text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

We consider a situation where the state of a system is represented by a real-valued vector $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^n$.  Under normal circumstances, the vector $\mathbf{x}$ is zero, while an event manifests as non-zero entries in $\mathbf{x}$, possibly few.  Our interest is in the design of algorithms that reliably detect events --- i.e., test whether $\mathbf{x} = 0$ or $\mathbf{x} \neq 0$ --- with the least amount of information.  We assume that we may learn about $\mathbf{x}$ via noisy linear measurements of the form
\begin{equation} \label{model}
y_i = \<\mathbf{a}_i, \mathbf{x}\> + z_i,
\end{equation}
where the measurement vectors $\mathbf{a}_i$'s have Euclidean norm bounded by 1 and the noise $z_i$'s are i.i.d.~standard normal.  Assuming that we may take a limited number of linear measurements, the engineering is in choosing them in order to minimize the false alarm and missed detection rates.  We derive information bounds, establishing some fundamental detection limits relating the signal strength and the number of linear measurements.  The bounds we obtain apply to all adaptive schemes, where we may choose the $i$th measurement vector $\mathbf{a}_i$ based on the past measurements, i.e., we may choose $\mathbf{a}_i$ as a function of $(\mathbf{a}_1, y_1, \dots, \mathbf{a}_{i-1}, y_{i-1})$.

\subsection{Related work}
Learning as much as possible about a vector based on a few linear measurements is one of the central themes of compressive sensing (CS)~\cite{CRT,OptimalRecovery,Donoho-CS}.  Most of this literature, as it relates to signal processing, has focused on the tasks of estimation and support recovery.  Particularly in surveillance situations, however, it makes sense to perform detection before estimation because, as we shall confirm, reliable detection is possible at much lower signal-to-noise ratios or, equivalently, with much fewer linear measurements than estimation.  This can be achieved with much greater implementation ease and much lower computational cost than standard CS methods based on convex programming.

The literature on the detection of a high-dimensional signal is centered around the classical normal mean model, based on observations $y_i = x_i + z_i$, where the $z_i$'s are i.i.d.~standard normal.  In this model, only one noisy observation is available per coordinate, so that some assumptions are necessary and the most common one, by far, is that the vector $\mathbf{x} = (x_1, \dots, x_n)$ is sparse.  This setting has attracted a fair amount attention~\cite{IngsterBook,Ingster99,dj04}, with recent publications allowing adaptive measurements~\cite{haupt2009distilled}.  More recently, a few papers~\cite{ingster2010detection,anova-hc,sparse-detection} extended these results to testing for a sparse coefficient vector in a linear system with the aim of characterizing the detection feasibility.  These papers work with designs having low mutual coherence, for example, assuming that the $\mathbf{a}_i$'s are i.i.d.~multivariate normal.  As we shall see below, such designs are not always desirable.
We also mention~\cite{CS-detection}, which assumes that an estimator $\widehat{\mathbf{x}}$ of $\mathbf{x}$ is available and examines the performance of the test based on $\<\widehat{\mathbf{x}}, \mathbf{x}\>$; and~\cite{meng-sparse}, which proposes a Bayesian approach for the detection of sparse signals in a sensor network for which the design matrix is assumed to have some polynomial decay in terms of the distance between sensors.

We mention that the present paper may be seen as a companion paper to~\cite{adaptiveCS} which considers the tasks of estimation and support recovery in the same setting.

\subsection{Notation and terminology}

Our detection problem translates into a hypothesis testing problem $H_0: \mathbf{x} = 0$ versus $H_1: \mathbf{x} \in \mathcal{X}$, for some subset $\mathcal{X} \subset \mathbb{R}^n \setminus \{0\}$.  A test procedure based on $m$ measurements of the form \eqref{model} is a binary function of the data, i.e., $T = T(\mathbf{a}_1, y_1, \dots, \mathbf{a}_{m}, y_{m})$, with $T = \varepsilon \in \{0,1\}$ indicating that $T$ favors $H_\varepsilon$.  The (worst-case) risk of a test $T$ is defined as
$$
\gamma(T) := \mathbb{P}_0(T = 1) + \max_{\mathbf{x} \in \mathcal{X}} \,  \mathbb{P}_\mathbf{x}(T = 0),
$$
where $\mathbb{P}_\mathbf{x}$ denotes the distribution of the data when $\mathbf{x}$ is the true underlying vector.  With a prior $\pi$ on the set of alternatives $\mathcal{X}$, the corresponding average (Bayes) risk is defined as
$$
\gamma_\pi(T) := \mathbb{P}_0(T = 1) + \operatorname{\mathbb{E}}_\pi \mathbb{P}_\mathbf{x}(T = 0),
$$
where $\operatorname{\mathbb{E}}_\pi$ denotes the expectation under $\pi$.  Note that for any prior $\pi$ and any test procedure $T$,
\begin{equation} \label{risks}
\gamma(T) \geq \gamma_\pi(T).
\end{equation}
For a vector $\mathbf{a} = (a_1, \dots, a_k)$,
\[
\|\mathbf{a}\| = \big( \sum_j a_j^2 \big)^{1/2}, \qquad |\mathbf{a}| = \sum_j |a_j|,
\]
and $\mathbf{a}^T$ denote its transpose.  For a matrix $\mathbf{M}$,
\[
\|\mathbf{M}\|_{\rm op} = \sup_{\mathbf{a} \neq 0} \frac{\|\mathbf{M} \mathbf{a}\|}{\|\mathbf{a}\|}.
\]
Everywhere in the paper, $\mathbf{x} = (x_1, \dots, x_n)$ denotes the unknown vector, while ${\bf 1}$ denotes the vector with all coordinates equal to 1 and dimension implicitly given by the context.

\subsection{Content}

In \secref{nonneg} we focus on vectors $\mathbf{x}$ with non-negative coordinates.  This situation leads to an exceedingly simple, yet near-optimal procedure based on a measurement scheme that is completely at odds with what is commonly used in CS.  In \secref{general} we treat the case of a general vector $\mathbf{x}$ and derive another simple, near-optimal procedure.  In both cases, the methods we suggest are non-adaptive --- in the sense that the measurement vectors are chosen independently of the observations --- yet perform nearly as well as any adaptive method.  In \secref{discussion} we discuss our results and important extensions, particularly to the case of structured signals.

\section{Vectors with non-negative entries}
\label{sec:nonneg}

Vectors with non-negative entries may be relevant in image processing, for example, where the object to be detected is darker (or lighter) than the background.  As we shall see, detecting such a vector is essentially straightforward in every respect.  In particular, the use of low-coherence designs is counter-productive in this situation.

The first thing that comes to mind, perhaps, is gathering strength across coordinates by measuring $\mathbf{x}$ with the constant vector ${\bf 1}/\sqrt{n}$.  And, with a budget of $m$ measurements, we simply take this measurement $m$ times.

\begin{prp} \label{prp:nonneg-ub}
Suppose we take $m$ measurements of the form \eqref{model} with $\mathbf{a}_i = {\bf 1}/\sqrt{n}$ for all $i$.  Consider then the test that rejects when
$$
\sum_{i=1}^m y_i > \tau \sqrt{m},
$$
where $\tau$ is some critical value.  Its risk against a vector $\mathbf{x}$ is equal to
$$
1 - \Phi(\tau) + \Phi(\tau - \sqrt{m/n} |\mathbf{x}|),
$$
where $\Phi$ is the standard normal distribution function.  In particular, if $\tau = \tau_n \to \infty$, this test has vanishing risk against alternatives satisfying $\sqrt{m/n} |\mathbf{x}| - \tau_n \to \infty$.
\end{prp}

Since we may chose $\tau_m \to \infty$ as slowly as we wish, in essence, the simple sum test based on repeated measurements from the constant vector has vanishing risk against alternatives satisfying $\sqrt{m/n} |\mathbf{x}| \to \infty$.

\begin{proof}
The result is a simple consequence of the fact that
$$
\frac1{\sqrt{m}} \sum_{i=1}^m y_i \sim \mathcal{N}(\sqrt{m/n} |\mathbf{x}|, 1).
$$
\end{proof}

Although the choice of measurement vectors and the test itself are both exceedingly simple, the resulting procedure comes close to achieving the best possible performance in this particular setting, as the following information bound reveals.

\begin{thm} \label{thm:nonneg-lb}
Let $\mathcal{X}(\mu, S)$ denote the set of vectors in $\mathbb{R}^n$ having exactly $S$ non-zero entries all equal to $\mu > 0$.  Based on $m$ measurements of the form \eqref{model}, possibly adaptive, any test for $H_0: \mathbf{x} = 0$ versus $H_1: \mathbf{x} \in \mathcal{X}(\mu, S)$ has risk at least $1 - \sqrt{m/(8n)} S \mu$.
\end{thm}

In particular, the risk against alternatives $\mathbf{x} \in \mathcal{X}(\mu, S)$ with $\sqrt{m/n} |\mathbf{x}| = \sqrt{m/n} S \mu \to 0$, goes to 1 uniformly over all procedures.

\begin{proof}
The standard approach to deriving uniform lower bounds on the risk is to put a prior on the set of alternatives and use \eqref{risks}.  We simply choose the uniform prior on $\mathcal{X}(\mu, S)$, which we denote by $\pi$.  The hypothesis testing problem reduces to $H_0: \mathbf{x} = 0$ versus $H_1: \mathbf{x} \sim \pi$, for which the likelihood ratio test is optimal by the Neyman-Pearson fundamental lemma.  The likelihood ratio is defined
$$
L := \frac{\mathbb{P}_\pi(\mathbf{a}_1, y_1, \dots, \mathbf{a}_{m}, y_{m})}{\mathbb{P}_0(\mathbf{a}_1, y_1, \dots, \mathbf{a}_{m}, y_{m})} = \operatorname{\mathbb{E}}_\pi \exp\left(\sum_{i = 1}^m y_i (\mathbf{a}_i^T \mathbf{x}) - (\mathbf{a}_i^T \mathbf{x})^2/2\right),
$$
where $\operatorname{\mathbb{E}}_\pi$ denotes the expectation with respect to $\pi$, and the related test is $T = \{L > 1\}$.  It has risk equal to
\begin{equation} \label{gamma}
\gamma_\pi(T) = 1 - \frac12 \|\mathbb{P}_\pi - \mathbb{P}_0\|_{\rm TV},
\end{equation}
where $\P_\pi := \operatorname{\mathbb{E}}_\pi \P_\mathbf{x}$ --- the $\pi$-mixture of $\P_\mathbf{x}$ --- and $\| \cdot \|_{\rm TV}$ is the total variation distance.
By Pinsker's inequality
\begin{equation} \label{pinsker}
\|\mathbb{P}_\pi - \mathbb{P}_0\|_{\rm TV} \leq \sqrt{K(\mathbb{P}_0, \mathbb{P}_\pi)/2},
\end{equation}
where $K(\mathbb{P}_0, \mathbb{P}_\pi)$ denotes the Kullback-Leibler divergence.
We have
\begin{eqnarray}
K(\mathbb{P}_0, \mathbb{P}_\pi) &=& - \operatorname{\mathbb{E}}_0 \log L \\
&\leq& \operatorname{\mathbb{E}}_\pi \sum_{i = 1}^m  \operatorname{\mathbb{E}}_0 \left(y_i (\mathbf{a}_i^T \mathbf{x}) - (\mathbf{a}_i^T \mathbf{x})^2/2\right) \\
&=& \operatorname{\mathbb{E}}_\pi \sum_{i = 1}^m \operatorname{\mathbb{E}}_0 (\mathbf{a}_i^T \mathbf{x})^2/2 \\
&=& \sum_{i = 1}^m \operatorname{\mathbb{E}}_0 \big(\mathbf{a}_i^T \mathbf{C} \mathbf{a}_i \big) \label{sum1} \\
&\le& m \|\mathbf{C}\|_{\rm op}, \label{sum2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mathbf{C} = (c_{j k}) := \operatorname{\mathbb{E}}_\pi (\mathbf{x} \mathbf{x}^T)$.  The first line is by definition; the second is by definition of $\P_\mathbf{x}/\P_0$, by the application of Jensen's inequality justified by the convexity of $x \to - \log x$, and by Fubini's theorem; the third is by independence of $\mathbf{a}_i$, $y_i$ and $\mathbf{x}$ (under $\P_0$), and by the fact that $\operatorname{\mathbb{E}}(y_i) = 0$; the fourth is by independence of $\mathbf{a}_i$ and $\mathbf{x}$ (under $\P_0$) and by Fubini's theorem; the fifth is because $\|\mathbf{a}_i\| \le 1$ for all $i$.

Since under $\pi$ the support of $\mathbf{x}$ is chosen uniformly at random among subsets of size $S$, we have
\[c_{j j} = \mu^2 \P_\pi(x_j \neq 0) = \mu^2 \cdot \frac{S}n, \quad \forall j,\]
and
\[c_{j k} = \mu^2 \P_\pi(x_j \neq 0, x_k \neq 0) = \mu^2 \cdot \frac{S}n \cdot \frac{S-1}{n-1}, \qquad j \neq k.\]
This simple matrix has operator norm $\|\mathbf{C}\|_{\rm op} = \mu^2 S^2/n$.

Coming back to the divergence, we therefore have
\[K(\mathbb{P}_0, \mathbb{P}_\pi) \le m \cdot \mu^2 S^2/n,\]
and returning to \eqref{gamma} via \eqref{pinsker}, we bound the risk of the likelihood ratio test as follows
$$
\gamma(T)  \geq 1 - \sqrt{K(\mathbb{P}_0, \mathbb{P}_\pi)/8} \geq 1 - \sqrt{m/(8n)} S \mu.
$$
\end{proof}

With \prpref{nonneg-ub} and \thmref{nonneg-lb}, we conclude that the following is true in a minimax sense:
\begin{quote}
{\it Reliable detection of a nonnegative vector $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^n$ from $m$ noisy linear measurements is possible if $\sqrt{m/n} |\mathbf{x}| \to \infty$ and impossible if $\sqrt{m/n} |\mathbf{x}| \to 0$.}
\end{quote}

\section{General vectors}
\label{sec:general}

When dealing with arbitrary vectors, the measurement vector ${\bf 1}/\sqrt{n}$ may not be appropriate.  In fact, the resulting procedure is completely insensitive to vectors $\mathbf{x}$ such that $\<{\bf 1}, \mathbf{x}\> = 0$.  Nevertheless, if one selects a measurement vector $\mathbf{a}$ from the Bernoulli ensemble --- i.e., with independent entries taking values $\pm 1/\sqrt{n}$ with equal probability --- then on average, $\<\mathbf{a}, \mathbf{x}\>$ is of the order of $\|\mathbf{x}\|/\sqrt{n}$.  This is true when the number of non-zero entries in $\mathbf{x}$ grows with the dimension $n$; if we repeat the process a few times, it becomes true for any fixed vector $\mathbf{x}$.

\begin{prp} \label{prp:general-ub}
Sample $\mathbf{b}_1, \dots, \mathbf{b}_{h_m}$ independently from the Bernoulli ensemble, with $h_m \to \infty$ slowly, and take $m$ measurements of the form \eqref{model} with $\mathbf{a}_i = \mathbf{b}_{s}$ for $i \in I_s := [(m/h_m)(s-1)+1, (m/h_m)s), \ s = 1, \dots, h_m$.  Consider then the test that rejects when
\begin{equation} \label{general-ub}
\sum_{s=1}^{h_m} \left(\sum_{i \in I_s} y_i\right)^2 > m (1 + \tau_m/\sqrt{h_m}),
\end{equation}
where $\tau_m \to \infty$.  When $m \to \infty$, its risk against a vector $\mathbf{x}$ --- averaged over the Bernoulli ensemble --- vanishes if $(m/n) \|\mathbf{x}\|^2 \geq 2\tau_m \sqrt{h_m}$.
\end{prp}

Since we may take $h_m$ and $\tau_m$ increasing as slowly as we please, in essence, the test is  reliable when $(m/n) \|\mathbf{x}\|^2 \to \infty$.  Compared with repeatedly measuring with the constant vector ${\bf 1}/\sqrt{n}$ as studied in \prpref{nonneg-ub}, there is a substantial loss in power when $|\mathbf{x}|^2$ is much larger than $\|\mathbf{x}\|^2$.  For example, when $\mathbf{x}$ has $S$ non-zero entries al equal to $\mu > 0$, $|\mathbf{x}|^2 = S \|\mathbf{x}\|^2$.

\begin{proof}
For simplicity, assume that $m/h_m$ is an integer and fix $\mathbf{x}$ throughout.  For short, let
$$
Y_s = \sum_{i \in I_s} y_i = (m/h_m) \<\mathbf{b}_s, \mathbf{x}\> + \sqrt{m/h_m} Z_s, \quad Z_s := \sqrt{h_m/m}\sum_{i \in I_s} z_i.
$$
Note that the $Z_s$'s are i.i.d.$\sim \mathcal{N}(0, 1)$, while the $\<\mathbf{b}_s, \mathbf{x}\>$'s are i.i.d.~with mean zero, variance $\|\mathbf{x}\|^2/n$ and fourth moment bounded by $6 \|\mathbf{x}\|^4/n^2$ --- which is immediate using the fact that the coordinates of $\mathbf{b}_s$ are i.i.d.~taking values $\pm 1/\sqrt{n}$ with equal probability.
Proceeding in an elementary way, we have
$$
\expect{\sum_{s=1}^{h_m} Y_s^2} = (m^2/h_m) \expect{\<\mathbf{b}_1, \mathbf{x}\>^2} +  m \expect{Z_1^2} = (m^2/h_m) \|\mathbf{x}\|^2/n + m,
$$
and
\begin{eqnarray*}
\var{\sum_{s=1}^{h_m} Y_s^2} &=& (m^4/h_m^3) \expect{\<\mathbf{b}_1, \mathbf{x}\>^4} + 6 (m^3/h_m^2) \expect{\<\mathbf{b}_1, \mathbf{x}\>^2} \expect{Z_1^2} + (m^2/h_m) \expect{Z_1^4} \\
&=& 6 (m^4/h_m^3) \|\mathbf{x}\|^4/n^2 + 6 (m^3/h_m^2) \|\mathbf{x}\|^2/n + 3 (m^2/h_m).
\end{eqnarray*}
Therefore, by Chebyshev's inequality, the probability of \eqref{general-ub} under the null is bounded from above by $3/\tau_m^2 \to 0$.  Similarly, the probability of \eqref{general-ub} {\em not} happening under an alternative $\mathbf{x}$ satisfying $(m/n) \|\mathbf{x}\|^2 \geq 2\tau_m \sqrt{h_m}$ is bounded from above by
$$
\frac{6 (m^4/h_m^3) \|\mathbf{x}\|^4/n^2 + 6 (m^3/h_m^2) \|\mathbf{x}\|^2/n + 3 (m^2/h_m)}{((m^2/h_m) \|\mathbf{x}\|^2/n - m \tau_m/\sqrt{h_m})^2} \leq  \frac{24}{h_m} + \frac{24}{\tau_m \sqrt{h_m}} + \frac{3}{\tau_m^2} \to 0.
$$
\end{proof}

Again, this relatively simple procedure nearly achieves the best possible performance.

\begin{thm} \label{thm:general-lb}
Let $\mathcal{X}^\pm(\mu, S)$ denote the set of vectors in $\mathbb{R}^n$ having exactly $S$ non-zero entries all equal to $\pm \mu$.  Based on $m$ measurements of the form \eqref{model}, possibly adaptive, any test for $H_0: \mathbf{x} = 0$ versus $H_1: \mathbf{x} \in \mathcal{X}^\pm(\mu, S)$ has risk at least $1 - \sqrt{S m/(8n)} \mu$.
\end{thm}

In particular, the risk against alternatives $\mathbf{x} \in \mathcal{X}^\pm(\mu, S)$ with $(m/n) \|\mathbf{x}\|^2 = (m/n) S \mu^2 \to 0$, goes to 1 uniformly over all procedures.

\begin{proof}
Again, we choose the uniform prior on $\mathcal{X}^\pm(\mu, S)$.  The proof is then completely parallel to that of \thmref{nonneg-lb}, now with $\mathbf{C} = \mu^2 (S/n) \mathbf{I}$ --- since the signs of the nonzero entries of $\mathbf{x}$ are i.i.d.~Rademacher --- so that $\|\mathbf{C}\|_{\rm op} = \mu^2 S/n$.
\end{proof}

With \prpref{general-ub} and \thmref{general-lb}, we conclude that the following is true in a minimax sense:
\begin{quote}
{\it Reliable detection of a vector $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^n$ from $m$ noisy linear measurements is possible if $\sqrt{m/n} \|\mathbf{x}\| \to \infty$ and impossible if $\sqrt{m/n} \|\mathbf{x}\| \to 0$.}
\end{quote}

\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:discussion}

In this short paper, we tried to convey some very basic principles about detecting a high-dimensional vector with as few linear measurements as possible.  First, when the vector has non-negative entries, repeatedly sampling from the constant vector ${\bf 1}/\sqrt{n}$ is near-optimal.  Second, when the vector is general but sparse, repeatedly sampling from a few measuring vectors drawn from a standard random (e.g., Bernoulli) ensemble is also near-optimal.  In both cases, choosing the measuring vectors adaptively does not bring a substantial improvement.  And, moreover, sparsity does not help, in the sense that the detection rates depend on $|\mathbf{x}|$  and $\|\mathbf{x}\|$, respectively.

\subsection{A more general adaptive scheme}
\label{sec:energy}

Suppose we may take as many linear measurements of the form \eqref{model} as we please (possibly an infinite number), with the only constraint being on the total measurement energy
\begin{equation} \label{energy}
\sum_i \|\mathbf{a}_i\|^2 \le m.
\end{equation}
(Note that $m$ is no longer constrained to be an integer.)  This is essentially the setting considered in~\cite{haupt2009distilled,haupt-compressive}, and clearly, the setup we studied in the previous sections satisfies this condition.
So what can we achieve with this additional flexibility?

In fact, the same results apply.  The lower bounds in \thmref{nonneg-lb} and \thmref{general-lb} are proved in exactly the same way.  (We effectively use \eqref{energy} to go from \eqref{sum1} to \eqref{sum2}, and this is the only place where the constraints on the number and norm of the measurement vectors are used.)  Of course, \prpref{nonneg-ub} and \prpref{general-ub} apply since the measurement schemes used there satisfy \eqref{energy}.  However, in this special case they could be simplified.  For instance, in \prpref{nonneg-ub} we could take one measurement with the constant vector $\sqrt{m/n} \, {\bf 1}$.

\subsection{Detecting structured signals}

The results we derived are tailored to the case where $\mathbf{x}$ has no known structure.  What if we know a priori that the signal $\mathbf{x}$ has some given structure?  The most emblematic case is when the support of $\mathbf{x}$ is an interval of length $S$.  In the classical setting where each coordinate of $\mathbf{x}$ is observed once, the scan statistic (aka generalized likelihood ratio test) is the tool of choice~\cite{MGD}.  How does the story change in the setting where adaptive linear measurements in the form of \eqref{model} can be taken?

Perhaps surprisingly, knowing that $\mathbf{x}$ has such a specific structure does not help much.  Indeed, \thmref{nonneg-lb} and \thmref{general-lb} are proved in the same way.  In the case of non-negative vectors, we use the uniform prior on vectors with support an interval of length $S$ and nonzero entries all equal to $\mu$, and the proof is identical, except for the matrix $\mathbf{C}$, which now has coefficients $c_{jk} = \mu^2 \max(S - |j-k|,0)/n$ for all $j,k$.  Because $\mathbf{C}$ is symmetric, we have
\begin{equation}
\|\mathbf{C}\|_{\rm op} \le \max_j \sum_k |c_{jk}| = \mu^2 S^2/n,
\end{equation}
which is exactly the same bound as before.  In the general case, the arguments are really identical, except that we use uniform prior on vectors with support an interval of length $S$ and nonzero entries all equal to $\mu$ in absolute value.  (Here the matrix $\mathbf{C}$ is exactly the same.)  Of course, \prpref{nonneg-ub} and \prpref{general-ub} apply here too, so the conclusions are the same.  Here too, these conclusions hold in the more general setup with measurements satisfying \eqref{energy}.

To appreciate how powerful the ability to take linear measurements in the form of \eqref{model} with the constraint \eqref{energy} really is, let us stay with the same task of detecting an interval of length $S$ with a positive mean.  On the one hand, we have the simple test based on $\sum_i y_i$ studied in \prpref{nonneg-ub}.  On the other hand, we have the scan statistic
\[
\max_{t} \sum_{i = t}^{t+S-1} y_i,
\]
with observations of the form
\begin{equation} \label{classic_model}
y_i = x_i + \sigma z_i, \quad \sigma := \sqrt{n/m}.
\end{equation}
While the former requires $\sqrt{m/n} |\mathbf{x}| \to \infty$ to be asymptotically powerful, the scan statistic requires
\[\varliminf \sqrt{m/n} |\mathbf{x}| \cdot (S \log^+(n/S))^{-1/2} \ge \sqrt{2},\]
where $\log^+(x) := \max(\log x, 1)$.  With observations provided in the form of \eqref{classic_model}, this is asymptotically optimal~\cite{MGD}.  Note that \eqref{classic_model} is a special case of \eqref{energy}.  Hence, the ability of taking measurements of the form \eqref{model} allows to detect structured signals that are potentially much weaker, without a priori knowledge of the structure and with much simpler algorithms.  Hardware that is able to take linear measurements such as \eqref{model} is currently being developed~\cite{duarte2008single}.

\subsection{A comparison with estimation and support recovery}

The results we obtain for detection are in sharp contrast with the corresponding results in estimation and support recovery.  Though, by definition, detection is always easier, in most other settings it is not that much easier.  For example, take the normal mean model described in the Introduction, assuming $\mathbf{x}$ is sparse with $S$ coefficients equal to $\mu > 0$.  In the regime where $S = p^{1-\beta}, \ \beta \in (1/2,1)$, detection is impossible when $\mu \leq \sqrt{2 r \log n}$ with $r < \rho_1(\beta)$, while support recovery is possible when $\mu \geq \sqrt{2 r \log n}$ with $r > \rho_2(\beta)$, for a fixed functions $\rho_1, \rho_2: (1/2,1) \to (0,\infty)$~\cite{IngsterBook,Ingster99,dj04}.  So the difference is a constant factor in the per-coordinate amplitude.  In the setting we consider here, we are able to detect at a much smaller signal-to-noise ratio than what is required for estimation or support recovery, which nominally require at least $m \geq S$ measurements regardless of the signal amplitude, where $S$ is the number of nonzero entries in $\mathbf{x}$.  In fact, \cite{adaptiveCS} shows that reliable support recovery is impossible unless $\mu$ is of order at least $\sqrt{n/m}$.  In detection, however, we saw that $m = 1$ measurement may suffice if the signal amplitude is large enough, which can be smaller than $\sqrt{n/m}$ by a factor of $S$ or $\sqrt{S}$ in the nonnegative and general cases respectively.  Therefore, having the ability to take linear measurements of the form \eqref{model} in a surveillance setting, it makes sense to perform detection as described here before estimation (identification) or support recovery (localization) of the signal.

\subsection{Possible improvements}

Though we provided simple algorithms that nearly match information bounds, there might be room for improvement.  For one thing, it might be possible to reliably detect when, say, $\sqrt{m/n} |\mathbf{x}|$ is sufficiently large --- for the case where $x_j \geq 0$ for all $j$ --- without necessarily tending to infinity.  A good candidate for this might be the Bayesian algorithm proposed in~\cite{4518814}.

More importantly, in the general case of \secref{general}, we might want to design an algorithm that detects any fixed $\mathbf{x}$ with high-probability, without averaging over the measurement design.  This averaging may be interpreted in at least two ways:
\renewcommand{\theenumi}{(A\arabic{enumi})}
\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\theenumi}
\begin{enumerate}
\item \label{a1} If we were to repeat the experiment many times, each time choosing new measurement vectors and corrupting the measurements with new noise, then for a fixed vector $\mathbf{x}$, in most instances the test would be accurate.
\item \label{a2} Given the amplitudes $|x_j|, \ j = 1, \dots, n$, for most sign configurations the test will be accurate.
\end{enumerate}
Interpretation \ref{a1} is controversial as we do not repeat the experiment, which would amount to taking more samples.  And interpretation \ref{a2} raises the issue of robustness to any sign configuration.
One way --- and the only way we know of --- to ensure this robustness is to use a CS-like sampling scheme, i.e., choosing $\mathbf{a}_1, \dots, \mathbf{a}_m$ in \eqref{model} such that the matrix with these rows satisfies RIP-like properties.  This setting is studied in detail in~\cite{anova-hc}, which in a nutshell says the following.  Take measurement vectors from the Bernoulli ensemble, say, but hold the measurement design fixed.  This is just a way to build a measurement matrix satisfying the RIP and with low mutual coherence.  In particular, this  requires that $m$ is of order at least $S \log n$, though what follows assumes that $m \gg S (\log n)^3$.  Based on such measurements, the test based on $\sum_i y_i^2$ is able to detect when $(\sqrt{m}/n) \|\mathbf{x}\|^2 \to \infty$, which is more stringent than what is required in \prpref{general-ub}; while the test based on $\max_{j=1, \dots, n} |\sum_i a_{ij} \, y_i|$ is able to detect when $\liminf \sqrt{m/n} \max_j |x_j| (\log n)^{-1/2} > \sqrt{2}$, which, except for the log factor, is what is required for support recovery.  And this is essential optimal, as shown in~\cite{anova-hc}.

\subsection*{Acknowledgements}

The author would like to thank Emmanuel Cand\`es for stimulating discussions and Rui Castro for clarifying the set up described in \secref{energy}.  This work was partially supported by a grant from the Office of Naval Research (N00014-09-1-0258).

\bibliographystyle{abbrv}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Growing up, the DC world has always been my favorite within the comic book genre, and although all of its characters are noteworthy, only one has made the difference for me: Wonder Woman.
Most people position themselves as fans of Superman or Batman just by being a lot more famous in times when the male characters seemed to be the most adored. In my case everything was very different. I admired what Superman and Batman represented, but Wonder Woman was much more than a fictional figure to me. Diana Prince was a role model, a strong example of feminism and mother of female characters in comics, created by William Moulton Marston.
For me it wasn't necessary for a hero, or superhero, to be male or female to feel identified with that representation, it just turned out that the chosen character was Wonder Woman because of how fresh and unique she was for me and the world of comics in general, and also for my love for Greek Mythology.
From an early age, I was reading everything published by DC Comics, watching tv shows… but I devoured the publications about Wonder Woman, especially what George Pérez contributed to the character. Other writers and artists, such as Greg Rucka, Brian Azzarello, Nicola Scott and Liam Sharp, were others I admired for their writing and drawing the Amazons in their different stories, preserving what defined the character.
What will stay with me for the rest of my life is seeing the Justice League animated series for the first time as a child. Where, for the first time, I saw the character in motion, voiced by Susan Eisenberg.
I´ve already heard my family talk about the series, with real actors, from the 70s, starring the talented Lynda Carter. It was like Wonder Woman had left the pages from the Golden Age comics.
I´ve always had the feeling that Diana Prince deserved a movie of her own, seeing that characters like Spider-Man, Batman or Superman have had several over the years. It was as if the destiny wanted my favorite filmmaker, Zack Snyder, to make that dream a reality for me.
I enjoyed and loved Lynda Carter take and the way she embodied the character, but I was ecstatic that Gal Gadot was going to be the new Wonder Woman. I was already a fan of hers since the Fast & Furious franchise and that was a pretty positive thing for starters, but nothing compared to watching her for the first time in action as Wonder Woman and Diana Prince, in all her essence and glory.
DC did the right thing when they supported William Moulton Marston in his idea of Wonder Woman. An iconic character that accompanies me every day in my life and that is also loved by women, men and children all over the world.


Formerly, the Cooperativa del Camp produced their own wine on the same premises, always with manual methods. Currently, farmers pick grapes and bring them to Cooperativa del Camp, where it sells them to large producers, mainly in the Penedès Denomination of Origin.
However, the cooperative receives wine and mistelle from these producers that is packaged and labelled to be sold at the cooperative's Agrobotiga. Thus, the cooperative continues the tradition of making wine and mistelle available to their customers.


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The disorder most often begins between ages 20 and 40, but tend to strike at any age. The doctors may warn that she or he may never be able to walk without assistance. It is essential to understand that this is a progressive medication. A few go way beyond what the therapist believed possible. Lipitor increases good levels of cholesterol and reduces bad cholesterol and triglyceride level.
* Abrupt discontinuation has ended in high fever, altered mental status, exaggerated rebound spasticity, and muscle rigidity that in rare cases advances to rhabdomyolysis, multiple organ system failure and death. Although studies have shown that SMRs usually do not cause birth defects, it really is still preferable to be sure than sorry. The FDA have not given their go-ahead for females to use this. Besides asking for proof of payment you, much like me and everyone else would jump at the chance. Oral: Therapy for trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux); tardive dyskinesia.
That will show you exactly where you need work together with your body. Common negative effects include diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, weakness, nausea, unusual tiredness, abdominal cramps, blurred or double vision, chills and fever; constipation, frequent urination, headache, lack of appetite, speech difficulties, sleep difficulties and nervousness. Worryingly they can even be addictive, especially valium which that is why is less commonly prescribed. Speech impediments, tremors, and dizziness is also frequent complaints. A House of Lords reports states the British Multiple Sclerosis Society (composed of some 35,000 MS-suffering patients) estimates that as many as 4% of the population already use cannabis for the relief of their symptoms in spite of the considerable legal risks associated with prohibition.
Conditions like multiple sclerosis or arachnoid cysts can lead to muscle spasms along with other similar symptoms, which require the use of muscle relaxant medications. Glatiramer is synthetic drug composed of special amino acids which makes the body's defence mechanism cells act as anti-inflammatory agents and prevents the damage on the nervous tissue. Those that take medicines typically do experience relief, but they could also experience potentially challenging side effects. Epival drug therapy can even be used to take care of petit mal and grand mal seizures, and is also taken by mouth. Depending on what severe the vertigo is obviously, this symptom might be treated with a little something as mild as a possible antihistamine such as Benadryl.
Diazepam, Baclofen, Flexeril, and Dantroline are probably the most effective anticonvulsant and tranquilizing agents for chronic use in children and adolescents with Cerebral Palsy. These impairments affect three distinct areas of functioning and last six to eighteen months in the last utilization of alcohol or drugs since your brain tries to regain homeostasis. The materials include Pointsfinder and Activity scales. They help fight viral infection and regulate your defense mechanisms. In treating Cerebral Palsy, the goal is always to develop and look after maximal independence inside the limits from the patient's specific motor and associated handicaps.


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text:
LA Lakers 23 28 25 34 110
Washington 33 38 28 29 128
3:00 PM PT4:00 PM MT5:00 PM CT6:00 PM ET23:00 GMT7:00 4:00 PM MST6:00 PM EST3:00 UAE (+1)00:0018:00 ET5:00 PM CTNaN:� , December 16, 2018
Capital One Arena, Washington, District of Columbia Attendance: 20,409
Wall's 40, 14 lead Wiz past Lakers 128-110; LBJ scores 13
(Photo by Joe Murphy/NBAE via Getty Images)
By HOWARD FENDRICH
WASHINGTON (AP) John Wall was at his attacking best: 40 points and 14 assists; one no-look, through-the-legs assist; one buzzer-beating rainbow step-back jumper.
LeBron James was at his sluggish worst: a season-low 13 points on 5-of-16 shooting.
So it made sense that Wall's reeling and undermanned Washington Wizards, amid so much losing and infighting and roster flux, would dominate James and his rising Los Angeles Lakers throughout a 128-110 victory Sunday night.
"We're a team that's built on energy and depth," James said. "We didn't have either tonight."
A day after he and Lonzo Ball each registered a triple-double in a win at Charlotte, the four-time NBA MVP had six rebounds and three assists and sat out the fourth quarter of a lopsided laugher.
"We did a good job of making it a little difficult on him, showing him a lot of bodies, active hands," said Wizards guard Bradley Beal, who had 25 points and 12 rebounds.
Wall said the key for Washington was its defensive effort, something often missing this season.
"Tried not to let LeBron get going," Wall said. "He missed a couple easy shots he always makes. Didn't get a couple calls driving to the basket. ... It's one game, but we know he is who he is."
Nothing the Lakers tried to do to slow Wall worked as the Wizards emphatically ended a four-game losing streak, going up by as many as 18 in the first quarter and 27 in the third.
"Box-and-1. Triangle-and-2. I haven't seen that since high school," Wall said.
James and the Lakers had been 5-1 in the second half of back-to-back sets this season, but they opened Sunday's game by going 5 for 19, 0 for 8 on 3s. Washington, meanwhile, made its first five shots and 13 of its first 18, taking a 26-8 lead on Wall's layup.
Wall ended the first half with a baseline jumper over 7-foot-1 center Tyson Chandler to make it 71-51. Wall turned and slapped palms with a couple of front-row folks, then spread his arms wide and basked in the ovation from a home crowd populated by plenty of spectators in LA jerseys.
"I know all the Lakers fans out there probably was upset," Wall said, rolling his eyes.
By then, Wall already had 28 points, outscoring LA's five starters - James, Ball, Chandler, Kyle Kuzma and Josh Hart - by six.
Recently acquired reserve forward Sam Dekker scored a season-high 20 for Washington, including a buzzer-beating bank shot at the end of the third quarter that put the hosts ahead 99-76.
Kentavious Caldwell-Pope scored a season-high 25 points for the Lakers, 15 in the second quarter.
Washington was without starting center Dwight Howard, who had back surgery, and injured starting forward Otto Porter Jr., while a pair of players - Kelly Oubre Jr. and Austin Rivers - were unavailable because they are on their way out of town via a trade that is still not officially complete.
Didn't matter on this night, thanks in large part to Wall.
"When he gets going," Dekker said, "it really sets the tone for us."
Lakers: Michael Beasley was back with the team, but didn't play, after being away for personal reasons. ... JaVale McGee missed the game with flu-like symptoms. ... A pair of sneakers James wore during a game at the Wizards a year ago Monday - one black, one white, with the word "equality" in capital gold letters on the back of each - was recently placed on display at the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture. ... Ball finished with 10 points, five rebounds and four assists.
Wizards: The deal bringing Trevor Ariza to Washington from the Phoenix Suns is still not official, so Oubre and Rivers were listed as inactive Sunday because of "trade pending." ... Markieff Morris left at halftime because of a neck strain. ... Porter missed his third game in a row with a bruised knee. ... Jeff Green started in Porter's place and scored 20 points.
Lakers: At Brooklyn on Tuesday to close a four-game road trip.
Wizards: At Atlanta on Tuesday.
More AP NBA: https://apnews.com/NBA and https://twitter.com/AP-Sports
STATS GameZone
Toronto at Golden State, 6:00 PM PT7:00 PM MT8:00 PM CT9:00 PM ET7:00 PM MT9:00 PM ET2:00 GMT10:00 6:00 UAE (+1)03:0021:00 ET
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Watch Dave Grohl Pay Tribute to Dimebag Darrell With Members of Metallica, Pantera + More
Dave Lifton Published: January 24, 2016
Last night (Jan. 22) in Hollywood, Calif., the Ronnie James Dio Stand Up and Shout Cancer Fund held a benefit in memory of the late Pantera guitarist "Dimebag" Darrell Abbott. The event, dubbed the Monster Energy Ride For Dime Dimebash 2016, featured Dave Grohl of Foo Fighters, Robert Trujillo of Metallica, Philip Anselmo and many others.
We've got video of three of the songs from the evening. You can watch the three of them cover Motorhead's "Ace of Spades," with Dave Lombardo of Slayer above. Below are Pantera's "Walk," which includes Pantera's Rex Brown on bass and Slayer's Gary Holt on guitar, and a cover of Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here" with Grohl, Robb Flynn of Machine Head on vocals and guitar and Roy Mayorga of Stone Sour on drums.
As Flynn explains, Jerry Cantrell of Alice in Chains had been slated to play "Wish You Were Here" with them, but wound up in the emergency room last night for an unknown reason. Grohl filled in at the last second, and the song was dedicated to Cantrell.
Abbott was murdered on Dec. 8, 2004 shortly after his band Damageplan took the stage at the Alrosa Villa club in Columbus, Ohio. The gunman, a former U.S. Marine named Nathan Gale, killed three more people and wounded seven others. A police officer named James Niggemeyer killed Gale at the scene.
The Ronnie James Dio Stand Up and Shout Cancer Fund was established in the wake of Dio's death in 2010 of stomach cancer. According to their website, the fund is "dedicated to support research and education that furthers early detection, prevention and treatment of prostate, colon and stomach cancers."
Watch "Walk"
Watch "Wish You Were Here"
See Pantera and Other Rockers in the Top 100 Albums of the '90s
Next: Top 10 Metallica Songs
Source: Watch Dave Grohl Pay Tribute to Dimebag Darrell With Members of Metallica, Pantera + More
Filed Under: Dave Grohl, Dimebag Darrell, Metallica, Pantera
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30 Battering Metallica 'Master of Puppets' Facts


Last night my daughter slept through the night! This isn't the first time of course, but it does seem like ages since the last time she did.
It was seven this morning when she climbed into my bed, gave me a hug and said, "Mommy, I sleeped in my bed all night by me self". I told her I was so proud of her and knew that she could do it. Gave her a hug and a kiss and silently begged for just five more minutes from the Sleep Gods.
Note: I know I should have all sorts of warm and fuzzies right now, and I do – don't get me wrong, but I have to tell you that my son climbed into my bed at about 3am. Baby steps.


Live-Action Plot: The Brothers Mario are visited by yet another Transylvania transplant, this time it's vampire Zoltan Dracula. This is a rather light plot, even as far as these episodes go, with the Marios only getting into a mild degree of trouble with their monstrous guest. Eventually, Zoltan hears the brothers badmouthing him, and decides to leave of his own accord.
Very Special Guest: As mentioned, this episode stars another one of those fictional guests, as opposed to the "actual celebrity" type. Zoltan is there as an exchange student, but what inspired the Marios to take him on? What and where does he study? This episode begs more questions than it answers.
Animated Plot: The princess is in yet more financial trouble. It seems she needs 100 coins to save a mushroom orphanage, and she's already mortgaged her house and sold-off the royal jewels. The only solution is sell the royal cow, but the brothers wind up conned out of the animal with only three garbanzo beans to show for it. This is your go-to stock plot of "Jack and the Beanstalk" that every cartoon seems to need one of. Of course, the beans wind up out the window, where they quickly grow into a monstrous vine. The plan is climbed, and the crew discovers a giant-sized castle, inhabited by a likewise massive King Koopa. The green menace has suddenly acquired the power of magic to grow himself, raise a castle into the sky, and force a duck to lay gold coins. Invariably, the Marios escape Koopa's clutches, chop down the beanstalk (which takes the castle with it), send Koopa running, and recover enough coins to save the orphanage.
Why Toadstool can't boost taxes on the richest shrooms and use the funds to care for wayward orphans is a mystery. Protecting the rich, who have so much gold they just leave it lying around for any Goomba to find, is apparently more important than avoiding public debt. Occupy Mushroom Kingdom.
Horrible Stereotype Alert: During the live-action portion of the show, Mario complains that Zoltan sleeps all day. Luigi points out that it's the same way Mario lives, except when there's an Inspector Gadget marathon on. That's not much of a stereotype alert, but it does contribute to the mounting evidence that this show uses Mario-is-a-lazy-slob jokes as a crutch.


text:
The Saint Francis' satyr (Neonympha mitchellii francisci) is an endangered butterfly subspecies found only in the US state of North Carolina. First discovered in 1983, it was first described by David K. Parshall and Thomas W. Kral in 1989 and listed as a federally endangered species by the US Fish and Wildlife Service in 1994. It is a subspecies of N. mitchellii and is restricted to a single metapopulation on Fort Bragg military base in Hoke and Cumberland counties. The other subspecies, Mitchell's satyr (Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii), is also federally endangered.

Physical characteristics

The Saint Francis' satyr is a small butterfly with an average wingspan of 34–44 mm. It is dark brown, with distinguishing eyespots along the lower surfaces of both the upper and lower wings. The eyespots on its wings are primarily dark brown or maroon, rimmed with yellow and with flecks of white that reflect silver in the middle. They are usually round or slightly oval and found on the forewing and hindwing. There are two bright orange bands running along the lower wing edges and two darker orange bands across the middle of each wing. Females appear slightly larger and lighter brown than males, which is an example of sexual dimorphism.

Life history and reproduction

Adults live an average of three to four days. The subspecies is bivoltine, having two mating events per year. The first flight period occurs from late May to early June, and the second from late July to mid-August. Females deposit eggs individually or in small clusters that emerge as larvae in seven to ten days. Caterpillars that emerge in early summer period form a chrysalis after two months, while those that emerge in late summer period hibernate over winter and pupate the following spring. Pupation may take up to two weeks. There is little historical information on the life history of the butterfly. Because of this, current research is being done at Michigan State University and North Carolina State University to better understand the butterfly's role in its ecosystem.

Diet
One known larval host plant of the Saint Francis' satyr is Mitchell's sedge (Carex mitchelliana), although it is likely that other sedges in the genus Carex also act as host plants.

The diet of the Saint Francis' satyr as an adult consists primarily of nectar and tree sap. It also has been known to consume dung, pollen, and rotten fruit. In many cases, it is attracted to sodium, resulting in attraction to human sweat.

Historic and present range
The Saint Francis' satyr was discovered in south-central North Carolina in 1980. Due to poaching and the lack of monitoring programs, many experts believed the species went extinct. Despite this, the species was rediscovered in 1992. Currently, the butterfly's range is completely isolated to the training fields of Fort Bragg, a military base in Cumberland and Hoke counties in North Carolina. Though Fort Bragg is the largest military installation in the world, the butterflies only occupy a 10 square kilometer (3.38 square mile) area on the base. Historically, several smaller subpopulations fell within the total range; currently, just a single metapopulation exists. The butterfly continues to be highly restricted in its distribution and has never been found outside of Fort Bragg.

Habitat
The Saint Francis' satyr's habitat is composed of wide, open grasslands; wetlands; and sedge-dominant ecosystems that experience regular natural disturbance. This disturbance is a result of beaver dam construction, natural fires, rainfall, or flooding. As a generally sedentary butterfly with delicate needs, it is imperative that these natural disturbances are maintained to create the habitat the butterfly needs to thrive. In addition to natural disturbances, the military operations at Fort Bragg create regular disturbances that help form wet meadows on the base. This habitat creation allows the Saint Francis' satyr population to be maintained at Fort Bragg.

Present and historic population size
Currently, not much is known about the butterfly's historic population size. From 2002 to 2005, the population size of the Saint Francis' satyr was estimated to be between 500 and 1400 butterflies. Usually small, their fragmented sites range from 0.2 to 2.0 hectares in size. Current numbers are estimated to be no more than 1000 individuals with no single population producing greater than 100 butterflies a year. The decrease in population size throughout the years could be a result of fire suppression and beaver extermination.

Endangered Species Act listing history
The butterfly was first listed under the Endangered Species Act in 1994, after threats of poaching and loss of habitat increased. Since its listing, there have been notable efforts towards preventing the collection of these butterflies. However, poaching is still a threat due to the butterfly's rarity. To combat this, any known listings of colony location sites are kept from the public record. Between 1998 and 2016, more than $3 million were spent on additional conservation efforts for the Saint Francis' satyr. The main focus for conservation of these butterflies is continuing to preserve and grow the existing subpopulations, as well as enforcing the strict regulations on poaching and collecting. The five-year review for this species suggests the preservation of existing suitable habitats and for continued searching for the establishment of new populations. The IUCN has yet to evaluate the Saint Francis' satyr.

Major threats
The Endangered Species Act (1973) outlines five criteria for committees to evaluate a species' status, seen below. At the time of its emergency listing in 1994, the Saint Francis' satyr faced threats in multiple of these categories.

Destruction, modification, or curtailment of habitat or range: The Saint Francis' satyr has experienced extensive habitat destruction and modification due to environmental change in the past 100 years. These changes resulted in the loss of the creation of wet meadow habitat due to beaver hunting and control measures, as well as human fire suppression. Experts believe the butterfly used to occupy a larger range but it has been reduced to two counties in North Carolina.

Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes: Overcollection for recreational and aesthetic purposes was a serious threat at the time of the butterfly's listing, largely due to the butterfly's rarity.

Disease or predation: There was no conclusive evidence of disease or predation as a threat to the Saint Francis' satyr.

Inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms: There were no regulatory mechanisms on the local or federal level in place at the times of its listing.

Other natural or man-made factors affecting continued existence: Natural factors affecting the Saint Francis' satyr's continued existence include limited dispersal ability and the resulting difficulty in establishing new colonies. The natural metapopulation structure of butterfly populations also presents challenges because it increases the likelihood of population destruction in extreme events such as natural disasters. The butterfly also has a higher likelihood of extinction due to disease because of reduced genetic variation in the population.

Anthropogenic factors affecting the Saint Francis' satyr's continued existence include close proximity to roads increasing the likelihood of butterfly death via toxic chemical spills, pest control programs that help to mitigate the effects of mosquitoes and gypsy moths that harm butterfly populations, and human fire exclusion limiting the formation of habitat land for the Saint Francis' satyr. However, its location on the Fort Bragg military base increases its survival because the frequent ecological disturbances created by troop movements allow meadow creation.

Current conservation efforts
Experts recommend downlisting the Saint Francis' satyr once two criteria are met: the metapopulation has stabilized or increased in number for at least 10 to 15 years and once there is a long-term plan to manage the species' survival. To do so, there are regulations and a recovery plan in place.

Regulations
The ESA prohibits the sale, import, export, and removal of the Saint Francis' satyr to limit collection pressures. There are also laws preventing federal agencies from taking part in activities that will harm the species in areas where they are vulnerable, including road construction, pesticide application, and beaver control. However at the time of its listing, there were no laws in place in North Carolina protecting these butterflies. Currently, laws have been passed to protect butterfly populations and their habitat, including regulations for federal agencies, prohibitions of certain practices, and recovery plans.

Recovery plan
The following recovery plan strives to improve conditions for Saint Francis' satyr survival so that it can be downlisted to threatened before being delisted completely. Experts view a stable metapopulation as 200 adult individuals per brood.

Protect and manage existing populations and their habitat: This stage of the plan focuses on three key aspects.

 Monitoring existing populations: A monitoring system has been in place since 2002 and has estimated population sizes at sites found outside artillery impact areas.
 Protecting existing populations: Researchers keep colony locations confidential and restrict military traffic around colony sites.
 Managing for long-term species survival: Researchers develop continual disturbance plans to create meadow habitat. Plans will outline goals, strategies, timelines, and funding sources. However, long-term management plans are incomplete because there needs to be a better understanding of disturbance factors.

Continued research: There is still much to learn about the life history of this butterfly, so research collaborations have been formed with North Carolina State University and other organizations such as the Department of Defense. These collaborations have yielded valuable information regarding population trends, species-habitat interactions, and dependence on disturbance.

Search for additional populations: Researchers have found three new subpopulations, but they are all restricted to Fort Bragg. In addition, the locations of these sites are highly restricted, so it has been difficult to monitor the population's health.

Establish more wild populations in historic range: This involves rearing butterflies in captivity for release and protecting habitat suitable for new colony sites. As of the five-year recovery plan in 2013, no new populations had been established. However, restoration efforts in four sites created meadows in 2011 so that they could potentially house future butterfly populations. Once new populations are established, experts hope to increase connectivity between populations by implementing movement corridors.

Implement information and education programs: Since the public plays a large role in conservation, education programs are necessary for the success of this plan. Education plans focus on eliminating illegal collection and creating collaborations with landowners to restore commercial land to habitat suitable for these butterflies. Most outreach has been in the form of publication.

Since the Saint Francis' satyr has not yet been downlisted, the five-year review recommends continuance with the goals outlined in the recovery plan in addition to preservation of existing suitable habitat and restoration of new suitable land for colonization.

Taxonomy

Following its discovery, the Saint Francis' satyr was listed as a subspecies of the Mitchell's satyr (Neonympha mitchellii). The nominate subspecies, N. m. mitchellii, is distributed sparsely in the mid- and eastern US, including in Michigan, Alabama, Mississippi, and Virginia, and formerly New Jersey. Although the Alabama, Mississippi, and Virginia populations are morphometrically similar to Saint Francis' satyr, current molecular evidence supports that they are distinct from Saint Francis' satyr and that Saint Francis' satyr should remain as a separate subspecies from all other populations in the genus Neonympha with potential elevation to full species status pending further analysis.

References

 Lessig, H.; Wilson, J.; Hudgens, B. & Haddad, N. (2010). "Research for the conservation and restoration of an endangered butterfly, the St. Francis' satyr". Report to the Endangered Species Branch, Ft. Bragg NC.

 U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996. Saint Francis' Satyr Recovery Plan. Atlanta, GA. 27 pp.

External links

Butterflies of North America
Butterfly subspecies
Endangered fauna of the United States
Endemic fauna of North Carolina
ESA endangered species
Neonympha

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Since Greenbuild has concluded, and as we head into the COP21 climate negotiations in Paris, the conversations around climate change are at the forefront of the environmental movement. The green building sector has a significant role to play in the mitigation of climate change, as buildings account for more than 30 percent of energy and water use and roughly the same amount of total greenhouse gas emissions.
In an effort to bring some of these conversations and potential solutions into focus, I am excited to launch a new video and podcast interview series: Climate Leaders. Over the next few months, I will speak with the some of the most influential voices driving the thought leadership and change necessary to take action and reduce the threat and severity of climate change.
In my first interview, I sat down with Harriet Tregoning, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Office of Community Planning and Development at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Tregoning, who spoke during Greenbuild's International Summit this year, recently led HUD's Office of Economic Resilience, helping regions, cities, counties and towns across the country build a strong foundation for a diverse and prosperous economy based on enhancing community quality of place, economic opportunity, fiscal stability, transportation choice and affordability. She has worked on smart growth and sustainability solutions at all levels of government throughout her career and provides insight into how she's met various goals.
I hope you enjoy this first episode of Climate Leaders (in podcast format). Stay tuned for upcoming audio and video conversations with Anne Kelly, senior program director of the Policy and BICEP program at Ceres; Matthew Pencharz, deputy mayor for environment and energy at Greater London Authority; Felipe Faria, managing director for Green Building Council Brasil; and many more.


text:
Αποψεις/Κριτικες/ΚΡΙΤΙΚΕΣ ΜΕΛΩΝ ΜΑΣ
Epicurus' idea of leisure, as a time of escapism from work and troubles in order to relax and achieve ataraxia with moderate intellectual activities combined with a healthy way of life in order to enjoy leisure, has been reflected to a greater or less extent in the ancient times and the modern ones. Roman villas, the emergence of seaside as a place to have fun and acquire health in the Victorian era, sports activities and music have been ways in order Epicurus' objectives, health in body and peace of mind, to be pursued through time.
Epicurus believed, as well as Aristotle that leisure is of an outmost importance in people's life and they both tried to give a definition through ethical and metaphysical questions. However, one important difference that has social implications is that Epicurus believed that anyone is entitled to a healthy and tranquil life in contrast to Aristotle who supports that only "excellent people "can appreciate and enjoy leisure productively, through intellectual activities. Epicurus believes in health and pleasure and although he has been associated with extreme hedonism (Price, 2008,p 23) he was actually in favour of "all things in moderation". "A modest meal or a conversation with friends" (Vatican Sayings, 66 in Price, 2008, p.23) and "pleasure can be found in simple things"(Price, 2008, p 23).
A very good example of Epicurus's theory on the pursuit of happiness is the Roman villas in the ancient Roman times. Although the Roman's objective was the "otium" (Lovatt speaking in 'Aetatem tibi agere',2008,Track 2) through escapism in the country where they could practice all what Epicurus regarded as means to obtain blessedness such as moderate meals, intellectual activities and healthy lifestyle, those were implemented in a considerable extent, which later deviated due to the extreme materialism and abuse from the elite, as we can conclude from the remaining literature of Horace, Pliny the younger and others and the mosaics preserved in post roman villas as well as the remains of the old ones,. However, there are concerns whether these sources are representative since they only describe the elite's life leisure.
According to Horace's descriptions, Rome's way of life in the city centre was far from what Epicurus considered blessed. "I 'm far removed from the throng around the greasy pole" (Reading 3.1 in Huskinson and James, 2008,p87) .His abhorrence for the city is quite obvious in his writings and he is restless to flee to his farm in the country. Horace was influenced by Epicurus philosophy regarding the pursuit of happiness to a great extent and his example followed other roman elite members. In Satires (Book 2,p.6,3.1 , in Huskinson and James,2008, ) the ideas of blissfulness through the company of friends, constructive conversation, drinking and dining and reading are reflected throughout the text: "drink away life's worries" ,"mild relaxing wines", "free to read the classics". Horace desires eudemonia and ataraxia and he regards his farm a place of tranquility where he can achieve these objectives and be able to focus on more important for him issues like "whether money or morality makes men happy". However, while Epicurus believes in moderation, Horace seems to indulge himself in drinking and eating most frequently and constitutes them as a measure of affection and social intimacy (Lovatt speaking in 'Aetatem tibi agere',2008,Track 3).
While in the city, Roman's pace of life was fast and laborious their leisure was defined by the emperor who manipulated the crowds promoting certain kinds of entertainment such as gladiator games, baths, rituals or festivities, chariot races and dining in restaurants located around the Coliseum (Lovatt speaking in 'Aetatem tibi agere',2008,Track 2). This hustling and bustling lifestyle was far from Epicurus' concept of leisure and far from the elite's as stated by Lovatt (James; Price, 2008). Therefore, the Roman villas were built to cover the need of the aristocrats to obtain otium. They were remote, isolated, and picturesque closer to the sea and decorated with mosaics and paintings that reflected the serenity of the physical environment inside the villa. The wealthier the owner, the more luxurious the villas.
Pliny the younger's description of his villa also reflected Epicurus philosophy at a greater extend than Horace. Horace did not emphasize exercise and he abused alcohol while Pliny's life at the country was filled with moderate intellectual activities, exercise, conversations with friends, time to rest and sleep. Sentences from his description witness his feelings on leisure: "detached from any distractions", "short sleep", "siesta", "varied conversation", "exercise and have bath", "go hunting". He goes even further as to combine all these physical activities also involving horse riding, with reading. "Don't look down on the mental activity of this kind, for it is remarkable how one's wits are sharpened by physical exercise" (Reading 3.4 in Huskinson and James, 2008, p.94)
Pliny's villa was located near the sea in the country and included all the necessary facilities to reach otium. It had a gymnasium, a bath suite, an atrium, a ball court and gorgeous gardens that could create the feeling of tranquility and it was perched upon a spot where there was view of the sea, the mountains and the forest. (James in Price, 2008).
From the materialistic world off the Romans where leisure turned into a competition among the elite, related to the size and location of their country villas as well as the diverse city and abundance of art through wall decoration painting and mosaics as we can observe from the remains of the Bradding Villa and some influences in the 18th Century architecture (Lord Burlington's villa at Chiswick) the focus of the hedonism became the escapism to the sea with musical activities depicted in various cultural ways.
Seaside continues to be an important part in people's leisure time especially during the 20th century. In the previous centuries bathing was a formal therapy suggested by physicians. The congestion and polluted air of the town as well as the hectic pace of life contributed to the pursuit of the healthier lifestyle that could only be found in the seaside resorts. In the 20th-century sea water exercise and sports emerged and the leisure's main focus was on physical exercise. Epicurus' philosophy once again started to be implemented to a certain extent given the rise of middle class and the era of industrialization. The belief was "building muscles and character"(Brunton, 2008,p.172). While there were many sports considered both "fun and good for health" (Brunton, 2008,p.175) like tennis, golf, hiking and so on, the most popular and accessible to all social classes and especially the middle one, was swimming. Leisure became connected to many social issues as well as the emancipation of women. Women were portrayed to enjoy sports and sunbathing in advertising posters of seaside resorts. In the poster 4.28 (Brunton, 2008,p176) a woman, dressed in 20th Century clothing, is enjoying playing golf a manly-occupied sport, right next to the seaside. There are quite many contradictory elements in this poster. The dark colors of sky and the clouds and the narrow tonal range of the poster as will the movement of the woman's skirt imply windy, moody weather, which is typical of Scotland's and Britain's in general weather, that creates a dramatic, atmosphere and it completely contradicts the people sunbathing at the seaside. The main idea of the poster is to promote golf but the depiction of the seaside, which was considered an attraction pole at this time, makes the idea of golf courses more attractive to the consumer who wanted to pursue the tranquility and healthy lifestyle that seaside resorts, swimming and sunbathing offered. So this poster completely combines "'health for the body and tranquility for the mind". (Epicurus in Price, 2008,p.33)
Another poster advertising a lake resort in Scotland is portraying the same contradiction. While the picture plane has a narrow tonal range reflecting a dramatic atmosphere and a subdued mood typical of Scotland's depressing weather, the picture plane of the painting is completely different. The warm colours create a happy atmosphere of serenity and fun and a sense of a hot summer. The people in the poster are extremely tanned which was an indicator of "wealth, glamour and leisure"(Brunton, 2008 p.177).
Music has been associated with leisure on the seaside since Victorian times. There is lots of evidence of the seaside culture from songs like "I do like to be beside the seaside". Music started to initiate the working class which had been excluded from seaside leisure activities in the past embracing more Epicurus' idea that leisure is for everyone even the animals. The simple narrative encompasses the listener to visit the sea. "Everyone delights", "I'm no exception to the rule", there's lots of girls beside". (Herbert, 2008,p.107-108). The" catchy tune" and "the foot – tapping rhythm" (Herbert, 2008,p.107). certainly passed the message to the masses.
A whole seaside industry started to be created and from the Beach Boys' "Surfin' U.S.A" the seaside resorts turned into a dangerous and violent place certainly away from the feeling of ataraxia and physical exercise. The music, which was associated with seaside leisure, became also associated with cultural and social identities therefore the cultural clashes were transferred to the seaside, which by that time it was a fun place to be.
A very good example of how seaside resorts are viewed in the modern multicultural Britain is the film "Bhaji on the Beach"(1993). Three generations of Asian British women decide to escape to Blackpool, which the oldest relates it, at some point, to Bombay, decide to escape from their problems that their identity not only as Asians but also as women has created. In Asha's dream, for example, her ideas of blissfulness and romance are connected with escapism in an idyllic place. Unfortunately, the cultural and social clashes at the resort fail to give them the leisure they want. While the female protagonists of the film try to negotiate the roles as women and Asians, the obstacles are plenty. The hooligans bullying them at the petrol station trying to shock them by exposing their behinds as well as the males' attempts to retune the women's transistors according to their taste are evidence of the clashes prevailed in British seaside. Relaxation and physical activity once again become a competition as women try to become visible. Adding spices to their chips after having disapproved it through rude and comic, at the same time, facial expressions or Hashida's aggressive reaction to the rude café owner are statements of their right to be by the seaside, with no exceptions.
As it can be concluded, leisure can differ from time to time, can be constructed and can be influenced by social, cultural, political factors. In the ancient times only the elite could enjoy what Epicurus stated "health for the body and tranquility for the mind" for all and as time progressed, the balance between these objectives changed to a more or less degree.
'Aetatem tibi agere – a Discussion with Lovatt and Brundon(2008)
Bhaji on the Beach DVD by Gurinder Chadha (Director), Channel Four Films.
Brunton,D., Herbert,T., Harrison,C., Faire,L. ,Chant,C., Jones, N., Danson Brown, C. and Baldwin, C. (2008) 'The Seaside'
James,P. and Huskinson, J. (2008) 'Leisure in the Roman Villa'
Pike,J. and Price, C. (2008) 'Leisure, Purpose and the Meaning of Life'
Παρουσίαση του βιβλίου της Μαρίας Χρονιάρη "Μετά από αυτό που προηγήθηκε" ,


text:
Q: What's the idea behind proving $\sup(0,1)=1$?
What's the idea behind proving $\sup(0,1)=1$?

I made a plan on how to prove such statements for any $\sup M = a$:
(a) $a$ is an upper bound of $M$
(b) $\forall \varepsilon$ $\exists x\in M: x>a-\varepsilon$
Proof:
a) is easy to prove. $1$ is an upper bound of $x\in (0,1) \Leftrightarrow 0<x<1$.
b) Let $\varepsilon >0$, then we have to show that there exists an $x\in M$ such that $x>1-\varepsilon$ is true. How can I do that? What's the reasoning behind choosing a valid $x$?

A: Forget about $\varepsilon$ for a minute and prove the following:
Lemma: If $x \in (0,1)$ there exists a $y \in (0,1)$ such that $x \lt y$.

This section is provided to give an argument based on the 'geometry' of the linear ordering.
You can demonstrate that $\sup(0,1)=1$ is true without using an $\varepsilon$.
Let $\alpha = \sup(0,1)$.
The set of real numbers is the disjoint union
$$\tag 1 (-\infty,0] \cup (0,1) \cup [1,+\infty)$$
By the lemma, $\alpha \notin (0,1)$.
It is trivial to show that no element in $(-\infty,0]$ can be an upper bound.
So it must be true that $\alpha \in [1,+\infty)$ (it has to be in one of the three partition blocks).
The number $1$ is an upper bound for $(0,1)$.
Since $\alpha$ is less than or equal to any upper bound, $\alpha \le 1$.
Since $\alpha \in [1,+\infty)$, $\alpha \ge 1$.
We conclude that $\alpha = 1$.

A: I always always like to draw a picture. Draw the number line. Draw the points $1$ and $1 - \epsilon$. You need to show there is a number between $1- \epsilon$ and $\epsilon$. Can you construct one? Meaning, can you give a formula for such a number, in terms of $\epsilon$? How about the average of $1 - \epsilon$ and $1$? That should be between, shouldn't it? Can you prove it is between?

A: The question seems, "Given $\epsilon>0$, how can I show that there exists $x$ such that $x > 1-\epsilon$?"
One strategy is to solve the question, "Given $\epsilon>0$ and $x > 1 - \epsilon$, what is $x$?". If you can solve for $x$ then you've implicitly shown that $x$ exists ("and here it is").
When this strategy doesn't work, we fall back on techniques that establish the existence of $x$ but not its value.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Constructing a confusion matrix from data without sklearn I am trying to construct a confusion matrix without using the sklearn library. I am having trouble correctly forming the confusion matrix. Here's my code:
def comp_confmat():
    currentDataClass = [1,3,3,2,5,5,3,2,1,4,3,2,1,1,2]
    predictedClass = [1,2,3,4,2,3,3,2,1,2,3,1,5,1,1]
    cm = []
    classes = int(max(currentDataClass) - min(currentDataClass)) + 1 #find number of classes

    for c1 in range(1,classes+1):#for every true class
        counts = []
        for c2 in range(1,classes+1):#for every predicted class
            count = 0
            for p in range(len(currentDataClass)):
                if currentDataClass[p] == predictedClass[p]:
                    count += 1
            counts.append(count)
        cm.append(counts)
    print(np.reshape(cm,(classes,classes)))

However this returns:
[[7 7 7 7 7]
[7 7 7 7 7]
[7 7 7 7 7]
[7 7 7 7 7]
[7 7 7 7 7]]

But I don't understand why each iteration results in 7 when I am reseting the count each time and it's looping through different values?
This is what I should be getting (using the sklearn's confusion_matrix function):
[[3 0 0 0 1]
[2 1 0 1 0]
[0 1 3 0 0]
[0 1 0 0 0]
[0 1 1 0 0]]

A: You can derive the confusion matrix by counting the number of instances in each combination of actual and predicted classes as follows:
import numpy as np

def comp_confmat(actual, predicted):

    # extract the different classes
    classes = np.unique(actual)

    # initialize the confusion matrix
    confmat = np.zeros((len(classes), len(classes)))

    # loop across the different combinations of actual / predicted classes
    for i in range(len(classes)):
        for j in range(len(classes)):

           # count the number of instances in each combination of actual / predicted classes
           confmat[i, j] = np.sum((actual == classes[i]) & (predicted == classes[j]))

    return confmat

# sample data
actual = [1, 3, 3, 2, 5, 5, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2]
predicted = [1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 5, 1, 1]

# confusion matrix
print(comp_confmat(actual, predicted))
# [[3. 0. 0. 0. 1.]
#  [2. 1. 0. 1. 0.]
#  [0. 1. 3. 0. 0.]
#  [0. 1. 0. 0. 0.]
#  [0. 1. 1. 0. 0.]]

A: In your innermost loop, there should be a case distinction: Currently this loop counts agreement, but you only want that if actually c1 == c2.
Here's another way, using nested list comprehensions:
currentDataClass = [1,3,3,2,5,5,3,2,1,4,3,2,1,1,2]
predictedClass = [1,2,3,4,2,3,3,2,1,2,3,1,5,1,1]

classes = int(max(currentDataClass) - min(currentDataClass)) + 1 #find number of classes

counts = [[sum([(currentDataClass[i] == true_class) and (predictedClass[i] == pred_class)
                for i in range(len(currentDataClass))])
           for pred_class in range(1, classes + 1)]
           for true_class in range(1, classes + 1)]
counts

[[3, 0, 0, 0, 1],
 [2, 1, 0, 1, 0],
 [0, 1, 3, 0, 0],
 [0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
 [0, 1, 1, 0, 0]]

A: Here is my solution using numpy and pandas:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

true_classes = [1, 3, 3, 2, 5, 5, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2]
predicted_classes = [1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 5, 1, 1]

classes = set(true_classes)
number_of_classes = len(classes)

conf_matrix = pd.DataFrame(
    np.zeros((number_of_classes, number_of_classes),dtype=int),
    index=classes,
    columns=classes)

for true_label, prediction in zip(true_classes ,predicted_classes):
    # Each pair of (true_label, prediction) is a position in the confusion matrix (row, column)
    # Basically here we are counting how many times we have each pair.
    # The counting will be placed at the matrix index (true_label/row, prediction/column)

    conf_matrix.loc[true_label, prediction] += 1

print(conf_matrix.values)

[[3 0 0 0 1]
 [2 1 0 1 0]
 [0 1 3 0 0]
 [0 1 0 0 0]
 [0 1 1 0 0]]


text:
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Vol. 8 No. 7 (2020): July 2020 /
Clinical profile and excellent short-term treatment outcome of acute glomerulonephritis: a report from paediatric nephrology unit of university teaching hospital, Uyo, Nigeria
Ofonime T. Dixonumo Department of Pediatrics, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 1136, Uyo, Nigeria
Enobong E. Ikpeme Department of Pediatrics, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 1136, Uyo, Nigeria
Kate M. Kan Department of Pediatrics, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 1136, Uyo, Nigeria
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20202904
Acute glomerulonephritis, Children, Outcome, Presentations
Background: Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), the commonest of which is acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis, is common in school aged children and typically presents with haematuria, oedema, oliguria and varying degrees of renal insufficiency. This study evaluated epidemiologic factors, presentations and treatment outcome of AGN patients at University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, (UUTH), Uyo, Nigeria.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among children with AGN at the paediatric nephrology unit of UUTH from January 2015 to December 2019. Data were analysed with statistical package for social sciences version 25 and p values <0.05 were considered statistical significant.
Results: Fifteen out of 12,403 paediatric admissions had AGN, giving an average yearly hospital incidence of 3/year and 0.12% of total admission. Age range was three to 15 years. Mean age was 8.07±3.94 years and median was 7.00 years. Males were nine with a male/female ratio of 1.5:1. Eight (53.3%) belonged to the lowest socioeconomic class. Haematuria and peripheral oedema were universal presentations and 4 (26.7%) had antecedent pharyngeal infection. Other clinical presentations were: Oliguria 11(73.3%), Grade II hypertension 10 (66.7%), and pulmonary oedema 5 (33.3%). Four (26.7%) each had acute kidney injury, hyperkalaemia and dipstick massive proteinuria. Other complications were congestive cardiac failure 2 (13.3%), and seizures with encephalopathy in 1 (6.7%). Proteinuria was significantly associated with age at p=0.034 (Fisher Exact test). Major treatment modalities were: fluid management, loop diuretics and antibiotics as indicated.
Conclusions: Short-term outcome was excellent with 100% discharge within 28 days of hospitalisation and the majority being discharged within two weeks.
Bagga A, Srivastava RN. Acute and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in: Paeditric Nephrology 5th edition. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2011:130-150.
Smith JM, Faijan MK, Eddy AA. The child with nephritic syndrome in: Clinical pediatric nephrology 3rd edn. Webb N and Postlethwaite R. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003:369-379.
Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Haas M. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. InStreptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations 2016 Feb 10. University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.
Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Musser JM. The current state of poststretococcal glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Oct;19(10):1855-64.
Sharmin M, Chowdhury AM, Ali MA. Clinical Profile And Immediate Outcome of Children Admitted with Acute Glomerulonephritis in Pediatrics Department of A Tertiary Level Hospital. Mymensingh Med J. 2020;29(1):5-15.
Etuk IS, Anah MU, Eyong ME. Epidemiology and clinical features of glomerulonephritis in Calabar, Nigeria. Niger J Physiol Sci. 2009;24:91-4.
Ibeneme CA, Onuh EF, Ezuruike EO. Childhood Acute glomerulonephritis in Umuahia, South Eastern Nigeria. Afr J Paed Nephrol. 2017;4:105-11.
Anochie I, Eke F, Okpere A. Childhood acute glomerulonephritis in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2009;18:162-7.
Antia AU. Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. A common renal disease. Niger J Paediatri. 1995;22:1-2.
Iturbe BR, Mezzano S. Acute post infectious glomerulonephritis. In: Pediatric Nephrology. 6th edn, edited by Avner ED, Harmon WE, Niaudet P, Yaskikawa N. Germany: Springer-Verlag Beris Heidelberg; 2009:743-755.
Rawla P, Padala A., Ludhwan D. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis[Updated 2020 Apri 8]-In: statPearls. Treasure Island (FL) statPearls Publishing;2020: -NCBI Bookshelf. https;//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538255/. Accessed 6th May, 2020.
Noe HN. The long-term results of prospective sibling reflux screening. J Urol. 1992;148(5 Pt 2):1739-42.
Bourquia A, Zaid D. Acute renal insufficiency in children: a retrospective study of 89 cases. Ann Pediatr. 1993;40:603-8.
Roy RR, Laila K. Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis in children-A Review. Bangladesh J Child Health. 2014;38(1):32-9.
Ekeh FU, Nte A. Prevalence of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in Port Harcourt. Nig J Paediatr. 1994;12:32-6.
Ugwu MG. Acute Glomerulonephritis in Children of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2015;26(5):1064-69.
Kasahara T, Hayakawa H, Okubo S, Okugawa T, Kabuki N, Tomizawa, et al. Prognosis of Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is Excellent in children, When Adequately Diagnosed. Pediatr Int. 2001Aug;43(4):364-67.
Oyedeji GA. Socio-economic and cultural background of hospitalized children in Ilesha. Nig J Paediatr. 1985;12:111-7.
Ibadin PO, Abiodun PO. Childhood acute glomerulonephritis in Benin-City. Nig J Paediatr. 2003;30:45-9.
Ocheke IE, Okolo SN, Bode-Thomas F, Agaba EI. Pattern of childhood renal diseases in Jos, Nigeria: a preliminary report. J Med Tropics. 2010;12(2).
Al-Moaigel HM, Albaik NZ, Al-shehab HT, Aldossary AW, Abalkhail SA, Alomani AM. The Incident of Acute Post-infectious Glomerulonephritis (PIGN) in Pediatric Age Group at King Fahad University Hospital in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Int J Pharma Res Allied Sci. 2020;9(1):27-34.
Dixon-Umo OT, Ikpeme EE, Chapp-Jumbo AN. Outcome of Paediatric Renal Diseases in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria. W J Biomed Res. 2015;2(1):6-12.
Okechukwu AA. Discharge against medical advice in children at the University of Abuja, Gwagwalada, Nigeria. J Med Sci. 2011;2:947-52.
Dixonumo, O. T., Ikpeme, E. E., & Kan, K. M. (2020). Clinical profile and excellent short-term treatment outcome of acute glomerulonephritis: a report from paediatric nephrology unit of university teaching hospital, Uyo, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 8(7), 2612–2617. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20202904
Vol. 8 No. 7 (2020): July 2020
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. Copyright © 2023.


Since last week, I hoped to return to a more or less normal working schedule, meaning some progress on all my projects, from writing to translating. Not so fast. Instead, I plunged into publishing paperbacks on CreateSpace, all of a sudden.
To be clear, I don't have a lot of books to publish as a paperback. Unfortunately, Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing doesn't accept ebooks in Ukrainian and Russian. As a result, I only have one short story in English published there. Since it's too short for a paper book, I thought I would not need CreateSpace until I either translate some novella or until I have enough short stories to make a collection.
However, recently I happen to find one more use for CreateSpace: publishing journals and notebooks. I've already mentioned a planner for multitaskers I'm contemplating, but that one might take a long time to design from a stretch. So I decided to practice on the simple premade templates I bought.
So far I've made three notebooks: with graph paper, ruled, and dotted. I only got a proof copy for one of them, and it looks surprisingly good. Unfortunately, I made a mistake with the cover, so I had to re-made it and re-order a proof copy just in case. If it's fine, I'll approve it and CreateSpace will send it to the stores. It's almost hard to believe how easy the process is if you have ready templates (a lot of which you can find online for free) and don't need a tricky cover. Well, I still have to get the proof copies of the other two notebooks, but even if they are bad and I will need to remake them, for myself—I'm getting a stack of nice-looking writing accessories really cheap. Always look for the brighter side.
Then, some strange bug bit me to proceed to fiction before I even have those notebooks published. Yeah, patience is not my strongest suit. But the main reason was that unlike KDP, CreateSpace lists Ukrainian and Russian in the 'Book language' field. So, I wanted to test if they really can publish a book in languages other then a handful allowed on KDP.
The answer is kind of yes and no. On one hand, they approved the content—the Russian version of Voyage Dream Inc, formatted into pdf. On the other, it seems that the title, description, and keywords have to be 'printable'—the warning which I could only get rid of when I wrote them in English. It makes some sense because they distribute the books into mostly English-speaking channels, but it poses a problem of covers.
While formatting the interior of a book for print requires some knowledge and practice, it's still in its core just working with text. If you ever formatted anything in MS Word, you can prepare your book just fine. Take the CreateSpace template for the trim size you want (6 x 9" paperback, for example), fill it with your text, change font styles to your liking—and you are ready to go. It might not look as neat as a professionally formatted book, but it won't be bad either, and an average reader, in all probability, won't notice.
A real book cover is a different matter. Yes, you can use one of CreateSpace templates, but they are mostly boring and generic. Only two or three are decent, and they are those in which you have to upload your own image with a title, name, etc. The other option is to provide a ready-to-print pdf cover. In both cases, there are some caveats.
First, you need to work with images to create a cover art. For journals and notebooks, it's can be as easy as sprucing up one of your nature photos if you have some. I did exactly this using GIMP (a free image editor). You can see the photos on this page, and they are nothing fancy. Even in this simple case, though, you need to make sure they have the right size, aspect ratios (width to heights ratios to fit your cover nicely), and resolution (no less than 300 dpi for print, while for Web it's usually 72 dpi). Also, take into account that some parts of the images will be trimmed off in print. If you want something on your photo to be on the cover, it must not be located on the very edge.
For a real book cover, the situation is even trickier. All that was said about images also applies here, plus some more considerations. The most important thing to remember is that the cover template for a book is larger than the final cover. For example, for a 6x9in book, you'd need to add 0.125in (so-called bleed) to the shorter side and twice of that to the longer one. That's for the front cover only. If you are making a full cover (with a spine and back portion), then you have to take into account the spine width and to add one more bleed.
But the width of the spine depends on the number of pages in your book. This means that you format the manuscript first, then convert it into a pdf file and upload it to CreateSpace. They will show you the number of pages, and you can use it in their Artwork Template creator.
Now that you know the size of your cover, you can start making it. If you are not familiar with design, you can use Canva.com. It's free (and even has some free photos) and simple (almost primitive). Those who are up to the challenge of making a book cover by themselves might want to check this course on Udemy: eBook and Paperback Book Cover Design Using Canva and Gimp (non-affiliated link), which explain things very nicely.
I don't think I will go into more details here. The only thing I can say is that making your own covers is not easy but doable. Though I'm yet to receive the proof copy for my short story. Maybe after I see it I will change my mind about it doability and will opt for hiring a designer. Will keep you posted.


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Home - Cryptocurrency - The CFTC fines crypto broker based in Marshall Islands
by Mary on March 12, 2019
The CFTC fines crypto broker based in Marshall Islands
It is well known for the retail trading firms that they do not have a right to provide their services to the residents of the United States without proper regulatory approval. However, not all of the brokerages are this obedient. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) has reminded retail trading firms that they should never offer their services to Americans with the announcement made on this Monday. According to the announcement, the commission has fined the owner of the cryptocurrency brokerage and he has to pay fine of almost one million dollars.
As CFTC statement reads the owner of 1pool Patrick Brunner was offering margined trading in Bitcoin to the citizens of the United States. Needless to say that Brunner did not register as a futures commission merchant with CFTC. He also did not put the necessary anti-money laundering procedures in place. In addition to that, the company was also acting as a counterpart in the majority of the trades that took place on the platform.
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The CFTC is known for the harsh fines and it is not surprising that Patrick Brunner was given over 1 million dollars fine. Previously, The CFTC has revealed and fined New York cryptocurrency Ponzi scheme. While the profits made from the scam was up to $600,000 the company was given a fine of $2.5 million for the wrongdoing.
Marshall Islands – a haven for scam brokers
Not surprisingly, Patrick Brunner had opened a brokerage in the Marshall Islands. The country that has become a home and haven for the retail brokerage scammers and hucksters from around the globe, along with Vanuatu and some other countries.
According to the CFTC statements, Brunner will have to pay $990,000 for his crimes. The fine includes the disgorgement of $246,000 of gains, $175,000 civil penalty and the repayment of $570,000 in Bitcoin. The CFTC director of Enforcement James McDonald had stated that the intermediaries should consider that they will be held accountable by the commission if they will not be in compliance with the registration requirements. The retail trading firms should also make sure to implements policies and needed procedures that are crucial in protecting the U.S. market and consumers. He also added that the Division's Bank Secrecy Task Force will keep investigating such violations and prosecute them.
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