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Homeric world (7)
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Heracles' 12th Labor - Cerberus
The most dangerous labor of all was the twelfth and final one. Eurystheus ordered Hercules to go to the Underworld and kidnap the beast called Cerberus (or Kerberos). Eurystheus must have been sure Hercules would never succeed at this impossible task!
The ancient Greeks believed that after a person died, his or her spirit went to the world below and dwelled for eternity in the depths of the earth. The Underworld was the kingdom of Hades, also called Pluto, and his wife, Persephone. Depending on how a person lived his or her life, they might or might not experience never-ending punishment in Hades. All souls, whether good or bad, were destined for the kingdom of Hades.
Cerberus was a vicious beast that guarded the entrance to Hades and kept the living from entering the world of the dead. According to Apollodorus, Cerberus was a strange mixture of creatures: he had three heads of wild dogs, a dragon or serpent for a tail, and heads of snakes all over his back. Hesiod, though, says that Cerberus had fifty heads and devoured raw flesh. "...A monster not to be overcome and that may not be described, Cerberus who eats raw flesh, the brazen-voiced hound of Hades, fifty-headed, relentless and strong." (Hesiod, Theogony 310).
Cerberus' parents were the monster Echinda (half-woman, half-serpent) and Typhon (a fire-breathing giant covered with dragons and serpents). Even the gods of Olympus were afraid of Typhon.
Among the children attributed to this awful couple were Orthus (or Othros), the Hydra of Lerna, and the Chimaera. Orthus was a two-headed hound which guarded the cattle of Geryon. With the Chimaera, Orthus fathered the Nemean Lion and the Sphinx. The Chimaera was a three-headed fire-breathing monster, part lion, part snake, and part goat. Hercules seemed to have a lot of experience dealing with this family: he killed Orthus, when he stole the cattle of Geryon, and strangled the Nemean Lion. Compared to these unfortunate family members, Cerberus was actually rather lucky.
Before making the trip to the Underworld, Hercules decided that he should take some extra precautions. This was, after all, a journey from which no mortal had ever returned. Hercules knew that once in the kingdom of Hades, he might not be allowed to leave and rejoin the living. The hero went to Eleusis and saw Eumolpus, a priest who began what were known as the Eleusinian Mysteries. The mysteries were sacred religious rites which celebrated the myth of Demeter and her daughter Persephone. The ancients believed that those who learned the secrets of the mysteries would have happiness in the Underworld. After the hero met a few conditions of membership, Eumolpus initiated Hercules into the mysteries.
Hercules went to a place called Taenarum in Laconia. Through a deep, rocky cave, Hercules made his way down to the Underworld. He encountered monsters, heroes, and ghosts as he made his way through Hades. He even engaged in a wrestling contest! Then, finally, he found Pluto and asked the god for Cerberus. The lord of the Underworld replied that Hercules could indeed take Cerberus with him, but only if he overpowered the beast with nothing more than his own brute strength.
A weaponless Hercules set off to find Cerberus. Near the gates of Acheron, one of the five rivers of the Underworld, Hercules encountered Cerberus. Undaunted, the hero threw his strong arms around the beast, perhaps grasping all three heads at once, and wrestled Cerberus into submission. The dragon in the tail of the fierce flesh-eating guard dog bit Hercules, but that did not stop him. Cerberus had to submit to the force of the hero, and Hercules brought Cerberus to Eurystheus. Unlike other monsters that crossed the path of the legendary hero, Cerberus was returned safely to Hades, where he resumed guarding the gateway to the Underworld. Presumably, Hercules inflicted no lasting damage on Cerberus, except, of course, the wound to his pride!
This text is cited July 2004 from Perseus Project URL bellow, which contains interesting hyperlinks
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Herakles/cerberus.htm...
Perseus: Homer, Iliad
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=...
Perseus: Homer, Odyssey
A twelfth labour imposed on Hercules was to bring Cerberus from Hades. Now this Cerberus had three heads of dogs, the tail of a dragon, and on his back the heads of all sorts of snakes. When Hercules was about to depart to fetch him, he went to Eumolpus at Eleusis, wishing to be initiated. However it was not then lawful for foreigners to be initiated: since he proposed to be initiated as the adoptive son of Pylius. But not being able to see the mysteries because he had not been cleansed of the slaughter of the centaurs, he was cleansed by Eumolpus and then initiated. And having come to Taenarum in Laconia, where is the mouth of the descent to Hades, he descended through it. But when the souls saw him, they fled, save Meleager and the Gorgon Medusa. And Hercules drew his sword against the Gorgon, as if she were alive, but he learned from Hermes that she was an empty phantom. And being come near to the gates of Hades he found Theseus and Pirithous, him who wooed Persephone in wedlock and was therefore bound fast. And when they beheld Hercules, they stretched out their hands as if they should be raised from the dead by his might. And Theseus, indeed, he took by the hand and raised up, but when he would have brought up Pirithous, the earth quaked and he let go. And he rolled away also the stone of Ascalaphus. And wishing to provide the souls with blood, he slaughtered one of the kine of Hades. But Menoetes, son of Ceuthonymus, who tended the king, challenged Hercules to wrestle, and, being seized round the middle, had his ribs broken; howbeit, he was let off at the request of Persephone. When Hercules asked Pluto for Cerberus, Pluto ordered him to take the animal provided he mastered him without the use of the weapons which he carried. Hercules found him at the gates of Acheron, and, cased in his cuirass and covered by the lion's skin, he flung his arms round the head of the brute, and though the dragon in its tail bit him, he never relaxed his grip and pressure till it yielded. So he carried it off and ascended through Troezen. But Demeter turned Ascalaphus into a short-eared owl, and Hercules, after showing Cerberus to Eurystheus, carried him back to Hades.
Ancient writers differ as to the number of Cerberus's heads. Hesiod assigned him fifty; Pindar raised the number to a hundred, a liberal estimate which was accepted by Tzetzes in one place and by Horace in another. Others reduced the number to three. Apollodorus apparently seeks to reconcile these contradictions, and he is followed as usual by Tzetzes, who, however, at the same time speaks of Cerberus as fifty-headed. The whole of the present passage of Apollodorus, from the description of Cerberus down to Herakles's slaughter of one of the kine of Hades, is quoted, with a few small variations, by a Scholiast on Hom. Il. viii.368.
As to the initiation of Herakles at Eleusis, according to Diodorus, the rites were performed on this occasion by Musaeus, son of Orpheus. Elsewherethe same writer says that Demeter instituted the lesser Eleusinian mysteries in honour of Herakles for the purpose of purifying him after his slaughter of the centaurs. The statement that Pylius acted as adoptive father to Herakles at his initiation is repeated by Plutarch, who mentions that before Castor and Pollux were initiated at Athens they were in like manner adopted by Aphidnus. Herodotus says that any Greek who pleased might be initiated at Eleusis. The initiation of Herakles is represented in ancient reliefs.
Sophocles seems to have written a Satyric drama on the descent of Herakles into the infernal regions at Taenarum. According to another account, Herakles descended, not at Taenarum but at the Acherusian Chersonese, near Heraclea Pontica on the Black Sea. The marks of the descent were there pointed out to a great depth.
So Bacchilides represents Herakles in Hades drawing his bow against the ghost of Meleager in shining armour, who reminds the hero that there is nothing to fear from the souls of the dead; so, too, Vergilius describes Aeneas in Hades drawing his sword on the Gorgons and Harpies, till the Sibyl tells him that they are mere flitting empty shades. Apollodorus more correctly speaks of the ghost of only one Gorgon (Medusa ), because of the three Gorgons she alone was mortal.
On Theseus and Pirithous in hell, the general opinion seems to have been that Herakles rescued Theseus, but that he could not save Pirithous. Others, however, alleged that he brought up both from the dead; others again affirmed that he brought up neither. A dull rationalistic version of the romantic story converted Hades into a king of the Molossians or Thesprotians, named Aidoneus, who had a wife Persephone, a daughter Cora, and a dog Cerberus, which he set to worry his daughter's suitors, promising to give her in marriage to him who could master the ferocious animal. Discovering that Theseus and Pirithous were come not to woo but to steal his daughter, he arrested them. The dog made short work of Pirithous, but Theseus was kept in durance till the king consented to release him at the intercession of Herakles.
This extract is from: Apollodorus, Library and Epitome (ed. Sir James George Frazer, 1921). Cited Apr 2003 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains comments & interesting hyperlinks.
Perseus: Apollodorus, Library and Epitome (ed. Sir James George Frazer, 1921)
Heracles. 12. Cerberus. To fetch this monster from the lower world is the crown of the twelve labours of Heracles, and is therefore usually reckoned as the twelfth or last in the series. It is the only one that is expressly mentioned in the Homeric poems. (Od. xi. 623, &c.) Later writers have added to the simple story several particulars, such, e. g. that Heracles, previous to setting out on his expedition, was initiated by Eumolpus in the Eleusinian mysteries, in order to purify him from the murder of the Centaurs. Accompanied by Hermes and Athena, Heracles descended into Hades, near Cape Taenarum, in Laconia. On his arrival most of the shades fled before him, and he found only Meleager and Medusa, with whom he intended to fight; but, on the command of Hermes, he left them in peace. Near the gates of Hades he met Theseus and Peirithous, who stretched their arms imploringly towards him. He delivered Theseus, but, when lie attempted to do the same for Peirithous, the earth began to tremble. After having rolled the stone from Ascalaphus, he killed one of the oxen of Hades, in order to give the shades the blood to drink, and fought with Menoetius, the herdsman. Upon this, he asked Pluto permission to take Cerberus, and the request was granted, on condition of its being done without force of arms. This was accomplished, for Heracles found Cerberus on the Acheron, and, notwithstanding the bites of the dragon, he took the monster, and in the neighbourhood of Troezene he brought it to the upper world. The place where he appeared with Cerberus is not the same in all traditions, for some say that it was at Taenarum, others at Hermione, or Coroneia, and others again at Heracleia. When Cerberus appeared in the upper world, it is said that, unable to bear the light, he spit, and thus called forth the poisonous plant called aconitun. After having shown the monster to Eurystheus, Heracles took it back to the lower world. Some traditions connect the descent of Heracles into the lower world with a contest with Hades, as we see even in the Iliad (v. 397), and more particularly in the Alcestis of Euripides (24, 846, &c. See Apollod. ii. 5.12; Diod. iv. 25, &c.; Plut. Thes. 30; Paus. ii. 31.2, ix. 34.4, iii. 25.4, ii. 35.7; Ov. Met. vii. 415, Serv. ad Virg. Georg. ii. 152, Aen. vi. 617).
Such is the account of the twelve labours of Heracles. According to Apollodorus, Eurystheus originally required only ten, and commanded him to perform two more, because he was dissatisfied with two of them; but Diodorus represents twelve as the original number required. Along with these labours (athloi), the ancients relate a considerable number of other feats (parerga) which he performed without being commanded by Eurystheus; some of them are interwoven with the twelve Athloi, and others belong to a later period.
This text is from: A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, 1873 (ed. William Smith). Cited Nov 2005 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Per...
Mythical monsters
Cerberus (Kerberos), the many-headed dog that guarded the entrance of Hades, is mentioned as early as the Homeric poems, but simply as "the dog", and without the name of Cerberus (Il. viii. 368, Od. xi. 623). Hesiod, who is the first that gives his name and origin, calls him (Theog. 311) fifty-headed and a son of Typhaon and Echidna. Later writers describe him as a monster with only three heads, with the tail of a serpent and a mane consisting of the heads of various snakes (Apollod. ii. 5.12; Eurip. Here. fur. 24, 611; Virg. Aen. vi. 417; Ov. Met. iv. 449). Some poets again call him many-headed or hundred-headed (Horat. Carm. ii. 13. 34; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 678; Senec. Here. fur. 784). The place where Cerberus kept watch was according to some at the mouth of the Acheron, and according to others at the gates of Hades, into which he admitted the shades, but never let them out again.
Kerberos: Perseus Encyclopedia
Cerberus: Perseus Lookup Tool
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Cerberus: Perseus Lookup Tool, text search
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Men say that Typhaon the terrible, outrageous and lawless, was joined in love to her (Echidna), the maid with glancing eyes. So she conceived and brought forth fierce offspring; first she bore Orthus the hound of Geryones, and then again she bore a second, a monster not to be overcome and that may not be described, Cerberus who eats raw flesh, the brazen-voiced hound of Hades, fifty-headed, relentless and strong.
(Hesiod, Theogony. 304)
Cerberus, (Kerberos). The famous dog of Hades, the fruit of Echidna's union with Typhon. He was stationed at the entrance of hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent the living from entering the infernal regions, and the dead from escaping from their confinement. Orpheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre; and Heracles dragged him from hell in the performance of his twelfth and last labour. The poets differ in their descriptions of this fabled animal. Hesiod assigns him fifty heads, calling him kuon pentekontakarenos. Sophocles styles him Haidou trikranon skulaka, "the three-headed dog of Pluto," and in this last account the Latin poets generally coincide, describing him also as having serpents coiled about his neck. Horace, however, calls him belua centiceps, either by poetic amplification, or else in accordance with some Greek authority. Champollion traces a curious analogy between the Egyptian and the Grecian mythology as regards the dog of Hades.
This text is from: Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Cited Oct 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Perseus: Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898)
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Grinding Process Management
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Quality Controlled Shot-Peening for HSLA materials
Shot-Peening is used to generate surface-near compressive residual stresses in final shape parts, usually to improve their fatigue properties. The success of the process can be checked in different ways. XRD and Hole-Drilling determine quantitative stress depth profiles in specific locations. Barkhausen noise measurements evaluate a near-surface zone in real-time and can cover large areas quickly. It is a fully nondestructive method. This study compares ESPI Hole-Drilling, which is a very fast technique, and XRD, which is very precise but slower, to Barkhausen Noise results for the case of three steel rings shot-peened with different intensities.
Residual stress can be measured using many different techniques. All have specific applications where they excel. Experimental comparisons of the techniques can illustrate the differences and point out advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques. This study used three steel rings that were shot-peened differently.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) stress measurement is commonly used for steels and many other materials that possess crystalline structure. Hole-drilling is the other most frequently used method for stress measurement and does not require crystalline microstructure. But it assumes that the material behaves homogeneously. While hole-drilling is typically performed using strain-gages, the method employed here uses laser light. Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) combined with digital photography allows measuring tiny changes in the surface topography in the area around the hole due to the hole-drilling. The third method requires that the material is ferromagnetic. It measures the Barkhausen noise signal originating from a near-surface zone of a sample in the presence of a changing magnetic field. It is generally not used to quantify residual stress but rather for process or quality control, identifying locations on parts that have different properties / microstructures, including due to local residual stresses. Measurement results are displayed immediately – while the sensor moves across the part surface. It is a fully non-destructive method and interrogates a depth range on the order of 0.1 mm. In comparison, a non-destructive measurement by XRD captures information from a much shallower zone, maybe one tenth the thickness, that is very sensitive to scratching and other surface artifacts. Residual stress depth profiles by XRD are at least as destructive as hole-drilling since the material volume removed is larger.
The three samples are shaped like sections of heavy tube or tall rings. They are approximately 4" (100 mm) in diameter and 1⁄2" (13 mm) thick and are made of HSLA steel 4340M.. Their shot- peening intensity differs because different air pressures were used. The Almen intensities ranged from 15.7 to 9.8 and 5.9 for Rings A thru C, respectively. The coverage was the same and the visual appearance is identical.
X-Ray Diffraction. The x-ray diffraction measurements were made with an XStress 3000 system, a portable instrument dedicated to residual stress measurement with minimal restrictions on sample size and shape. The measurement geometry is modified-χ, with two position-sensitive detectors whose peak position data is averaged. The tilt range was ±45°; the radiation source had a Cr-target; the diffraction peak analyzed was ferrite {211}. The material removal was accomplished by electro-polishing. The depths were measured with a dial indicator, part of a depth measurement station where the mounted part was positioned the same way after every electro-polishing step.
ESPI Hole-Drilling. The ESPI hole-drilling measurements were made with a Prism®1 system, which uses an electric drill and a green laser (532 nm). The hole diameter was 1/32" (0.8 mm) and the rotational speed 30,000 rpm. Depth determination relied on the linear stage on which the drill was mounted, i.e. the position the actuator reports. The samples were positioned for measurement in hoop direction (full sensitivity). The depth increments ranged from ~0.01 mm at the lowest depths to ~0.05 mm at the highest.
The measurement process with the ESPI hole-drilling instrument differs somewhat from strain- gage hole-drilling. The optical measurement is sensitive to vibrations; it is performed on an optical table or breadboard. The sample is clamped in a manner appropriate for part shape and measurement location and positioned in front of the drill for perpendicular drilling. Illumination stand and camera are oriented to focus on the drilling location. If necessary, as in this case, the samples are lightly spray-painted prior to measurement to improve the optical properties of the surfaces. The last preparatory step is to identify the position of the stage where the drilling tool first contacts the part: zero-depth. The stress calculation requires images of the measurement surface before and after each drilling increment. Four images describe each condition. This allows the determination of surface displacements as a fraction of the wavelength. Thus, at least one image set at zero-depth and one for each depth increment are necessary.
The stress calculation algorithm uses the Integral Method [1] and incremental computation [2]. The same Tikhonov regularization was used in all cases, which links the stress values at different depths and leads to curve smoothing. This is particularly important when the signal to noise ratio is small and the raw data scatter. The stress calculation algorithm is compatible with the requirements described in the strain-gage hole-drilling ASTM standard [3].
Barkhausen Noise Measurements. Barkhausen noise (BN) measurements were completed with a Stresstech Microscan 600 central processing unit and a High Power OD sensor magnetizing in the circumferential direction. The sample was magnetized at a frequency of 125 Hz with a voltage of 6.0 Volts peak-to-peak. The Barkhausen noise signals were measured within a frequency range of 70-200 kHz using bandpass filtering with a sampling frequency of 2.5 MHz. The result of these measurement parameters is an approximate effective measurement depth of 25-50 μm [4].
Each sample was measured by clamping the sensor onto the sample. Twenty BN bursts were collected (10 magnetizing periods) and averaged for each measurement point using the Microscan software. The root-mean-square (RMS) of the BN signal over the measurement time is calculated and reported in mV.
The BN RMS is sensitive to stresses in ferromagnetic materials and increases with higher levels of stress (less compressive, more tensile) in iron-based alloys. Magnetization must be oriented parallel to the axis of desired stress measurement as the magnetostrictive effect is proportional to cos2θ where θ is the angle between the stress and the applied magnetizing field.
X-Ray Diffraction. The XRD depth profiles were made in three directions, hoop, axial and 45° in-between. The results for each ring were basically identical (Fig. 1). However, the three shot- peening treatments generated distinctly different stress profiles in the three rings (Fig. 2). According to the XRD results, the depth affected by shot-peening varies by about a factor of two while the maximum compressive stresses are similar. Interestingly, the surface stresses show an inverse correlation with the shot-peening depth. The diffraction peak widths change from about 5° FWHM at maximum compressive stresses to over 6° at the highest depths measured.
Fig. 1: The XRD residual stress depth profiles for the three directions measured are basically identical in all three rings.
Fig.2: The depth zone affected by shot-peening differs significantly in the three rings (XRD)while the maximum compressive stresses are comparable. The surface and near- surface stresses are distinctly different.
ESPI Hole-Drilling. Three holes were drilled in each ring, yielding very similar results (Fig. 3). The stress depth profiles also match the XRD results quite well – for hoop direction as well as axial direction. The ESPI data tend to underestimate the stresses at low depths. The depth profiles within each triplet are slightly shifted against each other.
Fig. 3: The results of the three ESPI measurements per ring are quite similar and agree well with the XRD data. – Note that the hole-drilling data were plotted at the mid positions of the respective depth increments for this comparison (not standard for hole-drilling data).
Barkhausen Noise. Rectified BN bursts are illustrated in Figure 4. The results for positive and negative bursts are basically mirror images of each other. The three rings are well separated. Higher signal strength indicates less compressive stresses. This correlates with the very first section of the stress depth profiles (Fig. 2).
Fig. 4: Rectified BN bursts, including both positive (+) and negative (-) bursts, are charted as a function of magnetizing current. Positive and negative bursts correspond with opposite magnetizing directions in an alternating field.
Fig. 5: BN RMS as a function of Almen intensity of the shot-peening process.
XRD and ESPI. The shot-peening process was very non-directional, as evidenced by the similarity of the XRD data in the three measurement directions and confirmed by the ESPI data. The differences in the stress profiles between the three shot-peening treatments were resolved readily by both depth profiling methods. Given the similarity of the results, the ESPI method has an advantage over XRD in this case in that it is much faster. But just like the quality of XRD results depends on the quality of the diffraction peak, the hole-drilling method depends on the quality of the hole drilled. The comparison will be different for different materials and microstructures.
One difference between these two methods is that the data gathered by XRD originates from a relatively thin layer while hole-drilling analyzes the changes occurring for each complete drilling increment. Thus, it is particularly important for the hole-drilling method to choose small depth increments for describing sharp stress gradients. However, a smaller depth increment means that the measurement signal is smaller and better sensitivity is required. Regularization during stress calculation is important to smooth data scatter. The hole-drilling data at low depths are particularly strongly affected by regularization because the volumes of removed material are especially small.
The shifts observed for the ESPI stress curves for the same sample occur in depth direction. They are likely to some degree caused by differences in zero-depth determination. While this error can generally be controlled by increased attention to zero-depth determination, the significant surface roughness of the samples makes it difficult to decide what cutting pattern indicates zero- depth. Some visible curve shift has to be expected between multiple measurements.
Barkhausen Noise. The Barkhausen noise measurements were made in the typical fashion, with the main emphasis on magnifying the differences between the samples at hand. The differences found correlate well with the very first part of the stress depth profiles. In this depth range, the best comparison is with the XRD data since hole-drilling has higher relative errors at low depths, e.g. zero-depth accuracy and surface roughness. To increase depth range with BN measurements, one can use lower frequencies. But the measurement will always include a stronger signal from lower depth so that smaller differences near the surface can mask bigger differences at depth that have the opposite effect on Barkhausen noise. For the current samples the use of lower frequencies would reduce the differences between the samples. The strength of the Barkhausen Noise Method is in identifying relative differences between samples within a group or between locations and surfaces on a single sample.
[1] G. S. Schajer and M. Steinzig, Full-Field Calculation of Hole-Drilling Residual Stresses from ESPI Data, Experimental Mechanics, Vol.45, No.6, pp.526-532, 2005
[2] G.S. Schajer and T.J. Rickert, Incremental Computation Technique for Residual Stress Calculations Using the Integral Method, Experimental Mechanics, Vol.51, No.7, pp.1217-1222, 2011
[3] Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method, ASTM E837-08e2
[4] S. Tiitto and S. Saynajakangas, Spectral damping in Barkhausen noise, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Volume 11, Issue 6, pp. 1666-1672, 1975
The authors thank Mr. Willem Hamer of KLM for providing the samples and the permission to publish this data.
More about detection and measurement for grinding process optimization >
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Root cause analysis results in stable and safer process at lower cost
When our client (a parts manufacturer for food processing machinery) switched from stainless steel 416 to 17-4PH of 45Hrc in their profile surface grinding operations, thermal damage started occurring directly after the material change. The manufacturer turned to INNOGRIND to analyse the root cause of the grinding burn and to optimise their grinding process.
We first looked at the grinding process during operations. It appeared that a lot of air was entering into the filtration system, which was adversely impacting the cooling, lubricating and flushing properties of the coolant fluid. In addition, the porosity of the grinding wheel was too low, as was the coolant speed. as such. Health-impacting chemicals were being used in the coolant, which also have detrimental effects on machine life.
The findings
Using Barkhausen Noise Analysis we were able to detect and measure thermal damage. It appeared that there was a variation of 400% on the product surface.
We took five easy and highly effective measures:
We eliminated the use of harmful anti-foam additives by stabilising the coolant and combining it with water instead of dangerous additives.
We cut back the amount of coolant flow from 238 l/min to 153 l/min, by putting in place optimum-fit INNOZL nozzles.
We advised our client to purchase a smaller pump for lower energy consumption. Payback time: a mere 7 months.
We optimised flushing of the grinding wheel to stop clogging.
We provided our client with manageable and measurable data to allow them to track their performance.
Our solution ensured that the client regained grip on its grinding processes. Key advantages for our customer have been:
Elimination of harmful additives in coolant
Stable coolant and production process
Better quality products: close-to-zero rejects
Continued quality management thanks to INNOGRIND's Process Maintenance Program
Do you want to read more about this subject? Click here!
September 2, 2019 /0 Comments/by admin
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Cooling additives in grinding
Barkhausen Noise Analysis – benchmark analysis of coolant additives in the grinding process
Our customer wanted to know whether it was possible to optimize a coolant fluid in a grinding process using Barkhausen Noise Analysis. The two main issues which they wanted evaluated were grinding burn and reducing oil mist to a minimum. In addition, although their process was stable, the customer wanted to test the effectiveness of a new coolant fluid.
Process concerned:
Continuous generating grinding of gears for automotive industry on Reishauer RZ260.
Part: Gear common rail pump
Material: 18CroNiMo7-6
Hardness: 59 Hrc (60-62)Heat treatment: Case Depth Eht: 0,5-0,8 Mod. 2,8
Coolant new to test: ISO CUT LG10 (S) (Gas To Liquid) Petrofer
Current coolant: ISOCUT TU Mineral Oil Petrofer
Grinding wheel: Winterthur 93N80 J18YPLF68
The filtration reservoir of 5000l was filled with a basic oil. During the following 12 hours additives were added and Barkhausen measurements done. Adding the additivities (Sulphur, Phosphor etc.) to the basic oil, we detected a drop in the Barkhausen signal. At the start, the MP signal was far above the rejection limit set in advance. The counter expertise was done using Nital Etch (in a later stage by XRD).
By applying Barkhausen Noise Analysis, we were able to detect the changes in material structure –including micro structure, hardness and stress – using different cooling fluid additives.
INNOGRIND gave the customer the opportunity to analyse and optimise their high-volume manufacturing and grinding process and adjust both cooling nozzles and fluid for maximum performance.
The results were immediate for our customer, with optimised process stability and analysis tools to detect degradation of the beneficial properties of the coolant fluid used.
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KLM Maintenance & Engeneering
Detection of thermal damage on vital parts for the aerospace industry
High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steel is widely used in the aerospace industry for the manufacture of vital parts. Hard-to-detect thermal damage to such parts – incurred during the manufacturing process – can have major and impacting consequences. KLM was looking to provide its engineers with the know-how and tools to effectively detect such damage.
HSLA steel (> 200 ksi,=>1400 N/mmÇ2),, also known as HHT (High Heat Treated) steel obtains strength by undergoing several heat treatments at high temperatures. Typically, such steel is used for vital parts in the aerospace industry, including: landing gears, flap carriage assies, fan mid-shaft and cargo door hinges.
HSLA parts are grinded twice during overhaul. First, there is the pre-grinding that removes defects such as scratches, indents and corrosion. Second, is the grinding of the applied chrome plating. Quality is assured after pre-grinding by nital etch inspection. However, after chrome grinding, no inspection is prescribed to assure acceptable quality.
Barkhausen Noise inspection assures acceptable quality for chrome plated and grinded HSLA steel parts. KLM was the first airline to start using Barkhausen Noise Analysis to detect thermal damage caused by abusive grinding on chrome plated HSLA steel.
In close collaboration with INNOGRIND, KLM put in place a complete and certified Barkhausen noise inspection training programme for its engineers, comprising:
HSLA course – awareness creation of thermal damage on HSLA steel parts.
Theoretical Barkhausen noise training – detection of different types of thermal damage.
On-the-job-training – hands-on training and interpretation of inspection results.
INNOGRIND'S Barkhausen noise inspection training programme has provided KLM engineers the advantages of a non-destructive, fast, easy and effective inspection method.
Failure of part was caused by abusive grinding. Abusive grinding results in excessive (local) heat input.
– Softening of the base material (sub) surface
– Reduction of compressive residual stresses (which are applied by shot peening)
Do you want to know more about this subject? Click here
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INNOGRIND BV
5708 HN Helmond, NL
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text:
Konrad Birger Knutsen (21 September 1925 – 2 October 2012) was a Norwegian civil servant.

He was born in Voss, and grew up in Bergen and Trondheim. He took the cand.jur. degree and worked at the Norwegian School of Economics and the Ministry of Local Government. He was appointed as chief administrative officer in Hetland municipality in 1958, as the youngest person in Norway to hold that position. When Hetland was incorporated into Stavanger municipality, Knutsen became chief administrative officer of technics. He then succeeded Andreas Cappelen as chief administrative officer of finance in Stavanger from 1967 to 1973, and County Governor of Rogaland from 1973 to 1981. From January 1975 to November 1981 he served as the State Conciliator of Norway. He was then the chief executive officer of the bank Rogalandsbanken from 1981 to its liquidation in 1987, then a lawyer.

During Knutsen's career in Stavanger and Rogaland, the city was chosen as headquarters for Statoil and the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, and industry was expanded at Forus. He also worked for a University of Stavanger, which became a reality in 2005. Knutsen was also chair of Elf Aquitaine Norway and board member of the Norwegian Missionary Society and the Norwegian Seamen's Mission.

He was decorated as a Commander of the Order of St. Olav in 1980 and of the Legion of Honour in 1984. He died in October 2012.

References

1925 births
2012 deaths
People from Voss
People from Stavanger
Norwegian civil servants
County governors of Norway
Directors of government agencies of Norway
Norwegian bankers
20th-century Norwegian lawyers
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur

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Kurl Songx has gradually climbed to be people favourite, dropping two (2) with multiple award-winning rapper Sarkodie.
However, 'Jennifer Lomotey' seems to have caught fire already due heavy promo.
The song was produced by Kaywa.


text:
The Jewish Ethics Challenge: Where Do You Stand?
By Arthur Gross Schaefer
From Reform Judaism, Winter 1997
Reprinted with permission from the author and Reform Judaism Magazine (Published by the Union of American Hebrew Congregations)
"Who Am I?" and "What Do I value?" are sophisticated interrelated questions that deeply affect the decisions we make. Like a mirror placed before us, our closely-held beliefs and our personal ethical values are revealed in the many judgements and actions we take. Yet, we rarely take time to seriously consider the values that inform and motivate our behaviors. We should gaze at our reflection in light of our conduct and earnestly ask:
What ethical values do we use when making decisions? Are they consistent with our obligations as Jews? How can Jewish values guide us in making tough decision?
Take the Ethics Challenge and see how your values compare with important Jewish considerations. Certainly, the cases presented do not provide all the information you would normally require when making a hard decision. And yes, the choice selection is limited. However, if you answer the questions truthfully and then look at "The Answers"(listed at the end of all the questions), you will be able to gauge your answers in relations to Jewish tradition. Finally, please be honest. (Please circle the answer which most closely reflects what you might do in the given situation.)
You are being introduced to someone who may become an important contact for you. The person making the introduction describes how you planned a particularly outstanding event. In fact, you were a minor member of the planning committee and had little to do with the project's success. Do you:
2. Act modestly and convey that others greatly assisted in making the project work so well
3. Acknowledge that you were merely a member of the committee
4. Admit that you actually had little to do with the project's achievement
You are taking a youth group to an amusement park, and know that there is a substantially reduced price for children under 12. While the members of the youth group all look young, you are aware that some are over 12. Do you:
1. Order reduced children's tickets for all the children
2. Request children's tickets for all those under 12 and adult tickets for all those who are 12 and older.
3. Tell the ticket person that you are from a temple youth group, and while some of the children are over 12, you would certainly appreciate it if he/she would let you buy the reduced children's tickets for all the kids
4. Ask for a reduced children's ticket for most of the youth group except for the two or three children who look older
You are selling your car. A prospective buyer offers you $4,500 and, while you would like $5,500, you verbally accept the offer. A few minutes later, before anything is put in writing, another prospective buyer arrives and offers $5,500. Do you:
1. Sell the car to the first buyer
2. Ask the first buyer to match the new offer
3. Tell the first buyer that, while you are going to accept the higher offer, you are going to split the extra money and give him/her $500
4. Accept the higher offer of $5,500
You have developed many deep friendships in your chavurah. While there has always been tension between some of the members and one of your closest friends in the group, you have never taken sides and have remained friendly to everyone. Now, however, the tension has increased. A majority of the members want your friend ejected from the chavurah for no particular reason. Do you:
1. Distance yourself from the friend and keep silent
2. Privately offer support to your friend
3. Publicly support your friend
4. Privately offer support and speak to some of the chavurah members to find a peaceful resolution
As you are walking down the street, you see a woman seated on a blanket holding a sign which reads, "I need money for food." A basket with some loose change is in front. Do you:
1. Decide that she's drug-free, then give her money
2. Put money into her basket without questioning her character or motives
3. Walk on but make sure to donate funds to the local food bank
4. Walk by without stopping
You sold your piano and agreed to be paid over time. After the first two payments, the buyer calls to tell you he was just fired from his job. Desperate, he asks if he can return the piano at his expense and receive a refund to pay his rent. You are financially well-off and would have no difficulty returning his money, but you know it will be a hassle to resell the piano. Do you:
1. Take the piano back and refund his money, less the cost of reselling the piano
2. Take back the piano and refund all the money
3. Refuse the request and demand that he continue to make timely payments
4. Tell him to resell the piano himself
At a party with a group of friends, someone tells a seemingly "harmless" racial joke. Everyone laughs. You are offended. Do you:
1. Laugh with everyone else
2. Say nothing and not laugh
3. Announce to the group you believe racial jokes to be offensive and immoral
4. Tell the joke-teller privately that racial jokes offend you
You are a member of a temple board which is debating the need to renovate the main temple bathroom to accommodate people with disabilities. There is not enough money in the temple's building fund to pay for the work and get the permit. Therefore, most of the board members want to proceed with the renovation without the permit. Do you:
1. Argue that it is against the law not to get a permit, but agree to go along with the majority view
2. State that such an action is illegal and you will not be a party to an illegal agreement
3. State that it is essential to have a permit and that you will help raise the extra money necessary for it
4. Agree to have the renovation done without a permit
Your synagogue is in the midst of a major building campaign. A known slumlord wishes to contribute. At the temple board meeting, a debate ensues regarding whether the money should be accepted. Do you:
1. Vote to reject the money
2. Vote to accept the money
3. Vote to accept the money only if the donor is listed as "anonymous"
4. Vote to accept the money if it can be earmarked for a tzedakah project to benefit the needy.
You prefer to buy a very good product made in a foreign country. Compared to American standards, however, the working conditions are poor and the compensation is very low. Do you:
1. Decide not to buy the product
2. Decide not to buy the product and send a letter of protest to the company
3. Decide not to buy the product and enlist others in a boycott and letter-writing campaign
4. Buy the product
The Answers, Please
There is often no one answer which everyone agrees is the most ethical thing to do in a given situation. Moreover, additional factors not fully provided in the questions above may greatly affect one's conclusion. However, each of the scenarios above is directly tied to one of Eleven Core Jewish values. The following brief description of those values will help you determine an appropriate answers.
Scenario A — Honesty
Allowing someone to have a false impression is a form of stealing. We are commanded by our tradition to be truthful and to correct missimpressions. "Thou shalt not steal." (Exodus 20:13) We are also taught that one should speak out against all forms of slander, defamation, and misrepresentation, whether of an individual, a group, a people, a race, or a faith, "They that deal truly are God's delight." (Proverbs 12:22)
Scenario B —Integrity
One is required to be consistent in words and actions. We often tell our children that it is wrong to lie and then teach them to do so through our actions. Integrity implies completeness, a consistency in word, action, and conviction. "Mark the person of integrity, and behold the upright." (Psalms 37:37)
Scenario C — Brit
Keeping one's word is a sacred statement of one's spiritual commitment to be in a covenantal relationship with the Divine. This means mirroring God by fulfilling the letter and the spirit of our commitments to others.
Scenario D — Loyalty
Being in a trusting relationship means that one is willing to publicly take uncomfortable stands to support one's friends. We are expected to be loyal to God, to our parents (Exodus 20:12), to our tradition, and to those with whom we have developed a trusting relationship.
Scenario E — Tzedakah
We are taught to give charity, to refrain from excessive judgments, to contribute directly to the needy, and to extend kind words. Tzedakah involves both justice and righteousness. Isaiah 1:17 states: "Seek justice and relieve the oppressed."
Scenario F — Chesed
One is to practice acts of mercy, acts of chesed (kindness and compassion), even when it may not be convenient. As God has dealt with us in mercy, so we should deal with others. "Show mercy and compassion, every one to your neighbor." (Zach. 7:9)
Scenario G — Respect
for Human Dignity: Jokes are powerful teaching tools. One's silence in the face of racism can be viewed as concurrence. Our notion of the infinite worth of human life stems from the fact that all people are created "in the image of God." Therefore, each individual is deserving of respect as a unique creation of the Divine.
Scenario H — Respect
for Law: There have always been laws such as taxes and permits which we would like to ignore. However, Jewish tradition has always demanded good citizenship, which requires following fair laws and showing regard for the decision -making process of the community in which we live. "The law of the state is the law." (Talmud, Gitten 10b) However, this does not demand blind obedience to the community's laws where they are in conflict with other ethical values.
Scenario I — Accountability
One cannot point the finger at others and thereby avoid taking responsibility for inaction. Our tradition holds us answerable to God and to others for our inactions as well as our actions. "Judaism does not say, 'Thou shall believe' but 'Thou shall do."' (Moses Mendelssohn) "Thou shalt not stand idly by the blood of thy neighbor." (Leviticus 19:16)
Scenario J — Taking Responsibility
We do our best teaching through our actions and our associations. The choices we make for the sake of money often speak more about our core values than anything else. Ethical people accept responsibility for their decisions and set an example for others. One is responsible whether the act is intentional or inadvertent. (Mishnah Baba Kamma 1:2)
Scenario K — Tikkun Olam
While we cannot solve all the world's ills, we are commanded to help those who are less fortunate, including those who labor under conditions of oppression and exploitation. The concept of tikkun olam, literally "repair of the world," has come to stand for our Jewish commitment to make the world more merciful. Within our communities there are many shattered spirits, broken holy vessels. Our mission is to help repair those spirits and to share whatever God has given us with those less fortunate.
A Suggested Strategy for Ethical Decision Making
A key to aid in ethical decision-making is the use of the decision model. The simplest model is to presume that your decision will be made public on national television and that your parents and your local rabbi will be watching. If you still feel comfortable with your decision, then it probably has ethical validity. For more complex ethical situations, try the following model.
Define the problem carefully. Be certain that all of the pertinent facts have been gathered.
Note all the people who may be affected by the decision (the stakeholders). A decision which does not take into account the way in which it will affect others is not an ethical one, regardless of the actual consequences.
List all the relevant Core Jewish Values involved in the decision — honesty, integrity, brit, loyalty, tzedakah, chesed, respect for human dignity, respect for law, accountability, taking responsibility, tikkun olam.
Outline all the possible alternatives. Often we believe we have a limited number of options when, in reality, there are several other choices which may resolve the situation in a better or less harmful way.
Choose and prioritize
Of all the people you listed above, select the one who you believe is the most important to address in this decision
Of all the core Jewish Values you listed, select the most important one
Of all the options you listed above, select the one which you believe will cause the greatest good or least harm
Make a decision
Devise a strategy that will effectively implement your decision
Arthur Gross Schaefer is a professor of business law and ethics at Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA and rabbi of the Ojai Jewish community. He developed the Eleven Core Jewish Values and the Strategy for Ethical Decision Making for the UAHC Ethics Committee, drawing upon sources from the Josephson Institute for the Advancement of Ethics, Effective Decision Making in the Trenches, Case Studies in Business, Society and Ethics (Beauchamp), and Business Ethics, Concepts and Cases (Valasquez).


The post Chicago Bullseye 425 – Interview with Mark K of Bulls HQ appeared first on Chicago Bullseye.
We back at Dee Jackson's house with Tone talking about the Bulls season. We discuss the future of the team, talk the upcoming NBA Draft the idea of getting Zion or Ja. Lots of fun as you probably would expect. Rest in Love, Nip.
On this week's episode of BullsHQ, host Mark Karantzoulis (@mkhoops) is joined by Sean Highkin of Bleacher Report (@highkin) to review the eventful 2018-19 Chicago Bull season.
With the season now over, Mark and Sean dive into the key takeaways from John Paxson's end of season press conference. Then, the vault is opened, and all the key storylines from the season are discussed, including the Jabari Parker signing, the Fred Hoiberg and Jim Boylen coaching situation, the near mutiny and the #LeadershipCommittee, Carmelo Anthony's brief existence as a Bull, the development of Lauri Markkanen, Zach LaVine, and Wendell, plus much more.
On this week's episode of BullsHQ, host Mark Karantzoulis (@mkhoops) is joined by Edward Shuler Jr. (@EdwardShulerJr) and Salim Suterwalla (@JordanDynasty) to discuss the final weeks of the Bulls season.
On the show, the trio hit on the recent play of new signings Walter Lemon Jr. and JaKarr Sampson, Shaq Harrison's improvement over the last 10 games, and if there's anything substantive to be gained from tuning into the final games of the season. Then, to round out the show, some much needed talk about March Madness, the Elite Eight and Final Four, and if R.J. Barrett or Jarrett Culver is the guy to draft at No. 3.
The post Chicago Bullseye 424 – Interview with Jason Patt of the Cash Considerations Podcast Part 2 appeared first on Chicago Bullseye.


text:
Christopher K. "Chris" Peace
Member From: January 25, 2006 - 2019
Birth Date: 1976 Birth Place:Richmond, VA
Spouse: Ashley Hopkins
Children: Nina Camden and Henry
Religion: Episcopalian (Christian)
Education: St. Christopher's School
Hampden-Sydney College (B.A., English, 1998)
University of Richmond School of Law (J.D., 2002)
Occupation/Profession: Attorney
Memberships/Affiliations: St. Peter's Episcopal Church - New Kent
Virginia Commission on Youth
Joint Commission on Health Care
Virginia Indian Commemorative Commission (vice chairman)
Virginia Housing Commission
Virginia Health Information (board of directors)
Virginia Council on Aging
Fraternal Lodge No. 344
Hanover Association of Businesses/Chamber of Commerce
Hanover County Historical Society
Hanover Ruritan Club
Mechanicsville Businessmen's Association
Sons of the American Revolution, Richmond Chapter
Department of Criminal Justice Services Board
St. John's Church Foundation (board member)
Arthritis Foundation Board
Awards: Style Weekly, Top 40 Under 40 (2005)
Virginia State Police Association, Legislative Rookie of the Year (2006)
Virginia Sheriffs' Association, Legislative Rookie of the Year (2006)
Virginia Council for Private Education, Child Advocacy Award (2009, 2014)
Virginia Housing Coalition, Legislator of the Year (2010)
Virginia Retail Merchants Association, Legislator of the Year (2010, 2013)
American Conservative Union, Award for Conservative Excellence (2011, 2012, 2014, 2015)
Virginia Society of Eye Physicians and Surgeons, Legislative Vision Award (2012)
Virginia Nurses Foundation, Friend of Nursing (2013)
Virginia Pharmacists Association, Award of Merit (2013)
Commissioners of the Revenue Association of Virginia, Legislator of the Year (2013)
Alzheimer's Association, Alzheimer's Advocate Award (2014)
Virginia Association for Career and Technical Education, Policymaker of the Year (2015)
Virginia Association for Home Care and Hospice, Home Care Public Policy Award (2015)
Brain Injury Association of Virginia, Legislator of the Year (2016)
Christopher K. "Chris" Peace service by session
2006 Counties of Caroline (part), Hanover (part), Henrico (part), King and Queen (part), King William (part), New Kent, and Spotsylvania (part) 97 Republican Courts of Justice
Health Welfare and Institutions
2012 Counties of Hanover (part), King William (part), and New Kent 97 Republican Appropriations
2014 Counties of Hanover (part), King William (part), and New Kent Republican General Laws (Vice Chair)
Appropriations,
Health, Welfare and Institutions
2016 Counties of Hanover (part), King William (part), and New Kent 97 Republican General Laws (Vice Chair)
2018 Counties of Hanover (part), King William (part), and New Kent 97 Republican General Laws (Chair)
Select Committee on School Safety
Crime Commission


Y'all. I had the biggest treat getting to talk to my friend Susie Davis on her Dear Daughters podcast! Susie is a ministry machine who loves to encourage women, who invites people into her home, who loves her husband and kiddos, and whose laugh is contagious! It was a delight to visit with her on her podcast today! Y'all, it's 85% laughing, with some good girl talked mixed in about hospitality and pie and focusing our hearts on the right things! Hmmmm, sounds like Love Welcome Serve, doesn't it?!


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Safford schools to return to the classroom Sept. 2
Posted By: David Bell August 27, 2020
SAFFORD — With Graham County seeing fewer cases of COVID-19, Safford Unified School District notified parents that the district is ready to begin in-person instruction, albeit on a hybrid basis.
The district notified parents that classrooms will re-open Sept. 2, and all schools except Mt. Graham High School will operate on an A/B schedule, with students whose last names start A-J in Group A, and K-Z in Group B.
Mt. Graham High School will also operate on an A/B schedule; however, grouping will not be by last name.
Friday will alternate between the two groups for K-8 grades, while high schoolers in Group A can meet with teachers from 7:40 a.m. to 9:30 a.m., and Group B from 9:45 a.m. to 11:35 a.m.
Masks for all students, teachers and support staff are mandatory.
Administration said each school will contact parents with more information as the in-person start date draws nearer.


This H&N Sample Pack contains the following pellets: Silver Point ? Crow Magnum ? Baracuda Power ? Baracuda Hunter Extreme ? Field Target Trophy ? Field Target Trophy Green. This combination H&N Sample Pack contains approximately 215 pellets allowing you to tune your rifle to a specific pellet that is performing for you.
This is an ideal way to do a Pellet Selection Test yourself as you can soon compare the suitability of each pellet with your air rifle. Bear in mind that the best performing pellet for you rifle may not be one in the H&N Sample Pack but at least this will give you a starting point in your air rifle tune.
Price $25.52 per pack of 6 pellet types, total 215.


In the days of new technology, at some point you're going to upgrade your computer. Transferring files from your old computer to the new one is something that might scare you, however Windows cloud storage system "One Drive" makes it easy. Follow these few steps to have your precious pictures and documents on your brand new computer in a jiffy!
Open up the Start Menu using the Windows key or clicking the logo in the bottom left corner. Click on file explorer at the bottom, and then open whatever section of your storage you want to move files from.
I wanted to move some of my pictures to my other computer, so I selected the files that have the pictures, and dragged them onto OneDrive. To select more than one file at a time, hold down the CTRL key, and click on the files.
After you drag the files into the OneDrive folder, you can click on it to verify that they are there.
3. Go to onedrive.com to sign in with your Microsoft account, and verify that your files are there.
After you dragged your important files to OneDrive, head on over to onedrive.com and sign in with your Microsoft account. Make sure you use the same one you used to sign into your computer. It will load up your cloud storage, and you can see all the files right there.
Now that you have downloaded the files you can put them wherever you want, and feel satisfied knowing that your pictures are right where you want them! Since only 15 gigabytes is available, once you download the pictures remove them from OneDrive on the old computer so there is room for more. Because only 15 Gigabytes of space is avalible on OneDrive, it might take you a few trips.


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What Are The Disney Character Height Requirements?
While walking around a Disney park, you may have stumbled upon one of the many talented characters and they happen to be your favorite one.
Meeting them may have felt like you're immersed in their fairytale. Now, you may be wondering what it takes to fill these positions when they search for new cast members at Disney parks like Disneyland and Walt Disney World (Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Hollywood Studios, and Animal Kingdom).
Now, Walt Disney Company is highly committed when it comes to nailing down characters and their real-life portrayal. So much so, that it even comes down to having Disney character height requirements.
Whether you're looking for a job opening as a princess or just curious, stick around to learn more about Disney fun facts and the height requirements Disney has in place for a character cast member.
Height Requirements for Disney Princess Characters
They're the stars of the show, the main characters in almost every fairytale, and the prettiest of them all, yes, we're talking about Disney princesses.
Filling those heavy shoes requires a certain height requirement. That being so, here's a list of each of the princess height requirements.
Ariel: 5'3" to 5'7"
Pocahontas: 5'5" to 5'8"
Cinderella: 5'3" to 5'7"
Anna: 5'3" to 5'7"
Belle: 5'3" to 5'7"
Mulan: 5'2" to 5'6"
Jasmine: 5'3" to 5'7"
Snow White: 5'3" to 5'7"
Aurora: 5'3" to 5'7"
Rapunzel: 5'3" to 5'7"
Tiana: 5'5" to 5'8
Height Requirements for Disney Villain Characters
They're mean, evil, and mostly tall. Disney villains are, more often than not, portrayed as tall characters.
If you're particularly tall and have a flair for displaying an attitude, then you'll have no trouble filling in this role. Here are the height ranges for female and male Disney villain positions.
Wicked Stepmother: 5'6" to 5'10"
Evil Stepsisters: 5'6" to 5'10"
Maleficent: 5'6" to 5'10"
Ursula: 6'2" to 6'4"
Evil Queen: 5'6" to 5'10"
Gaston: 5'11" to 6'3"
Dr. Facilier: 6'0" to 6'6"
Jafar: 6'2" to 6'4"
Height Requirements for Disney Prince Characters
Being a knight in shining armor alone doesn't cut Disney's prince height requirements. Applicants need to be relatively tall to be considered for the role.
That being so, here's how tall you'll want to be to have a shot at glory and destiny.
Prince Eric: 5'10" to 6'0″
Prince Charming: 5'10" to 6'0″
Aladdin: 5'10" to 6'0″
Prince Naveen: 5'10" to 6'0″
Flynn Rider: 5'10" to 6'0″
Beast: 5'10" to 6'0″
Height Requirements for Other Female Disney Characters
Disney princesses aren't the only stars of the show. A lot of famed female Disney characters aren't princesses.
Consequently, if you're not about that princess life, check out the height requirements for other female Disney characters below.
Jane: 5'4" to 5'6"
Merida: 5'4" to 5'6"
Queen Elsa: 5'3" to 5'7"
Wendy: 5'2" to 5'4"
Alice: 5'2" to 5'4"
Mary Poppins: 5'5" to 5'8"
Esmerelda: 5'7" to 5'10"
Height Requirements for Other Male Disney Characters
For all the short fellas out there, these male Disney character roles might be for you. You may be looking for a moody role like the Mad Hatter.
Perhaps you're looking for a more heroic position like Peter Pan. Either way, here's how tall or short you need to be for these male roles.
Peter Pan: 4'10" to 5'2″
Mad Hatter: 5'4" to 5'6″
Bert: 5'8" to 6'1″
Jack Sparrow: 5'8" to 6'1″
Woody: 6′2" to 6′4"
Buzz Lightyear: 5′6" to 5′8"
Height Requirements for Disney Fairies
To you, maybe being a Disney princess is too much. Alternatively, you may favor Disney fairies instead with their whimsical mannerism and adorable outfits.
On the other hand, you might find this role more fitting for you since you're on the shorter side. Whatever the case, check out the height requirements for each Disney fairy below.
Tinkerbell: 4'11" to 5'2"
Periwinkle: 4'11" to 5'2"
Fawn: 5'2" to 5'5"
Rosetta: 5'2" to 5'5"
Silvermist: 5'2" to 5'5"
Iridessa: 5'2" to 5'5"
Fauna: 5'2" to 5'5"
Flora: 5'2" to 5'5"
Merryweather: 5'2" to 5'5"
Vidia: 5'2" to 5'5"
Fairy Godmother: 5'4" to 5'6"
Terrence: 5'4" to 5'6"
Height Requirements for Masked and Fur Disney Characters
Did you know that every Disney character performer starts out in a fur costume? This is to mainly allow them to gain some experience with guests before being pushed into their face-to-face roles aka face characters.
Subsequently, fur characters come in several height variations to accommodate all the roles. Besides that, these masked roles are strictly not allowed to talk to any guests.
Their main job is to wave, walk around the park, and take pictures. Now, while the role doesn't seem like much, they play a major part in parades.
Plus, who knows? You may end up landing the boss job as Mickey Mouse himself.
Mickey Mouse: 4'8″ to 5'2″
Minnie Mouse: 4'8″ to 5'2″
Dopey: 4'8″ to 4'10″
Huey: 4'0″ to 4'6″
Dewie: 4'0″ to 4'6″
Louie: 4'0″ to 4'6″
Daisy Duck: 4'6″ to 4'10″
Donald Duck: 4'6″ to 4'10″
Goofy: 6'0″ to 6'3″
Rafiki: 5'7″ to 5'8″
Pluto: 5'6″ to 5'8″
Friar Tuck: 5'6″ to 5'8″
Wendell: 5'7″ to 5'8″
Lilo: 4'9″ to 4'11″
Stitch: 4'9″ to 4'11″
Tigger: 5'10" to 6'0″
Piglet: 4'10″ to 5'0″
Eeyore: 5'7″ to 5'9″
Captain Hook: 6'0″ to 6'2″
Genie: 6'0″ to 6'2″
Seven Dwarves: 5′0" to 5′2"
Robin Hood: 5′0" to 5′2"
White Rabbit: 5′0" to 5′2"
Chip'n'Dale: 5'2″ to 5'4″
Pinocchio: 4'10″ to 5'0″
Geppetto: 5'9″ to 5'10″
Dumbo: 5'9″ to 5'10″
Sheriff of Nottingham: 5'10″ to 6'0″
Green Army Men: 5'11" to 6'0″
Other Disney Character Requirements
Height isn't the only attribute that Disney looks at when hiring its performers. Other characteristics like weight, blemishes, tattoos, and piercings can affect whether or not you land a role.
In terms of weight, Disney likes to maintain consistency. Plus, the costumes can't be modified. That being said, your appearance plays an integral role in your candidacy since the audition mostly involves taking a picture.
You can have the voice, the mannerisms, and even the uncanny resemblance of a Disney character, but they still wouldn't hire you if you're too short or tall.
Disney takes its character hiring exceptionally seriously. In turn, these strict and detailed requirements are meant to bring the Disney character vision alive.
Pin this image so you can find this post with Disney character height requirements later!
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We saw increased spool, 5 -8 hp and ~5 ft/lb tq gains throughout the entire powerband!
3D scanning and silicone technology has allowed us to offer a stock replacement intake hose that is better looking, more durable and out performs the corrugated OEM intake hose. Our silicone intake hose is constructed of the same high quality 4-ply silicone as the rest of our couplers and features a perfectly smooth-finish transition for optimal air flow. The pleats found in the OEM hose makes disrupts air flow, which limits power potential and throttle response.


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Q: TLPDB error during Vanilla Install of TeXLive 2020 I'm trying to install TeXLive 2020 onto iSh (which uses Alpine Linux) and have extracted all files in the install-tl-unx.tar.gz tarball from the TUG webpage. However, when I execute ./install-tl from the extracted directory I get the following error:
Loading http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive/tlnet/tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb

./install-tl: TLPDB::from_file could not initialize from:
              http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive/tlnet/tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb
./install-tl: Maybe the repository setting should be changed.
./install-tl: More info: https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html

This happens whether or not I select a specific repository via the --select-repository option and happens both as root and normal user. How can I solve this problem?

A: I got the same error, so on a whim, I ran sudo ./install-tl and just saved the installation profile. I then chowned the texlive.profile file to my regular user. Running ./intall-tl subsequently worked fine.

A: install-tl --help mentions a -v option to enable verbose debugging.  In my case it showed

D:TLUtils::download_file: tried to download using lwp curl wget, none succeeded

Trying wget on the target URL I found it was not able to check the certificate, which lead me to a broader certificate issue on my fresh Slackware install, which I was able to fix with
/usr/sbin/update-ca-certificates --fresh

Afterwards install-tl worked as expected.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When we go out to eat, I'm frequently annoyed by the menu. I'm not a big eater but most restaurant menus are designed for people with big appetites. This isn't always a problem; there are doggie bags, after all. But sometimes I'm in a position where I can't take a doggie bag. Maybe I'm running a lot of errands or I'm on vacation with no refrigerator. Sometimes I want something smaller to eat, but it's just not to be found.
Over the years, though, I've learned to simply ask for what I want. Nine times out of ten, I can get it. If, for example, it's past lunchtime but I'd really like something that's on the lunch menu, such as a combo or a half portion, I'll ask. Most of the time they'll sell it to me. At some places I have to pay a nominal surcharge over the lunch price, but the item is still cheaper than paying for either the dinner version of the entree or for something I didn't really want.
If I know the restaurant serves huge portions and half portions aren't on the menu, I've been known to just ask for a half portion. I can usually get it for about half the price of the full sized entree. If I'm not in the mood for fries or a side with my sandwich, I'll ask if they can leave it off. They usually will and charge me anywhere from $1.00 – $2.00 less. If something like a soup/salad combo isn't on the menu, I'll ask if I can create one. Many times the restaurant will oblige and charge me less than if I'd ordered the items separately. For breakfast outings, I've been known to ask if a three egg omelet can be made with two. I've gotten it and been charged seventy-five cents less.
I've also learned to look more closely at the menu. Sometimes an option is hiding there that I didn't see at first glance. For example, I really enjoy our local sandwich shop for lunch, but I don't always want the bun. The salads that are on the menu aren't anything like their sandwiches, so I don't really care for them. For a long time I would just order the sandwich and leave the bun. However, one day I noticed that in the tiny print at the bottom of the menu it says, "Make any sub into a salad." They'll dump the meats, cheese, lettuce, and any other condiments into a bowl for you and charge $1.00 less than the price of a sub.
I've noticed this with other things. Some menus don't list a soup and salad combo as a menu item, but in the fine print under the salad or soup option is something like, "Add soup/salad for $1.00 more" which is a savings over ordering both separately. Now when I go places and I don't see what I want at first glance, I slow down and really read the menu. Sometimes I find the option I want buried somewhere on the menu. Many restaurants are eager to accommodate you, so don't feel bad about asking if you don't see what you want. Just always ask politely. Don't demand or be rude with your server or the counter help. It's not their fault. If they seem unsure as to whether your request can be granted, ask to speak with the manager. Chances are that unless what you want is completely out of line, someone will work with you to keep your business.


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With 11 fatalities on Colorado's 14ers this season, 'it's time to do something'
Local | September 16, 2017
Jason Blevins
The north face of Capitol Peak, widely considered the hardest 14er in Colorado. Two climbers have died on Capitol this year.
Wikimedia Commons |
ASPEN — With 11 people dead on Colorado's highest peaks so far this summer — including seven on the treacherous 14ers around Aspen — rescuers and climbers are scrambling for a plan to prod the swarming masses to make better decisions in dangerous terrain.
Luckily, they have a route already mapped out. Avalanche-awareness workshops — brief introductions to the risks of backcountry travel in winter — was birthed in the late 1980s by Mountain Rescue Aspen, and the group of weary rescuers is seeding a new plan for warm-weather backcountry travel training called Peak Awareness.
"Because of everything that has happened in the high peaks around us, we realized we need a second cousin to our avalanche-awareness program," said David Swersky, a 37-year member of Mountain Rescue Aspen who helped formulate the now ubiquitous avalanche training nearly 30 years ago.
It's been a rough season in Pitkin County's Elk Range, home to seven of the state's most technically demanding 14ers. Since July, the midpoint of the busiest summer ever for the Roaring Fork Valley, the group has been called out on more than 30 rescues. Eight of those were body recoveries. Five were on the daunting Capitol Peak.
It's been the darkest season in memory for Mountain Rescue Aspen, which conducts rescues in the most-fatal region for avalanches in the country.
"There are at least 10 times are more people hiking around the backcountry now than in 1990, but we don't have 10 times more rescues. So it's not all bad," Swersky said. "But when it touches your family and friends and rescuers and rescuer families, we think it's time to do something."
The crux question is what can — or should — be done on the mountains versus what can be done before people get to the trailhead? Should rangers and rescuers be on patrol? Should there be signs at critical junctures on peaks that don't really have defined paths? How much route direction is the responsibility of the Forest Service versus the climber?
People pushing hard in the mountains is hardly a new phenomenon. But now it's like an endless contest to post and boast the swiftest, lightest, longest, most audacious trips possible. Sinewy superhumans sprint across the 14 14ers of the Sawatch Range in less than 54 hours. They ski 14ers that only a few years ago were never trodden in winter. They ride their bikes on self-propelled, self-supported loops of all 58 14ers. The bar never stops getting raised. And every new notch of radness is trumpeted on social media.
"I feel like the conversation in recent years has been about everything but the idea that there is risk and it can be serious. All people talk about is how fast someone did something," said Ted Mahon, the Aspen mountaineer who joined his wife Christy and pro skier Chris Davenport in becoming the first to ski Colorado's 100 tallest peaks.
"All these trends make the 14ers seems less serious and more like a playground, and that trickles down through the community," Mahon said. "I'm as guilty of it as anyone, but I notice the trend in the magazines, in the outdoor shops, in the social media community."
For more from The Denver Post, click here.


Our purpose is to provide teachers with educational materials and resources to integrate nutrition and health into core subjects and encouraging instructional strategies to improve healthy behaviors while improving academic performance.
We strive to improve the health of our community by collaborating with teachers to increase the nutrition education in classrooms by using research-based, pilot-tested curricula that has been correlated to the California Content Standards.
Increasing consumption of all five food groups with an emphasis on whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean meats at every meal.
Increasing physical activity among children to 60 minutes every day.
Increasing awareness in our community about the importance of proper nutrition and physical activity on lifelong health.