text:
Natcen Social Research projects
Patterning of children and young peoples' mental health before and in the context of Covid-19: findings from the 2017 Mental Health of Children and Young People survey and the 2020 MHCYP Covid-19 follow up survey
Patterning of children and young peoples' mental health before and in the context of Covid-19: findings from the 2017 Mental Health of Children and Young People survey and the 2020 MHCYP Covid-19 follow up survey — DARS-NIC-404798-C1Z9R
Legal basis: Health and Social Care Act 2012 - s261 - 'Other dissemination of information'
Purposes: (Research)
Sensitive: Non-Sensitive
Data-controller type: NATIONAL CENTRE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH
Mental Health of Children and Young People
This agreement from NatCen is for access to the Mental Health of Children and Young People (MHCYP) survey 2017 and Mental Health of Children and Young People (MHCYP) survey follow up carried out in 2020. This piece of work aims to understand temporal trends and inequalities in mental disorder and service use in children and young people, and the different ways in which symptoms of mental distress and difficulty cluster within a national representative sample of children and young people. This will provide up-to-date evidence using the best sources of data on recent trends in child mental health.
This agreement will use the MHCYP survey 2020 follow up survey of the same children and young people to document the extent to which their mental health has changed during the Covid-19 pandemic. Having an understanding of this distribution pre- and post-pandemic, and how they cluster within sub-groups of the population, can help policymakers and service providers understand the population, deliver support and engagement, and check that they are reaching the relevant groups in the population in the post-Covid context. Moreover, assessing the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on children and young people's mental health will elucidate causal pathways and highlight pathways amenable to intervention to prevent mental health difficulties persisting into adulthood for this generation affected by these extraordinary social circumstances.
The legal basis under GDPR for processing this data falls under Article 6 (1)(f) giving the lawful basis for processing where: "processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party except where such interests are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require protection of personal data, in particular where the data subject is a child."
A full Legitimate Interests Assessment has been carried out and provided to NHS Digital, based on the ICO template.
The ultimate aim is for the research to help deliver improvements to the health and social care system and ultimately to benefit patients. Without rigorous research into this issue to provide a contribution to the debate, policies may be made without a detailed understanding of who needs and uses health services.
The MHCYP data is the most recent and highest quality data available which can determine the prevalence and inequalities in child mental health and treatment and service use in England. While there are an abundance of alternative community-led data collections or data from trials and interventions carried out by government departments (Department for Education/Department of Health and Social Care) or mental health research centres (e.g. Anna Freud), these are not representative of the general population and tend to sample specific at-risk groups receiving targeted services. In line with the legitimate interest assessment completed by NatCen), Processing of the MHCYP data will therefore yield unique insights into the prevalence and characteristics of children and young people
-with different types of disorder which will drive demand for services
-with different combinations of disorders which can shape the provision of cross-cutting service
-experiencing inequalities in rates of disorder which might pinpoint areas amenable to intervention
-unable to access specialist services
-experiencing mental health issues in the context of family members with similar conditions.
Having access to the survey dataset means that NatCen can analyse it. The dataset is unique. It is the first survey of its kind for more than a decade, and so no other recent dataset is available. NatCen does not process any data that is not relevant and would be unable to achieve the aims of the research without these data.
In brief, the purpose of this is to investigate prevalence and inequalities in child mental health and treatment and service use in England. The ultimate aim is for the research to help deliver improvements to the health and social care system and ultimately to benefit patients. Without rigorous research into this issue to provide a contribution to the debate, policies may be made without a detailed understanding of who needs and uses health services. It is necessary to use the MHCYP data as it is the best available information on general population patterning in mental disorder and self-harm behaviours in children and young people in England, to examine prevalence and identify factors associated with mental disorder and treatment and service use in children and young people. There is the necessity to ensure government have an accurate understanding about population trends in need and can prioritise and plan services accordingly. Individual interests are balanced with legitimate interests and individual interests are unlikely to over-ride legitimate interests as all participants were recruited via a random sample of households in England using standard techniques used in high quality survey research. The survey data were collected directly from individuals. The data were collected explicitly and only for research purposes. Survey participants were told that this was a survey and were given an information leaflet about MHCYP. The way that their data are used was explained to respondents when the survey was carried out. An initial report has been published using the data.
This project will ensure that the public have an accurate understanding of child mental health. Understanding patterns of child mental health is key to understanding a) the reach of existing services, b) the demand for additional services, c) factors and context that prevention programmes should target or address. Without such information on resources are allocated, services designed and commissioned, public behaviour and concern will be based on outdated and incorrect information,
This agreement uses pseudonoymised information from respondents to minimise the risks of individuals being identified. Risks are further minimised by the process of statistical disclosure control where potentially disclosive findings are suppressed and not disseminated. The findings will describe the prevalence of poor mental health in children and young people aggregated at population and sub-population levels and pose low level risk of harm to the public.
The MHCYP 2017 and MHCYP 2020 follow up survey are unique. They are the first surveys of its kind for more than a decade, and so no other recent dataset is available. NatCen would be unable to achieve the aims of the research without these data. These data will yield national representative findings of the mental health of children and young people, exploring mental health and the risk factors underpinning it at a granular level exploring a vast range of mental health outcomes and their antecedents which is not available in any other data source. The high-level findings of the MHCYP 2017 were published in 2018.
NatCen has an agreement to access the pre-release version of the MHCYP 2017 survey data for use on unfunded research projects. The data will only be used by NatCen for the purposes of understanding temporal trends and inequalities in mental disorder and service use in children and young people.
This agreement is for a single purpose, to explore temporal trends and inequalities in mental disorder and service use in children and young people in England pre and post Covid pandemic, should access be granted. The data will be used as part of a NatCen-led programme of research into understanding temporal trends and inequalities in mental disorder and service use in children and young people. NatCen will control and process the data at all times. Involvement of other parties will extend to intellectual collaboration and assistance with formulating hypotheses and devising research questions to achieve the as specified aim: understanding temporal trends and inequalities in mental disorder and service use in children and young people.
18,029 children and young people (aged 2 to 19 years old) in England were asked to take part in the 2017 survey. Contact details were obtained from the NHS Patient Register. Information on 9,117 children and young people was collected from parents, children and teachers, and was examined by a team of clinical raters. Respondents which consented to recontact were followed up during the Covid pandemic of 2020. Sample numbers are not available at this point.
This agreement and subsequent access to data is to support quantitative analysis of the MHCYP 2017 and MHCYP survey 2020 follow up survey, to document in a nationally representative population of England . Attention will be paid to how the mental health of 2-19 year olds might vary and how individual outcomes may cluster together. Health inequalities will be explored by stratifying outcomes and clusters by sociodemographic profiles which can be targeted for intervention to improve quality of life by diminishing the impacts of poor mental health in childhood into adulthood.
The MHCYP 2017 and MHCYP 2020 follow up survey are unique. They are the first surveys of its kind for more than a decade, and so no other recent dataset is available. NatCen would be unable to achieve the aims of the research without these data. These data will yield national representative findings of the mental health of children and young people, exploring mental health and the risk factors underpinning it as a granular level which is not available elsewhere.
This agreement uses pseudonymised information from respondents to minimise the risks of individuals being identified.
NatCen require the MHCYP 2017 and MHCYP 2020 follow up data. It will not be possible to explore the impact of the Covid pandemic on the mental health of children and young people unless NatCen have data collected pre- and post-pandemic.
NatCen require nationally representative data to inform robust, evidence-based policy making. National data also provides the greatest sample size, minimising risk of disclosure of individuals as data will be aggregated by outcomes and population sub-groups.
The data requested has already been collected and therefore respondents will face no burden of research by this agreement. NatCen could not achieve the same purpose by processing less data. The methods are not intrusive as NatCen are not able to directly identify any individual in the data that NatCen process. Nothing identifiable is published.
The data is available as a single extract. Any identifying information pertaining to respondents has been removed from the extract prior to being archived and finalised.
NatCen is the data controller and data processor.
NatCen have generated research proposals/ideas and Mind (the mental health charity) have offered to support that with some funding to answer some specific policy-based research questions. Ultimately, responsibility for the findings and interpretation of the data will be solely NatCen's - Mind are not a data controller.
Health and social care service providers need to understand how many children in the population experience symptoms and whether this has changed following the Covid 19 pandemic. Importantly, this project will identify what proportion - and which sub-groups of the population - receives treatment or support now compared to prior to the pandemic. Without this basic understanding of changing demands on existing services it is hard for health and education services to prioritise and plan services in a post-pandemic world.
More efficient and equitable provision of mental health services and early identification of children and young people before they enter mental health care systems will significantly reduce the transfer of poor mental health from childhood to adulthood freeing up resource to the wider health concerns and needs of the general population.
These outputs will identify the characteristics of children and young people who have existing mental health needs, and highlight how these needs might cluster and interact to form more severe mental illness and greater levels of costly service provision. Additional attention can be paid to these high risk groups by allocation of more resource, or diversion of resource away from other groups with lesser needs with scope for reduction in service provision. The findings will highlight which children and young people are at greatest risk of these poor outcomes, and identify who was under-served by existing services and who will be under-served by the post-Covid context.
There is no other data source available in any UK context that can provide this detail at a nationally representative level on the mental health needs of children and young people. Further, this data has already been collected and its exploitation confers no additional research burden on the participants. To not exploit these data is to fail the respondents who voluntarily shared their information for research purposes.
These outputs will provide mental health service providers the evidence they need to plan for servicing the existing mental health needs of children and young people as well offer them early insight into emerging trends from the effects of the Covid 19 pandemic. The benefits are social, moral and economic. The benefits are social - 75% of mental health problems in adult life (excluding dementia) start by the age of 18. Failure to support children and young people with mental health needs costs lives and money. Early intervention avoids young people falling into crisis and avoids expensive and longer term interventions in adulthood. There is also the moral obligation to do, as a society, what it can to ensure that all members have a decent quality of life and that they have the capability to fulfill their capacity. Early life poor mental health hinders that goal, but these data can inform who is most at risk of poor mental health, why, and what might be put in place to alleviate ill health as well as protect others. The cost savings at re-tuning existing services in terms of content or scale will be of considerable benefit to the Treasury. The economic cost of poor mental health in young people's has been estimated at 5.3 billion pounds for a single cohort of children in the UK (Future in Mind, 2015).
These findings will be disseminated to existing stakeholder groups who already have strong lobbying position with politicians and policymakers. Evidence of benefit of this research will be seen in emerging policy announcement which are increasingly reliant on data to back their approaches. The anticipated returns on this evidence production are expected within the next 5 years as the impact of the Covid pandemic on a generation of young people becomes fully evident, as does the toll it has taken on their mental health which these data will describe.
This study will be completed by existing employees at NatCen Social Research; there is no student involvement.
What will be produced as a result of the data processing.
a.	Reports
A single 30 page report outlining key findings supported by additional data tables which have been checked by researchers accredited with the safe handling of secure data to reduce risks of data disclosure. The report will be published by the funding agency, Mind, and hosted on the NatCen website. The anticipated publication date is February 2021.
NatCen will work with Mind on a stakeholder engagement event, convening existing networks such as the Children and Young People's Mental Health Coalition, the Association for Young People's Health, Young Minds and the Centre for Mental Health. The aim is to publicise these findings through these stakeholder media channels to raise public awareness and for the public to learn about the young people's mental health and how it can be promoted and protected. The further aim is to use this stakeholder network to reach policymakers with the means to implement changes which will improve on and protect the young lives of children and young people who have or are vulnerable to poor mental health.
Submissions to peer reviewed journals.
NatCen will submit the findings to peer-reviewed journals (if applicable) with anticipated publication Winter 2021.
b.	Presentations
NatCen intended to present findings to the charity Mind and its trustees who are aiming at influencing policymakers through their existing networks. NatCen researchers often attend and present to Parliamentary APPGs and will target attendees at the APPG on Mental Health. Anticipated Spring 2021.
c.	Conferences
NatCen will engage researchers through academic conferences and will target the annual conference of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and the MQ Mental Health annual conference. Anticipated Autumn 2021.
d.	Dashboards
All findings will be hosted on the NatCen website.
Outputs will be aggregated at population and population sub-group levels (e.g. age groups, ethnicity, gender). Cell counts below 25 are routinely supressed for publication via case borrowing across cells, collapsing into neighbouring cells or through simple exclusion whereby cell counts cannot be deduced from other published findings.
This research will deploy conventional epidemiological statistical methods. NatCen do not anticipate any technological innovation during this project. Funders do not expect innovation or knowledge transfers.
All organisations party to this agreement must comply with the Data Sharing Framework Contract requirements, including those regarding the use (and purposes of that use) by "Personnel" (as defined within the Data Sharing Framework Contract ie: employees, agents and contractors of the Data Recipient who may have access to that data)"
There will be no flow of data between Natcen and NHS Digital. NatCen prepare the MHCYP datasets on behalf of NHS Digital - therefore access can be facilitated internally subject to a valid data sharing agreement being in place.
Data will be downloaded from the UKDS (UK Data Service)
NatCen will receive the whole standard datasets as there is no facility to select individual variables. Access will be permitted for the period specified within the DSA and NatCen must securely destroy all local copies of the dataset when the DSA expires and notify DARS in line with standard procedures.
For both datasets, all identifying information has been removed prior to being archived in the final dataset. Should any potentially disclosive information be uncovered during processing then these data will be suppressed from publication; no further data linkage shall take place.
NatCen researchers accessing the data have been trained in statistical disclosure control by the ONS and NatCen confirm that no attempts to de-identify respondents will be made.
No third parties will have access to the datasets.
All data will be securely contained on NatCen servers which are inaccessible to all except employees or contracted associates. Remote access to NatCen IT systems is available to employees via the NatCen encrypted Virtual Private Network. Data will not be stored by any organisation not named on the data agreement.
NatCen is responsible for processing data at the single stage and will store these data securely for the agreed period and not share it with any third parties. Data will only be accessed by individuals within NatCen who have authorisation to access the data for the purposes described, all of whom work for NatCen.
How the data is being processed at each stage/what is being done with the data to achieve the stated purpose
-What will be done with the data:
1.The data will not be linked with any other data outside of the MHCYP surveys.
2.There will be no requirement nor attempt to re-identify individuals from the data.
3.The data will not be made available to any third parties except in the form of aggregated outputs with small numbers suppressed in line with the HES Analysis Guide.
MHCYP and the Covid-19 follow up are only available as full datasets, though minimisation has taken place centrally prior to the dataset being made available. In addition, the full dataset is required in order to cover all of England (national analyses) and to be able to control for a range of factors in the analyses. A range of conditions will be examined in the analyses.
Data management and variable derivation will be done in SPSS and Stata statistical software packages. Analyses will be conducted in Stata and R, using survey weights and controlling for complex survey design. All patterns reported on will be tested for statistical significance.
Simple descriptive analyses will be used to generate prevalence rates and produce cross-tabulations. These will be presented in tabulations (using percentages and means, and showing base sizes), bar charts, and line graphs. Trend data (from comparisons with earlier surveys in the series) will be based on consistently defined age-ranges and geography for comparability across years. Multiple regression analyses will be carried out to examine association between risk factors and mental health outcomes or service and treatment access when other factors are controlled for, and to identify the role of different potential mediators or explanatory factors. Population attributable fractions may be calculated to compare risk factors with variable extent and variable strength of association. NatCen will examine different options for testing what risk factors may be driving any changes in rate or distribution of mental illness or treatment and service use access. Latent class analyses may be conducted to profile how different and multiple adversities across mental health and other life circumstances cluster together.
While the focus of the study is the mental health and service and treatment use of children and young people, these patterns will be considered in relation to family, neighbourhood and school context. Where available in the dataset, analyses will be conducted on data from children, parents and teachers, so that comparisons can be made. All of the information on family, neighbourhood and school context (teachers) is in the data already. No linkage is made to any other data.
The scope of the analyses will be entirely conducted by NatCen and the data will only be used for the purposes described in this agreement.


The Reproductive Health and Childbirth Specialty is one of 30 Specialties which bring together communities of clinical practice to provide national networks of research expertise.
The NIHR is the most integrated health research system in the world, and the largest national clinical research funder in Europe. The NIHR Clinical Research Network (CRN) supported more than 92 new studies last year, and recruited 76,920 patients to reproductive health studies.
The NIHR supports research studies through our funding programmes, training and support for health researchers, and through providing world-class research facilities. We also support dialogue between the life sciences industry and charities to benefit all, and facilitate the involvement of patients and the public to make research more effective.


QMobile A1 does not support Jio GSM / HSPA at this time.
Sorry, but it does not look like QMobile A1 will work on Jio. But please note that the compatibility of QMobile A1 with Jio, or the Jio network support on QMobile A1 we have explained here is only a technical specification match between QMobile A1 and Jio network. Even QMobile A1 is listed as not compatible here, still Jio network can allow (rarely) QMobile A1 in their network with special agreements made between Jio and QMobile. Therefore, this only explains if the commonly available versions of QMobile A1 will work properly on Jio or not, if so in which bands QMobile A1 will work on Jio and the network performance between Jio and QMobile A1. To check if QMobile A1 is really allowed in Jio network please contact Jio support. Do not use this website to decide to buy QMobile A1 to use on Jio.


text:
Horná lúka (1299 m n.p.m., czasem też 1302 m n.p.m.) – szczyt w zachodniej, tzw. luczańskiej części Małej Fatry (słow. Lúčanská Malá Fatra) w Karpatach Zachodnich na Słowacji.

Położenie
Horná lúka leży w głównym grzbiecie Małej Fatry, pomiędzy szczytami Veternego (1442 m n.p.m.) na pn.-wsch. i Kopy (1232 m n.p.m.) na pd.-zach. Jest szczytem zwornikowym. Ku pd.-wsch., a następnie ku wsch. odchodzi długi grzbiet, opadający przez Ostré (1139 m n.p.m.) i Končiar (1164 m n.p.m.) do Kotliny Turczańskiej w rejonie wsi Turčiansky Peter. Grzbiet ten od pn. ogranicza Veľká Bystričianská dolina, zaś od pd. Trebostovská dolina. Ku pn. natomiast odgałęzia się krótki grzbiet, rozdzielający się wkrótce na dwie odnogi, opadające ku Dolinie Svitačovej, pomiędzy źródłowe cieki Potoku Kuneradzkiego.

Charakterystyka
Spiętrzenie szczytowe dość płaskie i rozległe, wyciągnięte wzdłuż biegu grzbietu głównego oraz wspomnianego wyżej długiego grzbietu odchodzącego ku pd.-wsch., gdzie ok. 500 m od punktu zwornikowego (1302 m n.p.m.) kulminuje na wysokości ok. 1325 m n.p.m.

Spiętrzenie szczytowe oraz fragment stoków wsch., opadających ku Dolinie Bystričianskiej, pokrywają polany, niegdyś intensywnie wypasane. Tu pod szczytem od strony wschodniej, na wysokości ok. 1240 m n.p.m., źródło i pozostałości dawnego szałasu. Poza tym masyw porośnięty jest lasami.

Turystyka
Przez szczyt, wzdłuż głównego grzbietu pasma, biegnie czerwono  znakowany szlak turystyczny wiodący ze Strečna przez Martinské hole na szczyt Kľaku. Wspomnianym długim grzbietem z Bystrički w Kotlinie Turczańskiej wyprowadza na szczyt szlak  zielony, który następnie sprowadza do Doliny Svitačovej po drugiej stronie pasma.

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Gargulák Jozef, Križo Vladimír: Malá Fatra. Turistický sprievodca ČSSR, wyd. Šport, slovenské telovýchové vydavateľstvo, Bratislava 1984;
 Malá Fatra. Martinské hole. Turistická mapa 1 : 50 000, wyd. VKÚ Harmanec 1993, 1 vydanie, ;

Szczyty Małej Fatry

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Right at that moment, he was supposed to be recording a nationwide radio interview about Kickflip Boys: A Memoir of Freedom, Rebellion, and the Chaos of Fatherhood, the latest and most personal of the five books he's published. The interview got canceled, he was told, because the torrent of national political news left no airtime to devote to a book about raising sons whose exuberant grade-school skateboarding careened into teenage drug use, curfew-busting, and run-ins with law enforcement.
In lieu of moping all day about the hundreds of thousands of potential readers who would not be hearing his voice on the radio, Neal Thompson finished his coffee, crossed Seattle's Sixth Avenue, and got back to work running the Amazon Literary Partnership, a program that's spent the last nine years donating to nonprofits that support writers. Since the effort started in 2009, Amazon has provided grants to more than 100 writing centers, residencies, fellowships, literary magazines, small publishers, and translation programs.
Thompson's work to help these organizations holds deep personal meaning because he's spent so much time walking in the shoes of a working writer. He joined Amazon after about a decade of striving to make a full-time living by writing books. During those years, he juggled fatherhood and his literary ambitions, spending many afternoons at skate parks, typing away on his laptop while his sons honed their skills nearby. Writing never fully paid the bills. His wife's career provided the family's financial stability. Thompson ultimately decided he "needed to get back to a day job and get a steady paycheck and health insurance," he said.
It's wonderful when we're able to say yes because some of these groups have tiny budgets. I like that our grants send a message that we believe in what they're doing and show that Amazon cares about storytelling and writers and writing programs. Because we do.
On the day of the canceled national radio interview, part of Thompson's workday took him to a classroom at the University of Washington, where students in a course called "Publishing Your Writing" posed sharp, enthusiastic questions about everything from Kindle Direct Publishing and setting up their own Amazon author pages to what it was like when his biography about Robert "Believe It or Not!" Ripley landed him an appearance on The Daily Show in 2013.
"Was it Jon Stewart?" one student wanted to know. It wasn't. Stewart was on vacation, and John Oliver was filling in as host.
Tree Swenson, executive director of Hugo House writers' center, shows Neal Thompson the courtyard of her organization's future home. Hugo House is a longtime recipient of grants from the Amazon Literary Partnership, which Thompson runs.
While on campus, Thompson also visited leaders of the university's creative writing program to tell them that they'd been approved for another year of financial support from Amazon. UW's Master of Fine Arts in creative writing is among the longest-running recipients of the grants that Thompson manages.
Neal Thompson's new memoir, Kickflip Boys.


NARA (TR) – Nara Prefectural Police have arrested a 24-year-old man over the fatal stabbing of his father at their residence in Ikoma City on Sunday, reports the Sankei Shimbun (Apr. 15).
At around 8:05 p.m., Kodai Shiozaki, a company employee, allegedly used a survival knife with a 20-centimeter-long blade to repeatedly stab his father, 53-year-old Mitsuyoshi, in the back.
Mitsuyoshi was transported to a hospital but he was later confirmed dead, according to the Ikoma Police Station.
Officers later arrested Shiozkai on suspicion of attempted murder. "I stabbed him while intending to kill," the suspect was quoted by police in admitting to the allegations.
After the incident, the suspect tipped off police. Officers arriving at the residence found Mitsuyoshi collapsed in the living room.
Police are now investigating whether to change the charges against Shiozaki to murder.


This data set contains sea ice and snow measurements collected during aircraft landings associated with the Soviet Union's historical Sever airborne and North Pole drifting station programs. The data set contains measurements of 23 parameters, including ice thickness and snow depth on the runway and surrounding area; ridge, hummock, and sastrugi dimensions and areal coverage; and snow density.
National Snow and Ice Data Center. Compiled by I. P. Romanov. 2004. Morphometric Characteristics of Ice and Snow in the Arctic Basin: Aircraft Landing Observations from the Former Soviet Union, 1928-1989, Version 1. [Indicate subset used]. Boulder, Colorado USA. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5B8562T. [Date Accessed].
This data set contains sea ice and snow measurements collected during aircraft landings associated with the Soviet Union's historical Sever airborne and North Pole drifting station programs. The High-Latitude Airborne Annual Expeditions Sever (Sever means North) took place in 1928, 1937, 1941, 1948-1952, and 1954-1993 (Konstantinov and Grachev 2000). In Spring 1993, the last (45th) Sever expedition finished long-term activity in the Arctic. Snow and sea ice data were collected, along with meteorological and hydrological measurements (the latter are not part of this data set). Up to 202 landings were accomplished each year.
The data set contains measurements of 23 parameters, including ice thickness and snow depth on the landing runway and surrounding area; ridge, hummock, and sastrugi dimensions and areal coverage; and snow density. The sea ice thickness data are of particular importance, as ice thickness measurements for the Arctic Basin are scarce. These data are a subset of those used to create the atlas Morphometric Characteristics of Ice and Snow in the Arctic Basin, self-published by Ilya P. Romanov in 1993, and republished by Backbone Publishing Company in 1995. Romanov personally provided these data to the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in 1994. Note: NSIDC only holds data through 1989.
In 1994, NSIDC received two data sets from Ilya Pavlovich Romanov, a scientist who spent his career with the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), St. Petersburg, Russia. One data set consists of files of gridded parameters that were used in the construction of the atlas Morphometric Characteristics of Ice and Snow in the Arctic Basin, self-published by Ilya P. Romanov in 1993, and republished in a revised version with accompanying data diskette and additional charts, as Atlas of Ice and Snow of the Arctic Basin and Siberian Shelf Seas, by Backbone Publishing Company in 1995. The second consists of files of raw (ungridded) data from aircraft landings on Arctic pack ice, beginning in 1928 and ending in 1989, with relatively few observations before the 1950s. NSIDC offers the raw observations, but not the gridded data, due to irregularities in the gridded data set. Unfortunately, Ilya Romanov died in 1995, before complete documentation on both data sets could be obtained. See Detailed Data Description for information on the contents of the new data set.
Romanov compiled and analyzed his database during his 45-year career with AARI. His field experience included 19 Sever expeditions and five North Pole drifting stations, as well as scientific leadership on the first voyage to the North Pole by icebreaker, in 1977 (Atlas of Ice and Snow of the Arctic Basin and Siberian Shelf Seas Editor's Preface, 1995). The AARI Sever and North Pole programs are described below. In 1959, Romanov initiated an extracurricular program of routine measurements of snow and ice that resulted in an extensive personal archive. This database grew to include previously collected snow and ice data as well (R. Colony, "Forward," Atlas of Ice and Snow of the Arctic Basin and Siberian Shelf Seas, 1995).
Data sources for the Romanov atlases are described as the AARI Sever expeditions (1940s to 1980s), the AARI North Pole drift stations (1937-1991), the US-USSR joint research Polar Experiment (POLEX) program (1972-1981), ice reconnaissance flight reports, and literature in the public domain ("Executive Summary," Atlas of Ice and Snow of the Arctic Basin and Siberian Shelf Seas, 1995). NSIDC has published the data from aircraft landings only and has not included extensive data from the North Pole program. The source of each year's observations is uncertain. The observations from 1928 may be connected with the rescue efforts of the airship Italia and the aircraft landings of Chukhnovsky and M.S. Babushkin during that period.
Romanov's atlases and observational data are a unique contribution to arctic science. Snow measurements were made in the spring and therefore represent annual snow accumulation prior to significant summer melt. Romanov's assessments of area, thickness and the spatial distribution of snow contribute information useful for evaluating arctic freshwater balance (Roger Barry, personal communication, 2003). Sea ice thickness data are valuable additions to the limited record provided by upward looking sonar. The Atlas of Ice and Snow of the Arctic Basin and Siberian Shelf Seas contains many additional parameters presented in climatological analyses, with background information on observational methods.
The Sever (in English, "North") expeditions, more formally named the High-Latitude Airborne Expeditions, were an intensive data acquisition program conducted by AARI. Between 1948 and 1989, but primarily in the mid 1950s and again during 1973-1979, the Arctic Basin and shelf seas were annually sampled at up to 202 separate landing sites per season, where observers would stay for several days. The landings generally took place from mid March into early May, when there was enough light to operate, but before summer melt made safe landings impossible. The Sever program included the acquisition of oceanographic and meteorological data (notably, the program focused on the wintertime hydrography of the Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas); however, Romanov's database includes only sea ice and snow data. For more information on Sever, see Environmental Working Group Joint U.S.-Russian Sea Ice Atlas, and Borodachev and Shilnikov, 2002 (in Russian only).
AARI's North Pole program consisted of drifting stations that generally were set up on multiyear ice floes. The first station began operations in 1937. Observations were interrupted during World War II and resumed in 1950. For 1954 through 1991, one to three stations were in operation each year, with varying 'lifetimes' before the ice floe broke up or drifted through Fram Strait. North Pole Drifting Station 1 lasted nine months and North Pole Drifting Station 22 lasted eight and a half years. Stations were set up by delivering personnel and equipment by air, and resupply was by air. They drifted until the floe was in danger of breaking up, at which time the men and equipment were retrieved. An average ice station lifetime was 31.5 months. The North Pole drifting station measurement program was extensive. This data set contains only a selection of sea ice and snow measurements that were acquired possibly during aircraft support for the North Pole program. A detailed history of the program, with a gallery of photographs, station meteorological data, and drift tracks, may be found in the Joint U.S.-Russian Arctic Meteorology and Climate Atlas (Arctic Climatology Project, 2000).
These data, along with limited documentation, were obtained by NSIDC from I.P. Romanov in 1994. The atlas documentation (Romanov 1993, 1995) provided much of the information given here on data acquisition and parameter definition, although this information is still somewhat incomplete.
NSIDC received files that possibly are observations from Sever and North Pole station aircraft landing locations. These files apparently contain snow and ice observations from many but not all Sever stations and possibly from North Pole stations. Note that the Sever data and North Pole data are indistinguishable in the data files. It is likely that all data were acquired during aircraft landings using methods that were consistent regardless of which larger AARI program was being supported, but NSIDC cannot be sure of this information. NSIDC also received a different set of parameters as gridded data. These gridded data have some inconsistencies and are undocumented, and therefore are left out of this data set.
We assume that both the gridded data and the raw data received by NSIDC were used for the climatological atlases constructed by Romanov and published in 1993 and 1995. However, the parameters in this data set are only a subset, and not an exact match, to the parameters represented in the atlas climatologies. The 1993 atlas contains more than 100 hand-drawn climatological fields, with accompanying monograph. The 1995 second edition has been expanded and revised, with an additional 99 charts, new translation and introduction, and a data diskette with gridded data.
Four ice thickness parameters (such as ice thickness of prevailing landing area), five ice morphology parameters (such as prevailing width of ridges), and 11 snow morphology and snow characteristic parameters (including area of sastrugi and density of snow), as well as floe and runway dimensions. The parameters measured, with the parameter number in parenthesis after (see Format), are listed below. See Data Acquisition and Processing for a full description.
Ice thickness parameters are runway ice thickness (10), thickness of prevailing ice of landing area (12) , thickness of ice pieces which form the hummock (17), and ice freeboard ( 28).
Ice morphology parameters are prevailing height of hummocks in the ridges (14), prevailing width of ridges (15), maximum height of hummocks in the landing area (16) height of old hummocks (26), and area of old hummocks (27).
Snow morphology and snow characteristic parameters are snow height (depth) on runway (11), snow height (depth) on prevailing ice of landing area (13), height of sastrugi on the runway (18), area of sastrugi on the runway (19), height of sastrugi on prevailing ice of landing area (20), area of sastrugi on prevailing ice of landing area (21), depth, at mid-length, of snow dunes extending out from ridges (22), depth, at mid-length, of snow dunes extending out from ridges (23), snow height (depth) at hummocks on the windward side (24), snow height (depth) at hummocks on the lee side (25), and density of snow (29).
Also included are floe and runway dimensions (parameters 6,7,8,9).
Files are named ice_romanov_yyyy.dat, with yyyy representing the year the data were collected. For example, ice_romanov_1985.dat contains all measurements collected during 1985. One file exists for each year data were collected. The records within each file are ordered chronologically, based on the date of collection within that year's field season.
The data files are in ASCII text. Each line in a data file contains the information specified in Table 1. The link from each parameter shows a scatterplot of that parameter's values.
The following data sample is from file ice_romanov_1985.dat.
The data files range between 0.45 KB and 30 KB. All data files combined total 660 KB.
The maps in Figure 2 show the position of each landing site by decade. One data record exists for each location. The measurements were taken daily, sometimes at multiple locations, as early as January and as late as July; but usually late winter to summer, generally March through May. NSIDC holds data from 1928, 1937, 1941, 1948-1952, and 1954-1989. A single set of observations was taken at each landing site. The number of landing sites in any one year or month varied. In a given field season, the distance between landings averaged approximately 100 km.
Table 2 specifies the number of landing sites by decade and month.
Each parameter was examined for extreme values by plotting all values and visually scanning for obvious outliers. These values were then investigated to determine the nature of the error. Extreme values were rare and occurred as described below. The four outlying ice and snow parameters were replaced with the value for missing data. Some runway length, runway width, floe length, and floe width parameters have values of 9999 and -1. Values of -1 indicate missing data; the meaning of 9999 values is uncertain. Table 3 lists these extremes.
The information below (paraphrased from Romanov, 1995, except where noted) describes in general terms how data were acquired. In his supplemental observation program, Romanov enlisted the help of colleagues as ice observers (Romanov, preface to the 1993 atlas). Generally, observations were made following the instructions in the Handbook for Conducting Airborne Ice Reconnaissance.
Before an ice landing, a characteristic site of ice- and snow-parameter variation was selected. Ice thickness and snow depth were evaluated at different locations on first-year, as well as multiyear ice. Hummocks were measured in 2-3 ridges characteristic of the region. The size of floes was measured both in flight and on the ice. In 1988-1989, ridges were evaluated at 5-m intervals at North Pole stations and at landing sites (Romanov, personal correspondence with R. Barry, R. Colony, and W. Weeks, 1 July 1992).
Age and partial concentration of ice were determined from low-flying aircraft. After landing, three to five measurements of thickness at 150-200-m intervals were made on the runway. If second-year and multiyear ice prevailed in the landing area, thickness was measured at 10-20 points on neighboring floes and at fresh fractures. The values were averaged and used both for analysis and for calibration of the visual airborne ice observation technique (Romanov 1995).
Ridged ice concentration is defined as the percentage of the area covered by ridged and hummocked ice with respect to the total ice cover. It is the main parameter characterizing ice cover deformation. Observations of ridged ice concentration were systematically carried out from aircraft by counting the number of iced ridges per kilometer and by visual estimates in accordance with the Handbook for Conducting Airborne Ice Reconnaissance (1981 and earlier issues). Additionally, a program of direct measurements of ice ridge concentrations, including their heights and widths, was conducted every March-April from 1972 to 1982. During this program, aircraft landed on the ice cover of every 100x100-km cell of the Arctic Basin and adjacent seas. The heights and widths of several typical ridges were measured, with 5-10 measurements on each ridge. In addition, the thickness, length, and width of ice pieces forming the ridge were measured (Romanov 1995).
Representative areas for measuring snow parameters were chosen from the air. After landing, snow depth was measured at 10-20 random points and on characteristic forms of ice surface terrain (including level ice, frozen melt ponds, and ridges). Snow depth on level first-year and, whenever possible, on multiyear ice was measured at 3-5 points on the runway. For snow cover more than 10 cm deep, at least 10 measurements were made over the entire ice floe, as well as on adjacent floes. Snow depth in 2-3 snow-covered ridges was measured on both windward and lee sides using a measuring pole at 10-20 points. The area covered by sastrugi was estimated from the air. After landing, the airborne observation data were checked, and other measurements made. Lengths and depths (at their mid-lengths) of snow dunes stretching from ice ridges at various angles were measured at 3-5 sites during every landing (Romanov 1995).
Figure 3. High-latitude expedition Sever base on Zhokhov Island (photo taken by Sergey Kessel, used with permission).
More information on Ilya P. Romonov and on historical Russian ocean, atmosphere and ice observing programs can be found in the publications below. The 1993 and 1995 Romanov references contain additional descriptive information and analyses, of which this data set forms only a small part.
Borodachev, V.E. and V. I. Shilnikov. 2002. Istoriya Ledovoi Aviatsionnoi Razvedki v Arktike i na Zamerzayushchikh Moryakh Rossii (1914-1993) (The History of Aerial Ice Reconnaissance in the Arctic and Ice-covered Seas of Russia, 1914-1993). Gidrometeoizdat Publishing House, St. Petersburg, Russia. 441 pp. ISBN 5-286-01448-8.
Konstantinov, Yu. B., K. I. Grachev. 2000. High-latitude Airborne Expeditions Sever (1937, 1941 – 1993). Gidrometeoizdat Publishing House, St. Petersburg, Russia, 176 pp.
Romanov, I.P. 1979. Sizes of Ice Fields. Trans. POLEX-Sever-76. Gidrometeoizdat Publishing House, St. Petersburg, Russia. pp. 11-115.
Romanov, I.P. 1993. Morphometric Characteristics of Ice and Snow in the Arctic Basin. First edition. Self-published. St. Petersburg, Russia.
Romanov, I.P. 1995. Atlas of Ice and Snow of the Arctic Basin and Siberian Shelf Seas. Dr. Alfred Tunik, translator and editor. Second edition of atlas and monograph. Revised and expanded. ISBN 0-9644311-3-0. Backbone Publishing Company.
Rukovodstvo po proizvodstvu ledovoy aviarazvedki (Handbook for conducting airborne ice reconnaissance). 1981. Gidrometeoizdat Publishing House, St. Petersburg, Russia. 240 pp.
These data were provided by Ilya Pavlovich Romanov (1927-1995). Valuable information concerning the Romanov data and the Sever and North Pole programs was supplied by Prof. Roger Colony, International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; Dr. Vladimir Radionov, Head of the Department of Meteorology, AARI; and Prof. Roger Barry, Director, NSIDC. All three reviewed this documentation. Dr. Colony was instrumental in the publication of the first English version of Romanov's atlas, Morphometric Characteristics of Ice and Snow in the Arctic Basin. We acknowledge as well the contribution of Ilya Romanov's son, Andrey Romanov, who completed the delivery of data to NSIDC after his father's death.
Preparation of the data set at NSIDC was supported by funding from NOAA's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) and the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC).
This documentation was written by Keri Webster, Alexander Machado, and Florence Fetterer based on correspondence between Ilya Romanov and NSIDC dated 1 July 1992, and on correspondence between Romonov's son Andrey Romanov and NSIDC dated 10 September 1995. We drew additional information from the Romanov atlases (1993, 1995) and from personal communications with R. Colony, R. Barry, and V. Radionov (see Acknowledgments).


text:
Q: Infimum of $\max(0,y) + \frac{1}{2t}(x-y)^2$ I want to compute the Moreau Envelope of the function $f(y) = \max(0,y)$.
I know that the Moreau Envelope is given by:
$f_t(x) = \inf_y \{ f(y) + \frac{1}{2t}(x-y)^2 \ | y \in \mathbb{R} \}$
In our case this is:
$f_t(x) = \inf_y \{ \max(0,y) + \frac{1}{2t}(x-y)^2 | y \in \mathbb{R} \}$
Now everything left is computing the infimum. However, somehow I am messing up this step.
I thought about a case distinction with:

*

*$y < 0$

*$y > 0$

*$y = 0$

But this led to nowhere. Any help?

A: Below is my attempt:

Both summands in the expression $\, \max\left(0,y\right)+ \frac{1}{2t}(x-y)^2  $ are non-negative, thus the infimum is reached when both of them are minimized.
The first term is obviously minimized by $y=0$, and the second is by $y=x$.
Since you need the infimum expressed as function of $x$, you can compute derivative
$$
\frac{\partial}{\partial{y}}\left[\max\left(0,y\right)+ \frac{\left(x-y\right)^2}{2t} \right] = \frac{\partial}{\partial{y}}\left[\max\left(0,y\right) \right] + \frac{\partial}{\partial{y}}\left[\frac{\left(x-y\right)^2}{2t}\right]
$$
$$
\max\left(0,y\right) = \cases{0,\quad y \le 0 \\y,  \quad y>0 }
\implies
\frac{\partial}{\partial{y}}\left[\max\left(0,y\right) \right]  = \cases{0,\quad y \le 0 \\1,  \quad y>0 }
$$
$$
\frac{\partial}{\partial{y}}\left[\frac{\left(x-y\right)^2}{2t}\right]=\frac{y-x}{t}
$$
thus
$$
\frac{\partial}{\partial{y}}\left[\max\left(0,y\right)+ \frac{\left(x-y\right)^2}{2t} \right]
=\cases{0+\left(y-x\right)/t,\quad y \le 0 \\1+\left(y-x\right)/t,  \quad y>0 }
$$
The first naive approach I want to try is to set derivatives to zero and compute extrema of
$$
f_t\left(x\right) = \inf_y \left\lbrace \max\left(0,y\right) + \frac{\left(x-y\right)^2}{2t} \mid y \in \mathbb{R} \right\rbrace
$$
as following:
$$
0=\frac{\partial}{\partial{y}}\big[\max\left(0,y\right)+ \frac{\left(x-y\right)^2}{2t} \big] =\cases{0+\left(y-x\right)/t,\quad y \le 0 \\1+\left(y-x\right)/t,  \quad y>0 }
\implies
\cases{y_0=x,&$y\le0$\\y_0=x-t,&$y>0$}
$$
Thus we get
$$
f_t\left(x\right) = \inf_y \left\lbrace \max\left(0,y\right) + \frac{\left(x-y\right)^2}{2t} \mid y \in \mathbb{R} \right\rbrace
{\stackrel{?}{=}}
\left.\left(\max\left(0,y\right) + \frac{\left(x-y\right)^2}{2t}  \right)\right\rvert_{y=y_0}
$$
$$
f_t\left(x\right) = \cases{
0, & $y\le0$
\\
\max\left(0,x-t\right) + \frac{t}{2}  , & $y>0$}
$$
Hope this helps.

A: Guide:
Assuming $t>0$.
If $x\le 0$, the infimum is attained when $y=x$, then we have $$f_t(x)=0.$$
Now, we focus on the case where $x>0$,
If $y \le 0$, $\max(0,y)+\frac1{2t}(x-y)^2=\frac1{2t}(x-y)^2 \ge \frac{x^2}{2t}$
For $y\ge 0$, notice that it is a trade off between the the norm of $y$ and the approximation of $x$. If $y>x$, we could have find a better solution that is less than $x$ and have a smaller norm in $y$. To be explicit, the expression is evaluate to be $$y+\frac1{2t}(x-y)^2$$
which is a quadratic equation subject to the constraint that $y > 0$. Try to find the minimal of this problem.
Edit:
\begin{align}y + \frac1{2t}(x-y)^2 &=\frac1{2t}(x^2-2xy+y^2+2ty)\\
&=\frac1{2t}(y^2+2(t-x)y+x^2)\\
&=\frac1{2t}\left((y+(t-x))^2+x^2-(t-x)^2\right)\\
&=\frac1{2t}\left((y+(t-x))^2-t^2+2tx\right)\\
&=\frac1{2t}((y-(x-t))^2-\frac{t}2+x\end{align}
$\max(0,y)+\frac{1}{2t}(x-y)^2$ is a continuous function in $y$, when $x-t>0$, the minimal is attained there, and the minimal value is $x-\frac{t}2$. Otherwise, the minimal is attained when $y=0$ with value $\frac{x^2}{2t}.$

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text:
Šiauliai (in samogitico Šiaulē, in polacco Szawle, in tedesco Schaulen, in russo Шавли, Šavli) è una città della Lituania nella regione storica della Samogizia.
Con  abitanti è la quarta città più popolosa del paese.

Storia

Šiauliai venne menzionata per la prima volta in un documento dei cavalieri portaspada con il nome di Soule. In questo documento viene descritta la battaglia che si combatté non lontano dalla città il 22 settembre 1236. Costruito come avamposto contro le scorrerie dei cavalieri teutonici, dopo la battaglia di Grunwald, Šiauliai incominciò a svilupparsi come centro urbano. Ottenne il diritto di Magdeburgo nel 1589 e, nel 1634, venne costruita l'attuale chiesa su una precedente in legno.

Sebbene nel XVI secolo avesse raggiunto un relativo benessere, nel secolo successivo, Šiauliai venne prima devastata nel corso del Diluvio e poi fu afflitta da epidemie di peste. A causa della disastrosa situazione in cui versava l'area, i contadini locali si ribellarono, ed a quel punto Antoni Tyzenhaus elaborò una serie di progetti che portarono Šiauliai al suo antico splendore. Decise infatti di riorganizzare la città secondo i più moderni canoni urbanistici. Essa divenne un importante centro culturale e scolastico e, dopo le spartizioni della Polonia, passò sotto il controllo dell'Impero russo e fu ribattezzata dai russi Шавли (Šavli) o Шавель (Šavel).

Ciò nonostante vennero costruite nuove vie di comunicazione, come la strada per Riga e per Tilsit o la ferrovia per Liepāja. Inoltre vi aprirono numerosi stabilimenti e la popolazione salì a  unità, rendendo Šiauliai la terza città della Lituania. Nel 1909 il 56,4% degli abitanti erano ebrei. Nel corso della prima guerra mondiale la città fu duramente colpita dai combattimenti e il 65% dei suoi edifici venne incendiato.

Nel primo dopoguerra entrò a far parte della neonata Lituania e, prima dell'occupazione di Klaipėda da parte delle milizie lituane, era seconda per numero di abitanti solo alla capitale Kaunas. Sul finire degli anni venti il centro cittadino venne ricostruito e furono inaugurati servizi di trasporto pubblici, ma l'economia locale non navigava in buone acque, data la perdita dei contatti coi mercati russi, dove tradizionalmente venivano vendute le merci prodotte a Šiauliai. Per sopperire a questa mancanza, la città si aprì verso l'Europa occidentale, così venne inaugurata la ferrovia per il porto di Klaipėda.

Alla vigilia della seconda guerra mondiale Šiauliai era uno dei principali poli industriali e culturali del paese. Vi erano infatti un museo, un'università, una scuola per insegnanti, un teatro, una biblioteca e vi venivano stampati diversi periodici. Nel 1939 un quarto della popolazione di Šiauliai era composto da ebrei. Le truppe tedesche, che entrarono in città il 26 giugno 1941, sterminarono nella prima settimana d'occupazione circa 1000 ebrei. Al termine del conflitto solo 500 di loro, su una popolazione che prima del conflitto ammontava ad 8000 unità, si salvarono.

 La Collina delle Croci
La Collina delle Croci''' (in lituano Kryžių Kalnas'') è un luogo di pellegrinaggio e una meta turistica che si trova nei pressi della città lituana di Šiauliai, lungo la strada E77 che collega Kaliningrad a Riga.

Si tratta di una piccola altura su cui si ergono oltre quattrocentomila croci, piantate per devozione dai pellegrini secondo una tradizione popolare che dura da alcuni secoli, ma che ha preso un enorme impulso nella seconda metà del XX secolo come simbolo dell'identità nazionale lituana. Ancora nel 1900, infatti, c'erano soltanto 130 croci sulla collina.

Durante l'epoca sovietica, per tre volte le croci della collina furono completamente abbattute con le ruspe per disposizione del regime comunista, ma ogni volta ricomparivano sempre più numerose. Oggi si contano più di 400.000 croci di ogni dimensione, foggia e materiale, da piccole croci in plastica fabbricate in serie a croci artistiche monumentali.

La Collina delle Croci fu visitata il 7 settembre 1993 da papa Giovanni Paolo II. Il crocefisso da lui donato venne posto ai piedi della collina. Il cardinale Vincentas Sladkevičius l'ha definita il «cuore della Lituania aperto all'Altissimo».

Infrastrutture e trasporti
La città è servita dall'Aeroporto Internazionale di Šiauliai.

Amministrazione

Gemellaggi
Šiauliai è gemellata con:

Sport
Le due realtà sportive più importanti della città sono la squadra di pallacanestro, il KK Šiauliai, e la squadra di calcio, il FK Šiauliai. Entrambe le formazioni militano nei rispettivi massimi campionati.

La città è stata palcoscenico della competizione FIBA EuroBasket 2011, ospitando il gruppo B della prima fase (comprendente Italia, Serbia, Francia, Lettonia, Germania e Israele)

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Šiauliai


text:
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The Southgate House Revival - Revival Room
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Amassing over 3.3 million streams with their pop-inspired album, Stargazer, Yam Haus' dance-worthy
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Actionscript 2 functions I'm an experienced programmer but just starting out with Flash/Actionscript. I'm working on a project that for certain reasons requires me to use Actionscript 2 rather than 3.
When I run the following (I just put it in frame one of a new flash project), the output is a 3 rather than a 1 ? I need it to be a 1.
Why does the scope of the 'ii' variable continue between loops?
var fs:Array = new Array();

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++){

    var ii = i + 1;
    fs[i] = function(){
        trace(ii);
    }
}

fs[0]();

A: Unfortunately, AS2 is not that kind of language; it doesn't have that kind of closure. Functions aren't exactly first-class citizens in AS2, and one of the results of that is that a function doesn't retain its own scope, it has to be associated with some scope when it's called (usually the same scope where the function itself is defined, unless you use a function's call or apply methods).
Then when the function is executed, the scope of variables inside it is just the scope of wherever it happened to be called - in your case, the scope outside your loop. This is also why you can do things like this:
function foo() {
    trace( this.value );
}

objA = { value:"A" };
objB = { value:"B" };

foo.apply( objA ); // A
foo.apply( objB ); // B

objA.foo = foo;
objB.foo = foo;

objA.foo(); // A
objB.foo(); // B

If you're used to true OO languages that looks very strange, and the reason is that AS2 is ultimately a prototyped language. Everything that looks object-oriented is just a coincidence. ;D

A: Unfortunately Actionscript 2.0 does not have a strong scope... especially on the time line.
var fs:Array = new Array();

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++){

    var ii = i + 1;
    fs[i] = function(){
        trace(ii);
    }
}

fs[0]();
trace("out of scope: " + ii + "... but still works");

A: I came up with a kind of strage solution to my own problem:
var fs:Array = new Array();

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++){
    var ii = i + 1;

    f = function(j){
        return function(){
            trace(j);
        };
    };
    fs[i] = f(ii);
}

fs[0](); //1
fs[1](); //2
fs[2](); //3


The City of London is surrounded by dragons but why?
How are dragons perceived in western culture?
In classical legend, dragons are associated with guarding something. For example, in Greek mythology, a ten headed dragon guarded the golden apples, in the Garden of the Hesperides. In medieval romance dragons spend a lot of time guarding pretty, captive women i.e. the princess in the tower story we all know so well.
How are dragons portrayed in literature and language?
Dragons are mentioned in the book of revelation where the devil is referred to as being a dragon.
Alfred Watson: Racecourse and Covert Side (1883).
A griffin has the backend of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle. Remember the Midland Bank adverts? That was a Griffin. I would think it more plausible to confuse a dragon with a wyvern. Can you tell the difference between a dragon, a wyvern and a griffin? A wyvern is characterised as having scales and a barbed tail, like that of a dragon. A dragon has four legs whereas a Wyvern only two.
Where do the City of London dragons come from?
The origin of the dragons isn't clear. Some say that they come from the story of George and the Dragon as St George is the patron saint of England. The sword and the dragons certainly distinguish the coat of arms of the City of London from those of England.
In England, we associate St George with slaying the Dragon and indeed dragons guard the City of London and mark out the different gates around the city i.e Aldersgate, Bishopsgate, Temple Bar, Bridge Gate and Moorgate. As with dragons being used in stories to protect something i.e.; Smaug in J.R.R Tolkein's 1937 novel The Hobbit protects Erebor (for himself) are the City of London dragons there to protect the city?
The City of London is the original heart of London having been established by the Romans in 55BC. The City of London is surrounded by dragons. The photo above is of one of the two dragons original statues from the Coal Exchange. These two dragons lived under the entrance to the Coal Exchange in Lower Thames Street until when it was demolished in 1863. After that they took up residence on either side of the Victoria Embankment.
What is the earliest image of the crest of the City of London?
The oldest known image of a crest is from 1539 when they are used on the reverse of the common seal of the City. The oldest image, however, is not very clear, by the end of the C17th, the crest had developed into the dragon wing.
Now in it's 30th year the scheme recognises and celebrates community engagement, provide examples of best practice and to inspire others to get more involved covering Greater London.
Do you have a favourite dragon? Or perhaps you haven't had the chance to hunt them down? Download my free City of London dragon guide.


The Greens are calling on opposition leader Bill Shorten to commit to abolishing the cashless debit card, should they win Government this year.
An Australian Greens motion calling for the terms of reference of a proposed Royal Commission to be expanded to cover violence, abuse and neglect of older Australians and disabled people in institutional and residential settings has been blocked.
Australian Greens Disability Rights spokesperson Senator Jordon Steele-John succeeded in securing the votes of the entire crossbench but the motion was ultimately voted down by the Labor and Liberal parties.


Categories: February, Men's Health, Sports Nutrition, Vitamins & Supplements, Weight Management, Women's Health, All Greens Best Products.
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Not intended for use by persons under age 18. Do not exceed recommended dose. Consult physician if pregnant/nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition.


Our mission is to empower Transportation and Travel organizations to make inspired decisions. Diio, now part of FlightGlobal, is a world leader in aviation BI data, tools and technology.
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text:
BBlogsCCOVID-19
Blogs / Can 20 lakh crore stimulus package announced by PM Modi help revive COVID-19 hit economy?
Ritika Pathak
May 19, 2020 , Blogs, COVID-19
It has been about 50 days since the lockdown was announced to arrest the growth of Coronavirus cases in India yet there hasn't been any significant impact as the cases continue to surge. Although the recovery rate has improved to 34%, the infection continues to spiral in several states, led by Maharashtra and Delhi, which in turn, has derailed any thoughts of relaxing the lockdown rules.
Even as many big private companies have not halted their operations and have continued to function by availing "work from home" facility, the unorganized sector and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)- considered the backbone of India's economy, has been hit by the economic slump triggered by the outbreak.
Thus, some relaxations are expected by the government. The lockdown could be extended again, given the steep rise in the number of cases, however, with some red flags over the condition of the economy and concerns over the migrant crisis.
However, the most comforting measures came recently in the form of the mega Rs 20 lakh crore stimulus package announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi's- to revive a COVID-19 hit economy. The combined package works out to roughly 10 per cent of the GDP, making it the second most substantial financial packages in the world, as it focuses on tax breaks for small businesses as well as incentives for domestic manufacturing.
The package includes Rs 1.7 lakh crore package of free food grains to poor and cash to poor women and elderly, announced in March, as well as the RBI's liquidity measures and interest rate cuts. It is announced to make India self-reliant and is likely to foster economic activities which had come to a standstill.
The package, Prime Minister said, will focus on land, labour, liquidity and laws. Recently Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman delivered the much-awaited economic package, which would include Rs 3 lakh crore collateral-free automatic loans, Rs 20,000 crore subordinated debt- bringing relief to the MSME sector.
While many have welcomed this decision and believe the measures would help streamline their operations but some had apprehensions as the package would not be applicable for startups. It would be difficult to evaluate long-term benefits however one thing is certain that we would have to start living with coronavirus and with strict measures and hygiene practices, the business must go on.
covid-19 economic impact, MSME, Narendra Modi, Nirmala Sitharaman, PM Modi, pm relief fund
Blogs, COVID-19
Written By Ritika Pathak
Where there's a glass of hot chocolate fudge, a bag of Nachos, and the latest DC/Marvel, you'll find me cozied up. I am a geek, a nerd, a queen in her own might. Surrender now or prepare to fight!
All you need to know about Atma-nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan
PM Modi vowed the tech crowd at Silicon Valley, says US media
PM Modi discloses the sensational 'Budget Truth' that could've resulted in a slumped economy
FinTechs can become catalysts of economic revolution amidst Covid-19 crisis, suggests Praveen Sinha of PinCap
Government may restore consent clause to land bill, but in diluted form
Akash Nangia and Arjun Mittal Riding High on 'Start up India, Stand up India'
More Posts From: Blogs, COVID-19


Samsung has launched recently, Galaxy S8. S8 has an amazing camera quality HD+ and beautiful display. Next year, Samsung is bringing its new flagship, Galaxy S9 in the market with its diligent features. The rear and front-facing camera in Galaxy S8 has an aperture ratio of f / 1.7, which is a very cool figure. This is one of the key advantages of the camera.
Main Camera - 12 megapixel with Dual Pixel Technology. The imposing camera of Galaxy S9 will attract you. The marvelous camera of the S9 will be having16MP+16MP primary Dual camera with the 8MP front camera, auto-focus, and Dual flash.
Pixel Dual - a technology an active phase-type autofocus. Each physical pixel matrix cameras equipped smartphone separate sensor for focusing. This means that the camera has 12 million sensors for phase-type focusing. This allows almost instant focus.
The more open the camera aperture (the smaller the number following the «f», i.e. at f / 1.7 aperture is opened more than at f / 2.0), the lower under all conditions being equal, the DOF (depth of field). This is expressed in the possibility to blur the background that highlights your subject.
Galaxy S8 has a powerful processor, Snapdragon 835 processor for the US and China, and 9 ExynosOcta 8895 for Europe and Russia. What Snapdragon, Exynos that are 8 kernels, where some more powerful core 4, and the other 4 more economical. This is done in order to work on simple tasks the unit was more economical.
"Russian» Exynos 9 Octa 8895 have a clock frequency of 2.3 GHz for high power cores and 1.7 GHz for economical nuclei. There is an integrated graphics processor ARM Mali-G71. Snapdragon 835 has an integrated Adreno 540 graphics processor.
Processors (as Snapdragon 835 and Exynos 8895 Octa 9) are produced on a 10-nanometer process technology. CPU speed raised by 11% in comparison with the leader of the last generation. A graphics accelerator accelerated by 23%. In the case of Samsung Galaxy S9, it is equipped with the powerful processor, Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 and Exynos 8895 with ARM Cortex-A72, and M1.
This would not only help you to run the phone for long hours with rapid speed but also minimize the heat, i.e., it won't get warm too early. CPU speed will be risen up by 14% in comparison to S8.
RAM in the new generation, i.e. in Galaxy S8 will be the same- 4 GB. It is noteworthy that China Galaxy S8 will get 6 GB of RAM. In contrast, Galaxy S9 would attain a RAM up to 6GB with an internal memory of 128GB which is expandable via microSD card. Plus there is the possibility to use a micro SD card of up to 258 GB.
You may remember Microsoft Display Dock. This dock was allotted for smartphones Microsoft Lumia 950 and Lumia 950 XL. It was necessary to connect a smartphone to the dock, and the dock to the monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Operating System Windows Mobile had 10 Continuum regimes for turning a smartphone into a desktop PC.
Well, as if in a desktop PC. Because of this "as if" model failed. The idea is good, but full-fledged windows of such manipulations do not get it. Samsung has attempted an experiment of DeX in Galaxy S8, once company gets the positive feedback from people, it will cast this feature in Galaxy S9 as well.


Close Brothers Group plc (the "Company") is committed to high standards of corporate governance, corporate responsibility and risk management in directing and controlling its business. The UK Corporate Governance Code (the "Code"), issued by the Financial Reporting Council, is the governance code which applies to UK companies with a premium listing on the London Stock Exchange.
The version of the Code, published in April 2016, was applicable to the Company throughout the year to 31 July 2018.
It is the board's view that the Company applied the principles set out in the 2016 Code and complied with its provisions of best practice during the year to 31 July 2018.
The board comprises three executive directors, four independent non-executive directors and the Chairman who contribute a wide range of complementary skills and experience.
Brief biographical details of each director are set out on the Leadership section of the Who we are page of this website.
The non-executive Chairman, Mike Biggs, was considered independent on his appointment as Chairman. The senior independent director is Geoffrey Howe.
The board believes that there is an appropriate balance of executive and non-executive directors on the board, with no individual or small group dominating its decision-making process.
The board has determined its non-executive directors to be independent in character and judgement.
The formal schedule of Matters Reserved for the board is designed to enable the board and executive management to operate within a clear governance framework. The schedule details the areas of the board's focus which is on activities that enable it to promote shareholders' interests, including the active consideration of strategy, the monitoring of executive action including sound systems of internal controls, and ongoing board and executive management succession. The board has developed these principles to help it fulfil its responsibilities. The board regularly keeps its work and performance under review.
The board has established four committees, composed entirely of independent non-executive directors, each with responsibility for the review and oversight of activities within its terms of reference.
The Audit Committee is chaired by Oliver Corbett and its other members are Geoffrey Howe, Lesley Jones and Bridget Macaskill. The Committee normally meets five times a year and the external auditor partner attends these meetings. The Committee chairman, Oliver Corbett, is deemed by the board to have recent and relevant financial experience.
The Remuneration Committee is chaired by Bridget Macaskill and its other members are Oliver Corbett, Geoffrey Howe and Lesley Jones. The Committee normally meets five times a year.
The Nomination and Governance Committee is chaired by Mike Biggs and its other members are Oliver Corbett, Geoffrey Howe, Lesley Jones and Bridget Macaskill. The Committee normally meets no less than three times a year.
The Risk Committee is chaired by Lesley Jones and its other members are Oliver Corbett, Peter Duffy, Geoffrey Howe and Bridget Macaskill. The Committee normally meets five times a year.
The company's Sustainability Report, as included in its Annual Report 2018, is available here.
Our approach to tax is part of our wider commitment to responsible finance. For our tax affairs, responsible finance means that we are committed to complying with our tax obligations and doing so in a manner consistent with the spirit as well as the letter of tax laws. This includes a transparent and cooperative relationship with the tax authorities.
In the sections below we outline in more detail the group's approach to tax and what we do to ensure we deliver on these objectives. Our approach covers all direct and indirect taxes.
Our core businesses – lending, deposit-taking, wealth management and market-making – each have straightforward product offerings. Our tax obligations arise mainly in the UK where our operations and customers are predominately based. Our straightforward business model and approach to our markets reduces the complexity of our tax affairs and helps us maintain a lower risk tax profile.
Close Brothers Group plc ("CBG") is the parent company of the group, and takes ultimate responsibility for the tax affairs of all group companies.
The CBG board of directors sets the group's tax policy, including the approach to tax risk management and governance. The Audit Committee of the CBG board reviews material developments in the area of taxation at least annually and more frequently as required.
Ensuring compliance with the group's tax risk management and governance policies is part of our group-wide Risk and Control Framework, outlined on pages 59-60 of our 2017 Annual Report and Accounts (which can be read at www.closebrothers.com).
The group maintains internal procedures which document the roles and responsibilities in relation to management of all tax types. These procedures ensure that tax sensitive matters are addressed on a timely basis by staff of appropriate experience and seniority. A tax review is required for all new products and services and for significant transactions and business developments which might involve tax risk.
The responsibility for early identification of potentially tax sensitive matters is assigned primarily to senior finance managers (who have timely awareness of developments in their business areas) and to the group's tax team. The group employs suitably qualified and experienced tax specialists who work closely with their finance colleagues and the wider business, and take the lead role in assessing the need for external advice.
The group regularly reviews all business areas to identify and document tax risks. Tax processes are in place to manage these risks, including testing of the systems and internal controls relied on to produce accurate tax returns.
We manage tax risk within the risk appetite set by the Board. The group has a low appetite for tax risk.
We seek to minimise uncertainty in relation to our tax affairs by proactively identifying and addressing potential tax issues. Where the tax risk profile of a material transaction or other business development is unclear then typically we will seek external advice, and if the position is still unclear then we discuss with HM Revenue & Customs.
Remuneration packages for group employees are structured so that the proper amounts of tax and national insurance contributions are paid.
Consideration of our future relationship with the tax authorities will form part of any decision whether to proceed with tax planning.
We also consider the risk of public reputational damage which could result from our participation in tax related arrangements, even where we believe the outcome is otherwise consistent with the above principles.
Subject to the above the group will seek to pursue its commercial objectives in a tax efficient manner.
The group seeks to maintain a favourable long-term relationship with the tax authorities, and works proactively to achieve this. As a predominately UK group our main tax authority relationship is with HM Revenue & Customs.
Employees of group companies are required to maintain an open, professional, and constructive relationship with the tax authorities. For any material issues, they will seek to work collaboratively to achieve early resolution and hence certainty, and will make full and accurate disclosure of the relevant facts.
We are in regular contact with HM Revenue & Customs personnel, in particular those assigned an ongoing relationship with our group. Where appropriate we can and do discuss tax issues with them in real-time.
We consider that the above statements meet the group's obligation under para 16(2) Schedule 19 Finance Act 2016 for the year ended 31 July 2018.
Close Brothers Group has a zero tolerance to bribery and corruption. This policy extends to all the group's business dealings and transactions in all countries in which it or its subsidiaries and associates operate. All directors and employees are required to comply with this policy.
The board has overall responsibility for maintaining a system of internal control to ensure that an effective risk management and oversight process operates across the group. The risk management framework and associated governance arrangements are designed to ensure that there is a clear organisation structure with distinct, transparent and consistent lines of responsibility and effective processes to identify, manage, monitor and report the risks to which the group is, or might become, exposed.
For more information on the risk management framework, please click here.


> >> I'm not positive which function you have bound to it.
preloaded, as opposed to user-defined bindings on his/her .emacs file.
Emacs without global-font-lock-mode turned on.  I guess I was wrong.
> >text properties like bold, underlined, etc.
my own personal preference or something.
> Your mistake was say that it isn't for anyone.
which I apologize, since I never meant to say that.
> be unnecessary, is both /arrogant/ and /ignorant/.
> abjectly silly to assume that your usage is the one true way.
> it, as an example they might find helpful.
did you need to change a technical discussion into name-calling.
there in the *compilation* buffer.


text:
Pubdate: Tue, 10 Jul 2001
Contact:  http://mojones.com/
Details: http://www.mapinc.org/media/891
Debt To Society: The Real Price Of Prison
The Real Price of Prisons There are more people behind bars in the United
States today than ever before. Since 1980, the inmate population has more
than quadrupled to two million -- an unprecedented explosion that is
incurring unprecedented costs to all Americans.
How We Got To Two Million: http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v01/n1268/a03.html
Incubating Disease: http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v01/n1269/a05.html
Bad Investment: http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v01/n1273/a03.html
Breeding Violence: http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v01/n1276/a02.html
Left Behind: http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v01/n1270/a07.html
Liberty And Justice For Some: http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v01/n1269/a01.html
What's The Alternative?: http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v01/n1276/a03.html
Incarceration Atlas: http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v01/n1276/a01.html
Debt to Society: The Real Price of Prisons is a project of the Foundation
for National Progress, umbrella organization for MotherJones.com and Mother
Jones magazine. Support for this project was provided by Jane and Charlie
Butcher.
Editor/Producer: Vince Beiser
Consulting Editor: Eric Bates
Additional Article Editing: Monika Bauerlein
Contributing Writers: Sasha Abramsky, Nell Bernstein, Anne-Marie Cusac,
Reverend Jesse Jackson Sr., Governor Gary Johnson, William Speed Weed
Contributing Photographers: Andrew Lichtenstein, Joseph Rodriguez, Gregg
Segal, Marc PoKempner
Copy Editor: Susan Lake
Art Director: Cal Joy
Web Designer/Project Manager: Laura Shapiro
Webmaster: Robert Wise
Additional Programming: Markus Schmidt
Web Production Associates: Maureen Klusza, Pei-Ching Wu
Research: Justice Policy Institute
Additional research and fact-checking: Brett Coker, Sam Davis, Zohar
Greene, Emily Huber, Amos Kenigsberg, Jamie McCallum, Eliza Wilmerding
MAP posted-by: Jo-D


text:
Khazanchi may refer to:

 Khazanchi (1941 film), a Hindi-language film
 Khazanchi (1958 film), a Bollywood film
 Khazanchi, Iran, or Qazanchi, a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, Kermanshah Province


Faced with serious health issues, and unable to leave my home, I found my imagination dreaming up stories that needed to be told.
With a lot of help from my teenager, and later a wonderful writing community, a dream I never thought could be possible, was born.
Social media has been a gateway into seeing my dreams come to fruition.
I've found a community of writers, from all walks of life, ready to help me on this path to publishing.
The trek is often difficult, but I do what I can, when I can, while not losing sight of my health. And I've found that being self-published allows me this flexibility.
Well, that and a team of amazing people, who help me, every step of the way. For without them, I wouldn't be here, sharing my stories with all of you.
Join my newsletter to stay up to date. Thank you!