For the language, see Wapishana language.
"Kanaima" redirects here. For the insect genus, see Kanaima (Froghopper).
The Wapichan or Wapishana (or Wapisiana, Wapitxana, Vapidiana, Wapixana) are an indigenous group found in the Roraima area of southern Guyana and northern Brazil.
In 1984, the Brazilian National Foundation estimated that there were only 2,995 Wapishana in twenty Brazilian villages. There are no estimates of the number of Wapishana who live outside villages. According to a 1981 survey in Guyana, there were approximately 5,000 Wapishana in Southern Rupununi, southern area of Guyana bordering Brazil. In 1997 the Wapishana population was estimated to be between 10,000 and 11,000 people. According to Funasa's data for 2008, the Wapishana population totals around 7,000 individuals. For Guyana, the most recent estimate is about 6,000 people. In Brazil, Wapishana villages contain an average population of 150 inhabitants, while on the other hand the number of inhabitants is higher for villages in Guyana, which average around 500 inhabitants.
Currently the Wapishana are located in the State of Roraima, Brazil, northern and eastern Boa Vista, as well as in the southern Rupununi savannas of Guyana. In their villages, one can find ranches, settlements, small towns, and commercial developments of Brazilians. In Guyana, the Wapishana villages are located between the Tacutu, Rupununi, and Kwitaro rivers, bordering the Macushi territory in the Kanaku Mountains to the north, and extending as far as the Wai-Wai territory to the south. In Brazilian territory, in the north eastern portion of Roraima, the Wapishana villages are mostly located in the Serra da Lua (Moon Ridge) region between the Branco River and one of its affluent, the Tacutu. On the lower Uraricoera River, another affluent of the Branco, most of the villages contain a mixed population of Wapishana and Macushi.
Wapishana is classified as a member of the Arawak language family. Wapishana is the only remaining Arawakan language in the circum-Roraima area. The term Arawak is more generally used to refer to the Arawakan or Lokono languages spoken in Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and in some of the Antilles Islands. Most Brazilian Wapishana often speak Portuguese, instead of Wapishana and many Guyanese Wapishana speak English in addition to Wapishana. Portuguese is the dominant language among the Wapishana who live in urban areas that are bilingual in Portuguese and Wapishana, especially among the younger generations. According to Migliazza, more than 80% of Wapishana can speak the national language with which they are in contact, Portuguese in Brazil or English in Guyana. Since someone can cross the border between the two countries so easily, it is common to find people who speak Portuguese and English, as well as the maternal language.
Polygyny once practiced by leaders has nearly disappeared, possibly from the pressure missionaries put on them. Most marriages are now consecrated by a Catholic priest. Divorce is not uncommon and is initiated by either spouse. A village leader may get involved and try to convince a couple to stay together. The nuclear family along with a grandparent is the common arrangement in a household. Often a man who is leader will surround his large house with smaller homes for his sons' and daughters' families. As an essential part of their way of life, young children act as a companion to adults. They stay with their mothers and help with house and garden work.
The Wapishana's first indirect contact with Europeans was in 1498, Columbus's third voyage, which reached the coast of South America. Information and objects were quickly exchanged through developed indigenous networks of trade. The Portuguese initially attacked the indigenous population, who then occupied the Branco River, in Brazil, on slave-raiding expeditions. Village settlements were later settled there at the end of the century. The Wapishana were brought to work at the Portuguese fort on the Rio Branco by the late 1700s.
Men came into direct contact not only with Wapishana from other villages but also with Indians of other groups, and later, with non-Indians from the act of bartering. By tradition, men have control over the labor of their wives and daughters, unmarried sons, and younger sons-in-law in their households. Married daughters usually build their house close to their maternal house. They raise their children alongside their own mother, sharing food and labor.
During the twentieth century, villages usually surround a church. The government has provided schools, meeting houses, and even shops to village centers. Villagers meet, usually at the church or in school to discuss local issues and make plans. After these meetings, men frequently play soccer in open areas nearby  "Villagers cut their gardens in the forests on the low hills that rise up from the savannas, sometimes walking for several hours with heavy loads of cassava roots, which they process near to their homes", shows how efficient they are as a group of people. A small number of families live on their farms, but this is not looked upon well by others in the community. In some places the Wapishana have customarily preferred to live in the open country.
Cassava is an important crop for the Wapishana society. "Wapisiana women grate the cassava, express its juice, sieve it, and then toast it on iron griddles into flour", basically thick flat breads. They also farm sweet potatoes and other roots, squashes, tomatoes, greens, onions, dozens of different kinds of hot peppers, and numerous other crops. Wapishana men are in charge of hunting deer, agouti, wild turkeys, and birds. Everyone in the family goes fishing. For over 200 years now, the Wapishana have been raising cattle, swine, chickens, ducks, and many other animals which are part of their regular diet. The exchange of produce, animals, and homemade food provides smalls amounts of cash for purchases of store-bought food and household goods.
Wapishana men craft wooden stools and baskets, sieves, and squeezers for use in the preparation of cassava and other foods. They also make arrows, fencing wire into points, but these arrows and bows they buy or get hold of from other Indians have been almost entirely replaced by shotguns. Women make clay cooking pots and spin cotton and weave the thread into baby slings and hammocks. Introduced crafts include needlework, dressmaking, and rustic furniture making.
Peddlers sometimes try to trade with the Wapishana, but these transactions are described as exploitative, and they are avoided by all but those who are too isolated to understand.
The Brazilian government organized Wapishana villages, but has not yet separated Wapishana lands; every village is enclosed. Although The Wapishana people are limited to smaller spaces, they do not believe in the private ownership of land, they demonstrate flexibility in the assignment of house and garden space. Before settling in an area, newcomers must make sure they have permission from villagers.
Traditionally, certain Wapishana men became specialists in healing; they beat leaves and "blew" cures. They could also use the same techniques to make people sick or to kill them. Now, no Wapishana admits to these rituals and only a small number actually follow them, but a number of men and women do perform a sort of curing that is influenced by Catholicism, northeastern Brazilian folk medicine, and other non-Indian practices. In most villages, a Wapishana man is the catechist who leads the Sunday service in the absence of a priest.
Deaths were recognized to evil spirits or to kanaima, who were healers that had evil intentions and solely used their powers for that reason. Nowadays, Wapishana use words like hepatitis, malaria, and pneumonia to identify causes of death, but they often still believe that the true cause is kanaima or another malevolent spirit. A person's prized possessions are buried with them in the Wapishana culture for use in the afterlife.
The Wapishana have been known for their distrust of outsiders. This is reflected in their relationships with other tribes. "Their relationship with their closest neighbors, the Macushi, has traditionally been one of suspicion and mistrust". In 1929, a marriage was reported between a Wapishana man and a Macushi woman and today there are a few mixed marriages in the Kanaku region of Guyana. A number of coastal Arawaks are settled in Wapishana communities, they are mostly schoolteachers from Moruka area in northwest Guyana, their relationships with indigenous inhabitants can involve some tension, despite the fact that mixed marriages are more accepted now. There has been a drastic change in the relationship of the Rupununi area with the coast recently with the completion of road between Georgetown and Lethem, which leads to Roraima's state capital, Boa Vista.
Since the earliest days of European contact with the Wapishana, the political situation in Brazil has been different from the one in Guyana. According to Henfry, the Brazilian state of Roraima includes 23 Wapishana villages, which actually all include large non-Wapishana and mixed-race populations. The ancestors of these people were the first of Roraima's indigenous population to encounter European explorers, who gained access to the area from time to time throughout the 18th century. A slight government interference before the mid-20th century left effective political control in the hands of cattle ranchers. By the 1970s it was reported that 60% of Brazil's Wapishana and Atorai were integrated, speaking Portuguese as their first language, and the rest were mostly bilingual and in permanent contact with the state.
The main difference between the Brazilian and Guyanese Wapishana is their rights to land. In Guyana, Amerindian villages are state elected administrative units but there is nothing relating to the reservation system and villages are in remote areas. Although the situation of Guyanese Wapishana is better than most part of the Brazilian population of Wapishana, it is still far from perfect. Entirely, Amerindians are the least privileged group of Guyanese society. Among their problems are health and education, unfortunately the Rupununi region is one of those Amerindian populations that are particularly suffering from these problems, according to a study demonstrated by the ARU.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wapishana people.
This page was last edited on 29 March 2019, at 20:57 (UTC).


There's a green smoothie bowl recipe in my book Radiant which I just love! But as I'm all out of frozen greens and the sun is attempting to shine here in the grey north, I figured berries would make a pretty awesome substitute for this mornings breakfast.
I'm also a little obsessed with adding flowers to everything! They make dishes look so pretty. These are purple pansies which are totally edible and dry rose petals which are equally fragrant and edible.
Let me know what you add to yours in the comments below.


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Portrait of Joseph Allen
Joseph Allen is an American astronaut who was born on June 27, 1937 in Indiana. Before he became an astronaut, Allen was a physicist who taught at the University of Washington.
Allen became an astronaut in 1967. He has logged 314 hours in space during two missions. He has made two spacewalks.
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Andrew Allen is an American astronaut who was born on August 4, 1955 in Pennsylvania. Before he became an astronauts, Allen was a Navy and Marines pilot. He has flown over 4500 hours on more than 30 different...more
Jay Apt
Jay Apt is an American astronaut who was born on April 28, 1949 in Massachusetts. Before he became an astronaut, Apt was a physicist who worked on the Venus space probe project. Apt joined NASA in 198...more
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Review: Alice in Borderland
Leave a comment	 March 30, 2021 nicklavitz
Netflix been a blessing during the pandemic. It's brought us a huge variety of entertainment. When it ran out of Western shows to feed our ever-present need for distraction, there was an entire realm of foreign-language fiction to discover.
Among the more recently-released series was Alice in Borderland, a parallel-reality science fiction series of Japanese origin, set in a dystopian Tokyo in which everyone's a contestant in games designed to bring about their rapid demise.
Based on a Japanese manga that dates back to 2010, the series is a mind-bending nightmare with lots of triggering scenes for the more sensitive among us – be aware.
How To Find Good Science Fiction To Read
There's so much stuff getting published these days that it can be a challenge to identify good fiction from bad.
In fact, quite a few years ago when I was reading fantasy and science fiction in my own time, I remember even then, when we weren't downloading it from Amazon, that the ratio of 'good' to 'bad' science fiction was woeful.
Partly that was my fault. I assumed that if a book was published, then it had to be good. After all, it costs so much time and money to publish it would be folly to publish something bad. If it's cover was on display in a bookshop, then it must be among the best because of the real estate it takes up.
Now I know a few things I didn't back then:
Publishers buy manuscripts before they're written, so they haven't seen the end result before they've committed to paying for it any more than you have.
Publishers aren't that good at choosing great literature anyway. They get it right more often than the Amazon algorithm, but that's because they're harder to manipulate, not because they've got mystical abilities to choose good writers.
The book that has pride of place in the bookshop has often paid to be there. At least online portals are required to indicate that the presence of a book at the top of your page is a paid promotion.
At least that explains some of the truly awful stuff I read when I started into the genre, and almost put me off for good.
Then I ran into a few people who course-corrected for me and sent me in a couple of new directions.
If you're looking at science fiction and wondering why people read this stuff, then perhaps I can do the same for you. Here is my take on why you ought to give the genre a try, and how to get a good panoramic view of what it has to offer.
None of the rules of writing change in this genre
Good stories have well-rounded characters facing big challenges that they overcome in creative ways. They face challenges that alter the way they see the world and therefore change who they are. They are set in a world that is internally consistent with rules you instinctively, intuitively understand, even if the rules seem strange from the outside.
Just because you're in the science fiction genre doesn't mean a good book doesn't need good characters, internal consistency and a dramatic premise. If you come across a bad science fiction book, remember this: it's probably bad for the same reason some non-science fiction books are bad. It's not bad because it's science fiction.
The search for good books to read exists everywhere.
There are different subgenres, some of which may not be for you
If you read a book that's narrowly-focused military science fiction, you'll most likely read a lot about military battles, deployments of fleets and the characters of the marines or officers that are in command of these ships or part of their crew.
You might hate that.
If you hate that, you'll probably also hate the Aubrey-Maturin series by Patrick O'Brien, because it's exactly the same thing only set on earth in our not-too-distant past when we relied on sails and conscripted seamen to get large ships around. Nobody in their right mind (at least in my opinion) is going to claim that the Aubrey-Maturin series (all 19 books of it) is bad. That's because it's exceptional.
But it might not be for you.
Check what a book is about before you choose to read it. Science fiction is not what a book is about, any more than The Three Musketeers is about French history.
Ask people who know
While you may not know the people who know, it only really takes a couple of links to get to authors you like who will recommend (or whose readers will recommend) other things to read.
Of course, don't get stuck in an echo chamber of similar stuff.
A good place to start for some recommendations that aren't from me is the Science Fiction Roundup by the Guardian. Every so often they publish a list of the best new science fiction. I don't agree with all of their recommendations, but a lot of the authors I enjoy reading today I discovered there.
There are some great authors that you should read at least once to see what's available
Here's a suggested list of science fiction authors that you might like to try, and the reason for each.
DISCLAIMER: This is by no means a list of the best, nor is it a comprehensive list of the good. It's a suggested panorama of undeniably good authors whose work provides a safe and high-quality entry point into the genre. If I were to write this article again tomorrow, half the names and suggestions would change.
Isaac Asimov. Because it's hard to pretend to have read any science fiction if you haven't at least read Foundation. He's the father of the debate around AI and its interaction with its human creators.
Larry Niven. Mainly because of Ringworld, which remains one of the great leaps of the imagination in the genre. Once you've visualised the Ringworld in your mind, it's something you can't unsee.
Iain M. Banks. An author whose worldbuilding is beyond compare. Iain M. Banks invented the post-scarcity society 'The Culture'. If you can have anything you want, then what motivates individuals to act? Then he asked what would threaten such a powerful society and what challenges would it face, internally and externally. In answering that question he wrote some of the most satisfying science fiction out there. If you want to start where I started, read The Player of Games, but if you want to start with the book everyone talks about, read Consider Phlebas.
Alastair Reynolds is one of my favourite authors for hard science fiction. By this I mean science fiction with a strong emphasis towards not bending, breaking or ignoring the rules of physics. I think of his books as 'crunchy' and I enjoy them very much. Revelation Space is space opera with enough worldbuilding to keep you busy pondering it for weeks after you've finished reading it. Don't stop there though, Reynolds is prolific and I've recently rediscovered him myself.
Alex Lamb is a more recent author. I really enjoyed his debut novel, Roboteer, published in 2015. I'm putting it here because it's a very different vision than the other suggestions. The setting is conflict between Mars and Earth, and the technologies that make space travel possible. I also reviewed it when I read it, and you can read the review here.
Cixin Liu is a Chinese author, and his work has been widely translated into English. If you ever saw the film The Wandering Earth, then you should know that the story came from him. The work has a distinct flavour to it that comes from its foreign roots, which I consider a great asset. I suspect there is a lot of excellent science fiction being written in China and we in the west are deprived of access to most of it. I would suggest, just to pick something suitably different, The Three Body Problem.
Neal Stephenson is one of my favourite writers, and it's extremely hard to pick what to suggest from his work because it's all just so excellent. I'm going to cheat and suggest several novels because I can't choose between them. The first, Seveneves, is a spectacular story spanning centuries that begins in the present day, with the destruction of the moon. The second, Anathem, tells the adventures of a monastic scholar on a world called Arbre, where knowledge is kept behind walls to protect if from the saecular world. Finally, The Diamond Age: Or, A Young Lady's Illustrated Primer; yet another fast-paced world-building epic with a strong message about the social ladder and how it works.
Ann Leckie exploded onto the science fiction landscape in 2013 with Ancillary Justice. Original and exciting, sometimes poignant, Ancillary Justice is about a synthetic person that is an extension of a ship AI, and how they must adapt to no longer being part of a collective larger identity while dealing with the larger circumstances of how the ship she was a part of was destroyed.
There is a ton of excellent science fiction
Literally more than you could ever read.
I've named mostly big names here, because Asimov, Stephenson and Banks are giants in the genre, but that's not to say you have to stay in that particular garden. I just think it's a good set of signposts to start with.
I've not named any military science fiction, although there's plenty of that (for some fun, pulpy military science fiction you could try Jack Campbell's Lost Fleet series, starting with Dauntless. In a similar vein, you could try the excellent Old Man's War by John Scalzi. Also by John Scalzi, if you're looking for something a bit (very?) different, and you've some experience with the Star Trek TV series, you might enjoy Redshirts.
I could literally type all day and not run out of suggestions.
I was about to say I'll stop there, but then it struck me that I haven't mentioned Kim Stanley Robinson's fantastic novel, 2312. So… guilt.
Feel free to add your recommendations below. I'm always keen to discover quality writing, and the genre isn't as well signposted as people think it is.
Re-Read: Revenger by Alastair Reynolds
I'm an Alastair Reynolds fan.
Not ashamed to admit it, he writes crunchy science fiction that sits well with my critical mind. You know – the bit that competes with your enjoyment of a novel by whispering, "that's not very realistic, is it?" in the back of your mind.
I'm not a very good fan though.
I found his books by accident, trawling the shelves of a local bookstore many years a in search of good science fiction, something which can be very hard to come by when you don't know the genre well.
In the intervening years, I've read Reynolds intermittently, chancing upon one novel or another, and getting that spark of author recognition when I saw his name. I've enjoyed every single one, to a greater or lesser degree.
I recharged my kindle for the first time in about two years when the coronavirus-related confinement limited my entertainment options, and while flicking through books I've read and know well, I chanced upon Revenger. I remembered the title, recognized Alastair Reynolds' name on the cover, which seemed familiar.
But I couldn't remember anything about it.
Brilliant! A second run at a novel I've already bought, courtesy of a faulty transfer from short- to long-term memory.
The downside of reading a book you already know is that you read it much faster than the first time around, as your memory starts to fill in ever larger bits of the story for you. The upside is you get to rediscover work you enjoyed enough not to delete, which in my case is a sure measure of quality. I'm not short of memory on my kindle, but I'm still picky about what gets to fester there.
After I finished, I looked up the Wikipedia entry for Revenger and found that it's referred to as "hard" science fiction. That I have to object to. Although much of Reynolds' oeuvre is hard science fiction, this isn't. The "glowy", the "ghosty" and the "quoins" are anything but, and they're central to the story. That said, his departure from the strict confines of hard science fiction poses no problem for me.
Fura Ness, as a protagonist, gets most of her character development out of the way in the first third of the book, and spends the rest of it coming to terms with the person she's developed into. The world-building is, while not on a par with Seveneves, absolutely top notch. Reynolds' willingness to kill off significant characters keeps you on your toes, but he doesn't forego the character development of each of his victims for all that, which gives you the shock that a death in a novel ought to.
Finally, the moral complexity the book hints at is refreshing (at least to me), in a context where the real world seems ever more defined in absolutes. Even the protagonist and the anatgonist have, as we finally discover, a side to them that mitigates the obvious judgement their behaviour draws. It's possible, in fact, that the most evil characters are on the periphery of the story, looking in.
I'd forgotten about Revenger, and I really enjoyed rediscovering it. I also discovered that there are two sequels, which I will now have to read, and other books by Reynolds that had passed unnoticed, and which will find their way onto a list that informs future reading decisions.
Short Fiction : Snow
The Ortholan's crew barely survive their crash on an icy moon, and they owe their narrow escape to the least popular member of their crew, the Navigator, whom they call Blue. But they will need him again if they are to survive, because he is the only person aboard capable of flying the ship back to civilization. Unfortunately, without access to their medication, Navigators become somewhat unstable, and the crew's only hope of salvation may well be the one who kills them all.
Available on Amazon by clicking here .
Challenge / Response
Leave a comment	 June 14, 2018 nicklavitz
An old friend's anger puts a young captain in the Royal Guard in an impossible position, forcing her to make a terrible choice.
Available free from Smashwords here.
Ancillary Mercy – Ann Leckie
Leave a comment	 November 10, 2015 nicklavitz
The Imperial Radch series is funnel-like. It starts with an eye-opening vision of a civilization ruled by an all-powerful distributed leader, and shows us this through the eyes of the final fragment of a destroyed ship, the last ancillary of the Justice of Toren, betrayed by her ruler in a civil war of a monumental and complex nature, dealing with loss and a crisis of identity on a tragic scale. What vistas, what scope!
As we follow Breq and discover her predicament, her self-imposed mission and the universe in which it all takes place, we are given vast horizons to contemplate. Her mission takes her all the way to Anaander Mianaai, ruler of the Radchaai (or at least one part of her), and there we discover the details of the civil war, the split within Mianaai herself.
In the second book, the funnel narrows. We are taken to Athoek Station, where Breq, now wearing the Mianaai surname, takes control of a politically complex situation, but compared to the war raging in the universe at large, we know that what happens here is a storm in a teacup. Athoek is not critical to the ongoing civil war. Important perhaps, a staging point for future conflict, perhaps, but not the turning point. This gives us an opportunity to examine more closely the social and political consequences of the civilization Ann Leckie has invented for us. This is well done in the second book, which explores the social mores, complex emotional states and intricate rules of conduct of the Radchaai in great detail.
I was hoping that the third book would broaden the scope again, giving us the vistas glimpsed in the first tome once more, and showing us the conclusion of the war into which Breq, her ship and her crew have been entrained.
In fact, we are still at Athoek, and the narrative takes a philosophical turn. Leckie has always liked exploring the societal consequences and complex mannerisms engendered by the culture she has imagined, but here we go into full-on obsessive mode with deep analyses of the internal emotional states and moral convictions of various individuals, all witnessed through the all-seeing connected awareness of our main protagonist. This is a universe in which making tea in the wrong china set can cause such offense that it leads to a depression that needs medication from a professional doctor, and I'm barely exaggerating.
Breq looks very tough in large part because everyone around her is either visibly falling apart or hiding their emotional fragmentation behind vast reserves of stoicism. Every sentence spoken is a minefield, every politeness is a potential insult to a third party, every act a move on a moral and emotional chessboard of ever-increasing complexity, but often of little real consequence. The absence of a supporting influence is enough to cause characters to fall apart emotionally to the point where they must be sedated. This went a little far for me.
Unfortunately, most of this matters little to the physical reality of Athoek system. Athoek, in turn, matters little in the overall scheme of the civil war. Either the very real, very military strategies at play will work in Breq's favour, or they will not, and Breq rolls the dice on her military decisions with far more recklessness than (s)he manifests in her/his delicate management of interpersonal relations.
So much of the book is internal dialogue explaining the consequences of this or that on someone's emotional state that it implies the individuals in the story are more important than the civilization tearing itself apart in the background. The civil war unfortunately only serves as a backdrop to the narrative. Don't misunderstand me, it is interesting to explore how such convoluted social rules lead to extremes of emotion in individuals upon whom entire star systems depend, but I would have preferred it if these emotions were not the dominant thread in the narrative.
I very much enjoyed the first and second books, and was hoping that the third would veer away from introspection and towards Breq's role in the greater events at work in the universe around her. How does one resist or fight or outwit a schizophrenic, megalomaniacal, near-omniscient multi-bodied ruler who doesn't know her own mind? I was hoping an answer would be forthcoming. Unfortunately for me, that's not where this book was going.
Much of what happens here is critically important to the individuals concerned, but in the grand scheme of things, with which we were teased in the first novel, it is a storm in a teacup. Although you'll soon find out it's a 3000-year-old teacup that belonged to an extinct dynasty from a conquered world.
Conclusion: Well written, well worth the read, and I did enjoy it, but if the first book set you up with expectations that you were going to see, first hand, the evolution of the Imperial Radch at this turning point in the civilization's history, reset those expectations before you jump in. Then you'll be fine.
Addendum: I suppose it would be odd not to comment on the deliberate use of the pronoun "she" to describe every character in the book. This has been commented on to death elsewhere, favourably and unfavourably. It didn't do much for me, and I would personally have preferred a normal use of pronouns, but it neither makes nor unmakes the book. As you read, you quickly learn to ignore it and it fades into the background apart from occasional moments where it can cause a little gender confusion. It is, however, a relevant brick in the edifice Ann Leckie constructs, and it is relevant to the societal norms and cultural eccentricities that are very much at the heart of the novel, so it has its place here and is more than a gimmick or a political statement.
Aurora – Kim Stanley Robinson
There's an introspective and meditative quality to Robinson's novels that comes, I think, from his avoidance of page turner strategies. He avoids chapters that end in suspense, making you want to know what happens next, and we don't get the multiple interwoven storyline treatment that allows the author to always have one cliffhanger active at any given time.
So what we get is a novel that is more centred on real, physical challenges faced by the population of our interstellar ship. Problems related to closed-loop ecologies, population control, artificial intelligence (and its definition), and the concept of authority and hierarchy on a multi-generational starship. These are all tackled in a fictional context, but with great attention to the inner workings and intricate details of each challenge.
There is a clear sense that Robinson has a stack of research on his desk a mile high.
The story covers the last few years before a starship launched from earth several generations ago arrives at Tau Ceti, its destination. The people on board have never known Earth, and are aware only of their own small microcosm – the Ship. We see events unfold through the life of Freya, the daughter of a well-known member of the community, Devi. Unlike Devi, who is, by virtue of her understanding of the ship's mechanisms, the default engineer in chief, Freya lacks the mind for the task and is more interested in how people behave.
Our narrator is the ship's nascent artificial intelligence, which is writing a narrative account of the journey at Devi's request, and after a number of aborted attempts, focuses on Freya as a protagonist to give the narrative structure. The process of writing the narrative account neatly tracks the Ship's evolution towards true intelligence, both in the narrative style and in the content and questions asked as the narrative unfolds.
As an investigation of the difficulties of reaching far-distant stars through the use of long-lived starships, the novel is extremely thought-provoking and challenges the often-made assumptions that allow us to do away with considering the real problems such an endeavour would face. For example, Robinson undertakes a detailed examination of the chemical reactions that immobilise vital elements that are in short supply, and the resulting effects on the ability of the ecosystem to continue to function. Through this part of the story, he demonstrates that the problem-solving required in even this single discipline is insufficiently developed at this time for us to even consider a project of this kind. We depend on so many things that our environment on Earth provides without our needing to manage it that we are ill-prepared to take on the challenge of recreating the right conditions for long-term life away from our cradle.
In a way, the novel is slightly defeatist in this regard, and perhaps that's a shame, because such an in-depth investigation could have led somewhere more rewarding without the need for sugar-coating. Some of the challenges (perhaps the most difficult and insurmountable) faced by the population of the ship are somewhat deus-ex-machina in terms of their formulation, and the premise that any planet worth occupying will already have some form of life inimical to our own is not necessarily something that I feel is properly explained or defended in the book.
Nevertheless, Robinson has taken the premise of a generational starship reaching for the stars further and deeper than anyone before, and while the novel may not leave you with the sense of wonder that drew some of us to the science fiction genre in the first place, it is an enriching narrative, a good story and an extremely valuable addition to the science fiction bookshelf.
Alive – Scott Sigler
Leave a comment	 September 25, 2015 nicklavitz
I read some strong reviews of Scott Sigler's latest book, Alive, and was looking for something to get my teeth into as I managed to free up some time for reading again. Unfortunately, there was a gap between my expectations and what the book delivered that made it hard for me to enjoy it.
That obviously doesn't mean that the book isn't good, but I'm not good with young adult fiction unless it's sufficiently complex under the surface or it has a sufficiently powerful underlying premise or message.
In this case, unfortunately, that didn't work out for me.
This is a book that keeps a secret from you and sets up a big reveal. You feel the secret building as you go, in the unanswered questions and in the gaps between the questions that have been asked, and that gets you to keep reading, playing a game of guessing the outcome before the story gets to the point where all is revealed.
It's like painting with negative space, where it's the bits of the canvas you don't actually fill in that contain the detail of the image, and you can only see the shape of what's being drawn when either the rest of the canvas is sufficiently filled for a shape to emerge, or when the artist helpfully traces a line around the edges of the object on the page.
As a consequence, there's very little I can say about the book without revealing the contours or that image and spoiling the story for you.
As an aside, the author has a request to reviewers at the end of the book asking that they not reveal "spoilers", and obviously I wouldn't, but isn't it sad that it's necessary for an author to actually outright ask people not to spoil the book for others.
The reveal is satisfying (it's not like Lost, at the end of which I was abruptly furious with the writers), in the sense that everything does hang together. Unfortunately it wasn't interesting enough for me to feel that it was worth the buildup. Luckily, since the writing style is clear and the story fairly straightforward to follow, I blasted through this book so fast that I didn't feel I had lost loads of time on it, so I wasn't upset. It was more like a meal that leaves you strangely unsatisfied at the end of it.
What I can tell you is this – a group of youths awaken in coffins, they have no memory of how they got there, no idea what they are doing there, and no knowledge of their own names except for the engravings on the coffins they woke up in. From there they start to explore and discover their environment, and others like themselves.
The youths are marked with symbols on their foreheads, and these symbols correlate to specific skills and/or character attributes, which are drawn with so little subtlety that you have absolutely no doubt about who is what. It does get a bit tedious having people referred to as circle-stars or whatever, and the author in my opinion tries to mine this somewhat shallow vein for more than it's worth.
As they explore, they will discover more about what they are doing there, who they are, and what's going on. The big reveal isn't wholly original, although there are interesting aspects to it which I thought were great and could have been explored more fully – but I can't tell you what they are without comprehensively ruining the novel, and for all my reticence to rank it highly, it is probably quite a good read in the young adult category – I'm just a poor judge of that kind of material because it doesn't push my buttons. At the same time, there are scenes of brutal violence which don't really belong in the YA category, so I'm not sure what to make of the book overall – it doesn't sit well in any of the categories.
It's the first part of a three-part series. I can see where the story could go, but don't really feel the need to find out exactly what happens next, and will probably give the rest of the series a miss.
Some reviewers loved this book, so read other reviews before you decide, I seem to be somewhat of an outlier on this one.


our Bake Off to the Bonnet Parade, all the classes and children have been involved and have had lots of fun. Our Easter Raffle was also a great success and we raised £450. With some of the money raised, we gave it to the Easter Bunny so that he could bring every child in school a chocolate egg.


ONE OF A KIND in Gated Piedmont Country Club - this former model home custom built by Middleburg Builders will impress! The quality craftsmanship can be seen throughout the approximately 6700 sq ft of living space in this estate home featuring 6 bedrooms & 4.5 baths. The spacious and private .50 acre lot feels even bigger with the tree save area adjacent and the golf course behind the wooded backyard. The home features refinished hardwood floors throughout the main level and upstairs hallway, fresh paint, extensive moldings/trim work, upgraded tile, intercom & security system, speakers throughout, shutters, custom blinds, upgraded lighting and fixtures. The gourmet kitchen is bright & open concept to the adjacent family room and sun room. The kitchen has a huge island, granite counter tops, under cabinet lighting and quality cabinetry. The inviting great room features a stone gas fireplace and box beam coffered ceiling. The main level also has a large study with built in bookshelves & desk, formal living and dining rooms and a stunning conservatory/bonus room with walls of windows overlooking views of trees and the golf course. Upstairs you will find the master suite with 3 sided gas fireplace, sitting room, lighted tray ceilings, his and her closets, and spa like bath master bath with granite counters, double vanities, glass shower and large tub. There are 3 more bedrooms upstairs one with en suite bath and the other two bedrooms share a Jack-n-Jill bath. An expansive laundry room completes the upstairs living space. The walk out lower level has two more bedrooms with lots of light, a full bath, huge rec room and a state of the art home theater room with 150" curved screen, projector and sound system to convey. The basement also has plenty of storage, a washer/dryer hookup, and plumbing for a wet bar. This home is the definition of curb appeal - from the perfectly landscaped yard, to the stately brick front, to the Ipe Wood Deck and stone patio. The exterior also features sprinkler system, outdoor lighting, brick walkway and new garage doors on the 3 car side load garage. Newer roof and hot water heater are just a few of the recent updates. Come home to an all-inclusive lifestyle of luxury, leisure and loads of amenities in gated Piedmont including year round indoor swimming pool, 2 Olympic sized outdoor pools, tennis courts, a full service fitness center, meeting rooms/business center and the beautiful Piedmont Golf Club with an 18 hole championship golf course, putting greens, driving range and a clubhouse with dining room, pub and pro shop.
Directions: 66 West to Haymarket Rt 15 exit. Take right on Rt 15. Take right on Old Carolina Rd. Left on Piedmont Vista Drive at the main gate. Continue through gate. Left on Sorrell Hunt. Right on Piedmont Vista.


text:
Detlef Heusinger, was born in 1956 in Frankfurt am Main, is one of the most versatile composers of his generation. He studied composition, conducting, music science, German and philosophy as well as guitar, lute and piano at the University for Music in Bremen, Cologne, Freiburg and the Albert Ludwigs University in Freiburg. The most important teachers for him were Hans Werner Henze and Klaus Huber (composition), Francis Travis (composing) and Hubert Käppel (guitar). He has been awarded numerous prizes for his compositional work, for example the Stuttgart City Music Prize and scholarships like the Villa Massimo (Rome), the Cité des Arts (Paris), the Heinrich Strobel Foundation of the SWF (Freiburg) and the Baldreit scholarship (Baden-Baden). He taught at the University for Music in Bremen from 1990 until 1996 and led a conducting class at the Music Workshop in Mürztal. He has worked as a guest lecturer at the University of Music in Vienna, at Harvard University, Goldsmith University and the Université de Montreal.
At the centre of his compositional work are pieces like 'the Tower' (1989), 'Babylon' (1997) and 'Black Red Gold' (1998), as well as the dance theatre pieces 'Totem + Taboo' (1992) and 'Volx Muzak' (1993). From 1983, Heusinger worked on live electronics with Luigi Nono, Hans Peter Haller and the team from the experimental studio. As a producer and director of the video opera 'Pandora I&II', he designed his first music video in 1993, followed by 'Sintflut' in 2001.
From 1991 to 2005, Heusinger worked as a director and occasionally led the Rossini Festival on the German island of Rügen, as well as directing operas by Handel, Rossini, Donizetti, Saint-Saëns, Offenbach and Britten in Germany, France, Austria, Poland and Switzerland.
Heusinger has been involved in various festivals as a composer, conducter and director, including Ars Electronica (Austria), the Berlin Festival, Borealis Festival (Norway), the Darmstadt Summer Courses, the Donaueschingen Music Days, musica nova (Helsinki), Roma Europa Festival (Italy), the Salzburg Festival and Warsaw Autumn. Groups that have interpreted his compositions include the Arditti Quartet, the Auryn Quartet, the Ensemble Modern, the ensemble recherche, the Israel Contemporary Players, the HR Orchestra, the ORF Orchestra, the DSO Berlin and the SWR Symphony Orchestra. His works have been performed in America, Asia and Europe. As an electric guitarist, he focussed primarily on solo playing with the HR symphony orchestra. He has also worked as a musical director with conductors like Kent Nagano.
As a conductor, Heusinger has worked with the Ensemble Modern, the Atlas Ensemble, the Collegium Novum Zurich, the New Music Orchestra (Poland) and the Savaria Symphony Orchestra (Hungary), among others. He has also led the ENSEMBLE EXPERIMENTAL since 2009, with which he recorded Luigi Nonos' "Risonanze Erranti" for the first time for the label NEOS, which was awarded the German Record Award in 2011. His own works have appeared under the labels Wergo, Telos, harmonia mundi and Dabringhaus und Grimm.
Detlef Heusinger has been the artistic director of the EXPERIMENTAL STUDIOS of the SWR since 2006. He has long term friendships with musicians such as the guitarist Jürgen Ruck and the flautist Roberto Fabbriciani. So far, Detlef Heusinger has published his works 'Sintflut' in 2001 (nomos) and 'MATERIAL Zum Werk' between 1978 and 1998 (Accad. Tedesca - Villa Massimo).


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GAF Roofing was searching for a way to connect with consumers and expand usage occasions for its products. GAF wanted to position their products as the ideal solution for DIY creations and projects that can be seamlessly completed in one's own backyard.
In a category that does not have a heavy social presence, GAF set out to generate brand awareness and social buzz around its products by identifying influencers who are loyal Lowe's shoppers and have a great backyard DIY idea.
As this was GAF's first large-scale social Influencer initiative, they leveraged Collective Bias (CB) to help solve its marketing challenge – showcase GAF Roofing products in a new light.
CB identified influencers within their community who were loyal Lowe's shoppers, had a great backyard DIY idea, and historically performed well when producing DIY/Home Improvement content. Popular themes for GAF program content included playhouse updates, backyard shed makeovers, animal houses/shelters, and storage area updates. Selected influencers began shopping in Lowe's for GAF products and other materials needed to complete their project, documenting their in-store journeys at Lowe's with vivid photography along the way. Once influencers completed their project, they documented the experience with step-by-step instructions on their blog and social media channels, as well as YouTube for some influencers. CB also promoted top-performing content on key social channels to maximize awareness and engagement.
Who knew roofing could be so cool? The end result of the campaign was nothing short of impressive. Participating influencers were incredibly excited about not only their final projects, but also GAF's product line in its entirety. Influencers created high-quality, engaging DIY/Home Improvement content, showcasing why GAF products are the best solution for fun outdoor projects, while also driving reader traffic to the RoofedItMyself.com social hub, GAF Facebook page, and the GAF website.
The campaign's 49 influencers' original blog posts generated a total of over 16,400 blog post engagements and over 230,500 content views (pixel-verified blog page views, which averaged nearly 2 minutes per view) leading to a total media value of over $367,500. We delivered 62.1% more content views per blog post than the average food, beverage, and consumable category campaigns – CB's strongest categories in terms of benchmarks.
Combined social syndication tactics achieved 33.5M total impressions. Included in these syndication numbers are Twitter impressions (potential views by followers on Twitter), Instagram and Pinterest Engagements, and Facebook syndication tactics. Readers were also spending, on average, 1 minute and 56 seconds on blog post content.
YouTube played a key role in this program's performance as well, with High-Reaching YouTube Influencers' videos garnering over 262,000 views.
Make Your Old Playset NEW Again!
© Copyright 2017 GAF | This site is sponsored by GAF, however the opinions of the content providers are their own.


In this paper I examine the evolution of intra-industry trade (IIT) in intra-European trade in the period of accession of the Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC). In order to identify changes in IIT in intra-European trade, I calculate the Grubel and Lloyd index for the static dimension and Brulhart A index for the dynamic dimension. Based on Grubel and Lloyd index, I conduct gravity-type empirical tests to verify determinants of IIT at the intra-European level. I find that CEECs experienced considerable increase in IIT, particularly during transitional periods before their accession. However, the level of IIT between CEECs is still considerably low. Given that a trade-investment nexus exists to explain IIT in intra-European trade, IIT in CEECs can increase further, as they receive more FDI from their neighbors.


text:
my-profile
Ms. Nisha Jayasuriya
Faculty of Business | Business Management
Senior Lecturer at LS Education Group (UK)
Business Development Executive at Metropolitan Engineering Pvt. Ltd.
London School of Marketing - Lecturer and Course Leader
Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology - Senior Lecturer
PhD Candidate at Management and Science University, Malaysia
Masters of Business Administration in the University of Colombo.
Master of Business Administration in Anglia Ruskin University (UK)
First Class Honours, Bachelor of Business Management (Marketing) Special Degree – University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.
Professional Postgraduate Diploma in Marketing, United Kingdom.
City & Guilds Level 3 IVQ in Teaching, Training and Assessing Learning (1106)
ICASL Intermediate Level
Gold medalist – "The Best Student" of the year 2008, Department of Marketing Management, University of Kelaniya
Research Interests and Memberships
Chartered Marketer – CIM (UK)
The Impact of Facebook Marketing on Brand Equity and Purchase Intention - Fashion-wear Industry, Sri Lanka
Nisha Anupama Jayasuriya, Dr. S. M. Ferdous Azam, Dr. Ali Khatibi, Dr. Halinah Atan & Dr. Isuri Roche Dharmaratne " "The Role of Social Media Marketing on Brand Equity - A Literature Review" " Global Journal of Management and Business Research: E Marketing, vol.18, Issue 5, 2018, pp.31 - 39,
Nisha Anupama Jayasuriya, S. M. Ferdous Azam " "The Impact of Social Media Marketing on Brand Equity: A Study of Fashion-Wear Retail in Sri Lanka" " International Review of Management and Marketing, vol.7, Issue 5, 2017, pp.178-183,
Nisha Anupama Jayasuriya " "Sri Lankan Consumer Attitudes towards Healthy Meals" " Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, vol.24, 2016, pp.69 - 79,
Nisha Jayasuriya, W.H. Kumarasinghe, Chandana Perera " "Factors Influencing Employee Motivation in Tile Manufacturing Industry in Sri Lanka" " Management and Administrative Sciences Review, vol.6,, Issue 1, 2017, pp.1 - 14,
Chandana Perera, S. L. Kasun Dayanga, Nisha Jayasuriya " "Factors Affecting Credit Card Debts: A Study among Executives in Sri Lanka" " International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), vol.5, Issue 7, 2016, pp.1495 - 1504,
Nisha Anupama Jayasuriya, Dr. S. M. Ferdous Azam, Dr. Ali Khatibi, Dr. Halinah Atan & Dr. Isuri Roche Dharmaratne " The Role of Facebook Marketing on Customer-based Brand Equity and Purchase Intention in Fashion-Wear Retail Industry, Sri Lanka " Global Journals, vol.18, Issue 7, 2018, pp.1 - 10,
Sandunima K.K.C, Bandara H.B.J, Viduranga N.R.D, Kodagoda H.K., Jayasuriya. K.K.N.A " "The Impact of Social Media Marketing on Customer Purchase Intention among the Fashion-Wear Customers in Sri Lanka" " Global Journal of Management and Business Research, vol.19, Issue 4, 2019, pp.45 - 50,
Perera. K, Wijesekera. B, Priyadarshani. L, Kodippili. N, Jayasuriya. N. A " "The Study on Brand Equity & Purchase Intention of Shampoo Market in Sri Lanka" " Global Journal of Management and Business Research, vol.19, Issue 4, 2019, pp.25 - 28,
U.P.R.P Udadeniya, M.M.H.H Yalegama, A.K.K.D Wickramasinghe, M. Y. S. S. Mannapperuma, Mrs. K.K.N.A Jayasuriya " "Online Behavioral Advertising Avoidance in Online Retailing in Sri Lanka" " https://globaljournals.org/GJMBR_Volume19/E-Journal_GJMBR_(E)_Vol_19_Issue_4.pdf, vol.19, Issue 4, 2019, pp.11 - 15,


Working in some of the remotest places on Earth, or tackling urban development and cultural change closer to home, our academics are experts in their fields, bringing you closer to the latest research and pressing topics.
We offer a varied programme of undergraduate courses, giving you the opportunity to focus on either human or physical geography. Our joint honours degrees allow you to study two subjects at degree level, so you can combine geography with a subject of your choice.
One of the most valuable things I have gained from my year in industry at Leap Environmental is the vast range of knowledge. I was also lucky enough to secure myself a graduate job, which I accepted.


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		if (!err && row) {
		    var urlId = bases.toBase(row.id, 36);
		    req.flash('lastUrl', '' + urlId);
		    req.session.urls[urlId] = req.body.url;
		    res.redirect('/urls');
		} else {
		    res.redirect('/urls');
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	    });
	});
    } else {
	req.flash('error', 'invalid url');
	res.redirect('/urls/');
    }
});

app.get('/urls/:id', function(req, res) {
    // url ids are base36 numbers that represent rowids in the db
    var id = bases.fromBase(req.params.id, 36);
    URL.findById(id, function(err, row) {
	if (!err && row)
	    res.redirect(row.url);
	else {
	    req.flash('error', 'shortened url not found');
	    res.redirect('/');
	}
    });
});

app.post('/login/', passport.authenticate('local', {
    failureRedirect: '/login',
    failureFlash: true
}), function(req, res) {
    res.redirect('/');
});

app.get('/logout/', function(req, res) {
    req.session.urls = {};
    req.logout();
    res.redirect('/');
});

app.get('/login/', function(req, res) {
    res.render('login', { message: req.flash('error'), user: req.user });
});

app.post('/users/', function(req, res) {
    if (req.body.password.length < 6) {
	req.flash('error', 'password has to be at least 6 characters long');
	res.redirect('/login/');
    } else if (req.body.password !== req.body.verify) {
	req.flash('error', 'password did not match verification');
	res.redirect('/login');
    } else {
	bcrypt.hash(req.body.password, 8, function(err, hash) {
	    User.add(req.body.username, req.body.password, function(err) {
		if (!err) {
		    passport.authenticate('local', {
			failureRedirect: '/login', failureFlash: true
		    })(req, res, function() { res.redirect('/') });
		} else
		    res.redirect('/login/');
	    });
	});
    }
});

app.get('/users/:id', function(req, res) {
    User.findByName(req.params.id, function(err, user) {
	if (!err && user && req.user && user.name == req.user.name)
	    res.redirect('/');
	else
	    res.redirect('/login');
    });
});

app.get('*', function(req, res) {
    res.redirect('/');
});

var server = app.listen(port, function() {
    console.log("Running server at port " + port);
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Sustainability Levy
The local environment consistently rates as one of the most important features of the City for residents. Access to the lake, coastline, and bushland provides people with an opportunity to enhance health and wellbeing through outdoor activity and enjoyment of our wildlife and natural places.
During development of the 10 Year Community Plan in 2008, community feedback rated Caring for the Environment as the most important of Council's focus areas. The need for additional funds to deliver environmental programs was identified, as the previous Lake Levy which had been in place for 10 years was due to expire. Council sought and was granted a special variation, which has come to be known as the Sustainability Levy. It was introduced in 2009 to fund environmental projects, including continuation of lake water quality improvement works. The Levy expires in 2014.
During development of the 10 Year Community Plan in 2008, community feedback rated Caring for the Environment as the most important of Council's focus areas. The need for additional funds to deliver environmental programs was identified, as the previous Lake Levy which had been in place for 10 years was due to expire.
Council sought and was granted a special variation, which has come to be known as the Sustainability Levy. It was introduced in 2009 to fund environmental projects, including continuation of lake water quality improvement works. The Levy expires in 2014.
What happens under each funding option when the Levy finishes in 2014?
All three funding options include the Sustainability Levy in 2012-2014. As Council intends to continue with its Caring for the Environment programs, it proposes to increase rate income across the 7-year period to enable these works to continue beyond 2014. This increase in rate income is incorporated in Options 2 and 3, but not in Option 1.
Under Option 1, the Levy funding for environmental works and programs stops in 2014/15. This will also be the case if Council's application for a rate increase is not approved by IPART.
Under Options 2 and 3, rate increases for the 7-year period will provide additional income to continue Council's current environmental programs beyond 2014. The expiring variation becomes part of the general rate base beyond 2014/15.
What has been achieved with the Levy?
Key achievements include:
26 on-ground works projects completed to improve lake water quality
Clean Up Lake Macquarie collected 28 tonnes of rubbish over 86 sites with 7,146 volunteers
Residents were assisted in saving money, including a 3.9% reduction in citywide electricity use in 2009-2010, and an overall saving to the community of $6M through access to rebates and other programs
Award winning climate change adaptation program delivered, including the E-shorance web tool to assess the response of the lake foreshore to predicted sea level rise
Inaugural Living Smart Festival attracted 8,000 people
Waste to landfill reduced by 23% per capita, and commercial recycling increased by 38%
18 sustainable neighbourhood groups established
What is planned for the next 7 years?
In the next 7 years we intend to continue work to:
Maintain and improve lake water quality through construction and maintenance of over 70 on-ground works projects
Complete over 20 works projects to reduce energy and water consumption in Council and community facilities.
Develop local area adaptation plans for all foreshore areas affected by fl ooding and sea level rise
Expand our sustainable neighbourhoods program to provide an opportunity for neighbourhoods in the City to work with Council to improve their local environment
Continue to support residents and businesses to save money at home and at work through programs to reduce waste generation and resource consumption


text:
How Congress Occupied Wall Street
Posted by Long Islander on November 19, 2011 at 10:30am
Those wind turbines that come from foreign countries that are built by out of state workers on Maine's ridges using your money, increasing your electric rates and destroying your health, property values and serenity started their journey in Washington, D.C., worked their way through Augusta, ME and often entered closed-door rooms in your local government.
I recognize that for many, the messenger of this message is a polarizing figure, so I post with some trepidation. But please note that she is handing out bipartisan blame.
Politicians who arrive in Washington as men and women of modest means leave as millionaires. Why?
By SARAH PALIN
Mark Twain famously wrote, "There is no distinctly native American criminal class except Congress." Peter Schweizer's new book, "Throw Them All Out," reveals this permanent political class in all its arrogant glory. (Full disclosure: Mr. Schweizer is employed by my political action committee as a foreign-policy adviser.)
Mr. Schweizer answers the questions so many of us have asked. I addressed this in a speech in Iowa last Labor Day weekend. How do politicians who arrive in Washington, D.C. as men and women of modest means leave as millionaires? How do they miraculously accumulate wealth at a rate faster than the rest of us? How do politicians' stock portfolios outperform even the best hedge-fund managers'? I answered the question in that speech: Politicians derive power from the authority of their office and their access to our tax dollars, and they use that power to enrich and shield themselves.
The money-making opportunities for politicians are myriad, and Mr. Schweizer details the most lucrative methods: accepting sweetheart gifts of IPO stock from companies seeking to influence legislation, practicing insider trading with nonpublic government information, earmarking projects that benefit personal real estate holdings, and even subtly extorting campaign donations through the threat of legislation unfavorable to an industry. The list goes on and on, and it's sickening.
Astonishingly, none of this is technically illegal, at least not for Congress. Members of Congress exempt themselves from the laws they apply to the rest of us. That includes laws that protect whistleblowers (nothing prevents members of Congress from retaliating against staffers who shine light on corruption) and Freedom of Information Act requests (it's easier to get classified documents from the CIA than from a congressional office).
The corruption isn't confined to one political party or just a few bad apples. It's an endemic problem encompassing leadership on both sides of the aisle. It's an entire system of public servants feathering their own nests.
None of this surprises me. I've been fighting this type of corruption and cronyism my entire political career. For years Alaskans suspected that our lawmakers and state administrators were in the pockets of the big oil companies to the detriment of ordinary Alaskans. We knew we were being taken for a ride, but it took FBI wiretaps to finally capture lawmakers in the act of selling their votes. In the wake of politicos being carted off to prison, my administration enacted reforms based on transparency and accountability to prevent this from happening again.
We were successful because we had the righteous indignation of Alaskan citizens on our side. Our good ol' boy political class in Juneau was definitely not with us. Business was good for them, so why would they want to end "business as usual"?
The moment you threaten to strip politicians of their legal graft, they'll moan that they can't govern effectively without it. Perhaps they'll gravitate toward reform, but often their idea of reform is to limit the right of "We the people" to exercise our freedom of speech in the political process.
I've learned from local, state and national political experience that the only solution to entrenched corruption is sudden and relentless reform. Sudden because our permanent political class is adept at changing the subject to divert the public's attention—and we can no longer afford to be indifferent to this system of graft when our country is going bankrupt. Reform must be relentless because fighting corruption is like a game of whack-a-mole. You knock it down in one area only to see it pop up in another.
What are the solutions? We need reform that provides real transparency. Congress should be subject to the Freedom of Information Act like everyone else. We need more detailed financial disclosure reports, and members should submit reports much more often than once a year. All stock transactions above $5,000 should be disclosed within five days.
We need equality under the law. From now on, laws that apply to the private sector must apply to Congress, including whistleblower, conflict-of-interest and insider-trading laws. Trading on nonpublic government information should be illegal both for those who pass on the information and those who trade on it. (This should close the loophole of the blind trusts that aren't really blind because they're managed by family members or friends.)
No more sweetheart land deals with campaign contributors. No gifts of IPO shares. No trading of stocks related to committee assignments. No earmarks where the congressman receives a direct benefit. No accepting campaign contributions while Congress is in session. No lobbyists as family members, and no transitioning into a lobbying career after leaving office. No more revolving door, ever.
This call for real reform must transcend political parties. The grass-roots movements of the right and the left should embrace this. The tea party's mission has always been opposition to waste and crony capitalism, and the Occupy protesters must realize that Washington politicians have been "Occupying Wall Street" long before anyone pitched a tent in Zuccotti Park.
Ms. Palin, a former governor of Alaska, was the Republican nominee for vice president in 2008.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204323904577040373463...


G Brandi Dawson Trine Jr. Garrett, Ind.
G Maya Howard DePauw Jr. St. Louis, Mo.
G Abby Owings Thomas More Sr. Independence, Ky.
F Francesca Buchanan Hope Jr. Grant, Mich.
F Rachel Cox Transylvania Sr. Independence, Ky.
F Hayley Martin Trine Sr. Auburn, Ind.
F Dani Reinwald Medaille Sr. Clymer, N.Y.
G Lexie Arkwright Grove City Sr. Mercer, Pa.
F Maleha Motter Hanover So. Danville, Ind.


A New Kingdom red jasper amulet depicting a trussed cow.
Third Intermediate Period blue faience amulet in the form of "Nut"
Late Period green faience amulet in the form of "Nut"
Egyptian quartzite amulet of Ib the heart.
Egyptian Late Period azure glazed faïence bead amulet.
Egyptian turquoise glazed faience miniature food item.
A quartzite zad papyrus amulet, symbol of regeneration.
Egyptian quartzite amulet of a pyramid.
A turquoise-glazed faience Eye of Horus amulet.
Egyptian green faïence amulet in the form of a papyrus sceptre "Zad"
A stone Eye of Horus, Wadjet; represents the left eye of the moon, the healed eye.
Egyptian quartzite amulet of Shen, symbol of eternity.
A quartzite Eye of Horus amulet.
Egyptian green schist amulet of lioness goddess Sekhmet.
Egyptian turquoise glazed faience amulet of Ptaikos (torso).
An Egyptian green faïence amulet of the eye of Horus.
Egyptian glass amulet of the goddess Tuaret.
An Egyptian lapis amulet of Khnum the god of water, with a two ram heads.
Egyptian carnelian amulet of the god Hapi.
A flat-backed serpentine scarab amulet.
Egyptian gneiss amulet depicting the goddess Sekhmet.
Egyptian gneiss amulet of the god Anubis.
Granite goose egg of the god "Amun"
Granite goose egg of the god "Amun"; representation of the egg from which the sun was hatched.


text:
EU to adapt copper reduction plans for pigs
The reduction of copper levels for pigs to 25 mg/kg for all age groups is off the table in the European Union. The proposal, suggested in an FEEDAP Panel Opinion in 2016, will be replaced with different levels.
Instead, the European Commission chose to follow feed industry experts at the European Feed Manufacturers' Federation (FEFAC). They proposed a plan taking into account environment, animal performance and health. Pig Progress talked to FEFAC Animal Nutrition Committee expert Erik Dam Jensen about its contents.
Copper: An essential trace element
Copper is an essential trace element for all forms of life and performs several biological functions. However, high levels of copper (higher than the nutritional needs) used to be used in the past for their positive impact to help animals to cope with pathogens, in particular for young animals (piglets).
These high levels of copper are nevertheless excreted by the animals and may then pose a threat for the environment. For that reason, EFSA's Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) published an 'opinion' (or advice) in 2016. This entailed to reduce current total copper levels. These were 170 mg/kg complete feed until 12 weeks of age, and would have to become 25 mg per kg of feed, regardless of age.
Lowering the copper levels in small piglet feed too soon and too much would be very critical on pig health management and performance. Photo: Henk Riswick
Advice based on medicated feed trials
These proposed reduction levels were based on American trials where the piglets, no matter which test groups with different copper levels, all received medicated feed (220 mg tetracycline) and results showed that lowering the copper to 25 mg there was no impact on performance or growth nor faecal scores.
It is a known fact, however, that when copper levels are dramatically reduced, the need to use antibiotics increases. This is due to e.g. gut health problems. So, the fact that these trials formed a basis where the pigs were medicated would be neither a realistic nor a valid scenario for the feed industry or farmers. And higher levels antibiotics as a result of reduced copper levels may not be the direction the EU wants to be heading.
Antimicrobial reduction high on the agenda
"Absolutely not," said FEFAC Animal Nutrition Committee expert Erik Dam Jensen, in an interview with Pig Progress. "On a global level, antimicrobial reduction is high on the agenda and the livestock sector, in particular in the EU, is required to implement animal health management strategy to reduce the need for antibiotics, so proposing changes in animal nutrition that will clearly lead to an increase in antibiotic use is not what we want.
"The end consumers, the EU and the livestock sector want the opposite. The US trials with the medicated feed can simply not be considered a valid reference and are totally out of context. This was also noted by the industry and farmers and later by the EU Commission."
Read more about pig health in the Pig Progress Health Tool
Healthy reduction proposed
The invalid base for the FEEDAP Panel opinion from 2 years ago made FEFAC look critically to the proposed changes. The federation has since then worked out what it considers a better, scientific and more realistic plan. This will prevent the pig sector having to use more antibiotics because of proposed health problems with the low copper levels proposed.
Mr Jensen said, "A very important study was been published in 2015 by Paul Bikker and others from Wageningen University and Research Centre in the Netherlands, explaining the effects of reducing copper levels for weaned pigs and this study is in full support of our proposal."
Formulating a step-wise reduction
He continued to say, "These factors, in combination with our own impact assessment, has helped us to formulate a step wise reduction of copper levels in pig feed that better matches the reality, from both an animal nutrition and health perspective as well as an environmental perspective.
"The current regulation looks at piglets up to 12 weeks. The new and upcoming legislation from the EU Commission talks about weeks after weaning and this fits well in the phase feeding of piglets as practised already. So there are no big practical issues related to this aspect for farmers."
See the old and the new situation and the proposed levels in Table 1.
Complete support from EU
Mr Jensen said, "The first to be convinced of our alternative proposal was the EU Commission, which issued a legal proposal for amendment of the present maximum limits for copper along the FEFAC proposal. In parallel, national associations of compound feed manufacturers, member of FEFAC, promoted our approach at national level with the support of many pig farmers organisations."
This showed to be extremely positive: the members of the Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed (SCoPAFF), the Regulatory Committee composed of national authorities from the 28 member states expressed to be unanimously in favour of the legislative proposal of the EU Commission at a recent meeting on 24-25 April, 2018.
No longer a proposal, but legislation
This committee has the last say on such decisions. This means that it is no longer a proposal, but will be the new legislation on this topic once published in the Official Journal of the European Union, which is expected soon.
Mr Jensen: "I am happy that FEFAC demonstrated to the authorities that lowering the copper levels in small piglet feed too soon and too much would be very critical on pig health management and performance. At the same time, the bulk amount of feed is not consumed in the small piglets.
"It can therefore be of relevance to look on older age groups and slightly reduce the levels in the older pigs. This is what we have proposed for the age from 5-8 weeks after weaning, and clearly this proposal has gained full acceptance and is the future legislation. Mind you: the bulk of the copper used in agriculture is actually not related to animal feeding."
Copper is an essential trace element for all forms of life. Photo: Shutterstock}
Animal nutrition: part of health management
The copper story fits in FEFAC's ambition and vision to make animal nutrition part of the health management.
Mr Jensen said, "It is important to optimise animal feed formulations to such an extent that we can boost animal nutrition, supporting the good normal gut health in piglets, and support the immune system to optimise growth and production. Nutrition is key and forms the basis for good normal healthy animal production and will contribute to a reduced dependency on antibiotics."
The time for the new levels for piglet feed to enter into force will as mentioned depend on the exact date of publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Usually the published new regulation will enter into force on the 20th day after publication. It is expected that a transition time will be included in the new regulation, as still volumes of feed and premixes circulate in the market based on the 'old' inclusion levels of copper.
Emmy Koeleman
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If the Catholic intellectual tradition is the heart and soul of this University, research is its blood and bones. In creating Catholic University as a graduate research institution in 1887, the bishops of the United States sought to establish a place where the Church could do its thinking, an institution that would go beyond the preservation of learning and teaching to also encompass the advancement of knowledge through research in all fields.
The history of research and discovery at Catholic University is voluminous.
Albert F. Zahm built America's first wind tunnel equipped with instruments for scientific study here in 1901.
Rev. Eugene Xavier Henri Hyvernat, a member of the University's original faculty, began assembling resources for the study of Coptic languages as early as 1889, an effort that laid the foundation for the extraordinary collection of rare books in the Catholic University Semitics Library, which is widely used today.
Justine Bayard Ward developed the groundbreaking Ward Method of music instruction in 1929, which had a profound effect on how music was taught in Catholic schools throughout the 20th century and even today.
Catholic University physics professor Clyde Cowan was co-discoverer, with Frederick Reines, of the elementary subatomic particle called the neutrino. For this discovery, first announced in 1956, Reines was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1995. He received the prize in both his and Cowan's names.
Recent and current research at Catholic University is no less impressive.
Philosophy professor Timothy Noone has scrutinized transcriptions of lectures by philosopher-theologian John Duns Scotus from the early 1300s to prepare and publish new critical editions of his work.
Venigalla B. Rao, with help from graduate students in the Department of Biology, is working on breakthrough research fusing DNA fragments to construct multicomponent vaccines against anthrax, plague, and HIV.
Psychology professor David A. Jobes involves graduate students in research for The Suicide Prevention Lab. Currently the lab is conducting a multiyear randomized clinical trial with active-duty Army soldiers who are suicidal.
Scott Mathews and the graduate students who work in the Laser Micro-Fabrication Laboratory here at Catholic University are researching artificial electromagnetic materials and frequency-selective surfaces, thin film magnetic sensors, and use of lasers in detection of high explosives.
Virtually every Catholic University graduate student is engaged in research under the guidance of our faculty. With its 12 schools and breadth of programs in the humanities, sciences, engineering, social sciences, arts, professions, and ecclesiastical programs, The Catholic University of America has created a dynamic environment for intellectual growth and the advancement of knowledge through research.
Opportunities abound for you to participate in cutting-edge research projects in every program of study.


text:
Händelser
11 april 491 - Anastasius I blir bysantinsk kejsare.
 493 - Teoderik den store blir kung av Italien och flyttar sin huvudstad till Ravenna.
 494 - Under kejsar Xiaowen flyttas huvudstaden i det kinesiska riket norra Wei från Datong till Luoyang.
 496 - Thrasamund blir kung över vandalerna.
 497 - Den indiske astronomen och matematikern Aryabhata beräknar pi (π) som ≈ 62832/20000 = 3,1416, alltså med fyra korrekta decimaler.
 499 - Aryabhatiya, världens första bok i algebra, utkommer.

Födda
 490 - Cassiodorus, statsman och författare
 495 - Amalasuntha, ostrogotisk drottning
 495 - Chlodomer, kung av Orléans
 495 - Chlothar I, frankisk kung
 496 - Childebert I, frankisk kung

Avlidna
 491 - Zeno (bysantinsk kejsare), kejsare i Bysantinska riket
 492 - Felix III, påve 483-492 och helgon
 493 - Odovakar, kung av Italien
 496 - Gelasius I, påve 492-496 och helgon
 497 - Gunthamund, kung av Vandalriket
 498 - Anastasius II, påve 496-498

Externa länkar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Compare today's average mortgage rates in the state of Kentucky. Bankrate aggregates mortgage rates from multiple sources to provide averages for Kentucky.
Current rates in Kentucky are 4.15% for a 30-year fixed, 3.60% for a 15-year fixed, and 4.09% for a 5/1 adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM).


Preventing from mosquito-borne disease, here is some natural way to beat it. Our Natural Mosquito Repellent Spray provide amazingly effective protection against mosquito, ticks, gnats and other irritating bugs which may spread disease.
Numerous conventional Anti Mosquito/Mosquito Repellent Products was currently found that most of it contains the active ingredient DEET, an ingredient of which is proven to be a potential threat to our human body if improper used. In some cases, it even lead to severe epidermal reactions. Therefore, we strived to find the natural ingredient as an alternative for mosquito repellent products. And here is a good news, we have brought the one made by citronella and lavender essential oil to our customers. 100% DEET free natural ingredient Mosquito Repellent Bracelet/Patch, which are plant-based products. It works as well at preventing mosquito as products that contain DEET.
Our Mosquito Repellent Spray is made by 100% catnip essential oil, peppermint essential oil, eucalyptus essential oil and lavender essential oil, which are the most effective method to repel mosquitoes and insects without any harm to human beings.The Mosquito Spray can be used for both indoor and outdoor activates. It is especially useful while involving in outdoor activities. For instance, jogging, camping, fishing, picnic, hunting or any other outdoor activities which insect repellent is required.
- Providing at least 2 hours natural protection.
- Designed for baby, child and adult.
Catnip Oil	A discovery of Catnip has been reported at the American Chemical Society. Researchers found out that catnip essential oil emit a characteristics odor, which repels mosquito 10 times effectively than DEET made products. In addition, it can be used to repel cockroaches as well.
Peppermint Oil	Peppermint essential oil is being used as a natural insect repellent widely. In fact, mosquito is not the only pest hate the scent of peppermint. It also helps to repel tick, spider, cockroach, louse and mouse.
Lavender Oil	Lavender, a fragrant herb belongs to mint family, has its powerful effect on repelling mosquito and other pesky bugs. From ancient times, lavender has been used to prevent from the infestation of insects. The natural, nontoxic and non-sensitizing properties reassure the use of children, elderly and even pregnancy.
Eucalyptus Oil	Oil of Eucalyptus has undergone through a validated testing led by Centers Disease Control and Prevention. The safety and the efficacy of repelling mosquito have been proven by the authorized organization. Several studies also indicate that it gives a long-lasting protection against biting mosquito.