Markonni then asked to see appellee's airline ticket, appellee appeared not to understand and did not produce the ticket. Agent Markonni repeated the word "ticket," at which point appellee handed his ticket to Markonni. In examining appellee's ticket, Agent Markonni confirmed his earlier reading of the ticket and noted that the ticket had been purchased with cash and that no baggage claim checks were attached.
Agent Markonni then attempted to obtain information regarding appellee's identity. First, he asked appellee "what is your name?". Appellee did not respond. Markonni pointed to the name Carlos Valdez on the ticket and then pointed to appellee. Appellee responded, "Yes, Carlos Valdez." Markonni returned the ticket to appellee and asked him for identification or a passport. Appellee said "no." The agent pulled out his wallet, pointed to it, and then pointed at appellee. Appellee responded "nada." Markonni asked appellee if he spoke any English. Appellee said "no."
After these attempts to communicate with appellee had failed, Agent Markonni said "Momento, por favor," and made a motion with his hand to suggest that appellee should follow him. Markonni wanted to telephone a Spanish speaking immigration officer at the airport who could speak with appellee to ask Markonni's questions. Appellee walked down the hall at Agent Markonni's side. After Markonni discovered that he had no change to use the pay telephone fifteen or twenty feet down the hall, Markonni and appellee walked to the Delta Airlines office located sixty-five or seventy feet down the hall from the point where the walk began.
"Momento, por favor" is Spanish for "one moment please." Agent Markonni speaks only "a little" Spanish; he is not fluent in Spanish.
Neither appellee nor Agent Markonni spoke during the walk down the hallway.
The office was not open to the public. Delta used the office as a lounge for passengers who are ill or otherwise need a place out of public view. The office, about 12 feet by 14 or 16 feet, contained a desk, a chair, a couch, and a telephone. The room had a door with a lock.
Agent Markonni knew that there was a telephone he could use in the Delta office. The telephone in the Delta office was the nearest telephone available that did not require coins to operate.
Upon entering the Delta office, Agent Markonni telephoned the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) office at the Atlanta airport. Markonni spoke to Inspector Buskey, whom Markonni knew was fluent in Spanish. Markonni asked Inspector Buskey to speak with appellee in Spanish. Markonni requested that Buskey inform appellee of Agent Markonni's identity, ask the questions Markonni would normally ask, and inquire if Markonni could search appellee's person and his tote bag. Agent Markonni then handed the telephone receiver to appellee.
The district court's finding that "[u]pon arriving, Markonni asked the employee present to leave, and he shut the door behind him," was clearly erroneous. Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to appellee, we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed, see United States v. Edmondson, 791 F.2d 1512 (11th Cir. 1986), because there was no evidence to support these conclusions.
The only evidence before the court regarding the circumstances surrounding Agent Markonni's entry into the office was the testimony of Agent Markonni at the suppression hearing before the magistrate. This testimony was as follows:
Q: Is there a lock on [the office] door?
A: I'm sure there is.
Q: When you and Mr. Espinosa were inside was the door locked, to your knowledge?
Q: Was the door open or closed?
A: I don't recall; it might have been closed.
Q: Was anyone else present?
On cross-examination, Agent Markonni was asked:
Q: Was there anyone else present in the lounge when you entered it?
A: I don't know. There may have been a Delta Air Lines agent in the lounge that I asked to leave. I honestly don't recall. We were the only two in there when I was on the telephone to Immigration.
Q: If there was you asked them to leave when you entered?
These equivocal statements alone are insufficient to form any factual findings as to: (1) whether anyone was present when Markonni arrived at the office; or (2) whether the door was open or closed when Markonni made the telephone call. The court's findings, therefore, are clearly erroneous because they are without any support in the record.
The rationale for the district court's leap from equivocal testimony to firm factual finding is apparent in the court's conclusion that "Markonni's actions in ushering the defendant into the Delta Airlines office, asking the person present to leave, and closing the door constituted a significantly greater intrusion than a brief Terry stop and, thus, must be classified as an arrest requiring probable cause." We address infra the issue of whether the court's conclusion that an arrest occurred may be sustained absent the unsupported factual premises.
The Immigration office was located one concourse over from concourse A, where the encounter occurred.
These include: appellee's name; appellee's address; and the nature of appellee's presence in the United States.
Inspector Buskey identified himself and questioned appellee in Spanish. In response to Buskey's questions, appellee said that his name was Valdez, that he was a Mariel Cuban, and that he had no identification of any kind. Inspector Buskey knew that federal immigration law makes it a criminal offense for Mariel Cubans not to have certain parole documents on their person at all times. Buskey asked appellee if he objected to Agent Markonni searching his luggage. Appellee responded that he did object and would not consent to such a search. Appellee then handed the telephone receiver back to Markonni.
See 8 U.S.C. § 1304(e).
After relating the details of what appellee had said, Inspector Buskey instructed Agent Markonni to detain appellee and bring him to the Immigration office. Markonni told appellee to sit, and then telephoned for a City of Atlanta uniformed police officer to transport appellee in a police vehicle to the Immigration office.
Agent Markonni did not search or handcuff appellee prior to arriving at the Immigration office.
When appellee, Agent Markonni, and the Atlanta officer arrived at the Immigration office, Inspector Buskey identified himself and again inquired as to appellee's status in the United States. Appellee maintained that he was a Mariel Cuban, but said that he had left his documentation in his car in Detroit. At that point, Buskey searched appellee's personal effects for identification and evidence of alien registration. Inside appellee's tote bag, Inspector Buskey found clothing and a hard object wrapped in a towel. Inside the towel, Buskey discovered a package wrapped completely with masking tape.
Inspector Buskey testified that documents are often concealed by being wrapped in pieces of clothing.
Buskey turned the package over to Agent Markonni, who testified that, without opening the package, he noticed that the substance inside had the odor and consistency of cocaine. Markonni cut a small slit in the package and confirmed his suspicion. Markonni then placed appellee under arrest for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. 21 U.S.C. § 841.
Inside the masking tape was a plastic zip-lock bag that contained cocaine.
The district court referred appellee's motion to suppress to a United States magistrate. After a hearing, the magistrate filed a report and recommendation that the motion to suppress be denied. Appellee timely objected to the magistrate's report and recommendation. The district court rejected the magistrate's recommendation and ordered the evidence suppressed.
The preliminary issue that must be decided is what level of fourth amendment protection, if any, was implicated by Agent Markonni's conduct. It is now well established that not all police-citizen encounters are within the protective scope of the fourth amendment. Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983) (plurality opinion); United States v. Alvarez-Sanchez, 774 F.2d 1036 (11th Cir. 1985); United States v. Brown, 731 F.2d 1491, modified, 743 F.2d 1505 (11th Cir. 1984).
In United States v. Berry, 670 F.2d 583 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982) (en banc), we identified three tiers of police-citizen encounters with respect to the fourth amendment: (1) police-citizen communications involving no coercion or detention; (2) brief "seizures;" and (3) full scale arrests. Id. at 591. The first category of consensual encounters does not implicate fourth amendment scrutiny. Id. The second category involves reasonably brief encounters in which a reasonable person would have believed that he or she was not free to leave. Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 104 S.Ct. 1758, 1762, 80 L.Ed.2d 247 (1984). In order to justify such a fourth amendment "seizure," the government must show a reasonable, articulable suspicion that the person has committed or is about to commit a crime. Florida v. Rodriguez, 469 U.S. 1, 105 S.Ct. 308, 310, 83 L.Ed.2d 165 (1984). Finally, when the totality of circumstances indicate that an encounter has become too intrusive to be classified as a brief seizure, the encounter is an arrest and probable cause is required. Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 499-500, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 1325-26, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983) (plurality opinion).
The Eleventh Circuit, in Stein v. Reynolds Securities, Inc., 667 F.2d 33 (11th Cir. 1982), adopted as precedent decisions of the former Fifth Circuit, Unit B, rendered after September 30, 1981.
The district court focused upon the portion of the encounter where Agent Markonni: signalled appellee to follow him; walked down the hall to the Delta office with appellee; and brought appellee into the office where Markonni used the telephone. The court correctly determined that Markonni's initial stop of appellee up to the point when Markonni gestured for appellee to follow him, did not implicate the fourth amendment. A police officer may approach an individual in a public place, identify himself as a law enforcement officer, and, in a non-coercive manner, ask the individual a few questions, without converting the encounter into a seizure. Florida v. Rodriguez, 469 U.S. 1, 105 S.Ct. 308, 310, 83 L.Ed.2d 165 (1984); Royer, 460 U.S. at 497, 103 S.Ct. at 1324. The district court concluded, however, that at the time Markonni gestured for appellee to follow him, appellee did not reasonably believe himself free to leave and a seizure or an arrest occurred. We first address the seizure issue.
We agree with appellee and the district court that appellee was seized because, from the time that Agent Markonni gestured for appellee to follow him, the totality of circumstances indicate that a reasonable person in appellee's position would have not believed that he was free to leave. United States v. Berry, 670 F.2d 583, 595 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982) (en banc). In Berry, we held that close scrutiny for the presence of coercion in airport stops is required because the very nature of airport stops renders them intimidating. Id. at 596-97. In order to find that no seizure occurred, courts should "scrutinize the record with care to ensure that the totality of the circumstances shows an utter absence of coercion and hence truly voluntary consent." United States v. Elsoffer, 671 F.2d 1294, 1297 (11th Cir. 1982). In examining the totality of circumstances to determine if a reasonable person would feel free to leave, several actions by law enforcement officials in the context of airport stops have been identified as potentially coercive. An officer's asking an individual to accompany him or her to an office is an intrusive request that raises a presumption that the individual would not feel free to leave absent "exceptionally clear evidence of consent." United States v. Alvarez-Sanchez, 774 F.2d 1036, 1041 (11th Cir. 1985); United States v. Robinson, 690 F.2d 869, 877 (11th Cir. 1982); United States v. Berry, 670 F.2d 583, 598 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982) (en banc).
See, e.g., Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 501-502, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 1326, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983) (officer identifying himself as a narcotics agent, officer announcing that defendant is suspected of transporting narcotics, officer requesting that defendant accompany him to a police room, officer retaining airline ticket and drivers license, officers not indicating in any way that defendant is free to depart) (plurality opinion); United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 555-56, 100 S.Ct. 1870, 1877-78, 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980) (threatening presence of several officers, display of a weapon by an officer, officer physically touching defendant's person, officer's use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer's request might be compelled, officers wearing a uniform, officers summoning defendant to their presence) (opinion of Stewart, J.); United States v. Lopez-Pages, 767 F.2d 776, 779-80 (11th Cir. 1985) (officers retaining defendant's airline ticket, officer informing defendant that he fit hijacker profile and would be searched); United States v. Elsoffer, 671 F.2d 1294, 1297 (11th Cir. 1982) (officers retaining defendant's airline ticket and driver's license); United States v. Berry, 670 F.2d 583, 597 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982) (officers blocking an individual's path or otherwise intercepting him to prevent his progress in any way, officer retaining defendant's airline ticket, officer stating that defendant is suspected of smuggling drugs, officer informing defendant that an innocent individual would cooperate with police, officers asking defendant to accompany them to an office).
We find no exceptionally clear evidence of appellee's consent to accompany Agent Markonni to the Delta office. First, appellee did nothing more than silently acquiesce to Agent Markonni's gesture. Silently following an officer almost never constitutes sufficient evidence of consent. Id. Second, Agent Markonni did identify himself and present his DEA credentials. Although Markonni's act of identifying himself did not, without more, convert the encounter into a seizure, it is certainly a factor in the totality of circumstances to be considered in examining the evidence of consent. Most fundamental, however, is the fact that the agent and appellee were not able to communicate. Appellee spoke no English, and Agent Markonni spoke almost no Spanish. It is not at all clear that appellee understood Markonni's questions or his intent. In such circumstances, no exceptionally clear evidence of consent appears, and the presumption that a reasonable person would not feel free to leave is not rebutted.
The trial court's determination of whether "a reasonable person would have believed that he is not free to leave" is a question of law application for de novo review. The district court's findings of fact that bear on this larger question, including findings as to whether a verbal consent is voluntary, are subject to the "clearly erroneous" standard. See United States v. Alvarez-Sanchez, 774 F.2d 1036 (11th Cir. 1985); United States v. Lopez-Pages, 767 F.2d 776 (11th Cir. 1985); United States v. Robinson, 690 F.2d 869 (11th Cir. 1982). No verbal consent is present in this case. We note, however, that courts assessing voluntariness of consent have a duty to scrutinize verbal agreements "exceptionally closely to ensure a complete absence of coercive influence." United States v. Berry, 670 F.2d 583, 598 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982) (en banc).
Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 497, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 1324, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983) (plurality opinion).
In United States v. Alvarez-Sanchez, 774 F.2d 1036, 1042 n. 8 (11th Cir. 1985), we recognized the possibility that a language barrier could be a factor indicating that an individual did not feel free to leave when an agent requested that he accompany him to an office. This factor did not play a role in Alvarez-Sanchez, however, because the law enforcement officer was able to communicate with Alvarez-Sanchez in Spanish.
Although we conclude that Agent Markonni's actions amounted to a seizure, appellee's fourth amendment rights were not violated if the seizure was supported by reasonable, articulable suspicion. The district court apparently rejected the magistrate's recommendation on this issue because there was no evidence that appellee had appeared nervous or had behaved in an unusual manner, and there was no evidence of a suspicious bulge on appellee's person. Although evidence of the type identified by the district court would be relevant to the determination of whether reasonable suspicion existed, such evidence is not required. What is required are "specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant [an] intrusion." Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1879, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).
The district court's assertion that the magistrate's report supports its conclusion that Agent Markonni lacked reasonable suspicion to believe that appellee was committing a crime is without support. The magistrate found that "[a]lthough defendant was detained or seized, the testimony indicates that this seizure was not unreasonable." Taken out of context, the magistrate's language quoted by the district court suggests that the magistrate found a constitutional violation; it is obvious, however, in later portions of the report and in the magistrate's recommendation that he found no fourth amendment violation.
We find that, considering the totality of circumstances, appellee's detention was supported by reasonable suspicion. First, Markonni knew that appellee was arriving on a non-stop flight from Miami, a significant drug distribution site. Second, Markonni observed that appellee appeared to have spent an extended period of time in the same clothes and was unshaven. In Markonni's experience, drug deals are often delayed, causing participants to have to stay in a location longer than anticipated without an opportunity to shave or change clothing. Third, Markonni noticed that appellee had no baggage claim checks attached to his ticket and that appellee was carrying only a small tote bag. Markonni knew that drug dealers often travel with little or no baggage on relatively long trips because they often fly into a city intending to take the next flight back. Fourth, Markonni learned that appellee had purchased his ticket just two hours prior to the flight's departure and that the ticket was purchased with cash. Fifth, Markonni dialed the telephone number that appellee listed as his home call-back number but the person answering denied any knowledge of anyone by the name appellee had used to make the reservation. In Markonni's experience, use of a false name is common among drug dealers. Finally, appellee claimed to have no identification of any kind despite the fact that he was traveling a long distance and did not speak English. We hold that these specific and articulable facts were sufficient to make the seizure not unreasonable.
The final issue for our consideration is the question of when the encounter ripened into an arrest. The Supreme Court has made it clear that the line between an investigative stop and an arrest cannot be determined by any per se rule. United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 105 S.Ct. 1568, 84 L.Ed.2d 605 (1985). Instead, in determining whether an investigative detention is unreasonable, "common sense and ordinary human experience must govern over rigid criteria." Id., 105 S.Ct. at 1575. The Sharpe decision emphasized the importance of the brevity of the detention, the law enforcement purposes to be served by the detention, and the time reasonably needed to effectuate those purposes. Id.
We begin with the recognition that when a law enforcement officer asks an individual to accompany him or her to an office, it is a serious intrusion upon the individual's personal liberty. As the en banc court stated in Berry:
Requiring an individual to accompany police to an office indicates a detention for a time period longer than that permitted in a seizure; cuts the individual off from the outside world, without indication of when he might be allowed to leave; places him in unfamiliar surroundings; may subject him to increased implicit police pressure; and leaves him without third parties to confirm his story of events that may have occurred, should his story differ from that of the police. Such a detention, if not by consent — and, as we noted earlier, courts should scrutinize exceptionally closely whether consent in fact was voluntary in such situations — we believe is only constitutional if accompanied by probable cause.
United States v. Berry, 670 F.2d 583, 602 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982) (en banc); accord, United States v. Hill, 626 F.2d 429 (5th Cir. 1980). We reaffirm the Berry message to law enforcement officials that "[t]he limited interrogation permissible during a seizure can be conducted as well in an airport concourse as in an office, as can a request for consent to a search." Id.
The Eleventh Circuit, in the en banc decision Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981), adopted as precedent decisions of the former Fifth Circuit rendered prior to October 1, 1981.
We do not, however, read Berry or Hill as being contrary to the Sharpe admonition against per se rules for when a seizure becomes an arrest. Indeed, Berry identified two considerations that circumscribe the limits of a seizure: first, a balancing test weighing the government interest involved against the intrusion on the individual; second, consideration of whether the scope of the search is strictly tied to and justified by the circumstances which rendered its initiation permissible. Berry, 670 F.2d at 601-02. These considerations are consistent with Supreme Court precedent.
See also United States v. Elsoffer, 671 F.2d 1294 (11th Cir. 1982).
See, e.g., Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19-20, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1879, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968) ("in determining whether [a] seizure and search were `unreasonable' our inquiry is a dual one — whether the officer's action was justified at its inception, and whether it was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first place"); United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 561, 100 S.Ct. 1870, 1881 (1980) ("reasonableness of a stop turns on the facts and circumstances of each case. In particular, the Court has emphasized (i) the public interest served by the seizure, (ii) the nature and scope of the intrusion, and (iii) the objective facts upon which the law enforcement officer relied in light of his knowledge and expertise") (Powell, J., concurring); Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 506-07, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 1329, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983) ("We do not suggest that there is a litmus-paper test for . . . determining when a seizure exceeds the bounds of an investigative stop. Even in the discrete category of airport encounters, there will be endless variations in the facts and circumstances, so much variation that it is unlikely that the courts can reduce to a sentence or a paragraph a rule that will provide unarguable answers to the question whether there has been an unreasonable search or seizure in violation of the Fourth Amendment.") (plurality opinion).
We hold that, in the special factual circumstances of this case, the encounter between Agent Markonni and appellee did not exceed the bounds of an investigative stop until Markonni told appellee to sit down to wait for an officer to transport him to the INS office. First, the government had a substantial interest in being able to question appellee. We concluded above that Agent Markonni had reasonable suspicion that appellee was transporting drugs. Without an interpreter, Markonni was not able to communicate with appellee. Second, Agent Markonni acted diligently to obtain an interpreter. He brought appellee to the nearest means by which he could obtain the assistance of an interpreter. Finally, the seizure was limited in scope to that reasonably necessary to effectuate the purposes of the stop. Agent Markonni used no force, he did not retain appellee's airline ticket or identification, and he only asked appellee to walk with him sixty-five or seventy feet down the hallway. In short, the seizure was a necessary and minimally intrusive extension of the lawful investigative questioning. Therefore, we hold that appellee was not arrested until Inspector Buskey instructed Markonni to bring appellee to the INS office. At that point, Inspector Buskey had probable cause to believe that appellee had violated the immigration laws and Buskey directed Markonni to formally detain appellee for more extensive interrogation at the INS office.
Although Agent Markonni might have avoided the need to walk the additional distance to the Delta office if he had had change for the pay telephone, to rely upon this lack of foresight as necessitating a finding that appellee was arrested would constitute precisely the type of post hoc judicial second-guessing that the Court disapproved in Sharpe. As the Court stated:
A creative judge engaged in post hoc evaluation of police conduct can almost always imagine some alternative means by which the objectives of the police might have been accomplished. . . . The question is not simply whether some other alternative was available, but whether the police acted unreasonably in failing to recognize or to pursue it.
United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 105 S.Ct. 1568, 1576, 84 L.Ed.2d 605 (1985).
Agent Markonni did not at any point physically touch appellee. In addition, Agent Markonni was dressed in casual civilian clothes, he displayed no weapons, and he spoke in a conversational tone of voice.
Our result is not inconsistent with prior decisions finding that transporting a suspect to an office constitutes an arrest. In United States v. Hill, 626 F.2d 429 (5th Cir. 1980), the former Fifth Circuit held that Agent Markonni's action in requesting that a suspect accompany him to an office was an arrest. Hill is, however, distinguishable in that there was no language barrier preventing communication between Agent Markonni and the suspect. In Hill, Agent Markonni had interrogated the suspect prior to requesting that he accompany Markonni to the office. The court distinguished a Second Circuit case in which "for security and other reasons" the suspected drug courier was asked to accompany agents to an interrogation room before any questioning occurred. Id. at 435 n. 8. We believe that this footnote contemplates the possibility that where a language barrier prevents any questioning, a trip to a nearby office might not constitute an arrest. There is a fundamental difference between a trip to an office to enable questioning that is not otherwise feasible and a trip to an office to enable further or more effective interrogation.
Similarly, United States v. Berry, 670 F.2d 583 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982), is not contrary to our narrow holding. Although the facts of Berry did not present the issue, the court stated that:
Though it is arguable that security reasons might justify taking a suspect to an office during a seizure, circumstances indicating such a justification would be exceptional. We have difficulty believing the noise level in an airport to be so high as to prevent normal uncoercive conversation.
Id. at 603 n. 24 (citation omitted).
The situation in this case is similar to an airport that is so noisy as to make conversation impossible. The office was not being used as a police tool for more intrusive interrogation. Instead, the office was used as a necessary and minimally intrusive means of bridging a communication barrier.
Appellee does not argue that Inspector Buskey lacked probable cause to believe that appellee was violating the immigration laws at the point Buskey learned that appellee was not carrying the required identification papers. Appellee also has not raised the issue of Agent Markonni's authority to arrest appellee at Inspector Buskey's direction. There is also no issue raised in this appeal regarding the legality of the search at the INS office.
We conclude, therefore, that the judgment of the district court granting the motion to suppress the cocaine discovered in appellee's tote bag must be REVERSED. Although we conclude that appellee was seized from the point that Agent Markonni gestured for him to follow, we find this seizure was not unreasonable because it was supported by reasonable, articulable suspicion. In addition, we find that the seizure did not ripen into an arrest until Inspector Buskey learned that appellee was in violation of the immigration laws and directed Agent Markonni to detain appellee for transport to the INS office for further interrogation.
Because we conclude that the walk into the Delta office did not constitute an arrest, we do not reach the issue of whether Agent Markonni had probable cause to arrest appellee for a narcotics offense.
explaining that " police officer may approach an individual in a public place, identify himself as a law enforcement officers, and, in a non-coercive manner, ask the individual a few questions, without converting the encounter into a seizure"
Summary of this case from United States v. Manson
identifying investigative stops and full scale arrests among tiers of police-citizen encounters which implicate the Fourth Amendment
Summary of this case from McCray v. City of Dothan
In Espinosa-Guerra, in which a DEA agent at the airport asked a suspect who could not speak English to follow the agent to an office where an interpreter could be located, the panel concluded that those acts did not convert an investigative stop into an arrest even though an officer's request that a suspect follow him frequently does equal an arrest in other situations.
Summary of this case from Gainor v. Douglas County, Georgia
In Espinosa-Guerra, however, defendant's claim that he was carrying no identification assumed unusual significance — along with other objective facts articulated by the investigating drug agent — because he was traveling a long distance and did not speak English.
Summary of this case from State v. Sery


At Dumpster Blog, we strive to bring you the best service at the best price available. We have a wide selection of dumpster sizes in stock in Hermitage, TN, with flexible & timley pickup and delivery. Give us a call today for all your dumpster rental and roll off needs.
People could wonder if there is certainly solution to this kind of evergreen dilemma. Progress of the united states is always stopped at this moment, which should be prioritized industrialization or perhaps environmental protection? The answer to it is, both there would be absolutely no purpose with regard to existence of one without the some other. A country that is very well industrialized together with polluted natural environment is associated with no importance and or viceversa. Effective denver ordination and cooperation between the two pillars is quite required for the nation to face on the top ratings.
When we get together as a community after a surprise, we reinforce our securities with one another in addition to help ourselves at the same time. Be safe this spring, and if bad weather does grab through your community, get anyone together to clean up as a bunch. After all, quite a few hands do help to reduce the amount of work.
These dumpsters assistance will not disrupt your hectic agenda and it keeps going with the operate of doing away with garbage at your house location. You'll find the job site free from the garbage before you notice it profile there.
It truly is considered to be the ideal choice to Make needless to say Interested in Maintaining your Home Surroundings Clean - In case you thought that it may only be utilized for construction or perhaps home improvement applications, you must have imagined in a completely wrong way. The role and setting of it moves far beyond compared to construction and home improvement approach. To get comprehensive idea about the use of the item, you can find out more on the relevant web page.
Just a few of the reasons why people need dumpster renting, but sometimes have trouble locating one, are: Settlement of plants around a hearth zone for defense against wash and wildfires, tangible and dirt removal as in an old base, just plain garbage removal (furniture and trash) as in the foreclosed property, and recycle. Get the right size and also the right estimate from an internet based roll away from Cost of a Roll Off Dumpster in Hermitage, TN site and you will get the best importance possible, as well as leave a little more in your provide those gold-plated faucets! These Cost of a Roll Off Dumpster in Hermitage, TN organizations also provide the need of organizations or building companies that have huge stack of garbage. Keeping in mind that in some places authority do not let persons or organizations to keep toenails, lumber or perhaps similar solutions so these types of services also care for garbage. These businesses also maintain your hazardous garbage which foliage you without having worry you know that your Cost of a Roll Off Dumpster in Hermitage, TN firm can take good garbage.
Keep Old Community looking seeing that stunning as ever when you rent the dumpster to get almost any work done you need on your home or business though making oneself happy with the cost you paid for and the assistance that was presented to you.
Enviromentally friendly safety is the quantity factor of importance for employers and employees while working in this type of natural environment. As customers approach your environment with regard to business, beautification is vital to a prosperous business offer. An about sight building Cost of a Roll Off Dumpster in Hermitage, TN is the response to a well hold environment. If your business is located in Washington DC location you can need a Maryland Cost of a Roll Off Dumpster in Hermitage, TN: you can also go online and request for a rapidly delivered Cost of a Roll Off Dumpster in Hermitage, TN. Small business can still keep going smoothly in the midst of the construction in addition to renovation in your business eyesight.
There are many situations where you requires the help of trash in your residence work a number of works that need help of professional dumpster services contain house demolition, remodeling part of your home, washing space for your children books store, cutting backyard, packing the house hold products in order to make moving to different site from your home, pulling your walls of your home or restroom. A professional Dumpster rental service agency will guide you the best course so as to pick a qualified dumpster that best fits in your needs.
You've got two selections when it comes to pick-up. If you aren't through with the task onward, but the dumpster for rent is full, you want to call up and ask which they come to get it and get a new one with a different. This way, there is absolutely no reason to stop the work. You can easily keep performing and keep throwing things out. If you are sure the job is completed, you can call up to have it taken away for good.
Dumpers can be obtained with different payload sizes and dumping heights. You can choose dumpers based on the direction of loading and unloading. You can pick a dumper with the front, side or even back loading. Dumpster rental for restoration is an easy and affordable strategy to take care of all your dumping requirements. Your online Cost of a Roll Off Dumpster in Hermitage helps you in the size, shape and structure of the best dumpster to your project in order to make your restoration as smooth as possible. If the container is happening the street or maybe your property, the truck dropping off of and buying the jar needs area to maneuver thus be sure to select a spot for this dumpster that is very easy to get to to suit your needs and for the delivery truck.
Your resolution consumed should sustained by necessary steps such as reduce the production of spend, promote applying recyclable merchandise, recycle this generated trash in eco-friendly fashion. The first two tasks are with you. What about another task, trying to recycle the trash inside eco-friendly manner? Mounting up trash occasionally becomes expected; projects like house restoration, construction, and green garden clean up and industrial projects are sure to crank out huge a lot of trash which should be disposed promptly. This normally will have poor impact on environmental surroundings.
The sensible and proper way to get out of all of these troubles is usually to rent a dumpster via professional Cost of a Roll Off Dumpster in Hermitage service agency who addresses the entire job on your behalf. They even help you in receiving the right type of dumpster and they will input it at the stated location during the time specified by you. The dumpsters furnished by these Cost of a Roll Off Dumpster in Hermitage businesses will be tagged with the a lot of waste that may be handled as a way to notify the person ahead about the tons of spend that has to be left into the dumpster. This particular precaution will eradicate the likelihood of miscarriage and overload.
Pounds Limit: Just about every dumpster comes with a weight limit and that means you can put your throwaways to a restrict only. The Weight limit of dumpsters can range amongst 2 to 12 tons. The dumpsters are generally weighted of course, if weight is available above the permitted limit when compared with you have to pay extra cash. So it is incredibly necessary to find information about this dumpster weight restrict.
Your first step inside organizing an area yard sale is to get your neighbors alongside one another and discover the details. Encourage everyone to your meeting go over the idea making yourself available to the unavoidable person who wishes to join in although has football practice around the night of this meeting. When you find yourself all together, talk about the strategic planning of it, see how you'll advertise, and make a join sheet pertaining to families involved. Discuss methods to clearly draw participating houses so that non-participating houses won't wind up harassed marriage ceremony of the sale made. Finally, collection a date and begin advertising case while you come across things to sell.
First off, dumpster rental fees are a effortless to find item and can generally be found in your local area if you search online pertaining to trash services. Most rental businesses have websites you can look at to find out what services are being presented. While you can continue to make inquiries over the phone, exploring the individual sites of businesses you are interested in will allow you to compare prices as well as services whenever you want, without experience pressured to help commit to nearly anything. For most of the rentals, you can utilize the internet to make a booking.
You can find commonly 4 measurements of dumpsters to match most anybody. You may rent one inch a 10, Twenty, 30, or 40 property size. Aren't getting one that will be too large or else it is just a waste of greenbacks, and one not big enough will mean either a couple of trips which costs additional, or renting one more dumpster, which also is more epensive. When you visit a roll away rental site they will help you settle your differences, as well as keeping the terrain around your property neat and tidy, as well as safe.
By using a dumpster saves individuals a tremendous length of time. Garbage could be thrown directly into the bin, as opposed to piled up and brought to the eliminate. There is no fast trip to this dump. By reduction of the need to push there, individuals save time. On this occasion can be used to earn money, rather than stand.
There are a classic variety of methods to properly discard waste materials, also, since people are always going to be providing, distributing, as well as consuming products there will always be the requirement for waste convenience and design Cost of a Roll Off Dumpster in Hermitage, TN makes it fast easy and convenient; you can call up and order one these days that will be provided tomorrow.
You are able to really you could make your spring cleanup or garage area clean out easy by using a simple and fast roll away Cost of a Roll Off Dumpster in Hermitage, TN. The single cost of renting a move off container will frequently be less than the blended cost of all you could would have to do today to dispose of your cleanup objects through frequent recycling techniques. You can save a lot of time and cash and get the work done by employing this quick and easy pick up method.
Maintain business atmosphere clean and hazard free together with the usage of the construction Cost of a Roll Off Dumpster in Hermitage, TN. Your organization can look it is best possibly during design and redevelopment during organization hours by consistently positioning all thrown away items in the dumpster. Dumpsters are available for a clear and smooth transition by destruction as well as demolition to your well retained environment. Your construction procedure can be made less complicated with a dumpster. Models of sizes can be obtained; choose a dimensions that will finest suite your trash eradication needs. Maintain business upward and going while under-going construction by continuing to keep all junk and dust safely found in a dumpster.


My first Mother's Day without my mother was a bit of a kick in the pants but Brad was a gem and did his best to make it a good day for me.
After work we took advantage of the spring weather and hopped on the motorbike for some dinner in Waterton, one of my favourite places.
The closer to the park, the prettier the drive gets!
Just as we turned off the main highway into the park we saw a bear! Only one lane of traffic away, I managed to snap a pic before it went down the embankment to the the lake.
We had plans of getting a famous Waterton ice cream after dinner and walking around the town but we were both too stuffed, so we settled for just a walk to try and burn off some calories. The weather was perfect for a romantic little walk down by the lake and roaming the streets taking in the gorgeous scenery and fresh air.
We took a quick drive passed Cameron Falls on our way out of the park and I couldn't believe how fast the water was coming down! It was absolutely raging!
It was a perfect Mother's Day evening, thank you Bradley for making sure my day was special!
Brad's grandma is the sweetest, kindest, most wonderful woman anyone could ever have the pleasure of knowing. I've been lucky enough to know her my entire life. We lived in the same small town when I was a kid and she was the classroom aid when I was in kindergarten and first grade. Her and Brad's grandpa were also our visiting teachers in our church ward and my parents loved them so much, they refused to have anyone else. For years. If that doesn't tell you how great she is I don't know what does.
This past week was Grandma Still's 85th birthday and her kids planned a huge party in her honour. Family came from Utah, Texas, BC, and all kinds of other places. This meant we got to spend a few days with family members we barely ever see, it was great!
On Friday Brad's cousin Jess and her other half, Martin (from Utah) picked our girls up after school, met up with another cousin (from around here) and spent the afternoon at trampoline world letting all of our girls have some good quality time together.
Afterwards, they all came back to our house for dinner, drinks and a fun evening of beersby. Brad and I were totally disappointed in ourselves when the American first-timers beat us at our own game!
Saturday evening was Grandmas party and it went perfectly! I met lots of family members I had only heard about, caught up with some I only see once in awhile, and chit chatted with the ones I see regularly. Of course I took advantage of the new babies that were there and got in all the baby snuggles I could. Yes, I admit, I did my best to hog our nephew Tynan but ultimately had to share him.
Baby Rivers is the cutest little chunk!
Everyone took turns at the photo station with Grandma and I might be biased, but I think ours were the best, even though all our daughters took off to the park and 50 percent of the brothers and their families are missing.
Sunday I came home to a spotless house (my husband is the best) with every intention to relax and do nothing but that took an unfortunate turn when we received news that my kids Grandpa (on their dads side) had a massive heart attack and passed away. My heart crumbled for my kids as they spent the night sad and now grieving for two very close grandparents.
Just when I thought we were a making some progress, life threw us another curve ball. Our little family has had some pretty extreme ups and downs lately but I've learned we are a pretty tough unit and my kids have nothing but love and support to help them get through.
Speaking of keeping busy around here, Brad and I had finally had a weekend to ourselves that was not full of hospital visits or funeral plans. For the first time in months we actually got to make some fun plans on a kid free weekend!
Friday afternoon/night we headed out to our friends farm that's just this side of the Canadian/US boarder to do some gopher shooting. It's a pretty popular past time around here, it's super fun for us Alberta rednecks and it cuts down on the rodent population in the farmers field, really it's a win/win for everyone haha we literally drove in circles around a field drinking adult beverages a shooting guns. Sounds totally responsible right?
After a few hours of this we went in for some pizza, guitar playing, and cards. It was great to get out of our little town and enjoy some time with friends we actually don't get to spend a lot of time with.
Saturday Brad and I decided we needed a day just the 2 of us and we planned a whole day date. We headed to the city where Brad drug me to a couple garage sales (not my forte) and I drug him to the mall haha We had lunch at a new Mexican joint called Mucho Burrito and then shopped until our feet couldn't take it anymore. Brad managed to get himself a whole new wardrobe for our upcoming trip and if you've ever seen Brad's wardrobe, it was much needed! We grabbed dinner at the food court, wasted some time at the arcade (don't tell our kids) and hit a 7:00 movie. These are seriously my very favourite kind of days!
We spent Sunday relaxing and doing small chores around the house trying to prepare for the upcoming week with all 4 kids at home.
It felt like I actually got to sit back and relax for the first time in awhile and I thoroughly appreciated it.


Karaoke is run and hosted by Jewels.
There are cash prizes for a contest called "Guess the Artist & Song". And the food is great, and not expensive, if you decide to eat.
The lounge also features pool and a foosball tables.
For more information phone Don at 204.807.0566..


How much does Septoplasty surgery cost in Ascot Vale, Victoria, Australia? Check Septoplasty before and after images, Septoplasty reviews, Septoplasty price, Question and Answers, Book Appointment Online in Ascot Vale, Australia. Compare from 2 Septoplasty Centers, Hospitals, Clinics & Doctors from Ascot Vale, Australia.


A :We are a factory.
Q :What type of fabric do you have?
A : The common fabric we have is silk fabric, cotton fabric, linen fabric and polyester fabric, they can all be digital printed.
Q : Can you print my own design? Is there any requirement for our artwork?
A :- Yes we can do custom printing your design on fabric.
- The artwork needs to 300 dpi in CMYK color setting.
Q : Can I supply the fabric by myself?
A : It would be perfect if you could send us your own fabric to make digital printing.
And we can also help you to purchase the fabric. Both are OK.
Q : Before placing the bulk order, can I make a sample to check the quality?
A : Yes, of course we can accept your sample order, I think all business begins with small quantity.


- Integrated new drawing pictures!
- Upgrade graphic resources and icons!
- Fully support iPad Pro!
Enjoy! Happy New Year! Please kindly sharing and rating us, it's really important to us!
This interactive app takes you on a ramble through a secret scene created in drawing. The world of the Colorfy is both inspirational and beautiful.
The secret against anxiety, Let the colors fill your mind in a relaxing painting experience! Time flies by and problems fade away while you chill out and have fun!


text:
This is a site for discussing roleplaying games. Have fun doing so, but there is one major rule: do not discuss political issues that aren't directly and uniquely related to the subject of the thread and about gaming. While this site is dedicated to free speech, the following will not be tolerated: devolving a thread into unrelated political discussion, sockpuppeting (using multiple and/or bogus accounts), disrupting topics without contributing to them, and posting images that could get someone fired in the workplace (an external link is OK, but clearly mark it as Not Safe For Work, or NSFW). If you receive a warning, please take it seriously and either move on to another topic or steer the discussion back to its original RPG-related theme.
The message boards have been upgraded. Please log in to your existing account by clicking here. It will ask twice, so that it can properly update your password and login information. If it has trouble recognizing your password, click the 'Forgot your password?' link to reset it with a new password sent to your email address on file.
TheRPGSite »
Pen & Paper Roleplaying Central »
Pen and Paper Roleplaying Games (RPGs) Discussion »
D6 Star Wars vs. FFG
Author Topic: D6 Star Wars vs. FFG (Read 3154 times)
S'mon
Re: D6 Star Wars vs. FFG
Quote from: Dimitrios on October 21, 2020, 10:46:22 am
Edit: I realize that CoC isn't technically a licensed rpg, but still.
Didn't Chaosium buy rights from Arkham House? http://www.arkhamhouse.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=ABUS Possibly not rights that actually exist in Law. Or did Chaosium invent ownership of HPL ex nullius?
My 5e and Mini Six Primeval Thule games blog:
https://simonsprimevalthule.blogspot.com
My Forgotten Realms 4e & 5e games blog: https://frloudwater.blogspot.com
This should have been a poll.
Definitely D6.
Currently running: Boot Hill 2E Currently playing:_D&D 5E and Call of Cthulhu
My Blog: For Honor...and Intrigue
I now have a gold medal from Ravenswing and Gronan now owes me 9 beers and I owe him 2 beers.
And this just in, jeff37923 has jumped on the beer wagon. He now owes me 1 beer.
Quote from: S'mon on October 21, 2020, 01:24:02 pm
I think you're right, Chaosium did pay something to Arkham House. It's unclear whether they actually needed to, since it's unclear whether AH ever actually owned the rights to HPL's work.
hedgehobbit
I have a theory that licensed rpgs do best when the license if for something that isn't the hot property of the day.
You're probably right, but IP owner don't let their properties go fallow anymore. Even a show like Firefly, which didn't even make a single season, get's constantly milked 18 years later.
You can almost feel the corporate walls around FFG's Star Wars game. They made Han Solo:The RPG yet you can't play Han Solo nor can you fly the Millenium Falcon, just 2nd rate copies. Both WEG and d20 versions of the SW games included stats for the movie characters but the only one I remember in an FFG product was a "less experienced" Lando Calrissian.
I don't see any current day IP holders letting an RPG company expand the lore as freely as WEG was allowed to.
To be fair, when WEG started publishing there wasn't much material to work with. As I recall there were only the first three movies and their novelizations, a radio play version of the movies, the Droids cartoon, that special of which George will not speak, and barely more than a handful of novels (Splinter of the Minds Eye and the Han Solo and Lando Calrissian trilogies). Now you could fill a large trunk with all the canon and EU material.
Quote from: Bren on October 21, 2020, 02:11:42 pm
To be fair, when WEG started publishing there wasn't much material to work with.
To be further fair, the whole Expanded Universe owes a TON to the work WEG put into adding detail to the Star Wars Universe.
When Lucasfilm decided to greenlight writing the first novels, Timothy Zahn decided to pull from the WEG material whenever he needed a world or vehicle or species because it was work that had already been done. Timothy Zahn even released a campaign setting DarkStryder for WEG Star Wars, further tying the two together. The result was that WEG was literally the foundation from which all of the Expanded Universe was built upon.
In turn, the success of the Expanded Universe is, from accounts, part of the reason that George Lucas decided to do the prequels. There were other factors, like technology finally catching up to his vision, but the financial success of the EU was what convinced him that there was still enough interest in Star Wars to start working on the prequels.
Of course George completely ignored the EU other than a few choice names (ex. Coruscant and its "city-planet" nature came right from Timothy Zahn) and that was, honestly, the start of the problems for the EU as core elements of their established canon had to be thrown out and/or retconned to match the prequels. They also had to trash whole storylines because of edicts from above... Anakin Solo was killed off precisely because George felt it would cause confusion to have two characters in Star Wars named Anakin; so even though Anakin was set up to be the hero of the New Jedi Order trilogy who would redeem the name Anakin, he got unceremoniously ganked midway through and the entire rest of that series was a scramble to recover and further resulted in a cascade of other changes that resulted in such idiocy as "60 is the new 30" to explain why Luke, Han and Leia were still running around as the main protagonists because they'd killed off 90% of the younger generation due to one edict or another.
Frankly, Star Wars is largely the mess it is today in part because the success of WEG and Timothy Zahn enjoyed in reinvigorating what was then a mostly fondly remembered, but no longer anything like a cultural zeitgeist, film series and everyone and his uncle (including Uncle George himself) deciding to put their stamp on the Star Wars Universe (even The Mouse... which did started its stamping by stamping out everything except the actual films and The Clone Wars animated series).
Ratman_tf
Alt-Reich Shitlord
Quote from: Chris24601 on October 21, 2020, 05:47:10 pm
Of course George completely ignored the EU other than a few choice names (ex. Coruscant and its "city-planet" nature came right from Timothy Zahn)
Zahn likely nicked the idea of a city-planet from Foundation's Trantor. [/pedant]
The notion of an exclusionary and hostile RPG community is a fever dream of zealots who view all social dynamics through a narrow keyhole of structural oppression.
-Haffrung
My understanding was he was given WEG materials before he wrote the Heir to Empire trilogy and he incorporated a number of things into his novels.
soundchaser
Huge d6 fan
Didn't like the walls of text in FFG. PLUS, the system seemed to cater to gear...
These days we use Cinematic Unisystem. Perfect in handling S/J viz non force users.
I'll never forgive WEG for inventing the "Backup Hyperdrive". I get angry just thinking about it.
VisionStorm
If WEG Star Wars hadn't existed, George Lucas wouldn't have made the prequels, invoke the wrath of the fanbase, become disenchanted with the franchise and ultimately sold it off to Disney, so they could make their crappy sequels and ruin what was left of the franchise.
WEG Star Wars RPG single handedly set off the chain of events that ultimately ruined Star Wars. And all so that a bunch of nerds could play the greatest movie franchise RPG ever created.
Mind = Blown
Creeped out by the \'Net
Still worth it!
Now with a Zine!
ⓘ This post is disputed by official sources
Quote from: hedgehobbit on October 21, 2020, 11:48:16 pm
They needed some way to explain how the Millennium Falcon with a broken hyperdrive could make it from Hoth to Bespin Cloud City. What's your alternative?
Opaopajr
Señor Wences
WEG D6. L'Esprit de (mon) 'coeur'.
Just make your fuckin' guy and roll the dice, you pricks. Focus on what's interesting, not what gives you the biggest randomly generated virtual penis. -- J Arcane
You know, people keep comparing non-TSR D&D to deck-building in Magic: the Gathering. But maybe it's more like Katamari Damacy. You keep sticking shit on your characters until they are big enough to be a star.
-- talysman
Quote from: S'mon on October 22, 2020, 03:56:29 am
That Bespin and Hoth are extremely close together. The backup hyperdrive creates an even bigger problem as the entire reason they needed to go to Bespin was because they couldn't escape the TIE fighters earlier in the movie. A feat they could have accomplished if a backup hyperdrive was available.
Second on WEG's big mistake list is their insistence that ships cannot change course while in hyperdrive despite the Tantive IV clearly doing so in the radio drama. This mistake, unfortunately, was transmitted to the EU and even to various other games (but was finally cleared up in The Force Awakens).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Desailly urging Hazard to stay, Courtois on Conte and Ferreira on loanees - a day in Chelsea quotes
Here's everything the Blues have been saying
Sam Bennett
Eden Hazard (Photo by Glyn Kirk/AFP/Getty Images)
Some Chelsea heroes of past and present have today expressed opinions on a wide range of topics including youth development and the future of Eden Hazard, and a long-term target has confirmed his interest in the Premier League.
These are the Chelsea quotes of the day:
Coach Eddie Newton discussed how some of the loaned out Chelsea youngsters keep in touch
"We have a lot of players out on loan but we have the structure to cope with it. We make sure that we stay close to them. We have a WhatsApp group which is designed to help that and all the players feel part of the same process. It helps everyone stay closer together… I'm an old man so I don't get too involved in the discussion!" (Daily Mirror)
The unsung heroes of Chelsea's potential Premier League-winning campaign
Chelsea icon Marcel Desailly has urged Eden Hazard to stay put at Stamford Bridge for the foreseeable future
"I'm not sure Eden Hazard has that intention of being that top player, being first choice at Real Madrid. I'm not sure he's fully ready to change and take the risk, because he will want to play regular football." (talkSPORT)
Juventus centre back and long-rumoured Chelsea target Leonardo Bonucci expressed his interest in a potential Premier League move
"It (the Premier League) fascinates me… When I can, I watch English games, and not only for the quality of players on display. I'm hot headed, and I love the passion that exudes from their packed stands." (Daily Mirror)
Alvaro Morata would 'almost certainly go to London' and admits to Antonio Conte contact
And another ex-Chelsea defender, current Youth Coach Paulo Ferreira, has defended Chelsea's loan system
"We know that not all of the players will come into the first team, but we also know that there are a few that will have a chance. Some of the players in the loan system have now moved to professional clubs and are having their own careers.
"We are happy that we were there to help and were involved in their careers." (London Evening Standard)
Tammy Abraham reveals plan to break into Chelsea first team next season
Finally, Thibaut Courtois spoke on how Antonio Conte keeps the hunger alive in the Chelsea squad
"It's always nice to have a manager who keeps the players at the level they need to have, who keeps our focus and doesn't allow us to drop our guard. That's a good thing, that's how you win the league." (Daily Star)


Click here for the Cricut Cartridge Chaos Challenge #8.
Labels: "Challenge Me Monday #50", "Country Life", "Serenade"
Very pretty. I love your background paper! Very nice. Thank you for joining us at FCCB.
Love the card it's very pretty. Thanks for joining us at FCCB this week!


text:
Download twelve crowded hours 1939 full movie
Jan 15, 2016 michael bays benghazi movie hours is inaccurate, according to cia officer. Please fix it when possible and will gladly rate five and share thanks. Twelve crowded hours is available for free download at the internet. Oct 27, 2017 twelve crowded hours 1939 film complet en francais a 20171027t19. Jun 28, 2017 twelve crowded hours 1939 watch online twelve crowded hours 1939 koko elokuva ilmainen twelve crowded hours 1939 katso ilmaiseksi a 20170628t04. Twelve crowded hours 1939 where to watch it streaming. Download the tv guide app for iphone, ipad and android. Twelve presents a lost generation of young people on the verge of entering college. Watch online hours the secret soldiers of benghazi movie. Charlie chaplins a burlesque on carmen charlie chaplins 48th film released dec.
Twelve crowded hours is a 1939 film directed by lew landers and starring richard dix and lucille ball. Twelve crowded hours 1939 is a betterthanaverage bmovie from rko, starring richard dix as a newspaper reporter trying to solve the murder of his editor. Twelve crowded hours 1939 full movie download full hd. Its very much a movie of its time, having been released in 1939, back in the days when bottled milk was delivered to your doorstep, and reporters are referred to as keyhole peekers, and every motion picture has a scene depicting the activity of a press room in full bustle. Arvacska 1976 film complet en francais hd streaming. Twelve crowded hours is an rko production, a decent b movie effort. Read the twelve movie synopsis, view the movie trailer, get cast and crew information, see movie photos, and more on movies.
The secret soldiers of benghazi dvd and browse other dvd movies. It is a movie about the type of men who run toward the firefight, toward the bullets, even when they are outnumbered. With richard dix, lucille ball, allan lane, donald macbride. Lucille ball full list of movies and tv shows in theaters, in production and upcoming films. One night of twelve crowded hours in the life of a newspaper investigative reporter out to get the goods on the masterminds who operate the profitable numbers racket in a big city. Twelve crowded hours 1939 film complet en francais hd streaming. Stationed less than one mile away are members james badge dale, john krasinski, max martini of the annex security team, former soldiers assigned to protect operatives and diplomats in the city. Twelve crowded hours 1939 0303 1939 us crime, drama 1h 4m user score. Consulate in benghazi, libya, killing ambassador j. Allen rocky lane western movies to watch free westerns. The workdays lasted fifteen hours, much of which was spent in the saddle. One night of twelve crowded hours in the life of a newspaper investigative reporter out to get.
The frustrating thing about hours is that you can feel bay wanting to get serious. Host, distribute and monetize your podcast with audioboom. Access the full lesson plan by clicking on download lesson. Hours on dvd march 4, 2014 starring paul walker, genesis rodriguez, kerry cahill, yohance myles. Christopher stevens and sean smith, an officer for the foreign service. The secret soldiers of benghazi download on itunes til the sun comes back around from hours. Watch twelve crowded hours full movie in hd visit an ace reporter with a girlfriend nails a numbers racketeer fo. The inside account of what really happened in benghazi by mitchell zuckoff with the annex security team twelve will. An ace reporter richard dix with a girlfriend lucille ball nails a numbers racketeer for murders. Albershardt september 22, 1909 october 27, 1973 was an american studio leading man and the. Twelve crowded hours featuring richard dix and lucille ball is not currently available to stream, rent, or buy but you can add it to your want to see list for updates. The secret soldiers of benghazi soundtrack tunefind.
Twelve crowded hours 1939 katso ilmaiseksi koko elokuva. Joel schumachers twelve, the latest expose of selfindulgence among privileged teens, is sleek, giddy fun. Jan 27, 2016 hours is not the only movie tiein selling this week. A complete list of the films in john grants a comprehensive encyclopedia of. Rancher roy and his boys track down a gang who have stolen trigger and are holding him for ransom. Jan 15, 2016 download on amazon til the sun comes back around from hours. Twelve crowded hours 1939 an ace reporter richard dix with a girlfriend lucille ball nails a numbers racketeer for murders. Bays film, which depicts the events of the deadly terrorist attack in. An american ambassador is killed during an attack at a u.
It is a 2 reeler based on a poem by alfred lord tennyson. Allen rocky lane western movies to watch free westerns theater. They are a class of rich, pampered, but ignored by preoccupied parents, constantly seeking entertainment. Hes also trying to save the brother of his girlfriend lucille ball, who is falsely accused of the crime. Before sunrise on august 29, 2005, nolan hayes walker arrives at a new orleans hospital with his pregnant wife, abigail rodriguez, who h. Download on amazon til the sun comes back around from hours. Twelve crowded hours is a 1939 film directed by lew landers and starring richard dix and. Allan rocky lane born as harry leonard albershardt in indiana to linnie anne and william h. Grade 11 us history social studies louisiana believes. Twelve crowded hours is available for free download at the internet archive this 1930s drama filmrelated article is a stub. Jan 16, 2016 hours works because it isnt a political film. Twelve crowded hours 1939 is a betterthanaverage b movie from rko, starring richard dix as a newspaper reporter trying to solve the murder of his editor.
Watch twelve crowded hours full movie in hd visit movie 120807 an ace reporter with a girlfriend nails a numbers racketeer fo. Michael bays benghazi movie hours is inaccurate, according to cia officer. Twelve crowded hours 1939 is a betterthanaverage bmovie from rko. Enter your location to see which movie theaters are playing 12 hours near you. Hoping to gather enough evidence to send numbers racketeer costain cyrus w. Provide students access to the homestead act and the exodusters1. This weeks lew landers mini festival continued today with twelve crowded hours, a crime drama starring richard dix and lucille ball. Twelve crowded hours is a 1939 film directed by lew landers and starring richard dix and lucille ball plot. Wont play from different parts while casting, only from beginning. It is a film about service, honor, patriotism and unfettered bravery.
The day the bookies wept 1939 full movie online stream. The film was funny enough, but the plot was total bullcrap and richard dix was a. Twelve crowded hours 1939 watch online twelve crowded hours 1939 koko elokuva ilmainen twelve crowded hours 1939 katso ilmaiseksi a 20170628t04. The secret soldiers of benghazi play on spotify til the sun comes back around from hours. Twelve crowded hours 1939 movies and films database. Twelve crowded hours 1939 film complet en francais a 20171027t19. Twelve crowded hours 1939 cast and crew an ace reporter richard dix with a girlfriend lucille ball nails a numbers racketeer for murders. When the brother of his girlfriend paula sanders is accused of murder, reporter nick green tries to clear him. The secret soldiers of benghazi arrives on bluray combo pack, dvd and on demand june 7, 2016 from paramount home.
It might get a higher rating but for some gratuitous violence at the end at a crowded party. Lucille ball movies twelve crowded hours everything lucy. Another worthwhile entry from the rko radio bpicture division, 12 crowded hours stars stalwart richard dix as crimebusting reporter nick green, who within the course of a single night hence the title topples a gangland empire. An ace reporter with a girlfriend nails a numbers racketeer for murders. The secret soldiers of benghazi play on apple music til the sun comes back around from hours. Twelve crowded hours 1939 lew landers, richard dix.
Twelve crowded hours 1939 twelve crowded hours 1939 is a betterthanaverage b movie from rko, starring richard dix as a newspaper reporter trying to solve the murder of his editor. It is a movie about bravery in the face of grim odds. Read the full synopsis of twelve crowded hours, 1939, directed by lew landers, with richard dix, lucille ball, allan lane, at turner classic movies. The film and the novel were at the present time sexobsessed. Twelve crowded hours 1939 full movie download full hd youtube. Twelve crowded hours 1939 lew landers, richard dix, lucille ball, allan lane september 8, 2018 one night of twelve crowded hours in the life of a newspaper investigative reporter out to get the goods on the masterminds who operate the profitable numbers racket in a big city. Albershardt september 22, 1909 october 27, 1973 was an american studio leading man and the star of many cowboy bmovies in the 1940s and 1950s. Director lew landers keeps things moving briskly, and the actors do a credible job with routine material. Times noted in 1934 that words like empire had become tainted by unfortu. Lucille ball and richard dix in twelve crowded hours 1939 lucille ball, richard dix, and.
581 1261 1533 1058 1516 66 1393 207 225 1268 509 397 670 353 217 397 343 185 823 125 1265 741 1127 1581 383 865 412 564 1455 813 1607 654 535 828 235 174 443 73 692 1107 677 1493 1150 590


text:
Leimert Park station is an underground light rail station on the K Line of the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. It is located underneath Crenshaw Boulevard at its intersection with Vernon Avenue in the Leimert Park neighborhood of Los Angeles.

The Leimert Park station was funded and fully incorporated into the project in May 2013 after massive community support for a tunnel under Park Mesa Heights.

The station opened on October 7, 2022. Metro held a ceremonial ribbon cutting ceremony for the station on June 25, 2022.

The station incorporates artwork by three artists: Ingrid Calame, Mickalene Thomas, and Deanna Erdmann.

Service

Station layout

Hours and frequency

Connections
, the following connections are available:
Los Angeles Metro Bus: , , ,
LADOT DASH: Leimert/Slauson

Notable places nearby
The station is within walking distance of the following notable places:
 Leimert Plaza Park
 Vision Theatre

References

External links

K Line (Los Angeles Metro) stations
Crenshaw, Los Angeles
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2022

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The history of human rights in modernity is characterised by the existence of two momentous and long-standing streams: One that developed in Europe out of the struggle against absolutism and totalitarianism, and another that emerged in the context of the history of modern imperialism and out of the resistance to colonial violence and domination. While much is written about the history of the first, the second is less well known.
This latter stream sprang out of the advance of, and the struggle against, colonialism. Its history starts with the conquest of 'America' and the colonization of the world at large. It continues with the fight against slavery, and in the wars for independence of the Americas in the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as in the struggles for decolonisation in Africa, Asia, Oceania, the Caribbean and the Middle East in the 20th century. It advances today in the struggles of social movements and indigenous peoples that in the Third World, or in the Global South, resist neoliberal globalisation and neocolonialism mobilised by states, empires, transnational corporations and international financial institutions.
This tradition is incarnated in legal texts such as the 18th and 19th century declarations and constitutions of independence in the Americas, including the constitutions of the newly liberated Latin American states, from Mexico in the north to Argentina and Chile in the south, passing through Haiti and Colombia. It is also expressed in 20th century international human rights principles and treaties such as the right to self-determination, rights of peoples, the right to development, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Declaration on Decolonisation, the African Charter of Human and People's Rights, the ILO Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, and the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, among others.
The corpus of human rights that came out of the history and geography of colonialism – which not only created the anti-colonial tradition, but also contributed to develop the liberal, democratic and socialist lineages of rights – has been theoretically advanced by a long roll of intellectuals and leaders like Bartolomé de las Casas, Francisco Suárez, Guamán Poma, Antonio de Viera, Ottobah Cugoano, Toussaint Louverture, Sojourner Truth, Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Sylvia Winter, Rigoberta Menchú, Domitila Chungara, Upendra Baxi, Enrique Dussel, Boaventura de Sousa Santos and Walter Mignolo, among others.
Human rights permeates multiples spheres of life in the modern/colonial times, and sits across the fields of constitutional and international law, politics and international relations, as well as local, national, regional and global scenarios. Throughout the centuries and under the names of natural rights, rights of man, constitutional or fundamental rights, and human rights, the two large European and anti-colonial streams of rights have interacted, contradicted and enriched each other since the beginning of modernity, and continue to do it today. However, ingrained in the modern geopolitics of the production of knowledge, the first tradition has been hegemonic, dominating the intellectual debate while relegating the anti-colonial stream to the margins or silence.
Future developments of human rights theory, and the need for strengthening their capacity to resist the violence of states and imperialism in the times of globalisation resides, among other possibilities, in enacting or continuing a critical dialogue between the two traditions. In addition, as suggested by Santos, there is also the possibility of reimagining and making human rights more legitimate in local contexts by cultivating an intercultural dialogue between contemporary civilisations and their multiple traditions of the human, including Western, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist and indigenous and tribal cultures all over the world.
The history of human rights in modernity can be told or constructed through a dialogical way of thinking, while at the same time being aware of the contradictory ways in which they have been deployed in history. In other words, the history of human rights can also be narrated in an agonistic fashion, as it has been proposed by Paul Gilroy. The anti-colonial drive of the discourse of human rights, which comes from their utopian and emancipatory core, has been accompanied by a long-standing deployment of rights for domination and colonisation. This was the case already in the 16th and 17th centuries, when natural rights were appropriated to justify plunder, war of conquest, torture and genocide, as in the cases of Francisco de Vitoria, Juan de Sepulveda and Hugo Grotius. In a similar way, George W. Bush and Tony Blair, more recently, appealed to human rights to justify neo-colonial invasions, mass casualties and the 21st century War on Terror.
Barreto, Jose-Manuel, Imperialism and Decolonisation as Scenarios of Human Rights History, 2013.
Baxi, Upendra, The Future of Human Rights, 2002, 2012.
Dussel, Enrique, Alterity and modernity. Las Casas, Vitoria and Suarez, 1514 – 1617, 2007, 2013.
Gilroy, Paul, Darker than Blue: On the Moral Economies of Black Atlantic Culture, 2011.
Mignolo, Walter, Who Speaks for the "Human" in Human Rights?, 2009, 2013.
Santos, Boaventura de Sousa, Toward a Multicultural Conception of Human Rights, 2002.
Baldi, Cesar Augusto, Direitos Humanos na Sociedade Cosmopolita , 2004.
Barreto, Jose-Manuel, Human Rights from a Third World Perspective. Critique, History and International Law, 2013.
Bhambra, Gurminder, and Shilliam, Robbie, Silencing Human Rights: Critical Engagements with a Contested Project, 2008.
Santos, Andre, Lucas, Doglas & Bragato, Fernanda, Pos-Colonialismo, Pensamento Descolonial e Direitos Humanos na America Latina, 2015.
In which sense it could be said that the hegemonic history and theory of human rights is Eurocentric?
What are the key contributions of the European tradition to the theory of human rights?
What is the core of the anti-colonial tradition of human rights?
Which has been, or can be, the role of critical and intercultural dialogues in the history and the future of human rights?
Why is that human rights have been historically a discourse for both liberation and colonisation?
Submitted by Jose-Manuel Barreto


text:
Admiral Sir Francis William Loftus Tottenham, KCB, CBE (17 August 1880 – 9 November 1967) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Africa Station.

Naval career
Tottenham, the second son of Capt. Francis Loftus Tottenham, joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1895. As a midshipman, he was posted to the protected cruiser HMS Charybdis in early 1900. He served on the despatch vessel HMS Surprise when he was promoted to lieutenant on 1 October 1902. He served in World War I with 4th Battle Squadron. After the War he was a member of the Inter-Allied Naval Armistice Commission and Control Commission in Germany. He commanded HMS Delhi from 1920 and then became naval attaché in Washington D. C. in 1922. He later commanded the shore establishment HMS Excellent and then HMS Rodney. He was made rear admiral commanding 3rd Cruiser Squadron in 1932 and Commander-in-Chief, Africa Station in 1935. He retired as a full admiral in 1940.

In 1932, in his 50s, he married Evelyn Rosalie Prescott Street, the widow of Captain Herbert Street, and only daughter of Harry Ernest Prescott. They had one daughter.

Following Tottenham's death, Sir Douglas Marshall, who served with him in the Second World War, eulogised him in The Times:

References

1880 births
1967 deaths
Royal Navy admirals
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire


text:
This site uses JavaScript for part of its functionality. If you are reading this message, it is because JavaScript was not detected on your computer. Please install and/or enable JavaScript before continuing.
Office Administration Officer
Vacancy #: 5112
Unit: TRAFFIC Vietnam
Organization: TRAFFIC International (TRAFFIC)
Location: TRAFFIC Vietnam, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Reporting to: Programme Office Director- Vietnam
Work percentage: 100%
Grade: A3
Expected start date: 01 August 2019
Type of contract: Fixed-term
TRAFFIC is the leading non-governmental organization working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
TRAFFIC International is a charity and limited company registered in the UK. TRAFFIC's head office, based in Cambridge UK, provides worldwide leadership, coordination, cross-regional and corporate functions. TRAFFIC's local engagement is managed through programme offices operating under the auspices of the UK charity, with staff based in a hub office and at other strategic locations where necessary. Programme offices operate within a geographic area of responsibility focused on one or multiple countries where TRAFFIC aims to help deliver priority programme outcomes. TRAFFIC works in strategic alliance with IUCN and WWF on wildlife trade issues.
CHARACTERISTIC DUTIES
This position is responsible for ensuring support to the operational and project staff of the TRAFFIC Office in Viet Nam. The Office Administration Officer facilitates the smooth operations and project implementation for all staff in Viet Nam through providing support for organisation of meetings, logistic arrangements for all program and finance staff, and managing small projects as assigned by the senior team in Viet Nam. The Office Administration Officer will engage and supervise all contractors enabling the efficient and safe operations of the office.
SUMMARY OF SPECIFIC DUTIES:
Support for operations and projects:
•	Provide support to Finance and Pay-roll Officer, Project Administration Officer, program staff and Country Director;
•	Organise meetings and invite participants;
•	Provide assistance with printing and production of project activity materials
•	Book/make reservations for travel and accommodation for staff travel and visitors where required
•	Provide support for expat staff working permits, visa and other requirements (opening bank accounts etc)
•	Liaise with government counterparts for office licensing requirements
•	Overview of all recurrent expenditure related to operations (i.e. rent, water, internet etc).
•	Engage and supervise all contractors related to operational performance of the office (i.e. IT support etc).
•	Organise workspaces, computers, and induction for all new staff
•	Supervise volunteers/interns in the office
•	Ensure the office is a tidy and safe workplace for all staff at all times
•	Keeper of Office's Petty Cash
•	All other duties as required by the Country Director and Senior Programme Staff
• •	Experience in a support role
•	Sound knowledge of MS Office software use, especially Excel and Access
•	Excellent interpersonal skills and have strong organisational ability
•	A good team player but also willing to work on own initiative
•	Hold a keen interest in environmental issues
•	Fluency in spoken and written English and Vietnamese required
•	Eligible to live and work in Viet Nam
Applicants are requested to apply online through the HR Management System, by opening the vacancy announcement and pressing the "Apply" button.
Applicants will be asked to create an account and submit their profile information. Applications will not be accepted after the closing date. The vacancy closes at midnight, Swiss time (GMT+1 / GMT+2 during Daylight Saving Time, DST). Please note that only selected applicants will be personally contacted for interviews.
Other job opportunities are published in the IUCN website: http://www.iucn.org/involved/jobs/
About IUCN
IUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations. It provides public, private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together.
Created in 1948, IUCN is now the world's largest and most diverse environmental network, harnessing the knowledge, resources and reach of more than 1,300 Member organisations and some 10,000 experts. It is a leading provider of conservation data, assessments and analysis. Its broad membership enables IUCN to fill the role of incubator and trusted repository of best practices, tools and international standards.
IUCN provides a neutral space in which diverse stakeholders including governments, NGOs, scientists, businesses, local communities, indigenous peoples organisations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development.
Working with many partners and supporters, IUCN implements a large and diverse portfolio of conservation projects worldwide. Combining the latest science with the traditional knowledge of local communities, these projects work to reverse habitat loss, restore ecosystems and improve people's well-being.
https://twitter.com/IUCN
HRMS version 3.27 © IUCN


text:
Որոնել Պատկերներ YouTube Լուրեր Gmail Drive Օրացույց Translate Ավելին »
Իմ գրադարանը
Գրքերի ընդլայնված որոնում
Բեռնել PDF
0 ԳրախոսություններԳրախոսություն գրել
The Young scholar, Հատոր 1
Այս գրքի մասին
Ծառայության մատուցման պայմանները
another until an interval of six months has elapsed. Should his paper during that time obtain the distinction which would otherwise entitle him to a prize, it will be printed in its proper position, but the prize will be awarded to the Scholar who has written the answer next in merit.
PRIZES FOR LAST MONTH'S SUBJECTS. A fire shilling prize to HANNAH LLOYD, aged 15, Cambridge House School, Liverpool; and FRED. PERRY, aged 10, Sir W.C. Trevelyan's School, Seaton, Devon.
A three shillings and sixpenny prize to H. B. Proctor, aged 13, Swindon Parochial Schools, Wilts; and J. T. NORRIs, aged 9, Whitworth National Schools.
The above-named Prize Essayists are desired to send to the Publisher, Mr. JOHN HEYWOOD, 141 and 143, Deansgate, Manchester, the name of any book or books, of the value referred to, which they would like to receive, and such will be forwarded, post free, within one week afterwards. The Publisher, of course, reserves to himself the right of refusing to forward any work the character of which he may think injurious; but with that single exception Prize Essayists may select any work they please. They will, doubtless, avail themselves of the advice of their parents or teachers in their selection.
A catalogue of three thousand works will be sent by the Publisher on receipt of a pevny postage stamp for postage.
A DAY'S HOLIDAY. LAST summer, when I was staying at the little village of Chaumouni, in Switzerland, I was invited to a picnic party, at the foot of Mount Blanc. The day we were to go turned out a beautifully clear one, eminently fitted for mountain scenery. We started, mounted on mules, at five o'clock in the morning, and were, fortunately, in time to see a most glorious sunrise. We reached Mount Blanc at seven, and at the foot of it had a real picnic breakfast, out of some hampers we had brought with us. After breakfast some of the party proposed ascending the mountain; but, as it would have taken more than one day, the idea was given up. So we ascended a smaller mountain, the name of which I forget. After a great deal of toiling, we at last reached the top. What beautiful sights met our eyes! For miles and miles around there was range upon range of mountains, and far away we could see a glacier, with the sun shining on it, making it look like a vast sheet of glass; while, on the other side, was Mount Blanc, towering above us, making us feel so small and insignificant. We stayed and saw the sunset, which was more glorious (if possible) than the sunrise had been. The day had been remarkably hot, and the sky in the west was almost copper-coloured. After sunset we descended as quickly as possible to get to Chaumouni before dark; which, I am happy to say, we did; and, after supper, ended my day of holiday.
HANNAH LLOYD. Cambridge House School.--I certify that the enclosed is the work of Hannah Lloyd.
ANNE DALLING, Principal.
A DAY AT WINDSOR. We started from Swindon station at six o'clock in the morning, and arrived at Windsor at about nine o'clock. When we had left the railway carriage, we went up Castle Hill, towards the Castle. When we got there we found that it was not to be opened till half-past twelve o'clock, so we went into St. George's Chapel. We saw the seat of Her Majesty, which was directly over the Communion Table. By the time we had been through St. George's Chapel, it was time to go into the Castle. We were conducted, by a gentleman, through most of Her Majesty's rooms. The walls of every apartment were covered with scarlet and green satin. In one of the rooms of state were two beautiful tables of solid silver. The flower garden around the castle looked magnificent; almost all the plants were out in bloom. When we had left the Castle we went to Crewe (the seat of Sir Daniel Gooch), where there were to be athletic sports. As we were going about the grounds we saw a lot of little mounds, with little tombstones at the head of each ; on the tombstones there were the names of each dog that was buried beneath. There is a beautiful stream at Crewe, running through Sir Daniel's grounds, which is so clear that we could see the large fish swimming about in it. When we came away it was dark; and there were so many intoxicated men, that we should not have been able to get into the train had not a kind gentleman put my mother into the carriage. We returned, after spending a very merry day at Windsor.
HENRY B. PROCTOR, aged 13. Swindon Parochial School, Wilts, 25th April, 1873.-I certify that the above composition was written in my presence by the boy whose name is beneath it, and that no aid had been given him.
ARTHUR STOTE.
To our Correspondents.
We have been much pleased with the very good papers that have been sent us on the first subject. Some of them are so interesting that we intend inserting them, with slight corrections where necessary, among the Young Scholars' Compositions.
A correspondent writes to us : "Allow me, as a teacher, to express to you my thanks for your efforts to promote the mental and moral culture of young people. I only heard of your magazine a month ago, but I have now given my bookseller an order for a dozen monthly, which I distribute among my pupils."
And you bath He quickened, who were dead in trespasses and
sins.--Ephesians ii., 1.
IFE and death are two opposite things : children full
of life naturally think very little of death. And so the poet Wordsworth remarks :
A simple child,
That lightly draws its breath,
And feels its life in every limb,
What should it know of death?
Yet there are some things about death that even little children ought to know, especially what we are going to speak of in this paper—the death of sin.
It is the soul that sin destroys. It is a bad thing for the body, too, and often makes it die before its time; but it makes the soul die for ever, unless Christ stands between the soul and its sin, and saves the soul from its sin.
No. 19.- JULY, 1873.
People whose souls are dying of sin often go about as though they were not sick at all. So a child walks about days after it is ill, not knowing that anything is the matter with it, until its face is so flushed, its body so weak, and its temper so fretful, that its mother puts it to bed, and sends for the doctor. Our souls are sick all the same, though we may not know it.
Many people, whose souls are sick and dying, do not care about it. So the sick child lies on its bed and does not mind its sickness ; nay, is rather pleased that so much fuss is made of it, and so many presents brought it. But there is the pain to be endured, the nasty medicine to be taken, the weariness to be borne, the long vacant days to be lived through ; so that when it sees rosyfaced children, full of life and strength, with fresh flowers from the meadows in their hands, it is very sad, thinking how nice it must be to be able to run about and play and gather flowers. And one day, people, whose souls are dying, will see, when it is too late, what a dreadful thing the death of the soul is, and how glorious and beautiful is its life.
Now there are diseases of the soul, in the same way as there are diseases of the body. They are mentioned in the last six of the ten commandments. For just as Moses was commanded by God to keep the children of Israel from things that would hurt their bodies, so he was commanded to warn then against doing things that would hurt their souls. And just as children going to be sick become fretful and irritable, so it is in the soul. The first kind of soul-sickness is disobedience to parents and teachers. The passionate, stubborn, rebellious child has set himself in no good way, and if he is not cured of this disease, it will, by its violence, destroy his soul, and zuake him miserable for ever.
Who ever knew of a disobedient child that was happy? And then, again, hatred is a disease of the soul ; a dark, ugly, deadly passion, leading on to murder itself. And there is uncleanness, delighting in filthy talking, and writing filthy words on walls and doors. O what a terrible disease this is ! A boy or girl who does acts of uncleanness, or thinks impure thoughts, has a soul very sick, like the sickness of leprosy in the body. And just as the unhappy leper had to cry out to all who approached him, " Unclean ! unclean !" so boys and girls who suffer from this sad complaint seem obliged to publish it to
others : it will make itself known, and when known there is nothing a healthy soul hates and shuns so much. None but the pure Jesus can conquer this dreadful disease of impurity.
And so we might go on to talk of other soul-maladies--of stealing, lying, slandering, coveting. All these are diseases of the soul, just as small-pox, bronchitis, and rheumatism are diseases of the body. And each one of them is sufficient to make the soul die.
The great doctor to cure these diseases is Jesus Christ. He is the great physician, who walked up and down Galilee and Judea three years, healing men's bodies and souls. He who asked the poor dead spirit its name, and who inquired of the afflicted father how long his child had been tormented; He who sighed as He loosed the tongue of the deaf and dumb man, thinking of the crowds of sick people who could not come to Him to be saved ; He is now waiting to heal men's souls of these dreadful diseases, if they will only come to Him, and feel that they are sick, and have faith that He can save them. And, therefore, every night we should pray in the words of the beautiful hymn :
0, Saviour Christ, our woes dispel,
For some are sick, and some are sad,
And some have never loved Thee well,
And some have lost the love they had ;
And some have found the world is vain,
Yet from the world they break not free ;
And some have friends who give them pain,
Yet have not sought a friend in Thee.
And none, O Lord, have perfect rest,
For none are wholly free from sin :
And they who fain would serve Thee best,
Are conscious most of wrong within,
Thy touch has still its ancient power,
No word from Thee can fruitless fall :
Hear in this solemn evening hour,
And in Thy mercy heal us all.
He that never changed any of his opinions, never corrected any of his mistakes, and he who was never wise enough to find out any mistakes in himself, will not be charitable enough to 'excuse what he reckons mistakes in others.
« ՆախորդըՇարունակել »