Veteran students on college campuses face different challenges than traditional students, a message delivered in a panel discussion on May 22 as part of the Servicemembers Opportunity College Consortium Workshop held at the Virginia Beach Campus.
The speakers on the panel were Coby Dillard, a Navy veteran and former Student Government president of the Norfolk Campus who graduated on May 11; Tonya Holland, a Marine Corps veteran who works at TCC's Center for Military Veterans Education; Michael Leydet, a Marine veteran and TCC graduate who is president of student veterans services at Old Dominion University; Mark Smith, on active duty for the Navy who has attended four colleges; and Josh Glodowski, also active duty Navy and a Troy University graduate.
With the implementation of the Post 9/11 GI Bill, enrollment in college classes and online has increased dramatically, but the transition to school isn't always smooth, the speakers said. The panel addressed what factors were significant in making their college selection. In addition to accreditation and ease of ability to transfer credits, they cited the friendliness of both an institution's staff and website as important.
"If I have to click more than five times to find out how much a class is per credit hour, I'm done," Glodowski said.
Holland said TCC's articulation agreements with other colleges across the state, which guarantees admission if specific requirements are met, was key in her decision-making. "I could get my degree without having to go through the admission process all over again at a four-year institution," she said.
The panel also listed a college's veterans affairs office as a key resource to overcoming obstacles.
"Face-to-face contact is critical," said Leydet, adding that talking to another veteran helps facilitate the admission process.
When asked to give advice on what else can improve the transition from military life to college, Leydet suggested a lounge where veterans can network and relax. Dillard said pushing the work-study program is essential, and Holland suggested staff in a college veterans office be well versed in military life. Smith noted that tutoring specific to veterans is helpful.


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Youth Voices on Climate, Sustainability, and Communities in Europe
Addressing the climate and biodiversity crises calls for creativity, transformation, and collective action. Around the world, young people are leading climate action and social justice movements, re-greening the land, and building sustainable communities in their regions. This year, coinciding with the European Year of Youth, the 6th European Day of Sustainable Communities, #EDSC2022, provides a platform to celebrate and support the young leaders and youth-led initiatives that are shaping our present and future communities across Europe.
During a Communities for Future session on 19 September, we heard from four impressive young leaders who are envisioning and walking pathways towards a positive future – regenerative, more equitable, life-affirming, peaceful, and thriving in line with nature.
Campaigning for food security and a fairer education system
As a social justice activist, Yumna spoke about how her activism stems from her own lived experience in Birmingham and how she got involved with a project run by the Transition Network. She is passionate about food security and building a fairer education system. Yumna's work involves campaigning the government to include climate education within every subject in schools, so that young people can feel empowered and have agency to create change and so that our schools become more connected to nature.
She is also involved in Bite Back 2030, a campaign to extend free school meals to all children in poverty so that young people have access to healthy food. Yumna says, "How can we make sure that every stakeholder within the food system actually engages with food and their opinions and their views are heard to create a healthier food system that is more robust, sustainable and environmentally friendly?".
What is your vision of a positive future in Europe that you are leading from?
Merushe envisions a greener Europe – one that uses less and less meat, a Europe that is going back to the earth, the villages, that appreciates the earth, soil, greenery and landscape. Merushe, who is from Albania, made the important point that Europe, the continent, and the European Union are different things, although the concept of "Europe" is often associated with the EU.
Working at the grassroots level with PVN Albania, Merushe is involved in various initiatives on climate change, permaculture and the environment, including workshops for children on the outskirts of Tirana. Merushe talks of the energy and enthusiasm that children bring and will be organising similar workshops in different cities around Albania, "NGOs are mostly concentrated in the capital, the rest of the country remains uncovered by the activist work and especially work with youngsters on such topics. I'm looking forward to conducting these workshops and to bright[en] the young minds on such topics."
Transformation comes from within – The Welcome Giovani project for young changemakers
Riccardo "married" into the ecovillage lifestyle some years ago and ended up putting down roots in an ecovillage where he had spent summer camps as a kid – the Community of Living Ethics in Italy. Nowadays, Riccardo supports other young people on their personal sustainability journeys through the Welcome Giovani project. The project uses an approach called psychosynthesis that allows people to learn about their inner selves. A group of people aged 22-32 spend a minimum of six months in the programme, receiving training on psychosynthesis, permaculture and organic regenerative agriculture and learning how to live together.
Riccardo says that when the individuals leave, "they feel so changed that they enter the world with a different mindset and they establish more ethical relationships outside with everybody … with themselves, with people, with all the activities, with their political choices, their economic choices". Riccardo collaborates with RIVE, the Italian ecovillage network, to promote this model and support the emergence of different youth programmes in Italy. Coming soon is a new social eco-entrepreneurship programme!
"We face climate change by taking actions, by speaking out and by being the voice of the unheard ones"
Selma's journey as a climate activist started as a student who was curious about what was happening in the world and the injustice that made so many people who are barely contributing to climate change be the most affected by it. At a young age, Selma, who is from Algeria, joined the KidsRights Changemakers Program in the Netherlands and the "Be the Change" event. She expressed the overarching feeling and drive found through these spaces, "We are a generation that is facing this [climate change]. It's not our fault but we have to contribute to ending it. So we accepted this ugly fact and to face it by taking actions, by speaking out and by being the voice of the unheard ones."
Selma is part of YOUNGO, the UN Climate Change official children and youth constituency, and went on to found her own NGO – Together for Blue and Green. The initiative runs events in universities and plans to collaborate with others across Europe, Africa, and the MENA region. "We are seeing interest, we are seeing impact, we are seeing people wanting to do the same and that's the reason why we're here as well, to encourage each other, we can still do more", says Selma.
What next? Identify a common purpose and support intergenerational exchange
In the breakout rooms, participants had the chance to get to know each other and chat with the guest speakers. The need for greater interaction between youngsters and elders was stressed, to move out of their bubbles and get them in the same room. To recognise that we are here for the same purpose – identify a common purpose and act from there. When tension arises due to non alignment, there is a need for inner work. Riccardo reminded us that we need to know our talents and act on what we can best bring to the table.
When faced with eco-anxiety, some of the young leaders talked of remembering that we can still do something, minimise the impacts, but that it is important to also face the reality and not sugarcoat it. When it comes to the climate emergency, it is everyone's responsibility and it is important for climate activists to be seen: "They have to see us trying, crying and being angry" added Selma.
Thanks to our incredible guest speakers for joining us as part of #EDSC2022 and the European Year of Youth and sharing their stories with us. You can watch the full recording below and download the slides.
Jane Feeney
Date Article posted: 27th September 2022
Categories: Youth
Tags: CfF Sessions, EDSC
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Best of Tchaikovsky
Posted on December 7, 2017 by barczablog
Tonight we heard one of the three Toronto Symphony orchestra concerts titled "Best of Tchaikovsky" at Roy Thomson Hall. While I'm not sure if I'd agree with the title (I can think of pieces I would prefer), if they're playing Tchaikovsky? I'm there. And I will enjoy it, especially if they bring the level of commitment to the playing that we experienced tonight.
The evening was mostly Russian with a tiny bit of Canadian:
The Talk of the Town (Andrew Ager)
Romeo and Juliet Fantasy Overture (Tchaikovsky)
Variations on a Rococo Theme (Tchaikovsky)
Symphony #5 (Tchaikovsky)
The opening Sesqui by Andrew Ager was a fascinating two minutes of darkly foreboding unison in the lower strings, some impressionistic swirling in the upper strings, and the promise of more in the last thirty seconds, making me think: why must it end so soon?
Speaking of Russians, we grabbed a copy of principal cellist Joseph Johnson's CD of Russian cello sonatas, with one each from Rachmaninoff & Shostakovich, having heard him as soloist tonight in the Rococo Variations. It was a nice feeling even if it was bittersweet, with the record store scheduled to close later this month (go while you can!). On the way home it was a pleasure to bask in that rich cello sound in the car.
Keri-Lynn Wilson leading the TSO (photo:: Nick Wons)
It was a happy collaborative experience, as the TSO, led by guest conductor Keri-Lynn Wilson, sounded oh so sensitive in dialogue with JJ's cello. This is the same conductor who led the Canadian Opera Company's recent Tosca, a production where everyone seemed to be listening thoughtfully to one another, surely due to her solid leadership. I have to think we're now in an era when conductors are less and less the people telling an orchestra what to do, and more and more listening to what they can do. Wilson has a unique presence at the podium. She has a solid stance that's well-nigh unshakeable, a very athletic approach with her baton & arms. At the end of tonight's concert there was no sign of anything resembling fatigue, her energy as inspiring at the end as when she began.
The Romeo and Juliet overture, with melodies that are so well known, did not contain any surprises. Indeed I thought Wilson was trying to avoid over-doing it, steering the orchestra in the direction of subtlety and unity rather than sentimentality and schmaltz.
But in contrast I felt she wore her heart on her sleeve in the big symphony. The tempi overall tended to the brisk side– which I prefer—with every note in place, every entrance crisp and clean. At times she would observe a rubato, a phrase expanded for pure emotional value. In the finale, especially the closing few minutes, the orchestra seemed to be enjoying themselves, like a horse given their head and allowed to run freely.
Tchaikovsky, Wilson & Johnson are back Thursday night.
This entry was posted in Music and musicology, Reviews. Bookmark the permalink.
2 Responses to Best of Tchaikovsky
Leslie Dawn Knowles says:
"I have to think we're now in an era when conductors are less and less the people telling an orchestra what to do, and more and more listening to what they can do."
Great observation! We are always happy to be inspired but it is really nice when we are able to show what we can do too – which in our case thanks to my wonderful colleagues is a lot!
Thanks for your insight in bringing this to light
barczablog says:
You're most welcome, thank you for the kind affirmation, but the TSO are sounding quite wonderful.


On one of our days away, we went with our host family to Kawartha Settlers' Village that's located just outside of Bobcaygeon.
In 1990, the dream of establishing a museum to preserve history and the development of the area became a reality when a small group of people calling themselves the Kawartha Region Arts and Heritage Society convinced the village of Bobcaygeon to lease them the land to establish the Kawartha Settlers' Village.
Follow along with me on our tour of some of the buildings. Here's the map that's in the program booklet. It's an easy walk through for visitors of any age.
The receptionist at the main building gave each of our granddaughters a card showing pictures of things to look for in the village and a crayon to mark off items as they found them. It became a game for all of us to help them find the items.
Quilters meet regularly in the Wray House to learn their craft. There were many interesting quilts hanging in this home.
Our granddaughters interest was limited in some areas due to their ages of 6 and 8, although the adults could have spent more time. Another time perhaps. The girls did enjoy wandering through the village and checking off the items on their card. They awaited a prize at the end.
The firehall housed an old engine and hoses and hats. The building is a replica of the original Bobcaycaygeon Fire Company station.
or even these images. Not simply drawings but carvings that someone had made.
And a bit of fun at the end of the Kawartha Settlers' Village.
The girls showed their cards at the admission centre and got their little prize and could keep the cards to remember the visit.
If you're in the area this summer, go to the village and take the self-guided tour. It was well worth the time and price of admission, which was quite reasonable.
My mother once called me the historian of the family and I wasn't sure why. Was it that I asked more questions about events and people? Was it that I displayed keen interest in the stories of my grandparents? Wherever it began, it has most definitely become true, and that's one development I'm glad about.
The year of my parents' 60th anniversary was upon us—2009—and my mother and father wanted to leave a legacy for their family. Mom wasn't speaking in dollar values when she shared their wish with us, but of stories and values they'd shared. What would it mean to us after they were gone?
Mom had gotten in touch with a writer she knew who was doing family stories for other folks. She engaged the woman to help them get started. The challenge became how to tell the stories. What would be included? What would be left out?
Each of my siblings and I wrote some pieces of what it had meant to us growing up in the country, of where we were at the time in terms of our immediate families and our employment. In the end what my parents shared of their stories, and what we added, is of great value.
The first copy was ready for their anniversary day and more produced later. Sister Kim was the layout specialist and we all agreed she did a wonderful job in arranging the photos with the text. Her layout experience with her day job and a computer program capable of handling graphics and photos was a great asset.
Nine years later, Dad has died and the family has further blossomed with more great grandchildren for Mom and another great granddaughter about to be married this summer. In between those years, I published my memoir, Once Upon a Sandbox, of growing up on a family farm in the 50s and 60s, and then last year, in memory of Dad, Harry's Trees, my picture book was published, which is not about me, but my Dad's passion, beyond his family (always very important to both my parents).


Buffalo Creek & Gauley #13 leaving Dundon with empty coal hoppers in March 1962.
Red Springs & Northern #104 brings it train across a bridge south of Red Springs, NC in this 1983 scene.
Winifrede #13 working near Winifrede, WV in the late spring of 1972.
A N&W SD45 and SD35 rest at Weller Yard in April 1971.
Rockton & Rion #19 headed for Rockton, SC in July 1965.
Northbound train 222 at Yadkin, NC in the fall of 1971.
Buffalo Creek & Gauley #4 westbound and Swandale, WV in Sept 1963.
Southern B23-7 3997 leads 3 GP30s at Howell in downtown Atlanta, Oct. 1984.
Piedmont & Northern C420s 2000 and 2001 working at Spartanburg, SC with a set of Clinchfield EMDs waiting in the distance in this June 1969 scene.
Graham County #1926 working at Topton, NC in August 1963.


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Women in the United States House of Representative...
Women in the United States House of Representatives
Sometimes called the "Lady of the House", Jeannette Rankin entered the House in 1917 as the first woman in Congress.
Nancy Pelosi, former Speaker of the House, the first woman in that position.
Other tribunals
Off-year elections
Legislatures (List)
Women have served in the United States House of Representatives since the 1917 entrance of Jeannette Rankin, a Republican from Montana. Nearly 300 women have since served in the House. As of January 2014, there are 79 female representatives, or 18% of the body.[1]
Women have been elected to the House of Representatives from 44 of the 50 states in the United States. The states that have not elected a woman to the House are Alaska, Delaware, Iowa, Mississippi, North Dakota, and Vermont—though Alaska, Iowa, and North Dakota have elected women to the United States Senate.
Widow's succession 1
Number of Women 2
Number of Women in Congress by House 2.1
Number of Women in the United States House of Representatives by Party 2.2
List of female members 3
Pregnancies 4
Widow's succession
Mae Ella Nolan was the first woman elected to her husband's seat in Congress, which is sometimes known as the widow's succession. In the early years of women in Congress, the seat was held only until the next election and the women retired after that single Congress. She thereby became a placeholder merely finishing out her late husband's elected term. As the years progressed, however, more and more of these widow successors sought re-election. These women began to win their own elections.
As of 2013, 38 widows have won their husbands' seats in the House, and 8 in the Senate. The only current examples are Representatives Lois Capps and Doris Matsui of California. The most successful example is Margaret Chase Smith of Maine, who served a total of 32 years in both houses and became the first woman elected to both the House and the Senate. She began the end of McCarthyism with a famous speech, "The Declaration of Conscience", became the first major-party female presidential candidate and the first woman to receive votes at a national nominating convention, and was the first (and highest ranking to date) woman to enter the Republican Party Senate leadership (in the third-highest post of Chairwoman of the Senate Republican Conference). The third woman elected to Congress, Winnifred Huck, was similarly elected to her father's seat.
Number of Women
Number of Women in Congress by House
Number of women in the United States Congress (1917–2013):[2]
in Senate
65th 1917–1919 1 0.2% 1 0.2% 0 0%
66th 1919–1921 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
71st 1929–1931 9 1.7% 9 2.1% 0 0%
72nd 1931–1933 8 1.5% 7 1.6% 1 1%
73rd 1933–1935 8 1.5% 7 1.6% 1 1%
77th 1941–1943 10 1.9% 9 2.1% 1 1%
79th 1945–1947 11 2.1% 11 2.5% 0 0%
81st 1949–1951 10 1.9% 9 2.1% 1 1%
82nd 1951–1953 11 2.1% 10 2.3% 1 1%
83rd 1953–1955 15 2.8% 12 2.8% 3 3%
91st 1969–1971 11 2.1% 10 2.3% 1 1%
100th 1987–1989 26 4.9% 24 5.5% 2 2%
101st 1989–1991 31 5.8% 29 6.7% 2 2%
102nd 1991–1993 33 6.2% 30 6.9% 3 3%
103rd 1993–1995 55 10.3% 48 11.0% 7 7%
104th 1995–1997 59 11.0% 50 11.5% 9 9%
107th 2001–2003 75 14.0% 62 14.3% 13 13%
113th 2013–2015 102 19.1% 82 18.9% 20 20%
Number of Women in the United States House of Representatives by Party
Notes: "% of party" is taken from voting members at the beginning of the Congress, while numbers and "% of women" include all female House members of the given Congress
Women total
% of women
% of party
65th 1917–1919 1 1 100% 0.5% 0 0.0% 0.0%
66th 1919–1921 0 0 0.0% 0.0% 0 0.0% 0.0%
69th 1925–1927 3 2 66.7% 0.4% 1 33.3% 0.5%
71st 1929–1931 9 5 55.6% 1.9% 4 44.4% 1.8%
72nd 1931–1933 7 3 42.9% 1.4% 4 57.1% 1.4%
73rd 1933–1935 7 3 42.9% 1.7% 4 57.1% 1.0%
79th 1945–1947 11 5 45.5% 2.6% 6 54.5% 1.7%
82nd 1951–1953 10 6 60.0% 3.0% 4 40.0% 0.9%
83rd 1953–1955 12 7 58.3% 2.7% 5 41.7% 2.3%
84th 1955–1957 17 7 41.2% 3.0% 10 58.8% 3.4%
91st 1969–1971 10 4 40.0% 2.1% 6 60.0% 2.5%
92nd 1971–1973 13 3 23.1% 1.1% 10 76.9% 3.5%
93rd 1973–1975 16 2 12.5% 1.0% 14 87.5% 5.0%
97th 1981–1983 21 10 47.6% 4.7% 11 52.4% 3.7%
100th 1987–1989 24 11 45.8% 6.2% 13 54.2% 4.3%
101st 1989–1991 29 13 44.8% 6.0% 16 55.2% 5.6%
102nd 1991–1993 30 9 30.0% 5.5% 21 70.0% 7.0%
103rd 1993–1995 48 12 25.0% 6.8% 36 75.0% 13.6%
104th 1995–1997 50 18 36.0% 7.4% 32 64.0% 14.7%
List of female members
This is a complete list of women who have served as members of the United States House of Representatives, ordered by seniority. This list includes women who served in the past and who continue to serve in the present.
Jeannette Rankin Republican Montana At-large March 4, 1917 –
March 3, 1919 First woman elected to a national office
Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate (first time)
Montana's 1st January 3, 1941 –
Alice Mary Robertson Republican Oklahoma's 2nd March 4, 1921 –
March 3, 1923 First woman to defeat an incumbent congressman
Lost re-election
Winnifred Sprague Mason Huck Republican Illinois At-large November 7, 1922 –
March 3, 1923 Succeeded her father in a special election
First woman incumbent defeated in a primary
First woman to win a special election
Mae Nolan Republican California's 5th January 23, 1923 –
March 3, 1925 Succeeded her husband
Florence Prag Kahn Republican California's 4th March 4, 1925 –
January 3, 1937 First woman to be re-elected
First Jewish woman elected
Succeeded her husband
Mary Teresa Norton Democratic New Jersey's 12th March 4, 1925 –
March 3, 1933 First Democratic woman elected
First woman to chair a standing committee (House Committees on the District of Columbia, Labor, Memorials, and House Administration)
New Jersey's 13th March 4, 1933 –
Edith Nourse Rogers Republican Massachusetts's 5th June 30, 1925 –
September 10, 1960 Succeeded her husband
First chair of the House Veterans' Affairs Committee
Died in office
Katherine G. Langley Republican Kentucky's 7th March 4, 1927 –
March 3, 1931 Succeeded her husband (though not immediately)
Pearl Peden Oldfield Democratic Arkansas's 2nd January 9, 1929 –
Ruth Hanna McCormick Republican Illinois At-large March 4, 1929 –
March 3, 1931 Daughter of Mark Hanna
Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the United States Senate
Ruth Bryan Owen Democratic Florida's 4th March 4, 1929 –
March 3, 1933 Daughter of William Jennings Bryan
Lost renomination
Later became first woman Ambassador of the United States (to Denmark)
Ruth Baker Pratt Republican New York's 17th March 4, 1929 –
March 3, 1933 Lost re-election
Effiegene Locke Wingo Democratic Arkansas's 4th November 4, 1930 –
Willa McCord Blake Eslick Democratic Tennessee's 7th August 14, 1932 –
Not eligible for re-election having not qualified for nomination
Kathryn O'Loughlin McCarthy Democratic Kansas's 6th March 4, 1933 –
January 3, 1935 Lost re-election
Virginia E. Jenckes Democratic Indiana's 6th March 4, 1933 –
Isabella Greenway Democratic Arizona At-large October 3, 1933 –
January 3, 1937 Retired
Marian W. Clarke Republican New York's 34th December 28, 1933 –
January 3, 1935 Succeeded her husband
Caroline Love Goodwin O'Day Democratic New York At-large January 3, 1935 –
January 3, 1943 First woman chair of the House Committee on the Election of the President, Vice President and Representatives in Congress
Nan Wood Honeyman Democratic Oregon's 3rd January 3, 1937 –
Elizabeth Hawley Gasque Democratic South Carolina's 6th September 13, 1938 –
Jessie Sumner Republican Illinois's 18th January 3, 1939 –
Clara G. McMillan Democratic South Carolina's 1st November 7, 1939 –
Frances P. Bolton Republican Ohio's 22nd February 27, 1940 –
Margaret Chase Smith Republican Maine's 2nd June 3, 1940 –
Later first woman elected to the United States Senate in a general election without previously being appointed, elected in a special election, or succeeding a husband
In 1964, she became the first woman to run for President of the United States for a major party and to have her name entered for nomination at a major party's national convention.
Florence Reville Gibbs Democratic January 3, 1941
October 1, 1940 – Succeeded her husband
Katharine Byron Democratic Maryland's 6th May 27, 1941 –
Veronica Grace Boland Democratic Pennsylvania's 11th November 3, 1942 –
Clare Boothe Luce Republican Connecticut's 4th January 3, 1943 –
Later became United States Ambassador to Italy and Brazil
Winifred C. Stanley Republican New York At-large January 3, 1943 –
Willa L. Fulmer Democratic South Carolina's 2nd November 7, 1944 –
Emily Taft Douglas Democratic Illinois At-large January 3, 1945 –
Helen Gahagan Douglas Democratic California's 14th January 3, 1945 –
January 3, 1951 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the United States Senate election in California, 1950
Chase G. Woodhouse Democratic Connecticut's 2nd January 3, 1945 –
January 3, 1947 Lost re-election twice
Helen Douglas Mankin Democratic January 3, 1947
February 12, 1946 – Lost renomination
Eliza Jane Pratt Democratic North Carolina's 8th May 25, 1946 –
Georgia Lee Lusk Democratic New Mexico At-large January 3, 1947 –
January 3, 1949 Lost renomination
Katharine St. George Republican New York's 29th January 3, 1947 –
New York's 28th January 3, 1953 –
Reva Beck Bosone Democratic Utah's 2nd January 3, 1949 –
Cecil M. Harden Republican Indiana's 6th January 3, 1949 –
Edna F. Kelly Democratic New York's 10th November 8, 1949 –
Marguerite S. Church Republican Illinois's 13th January 3, 1951 –
Ruth Thompson Republican Michigan's 9th January 3, 1951 –
January 3, 1957 First woman to sit on the House Judiciary Committee
Elizabeth Kee Democratic West Virginia's 5th July 17, 1951 –
Vera Buchanan Democratic Pennsylvania's 33rd July 24, 1951 –
Pennsylvania's 30th January 3, 1953 –
Gracie Pfost Democratic Idaho's 1st January 3, 1953 –
January 3, 1963 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the United States Senate
Leonor Sullivan Democratic Missouri's 3rd January 3, 1953 –
January 3, 1977 Succeeded her husband (though not immediately)
First woman chair of the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries
Elizabeth P. Farrington Republican Hawaii Territory's At-large July 31, 1954 –
First woman elected to Congress as a territorial delegate
Iris Faircloth Blitch Democratic January 3, 1963
January 3, 1955 – Retired
Edith Green Democratic Oregon's 3rd January 3, 1955 –
December 31, 1974 Retired
Martha Griffiths Democratic Michigan's 17th January 3, 1955 –
Later became Lieutenant Governor of Michigan
Coya Knutson Democratic Minnesota's 9th January 3, 1955 –
Kathryn E. Granahan Democratic Pennsylvania's 2nd November 6, 1956 –
Later became Treasurer of the United States
Florence P. Dwyer Republican New Jersey's 6th January 3, 1957 –
New Jersey's 12th January 3, 1967 –
Catherine Dean May Republican Washington's 4th January 3, 1959 –
Edna O. Simpson Republican Illinois's 20th January 3, 1959 –
Jessica M. Weis Republican New York's 38th January 3, 1959 –
Julia Butler Hansen Democratic Washington's 3rd November 8, 1960 –
Catherine Dorris Norrell Democratic Arkansas's 6th April 19, 1961 –
Louise Goff Reece Republican Tennessee's 1st May 16, 1961 –
Daughter of Guy D. Goff
Corinne Boyd Riley Democratic South Carolina's 2nd April 10, 1962 –
Charlotte Thompson Reid Republican Illinois's 15th January 3, 1963 –
October 7, 1971 Succeeded her husband (as nominee)
Resigned to become a member of the Federal Communications Commission
Irene Baker Republican Tennessee's 2nd January 7, 1964 –
Patsy Mink Democratic Hawaii's at-large January 3, 1965 –
January 3, 1971 First woman of color and first Asian American woman elected
Ran for President of the United States in the Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1972 (Oregon only)
Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate election in Hawaii, 1976
Later became Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
Returned to Congress and died in office
Hawaii's 2nd January 3, 1971 –
Lera Millard Thomas Democratic Texas's 8th March 26, 1966 –
Margaret Heckler Republican Massachusetts's 10th January 3, 1967 –
Later became United States Secretary of Health and Human Services and United States Ambassador to Ireland
Shirley Chisholm Democratic New York's 12th January 3, 1969 –
January 3, 1983 First African American woman elected
Ran for President of the United States in the Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1972
Bella Abzug Democratic New York's 19th January 3, 1971 –
January 3, 1973 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate election in New York, 1976
Ella T. Grasso Democratic Connecticut's 6th January 3, 1971 –
January 3, 1975 Previously served as Connecticut Secretary of State
Retired to run (successfully) for Governor of Connecticut
First female Governor not a wife or widow of a previous Governor
Louise Day Hicks Democratic Massachusetts's 9th January 3, 1971 –
Elizabeth B. Andrews Democratic Alabama's 3rd April 4, 1972–
Yvonne Brathwaite Burke Democratic California's 37th January 3, 1973 –
January 3, 1975 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for California Attorney General
California's 28th January 3, 1975 –
Marjorie Holt Republican Maryland's 4th January 3, 1973 –
Elizabeth Holtzman Democratic New York's 16th January 3, 1973 –
January 3, 1981 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the United States Senate election in New York, 1980
Barbara Jordan Democratic Texas's 18th January 3, 1973 –
Patricia Schroeder Democratic Colorado's 1st January 3, 1973 –
Lindy Boggs Democratic Louisiana's 2nd March 20, 1973 –
Later became United States Ambassador to the Holy See
Cardiss Collins Democratic Illinois's 7th June 5, 1973 –
Millicent Fenwick Republican New Jersey's 5th January 3, 1975 –
January 3, 1983 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the United States Senate election in New Jersey, 1982
Later became United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture
Martha Keys Democratic Kansas's 2nd January 3, 1975 –
Marilyn Lloyd Democratic Tennessee's 3rd January 3, 1975 –
January 3, 1995 Succeeded her husband (as nominee)
Helen Stevenson Meyner Democratic New Jersey's 13th January 3, 1975 –
Virginia D. Smith Republican Nebraska's 3rd January 3, 1975 –
Gladys Spellman Democratic Marylands's 5th January 3, 1975 –
January 3, 1981 After suffering a debilitating heart attack and slipping into a comatose state, her seat was declared vacant by the House
Shirley Neil Pettis Republican California's 37th February 14, 1975 –
Barbara Mikulski Democratic Maryland's 3rd January 3, 1977 –
January 3, 1987 Retired to run (successfully) for the United States Senate election in Maryland, 1986
Mary Rose Oakar Democratic Ohio's 20th January 3, 1977 –
Beverly Byron Democratic Maryland's 6th January 3, 1979 –
Geraldine Ferraro Democratic New York's 9th January 3, 1979 –
January 3, 1985 Retired to run as the first female Vice Presidential candidate representing a major party during United States presidential election, 1984
Later became United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights
Olympia Snowe Republican Maine's 2nd January 3, 1979 –
January 3, 1995 Retired to run (successfully) for the United States Senate election in Maine, 1994
Bobbi Fiedler Republican California's 21st January 3, 1981 –
January 3, 1987 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate election in California, 1986
Lynn Morley Martin Republican Illinois's 16th January 3, 1981 –
January 3, 1991 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the United States Senate election in Illinois, 1990
Later became United States Secretary of Labor
Marge Roukema Republican New Jersey's 7th January 3, 1981 –
New Jersey's 5th January 3, 1983 –
Claudine Schneider Republican Rhode Island's 2nd January 3, 1981 –
January 3, 1991 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the United States Senate election in Rhode Island, 1990
Barbara B. Kennelly Democratic Connecticut's 1st January 12, 1982 –
Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the Connecticut gubernatorial election, 1998
Jean Spencer Ashbrook Republican Ohio's 17th June 29, 1982 –
Katie Hall Democratic Indiana's 1st November 2, 1982 –
Barbara Boxer Democratic California's 6th January 3, 1983 –
January 3, 1993 Retired to run (successfully) for the United States Senate election in California, 1992
Nancy Johnson Republican Connecticut's 6th January 3, 1983 –
Connecticut's 5th January 3, 2003 –
Marcy Kaptur Democratic Ohio's 9th January 3, 1983 –
Present Current Dean of women in the House
Barbara Vucanovich Republican Nevada's 2nd January 3, 1983 –
Sala Burton Democratic California's 5th June 21, 1983 –
February 1, 1987 Succeeded her husband
Helen Delich Bentley Republican Maryland's 2nd January 3, 1985 –
January 3, 1995 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the Republican nomination for Governor of Maryland
Jan Meyers Republican Kansas's 3rd January 3, 1985 –
January 3, 1997 First woman chair of the House Small Business Committee
Catherine Small Long Democratic Louisiana's 8th March 30, 1985 –
Connie Morella Republican Maryland's 8th January 3, 1987 –
Later became Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Liz J. Patterson Democratic South Carolina's 4th January 3, 1987 –
January 3, 1993 Daughter of Olin D. Johnston
Pat Saiki Republican Hawaii's 1st January 3, 1987 –
January 3, 1991 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the United States Senate special election in Hawaii, 1990
Later became Administrator of the Small Business Administration
Louise Slaughter Democratic New York's 30th January 3, 1987 –
January 3, 1993 First woman chair of the House Rules Committee
Nancy Pelosi Democratic California's 5th June 2, 1987 –
January 3, 1993 First woman party Whip;
First woman party Leader;
First woman Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
California's 8th January 3, 1993 –
Nita Lowey Democratic New York's 20th January 3, 1989 –
Jolene Unsoeld Democratic Washington's 3rd January 3, 1989 –
Jill Long Thompson Democratic Indiana's 4th March 28, 1989 –
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Republican Florida's 18th August 29, 1989 –
January 3, 2013 First Hispanic woman elected
First woman chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee
Florida's 27th January 3, 2013 –
Susan Molinari Republican New York's 14th March 20, 1990 –
Barbara-Rose Collins Democratic Michigan's 13th January 3, 1991 –
Michigan's 15th January 3, 1993 –
Rosa DeLauro Democratic Connecticut's 3rd January 3, 1991 –
Joan Kelly Horn Democratic Missouri's 2nd January 3, 1991 –
Eleanor Holmes Norton Democratic DC At-large January 3, 1991 –
Maxine Waters Democratic California's 29th January 3, 1991 –
California's 43rd January 3, 2013 –
Eva Clayton Democratic North Carolina's 1st November 3, 1992 –
Corrine Brown Democratic Florida's 3rd January 3, 1993 –
Florida's 5th January 3, 2013 –
Leslie L. Byrne Democratic Virginia's 11th January 3, 1993 –
Maria Cantwell Democratic Washington's 1st January 3, 1993 –
Later ran (successfully) for the United States Senate election in Washington, 2000
Pat Danner Democratic Missouri's 6th January 3, 1993 –
Jennifer Dunn Republican Washington's 8th January 3, 1993 –
Karan English Democratic Arizona's 6th January 3, 1993 –
Anna Eshoo Democratic California's 14th January 3, 1993 –
Tillie K. Fowler Republican Florida's 4th January 3, 1993 –
Elizabeth Furse Democratic Oregon's 1st January 3, 1993 –
Jane Harman Democratic California's 36th January 3, 1993 –
January 3, 1999 Retired to unsuccessfully run for the Democratic nomination for California gubernatorial election, 1998 (first time)
Resigned to become the Director, President, and Chief Executive Officer of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Eddie Bernice Johnson Democratic Texas's 30th January 3, 1993 –
Blanche Lincoln Democratic Arkansas's 1st January 3, 1993 –
Later ran (successfully) for the United States Senate election in Arkansas, 1998
Carolyn Maloney Democratic New York's 14th January 3, 1993 –
Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky Democratic Pennsylvania's 13th January 3, 1993 –
Cynthia McKinney Democratic January 3, 1997
January 3, 1993 – Lost renomination twice
In 2008, ran for President of the United States as the nominee of the Green Party
Carrie P. Meek Democratic Florida's 17th January 3, 1993 –
Deborah Pryce Republican Ohio's 15th January 3, 1993 –
January 3, 2009 First woman chair of the House Republican Conference
Lucille Roybal-Allard Democratic California's 33rd January 3, 1993 –
Lynn Schenk Democratic California's 49th January 3, 1993 –
Karen Shepherd Democratic Utah's 2nd January 3, 1993 –
Karen Thurman Democratic Florida's 5th January 3, 1993 –
Nydia Velázquez Democratic New York's 12th January 3, 1993 –
New York's 7th January 3, 2013 –
Lynn Woolsey Democratic California's 6th January 3, 1993 –
Helen Chenoweth-Hage Republican Idaho's 1st January 3, 1995 –
Barbara Cubin Republican Wyoming's at-large January 3, 1995 –
Shelia Jackson Lee Democratic Texas's 18th January 3, 1995 –
Sue Kelly Republican New York's 19th January 3, 1995 –
Zoe Lofgren Democratic California's 16th January 3, 1995 –
Karen McCarthy Democratic Missouri's 5th January 3, 1995 –
Sue Myrick Republican North Carolina's 9th January 3, 1995 –
Lynn N. Rivers Democratic Michigan's 13th January 3, 1995 –
Andrea Seastrand Republican California's 22nd January 3, 1995 –
Linda Smith Republican Washington's 3rd January 3, 1995 –
January 3, 1999 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the United States Senate election in Washington, 1998
Enid Greene Waldholtz Republican Utah's 2nd January 3, 1995 –
Juanita Millender-McDonald Democratic California's 37th March 26, 1996 –
April 22, 2007 Died in office
Jo Ann Emerson Republican Missouri's 8th November 5, 1996 –
January 22, 2013 Succeeded her husband; Resigned to become the President and Chief Executive Officer of the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
Julia Carson Democratic Indiana's 10th January 3, 1997 –
January 3, 2003 Died in office
Indiana's 7th January 3, 2003 –
Donna Christian-Christensen Democratic U.S. Virgin Island's At-large January 3, 1997 –
January 3, 2015 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election, 2014
Diana DeGette Democratic Colorado's 1st January 3, 1997 –
Kay Granger Republican Texas's 12th January 3, 1997 –
Darlene Hooley Democratic Oregon's 5th January 3, 1997 –
Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick Democratic Michigan's 15th January 3, 1997 –
Carolyn McCarthy Democratic New York's 4th January 3, 1997 –
Anne Northup Republican Kentucky's 3rd January 3, 1997 –
Loretta Sanchez Democratic California's 46th January 3, 1997 –
Debbie Stabenow Democratic Michigan's 8th January 3, 1997 –
January 3, 2001 Retired to run (successfully) for the United States Senate election in Michigan, 2000
Ellen Tauscher Democratic California's 10th January 3, 1997 –
June 26, 2009 Resigned to become Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs and Special Envoy for Strategic Stability and Missile Defense
Lois Capps Democratic California's 22nd March 10, 1998 –
Mary Bono Mack Republican California's 44th April 7, 1998 –
Barbara Lee Democratic California's 9th April 7, 1998 –
Heather Wilson Republican New Mexico's 1st June 25, 1998 –
January 3, 2009 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate election in New Mexico, 2008
Tammy Baldwin Democratic Wisconsin's 2nd January 3, 1999 –
January 3, 2013 First openly gay person elected to Congress and first lesbian
Retired to run (successfully) for the United States Senate election in Wisconsin, 2012
Shelley Berkley Democratic Nevada's 1st January 3, 1999 –
January 3, 2013 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the United States Senate election in Nevada, 2012
Judy Biggert Republican Illinois's 13th January 3, 1999 –
Stephanie Tubbs Jones Democratic Ohio's 11th January 3, 1999 –
August 20, 2008 Died in office
Grace Napolitano Democratic California's 34th January 3, 1999 –
California's 32nd January 3, 2013 –
Jan Schakowsky Democratic Illinois's 9th January 3, 1999 –
Shelley Moore Capito Republican West Virginia's 2nd January 3, 2001 –
January 3, 2015 Retired to run (successfully) for the United States Senate election in West Virginia, 2014
Jo Ann Davis Republican Virginia's 1st January 3, 2001 –
October 6, 2007 Died in office
Susan Davis Democratic California's 49th January 3, 2001 –
Melissa Hart Republican Pennsylvania's 4th January 3, 2001 –
Betty McCollum Democratic Minnesota's 4th January 3, 2001 –
Hilda Solis Democratic California's 31st January 3, 2001 –
January 3, 2003 Resigned to become United States Secretary of Labor
Diane Watson Democratic California's 32nd June 5, 2001 –
January 3, 2003 Previously served as United States Ambassador to the Federated States of Micronesia
Marsha Blackburn Republican Tennessee's 7th January 3, 2003 –
Madeleine Bordallo Democratic Guam's at-large January 3, 2003 –
Present Previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Guam
Ginny Brown-Waite Republican Florida's 5th January 3, 2003 –
Katherine Harris Republican Florida's 13th January 3, 2003 –
January 3, 2007 Previously served as Florida Secretary of State
Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the United States Senate election in Florida, 2006
Denise Majette Democratic January 3, 2005
January 3, 2003 – Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the United States Senate election in Georgia, 2004
Candice Miller Republican Michigan's 10th January 3, 2003 –
Present Previously served as Michigan Secretary of State
Marilyn Musgrave Republican Colorado's 4th January 3, 2003 –
Linda Sánchez Democratic California's 39th January 3, 2003 –
Stephanie Herseth Sandlin Democratic South Dakota's at-large June 1, 2004 –
Melissa Bean Democratic Illinois's 8th January 3, 2005 –
Thelma Drake Republican Virginia's 2nd January 3, 2005 –
Virginia Foxx Republican North Carolina's 5th January 3, 2005 –
Cathy McMorris Rodgers Republican Washington's 5th January 3, 2005 –
Present Current chair of the House Republican Conference
Gwen Moore Democratic Wisconsin's 4th January 3, 2005 –
Allyson Schwartz Democratic Pennsylvania's 13th January 3, 2005 –
January 3, 2015 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the Democratic nomination for Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, 2014
Debbie Wasserman Schultz Democratic Florida's 20th January 3, 2005 –
January 3, 2013 Chair of the Democratic National Committee
Florida's 23rd January 3, 2013 –
Doris Matsui Democratic California's 5th March 3, 2005 –
Jean Schmidt Republican Ohio's 2nd September 6, 2005 –
Shelley Sekula-Gibbs Republican Texas's 22nd November 13, 2006 –
Michele Bachmann Republican Minnesota 6th January 3, 2007 –
January 3, 2015 Ran for President of the United States in the Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012
Nancy Boyda Democratic Kansas's 2nd January 3, 2007 –
Kathy Castor Democratic Florida's 11th January 3, 2007 –
Yvette Clarke Democratic New York's 11th January 3, 2007 –
Mary Fallin Republican Oklahoma 5th January 3, 2007 –
January 3, 2011 Previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma;
Retired to run (successfully) for the Oklahoma gubernatorial election, 2010
Gabrielle Giffords Democratic Arizona's 8th January 3, 2007 –
January 25, 2012 Resigned due to the injuries of being shot in the head at close range during an assassination attempt during the 2011 Tucson shooting and survived
Kirsten Gillibrand Democratic New York's 20th January 3, 2007 –
January 25, 2009 Resigned to accept appointment to the United States Senate, ran (successfully) for the United States Senate special election in New York, 2010
Mazie Hirono Democratic Hawaii's 2nd January 3, 2007 –
January 3, 2013 First Buddhist woman elected;
Retired to run (successfully) for the United States Senate election in Hawaii, 2012
Carol Shea-Porter Democratic New Hampshire's 1st January 3, 2007 –
Betty Sutton Democratic Ohio's 13th January 3, 2007 –
Laura Richardson Democratic California's 37th January 3, 2007 –
Niki Tsongas Democratic Massachusetts's 5th October 16, 2007 –
Massachusetts's 3rd January 3, 2013 –
Jackie Speier Democratic California's 12th April 8, 2008 –
Donna Edwards Democratic Maryland's 4th June 17, 2008 –
Marcia Fudge Democratic Ohio's 11th November 18, 2008 –
Kathy Dahlkemper Democratic Pennsylvania's 3rd January 3, 2009 –
Debbie Halvorson Democratic Illinois's 11th January 3, 2009 –
Lynn Jenkins Republican Kansas's 2nd January 3, 2009 –
Present Previously served as Kansas State Treasurer
Mary Jo Kilroy Democratic Ohio's 15th January 3, 2009 –
Ann Kirkpatrick Democratic Arizona's 1st January 3, 2009 –
Later returned to Congress
Suzanne Kosmas Democratic Florida's 24th January 3, 2009 –
Cynthia Lummis Republican Wyoming's at-large January 3, 2009 –
Betsy Markey Democratic Colorado's 4th January 3, 2009 –
Chellie Pingree Democratic Maine's 1st January 3, 2009 –
Dina Titus Democratic Nevada's 3rd January 3, 2009 –
Nevada's 1st January 3, 2013 –
Judy Chu Democratic California's 32nd June 19, 2009 –
January 3, 2013 First Chinese American woman elected
Sandy Adams Republican Florida's 24th January 3, 2011 –
Karen Bass Democratic California's 33rd January 3, 2011 –
Diane Black Republican Tennessee's 6th January 3, 2011 –
Ann Marie Buerkle Republican New York's 25th January 3, 2011 –
Renee Ellmers Republican North Carolina's 2nd January 3, 2011 –
Colleen Hanabusa Democratic Hawaii's 1st January 3, 2011 –
January 3, 2015 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate special election in Hawaii, 2014
Vicky Hartzler Republican Missouri's 4th January 3, 2011 –
Nan Hayworth Republican New York's 19th January 3, 2011 –
Jaime Herrera Beutler Republican Washington's 3rd January 3, 2011 –
Kristi Noem Republican South Dakota's at-large January 3, 2011 –
Martha Roby Republican Alabama's 2nd January 3, 2011 –
Terri Sewell Democratic Alabama's 7th January 3, 2011 –
Frederica Wilson Democratic Florida's 17th January 3, 2011 –
Kathy Hochul Democratic New York's 26th June 1, 2011 –
Later became Lieutenant Governor of New York
Janice Hahn Democratic California's 36th July 12, 2011 –
Suzanne Bonamici Democratic Oregon's 1st January 21, 2012 –
Suzan DelBene Democratic Washington's 1st November 6, 2012 –
Joyce Beatty Democratic Ohio's 3rd January 3, 2013 –
Susan Brooks Republican Indiana's 5th January 3, 2013 –
Julia Brownley Democratic California's 26th January 3, 2013 –
Cheri Bustos Democratic Illinois's 17th January 3, 2013 –
Tammy Duckworth Democratic Illinois's 8th January 3, 2013 –
Present Previously served as Assistant Secretary of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs in the Department of Veterans Affairs
Elizabeth Esty Democratic Connecticut's 5th January 3, 2013 –
Lois Frankel Democratic Florida's 22nd January 3, 2013 –
Tulsi Gabbard Democratic Hawaii's 2nd January 3, 2013 –
Present First Hindu elected to Congress
Ann McLane Kuster Democratic New Hampshire's 2nd January 3, 2013 –
Michelle Lujan Grisham Democratic New Mexico's 1st January 3, 2013 –
Grace Meng Democratic New York's 6th January 3, 2013 –
Gloria Negrete McLeod Democratic California's 35th January 3, 2013 –
January 3, 2015 Retired to run (unsuccessfully) for San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors
Kyrsten Sinema Democratic Arizona's 9th January 3, 2013 –
Ann Wagner Republican Missouri's 2nd January 3, 2013 –
Present Previously served as United States Ambassador to Luxembourg
Jackie Walorski Republican Indiana's 2nd January 3, 2013 –
Robin Kelly Democratic Illinois's 2nd April 11, 2013 –
Katherine Clark Democratic Massachusetts's 5th December 10, 2013 –
Alma Adams Democratic North Carolina's 12th November 12, 2014 –
Representatives-elect starting in the 114th United States Congress
Aumua Amata Republican American Samoa's at-large January 3, 2015 –
Present Daughter of Peter Tali Coleman
Bonnie Watson Coleman Democratic New Jersey's 12th January 3, 2015 –
Barbara Comstock Republican Virginia's 10th January 3, 2015 –
Deborah Dingell Democratic Michigan's 12th January 3, 2015 –
Present Succeeded her husband
Gwen Graham Democratic Florida's 2nd January 3, 2015 –
Present Daughter of Bob Graham
Brenda Lawrence Democratic Michigan's 14th January 3, 2015 –
Mia Love Republican Utah's 4th January 3, 2015 –
Martha McSally Republican Arizona's 2nd January 3, 2015 –
Stacey Plaskett Democratic U.S. Virgin Island's At-large January 3, 2015 –
Kathleen Rice Democratic New York's 4th January 3, 2015 –
Elise Stefanik Republican New York's 21st January 3, 2015 –
Present Youngest woman elected to Congress (at age 30)
Norma Torres Democratic California's 35th January 3, 2015 –
Mimi Walters Republican California's 45th January 3, 2015 –
There have been ten women members of the House of Representatives who were pregnant at least once during their tenure (one member three times). They are[3]
Mother's age
Yvonne Brathwaite Burke California November 1973 41 Girl
Enid Greene Waldholtz Utah August 1995 37 Girl [4]
Susan Molinari New York May 10, 1996 38 Girl [5]
Blanche Lincoln Arkansas June 1996 35 Twin boys Chose not to run for re-election due to the pregnancy[6]
Cathy McMorris Rodgers Washington April 29, 2007 37 Boy [7]
Kirsten Gillibrand New York May 15, 2008 41 Boy [8]
Stephanie Herseth Sandlin South Dakota December 15, 2008 38 Boy [9]
Linda Sánchez California May 13, 2009 40 Boy Unmarried when pregnancy announced, married a month before delivery[10]
Cathy McMorris Rodgers Washington December 2010 41 Girl First member to give birth in office twice[11]
Jaime Herrera Beutler Washington July 15, 2013 34 Girl [12]
Cathy McMorris Rodgers Washington November 24, 2013 44 Girl First member to give birth in office three times[13]
Tammy Duckworth Illinois November 18, 2014 46 Girl [14]
Women in the United States Senate
List of female state governors in the United States
^ "Current Numbers of Women Officeholders". Rutgers Center for American Women and Politics - Eagleton Institute of Politics. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
^ Women in the United States Congress: 1917-2011
^ Akers, Mary Ann (November 20, 2008). "Rep. Linda Sanchez Expecting a Baby".
^ "Enid Greene Waldholtz". womenincongress.house.gov.
^ "Susan Molinari". womenincongress.house.gov.
^ Geranios, Nicholas K. (April 21, 2007). "Baby in the House: Pregnant congresswoman due to give birth next month".
^ "It's A Boy". Spokesman Review. April 30, 2007.
^ "Son Born to New York Congresswoman".
^ Woster, Kevin (December 16, 2008). "Something we can all agree on: Congratulations!". Rapid City Journal.
^ Akers, Mary Ann (May 13, 2009). "New Mama in the House: Linda Sanchez".
^ "Republican Rep. Jaime Herrera Beutler celebrates 'miracle' baby girl born with Potter's sequence".
^ Korte, Gregory (2013-11-25). "Rep sets congressional record -- mom x 3". USA Today. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
^ Skiba, Katherine (November 20, 2014). "Rep. Tammy Duckworth gives birth to daughter". Chicago Tribune.
Women in Congress — Companion site to book produced by the Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives
Associated Press. "Husbands' deaths often propel widows to office". Columbia Daily Tribune, January 22, 2005. Retrieved February 15, 2005. (alternate source, via journalstar.com)
(112th←113th→114th)
Lists of congressional lists
Members and leaders
By length of service
Youngest members
Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico
Longest-serving members ever
by seniority
Dean of the Senate
Former senators
Earliest serving
Earliest living
Expelled or censured
Born outside the U.S.
Dean of the House
Former representatives
Expelled, censured, and reprimanded
Deaths by year
President (list)
Majority and minority leaders
Assistant party leaders
Democratic Caucus (Chair
Policy Committee Chair)
Republican Conference (Chair
Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group
Democratic Caucus
Republican Conference
Apportionment
Caucuses,
women and
African American members
Asian Pacific American members
Congressional caucus
Hispanic and Latino members
Women in the House
Women in the Senate
Offices, employees, services, and the Capitol Complex
Congressional staff
Government Accountability Office (Comptroller General)
Capitol Police (Capitol Police Board)
Capitol Guide Service (Capitol Guide Board)
Government Printing Office (GPO)
Congressional Ethics
Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations
Interparliamentary Affairs
Law Revision Counsel
Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper
Floor Operations
Floor Services Chief
Pages (Page Board)
Reading Clerk
Library of
Congressional Research Service (reports)
Copyright Office (Register of Copyrights)
Adams Building
Jefferson Building
Madison Building
Public Printer
Official Congressional Directory
Serial Set
The Apotheosis of Washington
Statue of Freedom
Dirksen
Building Commission
Longworth
Health and Fitness Facility
House Recording Studio
Old Senate Chamber
Old Supreme Court Chamber
Webster Page Residence
Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, and media
Article I
Commerce (Dormant)
Contempt of Congress
Declaration of war
"Necessary and Proper"
Power of enforcement
Taxing/spending
Privileges and
Act of Congress (list)
Appropriation bill
Budget resolution
Closed sessions (House)
Closed sessions (Senate)
Continuing resolution
Dear colleague letter
Discharge petition
Engrossed bill
Enrolled bill
Joint resolution
Joint session (list)
Lame duck session
Majority of the majority
Procedures (House)
Saxbe fix
Suspension of the rules
Unanimous consent
Veto override
Senate-specific
Executive communication
Jefferson's Manual
Nuclear option
Presiding Officer
Recess appointment
Riddick's Senate Procedure
Secret hold
Senatorial courtesy
Tie-breaking votes
Treaty Clause
Chairman and ranking member
Of the Whole
List (House)
List (Senate)
Select and special
Mace of the House
Divided government
Party control
Senate election disputes
Congressional Quarterly
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Barack Obama, Bill Clinton, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lyndon B. Johnson, Politics
Democratic Party (United States), Republican Party (United States), Barack Obama, Steny Hoyer, United States House of Representatives
List of United States congressional lists
Comptroller General of the United States, Congressional office buildings, Library of Congress, Seniority in the United States Senate, /ia
Democratic Party (United States), Republican Party (United States), United States Senate, New Hampshire, U.S. House of Representatives
United States congressional delegations from Indiana
Republican Party (United States), Democratic Party (United States), Indiana, Dan Coats, Dan Quayle
List of former members of the United States House of Representatives
United States House of Representatives, Library of Congress, United States Senate, Congressional Research Service, THOMAS


text:
Q: onChange firing when picker value not selected I have a login form with conditional statements to display option lists, when a user selects a value from the first picker (Year), the picker below is displayed (Group), when a group is selected the third picker is displayed.
I have set functions to each pickers onChange.
This works fine until I start changing selected values. If I reselect a Year value from the first picker, this.onGroupChange is invoked on the second picker (Group).
Why is this invoked when that picker's value hasn't changed? How can I prevent firing when a previous value is changed?
class HomeScreen extends Component {
static navigationOptions = {
    title: ""
};

constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {};
    this.onStudentChange = this.onStudentChange.bind(this);
    this.onGroupChange = this.onGroupChange.bind(this);
    this.onParentChange = this.onParentChange.bind(this);
    this.onSubmit = this.onSubmit.bind(this);
}

componentDidMount() {}

onParentChange(e) {
    const { setYear: year } = this.props.credentials;

    this.props.dispatch(setYear(e));
}

onGroupChange(e) {
    console.log(this.props);
    const { setYear } = this.props.credentials;

    const { categories } = this.props.categories;
    if (e !== null) {
         this.props.dispatch(setGroup(e, categories, setYear));
    }
}

onStudentChange(e) {
    if (e !== "") {
        this.props.dispatch(setStudent(e));
    }
}

onSubmit(e) {
    this.props.navigation.navigate("Month");
}

render() {
    const {
        setYear,
        setGroup,
        setStudent,
        showStudent
    } = this.props.credentials;
    const categories = this.props.categories;
    const isLoading = this.props.isLoading;

    if (isLoading || !categories) {
        return (
            <View style={[styles.container, styles.horizontal]}>
                <ActivityIndicator size="large" color="#fff" />
            </View>
        );
    }

    return (
        <View style={styles.container}>
            <Image
                source={require("../img/logoGreen.png")}
                style={{ width: 300, height: 200 }}
            />

            <View style={{ backgroundColor: "white" }}>
                <Picker
                    selectedValue={setYear}
                    label="Year"
                    onChange={this.onParentChange}
                    options={categories}
                />
                {setYear ? (
                    <Picker
                        selectedValue={setGroup}
                        label="Group"

                        // invoked when picker above is changed.

                        onChange={this.onGroupChange}
                        options={
                            categories.find(category => {
                                return category.id == setYear;
                            }).options
                        }
                    />
                ) : null}
                {setGroup && showStudent ? (
                    <Picker
                        selectedValue={setStudent}
                        label="Student"
                        onChange={this.onStudentChange}
                        options={
                            categories
                                .find(category => {
                                    return category.id == setYear;
                                })
                                .options.find(category => {
                                    return category.id == setGroup;
                                }).options
                        }
                    />
                ) : null}
                {(setYear && setGroup && !showStudent) || setStudent ? (
                    <TouchableHighlight
                        style={styles.button}
                        onPress={this.onSubmit}
                    >
                        <Text style={styles.buttonText}> Submit</Text>
                    </TouchableHighlight>
                ) : null}
            </View>
        </View>
    );
}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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Man at center of Nobel Prize sexual harassment scandal charged with rape
Posted June 12, 2018 12:14 p.m. EDT
By Zahra Ullah and Judith Vonberg (CNN)
(CNN) — The French photographer at the center of a sexual harassment scandal that forced the postponement of this year's Nobel Prize for Literature has been charged with two counts of rape, Swedish prosecutor Christina Voigt said in a statement Tuesday.
Jean-Claude Arnault, who has close links with the Swedish Academy, the body that awards the prestigious prize, is accused of raping a woman in Stockholm twice during 2011.
"My assessment is that the state of evidence is robust and sufficient for prosecution," Voigt said.
Arnault's lawyer Bjorn Hurtig told CNN affiliate Expressen that his client denies the charges. "He is both disturbed and resigned," Hurtig said. "He says this is totally wrong and he is completely innocent of the allegations."
On May 4, the Swedish Academy, responsible for awarding the prize since its inception more than a century ago, announced that this year's award would be postponed for the first time in 75 years following a crisis within the academy over the handling of allegations against Arnault.
Arnault, a leading cultural figure in Sweden, is facing multiple allegations of sexual assault and harassment, first reported in the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter late last year. A total of 18 women spoke to the newspaper accusing Arnault of a range of sexual misconduct between 1996 and 2017.
It is also alleged that he touched Sweden's Crown Princess Victoria inappropriately at a Swedish Academy event in 2006. CNN has not independently verified any of the claims and Arnault denies all allegations, Hurtig told CNN last month.
The academy is also under fire for contravening its own conflict of interest regulations by providing funding to the cultural forum run by Arnault and his wife Katarina Frostenson, an academy member until two months ago.
In the wake of the revelations -- and an investigation that found there had been "unacceptable behavior by (Arnault) in the form of unwanted intimacy" -- six members of the Swedish Academy stepped down, including Frostenson and its head Sara Danius, leaving just 10 active members.
Explaining the academy's decision to postpone this year's Nobel Prize, Anders Olsson, the academy's acting permanent secretary said, "We find it necessary to commit time to recovering public confidence in the academy before the next laureate can be announced." In a statement, he said the academy was acting "out of respect for previous and future literature laureates, the Nobel Foundation and the general public."
The decision does not affect the other Nobel prizes, which are awarded separately. This year's literature laureate will be announced in 2019, the academy said in May.
Copyright 2018 by Cable News Network, Inc., a Time Warner Company. All rights reserved.
Ava Gardner Museum in Smithfield closed due to flooding


text:
Q: Update multiple rows in table with values from a temporary table I'm trying to write a database migration script to add a column to a table that contains existing data, and then populate that column with appropriate data.
I'm doing the migration in a few steps. I've created a temporary table that contains a single column with ids like this:
new_column
==========
1000
1001
1002
1003
...

I now want to update my existing table so that each row in the temporary table above is used to update each row in my existing table. The existing table looks like this:
old_column_1 | old_column_2 | new_column
========================================
1            | 100          | null
2            | 101          | null
3            | 102          | null
...

I've tried a few variations of this sort of update -
select min(t.new_column)
from temp t
where t.new_column not in (select new_column from existing_table);

But I can't seem to get the syntax right...

A: Your problem is more complicated than you think. There's nothing reliable to join on. So, either you write a stored procedure which uses a cursor to loop through both tables and updating the existing table row by row (which can quickly become a performance nightmare, therefore I wouldn't recommend it) or you use this a little complicated query:
CREATE TABLE temp
    (id int auto_increment primary key, `new_column` int)
;

INSERT INTO temp
    (`new_column`)
VALUES
    (1000),
    (1001),
    (1002),
    (1003)
;

CREATE TABLE existing
    (`old_column_1` int, `old_column_2` int, `new_column` varchar(4))
;

INSERT INTO existing
    (`old_column_1`, `old_column_2`, `new_column`)
VALUES
    (1, 100, NULL),
    (2, 101, NULL),
    (3, 102, NULL)
;

update
existing e
inner join (
  select * from (
    select
    t.*
    from temp t
  )t
  inner join
  (
    select
    e.old_column_1, e.old_column_2,
    @rownum := @rownum + 1 as rn
    from existing e
    , (select @rownum:=0) vars
  )e on t.id = e.rn
) sq on sq.old_column_1 = e.old_column_1 and sq.old_column_2 = e.old_column_2
set e.new_column = sq.new_column;

*

*see it working live in an sqlfiddle
I added an auto_increment column in your temporary table. Either you do it this way, or you simulate a rownumber like I did here:
    select
    e.old_column_1, e.old_column_2,
    @rownum := @rownum + 1 as rn
    from existing e
    , (select @rownum:=0) vars

If you want to influence which row gets which row number, you can use ORDER BY whatever_column ASC|DESC in there.
So, what the query basically does, is, to create a row number in your existing table and join it via this column and the auto_increment column in the temporary table. Then I join this subquery again to the existing table, so that we can easily copy the column from temporary table to existing table.


Amaron Black batteries are indeed international batteries. The manufacturer has designed these batteries with the best quality raw materials for providing them high sturdiness and long life. Moreover, these batteries last for a long time without any special attention from the owners.
Patented BIC vents provide highest safety.
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Does anybody know if these are original Eibachs? The color is light blue. Isn't all Eibachs either black or blue? Someone told me that the Eibach Federns are the race springs and they don't make them anymore. Any clarifications is much appreciated.
federn menans spring, so all eibach springs are eibach federn. as far as i know all eibachs are black.
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text:
An Intimate Garden Wedding in Florence
In 2010, Tania Isacoff, a real estate broker at Brown Harris Sevens, was celebrating her 23rd birthday shortly after graduating from college with a party at a lounge on the Lower East Side. Her friend Lauren texted her earlier in the day asking if she could bring a friend. "Of course I said, 'Yes,'" remembers Tania. "What I didn't know was that her friend was a tall, handsome, Southern gentleman whom I was being set up with."
Five and a half years after that initial meeting, Sam, who runs a real estate platform at a family office, proposed. "Since Tania and I both work in real estate, I surprised her by arranging a fake showing at a listing of hers," explains Sam. "She was already waiting in the apartment for her client when I rang the doorbell with our toy poodle Lucy. Tania was so confused that she told me I had to leave as the client would be there shortly to see the apartment. I explained to her that I was in fact the 'client,' and I got down on one knee. I then surprised her with a dinner at The Mark Hotel with all of our closest friends. We were scheduled to go to a best friend's home in East Hampton, but in the middle of dinner, our friend handed Tania a bag with a pair of espadrilles and sunglasses and told Tania she would need them for the weekend. Perplexed Tania immediately turned to me, and I explained that we were instead leaving the next day at 6:00 A.M. for a surprise weekend getaway to St. Barths." The following morning the two jetted off for a romantic four-day weekend at Hotel Taiwana on Flamands.
Tania and Sam love to travel, and at the beginning of the planning process, they both quickly agreed on having a small, intimate wedding somewhere in Europe. "We try to take a special trip every summer, and we knew we wanted to get married in a beautiful setting in Italy or France," explains Tania. "We wanted the aesthetic of the ceremony to be romantic and for our reception to feel like a really chic dinner party. Ultimately, we fell in love with the garden at the Four Seasons Hotel in Florence and knew that it would be the perfect venue for our wedding."
The bride and her mother, who has an event planning business called My Flowerbox Weddings, handled the majority of the preparations for the event. "We used a planner named Kate Collins-Manetti to help us with the rehearsal dinner and other last-minute items like the welcome bags."
For her wedding day look, Tania knew she wanted a strapless dress with clean and simple lines. "I went to every bridal atelier and tried on so many dresses!" she admits. Ultimately, she ended up choosing an ivory guipure lace gown by Oscar de la Renta with a long train and a slit up the front. "The slit made my traditional dress feel sexy and relevant, but it was still also very elegant," says Tania. "I knew from the moment I tried it on that this dress was the one!" She complemented the look with emerald green Hangisi satin pumps by Manolo Blahnik. "They were perfect and so Florentine!" says the bride.
For jewelry, Tania wore her engagement ring—an emerald cut diamond with two baguettes from Van Cleef and Arpels circa 1950—a diamond and sapphire bracelet that belonged to her grandmother, and a pair of South Sea pearl and diamond earrings. "The earrings were supposed to be my 'something borrowed' from my mother, however, at the rehearsal dinner she gave them to me as a gift during her toast," says Tania. "She explained that I had asked to borrow them, which she of course agreed to, and then she realized that she had purchased them the day she conceived me, and therefore, it was only appropriate (and her pleasure) for her to give them to me for my wedding."
Ever the prepared bride, Tania did a hair trial with Ryan Cotton, her usual hair stylist in New York, and took lots of photos. Ketty from Renato Coiffeur then did her hair on her wedding day with those images as a reference. For makeup, Tania used Ana Matanovic, who did a very natural look with just a pop of color on Tania's lips.
Sam wore a navy tuxedo by Ermenegildo Zegna, a Ralph Lauren shirt, Giorgio Armani tie, Belgian Shoes slippers, and a Rolex watch that once belonged to his late grandfather. Meanwhile, the bridesmaids selected their own dresses in a color palette of green, blue, or purple. "I wanted the dresses to feel garden-chic and romantic," says Tania. "My maid of honor wore a gorgeous teal floral Dolce & Gabbana gown, another bridesmaid wore a mint green Elie Saab gown, Sam's sister wore an absolutely beautiful floral Erdem gown, and my two other bridesmaids wore chic navy gowns. I love how all of these different dresses came together!" The groomsmen were in navy suits, white shirts, Hermès ties in a gray/blue colorway that Sam gave to everyone as gifts and black velvet slippers.
The ceremony took place as the sun was setting—birds were chirping and flying in circles near the Chuppah and the church bells from the Duomo were ringing in the background. The couple wanted everything to feel bespoke and personal so they asked their dear friend Spencer Schrage to speak during the service. "Words cannot express our love and gratitude towards him," says Tania. "He was eloquent, poignant, relevant, and he really captured the essence of 'us' as a couple as well as our individual personalities. Spencer is like a brother, and it was so important to me that he had a really meaningful role in our wedding."
"I think it's rare during a wedding weekend for the bride and groom to be able to completely focus on one another and the ceremony was the perfect opportunity," remembers Sam."I was able to focus on Tania and take in how absolutely gorgeous she looked and think about how happy I was to be marrying Sam."
"I'm usually a very anxious person," admits Tania. "So I always thought I would feel super nervous walking down the aisle and standing under the Chuppah in front of everyone, but I felt totally relaxed and at ease. I was just so excited to be marrying my best friend."
Immediately after the ceremony, guests were invited into the garden for cocktails, passed hors d'oeuvres, and appetizers. Negronis and bellinis were passed on silver trays throughout the cocktail hour, and there was also a bar set up. "We wanted to make sure that there were plenty of cocktails being passed so our guests didn't have to wait in line at the bar to get a drink after the ceremony," says Tania.
Once the sun fully set, guests moved into a different area of the garden for a seated dinner. There were three long tables with low floral arrangements—only white, green and purple flowers—and a variety of candles—some tall and some short in crystal votives—and string lights twinkling above. "Tuscany Flowers was our florist and they really did an amazing job executing my vision," says Tania. "During dinner fabulous duo Marco and Carlotta played the guitar and sang a mix of American and Italian songs. They were fantastic and really set the mood for dinner!"
Afterwards, guests were invited into the Conventino (the building was formerly used as a convent and this room was a chapel) where the newlyweds cut the cake and then there was dessert and dancing. "With some greenery, dramatic lighting, a fabulous bar set up (with a very chic peacock sitting atop it), and a few seating areas, we created an atmosphere that felt like a 1930s/1940s nightclub, modeled after the café society. And it really turned into a serious dance party!" They also had a gelato cart, passed desserts, and late-night snacks like mini burgers and chocolate chip cookies, and the dance floor was full up until the last song! "It really was important to us that our guests have fun and the best indication to us that they actually did is after the wedding so many of our friends asked for our other friends' numbers and emails because they had sat next to each other at one of the events and wanted to get together with them again in NYC," says Tania. "To me, that's an indication of a fun party!"
5 Wedding Myths You Should Know About
Who Was Norman Hartnell—The Man Behind Queen Elizabeth and Princess Margaret's Wedding Dresses?


text:
Lessons for living: Resilience
Resilience is the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties. We might think of resilience as being like 'toughness'. It is the ability of something to be elastic and to spring back into shape. Think of a tree blowing in a storm – it bends but it does not break and when the storm has passed it stands back up again.
Resilience is needed in times of change and difficulty. It is the ability to recover or adjust after such a change. There is a kind of buoyancy to resilience. Like a buoy in the ocean it can be pushed under water but when the force pushing it is removed, it pops back up.
The astronaut, Chris Hadfield, says that when he was in space, he could hear parts of meteorites bouncing off the spaceship. But instead of letting his mind run wild worrying about what might happen, instead they would learn about the danger. How fast are these things travelling? Where are they coming from? How durable is the spaceship? How likely is it that it will damaged or punctured by one of these meteorites? If that happened what would we do then? What could we do? It is very important to look at where your power lies. Chris says that he and the astronauts would make a plan for what to do if the worst happens. They could fix a hole. They still have oxygen masks. They wouldn't be done for. There are ways they could save themselves.
Write about a time you faced a difficulty and got through it. How did you do this? What strengths and resources did you draw on, in the world or in yourself?
It is said that 'what doesn't kill us makes us stronger'. Did this experience strengthen you in any way? What capacities or skills did you develop? What did you learn?
Discussion: What is the nature of resilience? What gives us the strength to bounce back? What are some ways that we can increase our resilience? How do we build and strengthen resilience?
When we face a difficulty, we are more resilient if we feel we have some control. Try to focus on the part of the problem you can control. Also, when we frame a difficulty as a challenge, we tend to be more resourceful in dealing with it. Ask yourself: What is the opportunity in this difficulty?
Bring to mind a time when you felt strong and resilient. Perhaps you overcame a challenge or achieved something difficult. Notice how it feels in your body. What feelings or sensations arise? Then enhance the feeling by 'embodying' a sense of strength or toughness. You might tense muscles, straighten your spine, or create a determined expression on your face.
You could also picture someone who embodies this quality and draw on their strength by holding them in your mind's eye.
Record anything you noticed afterwards in your journal. How did the exercise effect you?


Matej Jurčo (born 8 August 1984 in Poprad) is a Slovak professional road bicycle racer. He is the son of Milan Jurčo, who was also a professional cyclist. Matej was the first Slovak participant in Vuelta a España. He is a multi-national champion in individual time-trial as well as a national champion in road race in 2008. At present he is racing in Slovak continental team Dukla Trenčín-Trek. Mostly he trains in the region of Liptov where he is living.


text:
Hutch News Stories
Fruit fly study IDs missing links in fat-signaling system
Hormone alerts brain to fat-storage status, but its packaging system goes awry in obesity
October 9, 2017 • By Rachel Tompa / Fred Hutch News Service
A new study — in fruit flies — identifies missing links that explain how fat cells signal nutritional status to the brain. Illustration by Kim Carney / Fred Hutch News Service
If you're one of the millions of Americans who's ever tried to lose weight, you've probably heard the old dieting chestnut, "calories in, calories out."
Calorie restriction does, on the whole, lead to weight loss. But nutrition and energy researchers might rephrase that axiom to more accurately read: "Calories in (a bunch of stuff happens in the body and the brain that influences) calories out."
A new study published Monday in the journal Developmental Cell uncovers several steps of that complex internal communication system — in fruit flies.
Yes, fruit flies have fat too. Just not very much.
There's reason to believe these newly discovered molecular pieces of the obesity puzzle could be important in humans, said Dr. Akhila Rajan, a basic scientist at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and lead author of the study.
In a previous study conducted at Harvard Medical School, where she completed her postdoctoral fellowship, Rajan and colleagues found that a hormone — leptin — which travels from fat to brain exists in both humans and fruit flies. In fact, the human version of leptin can sub in for the insect version of the hormone in genetically engineered flies.
In obese people, something goes awry with leptin, which acts as a readout of the body's fat-storage levels. The hormone's packaging system changes, but it's not clear exactly where that dysfunction arises. If those details were worked out, it's possible that fixing leptin's packaging could be a new therapeutic avenue to battle obesity, Rajan said.
The other pieces of the signaling chain that the researchers identified in their latest study are also largely the same in fruit flies and people. These new pieces include a protein that shuttles the fly leptin across the border of fat cells. Rajan, Harvard developmental biologist Dr. Norbert Perrimon and their colleagues also found that high levels of calcium, triggered during starvation, block leptin's migration.
Dr. Akhila Rajan in her Fred Hutch lab. Rajan studies the links between fat and the brain in the fruit fly. Photo by Robert Hood / Fred Hutch News Service
Fat's storage and packaging systems
Fat, it turns out, is not just a passive energy storage compartment, but an active participant in brain function. Our fat can signal our body's overall nutritional status — sated or starved — through a complex and not completely understood trafficking system of hormones, proteins and other molecules that travel from our love handles to our brains and back again.
The key player in that traffic pattern is leptin. You might think of this hormone as the supervisor of the body's storage facility, alerting management whether the energy stores are replete or empty. The brain acts very differently in periods of plenty or starvation — during starvation, when leptin levels are low, appetite increases and energy expenditure lowers.
So when leptin is down, that means the "calories out" part of the equation is down too, since you're expending less energy and your brain might be more inclined to increase the "calories in" cue to eat.
The hormone is made inside fat cells, and it is then released from cells and ferried through the blood to the brain. Who the hormone's molecular ferry pilots are, though, is not known.
Previous research in humans has found that leptin levels in the blood increase in obese people, but the form of the hormone also changes, Rajan said. In obese people, leptin seems to have different ferrying partners — or is even left alone without a driver in the circulation — meaning it can't cross the blood-brain barrier.
It's thus possible — although not yet proven — that the hormone can't get its fat tally to its final destination in obese people, meaning their brains literally might not be able to recognize their own fat. And maybe, once researchers understand more about leptin's packaging system and which pieces are missing in obesity, they could give back the missing proteins in the form of a therapeutic that would allow leptin to traffic to the brain normally.
"If you know that the packaging material is missing, you could provide more of the packaging material to the obese cell, with the hope of making the quality of leptin [that] can access the brain," Rajan said.
There are a lot of unknowns to solve first, though. Those findings about leptin in obese people led Rajan to first ask, "Is the problem starting right in the fat cell?"
To answer that question, she and her colleagues turned to the tiny fruit fly.
'Something which affects us every day'
Fruit flies might seem an unlikely model to study human obesity. They're small, weighing on average about a quarter of a milligram — it would take nearly 250 million of them to equal the weight of a single, non-obese human. And even if you overfeed them, flies don't really get fat. For one, they have an exoskeleton that acts like a girdle, keeping them more or less the same size.
But they can develop metabolic disorders that mimic those in humans, like diabetes, Rajan said. And they're much easier to study than humans, or even mice.
The fruit fly version of leptin is known as Unpaired 2, or Upd2. To answer the question of how Upd2 gets from inside fat cells, where it is made, to outside the cells, the researchers eliminated, one at a time, the molecules known to be involved in cell secretion in fruit flies. They found that when a secretion protein called GRASP is eliminated, Upd2 gets stuck inside the fat cells. They also saw that flies missing GRASP had metabolic dysfunctions similar to those observed in flies missing Upd2.
Multiple copies of GRASP stick together to cluster around Upd2, forming a special portal between the inside and outside of the fat cell.
"I almost think of it like a ramp which allows [Upd2] to get on the highway, to go outside," Rajan said.
When the researchers starved the flies, the ramp stopped working. The GRASP protein was inactivated in such a way that it no longer stuck to itself. The protein clusters dissolved, they saw, and Upd2 couldn't get out.
This process depends on calcium, which builds up in cells under starvation. The rising tide of calcium, in turn, is spurred by a "starvation hormone," glucagon.
Most exciting to Rajan, the trafficking molecules they've identified in this study all exist in humans. Next up, she wants to study human fat cells to see if these conserved proteins are acting the same way to traffic our leptin.
Rajan and members of her recently established lab at the Hutch are also working to understand what happens to leptin once it leaves fat cells. How does it get from the surface of fat cells to the brain? They're now looking for the proteins that partner with leptin in the next phase of its journey.
That's a lot of detailed steps still to work out in the pathway from nutrition to fat storage to the brain. In the end, Rajan is motivated to solve the complicated system's mysteries because it's "something which affects you and me every day," she said.
The National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute funded this research.
Rachel Tompa is a former staff writer at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. She has a Ph.D. in molecular biology from the University of California, San Francisco and a certificate in science writing from the University of California, Santa Cruz. Follow her on Twitter @Rachel_Tompa.
Akhila Rajan
fruit fly genetics
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text:
CBCP elevates Obando Church to national shrine status
San Pascual Baylón Parish-Diocesan Shrine of Nuestra Señora de la Inmaculada Concepcion de Salambao in Obando, Bulacan. PHOTO FROM OBANDO CHURCH
A popular pilgrimage site widely known for its fertility festival in Bulacan province has been designated a national shrine by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines.
The San Pascual Baylón Parish-Diocesan Shrine of Nuestra Señora de la Immaculada Concepcion de Salambao in Obando town now joins the 26 other churches across the country with such a title.
It is also the fourth national shrine in the Diocese of Malolos, located just north of Manila.
The bishops on Wednesday voted in favor of the petition to declare the parish as a national shrine during their online plenary assembly.
The Obando Church was founded by the Franciscan missionaries on April 29, 1754.
Its humble beginnings came with the settlement at the small chapel dedicated to St. Clare of Assisi, which was then already established in the town in order to Christianize the local pagan rituals connected to fertility.
The missionaries chose St. Paschal Baylón, a Spanish lay Franciscan friar, as the titular patron of the parish. His surname Baylón means to dance, identifying the saint as a dancing devotee to the Blessed Mother.
On June 19, 1763, three fishermen brothers discovered an image of Nuestra Señora de la Conception while fishing in waters near the borders of Obando and Malabon City using a large net attached to a bamboo raft called "salambao".
Just like how Jose Rizal stated in "Noli Me Tángere", Obando has been a pilgrimage site for barren couples and their families.
In the middle of May, devotees dance to the tune of "Santa Clara pinong-pino…" following the steps of the traditional "Pandanggo".
The Obando fertility dance is celebrated in three consecutive days from May 17 to 19, each one honoring St Paschal Baylón, St. Clare of Assisi and Our Lady of Salambao respectively.
With profound faith and devotion of pilgrims and locales alike, the tradition of the fertility dance and its Marian following continues to grow through the ages.
In the 250th year of the parish in 2004, the venerated image of Our Lady of Salambao was granted an episcopal coronation, the first of its kind in the Diocese of Malolos, by Bishop Jose Oliveros.
In 2007, the same bishop elevated the parish as a diocesan shrine in honor of Our Lady as Nuestra Señora de la Immaculada Concepcion de Salambao.
Between the years 2014 to 2020, the church's patio, interior and exterior had undergone continuous development through the generosity of pilgrims from across the nation.
On Dec. 19, 2020, the parish also opened to the public a 2-storey museum, which houses devotional artwork, antique images, treasured attire of Our Lady and a visual presentation of Obando's history as pilgrimage center.
No date has been set yet for the rite to formally declare the parish as a national shrine.
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text:
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;

public class Rotator : MonoBehaviour {

	void Update () {
		transform.Rotate(new Vector3(15, 30, 45) * Time.deltaTime);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Tokai Dining with Your (In)Mates?
Did you know that Tokai has a restaurant inside Pollsmoor?
Pollsmoor Prison has a restaurant called 'Idlanathi' (which means eat with us) serves cheap and delicious food for cheap cheap.
Keep your eyes open for guys in bright orange jumpsuits who spend their day in the kitchen of the Pollsmoor Recreation Centre.
The Pollsmoor Restaurant Idlanathi can also be contacted for catering for functions.
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