text:
import gulp from 'gulp'
import del from 'del'
import rename from 'gulp-rename'
import through2 from 'through2'
import sourcemaps from 'gulp-sourcemaps'

import sass from 'gulp-sass'
import postcss from 'gulp-postcss'
import autoprefixer from 'autoprefixer'

import config from './_config'

const styles_clean = () => {
  return del(config.styles.dest)
}

const styles_dev = () => {
  return gulp.src(config.styles.src)
    .pipe(sourcemaps.init())
    .pipe(sass({
      outputStyle: 'expanded',
      includePaths: config.styles.search
    })
    .on('error', sass.logError))
    .pipe(postcss([
      autoprefixer({
        overrideBrowserslist: ['last 2 versions', '> 2%']
      })
    ]))
    .pipe(rename({
      basename: config.styles.output,
      extname: '.css'
    }))
    .pipe(sourcemaps.write('./'))
    .pipe(through2.obj(function(file, enc, cb) {
    	var date = new Date()
    	file.stat.atime = date
    	file.stat.mtime = date
    	cb(null, file)
    }))
    .pipe(gulp.dest(config.styles.dest))
}

const styles_prod = () => {
  return gulp.src(config.styles.src)
    .pipe(sourcemaps.init())
    .pipe(sass({
      outputStyle: 'compressed',
      includePaths: config.styles.search
    })
    .on('error', sass.logError))
    .pipe(postcss([
      autoprefixer({
        overrideBrowserslist: ['last 2 versions', '> 2%']
      })
    ]))
    .pipe(rename({
      basename: config.styles.output,
      extname: '.min.css'
    }))
    .pipe(sourcemaps.write('./'))
    .pipe(through2.obj(function(file, enc, cb) {
    	var date = new Date()
    	file.stat.atime = date
    	file.stat.mtime = date
    	cb(null, file)
    }))
    .pipe(gulp.dest(config.styles.dest))
}

const styles_vendor = (done) => {
  if (Array.isArray(config.styles.vendors) && config.styles.vendors.length) {
    return gulp.src(config.styles.vendors).pipe(gulp.dest(config.styles.dest))
  } else {
    done()
  }
}

const styles_watch = (done) => {
  if (Array.isArray(config.styles.watch) && config.styles.watch.length) {
    gulp.watch(config.styles.watch, gulp.parallel(
      styles_dev,
      styles_prod
    ))
  } else {
    done()
  }
}

const build = gulp.series(
  styles_clean,
  gulp.parallel(
    styles_dev,
    styles_prod,
    styles_vendor
  )
)

export {
  styles_clean,
  styles_dev,
  styles_prod,
  styles_vendor,
  styles_watch,
  build
}

export default build


text:
25 Organ Favorites
by Anthony Newman (organ), Douglas Haas (organ), Franz Lehrndorfer (organ), Gerre Hancock (organ), Helmuth Rilling (organ), Jean Claude Raynaud (organ), Mary Jane Newman (organ), Maurice André (trumpet), New York Trumpet Ensemble, Pierre Cochereau (organ)
Show All Tracks
Toccata for organ in B minor
Le Coucou, rondeau for harpsichord in E minor (Pièces de clavecin, Suite No. 3)
Toccata and Fugue, for organ in D minor, BWV 565 (BC J37): Fugue
Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, chorale prelude for organ, BWV 645 (BC K22) (Schübler Chorale No. 1)
Toccata, Adagio and Fugue, for organ in C major, BWV 564 (BC J36): Adagio
Organ Concerto in F major "Cuckoo & the Nightingale" (No.13), HWV 295: Allegro
Jesu, meine Freude (I), chorale prelude for organ, BWV 610 (BC K39) (Orgel-Büchlein No. 12)
Rondeau, for brass, strings & timpani (from Suite of Symphonies No. 1; "Masterpiece Theater" Theme)
Chorale prelude for organ in G major, BuxWV 197, "In Dulci Jubilo"
Adagio, for violin, strings & organ in G minor, T. Mi 26 (composed by Remo Giazotto; not by Albinoni)
Fugue for keyboard in B flat major, HWV 607
Water Music Suite No. 2 for orchestra in D major, HWV 349: Alla Hornpipe
Christe, du Lamm Gottes, chorale prelude for organ, BWV 619 (BC K19) (Orgel-Büchlein No. 21)
Prelude and Fugue, for organ in G major, BWV 541 (BC J22): Prelude
Fantasia and Fugue, for organ in G minor ("Great"), BWV 542 (BC J42, 57, 67): Fugue
Jesus Christus, unser Heiland (I), chorale prelude for organ, BWV 626 (BC K56) (Orgel-Büchlein No. 28)
Concerto for solo organ No. 1 in G major, BWV 592 (BC J88) (after Duke Johann Ernst): Allegro
Nun freut euch, lieben Christen gmein (I), chorale prelude for organ, BWV 734 (BC K125)
Fantasia for mechanical organ in F minor, K. 608:
Ave Maria, for voice & piano, CG 89e (after Bach's Prelude No. 1 from the Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1)
Thaïs, opera in 3 acts: Meditation
Prayer to Notre Dame, for organ (Suite Gothique)
Cantata No. 147, "Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben," BWV 147 (BC A174): Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring
Preludes and Fugues (3) for organ, Op. 99: Prelude in E flat
Symphony for organ No. 5 in F minor, Op. 42/1: Toccata
Show Fewer Tracks
Seller Rating Price: Low to High Price: High to Low Condition Condition: Reverse Release Date Release Date: Rev Sellers Near Me
CD, Good
2004, Vox
ARC Foundation Thrift Store
Ventura, CA, USA
Label: Vox
Good. 047163886027 YOUR PURCHASE BENEFITS THOSE WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES TO LIVE A BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE.
Kings Ridge Media
Appleton, WI, USA
New. New Item. We Ship Daily.
ExtremelyReliable
Richmond, TX, USA
New. Buy with confidence. Excellent Customer Service & Return policy. Ships Fast. 24*7 Customer Service.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking devices should not be confused with the GPS that is found in cars. The latter is a navigation system, which ensures that you find a correct route to your destination. A GPS tracking device is used to track a vehicle, person, or item in real-time as it moves from one location to another.
A GPS tracking device logs the position of an item or person over time. So, investigators can track the item or person's location over a set period of time. The system works by using the Earth satellites to triangulate the position of the item in question.
GPS tracking devices vary in their accuracy because they may use different ways to process the information they receive. But good quality GPS trackers can triangulate a location with astonishing accuracy. There are two basic types of GPS trackers. Loggers log the information about a device's location in their internal storage. This information can later be retrieved from the device. Real-time trackers transmit their location data in real-time to other devices.
Tracking a person or a vehicle is a covert operation. So, GPS trackers must be hidden carefully so that they are not discovered. Finding the right location to place the device depends on many factors such as the type of car and the person who drives it.
Using a GPS tracking device has many advantages. The most important advantage is reduction in cost. Previously it took a great deal of resources to covertly track a person or vehicle. Now, a simple device can be used to locate a person or car within 5 to 15 feet.
A common concern for many people is whether tracking someone through GPS is illegal. GPS tracking laws differ from one state to another. However, private investigators are well aware of these laws and it is their responsibility to adhere to them at all times.
Correctly using a GPS tracking device will ensure that it yields the best results. First, you must make sure that the GPS tracker is turned on and is working properly, check whether it is sending and receiving signals and logging locations. Ensure that the tracker is receiving signals from satellites. The wires on the device may be delicate, so make sure that they are all in place.
Next, place the device in a conveniently accessible but hidden location. Depending on the car, the best location may be the undercarriage or the rear hatch. Ensure that you do not place the tracker too far under the car because this would interfere with the receipt and transmission of signals from satellites. Finally, after installation, check whether you are receiving signals from the device and whether the car's location is correct.
Using a GPS tracking device has many advantages over regular investigative methods. Real-time trackers can send reports of a vehicle's location every few minutes or seconds. Hourly reports can be generated so that investigators can constantly stay up-to-date. Data can even be transmitted to your computer or smartphone so you will always know the location of a vehicle.
In short, GPS tracking devices provide efficient methods of tracking available today. Service providers have different packages depending on whom or what you are tracking. So, you can ensure that your investigations will not arouse your subject's suspicion. Just make sure that you avoid the common pitfalls in order to obtain the most accurate data.


Canada has sent athletes to every Winter Olympic Games and almost every Summer Olympic Games since its debut at the 1900 games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics, which it boycotted. Canada has won at least one medal at every Olympics in which it has competed. The Canadian Olympic Committee (COC) is the National Olympic Committee for Canada. At the 2010 Winter Olympics which they hosted in Vancouver, Canada finished atop the medal standings for the first time, winning the most gold medals of any country.
Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles), making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains; about four-fifths of the country's population of 35 million people live near the southern border. The majority of Canada has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer.
The land now called Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the 15th century, British and French colonies were established on the Atlantic coast, with the first establishment of a region called "Canada" occurring in 1537. As a consequence of various conflicts, the United Kingdom gained and lost territories within British North America until it was left, in the late 18th century, with what mostly geographically comprises Canada today. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1, 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia joined to form the autonomous federal Dominion of Canada. This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. In 1931, Canada achieved near total independence from the United Kingdom with the Statute of Westminster 1931, and full sovereignty was attained when the Canada Act 1982 removed the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the British parliament.
Here are the confirmed Canadian triathletes to participate at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Click on the athletes social media icons to read more about them.
Tyler Mislawchuk was born on August 19, 1994 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. He continues to demonstrate he is in the mix with the world's elite after his fourth top-15 finish this year.
Sarah-Anne Brault was born on December 1, 1989 in Lévis, Quebec, Canada. She has the drive to focus on her weaknesses and then eliminate them with targeted drills from the Wizards.
Andrew Yorke was born on December 20, 1988 in Caledon East, Ontario, Canada. He has some impressive finishes under his belt, with several top 10 finishes at major races in the last few years, looking to lead the team at the Summer Olympics in Rio 2016.
Amelie Kretz was born on May 19, 1993 in St-Agathe-des-monts, Québec, Canada. Despite being relatively young, she was named elite junior of the year in 2012, U23 of the year in 2013 and 2014, senior elite of the year in 2015 by Triathlon Canada.
Kirsten Sweetland was born on September 24, 1988 in Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada. She is the Junior World Champion of the year 2006, and the 2010 U23 World Championship silver medalist, and is focused on being a good role model for Canadian youth during her quest to become an Olympic and World Champion in triathlon.
Here are the confirmed Canadian paratriathletes to participate at the 2016 Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Click on the athletes social media icons to read more about them.
Stefan Daniel was born on February 22, 1997 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Born with bilateral radial club hands, he won a bronze and silver medal in his first two trips to the para-triathlon worlds, in 2013 and 2014, and 2015 World Champion.
Chantal Givens born in June 1, 1978 in Canada. Three-time Canadian Paratriathlon Champion and a member of the 2014-15 Canadian Elite Paratriathlon Team. Placed 4th twice at the World Championships in 2013, 2014. 2015 Continental Champion.
Christine Robbins born in May 24, 1978 in Ottawa, Canada. 2015 Para-triathlon Canadian Champion, Second place at 2015 World Para-triathlon, 2013 National Para-triathlon Championshion, 2013 Toronto Triathlon Festival Champion.


text:
Q: Parsing an Internet page line after line Firstly I'd like to apology - I'm new to Perl, and my question is so basic I am almost sure it had been asked before, but sadly I couldn't find it.
I'd like to parse an Internet page like I parse a text file with the open my $file, "<", "..". That is, I'd like to use a loop: while (my $line = <$file>). Sadly I couldn't find a way to do that; only using LWP::UserAgent with some get's and content, but that gives me the whole Internet page. I could make an array out of it by splitting it with respect to \n, but I really want to use the convenience of <$file>.
What can I do?
Thank you very much and sorry again if it had been asked before.

A: Here is one way to do this:
use LWP::UserAgent;
my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new;
my $response = $ua->get('http://search.cpan.org/');

# assume a successful response

open(my $fh, "<", \$response->decoded_content);
while (<$fh>) {
  print "line $. has ", length($_), " characters\n";
}

# $fh will close when it goes out of scope.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Howard Hughes lived in a Coates-designed local home
Suzan Filipek | November 1, 2018	| 1 Comment
HISTORIC Monterey-style Fudger House on Muirfield Road.
Roland E. Coate was among the architects hired to build dream homes for oil titans, bankers and film moguls in the robust real estate expansion of the first half of the 20th century.
Coate was — in what is considered a golden age for home design — a stand-out.
Many of his homes are in Hancock Park, and among the houses' earlier residents were an eccentric aviator and a girl who would later marry into the powerful Chandler publishing dynasty.
SECOND in a series co-authored by Bret Parsons.
Four local houses are among 36 featured in a new book, "Master Architects of Southern California 1920-1940: Roland E. Coate," published this month by Tailwater Press.
The 204-page book is the second in a series co-authored by local real estate agent Bret Parsons along with architect Marc Appleton and historian Steve Vaught.
Coate, an Indiana native, and his bride moved to California in 1920, where he had a position with noted residential architect Reginald Johnson and an instinct that the land was brimming with opportunities.
REGENCY REVIVAL-style Goldwater home is on S. Hudson Avenue.
He was soon promoted to partner in the firm of Johnson, Kaufmann, and Coate. By 1924, the partners amicably separated, and Coate's private practice "got off to an auspicious start with his highly regarded design of All Saints' Episcopal Church in Beverly Hills." (Kaufmann would go on to design the Greystone estate in Beverly Hills and the 1935 Los Angeles Times building on First and Spring streets.)
Like his contemporaries, Coate was drawn to the architecture of the Andalusia region in Spain; its "climate, landscape and sharp, clear light" being similar to Southern California's. Throughout the 1920s Coate was partial to Mediterranean-inspired houses.
Homes in Hancock Park
Among the homes he designed in Hancock Park is the Fudger House at 211 Muirfield Road. The nearly 9,000-square-foot, 30-room home evokes historic Monterey and takes full advantage of its vistas of the Wilshire Country Club.
Two years after it was built in 1926, the homeowner, heiress Eva Fudger and her two daughters, moved out.
The new renter was aviator, industrialist and motion picture producer Howard Hughes. He ultimately purchased the house for $135,000, and it remained his principal residence between 1928 and 1942.
Coate also designed a Regency Revival-style house in 1929 for Lemuel "Lem" Goldwater, who co-founded Cohn-Goldwater and Company, famous for its Boss brand of overalls and considered a pioneer of the Los Angeles garment industry.
ENGLISH TUDOR on N. Hudson Avenue was built with an enormous budget of $100,000 in 1928.
The rectangular-shaped home includes a series of cubes of different widths and heights, and the home on Hudson Avenue runs lengthwise on its lot, perpendicular to the street, to allow for vistas to the north (until other houses were built — including the next-door house owned for many years by Kay and Walter O'Malley).
That same year, Coate was given an "enormous budget of $100,000" to create an English Tudor mansion on Hudson Avenue at First Street. Only the finest materials were used, including mullioned windows, cut stone, brick and slate roofing. An oriel window over the Tudor-arched doorway added to the desired effect. Designed for Gertrude K. and Gerald C. Young, the 11,100-square foot home was built in 1929.
At the home, a formal English garden added to the Elizabethan mood, and a champion tennis court was probably a favorite of Gerald's, who was the first winner of the Los Angeles Junior Tennis Tournament in 1903 and president of the Southern California Tennis Association from 1932 to 1954.
FUTURE IN-LAW of a publishing dynasty grew up in this Monterey-Revival style home on S. June Street.
A year later, on June Street, Jane and Robert Brant chose a Monterey Revival style for their Hancock Park home, which today is the residence of the Turkish Consul General.
Built in 1930, the smallish-by-comparison (5,000 square foot home) welcomed the Brant's daughter Marilyn, a few years after the Brants moved in. She eventually became the first wife of Otis Chandler of the "Los Angeles Times" publishing dynasty and the mother of their five children.
Previously published in the writing team's planned 12-volume series was "Gordon B. Kaufmann." The third volume will be on Wallace Neff, and the fourth volume will feature Paul R. Williams. "We are working on those now," said Parsons, associate manager of Pacific Union Hancock Park and founder and executive director of the firm's architectural division. (At some point in November the signage on Parson's office will change to Compass Realty. The office is upstairs at 156 N. Larchmont Blvd.)
Tags: Bret Parsons, Gordon Kaufmann, Marilyn Brant Chandler, Pacific Union Hancock Park, Reginald Johnson, Roland Coate
GERALD C YOUNG III says:
Gertrude and Gerald were my grandparents. I'm GCY 3rd
« St. James School celebrates 50 years
Book chronicles Philharmonic leaders »


text:
Kevin Schilling is listed in the Progressive Voters Guide below. Welcome to the Fuse Progressive Voters Guide to the 2019 primary election! The Progressive Voters Guide compiles the information you need to make decisions about the races on your ballot based on your values.
Kevin Schilling
Kevin Schilling is a third-generation Burienite running for Position 4 on the Burien City Council. Having worked on a number of local civic issues, including his time as a legislative intern in Governor Inslee's office, Schilling is currently finishing up his dual master's degree from Columbia University and the London School of Economics. He is running to increase public safety, support local businesses, empower union workers, and to "bring an end to divisive politics."
Schilling's main opponent in this race is conservative incumbent and former mayor Lucy Krakowiak. When she was mayor, Krakowiak spent $5,000 of her own money for anti-Seattle scare tactic postcards designed to promote her fellow conservative members. In 2017, she signed a petition to repeal her own city council's sanctuary city policy.
Also running are libertarian Charles Schaefer and Omaha Sternberg. Schaefer ran in 2017 for Burien City Council Position #1 on a platform of increasing the police force, transparency, and being an advocate for increasing "freedom." He has stated that he would bring back the youth council, but also espoused anti-government philosophies on his Facebook page. Omaha Sternberg has been active with the King County Democrats but in 2016 she also suggested moving homeless people to an island.
Schilling is the best choice for Burien City Council, Position 4.
City of Burien
King County Council, District #8 Joe McDermott
Burien City Council
Burien City Council, Position #4 Kevin Schilling Burien City Council, Position #6 Sofia Aragon
Burien City Council, Position #4
Economic Justice: UFCW 21
Sofia Aragon
Sofia Aragon is a progressive running for the open Position 6 vacated by Austin Bell on the Burien City Council. Aragon is a registered nurse and the Executive Director of the Washington Center for Nursing. Aragon serves on the board of the WA Low Income Housing Alliance and on the board of Asian Pacific Islander Americans for Civic Empowerment (APACE). Aragon is running to ensure Burien is a safe, healthy, and inclusive place for all residents. She is also passionate about creating more affordable housing and reducing homelessness in our communities.
Aragon is facing conservative Debi Wagner, who is a former Burien city councilmember who lost her seat in 2017 to Mayor Jimmy Matta. Wagener was a previous supporter of Respect Washington, a group she was forced to disavow after they sent mailers to Burien residents with the names and addresses of allegedly undocumented immigrants. Her previous campaign platforms include fighting socialism, reducing airport pollution, and smart growth. Also in this race is Robert L Richmond III, a renewable energy enthusiast who also ran in 2013 and 2017.
Aragon is the best choice in this race because of her decades of community service and commitment to healthier communities for all.
Social Justice: APACE, OneAmerica Votes


text:
When an Austrian museum held the key to the rediscovery of an Indian cuckoo bee species
Parinitha P
About three decades ago, a German bee specialist named Klaus Warncke reported a new species of bee from the beautiful landscape of Ladakh, India. He studied the morphology of this small bee, belonging to the genus Epeolus, and named it Epeolus ladakhensis, after Ladakh. Unfortunately, after his death in 1993, the descriptions about this species remained unpublished.
Things took a turn when Dr Petr Bogusch, a researcher at the University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic, noticed the stored specimens of the bee and handwritten descriptions from Klaus Warncke, at a museum in Austria. Enthralled, he decided to study the specimens and subsequently published the description of a new cuckoo bee species in the journal Oriental Insects.
"I discovered the specimens in the collection of Biologiezentrum in Linz, Austria. Both were placed in the collection of Klaus Warncke and labelled by him, around the year 1990," recollects Dr Bogusch.
Cuckoo bees, like their namesake birds, take over the nests of other bees for laying their eggs. The larvae that hatch out of the eggs feed on the leftover food of the host. The cuckoo bees constitute 15% of the bees worldwide. While some invade the nests of only a particular species of bees, others are known to invade roosting places of different species when the hosts die. The genus Epeolus has around 100 species distributed across the world.
Dr Bogusch has described Epeolus ladakhensis based on a female specimen as there were no male specimens found. The female bees are about 7.2 mm long with reddish coloured mandibles or 'jaws' on either side of its mouth. The forehead is black with sparsely spread whitish fine hairs. The pair of antennae present on their heads are mostly dark. Their wings are slightly brownish with dark brown veins, and the legs are primarily reddish or brown.
The study found a few differences in the appearance of E. ladakhensis and a closely related Palaearctic species, Epeolus tarsalis. The former has a conical shaped metasoma, or the rear end, which is also more reddish. Besides, E. ladakhensis has a prominent yellowish, soft hair all over the body. Full -formed bands, made by these hairs on the upper body, distinguishes the new species from its European relative E. tarsalis, which has broken bands. The upper lip or the "labrum" is straighter in E. ladakhensis than in the E. tarsalis. Interestingly, E. ladakhensis appears to be different from other Indian species of this genus.
Currently, E. ladakhensis is known to be found only in Ladakh, and the host species they invade and the plants from where they collect nectar, are unknown. Unlike other discoveries of new species, the cuckoo bees reported in this study were hidden in museum aisles rather than in thick jungles. Interestingly, there have been quite a few discoveries of cuckoo bee species like this! Perhaps, careful observation of museum collections might add more members to the list of cuckoo bees.
Epeolus ladakhensis sp. nov. – a new species of cuckoo bee from India
Cuckoo bees
valleys
species rediscovery


text:
Leaf Organics
FREE UK delivery with all orders over £25.
How to Improve Your Endocannabinoid System
There is an increasing amount of research that links a number of illnesses to low endocannabinoids levels.
Research has shown that when your body doesn't produce enough endocannabinoids (anandamide and. 2-AG), you are more likely to develop clinical endocannabinoid deficiency.
By naturally stimulating and support your endocannabinoid system you will gain many health benefits;
* Reduction in stress and anxiety
* Improved mood, increased feelings of pleasure and optimism.
* Better focus and concentration.
* Reduction of hyperactivity and impulsivity
* Improved Sleep
* Lower cortisol levels.
* Fewer migraine and headaches.
* Reduced inflammation.
Cannabidiol (CBD) Oil
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the active cannabinoids in cannabis. Research shows that CBD enhances CB1 and C2 receptors in the brain. It also increases levels of 2-AG by preventing it from breaking down.
How Can I Take CBD?
There are a few different ways to take CBD, each method has its own unique absorption profile. Options include ingestion, topical application and sublingual administration.
Sublingually: CBD is absorbed through tissue under the tongue and enters the bloodstream in around 15 minutes. This is one of the best ways to maximise absorption.
How Much CBD Should I Take?
Dosage frequency & amounts are at the user's discretion, with a maximum daily dose of 70 mg. New users are recommended to start on a low dose and build up gradually to a standard daily dose of 20 – 25 mg.
Mg of CBD Per 10 ml bottle Drops Per 10 ml Mg of CBD Per Drop Recommended dose Number of servings
500 mg 200 2.5 mg 10 drops 20 servings
1000mg 200 5mg 5 drops 40 servings
2000mg 200 10mg 2-3 drops 80 servings
Cold exposure
Cold exposure has been shown to increase endocannabinoid levels.
Researchers have also found that cold exposure significantly increases the density of CB1 neurons.
Drinking coffee is another way to stimulate and support your endocannabinoid system.
Regular caffeine consumption has been shown to enhance the activation of CB1 receptors by endocannabinoid.
Olive oil has numerous health benefits, particularly because of its strong anti-inflammatory effects.
It's also been shown to upregulate CB1 receptors
Flavonoids are a diverse group of plant compounds found in almost all fruits and vegetables including chocolate, tea, wine and some beans, herbs, spices, nuts and seeds.
The more colourful food is, the richer it is in flavonoids.
Tea contains catechins, which are antioxidant compounds that have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.
Researchers have found that catechins in tea target and bind to cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) catechin which can be found in green tea.
Research suggests that some probiotics can stimulate and support the endocannabinoid system.
In one study, researchers found that a specific strain of probiotic, lactobacillus acidophilus, increases the expression of CB2 receptors
Dark chocolate is rich in multiple antioxidants, such as flavonoids and polyphenols. It also contains the endocannabinoid anandamide and it includes other compounds that slow down the breakdown of anandamide.
Anandamide is known as the bliss molecule. Eating dark chocolate makes the 'bliss' molecule more abundant in your system longer. This could be the reason you feel happy when you eat dark chocolate.
Reduce Your Stress Levels
Emotional stress has been shown to downregulate CB1 receptors.
High cortisol levels for prolonged periods of time, reduces CB1 receptors and significantly reduces cannabinoid binding to CB1 receptors as well as a reduction of endocannabinoid levels in the brain.
There many natural ways to stimulate and support your endocannabinoid system. By reducing stress and introducing just one or two of these methods into your daily routine, it could help you feel a greater level of health and well being.
Based in Stockport, Leaf Organics is dedicated to offering the best CBD products available in the UK. We have extensively researched and sourced the best products (see our Lab Reports) and created an extensive FAQ page to answer some of your questions. Should you need further information, please contact our friendly team today.
Enjoyed Reading this?
All Leaf Organics products are a food supplement only and should not be used as a substitute for a varied diet. Leaf Organics products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Keep out of the reach of young children. Always read the label. All products contain less than 0.1% THC.
Leaf Organics Ltd.
295 Kingsway
Cheadle,
SK8 1LP
E: hello@leaforganics.uk
© 2021 Leaf Organics Ltd.. All Rights Reserved.


Download Coke Studio song free!
For your search query Coke Studio, we have found 3641+ songs matching your query but showing only top ten results only (We cannot show you more than ten results due to API limit restrictions). Now we recommend you to Download Coke Studio MP3 which size is 9.17 MB, duration 7 minutes 11 seconds and bitrate is 152 kbps.
Please Note: Before downloading you can preview it by mouse over the PLAY button and click Play or Click to DETAILS button to get high quality mp3 files in 152 bitrates.
Atif Aslam, Tajdar-e-Haram, Coke Studio Season 8, 1.


The story is told of a Sunday School teacher who was proud of her lesson for the day. She thought that she had presented the material quite nicely. Summing up, she asked her class, "And what do we learn from the story of Jonah and the great fish?" An eight-year-old girl, named Suzy, thought for a moment and answered, "Always travel by air." Of course, air travel didn't exist in Old Testament times; and, I hope that we learned something more from the story of Jonah than just always travel by air.
The writer and creator of "The Far Side," Gary Larson, in one of his cartoons depicts a bearded man standing at his front door. He is dripping wet and his clothes are in shreds. His wife opens the door. She looks at the messy, bearded man with disgust and says, "For crying out loud, Jonah! Three days late, covered with slime, smelling like a fish. What story have I got to swallow this time?" It is hard for some people to swallow the story of Jonah and the great fish!


With watchful waiting, you and your NYU Langone doctor decide to monitor but not treat an adrenal tumor if it's not causing any symptoms and does not appear to be cancerous on imaging tests.
People who have tumors that aren't producing abnormal hormone levels and are smaller than four centimeters across can often take this approach. Adrenal gland tumors smaller than four centimeters are less likely to be cancerous.
During the watchful waiting process, doctors monitor you with blood and urine tests to make sure the tumor remains nonfunctional, which means it does not produce elevated levels of hormones. Doctors can also monitor the size of the tumor with imaging tests.
Your doctors create a schedule tailored to your medical needs. Appointments usually occur every 6 to 12 months.


Choose which control method for either the Icon15S or the Icon30S by simply plugging in one of the interchangable modules to any of the fans.
ICONHTS Humidistat pullcord Adjustable humidity setting 40% to 90% RH, pullcord with timer overrun.
NB. It is not necessary to purchase a module as well, the ICON fans will function as standard without a module.


Very beautiful property w/Beaver Dam Creek flowing through. 3200 feet of hard-bottom creek. Total of 141.58 acres in total. Owner willing to subdivide. 54.83 acres in Hart and 86.75 acres in Elbert County. Many building sites. 50% open pasture and 50% wooded with nice roll. 20 min. to I-85, 35 minutes to Athens. Less than 15 minutes to Lake Hartwell.
Toward Hartwell from Bowman, E. on 172 to a Rt. on Pulliam Mill Rd. follow approx. 1/2 mi. on left. Property borders Pulliam Mill and Maxwell Mill Rd.
Listing provided courtesy of CINDY IRWIN of SOLID SOURCE REALTY INC..


CV Surf SC 07/08 boys team wins Norcal State Cup competition!
Home/Uncategorized/CV Surf SC 07/08 boys team wins Norcal State Cup competition!
Congratulations to our CV Surf Soccer Club 07/08 Boys team for their huge win earlier today in the Final of the Norcal State Cup competition. The team led by Coaches Andres Ochoa and Emmanuel Lopez enjoyed a memorable State Cup run which culminated in a big 5-3 win in the Final against the Oakdale Gunners to earn top honors for our CV Surf squad.
Congratulations to Felipe Figueroa from our CV Surf 01/00 Boys team for his recent signing with UC Davis as he joins the Aggies on a football scholarship.
Congratulations to Erik Esparza-Flores on his signing with the William Jessup Men's Soccer team. Erik joins this prestigious program after receiving academic and athletic scholarships.


text:
3D Films of New York and Newark
A wonderful opportunity to see the inspired work by the brilliant filmmakers Jerome and MaryLou Bongiorno in addition to the classic Manhatta by Paul Strand and Charles Sheeler.
Celebrating the City Symphony: New Work 3D Films Inspired by Manhatta
Screening and discussion of the 3D short films New Work and the digitally restored 1921 avant-garde classic Manhatta. Wednesday, December 8 6:30 PM, Museum of the City of New York · 1220 Fifth Avenue, NY, NY 10029 · 212.534.1672
Award-winning filmmakers Marylou Tibaldo-Bongiorno and Jerome Bongiorno have created New Work, two contemporary 3D short films capturing the City of Newark, NJ and the Brooklyn Waterfront. These city symphony films were inspired by the classic avant-garde short Manhatta (1921), which is celebrating its 90th anniversary next year. Join us for a screening of the New Work films in 3D and the digitally restored Manhatta. The New Work filmmakers and panel will discuss Newark, the Brooklyn Waterfront, and Manhatta's enduring legacy featuring Richard Hanley, Professor of English, New York City College of Technology/CUNY and Project Director of the NEH Landmarks workshop, Along the Shore: Changing and Preserving the Landmarks of Brooklyn's Industrial Waterfront; Beth Venn, Curator, Modern and Contemporary Art and Senior Curator, American Art, The Newark Museum, in a conversation moderated by Sean Corcoran, Curator of Prints and Photographs at the Museum of the City of New York. Co-sponsored by New York City College of Technology/CUNY and The Newark Museum. Support for this program is generously provided by a grant from the New York Council for the Humanities.
http://www.mcny.org/public-programs/all/Celebrating-the-City-Symphony.html
Hiroshi Sugimoto at Pace
Moving Stills – making a photo story


text:
Even though the name crepe may sound a bit fancy and French, the truth of the matter is that this is a meal that's enjoyed across the world. You only need to have a good recipe, the right ingredients, and of course the best crepe pans.
Talking about pans, what separates an average pan from an above average one? And what makes a crepe pan any different from any other conventional pan out there?
Well, the truth of the matter is that the pan needed for this job has to meet a few highly specific standards. Some of the basic standard to expect include:
Hard anodized exterior that resists cracking
Flat surface ensuring an even distribution of heat
It should have a non-stick surface so it's also easy to clean
The truth of the matter is that a lot more factors come into play when the selection of the best budget-friendly crepe pan is involved. We'll share a more detailed buying guide later but first, here is a list of some of the top products based on user-reviews and our editorial team's assessments.
Top 10 Best Pans for Crepe Review – Comparison List
1. Cuisinart French Classic Crepe Pan
2. Cuisinart Chef's Classic Crepe Pan
3. Calphalon Commercial Nonstick 10" Crepe Pan
4. Le Creuset Enameled Cast-Iron Crepe Pan
5. Woll Diamond Lite Crepe Pan
6. De Buyer 8-Inch Crepe Pan
7. Cook N Home Crepe Pancake Pan
8. Lodge Cast Iron Round Griddle
9. Neoflam Non-stick Crepe Pan
10. Crepe Maker and Non-Stick 12" Griddle-Electric Crepe Pan
The Buying Guide for Crepe Pans
Psst! The in-depth reviews below may require you to spend a few minutes reading. So, if you don't have the time for that, this brief list is meant for you.
Cuisinart French Classic Tri-Ply Stainless 10-Inch...
Cuisinart 623-24 Chef's Classic Nonstick Hard-Anodized...
Calphalon Commercial Nonstick 10-Inch International...
Le Creuset Enameled Cast Iron Crepe Pan with Rateau and...
Woll Diamond Lite Nonstick Induction Ready Crepe Pan,...
de Buyer - Force Blue - Blue Steel Crepe & Tortilla Pan...
Aluminum core
If you are a chef, you must have a dream of acquiring an affordable and high-quality Crepe Pan that will offer you superb performance for a long time to come. One way to start is by going for Cuisinart brands, and in this instance, the French Classic version.
This model has a three-layer Tri-ply design which will be handy in conducting optimal heat. It has a pure aluminum core which is coated with stainless steel to give you unique performance.
It also features the Heat Surround Technology to ensure that there is a uniform distribution of heat. Also, it has a non-stick interior and comes with a lifetime warranty.
The Pan is designed to have uniform heat distribution, and you will find it particularly useful when frying delicate foods such as omelets. The heat distribution feature is further enhanced by the Heat Surround Tech design, which is mostly lacking in other stainless steel pans.
It has a stainless steel handle which does not transmit heat and remains cool even if you use it for long periods, to give you a comfortable grip.
The non-stick interior will allow for easy food release as well as an easy cleaning process.
It is compatible with induction cook-stops and is freezer as well as dishwasher safe.
Durable and sturdy construction
Handle remain cool even when used for long durations
Warps at high temperature
The Cuisinart brand of Pans is one of the most popular brands globally. This is because it provides the perfect balance between affordability and the features that it offers. We shall review some of the highlights of the Chef's Classic model of this brand.
This pan has a sturdy, non-porous exterior for durability and superb performance and a Quantanium interior with a non-stick surface for easy food release and clean-up. It has a long heat-proof and riveted handle for a firm and secure grip.
It has a tapered rim to minimize drips while pouring and is oven safe.
This Pan is available in Ten Inches, which is a very convenient size. You will not find it to be either too large or too small. The weight is also well-balanced.
The exterior is dense and wear-resistant, and it will offer you outstanding performance for a long time to come.
The patented non-stick surface is easy to clean and will lead to an overall improvement in hygiene.
It is oven-safe but not suited for induction cooktops. Also, pay extra care since the non-stick coating scratches off easily.
Non-stick coated interior
Handle remains cool and offers a superb grip
Fragile non-stick coating
If you are looking for a high-quality, durable cooking Pan that will offer you outstanding performance, the Calphalon ten-Inch is one place to start. Though expensive, it is a very worthy investment for your kitchen.
This Pan is made in China and is available in 10-Inch size. It has a three-layer construction consisting of a non-stick surface, an aluminum core, and a hard-anodized exterior. It has a three-ply finish which makes it suitable for low-fat cooking.
It is oven-safe up to 450-degrees and comes with a lifetime warranty.
The Pan has a sturdy hard-anodized exterior which is very durable. The three-ply non-stick coating further enhances the overall durability of the Pan.
The thick base gives it an incredible heat distribution that ensures the food is uniformly cooked. Then, the slight edges will make cooking pancakes to be much more comfortable.
It comes with a lifetime warranty to give you peace of mind in case you are not satisfied with the product.
It has a durable construction
Comes with a lifetime warranty
Has an impressive design
If you are looking for a Crepe Pan which has French-Inspired beauty, look no further. This Pan has a stunning look due to the fantastic Enamel glaze on its exterior. Whether it is blue or red, it will always be a joy to look at.
This Crepe Pan has French-Inspired beauty with both the interior and external featuring durable enamel. It has an ergonomic handle with a comfortable grip and is designed to keep your hands from getting into contact with direct heat.
It is oven-safe, compatible with all stovetops and comes with a limited lifetime warranty.
The pan has a convenient size of 10.75-Inches which will handle decent-sized pancakes.
The black enamel not only gives it a stunning glossy finish but it also equips it with non-stick properties.
The edges have a suitable height for you if you enjoy flipping Crepes. The handle has an angle that will offer you a comfortable grip away from the heat source.
To top up on everything, the package includes a wooden spreader to enhance your cooking experience.
Very stunning appearance
Non-stick enamel coating
Durable-build
The handle is not heat-proof
We understand that most individuals are put off by the Crepe Pans due to the fact their non-stick coatings are very vulnerable to scratches and peeling. It is for this reason that we are going to introduce you to the Woll Diamond series, famed for its Ultra-hard coating.
The Woll Diamond Lite Crepe Pan is manufactured in Germany and has a tough coating which is reinforced with diamond crystals. It also features extremely fine nanoparticles to make it non-stick.
The handle is sturdy and reinforced with brass inserts for a safe and firm handling. It comes with a lifetime warranty.
The Woll Diamond Lite has an impressive resistance to scratches due to the ultra-hard coating. Its non-stick coating makes it very easy to clean.
It will contribute to your overall health benefit as it features no toxic compounds in its construction.
Comes with a limited lifetime warranty
Has a firm handle
Poor performance on induction stoves
Maybe you are in your kitchen, and you have a French recipe that you wish to try out. What better way to do it than with a high-quality Crepe Pan made in France? Look no further; the De Buyer Crepe Pan will not disappoint you.
This pan is made in France and is constructed from blue carbon steel which will be very handy in heat distribution. It lacks a non-stick coating, and this makes it very easy to maintain. To enhance the non-stick quality of this Pan, you would have to do a simple seasoning process. The contoured handle will come in handy during the swirling process for thinner Crepes.
This Pan lacks the standard non-stick coating with other Crepe Pans. This means that you will never have to worry about scratching off this coating.
The blue carbon steel construction gives you better control while the Pan is on the cooktops.
It is shallow in depth while the sides are flared so that you can effortlessly flip delicate foods such as fried eggs, fish, and pancakes.
No fragile coatings
Compatible with electric and regular cooktops
Are you on a budget and you wish to acquire a cheap Crepe Pan that still has outstanding features? Well, look no further, the Cook N Home Crepe Pan is here to serve you. We believe it is one of the cheapest Crepe Pans you are yet to come across, though we continue to question the durability of the handle and the quality of the non-stick coating.
The Cook N Home Crepe Pan is manufactured by the company going by the same name and is constructed out of aluminum material which will contribute in even heat distribution and minimizes the occurrence of hotspots on the pan.
It has a non-stick coating and a heat-resistant handle which remains cool. It is designed to work on gas, electric, ceramic and glass cooktops and surfaces.
The pan is double-coated with non-stick layers, and this will make flipping of foods to be very easy. This feature also allows for oil-free cooking.
The size is also perfect for allowing you to make decently-sized pancakes as well as give you sufficient room to maneuver while stirring.
It is lightweight, and you will have an easy time controlling it.
Decently-sized
Has non-stick coating
If you fall in the category of people who enjoy cooking up huge crepes, eggs or toasted sandwiches, this pan is just for you. It is quite durable, and if you subject it to proper maintenance, you can pass it on from one generation to another.
The Lodge Cast Iron Round Griddle is manufactured in the US by the Lodge Cast Iron Company which was founded in 1896 and has continued to produce outstanding culinary items over the years.
This model, in particular, has a sturdy construction and has lower sides that will make it easier for flipping or cooking delicate foods such as crepes, eggs, and omelets.
This pan is versatile, and you can use it in different sources of heat such as a campfire, a stovetop or an oven.
Its cast iron material gives it an impressive heat-retention quality. This construction also contributes to its versatility as you can also use the pan for just keeping your food warm, besides cooking.
It arrives pre-seasoned for a superb performance as well as equip it with non-stick qualities.
Finally, it has a sturdy handle which not only has a good grip but also has a hole which will be convenient for hanging it when not in use.
Good heat distribution and retention
Prone to rust
If you have ever made or attempted to make a crepe at home, then you must know the importance of having the right Pan for the job. The Neoflam Crepe pan is one item you should try. It has all the qualities you need from a Crepe pan that you can depend on for a superb performance.
The Neoflam Crepe pan features the custom non-stick coatings and lacks toxic materials in its construction. It allows for even heat distribution and also helps in regulating the amount of energy used.
It is easy to clean and is rust-resistant.
This pan is highly durable due to the ceramic coating which is made from entirely natural materials. This material is environmentally friendly as well as being mindful of your health.
The pan has a very lightweight frame which makes it very easy to control as you cook. The handle has a good grip and a hole which will help you hang it when not in use.
Environmental friendly and healthy construction
Even distribution of heat
Non-stick coating wears out fast
Also read: Best Oil Filled Heaters & 10 Best Chef Knife for Home Cook – Review and Buying Guide
Looking for an affordable and efficient way to go about preparing Crepes? This gadget is just what you need. It will save you the problem of using stoves to cook as all you will have to do is plug it into a power source, and you will be good to go.
The round shaped Crepe Pan and griddle measures 12-Inches in diameter and has raised ends to minimize spillage. It contains five different temperature settings and a batter spreader to give you control over the results which you expect.
It is equipped with rubber feet to provide extra stability.
The pan is constructed from non-stick aluminum which will provide the perfect conditions for making pancakes and other breakfast foods. Further, it comes with a batter spreader for making extremely thin pancakes.
Apart from the temperature settings, it comes with an on/off light to inform you whether the plate is sufficiently hot.
It has a durable construction which ensures that heat is uniformly distributed into the pan.
Very convenient (No stoves required)
Comes with simple instructions
Uniform heat-distribution
Has a fragile plastic bottom
Can get damaged if used for long hours
What are the factors you need to keep in mind when choosing or comparing crepe pans? Well at this point we'd like to emphasize only one three things – quality, quality, and quality. So, what's quality like as far as these cutlery tools go?
The Material Used to Make the Pan
The external material of the pan is quite important because it ultimately determines the durability of the pan. Aluminum is the most commonly used material but you want to make sure that it's hard anodized. On the inside, it should have non-stick properties.
As far as size is concerned, these pans provide you with dynamic options ranging from 8-inches to 11-inches. You should go for the size that fits within the size of your heat source.
Besides that, you don't want the pan to be too light to an extent that it can't sit stably on your stove. And also, you don't want the pan to be too heavy to an extent that it's difficult to lift. So moderation is of the essence.
The Overall Design
What's the best design for a crepe pan? Well, in our view, the ideal design is one that has a depth which is such that it's easy to stir and spread the contents without any spillage. At the same time, the pan should not be too deep (it should be relatively shallow) because it's important to keep the crepes thin.
All the knives included in the review above are great in their own right. But if we were to zero-in to just one of them, we'd settle for the Cuisinart 623-24 10-Inch Crepe Pan. It has a non-stick interior and a hard-anodized exterior.
We also like the fact that it's reasonably priced and shallow enough to easy spreading and turning of the crepes.
The best way to find the best crepe pan for the money is to reflect on the specific qualities and features you might be looking for. And no matter how unique your needs are, you can rest assured that there is always something that you can bank on.
The 10 Best Griddle Pan for Pancakes 2023
7 Best Kitchen Sink Cleaner 2023 – The Latest List
Read More 7 Best Kitchen Sink Cleaner 2023 – The Latest ListContinue
Read More 10 Best Kitchen Blow Torch 2023 – A Detailed Buyer's Guide and ReviewContinue
Read More 15 Best French Press Coffee Maker 2023 – Our Top Picks and ReviewsContinue
10 Best Hot Plate 2023 – Reviews
Read More 10 Best Hot Plate 2023 – ReviewsContinue
Best Can Opener 2023– Top 15 Choices Unbiased Expert Guide
Read More Best Can Opener 2023– Top 15 Choices Unbiased Expert GuideContinue


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{S1:Introduction}

The significance of social groups in pedestrian crowds is known for
almost forty years. In 1977, Aveni \cite{Aveni1977} found that most
pedestrians do not walk alone, but in pairs or groups. Likewise, more
recent studies observed the dominance of groups in crowds of
pedestrians \cite{Reuter2014,Schultz2014,Xu2010}. Moussaid et al. \cite{Moussaid2010} reported that up to 70\% of urban pedestrian
traffic happens in social groups, whereas 95\% of pedestrians
were found to walk in groups at major events \cite{Oberhagemann2014}.

In this contribution, the term ``crowd" describes the entire group of walking or evacuating people. Groups of pedestrians that walk or stand together because of social
relationships and interactions are referred to as ``social groups"
(see \cite{Moussaid2010} and references therein). Using these terms, we do not want to imply collective behaviour as it is mentioned in \cite{Templeton2015}. The presence of social groups can
influence the dynamics of pedestrian crowds. Social groups often move
slower and reduce the walking speed of the pedestrians
\cite{Schultz2014,Gorrini2014,Gorrini2016,Wei2014}. However, Manenti et al.
\cite{Manenti2010} observed that group members can walk faster than individuals in high density scenarios. The average walking speed decreases with increasing group size \cite{Schultz2014,Moussaid2010,Oberhagemann2014,Koester2011}.

Pedestrians of social groups order in certain configurations depending
on the surrounding density and the group size. Pairs and larger groups
at lower density walk abreast. At higher densities, groups of three
pedestrians often walk in a ``V"-like shape. This configuration
becomes ``U"-like for groups with four pedestrians. Larger groups tend
to split up to smaller groups of two or three members
\cite{Schultz2014,Moussaid2010,Costa2010,Xi2014,Zanlungo2013}. In
pedestrian crowds the averaged minimum distance headway within a
social group increases with increasing group size. This leads to a
larger space requirement for larger groups \cite{Duives2014}.

Based on simulation results Reuter et al. \cite{Reuter2014} identify
large social groups as ``moving obstacles" amongst pedestrians. As a
consequence, the authors assume that large cohesive groups inhibit
fast evacuations. K\"oster et al. \cite{Koester2011} performed an
experimental study with students. They had to egress from their
classroom starting at their desks and enter the room again afterwards.
The authors of the study observed a negative impact of groups on
egress times, but a positive impact on ingress times. The students
entered the room starting in the same configuration of the crowd as it
results from the egress process. Thereby, the separation of the participants
into social groups caused the ordering of students in accordance with their position in the classroom before the ingress process started.
The authors assume that this kind of ordering effect was responsible
for the faster ingress with groups. A more recent study
\cite{Guo2015} also found that pairs can evacuate faster than
individuals. Laboratory experiments performed by Bode et. al \cite{Bode2015} revealed that social groups of three evacuated slower compared to individuals due to a larger pre-movement time and larger time to reach the vicinity of the target.

In order to investigate social groups in pedestrian crowds further,
this contribution presents the first results of laboratory experiments
on social groups in evacuation scenarios. These experiments were part
of a joint study by the Universities of Cologne and Wuppertal and the
Forschungszentrum J\"ulich which aimed at the investigation of the
influence of inhomogeneities on the fundamental diagram
\cite{Wtalinprep} and evacuation times. Here we report preliminary results
from experiments on evacuation scenarios with pairs and larger social
groups.

\section{Experimental study}
\label{S2:ExpStudy}

The experiments were performed in November 2015 and April 2015 in two
schools in Wuppertal, Germany (Gymnasium Bayreuther Stra{\ss}e,
``GymBay", and Wilhelm-D\"orpfeld-Gymnasium, ``WDG"). The pupils of
different classes participated as part of project work (see also
\cite{TGF15, PED16}).

\subsection{Experimental concept}
\label{SS2.1:ExpConcept}

The experiments consisted of several evacuation runs. The focus was on
varying the composition of the crowd of pupils. Different
configurations helped to investigate the influence of different
parameters. Overall, there were three quantities that specified the
composition of the crowd:
\begin{itemize}
\item \textit{Social group composition}: There were two classes of age: children (aged around 11 years) and young adults (aged around 16 years).
The groups could therefore consist only of children, only of youths and of mixtures of both. A distribution of body height of the runs that are used in the analysis can be found in \ref{ASS1.2:BodyHeight}.
\item \textit{Social group interaction}: The interaction between group
  members was specified in two ways:
        \begin{itemize}
        \item \textit{Bond between group members}: Members of the same
          social group could be connected either loosely or fixed.
          Loosely bonded groups had to try to stay together through
          eye contact, fixed bonded group members had to hold physical
          contact, e.g. hold each others' hands.
        \item \textit{Hierarchy of group members}: The hierarchy
          between group members could be flat, with each pupil treated
          equally. They had to leave the room as well as to stay
          together in their social group. Otherwise, one group member
          was declared as `leader', the other ones as `followers'.
          Leaders had to leave the room without regarding other
          members of the groups. Followers had to stay as close as possible to their leader.
        \end{itemize}
      \item \textit{Social group size}: The pupils evacuated individually, in
        pairs or in larger groups with four, six or eight participants
        per group.
\end{itemize}
Large groups were built successively. Two pupils were teamed up to
pairs. Groups of four consisted of two pairs, groups with six
participants of three pairs and groups of eight were built by four
pairs (two groups of four). Members of larger groups were bound only
loosely. If required, the leader was chosen randomly in age-matched
pairs. In pairs or groups of mixed ages the older pupil or one of the
older pupils were assigned as leader. For age-matched large groups
there was no leader at all.

\subsection{Experimental set-up}
\label{SS2.2:ExpSetup}

The experimental set-up consisted of a rudimentary room built in the
schools' assembly hall. This room was a square area of 5$\times$5
m$^2$ bounded by small buckets on three sides (see
Fig.~\ref{Fig1:Raum}). There was a gap on one side that was used as an
entrance to the experimental area. The fourth side was an artificial wall with an exit door of variable width. Door widths of 0.8~m and 1.2~m were used. Behind the exit door more buckets formed an aisle
that led to a waiting area in front of the entrance. In the centre of
the experimental room a square starting area of 3$\times$3~m$^2$ was
marked. To record the experiments a video camera system was mounted on
the ceiling of the hall.  All pupils wore caps with different colours.
Each colour represented a certain interval of body heights which was
measured for each pupil before the experiments. They were used for an
exact determination of the pupils' position by reducing perspective errors \cite{Boltes2010}. In addition, the caps came
with black points in the middle of the head. This point was used for
the recognition and tracking of the pupils in the videos
\cite{Boltes2010}. The video recordings were processed using the
\textsc{PeTrack} software \cite{Boltes2010,BoltesDiss} so that
trajectories for each pupil in each run were available for our
analysis. All videos and trajectories are available under \url{http://ped.fz-juelich.de/database}.

\begin{SCfigure}[0.7][ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.18]{Fig1-Raum.jpg}
\caption{This screenshot from video recordings shows the
  experimental set-up which consisted of a square area
  (right) with two artificial walls (left) that formed the exit
  door. The students assembled in the square starting area in the
  centre and left the room using the door. They walked down the aisle
  and waited in front of the entrance at the bottom of the picture.
  The colour of the caps does not represent the different social
  groups, but the body height of the pedestrian.}
\label{Fig1:Raum}
\end{SCfigure}

\subsection{Experimental procedure}
\label{SS2.3:ExpProcedure}

In each experimental run, there were 32 - 46 participants. In the waiting area
in front of the entrance the pupils were told in which configuration
they had to evacuate and were separated into pairs or groups, if
required.  Afterwards, they entered the room and assembled in the
starting area, uniformly distributed. Groups or pairs should stand
together before the start of each experimental run. The students were told to raise their hands in this groups so that single social groups could be identified in the video recordings later. After an acoustic starting signal the pupils left the room.
They were told to go briskly but not to run or to scramble. The
current group configuration had to maintain during the whole egress.
After passing the exit door the pupils had to walk down the aisle and
to assemble again in the waiting area.

\section{Analysis of experimental data}
\label{S3:Analysis}

In order to investigate the influence of groups the data of the youths
of both schools were used. We compare runs with large groups (four,
six and eight participants), loosely bonded pairs without
leader-follower relationship and, if available, individual runs. In
addition, the youths of ``GymBay" performed a run with groups of six
and explicit cooperative behaviour. They were told to particularly
concentrate on their group members. A detailed list of the used runs can be found in the appendix.

\subsection{Macroscopic analysis}
\label{SS3.1:MacroAnalysis}

A first approach to consider social groups in pedestrian evacuation
dynamics is to investigate their influence on the entire crowd.
Therefore, the macroscopic quantities of evacuation times, density
distributions and information from spatio-temporal diagrams can be
regarded. They may give some indication of changes of the crowd's dynamic due to the presence of social groups.

\subsubsection{Evacuation times}
\label{SSS3.1.1:EvacTimes}

Figures~\ref{Fig2:EZGymBay} and~\ref{Fig3:EZWDG} show the number of
evacuated persons plotted against the respective evacuation times for
each school, respectively. The evacuation time of each person can be
calculated as the time difference between the beginning of the
evacuation and the moment when the participant passes the door. Since
the acoustic starting signal is not audible on the video recordings,
the beginning of the evacuation can be determined only inaccurately.
To compensate this and other delays (e.g. pre-movement time, delays
due to a lack of concentration) the evacuation time of the first
evacuated person is subtracted as an off-set from all the other times.
Additionally, the adjusted times allows for a better comparison
between different runs.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.37]{Fig2-EZGymBay-new.jpg}
\caption{The evacuation time plot for ``GymBay" shows an early
  separation of the curves. The runs with groups of four, six and
  eight are significantly faster than the pairwise run and the run
  with cooperative behaviour.}
\label{Fig2:EZGymBay}
\end{figure}

Both plots show approximately linear behaviour of the curves. The
evacuation times of ``GymBay" separate into two branches after about
three to six evacuated persons. The runs with groups of four, six and
eight persons are significantly faster than the runs with pairs and
with groups of six and cooperative behaviour. One should notice that
the run with cooperative behaviour is considerably slower than the
evacuation with the same group size but normal behaviour. There
is no such separation in the plot of ``WDG", however, the run with
groups of six becomes faster than the others in the second half of the
evacuation.  On this basis, there are two conjectures that can be
made:
\begin{enumerate}
\item   The presence of groups is not necessarily disadvantageous, in some
                cases the evacuation can be even faster with social groups.
\item   Explicitly cooperative behaviour can inhibit an advantageous
                impact of groups on the evacuation process.
\end{enumerate}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.37]{Fig3-EZWDG-new.jpg}
\caption{Evacuation time plot for ``WDG": The evacuation time curves
  do not separate, only the run with groups of six becomes faster
  after approx.\ 20 evacuated persons.}
\label{Fig3:EZWDG}
\end{figure}

Further investigation of the pedestrians' behaviour during the evacuation
may give a hint of possible reasons for the differences in evacuation
times.

\subsubsection{Density distributions}
\label{SSS3.1.2:DensDistribution}

By means of density distributions the configuration of the pedestrians
during the evacuation can be depicted. A density profile can be
determined using Voronoi diagrams \cite{Voronoi1907,Steffen2010}.
These diagrams consist of Voronoi cells for each pedestrian. Each cell
represents the ``personal space" \cite{Liddle2011} of the respective person. The size of the Voronoi cells
can be used as a measure of density: the (local) density encountered
by a person is inversely proportional to the area of the corresponding
Voronoi cell \cite{Steffen2010}. In Fig.~\ref{Fig4:DD} the cells are
coloured corresponding to their size: large cells (low density) are
coloured in shades of blue, smaller cells (high density) in shades of
red. In doing so, dense configurations of pedestrians can be
recognized easily.

Density distributions of different runs for ``GymBay" and ``WDG" are
exemplarily shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig4:DD}. The participants congest in front
of the exit. The pupils in the pairwise run for ``GymBay'' order in a
broad shape symmetrically around the door. This configuration is
elongated for the runs with larger social group sizes. The pupils order
rather behind one another than next to each other when evacuating in larger
groups. This queue-like formation of the crowd is observed in all runs
of ``WDG" independently of the group size.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\subfigure[Pairs]{\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Fig4a-DDGymBay2er4s-new.jpg}}
\subfigure[Groups of four]{\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Fig4b-DDGymBay4er4s-new.jpg}}
\subfigure[Groups of eight]{\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Fig4c-DDGymBay8er4s-new.jpg}}
\\
\subfigure[Pairs]{\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Fig4d-DDWDG2er4s-new.jpg}}
\subfigure[Groups of six]{\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Fig4e-DDWDG6er4s-new.jpg}}
\subfigure[Groups of eight]{\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Fig4f-DDWDG8er4s-new.jpg}}
\caption{Exemplary density distributions of ``GymBay" ((a)-(c))
  and ``WDG" ((d)-(f)) at $T=4$ s. For ``GymBay", there is a rotund
  shape of the whole group in the run with pairs and an elongated
  configuration for larger social groups. All runs show queue-like
  configurations in front of the door for ``WDG".}
\label{Fig4:DD}
\end{figure}

Nevertheless, the differences in the positioning of the pedestrians of
the ``GymBay" experiments may explain the differences in evacuation
times. The run with pairs was significantly slower than the runs with
groups of larger size and normal behaviour. A kind of self-ordering
phenomenon within the groups may lead to an ordering effect
of the entire crowd. In front of the exit, the
pedestrians compete for space in the door. The observed ordering
effect could reduce the number of these conflicts. As a consequence,
the evacuation processes smoother and faster. There
are no distinct differences in evacuation times for ``WDG", except for
the run with groups of six at the end, but there are also no
differences in the pupils' configuration. Also the density
distribution does not supply an explanation for the slower evacuation
with cooperative behaviour. Therefore, one
has to chose other approaches.

\subsubsection{Spatio-temporal diagrams}
\label{SSS3.1.3:SpatTempDiagram}

The compactness of the pedestrians during the evacuation can be visualized
using spatio-temporal diagrams \cite{Zuriguel2014,Boltes2014}. They
represent the temporal development of a certain spatial region. In the
case of the evacuation experiments the line of pixels corresponding to
the end of the exit door built by the platforms is plotted for every
frame (Fig.~\ref{Fig5:STD}).
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\subfigure[Groups of six]{\includegraphics[scale=0.263]{Fig5a-STDGymbay6er.jpg}}
\subfigure[Groups of six, cooperative]{\includegraphics[scale=0.263]{Fig5b-STDGymbay6erk}}
\subfigure[Pairs]{\includegraphics[scale=0.263]{Fig5c-STDWDG2er.jpg}}
\subfigure[Groups of six]{\includegraphics[scale=0.263]{Fig5d-STDWDG6er}}
\caption{Spatio-temporal diagrams for ``GymBay" (above) and ``WDG"
  (below). The pupils of ``GymBay" move in a compact way in groups
  with normal behaviour, but in an intermittent way with cooperative
  behaviour. For ``WDG", the run with groups of six shows a more
  compact crowd than the other runs. The colour of the caps represents
  the body height, not the social group.}
\label{Fig5:STD}
\end{figure}

In all runs with normal behaviour for ``GymBay" as well as for ``WDG"
the pupils move in a compact way. There are no distinct gaps between
single pedestrians over the course of time. In contrast, the (slower)
run with groups of six and cooperative behaviour shows an intermittent
behaviour, see Fig.~\ref{Fig5:STD}~(b). The students are separated into
four bursts. Each burst mostly consists of closed social groups.
Cooperative behaviour seems to lead to a stronger aggregation to the
own group members and a neglect of other pupils at the same time. This
loss of cooperation with the rest of the students
may slow down the evacuation process.

The pupils of ``WDG" evacuate in a continuous way for all group sizes.
They are distributed uniformly, but loosely, except for the run with
groups of six. In this case, the pedestrian flow is higher. This is
represented by a higher density in the spatio-temporal diagram
Fig.~\ref{Fig5:STD}~(d). It is conceivable that this very compact
configuration accelerates the evacuation process. The runs with normal
behaviour of ``GymBay" also show temporal periods of higher flow. In
case of larger groups, this period occurs in the first third of the
evacuation. For the pairwise run a period of higher flow can be
observed in the middle of the evacuation. It might be advantageous if
there is a high pedestrian flow at an early state of the evacuation.

\subsection{Microscopic analysis}
\label{SS3.2:MicroAnalysis}

Besides the influence of the social groups on the entire crowd the
behaviour and dynamics of the groups themselves are interesting. In
the following sections several ``group parameters" are introduced. The
velocity of the centre of mass helps to describe the dynamics of a
group. Furthermore, the shape and
elongation of a group provides information about the positioning of
the group members. The orientation of the group is also regarded on
different ways. For a more detailed description, we refer to \cite{vonKruechten2016}.

\subsubsection{Centre of mass of social groups}
\label{SSS3.2.1:CoM}

The dynamics of a social group as whole is described by the behaviour
of its centre of mass. This approach is adopted from the investigation
of starling flocks \cite{Ballerini2008}. The position of the centre of
mass is calculated as the averaged position of all group members:

\begin{equation}
\vec{R}_\text{CoM}(t)=\frac{1}{N_m}\sum_{i=1}^{N_m}\vec{r}_i(t)
\end{equation}

In order to describe the dynamics we consider the velocity of the centre of mass
\begin{equation}
\vec{v}_\text{CoM}(t)=\frac{\vec{R}_\text{CoM}(t)-\vec{R}_\text{CoM}(t-\Delta t)}{\Delta t}
\end{equation}
that describes the change of position of the centre of mass with time. In this case, $\Delta t$ corresponds to the frame rate of the video recordings, $\Delta t = \frac{1}{25}$~s.

Fig.~\ref{Fig6:MeanVel} shows velocity of the centre of mass at time $t$ averaged over the number of
social groups for ``GymBay" and ``WDG". The calculation of the mean
velocity is cancelled as soon as one social group has left the region
of detection.\\
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{Fig6-MeanVel-GymBay-new.jpg}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{Fig7-MeanVel-WDG-new.jpg}
\caption{Mean velocity of the centre of mass. For ``GymBay" (top) the
  velocity increases and then reaches a constant level. This level is
  smaller for cooperative behaviour than for normal behaviour. For
  ``WDG" (bottom) the single velocity curves are more diverse.}
\label{Fig6:MeanVel}
\end{figure}
All velocity curves for ``GymBay" increase almost linearly at the
beginning of the evacuation and flatten after approximately 1.5~s. The
groups with normal behaviour reach a nearly similar constant velocity
around 0.7~ms$^{-1}$. In contrast, the run with cooperative behaviour
is significant slower. This curves bottoms out at approximately
0.5~ms$^{-1}$. This difference in velocity may be an additional
explanation for the longer evacuation time for the run with
cooperative groups. Overall, in all runs the groups accelerate and
reach a nearly constant velocity in the first few seconds of
evacuation.

For the runs of ``WDG", the velocity profile is different. The groups
do not accelerate in the first second. The increase is almost linear
only for the run with groups of six. This curve also does not flatten
during the measurement period. The runs with groups of four and eight
participants show different increases at the beginning. The velocity
of the groups of eight reaches a constant level at above 0.4~m/s, the
curve of the run with groups of four flattens at a slightly higher
velocity. These various progresses of the mean velocity are not
explainable at first sight. For whatever reasons the dynamics of the
groups at ``WDG" was different from that of ``GymBay" and more
inconsistent.

\subsubsection{Shape of social groups}
\label{SSS3.2.2:Shape}

Besides the dynamics of the group as a
  whole, the behaviour and configuration of the pupils within the
social group is also of interest. The shape of the group can be
approximated as an ellipse. This ellipse should incluce all group members and have the minimal possible area at the same time. Therefore, it is directly determined by the position of the pedestrians within the social group. Even its aspect ratio, i.e. the ratio of
its major and minor axis, and its area is determined by the
positioning of the group members \cite{Moshtag2006,Moshtag2007}. An exemplary ellipse is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig6.5:EllipseBeispiel} (a).

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\subfigure[Example ellipse]{\includegraphics[scale=0.075]{E1-Ellipse-GymBay6erGr5-11-3.jpg}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[Definition of the CoM orientation]{\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{E1-Ellipse-GymBay6erGr5-11-5.jpg}}
\caption{(a) Example ellipse of a social group with major and minor axis $a$ and $b$, respectively. The blue symbols (+) indicate the position of the members of the social groups. The green cross (x) denotes the position of the centre of mass. The green arrow depicts an exemplary velocity vector of the centre of mass. (b) $\Theta$ is the angle characterising the orientation of the centre of mass as defined in (3).}
\label{Fig6.5:EllipseBeispiel}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{Fig8-MeanARGymBay-new.jpg}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{Fig9-MeanARWDG-new.jpg}
\caption{Mean aspect ratio of the ellipse for ``GymBay" (top) and
  ``WDG" (bottom). The groups form prolately elongated ellipses into
  the direction of the door.}
\label{Fig7:MeanAspRat}
\end{figure}

The aspect ratio averaged over the number of groups is plotted for
both schools in Fig.~\ref{Fig7:MeanAspRat}. For all runs the aspect
ratio is distinctly greater than one. It indicates that the groups
form a prolate ellipse. In this case the pedestrians have a elongated
configuration in the direction of the exit door. The aspect ratio
increases with time for all runs, only for ``GymBay" it decreases
again later for most of the runs. It is remarkable that the aspect
ratio of the runs with groups of six and eight develop very similarly
with time in both schools. The aspect ratio of the runs with groups of
four increases sharply in the middle of the evacuation in both cases.
This is caused by single social groups whose members are separated
during the evacuation process. The run with cooperative behaviour
shows a similar process of the aspect ratio than the run with groups
of six and eight. However, at most times the absolute value of the
aspect ratio is smaller than in the runs with normal behaviour.
Cooperative behaviour seems to lead to a more rotund configuration of
the group members than evacuations without this instruction.

The area of the ellipse can also be considered. It is normalized with
respect to the number of pedestrians of the group in order to
allow for a quantitative comparison. In doing so, the space requirement
per person within the group is determined. This approach is similar to a method that is used to probe the dispersion of social groups, e.g. in \cite{Bandini2011, Vizzari2013}. In our case the ellipse is used instead of a polygon to determine the space that is occupied by the group members. The averaged normalized
area of the ellipses for both data sets is shown in
Fig.~\ref{Fig8:MeanNormArea}. The general behaviour of the curves is
different in ``GymBay" and ``WDG". For the runs of ``GymBay" the mean
normalized area increases during the evacuation for all runs. The
group members fan out over a larger area with time. In contrast, the
normalized area decreases during the evacuation process for all group
sizes in ``WDG". In these cases the pedestrians come closer within the
groups. However, both types of behaviour are consistent within one
data set.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{Fig10-MeanNAGymBay-new.jpg}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{Fig11-MeanNAWDG-new.jpg}
\caption{Mean normalized area of the ellipse for ``GymBay" (top)
  and ``WDG" (bottom). The space requirement per person increases with
  group size.}
\label{Fig8:MeanNormArea}
\end{figure}

For both schools the normalized area is slightly larger or even
similar for groups of six compared to groups of four. In contrast, the
values for the groups of eight are significantly higher, expect for a
small outlier for ``GymBay". The run with groups of six and
cooperative behaviour shows the same normalized area than the group
with same group size but normal behaviour in the beginning of the
evacuation. The process of both curves is comparable in the first half
of the evacuation. Later, the ellipses become smaller for the runs
with cooperative behaviour. In that case, the stronger aggregation of
the particularly cooperative group members is represented by a closer configuration of the participants.

As a consequence, larger groups seem often to require more space. This
effect is mitigated by including cooperative behaviour. Cooperative
groups cover less space compared to groups of the same size but with
normal behaviour. Accordingly, the stronger aggregation of cooperative
groups that was observed in the spatio-temporal diagrams reflects that
the participants stay closer than usual during the evacuation.

\subsubsection{Orientation of social groups}
\label{SSS3.2.3:GyrTensor}

The orientation of the social groups can be determined in different
ways. First, the orientation of the centre of mass can be calculated.
It is defined as the angle between the velocity of the centre of mass
and an axis of reference \cite{Ballerini2008}. In our case this is the
room axis $\vec{e}_y$ that points into the room perpendicular to the exit door. Therefore, the orientation angle of the social group can be determined using the scalar product:

\begin{equation}
\Theta(t)=\pi-\arccos\left(\frac{v_y(t)}{v(t)}\right)
\end{equation}

where $v_y(t)$ is the component of the centre of mass' velocity in the direction of $\vec{e}_y$ and $v(t))$ is the absolute vlaue of the velocity at time $t$. This angle represents the orientation of the movement of the entire
group. The averaged values are shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig9:MeanOr} for
``GymBay" and ``WDG". In both cases, the angle decreases (after a
short starting phase) and flattens at low values between $0^\circ$ and
$40^\circ$. During the evacuation the social groups move in a narrow
cone around the door. The orientation is comparable for all runs in
``GymBay", whereas for the runs of ``WDG" the angle decreases with
increasing group size. In these cases, the cone in which the
pedestrians move is even narrower for larger groups.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{Fig12-MeanThGymBay-new.jpg}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{Fig13-MeanThWDG-new.jpg}
\caption{The mean orientation of the centre of mass decreases for
  all runs during the evacuation (Top: ``GymBay"; Bottom: ``WDG"). The
  groups move in a narrow region around the middle axis of the room.}
\label{Fig9:MeanOr}
\end{figure}

Another way to describe the orientation of the social groups is to
determine the orientation of the ellipses \cite{Moshtag2006}. It is defined as the angle between the major axis of the ellipses and the room axis $\vec{e_y}$. Here,
the differences between the orientation curves of single groups are
rather large, especially for groups of four. Hence, it is not sensible
to calculate an averaged value. These differences arise from the
special configuration four pedestrians can acquire. Four pupils can
order in a square-like shape in contrast to groups with six or eight
persons. While moving in this square configuration even small shifts
of single persons can lead to considerable shifts of the ellipse's
orientation. Nevertheless, the orientation of the ellipse can be
compared to the orientation of the centre of mass for each single
group. A good accordance of both orientations would mean that the
group members order along the direction of movement. Indeed, many of
the orientations match at least temporarily as shown in
Fig.~\ref{Fig10:CompOr}. Therefore, pedestrians in social groups seem
to order along their general direction of motion.

The groups' orientation can also be calculated by a third approach
based on the gyration tensor \cite{Maurer2016}
\begin{equation}
G_{ij}(t)=\frac{1}{N_m}\sum_k^{N_m}(x_{k,i}(t)-x_{\text{CoM},i}(t))\cdot(x_{k,j}(t)-x_{\text{CoM},j}(t))
\end{equation}
where $N_m$ is again the number of group members, $\vec{x}_k$ the position of the group member $k$ and $\vec{x}_\text{CoM}$ the position of the centre of mass at time $t$. The orientation of the group is then defined as the eigenvector to the largest eigenvalue in our case. This approach has e.g. been used to determine the
orientation of red blood cells \cite{Maurer2016}. The gyration tensor is calculated using the positions of the
pedestrians in the group. Therefore, this orientation of the single social group is directly determined by the positioning of the
group members. It matches the orientations of the ellipses well for
the single groups at least temporarily. This indicates that the approximation of social
groups as ellipses is an appropriate choice to describe their internal
dynamics.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{Fig14-CompOrientGymBay-new.jpg}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{Fig15-CompOrientWDG-new.jpg}
\caption{Comparison of the orientation of an exemplary group for
  ``GymBay" (top) and ``WDG" (bottom). The orientation calculated via
  the gyration tensor and the ellipse's orientation coincide well. The
  group members often orientate along their direction of movement.}
\label{Fig10:CompOr}
\end{figure}

Overall, the social groups seem to orientate along their direction of
motion that proceeds within a narrow cone around the door.

\section{Conclusion}
\label{S4:Conclusion}

The presence of social groups in pedestrian crowds and their
characteristics have been observed experimentally for several years
now. In order to analyse the influence of social groups on evacuation
scenarios we have conducted an empirical study with pupils. The
influence of social groups is investigated using data of
youths that evacuate in social groups of different sizes and different
intra-group interactions.

The evaluation of evacuation times shows that the presence of social
groups can have an advantageous influence on the evacuation process.
If the pedestrians form a queue in front of the door, the evacuation
is faster compared to a broad distribution of the pedestrians around the exit. The
reduction of conflicts arising from this ordering within the groups
may accelerate the whole evacuation process. In addition, evacuations
were faster for pedestrians that move compactly, especially at an early
stage of evacuation.

We have found several characteristics of the dynamics of the
  social groups during the evacuation process. Social groups
accelerate at the beginning of the evacuation but reach a constant
velocity soon. There are no distinct differences in group velocity
that might explain differences in evacuation times between the runs
with pairs and large groups. During the evacuation, social groups can
well be approximated by ellipses which typically have a prolately
elongated shape. In addition, their orientation shows that groups move
in a narrow cone around the exit.  Following the orientation of the
ellipses, members of social groups order along their direction of
motion. Groups of large sizes have an higher space requirement per person, especially for groups of eight. Therefore, faster
evacuations for larger group sizes do not arise from denser
configurations of the group members. The comparison of the
orientations also shows that the approximation of groups as ellipses
supplies reasonable results.

Explicit cooperative behaviour can inhibit an advantageous impact of
groups. The pedestrians concentrate on their own group members and pay
less attention to other pedestrians. Therefore, the participants evacuate in
an intermittent way separated into several bursts. The stronger
aggregation within the social group is also reflected in a smaller
space requirement for cooperative behaviour compared to same group
size with normal behaviour. In addition, groups with cooperative
behaviour reach a lower constant velocity level. All this factors lead
to a slower evacuation.

Summarizing, our experiments have shown that the presence of social
groups can have a substantial impact on evacuation scenarios. We have
introduced ``group parameters" which allow to quantify the dynamics of
groups and their members.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
\label{S5:Acknowledgements}

We thank the teams of the Universities of Wuppertal and Cologne and
the Forschungszentrum J\"ulich for their support with the experiments,
especially Maik Boltes for providing the trajectory data. We also
thank the students and teachers of Gymnasium Bayreuther Stra{\ss}e and
Wilhelm-D\"orpfeld-Gymnasium for their participation. Financial
support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under grant SCHA
636/9-1 and Bonn-Cologne Graduate School of Physics and Astronomy
(BCGS) is gratefully acknowledged.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
cricketBetting.org
Indian Premier League (IPL)
Australia v India Test Series 2020
Super Smash T20
Ranji Trophy
Vijay Hazare Trophy
AB de Villiers suggests returning for Proteas in T20 World Cup
He retired from international cricket in 2018
Former South Africa captain AB de Villiers is considering coming out of international retirement to play in the T20 World Cup in Australia later this year.
De Villiers retired from Test, ODI and T20I cricket in 2018. He has since played for several franchises in domestic T20 competitions around the world.
The hard-hitting right-hander is currently playing for the Brisbane Heat in Australia's Big Bash League. He struck 40 on debut on Tuesday, as the Heat beat the Adelaide Strikers. Later this year, de Villiers will return to the Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Indian Premier League.
"There's a lot that needs to happen before that becomes reality," said de Villiers.
"I would love to. I've been talking to [head coach] Mark Boucher, [director of cricket] Graeme Smith and [captain] Faf du Plessis back home, we're all keen to make it happen.
"It's a long way away still, and plenty can happen – there's the IPL coming up, I've still got to be in form at that time. So I'm thinking of throwing my name in the hat and hoping that everything will work out.
"It's not a guarantee, once again. I don't want to disappoint myself or other people, so for now I'm just going to try and keep a low profile, try and play the best possible cricket that I can and then see what happens towards the end of the year."
What Mark Boucher said about AB de Villiers
Boucher replaced former head coach Ottis Gibson earlier this year. At the time, he suggested inviting de Villiers out of international retirement. They were working together at the Tshwane Spartans in South Africa'a Mzansi Super League at the time.
"From a coach's perspective, I'd love to have the opportunity to deepen and strengthen the squad. It will keep everyone on their toes and will bring more excellence into the game in this country," said Boucher.
"When you go to a World Cup, you want your best players playing for you. If you feel like he is one of your best players than why wouldn't I want to have conversations with them to see where we maybe go?
"I might have a few conversations with quite a few players and see where they are. Like I said, you want your best players in the World Cup and if there are a couple of issues that needs to be ironed out, if it's for the best of South Africa to try and win us a World Cup, then absolutely, let's try and do it."
Jonhenry
Jonhenry is a cricket nut. He has written about the game for several years and knows more about South African cricket - club cricket, in particular - than most. He has been published on most reputable cricket sites and, nowadays, devotes his knowledge of the global game to the iGaming industry. When he is not producing content about cricket, Jonhenry is playing, watching or coaching it. If not that, he's reading about the game or administrating his local cricket club.
Home > Auto Draft > AB de Villiers suggests returning for Proteas in T20 World Cup
18+. Remember to always gamble responsibly. If you feel you may have a problem, seek help.
COPYRIGHT ©2021- cricketbetting.org


SaveTheBeetle uses the Accelerometer feature of the device. The game has three different levels, on the basis of which the Background themes, Speed of firing, Background music, Bonus Points, Food changes. SaveTheBeetle is a simple yet exciting game for people of all ages.


A slower class for people who are new to yoga, are a little older, recovering from injury or just want a gentler pace. Also ideal for pre-natal mothers.
Focus on release and strength for movement efficiency in you activity of choice. This class is based around understanding all the techniques that can give you that injury resistance and performance enhancement in your sport.


text:
Q: How can I allow more than one uploaded file to be removed with dropzone using custom confirm dialogue? I'm wanting to override the default way that Dropzone handles confirm dialogues when removing uploaded files and I'm almost there to a certain degree. Here's my code.
Dropzone.confirm = function(question, accepted, rejected) {
    showConfirm(question);
    $(document).on('click', '#accept-confirm', function() {
        hideConfirm();
        accepted();
    });
}

showConfirm = function(question) {
    var confirm_dialogue = '
'+question+'<button id="deny-confirm" class="button">Cancel</button><button id="accept-confirm" class="button">Yes</button>
';
    $('body').append(confirm_dialogue).addClass('is-showing-confirm');
}

hideConfirm = function() {
    $('body').removeClass('is-showing-confirm');
    let dialogue = document.getElementById('confirm-dialogue');
    dialogue.parentNode.removeChild(dialogue);
}

I can click my remove button, and my custom confirm is displayed. I can confirm the removal and the thumbnail is removed.
The problem is I can only do this for one image. For any other images I want to remove I just get the following error in my console.

Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'removeChild' of null

A: You need to use .off() before using .on() because events which are applied to that button are called multiple times like,
Dropzone.confirm = function(question, accepted, rejected) {
    showConfirm(question);
    $(document).off('click', '#accept-confirm').on('click', '#accept-confirm', function() {
        hideConfirm();
        accepted();
    });
}

Or you can use it once and place your function outside to the Dropzone.confirm like,
Dropzone.confirm = function(question, accepted, rejected) {
     showConfirm(question);
}
// now it will be called once only,
$(document).on('click', '#accept-confirm', function() {
    hideConfirm();
    accepted();
});

And for removing an element from DOM use .remove(),
hideConfirm = function() {
    $('body').removeClass('is-showing-confirm');
    $('#confirm-dialogue').remove();
}

You can check length of the element(which you want to delete) like,
dialogue && dialogue.parentNode.removeChild(dialogue);


For those beginning their motorcycle riding exploits, the 2011 Kawasaki Ninja 250R sportbike has always been a great option to start.
Its low motorcycle seat height, stylish looks and peppy engine translate into hours of riding fun for beginners, novices and intermediate riders.
The fun begins with its parallel-twin 249cc liquid-cooled engine that thrives on high-rpm excitement. Though its engine may be compact, its eight-valve cylinder the Ninja 250R looks fast even while standing still.
A smooth six-speed transmission lets motorcycle riders exploit the Kawasaki 250R power from that low-end grunt through to a lively top-end rush. Just like the larger supersport motorcycles, it uses disc brakes to low down the action.
Wrapping the 250R are the fairing and windscreen that not only look great, but deliver wind protection for a wide range of riding situations. An easy-to-read instrument panel with fuel gauge and neutral indicator is another convenient feature for the new rider.
Best of all, the 2011 250R is a great value, with an affordable purchase price and excellent fuel economy.


Evelyn A. Slack Evelyn A. Slack of Forest Grove passed away peacefully Tuesday, Nov. 20, 2012, at home surrounded by her husband, Fred; son, Fred Jr., and daughters, Connie, Janet and Debbie, after an extensive decline in health.
Evelyn was the beloved wife of Frederick J. Slack for 60 years. She loved to tell everyone that 'He was the best man and I love him dearly.' They worked side by side on their farm since the day they were married.
Born in Abington, she was the daughter of the late Dietrich and Sarah Mondeau Froehlich; and sister of the late Dietrich Froehlich Jr.
Evelyn was a giving person who put everyone before herself. She was a member of Forest Grove Presbyterian Church; a bus driver for Central Bucks School District for 30 years; secretary of the Bucks County Farm Bureau; involved with farm land preservation; president of the Buckingham Junior Women's Club, and lifetime member of Midway Fire Company.
She was an avid Philadelphia Phillies fan who loved cooking and farming. She also enjoyed going with Fred to Florida in the winter to relax and have fun with their friends, playing board games, and eating oranges and grapefruits from their trees.
Evelyn is survived by her loving husband, Fred; and her four children and their spouses, Connie and Jack Evans of Mohnton, Janet and Garry Sampson of Newtown, Debbie and Duane Smith of Wycombe, and Frederick Slack Jr. of Forest Grove; her eight grandchildren, Ryan, Gregory and Bradley Evans; James, Joseph and Michael McGowan; Frederick Slack III and Deanna Slack; and one great-grandchild, Faith Evans. She also is survived by her sister, Wanda Slack of Furlong.
Evelyn will sadly be missed by all. Her smiling face and positive attitude touched everyone.
Relatives and friends are invited to a celebration of Evelyn's life service at 11 a.m. Tuesday, Nov. 27, at Reed and Steinbach Funeral Home, 2335 Lower State Road., Doylestown, where the public may call at 10 a.m. Interment will follow in Forest Grove Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Forest Grove.


Dr. Strock is honored to be featured in the April Issue of Fort Worth Magazine as a TOP DOCTOR for 2019. This is a special designation each year as the winning physicians are voted on by their peers.
Dr. Strock is an internationally known expert in cosmetic breast surgery. He is widely known for his innovations in the placement of breast implants using a short incision in the top of the armpit (transaxillary approach). He routinely offers choices in incision location and device type, and will work with you to select the best approach that will fit your needs. Dr. Strock is honored to have had the opportunity to place the first ever Mentor MemoryGel Xtra breast implant used in Europe during a recent trip to Stockholm as part of the Beauty Through Science Aesthetic Medicine Congress.
Crisalix 3D imaging is complimentary used in office during your consultation.
Many women seek breast enhancement and procedures to improve and restore abdominal wall contour following pregnancy. Dr. Strock will work with you to plan an approach that can restore your breast and body shape and contour to like it was before having children.
Dr. Strock can help you achieve a rested and refreshed look to your face using the latest surgical approaches to rejuvenate and improve the appearance of your eyelids, neck and face, and non-surgical approaches that include BOTOX® and facial fillers and skin care.
Excellence based on experience and innovation.
Dr. Strock is known for his passion for excellence and attention to detail that combine to provide you with the latest and most innovative surgical approaches tailored to fit your specific lifestyle needs. Request your consultation today to see what Dr. Strock can do for you.
Dr. Strock is regularly invited to some of the most prestigious conferences and symposia to share his expertise with colleagues.