text:
Q: Tables and bins from two vectors in R As an exercise I was given two samples from a seed called u and v and asked to show how many values are in v but not in u fell into the bins [1,50] and [51,100]. Then I am asked to  add a line of code in to confirm my answer using a relational operator (like >) and sum().
I solved the first part:
table(findInterval(setdiff(v,u),c(50))

But for the second part, i don't really get what I need to do; any help is appreciated!
Example:
set.seed(1201)
u = sample(100,100,replace=TRUE)
v = sample(100,100,replace=TRUE)

table(findInterval(setdiff(v,u),c(50)))

Output:
0  1
12 12

A: If we want to use comparative operators and sum, create a logical vector and get the sum of logical vector
i1 <- v[!v %in% u]  > 50
sum(i1)
sum(!i1)

Note:  If the OP intended to use only unique values (as in setdiff), then get the unique
i1 <- unique(v[!v %in% u]) > 50
out1 <- sum(i1)
out2 <- sum(!i1)

-checking with the output of table
tbl1 <- table(findInterval(setdiff(v,u),c(50)))
all.equal(as.numeric(tbl1), c(out1, out2), check.attributes = FALSE)
#[1] TRUE

A: Since there is only one number that you are cutting the intervals in, you can verify your answer using > directly.
This is your code
set.seed(1201)
u = sample(100,100,replace=TRUE)
v = sample(100,100,replace=TRUE)
table(findInterval(setdiff(v,u),50))

#0 1
#9 9

Without findInterval
table(setdiff(v,u) > 50)

#FALSE  TRUE
#    9     9


text:
PREFIX                  = /usr
INCLUDE_DIR             = ${PREFIX}/include
LIBRARY_DIR             = ${PREFIX}/lib

all:
		$(MAKE) -C src all

static:
		$(MAKE) -C src static

shared:
		$(MAKE) -C src shared

clean:
		$(MAKE) -C src clean

install:
		mkdir -p ${INCLUDE_DIR}/amqpcpp
		mkdir -p ${LIBRARY_DIR}
		cp -f amqpcpp.h ${INCLUDE_DIR}
		cp -f include/*.h ${INCLUDE_DIR}/amqpcpp
		cp -f src/libamqpcpp.so ${LIBRARY_DIR}
		cp -f src/libamqpcpp.a ${LIBRARY_DIR}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Tours & lessons
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CALL US FOR INFO
Maui Youth and Family Services
Hawaiian Paddle Sports supports Maui Youth and Family Services, Building better lives with Hawaii's families, a nonprofit that provides hundreds of youth.
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Non Profit of the Month | Maui Huliau Foundation
Maui Huliau seeks to empower the voices of Maui's youth in an effort to educate Maui residents and visitors about how they can help protect Maui's precious environment.
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Malama Maui 2018
Through Malama Maui 2018 program, Hawaiian Paddle Sports highlights a local community group or nonprofit and raises awareness for their cause.
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Maui Food Bank
Hawaiian Paddle Sports has been participating in the Paddle For Hunger event since 2012. This organization even able to distribute food to the needy in rural communities of Hana.
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Pacific Cancer Foundation
Every year, millions of individuals are affected by cancer. To help cancer survivors, family members, and caregivers, Pacific Cancer Foundation provides free support services.
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Hawaii Wildlife Fund
Hawaiian Paddle Sports' mission involves community, culture, and protecting what we love. We are proud to sponsor Hawaii Wildlife Fund's Hawksbill Recovery.
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Maui Nui Marine Resource Council
Malama Maui giveback program, employees from Hawaiian Paddle Sports teamed up with Maui Nui Marine Resource Council to document coral reef health.
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Hawaiian Paddle Sports supports Maui Cultural Lands to help stabilize, protect, and restore Hawaiian cultural resources.
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The mission of Whale Trust Maui is to uncover these missing pieces, and in doing so, better understand the complexities of humpback whale behavior.
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Sustainable Coastlines Hawaii
Through a combination of hands-on beach cleanups, outreach, and education, Sustainable Coastlines is helping stem the flow of trash into the oceans one coastal community at a time.
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Hawaiian Islands Land Trust
The mission of Hawaiian Islands Land Trust is simple: To protect the lands that sustain us for current and future generations.
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Manta Ray Project
If you've ever been lucky enough to see a manta ray gliding gracefully along the ocean floor, you know how breathtaking these animals are.
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Malama Maui | Movember
Moustache season is here! The Movember Foundation enters its 13th year as the leading global organization to change the face of men's health.
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Leeward Haleakala Watershed Restoration Partnership
Watersheds also provide recreation opportunities, and activities like canoeing, fishing, or cooling off in a stream would all be impossible if it weren't for watersheds.
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Surfrider Foundation Maui Chapter
Hawaiian Paddle Sports is stoked to support and work with Surfrider Foundation, Maui with beach clean up, ocean rain garden. Check out what's happening.
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Camp Imua
Hawaiian Paddle Sports is proud to support Camp Imua, a nonprofit that connects the community and children with special needs for an day of ocean fun!
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Hawai'i Wildlife Fund
Maui waters are full of humpback whales every Winter. Learn humpback whales facts, why humpbacks migrate to Maui and some of the behaviors you might see.
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Non Profit of the Month | Maui Tomorrow
Maui Tomorrow Foundation works in partnership with many community groups on issues vital to Maui's quality of life.
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Malama Maui | Malama Maui Nui
Malama Maui Nui, a non-profit organization works to make Maui beautiful and cleaner thru beach cleanups, wetlands reforestation and recycling events. In addition to raising awareness for their cause, we make a financial donation and volunteer our time to help them to accomplish their goals. We are proud to sponsor Malama Maui Nui.
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Categories News Maui Surfing Whale Watching Maui Kayak Outrigger Canoe Maui Social Stand Up Paddle Instructional Community Non Profit Malama Maui Eat Less Plastic
Skyline Conservation InitiativeApril 14, 2019 - 11:20 pm
Maui Youth and Family ServicesJune 18, 2018 - 10:30 am
Non Profit of the Month | Maui Huliau FoundationApril 3, 2018 - 7:26 am
Malama Maui 2018April 2, 2018 - 9:20 pm
Migaloo Spotted in Hawaii?March 29, 2018 - 10:34 am
27 Halekuai St., Kihei, HI 96753
All photos and videos on this website were taken while viewing animals from a responsible distance. Images depicting dolphins or whales in close proximity to people were taken when the animals approached the vessel, and no attempt was made to approach or otherwise disrupt these animals.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Our programs strive to be accessible to the Hunter Valley community, regularly engaging with schools and professional businesses and worksites. We are consistently working towards new and innovative ways to improve the business, embracing new research available to the health industry. This includes educating our clients to focus on personal goals rather than fitting stereotypical perceptions of health and fitness.


text:
WORLD Putin pledges measures to slash Russia's regional commercial debts
Putin pledges measures to slash Russia's regional commercial debts
Russian President Vladimir Putin meets Cabinet members at the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia, on October 31, 2017. (KREMLIN PHOTO)
Russian President Vladimir Putin urged the implementation of restructuring measures to lower commercial debts of regions to less than half of their revenues here on October 31.
"I think we need to take all the necessary measures to reduce the volume of commercial debts from all the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to the level not more than half of their revenues," Putin said at a meeting with Cabinet members.
Regions with market debts that exceeded half of their revenues as of October 1 should be granted a targeted loan from the federal budget to recover some of the debts, but long-term budget loans will not be provided, Putin said.
Currently, the so-called market debt, namely government securities and expensive loans in commercial banks, totals more than one trillion rubles (17.15 billion U.S. dollars), which is almost half of the state debt of Russia's constituent entities, according to the president.
"It (commercial debt) substantially exceeds the total annual income in some regions, and is higher than half of the revenue in another 11 (regions)," he said.
Earlier this month, Putin instructed the Russian government to submit a report on the program for restructuring regional debt to the federal budget before November 1, the Kremlin official website reported.
According to Russia's Analytical Credit Rating Agency, 700 billion rubles (12 billion U.S. dollars) of the aggregate debt of the Russian regions are subject to restructuring under the new rules.
Russia's Putin arrives in Tehran for tripartite meeting
Photo: XinhuaTEHRAN, Nov. 1 (Xinhua) --Russian President VladimirPutinarrived inIran's capital Tehran on Wednesday afternoon for tripartite meeting with his Iranian and Azeri counterparts, stated IRIB TV broadcast live.Putin will discuss topics of common interest with Iranian President Hasan Rouhani and Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev.Aliyev also arrived in Tehran on Wednesday morning to attend the second trilateral summit."This would be the
Tourism boom expected for Russia's Far East Region
Panoramic view of Vladivostok and the Golden Horn Bay. File photo: ICAlexander Galushka, minister for Russian Far East Development, told People's Daily on November 3 that the region expects to receive one million Chinese tourists annually. In preparation for a new tourism boom, Russia introduced relaxed visa measures that have made visiting the region easier.According to Galushka, to improve
GOP tax plan would slash corporate rate, help wealthiest
Photo: APHouse Republicans on Thursday unveiled a tax cut plan that would slash the corporate rate and lower the personal taxes of most Americans but also limit a cherished deduction for homeowners, as President Donald Trump and the GOP seek to deliver on the first tax revamp in three decades.The proposal would add $1.5 trillion to the nation's debt over


text:
Q: Xamarin Android iOS FirebasePushNotificationPlugin not receive message but token receves i'm using xamarin iOS FirebasePushNotificationPlugin for cloud messages, but i'm receiving the token but i can not receive any notification. CrossFirebasePushNotification.Current.OnNotificationReceived even not firing.
here is how my appDelegate looks likes.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

using Foundation;
using Plugin.FirebasePushNotification;
using UIKit;

namespace onlinefirebase.iOS
{
    // The UIApplicationDelegate for the application. This class is responsible for launching the
    // User Interface of the application, as well as listening (and optionally responding) to
    // application events from iOS.
    [Register("AppDelegate")]
    public partial class AppDelegate : global::Xamarin.Forms.Platform.iOS.FormsApplicationDelegate
    {
        //
        // This method is invoked when the application has loaded and is ready to run. In this
        // method you should instantiate the window, load the UI into it and then make the window
        // visible.
        //
        // You have 17 seconds to return from this method, or iOS will terminate your application.
        //
        public override bool FinishedLaunching(UIApplication app, NSDictionary options)
        {
            global::Xamarin.Forms.Forms.Init();

            LoadApplication(new App());
            FirebasePushNotificationManager.Initialize(options, true);
            FirebasePushNotificationManager.CurrentNotificationPresentationOption =
         UserNotifications.UNNotificationPresentationOptions.Alert |
         UserNotifications.UNNotificationPresentationOptions.Badge;
            return base.FinishedLaunching(app, options);
        }
        public override void RegisteredForRemoteNotifications(UIApplication application, NSData deviceToken)
        {
            FirebasePushNotificationManager.DidRegisterRemoteNotifications(deviceToken);
        }

        public override void FailedToRegisterForRemoteNotifications(UIApplication application, NSError error)
        {
            FirebasePushNotificationManager.RemoteNotificationRegistrationFailed(error);

        }
        // To receive notifications in foregroung on iOS 9 and below.
        // To receive notifications in background in any iOS version
        public override void DidReceiveRemoteNotification(UIApplication application, NSDictionary userInfo, Action<UIBackgroundFetchResult> completionHandler)
        {
            // If you are receiving a notification message while your app is in the background,
            // this callback will not be fired 'till the user taps on the notification launching the application.

            // If you disable method swizzling, you'll need to call this method.
            // This lets FCM track message delivery and analytics, which is performed
            // automatically with method swizzling enabled.
            FirebasePushNotificationManager.DidReceiveMessage(userInfo);
            // Do your magic to handle the notification data
            System.Console.WriteLine(userInfo);

            completionHandler(UIBackgroundFetchResult.NewData);
        }
    }
}

Here is how i receive the notification
using System;
using Plugin.FirebasePushNotification;
using Xamarin.Forms;
using Xamarin.Forms.Xaml;

namespace onlinefirebase
{
    public partial class App : Application
    {
        public App()
        {
            InitializeComponent();

            MainPage = new MainPage();

            CrossFirebasePushNotification.Current.OnTokenRefresh += (s, p) =>
            {
                System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine($"TOKEN : {p.Token}");
            };

            CrossFirebasePushNotification.Current.OnNotificationReceived += (s, p) =>
            {
                System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine("Received");
            };

        }

        protected override void OnStart()
        {
        }

        protected override void OnSleep()
        {
        }

        protected override void OnResume()
        {
        }
    }
}

I have verified
. Enabled Background Mode -> Remote Notifications
. Info.plist -> "FirebaseAppDelegateProxyEnabled" boolean -> No
I'm successfully getting the token, but i can not receive the notification.

A: Issue is based on Apple key, apple key should be upload to firebase cloud panel and it'll work

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text:
The Leading Infocomm and
Digital Media Professional Society in Singapore
JOIN SCS | RENEW
Best Tech Co Awards
IT Leader Awards
Home / IT Leader Awards
IT Youth 2015 & Finalists
Mr Oliver Tan
Entrepreneur of the Year, 2018
There is a saying: "Some paths can't be discovered without getting lost." Oliver Tan is a three-time startup adventurer who is more often "lost" first and found later. In the world of pioneering innovation, disruptions and artificial intelligence, there are often no markers, no road-signs, no landing strip lights. Staying "lost" and "curious" are trademarks that define Oliver's style of entrepreneurship, and quickly finding endpoints that are impactful and profitable.
After almost 18 years in professional career and determined not to retire in a suit, Oliver co-founded ViSenze in 2012, on a quest to make a real difference. Under Oliver's leadership, ViSenze successfully raised USD14M in two rounds of funding from marque investors like Rakuten and emerged as a global leader in retail-tech and computer vision. ViSenze is also working with global retailers like ASOS, H&M, Uniqlo to bridge content and commerce through vision-led Artificial Intelligence which creates an innovative impact on ecommerce.
As a technopreneur, Oliver is passionate about driving real innovations with smart visual technologies and has blazed the trail with several award wins for ViSenze. Focused on transforming commerce, ViSenze was singled out as one of five deep learning companies to watch by VentureBeat, recognised by Interbrand as a global Breakthrough Brand, and won Best AI Product in Retail at CognitionX London 2017. ViSenze was also awarded Most Promising Startup at Emerging Enterprise Awards 2016, and a winner at the National Infocomm Awards for Most Innovative Product in 2015.
Prior to this, he was business head for five years at a leading cyber-security startup (recognised on Gartner Magic Quadrant) until its successful exit. Before that, Oliver held senior roles at media-tech companies in Asia where he led successful digital businesses, and handled M&A transactions.
Oliver earned his Bachelor's degree (Honours) in economics and MBA (Distinction) from Royal Holloway, University of London. A standing member of Forbes Technology Council advocating responsible technology developments, he was named amongst Top 40 individuals who shaped Southeast Asia eCommerce in 2016 by eCommerce IQ, and recognised as Top 10 Innovators & Disruptors by The Peak Singapore in 2017.
When he is not advocating transformation through innovation, Oliver runs long-distances, and is an avid photographer.
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text:
Biografia
Ha rappresentato l' ai Giochi olimpici estivi di  vincendo, in coppia con Melissa Wu la medaglia di bronzo nel concorso dei tuffi dalla piattaforma 10 metri sincro. Nella gara del trampolino 3 metri sincro femminile, disputata al fianco di Sharleen Stratton, ha chiuso quinta.

Palamarès
Giochi olimpici
: argento nella piattaforma 10 m sincro
Mondiali

Melbourne 2007: argento nella piattaforma 10 m sincro; bronzo nel trampolino 3 m sincro;

Giochi del Commonwealth

Melbourne 2006: oro trampolino 3 m sincro;

Delhi 2010: bronzo piattaforma 10 m sincro;

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

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text:
Home Markets Pages Media
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Supporting Media with flexible, scalable solutions and bandwidth efficient connectivity
Utilising satellite-enabled devices, journalists are able to work effectively and safely, at all times no matter where the story takes them.
Update audiences first
Valuable news is news delivered to consumers fast and first. We help press teams remain agile and connected, anywhere in the world.
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Filming in remote locations can be expensive and often studios require footage, edited or otherwise, to be safely stored and sent across as soon as possible. Ground Control works with multiple OEMs and satellite network service providers to bring you the best choice for all budgets. Enabling your team to share content - without worrying about connectivity or storage.
Broadcast remote production
If you're heading out to report on the aftermath of a disaster, or covering incidents taking place in remote areas, connectivity is essential. Satellite terminals are portable, often very light weight, and easy to use. As satellite connectivity is capable of both supporting bandwidth-demanding streaming, and reducing packet loss and drop-outs; you can achieve high-quality live new broadcasting, from anywhere in the world.
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Media companies are faced with increasing demand for IP video and pressure to streamline operations while maintaining high-quality production. Ground Control delivers bandwidth efficient, cost-effective transmission solutions, supporting Media companies across multiple audio, video and metadata formats, in addition to ad-hoc real-time news broadcasts.
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Journalism – Remote Worker Security
Journalists travel to dangerous areas, with both known and unknown dangers. You can't rely on communication facilities on the ground such as mobile phone (GSM) networks as these can be easily turned off by authorities with little or no notice.
Keeping Rogue Pictures Connected
The Ground Control Toughsat kept the Rogue Team in touch and online as they toured the United States on and off the grid.
Helping you keep citizens informed
With increasing demand for real-time news, we help press teams report direct to their audience, ahead of other outlets.
We have experience helping Media companies with both traditional and complex broadcasting workflows, ensuring the most efficient, cost-effective service plans. For expert, objective advice on your next project, simply get in touch.


text:
El Paso named a top U.S. city for public parks and walkability
by: Patricia L. Garcia
Posted: Aug 19, 2020 / 12:09 PM MDT / Updated: Aug 19, 2020 / 12:12 PM MDT
Courtesy Commercial Cafe.
EL PASO, Texas — Hey, El Paso! It's time to get your walking shoes on.
The Sun City was named the top 13th city in the country for public parks and walkability by Commercial Cafe, a commercial real estate blog. El Paso topped other Texas and Southwest cities, including Austin (which ranked #20), Phoenix (#21), Houston (#27) and Dallas (#30).
The study found that parks in El Paso account for 19.44 percent of the total city area, with 44.4 acres per 1,000 residents. El Paso ranked 7th for both of these metrics. El Paso and its surroundings offer roughly 150 miles of public trails.
While El Paso has a lot of opportunities to get out and walk, El Pasoans are not taking advantage of that, at least when it comes to getting to and from work. The study found that though the average walk to work in El Paso takes 15.7 minutes, only 1.31 percent of commuters choose to do so, the third-lowest share of the 53 cities studied.
As parks have become an important place for entertainment, fitness and simply to get outside because of the pandemic, Commercial Cafe started looking at which cities perform best in terms of public parks and walkability.
The study looked at U.S. cities with a population of at least 300,000, and ranked them by walkability metrics, data on park land totals, ratios and investment, as well as by how each city fares on the EPA's air quality index.
In other El Paso park news, the El Paso Park & Recreation department is holding a virtual public open house as part of the El Paso County Parks and Recreation Master Plan process. The Master Plan will help identify community preferences for parks, recreational facilities and recreation programming, and will identify recommendations and priorities for the next five to 10 years.
You can access public open house materials from Aug. 24 to Sept. 7 via this virtual meeting room: https://www.epcountyparks.com/master-plan-virtual-meeting-room. Visitors to the virtual meeting room will be able to provide feedback and preliminary recommendations to improve the delivery of County parks and recreation services to the residents of El Paso County.
Direct connector from I-10 West to Juarez now open
by KTSM Staff / Jan 16, 2021
EL PASO, Texas (KTSM) -- Drivers can now take a direct ramp from Interstate 10 West to the Bridge of the Americas.
A new direct connector ramp from westbound I-10 to the Bridge of the Americas is now open at the Spaghetti Bowl, which means traffic heading to Juarez will no longer have to take U.S. 54 and the Pershing Drive turnaround.
El Paso Animal Services director retiring, interim director named
EL PASO, Texas (KTSM) -- Paula Powell, who served as director of El Paso Animal Services since July 2017, is retiring. Ramon Herrera has been named as Interim Director of El Paso Animal Services.
Powell will be joining Best Friends Animal Society as the South Central Regional Manager and will still serve the El Paso community.
Texas Historical Commission board OK's Downtown Historic District proposal, including Duranguito
EL PASO, Texas (KTSM) -- El Paso County's application for a large historic district in Downtown was approved by a branch of the state's leading historical agency despite a legal action filed on Friday.
A lawsuit was filed against the THC over the application by some property owners on Friday to stop the application process, but the meeting continued.


text:
Q: Cannot drag URL using chromium/chrome Here is a demo page that shows the problem.
The page contains only one link.  Using Firefox, I can drag the URL from the link.  But with Chromium or Chrome, I cannot.

Actually, in Chromium/Chrome I can drag the URL from the left margin of the inner div.  This looks weird.
How should I modify the page so that I can drag the URL from Chromium/Chrome?
<!DOCTYPE html>

  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
  <title>/</title>

downloads

A: If with dragging you refer to drag the link to open it on a new tab (for example), then chrome should do it correctly. What is causing your problem is the div you've got inside.


text:
Bond Ladys Corner » NEWS FROM IRAQ » Iraq General News, Economy & Oil News » The participating countries presented the latest technological innovations
The participating countries presented the latest technological innovations
1 The participating countries presented the latest technological innovations Tue Nov 03, 2015 5:10 am
BAGHDAD - Hussein al-Tamimi Tgb
is the first days of the Baghdad International Fair, an opportunity to learn about the latest innovations witnessed by the various productive and service sectors around the world, touching morning team constantly on the move to the participating delegations between some of the new knowledge that has occurred and then discuss the mechanisms of future cooperation, and thus represents a free opportunity to find out what the world has witnessed the evolution of technology can be employed to serve Iraq.
E-enamel metropolis where Japan was different products to its exposure in the pavilion, which is the largest pavilions for participating States, Wing official said the Japanese companies have an active presence in the Iraqi market for a long time and we are working to communicate with the Iraqi citizen who holds a positive idea of the Japanese industry, which have proved themselves in Iraq and the world.
Indicating that the deal with the Japanese companies would bring substantial economic feasibility of Iraq and in various industries, especially that Iraq needs a large industrial projects runs from the availability of oil wealth on a large scale.
The Iraqi private banks association offered in its stand its future direction and how you are going private banking sector ship amid regional and international is full of cutting-edge products and seeking to reach the Iraqi economy to safety perimeter.
said its president and Wadih Handal: The exhibition represents a golden opportunity to friction with sectors Economic services and productive world, which came from different parts of the world to showcase what Bdjaptha to serve the Iraqi economy, pointing out that the Association will take this opportunity to see the international effort developed to work in Iraq requirements, particularly in the banking sector.
While The Executive Director of the Association of private banks to Tariq to The first days of the exhibition and within the current plan will see the communication and contact with most of the companies located in different wings, stressing that we need a new data bank on the requirements for the next stage base and in the exhibition an opportunity
to do so.
In turn draw d. On the Keywords to need to pay attention to young people and to take their role in the economic joints administration, stressing while attending paragraph honor outstanding staff which was organized by Association of private banks and included all Iraqi banks on the role of young blood in the activation of the wheel and give them the opportunity to prove their presence and invest their energies to serve Iraq manner that achieves the feasibility Economic Iraq.
But the Federation of Chambers of Commerce has been the presence of strongly to introduce what has been achieved during the past period and how to communicate with the global trade and industrial chambers and extend bridges of cooperation with the international business community and its role in maintaining the local market and its stability despite the circumstances experienced by Iraq during the past two years.
communication between participants In the exhibition the first days of it feature, where you find all the participants in perpetual motion for what you offer companies and institutions involved, where stop work «morning» team at the Ministry of Oil Pavilion, which included exhibits ministry companies and adopted sophisticated technology in production and transport, said Ali Aziz Director of Midland Refineries Company relations that the exhibition has given us the opportunity to network with international companies without trouble, as well as access to the latest technologies adopted in the liquidation of crude oil which can adopt in Iraq to provide derivatives
of oil.


This spacious room has a King Size bed with a modern headboard and matching dressers. The bathroom next door has a large tub with shower, one sink, one toilet. This room is $125.00 a night.
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text:
Q: how to set the position of element to fixed on scroll to certain height and make it normal when not that height? I have a div called cop which has a fixed position.
That div should behave same as the questions tab (which is similar) but it is changing its position when page is scrolled .
My Script

     $(window).scroll(function()
{
    var top = 100 * $(window).scrollTop() / ($(document).height() - $(window).height());
    if (top > 40)
    {
        $(".cart, .top").fadeOut();
    }
    else
    {
        $(".cart, .top").fadeIn();
    }
});

A: I have created a working example on CODEPEN. It is easier to understand it in action. First you need to read the scroll event where you can take action on your desired element:
$(window).scroll(function() {
   currentTop = $("body").scrollTop();

   if (currentTop > 300) {
     $(".cop").addClass("copChange");
   } else {
     $(".cop").removeClass("copChange");
   }

});

When you scroll more than 300px in this example, your .cop div will acquire relative position instead of fixed. It will return to original setting when you scroll up. I attempted by different CSS class since it will be easy for you to change styling in any way you want.


text:
Schantz ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Dieter Schantz, deutscher Boxer
 Johan Eberhard von Schantz (1802–1880), finnischer Admiral
 Johan Eberhard Schantz, deutscher Weltumsegler
 Johann von Schantz (1802–1875), österreichischer Feldmarschallleutnant
 Karl Schantz (1863–1936), Berghauptmann beim Oberbergamt Dortmund
 Ludwig Schantz (1805–1880), deutscher Justiz- und Verwaltungsbeamter
 Philip von Schantz (1928–1998), schwedischer Künstler
 Richard Schantz (* 1950), deutscher Philosoph
 Viola Shelly Schantz (1895–1977), US-amerikanische Biologin und Mammalogin

Siehe auch:

 Schanz
 Shantz


text:
Home / Essays / Exploring Ideas / Selected Readings / Political Thought / Leoni on Voting and the Market
Leoni on Voting and the Market
Bruno Leoni
Subject Area: Law
Source: Bruno Leoni, Freedom and the Law, expanded 3rd edition, foreword by Arthur Kemp (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund 1991). Chapter: 4: Voting Versus the Market
Copyright: This work is copyrighted by the Institute for Humane Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, and is put online with their permission.
Fair Use: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.
Voting Versus the Market
We have seen in the preceding lecture that notwithstanding many similarities that may exist between voters on the one hand and market operators on the other, the actions of the two are far from actually being similar. No procedural rule seems able to allow voters to act in the same flexible, independent, consistent, and efficient way as operators employing individual choice in the market. While it is true that both voting and operating in the market are individual actions, we are compelled, however, to conclude that voting is a kind of individual action that almost inevitably undergoes a kind of distortion in its use.
Legislation considered as a result of a collective decision by a group—even if consisting of all citizens concerned as in the direct democracies of ancient times or in some small democratic communities in medieval and modern times—appears to be a law-making process that is far from being identifiable with the market process. Only voters ranking in winning majorities (if for instance the voting rule is by majority) are comparable to people who operate on the market. Those people ranking in losing minorities are not comparable with even the weakest operators on the market, who at least under the divisibility of goods (which is the most frequent case) can always find something to choose and to get, provided that they pay its price. Legislation is a result of an all-or-none decision. Either you win and get exactly what you want, or you lose and get exactly nothing. Even worse, you get something that you do not want and you have to pay for it just as if you had wanted it. In this sense winners and losers in voting are like winners and losers in the field. Voting appears to be not so much a reproduction of the market operation as a symbolization of a battle in the field. If we consider it well, there is nothing "rational" in voting that can be compared with rationality in the market. Of course voting may be preceded by argument and bargaining, which may be rational in the same sense as any operation on the market. But whenever you finally come to vote, you don't argue or bargain any longer. You are on another plane. You accumulate ballots as you would accumulate stones or shells—the implication being that you do not win because you have more reasons than others, but merely because you have more ballots to pile up. In this operation you have neither partners nor interlocutors but only allies and enemies. Of course your own action may still be considered rational as well as that of your allies and enemies, but the final result is not something that can be simply explained as a scrutiny or a combination of your reasons and of those of people who vote against them. The political language reflects quite naturally this aspect of voting: Politicians speak willingly of campaigns to be started, of battles to be won, of enemies to be fought, and so on. This language does not usually occur in the market. There is an obvious reason for that: While in the market supply and demand are not only compatible but also complementary, in the political field, in which legislation belongs, the choice of winners on the one hand and losers on the other are neither complementary nor even compatible. It is surprising to see how this simple—and I would say obvious—consideration of the nature of group decisions (and particularly of voting, which is the usual procedural device used to make them) is overlooked by both the theorists and the man in the street. Voting, and particularly voting by majority rule, is often considered a rational procedure not only in the sense that it renders it possible to reach decisions when the members of the group are not unanimous, but also in the sense that it seems to be the most logical one under the circumstances.
It is true that people usually admit that a unanimous decision would be ideal. But owing to the fact that unanimity in group decisions is rare, they feel entitled to conclude that the second best is making decisions by majority vote—the implication being that these decisions are not only more expedient but also more logical than any others.
On another occasion I have dealt with a defense of this position by Dr. Anthony Downs.1 I think it is worthwhile to reconsider Downs's argument, which has the merit of summarizing in a short way all of the main reasons presented in favor of majority rule in the political literature that I know.
According to Dr. Downs,
the basic arguments in favor of simple majority rule rest upon the premise that every voter should have equal weight with every other voter. Hence, if disagreement occurs but action cannot be postponed until unanimity is reached, it is better for more voters to tell fewer what to do than vice versa. The only practical arrangement to accomplish this is simple majority rule. Any rule requiring more than a simple majority for a passage of an act allows a minority to prevent action by the majority thus giving the vote of each member of the minority more weight than the vote of each member of the majority.2
To continue our favorite comparison between voting and operating on the market: This argument seems to be the same as saying that we must give a one dollar bill to everybody in order to give each one the same purchasing power. But when we consider the analogy at closer quarters, we realize that in assuming that 51 voters out of 100 are "politically" equal to 100 voters, and that the remaining 49 (contrary) voters are "politically" equal to zero (which is exactly what happens when a group decision is made according to majority rule) we give much more "weight" to each voter ranking on the side of the winning 51 than to each voter ranking on the side of the losing 49. It would be more appropriate to compare this situation with that resulting in the market if 51 people having one dollar each combine in buying a gadget which costs 51 dollars, while another 49 people with 1 dollar each have to do without it because there is only one gadget for sale. The fact that we cannot possibly foresee who will belong to the majority does not change the picture much.
Some historical reasons obviously played a very important role in preventing people from reflecting on the contradictions of a doctrine that claimed to support equality of opportunities for everybody in politics and simultaneously denied that very equality through the application of the majority rule. The supporters of majority rule used to conceive of it as the only possible means of opposing the unrestricted power of oligarchies or tyrants over the large masses of people. The "weight" given to the will or to the "ideal vote" of tyrants in the political societies that they dominated appeared so disproportionately overwhelming in comparison to the weight left to the will of all of the other individuals in those societies that the application of majority rule seemed to be the only suitable way to restore the equality of "weights" for the wills of all the individuals concerned. Very few people bothered to inquire whether the political scale was not going to become unbalanced on the opposite side. That common attitude is poignantly expressed, for instance, in a letter that Thomas Jefferson wrote to Alexander von Humbolt on June 13, 1817:
The first principle of republicanism is that the lex majoris partie is the fundamental law of every society of individuals of equal rights: to consider the will of the society enounced by the majority of a single vote as sacred as if unanimous is the first of all lessons in importance, yet the last which is thoroughly learnt. This law once disregarded, no other remains but that of force, which ends necessarily in military despotism. This has been the history of the French revolution; and I wish [so Jefferson added in some prophetic mood] the understanding of our Southern brethern may be sufficiently enlarged and firm to see that their fate depends on its sacred observance.3
Only later in the last century did several prominent scholars and statesmen start to realize that there was no more magic in the number 51 than in the number 49. For instance the French garantistes as well as some famous English thinkers had no hesitancy in declaring their dislike for the unconditional application of majority rule in political decisions, and for the underlying assumption that Herbert Spencer was to brand in 1884 as the superstition of "the divine right of majorities."4
But let us repeat Dr. Downs's summary of the main arguments in favor of majority rule. "If disagreement occurs but action cannot be postponed until unanimity is reached, it is better for more voters to tell fewer what to do than vice versa. The only practical arrangement to accomplish this is simply majority rule."
We may admit that the circumstances hypothesized by Downs, urgency of a decision and lack of unanimity, may occur more or less frequently in all political societies. The fact, however, is that both urgency of decision and lack of unanimity may be, so to speak, artificially created by people who are in a position to compel all the other members of a political community to make any group decision whatsoever instead of making none. I propose to go back to this question. I only wish to point out here that even if we assume that both urgency and lack of unanimity are the existing conditions of the decision concerned, to state flatly, as Dr. Downs does, that therefore "it is better for more voters to tell fewer what to do than vice versa" is a simple nonsequitur. Indeed, we can easily imagine situations in which only a few people have the necessary amount of knowledge required to make the corresponding decision, and that therefore it would be much less reasonable in these cases for more voters to tell fewer what to do than vice versa.
Of course the enthusiastic supporters of unconditional majority rule may counter that they derive their conclusion not so much from the hypotheses of urgency and lack of unanimity as from the implicit hypotheses of equal knowledge, or even of equal ignorance, on the part of the voters of the issues at stake. This last hypothesis, however, is rather unrealistic, particularly in contemporary highly differentiated societies. The same author admits in another connection, "specialization creates minority groups with objective interests [and, I would add, with corresponding kinds of knowledge] which differ widely from each other." Thus, the real basis of the conclusion is still the famous concept of "equal weight" of voters or, to say it more properly, the amphibious use of this slippery concept.
There is one more point of the summation presented by Downs to be examined. "Any rule," he says, "requiring more than a simple majority for passage of an act allows a minority to prevent action by the majority, thus giving the vote of each member of the minority more weight than the vote of each member of the majority."
Let us concentrate first on the last part of this statement. It seems to be indubitable that if the rule adopted is a qualified majority rule, the number comprising the winning majority out of 100 voters would be, say, 60 or 70, instead of 51, and the corresponding number comprising the losing minority would be 40 or 30 instead of 49. But this does not mean that the vote of each member of the minority is now given "more weight" than the vote of each member of the majority. The fact is that once again out of a total or set of 100 voters, the winning voters ranking in the subset of 60 or 70 are still each given, according to the new rule, more weight than is given to each of the voters ranking in the subset whose sum is 40 or 30. The 60 or 70 voters are considered in this new example as "politically" equal to 100, while the other 40 or 30 are considered as "politically" equal to 0.
The only difference we can notice in this example is that each voter, when the "magic" number is 60 or 70, has—in abstracto—a lesser probability of ranking in the losing subset than he had in the previous example where the magic number was 51. But it would be wrong to derive from this statement the conclusion that "therefore" each voter ranking in the losing subset in the latter example is given more weight than each voter ranking in the winning one.
We must now examine the first part of Mr. Downs's statement whose last part we have just considered.
As we saw, Downs refers to any rule requiring more than a simple majority for making a political decision as one allowing a minority to prevent action by a majority, and he seems to imply that this possible prevention should always be rejected according to his principle of the equal weight of the voters.
It is obvious, however, that there are several kinds of "prevention" and a more careful analysis of this concept is probably indispensable before drawing conclusions.
It may be useful to remember in this connection an example presented at the beginning of this century in this country by a distinguished scholar (whose name is probably unduly forgotten in our time: Lawrence Lowell) in his stimulating book, Public Opinion and Popular Government.5 I have quoted this example on another occasion but it seems to me so good that I would like to repeat it. Bands of robbers, said Lawrence Lowell, do not constitute a "majority" when after having waited for a foot traveler in a lonely place they deprive him of his purse. Nor can the latter be called a "minority." There are constitutional protections and, of course, criminal legislation in the United States as well as in other countries, tending to prevent the formation of such "majorities." I must admit that several "majorities" in our times have often much in common with the peculiar "majority" described by Lawrence Lowell. Notwithstanding this, it is still possible and, I would say, very important to distinguish between the paradoxical "majorities" of the Lowell type and "majorities" in a more orthodox sense. Majorities of the Lowell type are not allowed in any efficiently organized society of this world for the simple reason that practically every member of these societies wants to be given the possibility of preventing at least some actions by any majority. Downs's argument that in those cases each voter of the minority is given more weight than each voter of the majority would not be considered very impressive by anybody, even if we assumed that argument were correct.
Would we then maintain that those cases in which each individual wants to preserve his power to prevent majorities, regardless of their size, from taking actions like robbing or murdering are perfectly similar to other cases in which a capricious or wicked dissenter would be able to prevent his fellow citizens from reaching some innocent and useful ends of their own? It seems obvious that the word prevention has a different meaning in each case, and that it would be advisable to distinguish between these cases before assuming any general conclusion about the applicability of the majority rule. In other words, even if we admitted the correctness of the "equal weight" argument, we should recognize the necessity of some important qualifications that would reveal the insurmountable limits of the argument itself.
There is one more argument that we have to consider among those presented in favor of simple majority rule. As we saw, Downs not only objected to the application of other rules as contrasted to the principle of "equal weights," but stated rather flatly that "the only practical arrangement" in order to let more voters tell fewer what to do was "simply majority rule." The idea is that if we adopt any other (qualified) majority rule, a minority would be able to prevent a majority from telling the former what to do. Or, to put it in another way, a minority would tell a majority what not to tell. Unfortunately for the supporters of unconditional majority rule, this argument in favor of simple majority rule is no more correct than the preceding ones.
The adoption of simple majority rule does not prevent strongly organized minorities from telling all the other members of the political community what to do. The Italian theory of elites presented by Mosca, Pareto, and to a certain extent by Roberto Michels has always strongly emphasized this possibility. In their recent essay, The Calculus of Consent, John Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, while trying to reject the elite point of view, have rather unconsciously adopted it in their analysis of vote trading as a real phenomenon taking place in representative democracies of our times.
Unless I am wrong, Buchanan and Tullock managed to demonstrate in a probably irrefutable way that whenever a minority is well organized and determined to bribe as many voters as necessary in order to have a majority ready to pass a desired decision, the majority rule works much more in favor of such minorities than is commonly supposed. If for instance only ten voters out of a hundred gain the whole benefit of 100 dollars from a group decision whose costs of 100 dollars are to be charged equally to each member of the group, those ten voters may be interested in bribing 41 more people—at least by refunding to each of them his individual cost for the decision, that is, 1 dollar each. In the end, 41 people belonging to the majority will then break even, 40 belonging to the official minority will pay 1 dollar each without getting any benefit from the decision, and each of the real gainers will get 10 dollars benefit against 5.10 dollars cost from the decision taken by the group.
Of course the rule may also work in an opposite way when the losing 40 manage to organize themselves the next time and bribe at least two members of the majority in order to transform the latter into a minority and leave the ten shrewd fellows with empty hands. But it is obvious that simple majority rule may actually work in favor of a minority in both cases.
True, one cannot say that simple majority rule is the only one besides minority rules susceptible to working in favor of minorities. All other majority rules may work in favor of some minorities when the benefits resulting from the group decision are concentrated and its costs are distributed enough to encourage shrewd minorities to bribe as many voters as necessary to form the majority prescribed by the existing rule. The costs of that bribing, however, increase according to the number of voters prescribed for the formation of a valid majority. It may well happen that the costs involved in the process of bribing an increasing number of voters will discourage any shrewd minority from attempting to maximize their utilities at the expense of their fellow voters or of a part of them. The conclusion seems to be that simple majority rule is to be less discouraging for said minorities than other possible qualified majority rules. This sounds rather different from the statement we have been considering so far. That is, that simple majority rule would be the "only practical arrangement" in order to let "more voters tell fewer what to do."
One of the interesting possibilities also pointed out in the analysis made by Buchanan and Tullock of the way in which simple majority rule may work is the continuous attempt on the part of new minorities of maximizers to bribe other voters originally indifferent to the issue concerned in order to create new ephemeral majorities at the expense of the less informed, less shrewd, or less careful minorities. Another interesting possible result pointed out by the same authors is that the disproportion between benefits and costs for the maximizing minorities induces them to neglect the possibility of minimizing the total costs of the group decision they are promoting in their own behalf.
The general situation may be termed, as I termed it in another connection, a legal war of all against all or, to adopt the famous expression used by the eminent French economist and political scientist Frederic Bastiat, the great fiction of the state "by which everyone seeks to live at the expense of everyone else."6
A continuous overinvestment through group decisions tends to take place in a political community whenever the decision-making rules are such as to encourage minorities of shrewd maximizers to get something for nothing by letting minorities of less shrewd victims foot the bill. Dr. Downs has tried, however, to defend simple majority rule against the accusation of favoring the initiatives of maximizing minorities at the expense of other members of the group. In his essay devoted to the analysis of an article of Tullock's that has been substantially reproduced in the new book by Tullock and Buchanan, Downs makes the already mentioned remark that all kinds of qualified majority rules may work in approximately the same way as simple majority rule in order to encourage shrewd minorities to maximize their own profits at the expense of other voters. In fact, Downs is forced to admit that simple majority rule is not exempt from the above-mentioned criticism. But he seems to completely neglect the fact, now stressed by Tullock and Buchanan, that qualified majority rules appear to be more discouraging than simple majority rule for all kinds of shrewd maximizing minorities.
Downs also tries to defend simple majority rule as well as other (qualified) majority rules from the accusation that they would tend to produce overinvestment through a series of group decisions passed by ephemeral and changing majorities. He admits that "logrolling" takes place in the real world, but he assumes that if the costs actually tended to exceed the benefits in the decisions adopted by political communities based on representatives elected by the people, these representatives would be obliged to reveal the bad results of the vote trading at the end of their legislature. Then the electors would get disgusted and punish them by appointing other representatives.
However, this argument does not seem very convincing. One trait of the political game is that in contemporary political societies logrolling starts earlier than in the Chambers of the representatives. It actually starts in the constituencies when the constituents accept some (for them) disadvantageous items of a political program in order to get some benefit from other items that are advantageous for them. They may consider among the disadvantageous items of the program the possibility that the logrolling their representative is going to start at the Chamber will result in some net losses for them at a given moment. This moment may or may not coincide with the moment at which their representative will present himself to his electors at the end of the legislature. But even if it coincides, their representative will be able to argue that, if he were to be returned to office, he would have new opportunities for improving the present situation through a more beneficial series of logrolling on behalf of his electors. Because the political game is never finished, there is no reason for the electors to fire a representative who can always state that at a given moment, or in a series of given moments, the results of his logrolling were beneficial for his electors, and who can further argue that analogous or even higher benefits would result from his continuation of the same logrolling in the next legislature.
Downs tries, however, to adopt another argument in favor of his thesis. He concedes that if voters are ignorant of some of the costs resulting from a series of group decisions they may vote for a program containing a government budget which is really too large. But, he says, if we admit ignorance into the picture, voters may also be ignorant of some of the benefits they receive, and if this is the situation ignorance may produce a government budget that is too small as well as one that is too large.
It seems to me that this argument is even less convincing than the preceding one. We moved from the rather realistic assumption that shrewd minorities know better than their fellow voters what costs and benefits will emerge for them from a decision that they try to have passed by the group, notwithstanding the possible overinvestment that this decision implies for the group. If such a decision is to pass, it is precisely because other voters are to foot the bill, which means that they are careless or less organized or ignorant of the real consequences for them emerging from the decision. Ignorance may be, therefore, one of the reasons overinvestment occurs, although it is not the only one. But let us assume that ignorance (on the part of the losing voters) is the only reason. Downs counters that ignorance may also produce a government budget which is "too small." But this is a completely different case which has very little to do with the case of overinvestment that we have just considered. Downs's argument would be acceptable only if we could assume that merely because of the ignorance of the voters who are footing the bill for a decision promoted by a shrewd minority, the benefits of that decision for the group may not only be less but also greater than the costs. But this would imply that investment is a form of gambling in which rational and well-informed operators are no more likely to succeed than irrational or ignorant ones. If ignorance could randomly produce the same beneficial effects as information, economic activities would obviously be very different from what they are now. In the world in which we live, the assumption that ignorance may pay as well as information seems to be rather inappropriate to explain human action—not only in the economic field but in the other fields as well. On the other hand, it is reasonable to assume that minorities who promote a group decision for their own benefit know what they are doing better than the other voters. They have a precise idea of what they want and of the possible results for them of the corresponding group decision. They may know equally well that the benefits of the decision for the other members of the group will be less than the costs for those same members. But they can disregard this fact. The final result will very probably be an investment that will cost much more than it would have cost under different conditions.
We have seen that simple majority rule is not the only rule that may cause these effects. Any other kind of (qualified) majority rule may have similar results. We have also seen, however, that qualified majority rules may work better than simple majority rule to discourage maximizing minorities from imposing their will on the whole group through the well-known procedure of logrolling. It would seem at this point that the more you increase the majority necessary for making a group decision, the more you protect the dissenting minorities from being exploited by well-organized elites of maximizers. However, this is not the case. As Buchanan and Tullock have shown in their work, the costs of reaching an agreement among the voters of a group tend to increase rather sharply when the qualified majority rule approximates the unanimity rule. In other words, any voter tends to consider his consent as very precious when he knows that the number of voters needed for a valid decision is very high. If the other voters want his consent he may be tempted to act in the same way as a discriminating monopolist in order to obtain the full advantage of the bargain.
A situation which is to a certain extent analogous to that occurring with shrewd minorities under simple majority rule tends to emerge under highly qualified majority rules or under unanimity rule. New minorities of maximizers may emerge, not in order to buy other people's votes at the cheapest price, but merely to sell their own votes at the highest price to those voters who want to have a decision passed under the existing rule, i.e., a highly qualified majority rule. Unanimity rule would simply exacerbate this tendency, and this is the reason unanimity rule is very rarely adopted because of the high or even prohibitive costs that it may imply for all those who want to have a decision passed under that rule.
If we now go back to the concept of "equal weight" of the voters, we must conclude that no rule for decision making is really apt to give equal weights in the sense of equal possibilities to each and all of the voters. However, it may be presumed that some qualified majority rules tend to put all of the voters in a position of a fair equilibrium, while minority rules, simple majority rules, highly qualified majority rules, and finally unanimity rules inevitably result in disequilibrium for the voters concerned.
This conclusion reminds us of some insurmountable differences which we must assume exist between the process of voting and that of trading in the market under conditions of competition.
Political competition appears to be much more restricted by its very nature than economic competition, particularly if the rules of the political game tend to create and maintain disequilibria rather than work in the opposite direction.
We must conclude that there is little sense in praising the simple majority rule as the best possible rule for the political game. There is much more sense in adopting several kinds of rules according to the ends we want to reach, e.g., adopting qualified majority rules when the issues at stake are rather important for each member of the community, or adopting the unanimity rule when the issue is absolutely vital for each of them. I believe almost all of these points have been brilliantly stressed in the recent analyses based on the economic approach.
But we must bear in mind that none of the rules adopted or adoptable in political decisions can produce a situation which is really similar to that of the market under conditions of competition. No vote trading could be sufficient to put each individual in the same situation as the operators who freely buy and sell goods and services in a competitive market.
When we consider law as legislation it can be clearly shown that the law and the market can in no way be considered similar from the point of view of the individual and his decisions.
In fact, the market process and the legislative process are inescapably at variance. While the market allows individuals to make free choices provided only that they are prepared to pay for them, legislation does not allow this.
What we should now ask and try to answer is: Can we make a more successful comparison between the market and nonlegislative forms of law?
[1 ] See Bruno Leoni, "Political Decisions and Majority Rule," Il Politico, Vol. XXV, No. 4, 1960, pp. 724-733.
[2 ] Anthony Downs, In Defense of Majority Voting (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1960). (A mimeographed essay, it was written as a general critique of a paper by Gordon Tullock, "Some Problems of Majority Voting." This latter paper was an early version of Chapter 10 in The Calculus of Consent.)
[3 ]The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 15, Editor in Chief, Andrew A. Lipscomb (Washington, D.C.: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States, 1904), p. 127.
[4 ] See "The Great Political Superstition," The Man Versus the State, Herbert Spencer (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, Inc., 1981), p. 129.
[5 ] A. Lawrence Lowell, Public Opinion and Popular Government (New York: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1913).
[6 ] Frederic Bastiat, Selected Essays on Political Economy (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1964), p. 144.
Althusius and the Federal Commonwealth
Althusius's Political Thought
Bryce on America
Burckhardt's Pessimistic Conservatism
Calhoun on Union & Liberty
Chodorov's Political Thought
Chodorov, Socialism via Taxation (1946)
Cicero's Commonwealth
Classics of Political Thought
Cobden's Political Thought
Condorcet, 10th Epoch. Future Progress of Man (1796)
Constant and Modernity
Constant's Political Thought
Constant, The Liberty of Ancients Compared with that of Moderns (1819)
Dante on Monarchy
De Lolme and the English Constitution
Eighteenth-century middle-class English radicalism
Étienne de la Boétie, Discourse of Voluntary Servitude (1576)
French Declaration of Rights
Friedman on a Volunteer Army
Friedman on Stability of Freedom
George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) and the Fabian Society
Guizot and Representative Government
Guizot on the rise of the Free Cities
Herbert & State Compulsion
Hobbes: Oakeshott's Introduction to Leviathan
Hume on the Origin of Government
Hume's Essays
Julian, George Washington (1817-1899)
Kant's Political Philosophy
Kant's Political Philosophy II
Karl Marx and the Liberal Critique of Socialism
Lecky and Democracy
Leggett and the Doctrine of Equal Rights
Macaulay, Southey's Colloquies (1830)
Machan, Spencer A Century Later
Mackay on the Socialist Dystopia
Marcus Aurelius and the Scottish Enightenment
Marxism as Farrago: A Dialog betwen H.B Acton & a Reader
Milton and Freedom of Speech
Milton on the Ideal Republic
Milton on the Right to Depose a Tyrant King
Milton's Political Writings
Minogue on Freedom
Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers
Montesquieu's Mes Pensées: Editor's Introduction
Oakeshott and Hobbes
Paul, The Liberty and Property Defence League
Penn's Life and Political Thought
Personal Rights Association
Plato's The Laws - Jowett's analysis
Plato's The Republic - Jowett's analysis
Read, To Abdicate or Not
Richter's Socialist Dystopia
Rothbard on the Black Revolution
Rothbard's Review of Leoni, Freedom and the Law
Rousseau as Political Philosopher
Rousseau's Political Thought
Spencer & the State
Spencer on Education
Spencer on the Tyranny of Fashion (1854)
Spencer, Proper Sphere of Government (1843)
Spencer, The Right to Ignore the State (1851)
Spinoza's Political Theory
Tacitus and Tyranny
Taylor and American tyranny
The Earl of Shaftesbury on Liberty and Harmony


text:
Curious/Creepy: the coolest grandma in the world
So, here I am in sunny Kingston, ON. I took the train down last night and am here to visit friends. AND, I may say, to make myself fat for I have gone to the Saturday farmers' market downtown and I have purchased Wolfe Island bread (Red River style) and Betty's Byre strawberry rhubarb jam and I have put these together with Earth Balance between them and lo, it is very effin' good. So good I can't stop eating it and I'm going to explode soon. Also, my friend Vee and I are going to make pierogies tonight so the belly-busting will continue. Yeeeessssssss.
But I had to get here somehow (train) and that means I had a rare opportunity to be creepy. So here's what I saw people reading last night.
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies by Seth Grahame-Smith and Jane Austen. I was actually not even on the train yet when I spotted this one. I was walking in the line to board my train when I saw someone in another line reading this. She was white-haired. She wore bifocals. She was the essence of frumpitude. SHE WAS THE COOLEST GRANDMA EVER.
Not that I've read or want to read this book. I tried, very briefly, to read this book and was so irritated by it that I gave up almost immediately. However, I admit, and it may be prejudiced of me (har har), but I don't generally assume that little old ladies are into zombies. They make great zombies (just like little kids - eeek!), but it doesn't seem like a natural match to me, reading interest-wise. But maybe she's seen Zombieland and knows what's what.
This zombie- and Austen-loving g-ma was so cool that I was tempted to jump lines and beg her to adopt me and take me to her gingerbread house full of books. But there's bread to be ett in Kingston. Also, living in Toronto, I was running a little short on oxygen. But the infusion has done me good and already I've run 4 marathons, saved a family from a burning house, and been book-shopping.
Wolves Eat Dogs by Martin Cruz Smith. This tome (hardcover, from a library) was being perused by the guy I sat next to on the train. In fact, I sat next to him precisely because he was reading and I wanted to make the spying on him easier for myself AND I didn't want someone who would try to talk to me. You see, I'm reading Anthony Trollope's Can You Forgive Her? and this novel is so satisfying and irresistible that Anthony may have to be my new boyfriend.
I know nothing, absolutely nothing, about Smith. I know the name but have never heard anyone say anything about him for either good or ill. I do notice, however, that he's one of those authors whose name tends to figure about fifty times larger on his book covers than the actual book titles do.
What's that aboot anyhow? When they do this, are publishers secretly acknowledging that books by authors like this are entirely interchangeable? Is it the subliminal equivalent of adding jazz hands and show tunes to potential buyers' internal dialogue when they're contemplating a stack of indistinguishable authors? INSERT THOUGHT BUBBLE NOW:
"Hmmm, we've got some Wilbur Smith here, and some Tre Smith, and some Agent Smith...not sure...Oh hey, MARTIN CRUZ SMITH!!! I bet this book will be great! It'll tell the story of a small-town girl with a big heart and a small purse who goes to Hollywood to make it big, and there'll be tears and dancing and singing and hand-wringing, and a corrupt agent and a heartless director but another director (his rival!! There was another girl and a gun fight and a back alley abortion and a ruined career), from the same small town who also started off with a big heart and no cash, will discover her when she's waiting tables and looking longingly out the window and subconsciously striking poses because she's just that much of a natural, and not only will he discover her but also he'll fall in love with her, yeah! and...this looks like it might be alright."
Ahem. So, the reader of this book was a middle-aged fella who liked electronic thingies like the kids use. He had a Crackberry which he texted on a lot. He had an iPod which he'd very sensibly strapped to his wrist. And he was much more interested in not talking than I was so we got along fabulously.
The Castle of Wizardry by David Eddings. This well-thumbed paperback Fantasy novel was being read by a woman one row up and to the right of me. It took me a long time to see what she was reading because apparently even with my glasses on, I'm still half-blind.
Reader was in her forties I'd guess, had her hair in a pony tail, was wearing gigantic 80s earrings, a sweatshirt, her pj bottoms, sneakers. It's time for the pot to call the kettle black...er, white. It's time for the white trash kettle to call out the other white trash kettle in the vicinity. There, you've been called out, Fantasy-written-for-14-year-old-boys-reading lady in pj pants. I'm just better disguised than you are but I recognize my people when I see them. See you at the Trailer Park Boys convention in May!
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, etc by some unknown but talented m.f. from the middle ages. One row behind me, to my right. Taking a Via train on the weekends exponentially increases one's chances of witnessing an undergraduate studying. I know this. It's science.
This kid was maybe 20 and was wearing a University of Western Ontario shirt. It was purple, like a certain large dinosaur I once knew. This guy read all the time. Unlike my SMITH!!!!-reading row-mate, he never allowed himself to be distracted by electronic thingies with lights and cute bleeping sounds.
He wasn't even distracted by his persistent and painful-sounding cough. It may have been the consumption. It mayn't have been a galloping consumption but it was trotting, and with purpose and direction. I'm surprised his lungs stayed anchored in his skinny chest. But he was committed to the olde Englyshe poetrye and would not be stopped.
FAIL. Also, I failed in one of my spying attempts. I know. I feel the pain of it too. I'd been on such a good run. The person in the row ahead of me, but in the seat in front of me, was reading a fat novel. I was sure I'd established that it was a book called The Apprentice by Clive Cussler but I can find no evidence on the interwebs that such a book exists. Sigh. Please, don't turn me into glue; I'll keep working!!!!!
Posted by Bookphilia at 14:38
Labels: Transit reading
raych said...
I already love you most, and then you write a post like this and I love you more.
heidenkind said...
You were on fire last night! I don't think I've ever spotted so many readers on a train. But then there aren't any trains where I live, so that might be it. And also Americans don't read. ;)
I have no idea who this Smith person is. I think James Patterson wrote a book called The Apprentice...? And that kid from University probably had the swine flu. :(
An Anonymous Child said...
I tried to play this game recently and discovered two things while losing: 1, a person with fairly bad eyes should not try to play this too often (I couldn't read half the titles) and 2, it's a bit hypocritical of me to play this game without a book in my own hands. Strange, isn't it? I've never been a big train/bus/metro/etc. reader, mostly because I'm often scared I'll miss my stop. And yet here I was, critically examining other readers without offering them insight about me and my bizarre reading habits. I ought to be more fair to them, no? Hm... Planes, on the other hand, are delightful. I have very good luck catching titles on planes. Of course, everybody reads on flights so perhaps that's not saying much... and it's not like the plane makes a mid-Atlantic stop to let passengers off...
I have to wonder if that grandma got the book from her grandkids. Perhaps they thought it'd be a funny joke...?
Beatriz said...
I want to go spying now! But I'm also half blind, therefore my chances are sliiiiim.
raych: I write these for you! Also, maybe a little, to satisfy the part of me that's a total creepy bastard.
heidenkind: Yes, I certainly had a lot of luck on Friday. Tonight, on the way back, I saw only two book-readers in action and could only tell what one of the books were (The Great Gatsby).
Americans do too read - Americans like you! :)
An Anonymous Child: I always try to make sure any potential book spies can see what I've got on the go but I don't notice it happening much. Which may be a good or a bad thing.
Also, reading in transit is a risk as you fear. Both my husband and I have missed our stops on the subway for being so involved in our books; once, my hubby went something like 12 stops too far!!!!
Beatriz: Chances of success in book spying are greatly increased by how creepy you're willing to be. I find it easier on a bus or subway where many people are already standing and so walking around doesn't seem weird. But on the train, where everyone's sitting down like the civilized travellers they are...it's much harder.
Come see me at Jam and Idleness to find out!
Victorian Literature Project
1. Charles Dickens (1812-70): The Old Curiosity Shop (1841)
2. Dickens: Martin Chuzzlewit (1844)
3. Elizabeth Gaskell (1810-1865): Mary Barton (1848)
4. W.M. Thackeray (1811-63): Vanity Fair (1848)
5. Dickens: Dombey and Son (1848)
6. Thackeray: The History of Henry Esmond (1852)
7. Charlotte Bronte (1816-55): Villette (1853)
8. Dickens: Bleak House (1853)
9. Gaskell: North and South (1855)
10. Anthony Trollope (1815-82): The Warden (1855)
11. Robert Browning (1812-89): Men and Women (1855)
12. Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-61): Aurora Leigh (1856)
13. Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-92): Idylls of the King (1859)
14. Ellen Wood (1814-87): East Lynne (1861)
15. Christina Rosetti (1830-94): Goblin Market and Other Poems (1862)
16. Wilkie Collins (1824-89): No Name (1862)
17. Mary Elizabeth Braddon (1837-1915): Aurora Floyd (1863)
18. Charles Kingsley (1819-75): The Water Babies (1863)
19. Sheridan le Fanu (1814-73): Uncle Silas (1864)
20. Gaskell: Wives and Daughter (1865)
21. Collins: Armadale (1866)
22. Margaret Oliphant (1828-97): Miss Marjoribanks (1866)
23. Trollope: The Claverings (1867)
24. Matthew Arnold (1822-88): The Poetical Works of Matthew Arnold (random placement)
25. Browning: The Ring and the Book (1869)
26. le Fanu: The Wyvern Mystery (1869)
27. Trollope: He Knew He Was Right (1869)
28. George Eliot (1819-80): Middlemarch (1872)
29. le Fanu: In a Glass Darkly (1872)
30. Samuel Butler (1835-1902): Erewhon (1872)
31. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928): A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873)
32. Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-89): The Major Works (random placement)
33. Trollope: Phineas Redux (1874)
34. Collins: The Law and the Lady (1875)
35. Trollope: The Way We Live Now (1875)
36. Eliot: Daniel Deronda (1876)
37. Trollope: The Prime Minister (1876)
38. Hardy: The Return of the Native (1878)
39. Eliot: Impressions of Theophrastus Such (1879)
40. George Meredith (1828-1909): The Egoist (1879)
41. Trollope: The Duke's Children (1880)
42. Charles Algernon Swinburne (1837-1909): A Century of Roundels (1883)
43. Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-94): Kidnapped (1886)
44. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930): A Study in Scarlet (1887)
45. Stevenson: The Master of Ballantrae (1889)
46. George Gissing (1857-1903): New Grub Street (1891)
47. Oscar Wilde (1854-1900): The Decay of Lying and Other Essays (1891)
48. Gissing: The Odd Women (1893)
49. George du Maurier (1834-96): Trilby (1894)
50. Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest (1895)
Sickbed reading
Science is scary
An interlude which was neither all that I'd hoped ...
Where the work begins
The Reading Lamp: reading east
Weak gamesters in poetry
Long weekend reading...and eating
Splendid young things in a young world
Preposterone
The death-throes of virtue
All posts copyright Colleen Shea.
More bookish endeavours...and some damned fine writing, too
Australian Women Writers 2019 Challenge completed
Blind Spots
Books: Books blog | guardian.co.uk
Hanif Kureishi: "She Said He Said"
Necessary Fiction
A Girl Goes Into the Forest
A bit of Kristin Lavransdatter - What if she screamed now so that her voice pierced through the song and the deep, droning male voices
Heidenkind's Hideaway
Sunday Snapshot + First post of 2019!
Prologue to the Canterbury Tales
The Middle Stage
On the Penguin Book of Haiku
Hotchpot Cafe
Goldilocks Reviews
Interpolations
Novel Readings Has A New Address
Open Letters Monthly - an Arts and Literature Review
OLM Favorites: Seer Blest
Who ain't a captive?
The Official Site of Author Y S Lee
Farewell blog, hello newsletter
Blood of the Oak by Eliot Pattison
Hours the thirteenth through eighteenth.
Hungry Like the Woolf
TOB 2015 Contest Update: Rooster Crowing!
Tony's Reading List is on the move!
Mad Bibliophile
BBC World Book Club
THE CATASTROPHIZER
One cannot fly into flying, but it would be way better and easier if one could
Dada doesn't catch flies
What Happened to Bill Beard?
Villa Negativa
What I Don't Write Here, And Why
Coilhouse
Dimming the Lights and Locking Up at Coilhouse
Ho Hum… another work of the devil
Law of Unintended Consequences, Tory Division
Mo Money, Mo Moustache
Mid-month stache update
In Palinode's Palace
well hello there
Japanese Literature Challenge 5
"Wide Open To Every Possibility"
Incurable Logophilia
Brilliantly Sarcastic Responses To Completely Well-Meaning Signs | Happy Place
Bookgaga
Book Patrol
Cornellbooksellers.com
About Bookphilia.com
Bookphilia
Subscribe To Bookphilia.com
French literature project - shelved. But here are the links.
Song of Roland (1098-1100)
Chretien de Troyes (fl. late 12th century), Arthurian Romances
Marie de France (late 12th century), Lais
The Death of King Arthur (1230-25)
Marguerite de Navarre (1492-1549), The Heptameron
Abbe Prevost (1697-1763), Manon Lescaut
Choderlos de Laclos (1741-1803), Dangerous Liaisons
Benjamin Constant (1767-1830), Adolphe
Honore de Balzac (1799-1850), Old Goriot
Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), A Sentimental Education
Emile Zola (1840-1902), La Bete Humaine
Gaston Leroux (1868-1927), The Phantom of the Opera
Andre Gide (1869-1951), The Immoralist
Irene Nemirovsky (1903-42), Suite Francaise
Marguerite Duras (1914-96), The War: A Memoir
Michel Houellebecq (1958-present), The Possibility of an Island
Muriel Barbery (1969-present), The Elegance of the Hedgehog


New website for Wedding photographer based in Hull, including blog, photowall, auto update of Facebook and Twitter.
This entry was posted in Web development and tagged CMS, Joanne Gower Photography, Website, Wordpress. Bookmark the permalink. Follow any comments here with the RSS feed for this post. Post a comment or leave a trackback: Trackback URL.
Really like the photo gallery here.


With a setting on the peaceful Woodland Retreat resort in Cornwall, Camellia is a 3 bedroom property with use of the site's indoor swimming pool. The open plan living space makes a bright spot to spend time with the rest of your group, and when the breeze tempts you outside you can step through the French doors and out onto your private terrace. The inviting sun loungers and a table and chairs make it easy to enjoy sunny days together, and the property's enclosed garden means it's great for the kids too.
The private balcony from the master bedroom means that when you feel like some time to yourself, you can retreat outside with a book and a glass of something chilled to enjoy the sounds of the countryside...bliss. Camellia has a contemporary, spacious design that means you can enjoy time together in style, so it's perfect for a stay with those people you just don't see enough of.
Bedrooms one and two enjoy the added privacy of an en suite bathroom each, and the roll top bath in bedroom one's en suite and the four poster bed in bedroom two add a little luxury to help you to indulg...see, they've thought of everything.
Camellia is also located just a short drive from a number of fantastic beaches from Tolcarne at Newquay, to Watergate and the stunning Harbour at Padstow there is plenty of choice for a great day out!
Please note: The swimming pool is available for all ages. The Sauna - Steam room and Gym are only available for ages 16 and above.
take a barbecue,and an umbrella for the outside table on decking area,(no shade).
no mobile reception until you get back up on the access road.
if you want to disappear of the face of the earth this is the place(.far to quiet).
travelled as a couple 60,and 64 years old and still young at heart.


RENO, Nevada (AP) Marqueze Coleman had 18 points, AJ West added 16 points and 13 rebounds and Nevada beat Air Force 78-62 on Saturday.
D.J. Fenner scored 17 points for Nevada (5-8, 1-0 Mountain West), which never trailed in the game.
Marek Olesinski had 19 points to lead Air Force (7-6, 0-2). Justin Hammonds had all of his 14 points in the second half and Max Yon added 13 points for the Falcons.
Nevada led 34-21 at halftime and maintained a double-digit lead until Olesinski hit a short jumper and a 3-pointer on consecutive possessions to pull Air Force to within 57-48 with 8:52 left.
The Wolf Pack responded with a 10-3 run - on a pair of baskets by Coleman and six free throws by West - to stretch the lead back to 67-51 with 5:07 left and Air Force couldn't answer.
Nevada dominated the rebounding 38-25 and grabbed 17 offensive rebounds, including nine by West. The Wolf Pack had 20 second-chance points, while the Falcons had only six.
The biggest difference was at the free throw line, where Nevada hit 25 of 35 and Air Force was 10 of 18.
Nevada used a 23-9 run through the middle of the first half to lead 32-14 with 3:32 left in the first half. Air Force closed it to 34-21 at halftime with a 7-2 run.
Nevada: With the win, the Wolf Pack leads the series 4-1. Nevada has won three in a row after losing eight straight. The Wolf Pack has scored 78 points or more in three consecutive games after not scoring 70 in the first 10 games of the season.
Air Force: The Falcons fall to 0-5 on the road this season and haven't won a road conference game since beating Wyoming on Feb. 25, 2014.
Nevada travels to UNLV on Wednesday.
Air Force hosts San Jose State on Wednesday.


Persistent man-made activities such as deforestation and wild fires, are putting Zomba Mountain forest reserve at risk of being completely depleted.
YFM can reveal that there are only five armed forest rangers guarding the mountain instead of the recommended 30.
Illegal logging is also one of the problems that are putting the mountain at risk.
Director of Forestry Department, Clement Chilima, admitted the inadequate number of forest rangers safeguarding the mountain.
However, Chilima asked the public to report to authorities any illegal practices that are taking place in the mountain.
"What I would recommend is when people are aware of their names they should report them immediately for action," he told YFM.
Chilima said the department has guidelines on forestry harvesting activities to ensure sustainable harvesting of trees.
"We don't allow members of staff to be involved in forestry harvesting activities. We issue licenses every year after the trees have matured after we have assessed and made sure that we have harvested sustainably,"he said.
He said licensing rules were also established in order to protect the rivers that are flowing in the mountain.
Chilima said the department is struggling to contain deliberate fires on the mountain.
"We don't know why people set fires because a lot of the fires are deliberate and deliberate fires are very difficult to fight unlike accidental," he said.
He disclosed the department is currently trying to strengthen law enforcement teams to fight illegal activities on the mountain.


text:
A Review of the Pharmacological properties of potential drugs for the treatment of stuttering from the past to the future
Author(s): Tomasz W. Kamiński, Małgorzata Karbowska, Dariusz Pawlak
Email(s): tomasz.kaminski@umb.edu.pl
Address: Tomasz W. Kamiński, Małgorzata Karbowska, Dariusz Pawlak
Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok , Mickiewicza Str. 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
Stuttering has been described as a chronic speech disorder characterized by involuntary, frequent repetition of words, syllables or phrases, which leads to the loss of smoothness and fluency of speech. Stuttering provokes the deterioration of patient's emotional condition and their functioning in society. Despite the stuttering is a common disorder, especially in childhood, the pharmaceutical industry is constantly unable to offer an effective and safe treatment for those patients. The aim of our study was to provide an insight into the past and present of efforts to introduce "anti-stuttering" drugs on the market. The study is based on a detailed analysis of literature from available databases from the years 1975-2017, which focuses on stuttering, and attempts to the pharmacological treatment of the disease. In fact, there is no approved by Food and Drug Administration medical treatment for stuttering and medical communities do not recognize stuttering as a notable medical matter. Recent studies have discovered new mechanisms that indicate novel neuropsychological grounds for the occurrence of stuttering syndromes. It provides an outstanding opportunity to implement new drugs into treatment for stuttering and take advantage of their pleiotropic effects towards the human body. New drugs with mechanisms of action dependent on dopamine receptors and GABA-metabolism may demonstrate an effective solution in stuttering treatment. Perhaps, the answers we seek are closer than we think.
Hyper-Dopamine Theory
Pagoclone. Abbreviations: DA – Dopamine
GABA – Gamma-aminobutyric acid
US – United States
FDA – U.S. Food and Drug Administration
CNS – Central Nervous System
Tomasz W. Kamiński, Małgorzata Karbowska, Dariusz Pawlak. A Review of the Pharmacological properties of potential drugs for the treatment of stuttering from the past to the future. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2018; 8(2):104-109. doi: 10.5958/2231-5691.2018.00018.7
Tomasz W. Kamiński, Małgorzata Karbowska, Dariusz Pawlak. A Review of the Pharmacological properties of potential drugs for the treatment of stuttering from the past to the future. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2018; 8(2):104-109. doi: 10.5958/2231-5691.2018.00018.7 Available on: https://asianjpr.com/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2018-8-2-8
Author(s): Habeeb Ahmed, Mohammed Ehtesham, Nuha Rasheed , Abdul Saleem Mohammad
Author(s): AK Meena, MM Rao, RP Meena, P Panda, Renu
Author(s): Hiral A. Makadia, Ami Y. Bhatt, Ramesh B. Parmar, Ms. Jalpa S. Paun, H.M. Tank
Author(s): S.C. Shivhare, U.D.Shivhare, Preeti Srivastav, K.G. Malviya
Significance of Pharmaceutical Excipients on Solid Dosage form Development: A Brief Review
Author(s): Sandesh Narayan Somnache, Ajeet Madhukar Godbole, Pankaj Sadashiv Gajare, Sapna Kashyap
Review on Pharmacological Properties of Abutilon indicum.
Author(s): Mohite M S, Shelar P A, Raje V N., Babar S. J., Sapkal R. K.
Analytical Method Development in Pharmaceutical Research: Steps involved in HPLC Method Development
Author(s): Hamid Khan
Generic Vs. Brand Medicines: An Overview
Author(s): Nikita R. Nikam, Rohan R. Vakhariya, Dr. C. S. Magdum
Reverse Logistic Practices on Household Medical Disposal in India and its Impacts on Environment
Author(s): Manoj Kumar. T, Saravanan. S
A Review on Microsphere and it's Application
Author(s): Kaustubh V. Gavali, Manohar D. Kengar, Kiran V. Chavan, Vaishnavi P. Anekar, Naziya I. Khan
Design, Development and Evaluation of Enteric Coated Tablets of Glimepiride
Vitex trifolia -An Important Medicinal Plant: A Review of Its Folklore Medicine and Traditional Uses
Author(s): Goli. Venkateshwarlu, E. Ragyanaik, Kasireddy. Swapna, A. Santhosh, CH. Santhosh
Phytopharmacology of Ficus bengalensis - A Review
Author(s): Prathap Kumar Kothapalli, Jagadeesh. S. Sanganal, N.B. Shridhar


Why is resilient flooring one of the fastest-growing segments in the industry? For one thing, resilient floors are extremely durable. They are specially-made to resist scratches and scuffs, and most remain stain resistant and waterproof. As a result, resilient floors, especially when compared to popular floors such as carpet and hardwood, are easy to maintain. At the same time, resilient floors are more flexible than hard surfaces, so they are relatively soft and comfortable underfoot.
Migala Carpet One in Portage, MI offers a great selection of resilient flooring options such as vinyl flooring.