Good one...the sail and the photo.
You would have to be more than happy in averaging 4 kn given light the winds.
Very happy. I had prolonged spells where the boat speed was near five knots, and a couple of times it accelerated up past five. I was ready to head back home when the wind died right off during the outwards leg but I figured I'd see how far I'd get in three hours, and the wind came good after a while. So we did dead running, broad reaching, shy reaching, but no true beam reach and nothing hard on the nose either.
We did several jybes and went about on both tacks. All behaviours normal.
OK you can all stop clamouring. Here's your video. Ignore the grubby bits, the incorrect yard haul point, etc etc and enjoy.
I just checked the bureau and the wind speed got up to 10-15 knots for a little while, and was in the vicinity of 8-12 for a bit longer, so that explains the good boat speed.
That's pretty damn good for such a modest waterline. Five kn must be on the verge of planing.
She defs won't plane with that hull shape and a belly full of water ballast but other owners have reported boat speeds that seem too high for the wl length. Very satisfying to get her choofing along at this stage while I'm still sorting out the rig and learning how to sail a lugger.
I'll need all the advantages I can get for the next levels of use - camp cruising at an indecent distance away. I should keep my trap shut but I'm in light hearted early discussions about sailing to Tas alongside a 30 footer. Probably two years down the track, or more likely never, but I like the game.
Back to reality, I'm busy refurbishing the batteries in the electrical system. I let the li-ion cells run right down and I may have trashed a few by doing that. Anyway, i managed to kick start a charge on the whole 24 cells that make up the pack so maybe I'll get away with it. I'll need lights and charging power for the next adventures.
I'm stuck at home again for another week having volunteered to look after a dog while the owners are away. I've done a couple of very trivial jobs, but Romana is well ready to take the next leap. Weather permitting it looks like being a gulf crossing overnighter to Sheoak Flat Beach.
Subject to surviving a simple overnighter the next stage looks like being a two nighter triangle across the gulf to Black Point, Stansbury and return.
Now to one of my recurring favourite topics - self steering. Yes, I know I've already done this to death but Romana hasn't got a self steering thing yet so I'm going to make one.
It will be an experiment in three stages.
1. make a wind blade 260mm chord x 900mm span out of scraps. NACA-0012 profile. Mount it aft and above the stern of the boat on the centreline, with a crank that moves thin dyneema chord in response to the blade tilting. Take the dyneema chords direct to the tiller and see if there's enough force to steer the boat.
2. if the force on the blade is not sufficient to steer direct to the ship's tiller take the dyneema lines direct to a retractable kayak rudder mounted on the port side of the transom (away from the off-centreboard wake) and see if there's enough force to steer the boat by the kayak rudder.
3. if the force on the blade is not sufficient to steer direct to the kayak rudder, as 2, but pivot the rudder through a longitudinal pin and use the swing of the rudder in the ship's wake to provide a strong force to two lines back to the tiller.
I have the kayak rudder and the support frame for the blade mechanism. I've printed a template for the NACA-0012 foil shape and I'll make the blade.
Last edited by brucemoffatt; 04-14-2019 at 11:55 PM.
What I meant to say is Good luck, sounds like a fun project.
Thanks, and you raised a very good question in the previous post, why the smaller kayak rudder might work in the possible outcome where the main rudder didn't.
There are two modes of force at play.
Going upwind with no self steering weather helm applies tiller force that the steers-person counteracts by pulling the tiller to windward against that force. If the tiller is lashed with a bungee you can sometimes get the forces to balance out and the boat will hold course. The shorter the effective keel length the harder that is to achieve. But putting a tiller tamer bungee across the cockpit through a clutch on the tiller allows a reasonable head start to balanced upwind steering, especially with a bit of bias to balance against weather helm. If a small balanced rudder is added in, there is not much force required to fine tune directional control.
Going downwind there is much less tiller force however with wave action to counteract the stern will want to slew and waltz. The main rudder can act as a dampener to that slewing if it is held close to a neutral position, but a bit of 'give' should be included. So again a bungee tiller tamer across the cockpit, with a clutch on the tiller, will help in that regard. A small balanced rudder will then not be required to do a lot of the work to trim the directional control.
At least, that's my take on it. It may not work at all, but in theory it should come close to it. If not then option three almost certainly will do it.
Have you tried the bungy cord steering method?
Not yet. I have the strings and bungees and blocks all set up somewhere but I forgot I'd done that until you reminded me. I guess I should try them first.
Definitely worth playing with the bungee method. Every boat is different. My paradox turned out to be excellent at self steering using lackeys only on any point of sail. One of the tricks to getting her steady down wind was to keep her a little under hull speed. Haven't sailed my new boat enough yet to know what she can do but I am hoping to avoid anything complicated. Back in my folkboat days a Navik did all the work for me reasonably effectively, but it was a complex thing with parts I could not easily repair and so was a source of worry. If the bungee method works for you, it really is much nicer than a vane just because it is so simple and easy on the budget.
A vane is just too much for a Scamp. But on a bigger boat, a well-set-up vane is a joy, representing the peak of human engineering.
Last edited by RFNK; 04-15-2019 at 06:37 PM.
I've gotten as far as buying the bungee cords.
A vane is just too much for a Scamp. But on a bigger boat, a well-set-up vane is a joy, representing the peak of Hyman engineering.
Any trip longer than a couple of hours requires some effective self steering, if only so a coffee can be poured and a leak can be taken. Whatever works, works.
Before figuring out how to get my paradox sailing herself I simply loaded her up with a few weeks provisions and off we went. Once well out to sea necessity caused the self steering learning process to happen rapidly. Worst case scenario, one can always heave to for a breather.
There doesn't seem to me to be any good reason to not think about self steering while getting ready to put to sea. I've done enough heaving, too, to know that avoiding preparation is not the romantic scenario that books and movies would have us think.
My son went camping in the Grampians without adequate preparation. I had an 18 hour round trip yesterday to retrieve him and his vehicle, and his mate who he called first to rescue him, and his vehicle.
So he isn't self-steering yet, eh Phil?
The young ones these days are a bit vane.
edit: sorry Bruce, I should leave the puns on the other thread. But it was just there.
Last edited by Geftb; 04-17-2019 at 10:13 PM.
The dog sitting is done and now I'm free to travel. Tuesday and Wednesday still look good for a first overnighter. I'll probably go to Port Vincent instead of Sheoak Flat to take a bit of shelter from a light/moderate SSW Tuesday night.
The batteries all seem to have come good. That's good. I'm taking three charged batteries for the VHF as I don't know how to rig up a charger from the boat. Got a new sleeping bag, and prepped the cooking gear and coffee maker.
When we used to cruise our Tumlare we fitted a tiller pilot. Had a small solar panel and a small car battery. We'd go to sleep as we passed the fairway beacon and wake up as we approached the Orontes bank. Sometimes I'd pop my head up for a look around along the way.
Tuesday and Wednesday are looking perfect. Broad reach both ways.
Write us a poem while your out there if you feel inclined.
Bruce, in my little sloop I have a deep cycle battery, charge it when I'm home, and have a little 200 watt inverter hooked up to it. It seems more than adequate to keep the VHF, Phone and Lappy charged up, I've been away for two weeks at a time and have yet to run the 80 amp hour battery flat.
As far as I can tell the only real needs are coffee, sleeping bag and something waterproof over the sleeping bag. So as usual I'm overkilling it.
If winter doesn't actually come, which looks likely, I may even get a two nighter in next week.
Winter? It's not even going to rain until mid May. And then only lightly.
Looking forward to the story...and the photos.
It might be a different story to the one I've planned. The wind came up to 19-23 knots this arvo despite an earlier forecast predicting less. Tomorrow and Wednesday may be similar and I don't really want to do a stress test in the middle of the gulf this early in the grand scheme. I may end up doing a local escape up into the Port River for a countery at a good pub and a camp out up in the Port.


text:
First-round pick: Cliff Pennington
With the 21st overall pick in the 2005 draft the Oakland Athletics select Cliff Pennington from Texas A&M University in College Station. After three successful seasons with the Aggies, Penning decided to forego his senior year and enter the MLB draft. He concluded his career at Texas A&M batting .345 with 115 RBIs and an OBP of .416. Defensively, Pennington added 223 putouts and an astonishing fielding percentage of .921.
Following his freshman year with the Aggies, Pennington traveled to Harrisonburg to play for the Turks in the Valley Baseball League. When asked about his experience in Harrisonburg, Pennington stated, "I had a lot of fun and I enjoyed playing baseball in the Valley League because the quality of play was really competitive. It was great getting to meet new guys and play ball in front of such good size crowds." Pennington also said that Coach Wease and the rest of the Turks organization helped him feel right mentioned that Coach Wease and the rest of the Turks organization helped him feel right at home. He still keeps in contact with some of his teammates from that summer.
While playing for the Turks, Penning batted .255 with 9 RBI's and 13 stolen bases in only 37 games he started. Although he was plagued by injury for part of the season Pennington was still selected to play in the 2003 VBL All-Star Game in which he recalled, "that was my fondest memory while playing for the Turks."
The summer after his sophomore year Cliff headed to Mashpee, MA to play for the Falmouth Commodores in the celebrated Cape Cod League. The Commodores went winless the first 5 games of the season and oddly enough Pennington was not yet in Mashpee since he was still participating in the NCAA Tournament with Texas A&M. With Pennington in their arsenal the Commodores turned their act around and went on a 5 game winning streak. Eventually Cliff led the Commodores to their first playoff appearance in 7 years.
Pennington batted .277 for the Commodores with 20 RBI's and led the league with 21 stolen bases in 39 games. Because of his excellent play on the offensive and defensive sides of he ball Pennington was awarded the Manny Robello 10th Player Award. This award goes to the player who is most often thought of as a "five tool player" meaning they excel in hitting for average, hitting for power, they have great speed, good defense and a strong throwing arm. Cliff was only the 2nd Commodore to win the coveted award.
Immediately after being drafted Pennington was sent to the Class A Kane County Cougars in Geneva, Illinois where he batted .276 with 29 RBI's 25 stolen bases and even notched 3 home runs. Before the season ended Cliff was moved to Advanced A-Ball where he finished out the remainder of the season in Stockton, California playing for the Stockton Ports.
Cliff expects to start out the 2006 season with the Ports in Stockton again, but hopes to quickly move up to the Double A affiliate Midland Rockhounds in Midland, TX.
The Harrisonburg Turks would like to wish Cliff the best of luck with his professional baseball endeavors. All of his fans in Harrisonburg will certainly be waiting and watching!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Chirps and Cheeps | Spring Migrants and Such Beauty!
It's been a remarkable spring and my eyes are feasting on beauty everywhere I turn. I thought I'd just make a post so I could put up some of the photos I've been able to capture these past few days. I've been really enjoying the pair of House Wrens who have been very busy building a nest again in the nest box we have. I had to laugh the other day as one of them kept trying and trying to get a 4 inch stick through that little hole. Try as he might, he couldn't get it in horizontally! Haha! Finally, the little bugger figured he had to turn it and he got it in there at last! Very comical!
The only thing I haven't seen around our yard so far this spring is the Baltimore Oriole. Last year, they arrived the only a day after the Rose-breasted Grosbeaks. I've had my orange and grape jelly waiting for weeks now.
Oh, and speaking of Grosbeaks, last year someone pointed out to me that the males always arrive before the females. Other folks disputed that. Although the jury is still out, my 2nd year experience is proving that the males have, indeed, arrived before the females.
I haven't gotten a decent photo of an Eastern Towhee yet, but I've gotten some wonderful looks through my binoculars. I sooooo want a new lens!
A Field Sparrow! I can finally add him to my life list!
What a singer! Like ALLlllll day!!!
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher - I need to get a better photo of this little guy!
White-throated Sparrow - now I need to get a nice photo of the White-crowns that are here too!
Male Ruby-throated Hummingbird - I sure love that they're back in town!
White-crowned Sparrow - got one!
Sue, I can't be 100%, but from what I can see, your 2 Black-throated Green Warblers are both Cape May Warblers also. Double check the details on the faces, yellow on necks, top of head pattern, wing bars, under the tail, shape and length of beak. Wish I had time to bird in May! You're lucky than I was!!! Happy birding!


text:
Tom on Miami-Dade County historic population boom hits a wall
Front Page » Real Estate » 92-story downtown tower OK'd for Miami's skyline
92-story downtown tower OK'd for Miami's skyline
Written by John Charles Robbins on July 25, 2017
A sleek glass tower packed with amenities and mixed uses is ready to make a lasting impression on Miami's skyline. In doing so, One Bayfront Plaza would capture the prize as the tallest building in Florida, 1,049 feet.
The city's Urban Development Review Board recommended approval July 19 of a revised plan for the high-profile site in the heart of downtown.
Board members were taken by its style.
"It's the most beautiful building I've seen presented to this board," said member Fidel Perez. "Congratulations. When it's built, it will bring Miami to a different level. Job well done."
Acting Board Chairman Dean Lewis called the project "very sculptural."
One Bayfront Plaza is to rise 92 stories with 1,361 residences, 100 hotel rooms, 534,379 square feet of offices, 101,650 square feet of retail, 27,500 square feet of exhibition/banquet area, and 8,000 square feet of observation deck/retail.
An abutting garage for up to 2,117 cars is also planned, along with three swimming pools, a pedestrian passage, and the hope of an elevated walkway linked to Metromover's Bayfront Park Station.
The 2.5 acres at 100 S Biscayne Blvd. take up the entire block between Southeast First and Second streets and Southeast Third Avenue on its western edge.
Board members asked when developer Florida East Coast Realty hopes to start building.
Jerome Hollo, executive vice president, said it will probably be early 2019 before all needed permits are lined up and, after that, construction is expected to take 48 to 52 months.
Mr. Hollo said the company is open to start earlier. "If we can push it, we'd love to push it."
Work by project architect William C. Louie of Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates includes the mixed-use former Espirito Santo Plaza, completed in 2004. The 1.2 million-square-foot, 35-story tower is home to the Conrad Miami Hotel, luxury residences, and was headquarters of now-defunct Espirito Santo Bank.
In a letter to the city, attorney Vicky Leiva, representing the developer, detailed the history of the downtown site.
The city issued a major use special permit for One Bayfront Plaza in 2007 under prior zoning. At that time, the project consisted of two large towers with additional floor area.
"The applicant now seeks to modify the previously approved project to provide an enhanced design in closer compliance with Miami 21 [zoning] that will reduce the overall floor lot ratio of the project, create enhanced view corridors, a more activated pedestrian realm, direct and more ample access to Biscayne Boulevard, more open spaces, and other elements consistent with the purpose and intent of Miami 21," Ms. Leiva wrote.
The enhanced design starts by significantly reducing the podium's height and replacing it with a lower two-tiered podium. The lowered podium is partially accommodated by adding basement parking.
While retail originally fronted First and Second streets and Biscayne Boulevard, the new proposal adds Third Avenue retail frontage.
The modification also creates a pedestrian passage, aligned with Biscayne Boulevard, through the project from First to Second street, Ms. Leiva said.
"It's a great development," Mr. Lewis said. "I look forward to seeing it built."
6 Responses to 92-story downtown tower OK'd for Miami's skyline
DC Copeland
Wow, that is great news. At one time Hollo capitulated to the DDA and city planners to nix that platform because Miami 21 (or God knows what) insisted that people disembark from the Metromover station, descend and cross busy Biscayne Blvd in order to create a "vibrant city filled with people walking the streets." Glad to see this new plan nixed that cockamamie idea.
La Nalga
More tall buildings! I feel sorry for the people who live there with all this horrible traffic.
That's life in the city. The nice thing is that having so much density will also mean a richer city life in terms of different shops selling different kinds of goods and services.
Catalin Dobre
Great News and Great design!That is the perfect spot for a tall building.
Onil Maruri
It's best long term to build up, not horizontal for the city. Great news to see a spectacular building like this one coming.
D Todd McCormick
It is wonderful to see Miami embrace & nurture city living. A NY transplant, I recently relocated to the SE 2nd & 1st area. So nice to experience the old Miami feel flavored with this new embrace. A completely different feel from the Brickell scene many seem to enjoy.
It is these large scale projects which vitalize any downtown area. When done correctly as Miami seems to insure, these projects actually aid in sustaining many of the older shops.
Gone are the days of the big box and homogenized builds of before which displaced mom & pop shops.
These builds will also promote public transportation. Miami City has 2 wonderful train services which on most days allow me the luxury of never even getting in my car!! (Always a plus!) lol
82-story skyscraper headed for heart of downtown Miami
Downtown Miami tower to mix church, offices,…
92- to 100-story downtown tower work to begin next year
New 50-story Brickell tower to be mostly offices
Biscayne Boulevard residential tower with grocery wins OK
Wynwood votes down 12-story mixed-use project
52-story Miami World Tower wins board backing
The city's Urban Development Review Board recommends…
Prime Biscayne Property's 13-story Edgewater hotel…
Brickell City Centre set for OK for two more towers
South Dade Bus Rapid Transit faces new roadblocks
Miami Beach goes all out to woo Class A office space
Overtown covets status as food and entertainment district


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text:
using Google.Cloud.Datastore.V1;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Sudokumb
{
    public static class AdminSettingsExtensions
    {
        public static IServiceCollection AddAdminSettings(
            this IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddSingleton<AdminSettings>();
            services.AddSingleton<IDumb, AdminSettings>(
                provider => provider.GetService<AdminSettings>()
            );
            return services;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Stores settings readable by everyone, but should only be set by
    /// administrators.
    /// </summary>
    public class AdminSettings : Sudokumb.IDumb
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Settings get stored in datastore.
        /// </summary>
        private readonly DatastoreDb _datastore;

        /// <summary>
        /// The key to the one entity that contains all the settings.
        /// </summary>
        private readonly Key _key;

        private readonly
                // Cache the datastore entity so we don't query datastore a million
                // times, which would slow us down.  Performance optimization.
                object _cachedEntityLock = new object();

        private Task<Entity> _cachedEntity;
        private DateTime _cachedEntityExpires;

        public AdminSettings(DatastoreDb datastore)
        {
            _cachedEntityExpires = DateTime.MinValue;
            _datastore = datastore;
            _key = new KeyFactory(datastore.ProjectId, datastore.NamespaceId,
                ENTITY_KIND).CreateKey(1);
        }

        private const string ENTITY_KIND = "AdminSettings",
            DUMB_EXPIRES = "dumbExpires";

        /// <summary>
        /// Dumb means every next possible move on the sudoku board gets
        /// its own pub/sub message.
        /// </summary>
        public async Task<bool> IsDumbAsync()
        {
            var dumbExpires = await GetDumbExpiresAsync();
            return !dumbExpires.HasValue ? false :
                dumbExpires > DateTime.UtcNow;
        }

        private Task<Entity> LookupEntityAsync()
        {
            lock (_cachedEntityLock)
            {
                var now = DateTime.Now;
                if (now > _cachedEntityExpires)
                {
                    _cachedEntityExpires = now.AddSeconds(10);
                    _cachedEntity = _datastore.LookupAsync(_key);
                }
                return _cachedEntity;
            }
        }

        public Task SetDumbExpiresAsync(DateTime when)
        {
            Entity entity = new Entity()
            {
                Key = _key,
                [DUMB_EXPIRES] = when
            };
            lock (_cachedEntityLock)
            {
                _cachedEntity = Task.FromResult(entity);
                _cachedEntityExpires = DateTime.Now.AddSeconds(10);
            }
            return _datastore.UpsertAsync(entity);
        }

        public async Task<DateTime?> GetDumbExpiresAsync()
        {
            var entity = await LookupEntityAsync();
            if (null == entity)
            {
                return null;
            }
            return (DateTime?)entity[DUMB_EXPIRES];
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Bayern Munich responds to collapse of its U.S. youth partner GPS
by Mike Woitalla @MikeWoitalla, Jun 23, 2020
German record-champion Bayern Munich launched its foray into American youth soccer in 2014 by partnering with multi-state club Global Premier Soccer (GPS), which has folded amid its parent company filing for involuntary bankruptcy and a federal investigation into its former president and CEO.
Bayern Munich released the following statement on Monday:
"Global Premier Soccer was announced as our first partner in North America when we opened our office in 2014, highlighting our commitment to youth soccer in this country. We were surprised to learn about GPS filing for bankruptcy and we are currently speaking with stakeholders to get further information.
"FC Bayern Munich remains committed to supporting the development of soccer in North America, investing in young talent and providing pathways to professional soccer."
Bayern Munich, which opened its New York office months before the GPS collaboration, also in 2018 partnered with FC Dallas, which led to Bayern's acquisition of the MLS club's Homegrown defender Chris Richards. Last Saturday, the 20-year-old Richards made his Bundesliga debut in a 3-1 win over Freiburg.
The partnership which GPS, which operated in more than 20 states, included GPS teams wearing Bayern jerseys, visits to the USA by Bayern coaches, and GPS player and coaches trips to Munich.
In 2014, Rudolf Vidal, CEO of Bayern Munich in the USA, said, "Our main objective is that we brand build and get in touch with our fan base. We want to build the brand, get in touch with the people who are interested in Bayern Munich and go into the youth soccer structure and try to help wherever we can."
Legacy Global Sports, which acquired 80 percent of GPS ownership in 2016 for $15.2 million, was accused in a civil lawsuit filed in February accused of not paying over $3.7 million as part of an adjusted purchase agreement, forcing LGS into Massachusetts Bankruptcy Court. Former president and CEO Joseph Bradley, who founded GPS in 2001 with his brother Peter Bradley, is the subject of a federal investigation centered on improper work visas used by the GPS's British coaches. That investigation led to a search and seizure warrant of GPS's offices in Waltham, Massachusetts, in October 2019. In May, Gavin MacPhee, who had worked for GPS since 2007, pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice.
Foreign clubs' long history of partnering with U.S. youth clubs and hosting "academies" accelerated with the growth of soccer's popularity in the USA and the increased financial impact of overseas TV rights and worldwide replica jersey sales.
Bundesliga clubs were relatively late to the U.S. market. By 2008, British such as Liverpool, Everton, West Ham, Crystal Palace, Burnley and Chelsea had launched U.S. programs.
bayern munich, youth
2 comments about "Bayern Munich responds to collapse of its U.S. youth partner GPS".
Wallace Wade, June 23, 2020 at 10:27 a.m.
These "partnerships" with Clubs such as Bayern Munich are a marketing sham. All these players paid $ to Bayern in order to wear a replica jersey! The problem in this Country is there is no open development pyramid. Wouldn't it make more sense for American Youth Clubs to partner with local NISA, UPSL, GCPL teams?? Why put $ in foreign Super Club coffers that offer them nada? The Federation supports this con job. Support local soccer!
R2 Dad, June 24, 2020 at 12:59 a.m.
If only we had a fixed pyramid that everyone understood, with teams only moving to different leagues based on excellence and performance instead of ownership moving teams to different cities because of petulance, greed & "grass-is-greener" business cases.


Is Disney Vacation Club (DVC) worth the cost? Well I consider myself well versed at traveling amongst the Disney World Parks and Resorts. I have been booking trips for myself, my wife and my two daughters since they were toddlers. We have been to the parks almost every years since 2005. We have stayed in Pop Century (our favorite), Art of Animation, All-Star Movies, Coronado Springs and one year stayed off-site at the Castle Hotel (at the time a Doubletree Hotel) on International Drive about two miles from Universal Studios. Could DVC be for us?
Having two children that are in school and a wife that is a Teacher makes planning vacations challenging and, to be honest, more expensive. By only being able to visit Disney World during school vacations along with the millions of other families from the Northeastern United States, prices can be quite, how do you say this… Absurd!!! Read about our latest trip the Disney World here.
I have been approached several times during my Disney Vacations by cast members for DVC, but I have never given it a second thought. I have always thought that I did not want to get stuck in a timeshare commitment and be forced into paying money for something that I would not be able to or would not want to use. But with my daughters both at the age where they would be leaving for college in a few years, I've decided to really start looking into DVC for my wife and myself.
For those of you that do not know, "DVC" is short for "Disney Vacation Club". DVC is a sort of time-share that allows you to purchase annual points to be used for stays at one of fourteen DVC resorts throughout the Florida, North Carolina, Hawaii and California. You may also use points for European Vacations and Disney Cruises. The difference between DVC and other timeshares is that you are not locked into a certain time of the year that you have to use your points. Points may be used at anytime during the year based on availability and your plan type.
Sounds like the perfect plan doesn't it. But we are dealing with Disney here, there has to be a catch, and there is, the cost. At the time that I am writing this post, according to the Disney World website (https://disneyvacationclub.disney.go.com/membership/costs/) to purchase the minimum plan which is 100-124pts the initial cost is $17,600.00 with $443.46 in closing costs. You will also be responsible for $58.58 per month ($702.96 annually) in dues which the DVC website claims rises 3-6% annually.
Taking into consideration and annual increase of 6% on dues and adding the cost and closing fees the price for the DVC would cost $25,634.38 or an average of $2,563.44 per year for just your hotel room. Depending on the type of room that you would want would determine the number of nights that you would be allowed to stay.
REMEMBER, THIS DOES NOT INCLUDE THE COST OF PARK TICKETS, FOOD OR ANY OTHER EXTRA SHOWS SUCH AS "MICKEY'S BOO TO YOU".
So, unless I am missing something, DVC is only a value if you plan on staying at one of the Villa-type resorts or higher. Seeing this, I do not think that DVC would be right for my family. First of all, we are only in our rooms to sleep, we spend at least 14 hours at the parks or attractions throughout Orlando so, for us, the economy resorts such as All-Star and Pop Century are the best value. We also spend time off property so the added features that come with DVC would really not entice us to join.
DVC has been around for many years now and there are thousands and thousands of guest that swear by it, it is not for everyone. If you are interested in DVC, please make sure that you do your homework, this is a major investment and if not done properly could cost you lots of money that may not have been aware of.


Hi everyone! Wishing you a beautiful Sunday!
I have to tell all of you that the "Viking" in my life just finished our newest chicken tractor and I absolutely love it! You could easily build this chicken tractor too he kept the design very simple and I love some of the convenience features.
On this tractor he came up with some features that were very custom all while using many items he already had on hand….for example he collects wooden dowels and he found an old mill that gives "FREE" wood away as well about an hour from home so when he is traveling around he collects things we may need.
This design has three nesting boxes and a wonderful roost for them to perch on every night and it also has a latched gate at the other end from the coop area for ease of changing out the feed and water.
The first custom item he put in was the dowel for the roost but oh no he did not stop there. The lid opens up from above the laying and roosting area for full access to reach hens who might be trying to escape and for ease of cleaning the coop.
The lid also has a latch which used to be on a window sash somewhere now keeping my chickens secure.
The chicken wire is from leftover on a roll from a previous chicken coop! I love it when we re-use and re-purpose items the savings really adds up!
He re-used some of the vinyl that he scavenged for when we built the "Chicken Yurt" we have since taken that down when we removed all of our decks and the vinyl that acts as a shade protector and it stays over the food and water to keep them fresh and away from the elements!
Such an awesome act when you keep items out of the garbage and make useful upcycled projects!
Hope you all have a wonderful week! What have you been up to this weekend?
Pingback: We are on the 5th Annual Coastal Cluck Coop Tour!


Lambert Ranch is new community and master planned development in the City of Irvine. It is located of off Portola Parkway and Sand Canyon Road at the hills of Irvine. It is conveniently located within a short driving distance to 133 toll road. Lambert Ranch is a new gated planned development community currently comprised of three smaller subdivisions. The three tracks are "The Field", "The Grove" and "The Hill" which currently comprises approximately 166 homes. This home tract offers unique home style designs catering to those larger type families who like to live with a multi-generational living together under one roof. This allows the multi-family to live together with their private quarters, detached and attached quest houses and/or private offices and studio within these large houses.
Lamber Ranch community homes feature four to six bedroom floor plans with prices ranging from $900,000 to $2,600,000. Amenities are superb with numerous green parks, club house, barbecue areas, outdoor cooking, play grounds, recreational areas, swimming pools and spa. One of the great things about Lambert Ranch is that there is no Mello Roos. Schools are within the Irvine Unified School Districts and comprise of Stonegate Elementary, Jeffrey Trail Middle School, and Northwood High School. Lambert Ranch Homeowners Association monthly dues are approximately $300 a month.
For information on the Lambert Ranch community please contact us with any questions you might have. No question is too mundane, we want to help!


text:
package info.jtrac.domain;

import java.io.Serializable;

@SuppressWarnings("serial")
public class SpaceSeverityPeriod implements Serializable {

	private long id;
	private Space space;
	private Severity severity;
	private int period;

	public SpaceSeverityPeriod(){

	}

	public long getId() {
		return id;
	}
	public void setId(long id) {
		this.id = id;
	}
	public Space getSpace() {
		return space;
	}
	public void setSpace(Space space) {
		this.space = space;
	}
	public Severity getSeverity() {
		return severity;
	}
	public void setSeverity(Severity severity) {
		this.severity = severity;
	}
	public int getPeriod() {
		return period;
	}
	public void setPeriod(int period) {
		this.period = period;
	}
}


According to ChemOrbis, initial June PE prices are emerging across Europe after the monthly ethylene contracts settled up €60/ton from May towards the end of last week. Sellers are aiming for hikes larger than the upstream gains for another month, pointing to the tightness which remains in place following new production outages.
Following Ineos' force majeure declaration on HDPE from Lavera, France, SABIC declared force majeure on LDPE from Wilton, the UK following a shutdown in the second half of May. The plant has an LDPE capacity of 400,000 tons/year. Repsol also declared force majeure on HDPE from Sines, Portugal due to technical issues at the end of last week. The plant at Sines has a capacity of 150,000 tons/year.
In Germany, a distributor lifted his West European PE prices by €100/ton for June, commenting, "It's too early to understand whether we'll manage to achieve such hikes for another month, but supply is still very short." Another distributor raised his June PE prices by €100/ton for LDPE and by €110-120/ton for HDPE and LLDPE from last month. "Supply is tight, especially for HDPE and LLDPE. Despite overheated prices, we expect buying interest to be good as most converters are holding low stocks," he said.
A distributor in Italy expressed his June sell ideas with increases of €100/ton for HDPE due to tight supply while the seller is aiming for slightly smaller hikes of €80/ton for LDPE given better availability. According to the seller, availability is particularly tight for LLDPE.
A cable manufacturer received initial June PE offers from his South European supplier with hikes of €100/ton from May, according to ChemOrbis. Another converter expressed his June buy ideas up €80/ton from last month and commented that he expects to pay larger increases than the ethylene hike due to persistently tight supply.


text:
Q: In Vim, how can I shift a block of code to right? I am using the Vim editor. Here is my situation:
1111111111111
2222222222222
3333333333333
4444444444444

Above is the original code, I want to make them like below. What should I do to shift them all to the right?
    1111111111111
    2222222222222
    3333333333333
    4444444444444

A: Hit >
That's all.

A: Use v to select the block and then press > key.

A: In command mode, you can use >> to indent a single line. 4>> will indent the current and next three lines.
If you don't know how many lines in advance (it may be quite large), you can use ranges. Go to the first line of the range and enter ma to place marker A. Then go to the last line and enter >'a to indent from here to marker A. You can do all sorts of wonderful things with ranges.
How they're indented depends on a couple of things like your shiftwidth settings. I always have my shiftwidth and tabstop settings the same to avoid problems:
:set ts=4 sw=4

(for example).

A: If you've already selected the four lines in visual mode: > will shift them shiftwidth to the right.  After they are shifted, the visual selection will be gone, but you can indent again via . (repeat last command).
If you are normal mode, with your cursor anywhere on the first line:

*

*>> will indent that line,

*4>> will indent all four lines,

*>3j will do the same thing in a different way (indent from this line to three lines down),

*>} will indent all of the lines until the end of the paragraph (i.e. to the first empty line, see :help object-motions), and

*>ap will indent all of the lines for a p-aragraph (see :help text-objects), even if your cursor isn't on the first line.

Again, you can repeat these commands via . for deeper indentation levels (or you can set shiftwidth appropriately).
If your file is nicely composed of "paragraphs" (and most of my code and prose is), I think you'll find the ap text-object to be the most common way to work on blocks of text like this.  You can also use text-objects to speed up visual selection.

A: Use the > key.

A: *

*Press Ctlt+v to select multiple lines.

*Type :

*Type sed substitute pattern matching s/^/    /g (e.g: for adding 4 spaces)

*Press enter

vim indent multiple lines
Vim follows sed to remove/add extra spaces from the start of lines like this:
sed -i 's/^/    /g'  test.txt
sed -i 's/^    //g'  test.txt

A: *

*Ctl+v # for the Visual Block mode

*Move with arrows up or down to select the block

*Once block is selected you can do >

*OR while block is selected click on 'I'. Cursor will move to the first selected line in Insert mode.

*Start moving it by adding spaces. Dont worry that only first line moves.

*Once first line is aligned as you expected hit Esc and then arrow down

A: Not mentioned here but very useful:

The :> and :< commands take a range, and additional > or < can be used. For example, :12,20>>> indents lines 12 to 20 inclusive three times

Source https://vim.fandom.com/wiki/Shifting_blocks_visually

A: For me the number need to be after, like >>4, to move to right, or before, like 4<<, to move to left. I use Vim 7.4.52.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


TAG Heuer's latest collaborative partnership comes in the form of a new Carrera Caliber 02 model, designed by Japanese streetwear guru Hiroshi Fujiwara of the brand Fragment.
This relationship between the two titans of their respective industries is the result of Mr. Fujiwara's existing horological passions, which lead him on several occasions to collaborate with Bamford Watch Department. One such collaboration, a Bamford x Zenith El Primero, introduced Fujiwara to the people at LVMH, the conglomerate that owns several luxury Swiss brands. Among these new friends was the king of several LVMH brands over the years, Jean-Claude Biver. The two sparked up a conversation and, with Mr. Biver's position at the helm of TAG Heuer at the time, they got to work designing a collaboration of their own. The resulting watch? The Heuer Carrera Fragment.
The piece itself is evocative of the Heuer Carrera 2447NT, one of the more iconic variants of the Carrera. The Fragment comes in a 39mm stainless steel case, featuring the classic Carrera lugs and polished finish that has become a model signature. The bezel is slim, making way for the sapphire crystal covered dial.
The dial of the piece pays a nearly one-for-one homage to the 2447 with two important exceptions. The first is the hour markers, which are batons on the 2447 but which were removed in Fujiwara's design to toy with the expectations of the consumer while still respecting the original design. It features a 3 register chronograph layout, featuring a 12-hour subdial at 9 o'clock, a 30-minute totalizer at 3 o'clock, and a running seconds indicator at 6 o'clock. The dial itself is matte black in color, featuring a soft-beige Superluminova to give a hint of vintage aesthetic by way of faux patina. In the area between 4 and 5 o'clock, the word "Fragment" can be seen printed, and the brand's logo can be seen at 12 o'clock above the TAG Heuer logo as well.
Powering the Carrera Fragment is the TAG Caliber 02, an automatic chronograph movement found as the base for a number of other pieces in the brand's catalogue. This is the first of the Heuer Carrera vintage reissue pieces to feature one of TAG's own movements, where previous models paying tribute to the 2447 and its cousins all featured ETA movements with a Dubios-Depraz chronograph module. The Caliber 02 features a 75 hour power reserve, as well as a vertical clutch and column wheel architecture.
The Carrera Fragment comes with two strap options – a black crocodile bund strap, at the personal request of Mr. Fujiwara, and a black and grey striped NATO strap.
Limited to just 500 pieces, the TAG Heuer Carrera Fragment will be available exclusively through TAG boutiques, as well as online through TAG's official website, and will retail for CHF 7,900 (approx. $7,960 USD).
I blame John Mayer for my introduction and subsequent fascination with Japanese streetwear. As a genre of clothing, it has such a unique and impressive way of blending the old with the new, the classic with the modern, that you'd be hard pressed to NOT find a Japanese brand that suits your style. However, somehow Fragment slipped right under my radar, despite being an important player in the scene. That being said, this collaboration sports all of the kind of intriguing design philosophies that seem consistent across all of Japanese streetwear, most specifically in the way the dial seems incredibly familiar until you take a closer look and notice things like the missing hour markers or the Fragment script at 4:30. That crocodile bund strap that it comes with is just icing on the cake, but it is very, very tasty icing on an already stunning cake, and I'm with Marie Antoinette on this one.


This week's GURPSDay is brought to you by Tyr, God of Justice, War, and Law. Why? Not to too my own horn, but I have been granted a license to convert my Norse-based adventure Lost Hall of Tyr into Hall of Judgment, an adventure for the Dungeon Fantasy RPG. Read more about that below.
Welcome to GURPSDay 2018, and the fourth year – GURPSDay started in February 2013, only a year after I started Gaming Ballistic. This has been a big week for me. My modified Fifth Edition Kickstarter for the Dragon Heresy RPG – the same setting that Lost Hall/Hall of Judgment is set in – went live and funded on Day 2. And of course, the big news is the licensure to me, a third party publisher, of the DFRPG rules. Big things are movin' in the world of GURPS and Powered by GURPS.
Final Note: Moe Lane, Patrick Burroughs, and Merlin Avery: your blogs are not pulling. Call the office.
Wandered Roads 47 (4/05/18) – The Heroes of Sandpoint finally come face to face with the Runelord of Lust! The ongoing adventures of the Heroes of Sandpoint in our Wandered Roads of Varisia GUPRS campaign.
Game Prep: Traveller, 4.11 (For Real This Time!) (4/03/18) – Making plans for the 11th session of our ongoing game. As normal, this is mostly stream of consciousness that will eventually become the session notes proper.
Recap and GM Notes: Traveller, 4.10 (4/01/18) – Musing about the GURPS: Traveller game I ran on 3/31/18. Includes a link to the YouTube recording of our stream. No stats abused.
Game Prep: Oasis Mother and Oasis Children – Alien Plant Monsters! (3/31/18) – Stating out the Oasis Children and her Children. Stats most definitely abused. References to Banestorm; Creatures of the Night, Vol 5; Lands out of Time; and Zombies … and this is for a Traveller game!
Game Prep: Contragrav Bikes aka "Swoops" (3/30/18) – Figuring out the stats for contragrav bikes. References to Ultra-Tech and Traveller: Interstellar Wars. Stats are somewhat abused.
gurps_20180405/Moe_Lane could not be parsed – is it empty?
gurps_20180405/Patrick_Burroughs could not be parsed – is it empty?
gurps_20180405/Merlin_Avery could not be parsed – is it empty?
Tyr was my favorite of the Norse gods, back when I was real into their cultural stuff.
Observation: You have a few broken strings showing up here; both have what looks like a URL fragment and a statement that it could not be parsed.


Fashion Designer Mike Vensel chose to have Karrueche as his Muse for "Designer's Night Out" on Thursday, a Kickoff to L.A. Fashion Week.
And Karrueche proved to be a Correct Choice in some Backless Black Elegance that left all at the Sofitel stunned on the Red Carpet.
While holding herself gracefully witha gown to the Floor, Karrueche also bumped into Nia Peeples who was also lookin Damn fine herself.
And of course Publicist Extraordinaire J. Ryan La Cour is always Mos Definitely in the House.
FHM & Maxim Model Amy Markham Wowwed on The Red Carpet at SBE's "Christmas In September" Event at The Abbey in West Hollywood last night.
The Charity event which focuses on bringing gifts to kids in September brought out a few gifts in Amy Markham… Eye candy.
We've been seeing a lot of Amy lately, Both Literally AND Figuratively… and it looks like she's not stopping the growth of her Presence anytime soon.
So be sure to Stay In Tune, cause I'm sure we've got more to show you from Amy Markham.


This is a different kind of God. He has been proving who Yahweh is throughout the plagues and Exodus. He has firmly established how different Yahweh is from all the other gods.
A different kind of God develops a different kind of relationship with his people. In preparation for the giving of the commandments on Mt. Sinai, God says, "you will be to me a kingdom of priests, my holy nation" (19:6).
Most nations of that era had their gods and only a few out of the society served as priests to communicate with the gods. Yahweh's kingdom is different: the whole kingdom is made up of priests. In other words, he wants direct contact with everybody, instead of a few people who are set apart (holy) as priests.
Israel went astray from that concept, but the new kingdom is exactly that. That is the relationship he wants with the Dong people.
He does not want them to fear the unknown spiritual powers and seek the help of a witch doctor. He wants them to know him and commune personally with him. He has given the life of his only son in order to establish a perfect kingdom that does function as he desires.
Just as the climax of the Exodus was the giving of the covenant at Mt. Sinai, so joining God's kingdom of priests will be the climax of his work among the Dong people. Let us pray it will come about.
King of All, we see and understand your desire for your kingdom. We see that you intend for every soul in your kingdom to gain access to the King himself. We see also that you want to bring the Dong people into the kingdom. You alone know the path to bring that about, and we pray that you will accomplish these acts to your glory. May all our prayers and actions help work to this saving climax.


text:
Research & Awards
Christopher Craighead
Department: Supply Chain Management
Center: Global Supply Chain Institute
Title: FedEx Chair in Supply Chain Management and Sarah Alice & Tommy Bronson Faculty Research Fellow
1990 East Tennessee State University, B.S., Computer Science
1993 East Tennessee State University, M.B.A, Business Administration
1998 Clemson University, Ph.D., Operations Management
E: craighead@utk.edu
Christopher W. Craighead is the FedEx Chair of Supply Chain Management in the Haslam College of Business at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Craighead's primary research interest is strategic supply chain management with a focus on supply chain disruptions, buyer-supplier exchanges and the supply chain-entrepreneurship interface. His research has been published in Journal of Operations Management, Production and Operations Management, Decision Sciences, Journal of Business Logistics, Journal of Supply Chain Management, Transportation Science, Manufacturing and Service Operations Management and other journals. He has received several research fellowships, competitive research grants and research awards.
Craighead has extensive teaching experience, delivering several different types of course content to a variety of audiences. He teaches strategic sourcing in the department's undergraduate program and theoretical and research foundations in its doctoral program, and he has received awards for teaching excellence at four universities. He has served as dissertation chair for seven students in three universities.
Craighead serves as the logistics department editor at Decision Sciences, an associate editor of Journal of Supply Chain Management and a senior editor at Journal of Business Logistics. He has received multiple awards for reviewing and editing excellence, including Best Associate Editor Awards from Journal of Operations Management, Journal of Supply Chain Management and Decision Sciences.
Effectively bridging academia and industry, Craighead's research has fueled over 350 executive education programs, which have, in turn, enriched his teaching. At Penn State, he worked as the director of research of the Center for Supply Chain Research, where he served as the principal liaison between faculty and industry partners. By connecting academia and industry, Craighead's career has culminated in both theoretical and pragmatic impacts. He has been a strong advocate for such a career strategy, co-authoring papers geared toward helping others in the field realize this dual impact.
Take a CLEAN Look at Your Business Post-COVID-19 - Entrepreneur & Innovation Exchange (EIEX)
Holiday Season Shipping, Supply Chain Disruptions and Implications for 2022: What You Need to Know - Cision PR News
Take a CLEAN Look at Your Business Post-COVID-19 - EI Exchange
Logistics: To insource or outsource? - Supply Chain Dive
Managing supply chain risk in an economic downturn - Supply Chain Dive
THOUGHT LEADERSHIP: Why are Some Product Recalls So Challenging?
by Chris Craighead, Dove Professor…
Supply Chain Strategy, Supply Chain Disruptions, Service Recovery, Buyer-Supplier Exchanges, and Supply Chain-Entrepreneurship Interface
Awards/Honors
Dove Professor of Supply Chain Management
Vallett Family Outstanding Research Award, 2021
Ozburn Award for Innovative Research, 2020


text:
nature genetics
Peregrine and saker falcon genome sequences provide insights into evolution of a predatory lifestyle
Mitochondrial genomics reveals the evolutionary history of the porpoises (Phocoenidae) across the speciation continuum
Yacine Ben Chehida, Julie Thumloup, … Michael C. Fontaine
Brain de novo transcriptome assembly of a toad species showing polymorphic anti-predatory behavior
Andrea Chiocchio, Pietro Libro, … Daniele Canestrelli
Comparative genomics sheds light on the predatory lifestyle of accipitrids and owls
Chuang Zhou, Jiazheng Jin, … Bisong Yue
Transcriptomic resources for evolutionary studies in flat periwinkles and related species
João P. Marques, Graciela Sotelo, … Rui Faria
Arctic introgression and chromatin regulation facilitated rapid Qinghai-Tibet Plateau colonization by an avian predator
Li Hu, Juan Long, … Xiangjiang Zhan
Population genomics of finless porpoises reveal an incipient cetacean species adapted to freshwater
Xuming Zhou, Xuanmin Guang, … Guang Yang
Complex population structure of the Atlantic puffin revealed by whole genome analyses
Oliver Kersten, Bastiaan Star, … Sanne Boessenkool
Genome of the Komodo dragon reveals adaptations in the cardiovascular and chemosensory systems of monitor lizards
Abigail L. Lind, Yvonne Y. Y. Lai, … Benoit G. Bruneau
Clonal genome evolution and rapid invasive spread of the marbled crayfish
Julian Gutekunst, Ranja Andriantsoa, … Frank Lyko
Xiangjiang Zhan1 na1,
Shengkai Pan2 na1,
Junyi Wang2 na1,
Andrew Dixon3,
Jing He2,
Margit G Muller4,
Peixiang Ni2,
Li Hu2,
Yuan Liu2,
Haolong Hou2,
Yuanping Chen2,
Jinquan Xia2,
Qiong Luo2,
Pengwei Xu2,
Ying Chen2,
Shengguang Liao2,
Changchang Cao2,
Shukun Gao2,
Zhaobao Wang2,
Zhen Yue2,
Guoqing Li2,
Ye Yin2,
Nick C Fox3,
Jun Wang5,6 &
Michael W Bruford1
Nature Genetics volume 45, pages 563–566 (2013)Cite this article
As top predators, falcons possess unique morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations that allow them to be successful hunters: for example, the peregrine is renowned as the world's fastest animal. To examine the evolutionary basis of predatory adaptations, we sequenced the genomes of both the peregrine (Falco peregrinus) and saker falcon (Falco cherrug), and we present parallel, genome-wide evidence for evolutionary innovation and selection for a predatory lifestyle. The genomes, assembled using Illumina deep sequencing with greater than 100-fold coverage, are both approximately 1.2 Gb in length, with transcriptome-assisted prediction of approximately 16,200 genes for both species. Analysis of 8,424 orthologs in both falcons, chicken, zebra finch and turkey identified consistent evidence for genome-wide rapid evolution in these raptors. SNP-based inference showed contrasting recent demographic trajectories for the two falcons, and gene-based analysis highlighted falcon-specific evolutionary novelties for beak development and olfaction and specifically for homeostasis-related genes in the arid environment–adapted saker.
We carried out next-generation genome sequencing for the peregrine and saker falcon, generating 128.07 Gb and 136.21 Gb of sequence for F. peregrinus and F. cherrug, respectively (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). Genome size was estimated at 1.2 Gb for both species (Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 3), suggesting genome coverage of 106.72× for F. peregrinus and 113.51× for F. cherrug (Supplementary Fig. 2). Assembly using SOAPdenovo1,2 resulted in contig and scaffold N50 values, respectively, of 28.6 kb and 3.89 Mb for F. peregrinus and 31.2 kb and 4.15 Mb for F. cherrug (Supplementary Table 4). Fosmid-based Sanger sequencing confirmed >99% (peregrine) and >97% (saker) coverage of euchromatic DNA (Supplementary Table 5). With repeats masked, protein-coding genes were predicted using homology and de novo methods and also with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, employed to refine gene structure and identify novel genes (Supplementary Fig. 3). As a result, 16,263 genes were predicted for F. peregrines, and 16,204 were predicted for F. cherrug (Supplementary Table 6 and Supplementary Note). Approximately 92% of these genes were functionally annotated using homology-based methods (Supplementary Table 7).
Comparative genome analysis was carried out to assess evolution and innovation within falcons using related genomes with comparable assembly quality (Supplementary Table 8). Orthologous genes were identified in the chicken, zebra finch, turkey, peregrine and saker using the program TreeFam3. For the five genome-enabled avian species, a maximum-likelihood phylogeny using 861,014 4-fold degenerate sites from 6,267 single-copy orthologs confirmed that chicken and turkey comprise one evolutionary branch and that zebra finch and the falcons form a second (Fig. 1a), supporting previous analysis using 19 nuclear sequences4. Analysis of the peregrine and saker using the same data set (Online Methods) dated the most recent common ancestor of the two falcon species to 2.1 (0.9–4.2) million years ago (Fig. 1a). More than 99.6% of the peregrine genome was syntenic to the saker genome (Supplementary Table 9).
Figure 1: Comparative genomics in five avian species.
(a) Phylogenetic tree constructed using fourfold degenerate sites from single-copy orthologs, with the branch lengths scaled to estimated divergence time. Branch-specific ω values calculated from concatenated and SATé-aligned single-copy orthologs are shown on the left of each branch, and gene gain (+) and loss (−) per million years are shown on the right. (b) Venn diagram showing shared and unique gene families in five avian species: red, peregrine; pink, saker; light blue, chicken; orange, turkey; green, zebra finch. (c) Neighbor-joining tree based on the amino-acid sequences encoded by olfactory receptor genes in the peregrine, saker, chicken and zebra finch. Bootstrap values are shown (clockwise) for the major olfactory receptor clades, namely γ-c, other γ, α, θ and TAAR. Note that both chicken and zebra finch show expansions in the olfactory receptor γ-c clade. Birds are represented by the same colors as in b.
Falcons were found to have less repetitive DNA (Table 1 and Supplementary Table 10), and their transposable element composition was most similar to that of zebra finch (with fewer DNA transposable elements and long interspersed nucleotide elements (LINEs) but not short interspersed nucleotide elements (SINES)) (Supplementary Tables 11 and 12). We found fewer large (>1-kb) segmental duplications in falcons than in either chicken or zebra finch (Table 1 and Supplementary Table 13), with these elements comprising less than 1% of both falcon genomes. We also found that fewer branch-specific insertions and/or deletions (indels) have accumulated in falcon genomes over evolutionary time (Table 1 and Supplementary Tables 14 and 15). TreeFam results showed, however, that falcons feature fewer lineage-specific genes than other birds (Fig. 1b and Table 1). It should be noted that our comparative genome analyses are based on alignments from the local to the scaffold level and are not based on whole-chromosome alignments.
Table 1 Comparative genome structure summary for the five avian species
The olfactory receptor gene repertoire, annotated on the basis of putative functionality and 7-TM (transmembrane) structure, showed the fewest intact olfactory receptor genes in falcons (n = 28; Supplementary Table 16), even though they have a larger olfactory bulb ratio than the zebra finch and a similar ratio to chicken5. These two traits have previously been thought to be positively correlated6 and linked to olfactory function7. Furthermore, a gene expansion in the olfactory receptor γ-c clade8 in chicken and zebra finch is not present in falcons (Fig. 1c and Supplementary Table 17), possibly reflecting their reliance on vision for locating prey5.
To compare selection at the gene level, two orthologous gene sets were compiled: the single-copy orthologs for the five avian species and a representative gene set from multiple-copy orthologs (n = 2,157). Analysis of branch-specific Ka/Ks (nonsynonymous-synonymous) substitution ratios (ω) showed that both falcons have higher branch ω values than other birds, independent of the gene set used (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 4), implying accelerated functional evolution in the falcon lineage. Supporting evidence for this comes from a recent work showing rapid phenotypic evolution and speciation in the falcon family9. We also calculated the ω value for each orthologous gene and found that the ω values in falcons with mean value of 0.39 were considerably larger than for the other five pairwise avian combinations (see distribution in Fig. 2a). However, these results need to be interpreted in the light of the relative paucity of avian genomes currently sequenced. We further examined both rapidly and slowly evolving gene categories by comparing the two falcons against the galliformes, zebra finch–chicken and zebra finch–turkey pairs, respectively. To account for rapid genome evolution in falcons, each ω value within these categories was normalized using the genome median ω of each species pair. Functional GO (Gene Ontology)10 categories involved in circulation (for example, heme synthesis), the nervous system, olfaction and sodium ion transport were found to have evolved rapidly in falcons (Supplementary Fig. 5 and Supplementary Table 18). Notable rapid evolution was also observed in the mitochondrial respiration chain when comparing falcons and galliformes birds but not in the comparisons of falcons with other species (Supplementary Table 18).
Figure 2: Distribution of ω values for each pair of orthologous genes among the five avian species and gene gain and loss in falcons.
(a) Distribution of ω values among avian species. The estimates of ω for 8,424 orthologs show a highly significant shift toward larger values in falcons compared with other pairs (P = 1.354 × 10−189, 2.837 × 10−297, 1.621 × 10−284, 7.264 × 10−233 and 4.617 × 10−215 relative to the other indicated pairs, Mann Whitney test). Genes with Ka = 0 are included in relative frequencies but are not shown. The x axis shows log2 Ka/Ks, using 0.01 as the unit interval, and the y axis shows the number of orthologs in each interval. (b) Gene number differences in contracted and expanded protein families in the falcons compared with zebra finch. Zebra finch genes of unplaced sequence that had more than 97% sequence identity with their closest paralog were excluded to correct for the possible overestimation of zebra finch gene expansion14.
The gene families defined by TreeFam (Supplementary Table 19) were input into CAFE11 to examine changes in ortholog cluster sizes between putative ancestors and each species across our phylogeny (Fig. 1a). We found that net gene loss occurred in all avian genomes, but the rate of loss per unit of time was most rapid in falcons (Fig. 1a). We then used protein clustering12 to explore gene number variation in the same protein families between each falcon species and the zebra finch. Loss of protein families within falcons (extinction plus contraction) exceeded gain (innovation plus expansion) (Supplementary Tables 20–24), and contraction was greater than expansion for both the number of protein families and gene number (Fig. 2b).
We identified 879,812 and 761,748 heterozygous SNPs in the peregrine and saker genomes, respectively. Despite its lower number of heterozygous SNPs, the saker had a higher heterozygous SNP rate than the peregrine (Table 1), although rates for both falcons were lower than for either the chicken13 or zebra finch14. Lower genetic diversity might originate from recent population contractions (Fig. 3). A narrow distribution in genome-wide SNP density for the peregrine, unlike the saker, suggests a more heterogeneous SNP distribution, indicating that mutations in the peregrine genome are more evenly distributed (Fig. 3a). On the basis of local SNP densities, we used the pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent (PSMC)15 to model the demographic history of both species (Fig. 3b). For the peregrine, we inferred demographic history from 2 million years ago to 10,000 years ago, whereas, for the saker, the analysis included both the saker and its ancestral hierofalcon16 because the fossil record indicates that the saker originated less than 34,000 years ago16. PSMC showed that both falcon species have experienced at least one bottleneck; however, while this lasted until 100,000 years ago for the peregrine, hierofalcon populations expanded around 300,000 years ago and started to expand again from 60,000 years ago, eventually giving rise to the four species in the hierofalcon group16. The peregrine, however, underwent a second bottleneck approximately 20,000 years ago, possibly owing to climate-driven habitat diminution (Supplementary Fig. 6).
Figure 3: SNP density distribution and demography reconstruction of falcons.
(a) Distribution of SNP density across each falcon genome. Heterozygous SNPs between the two sets of falcon chromosomes were annotated, and heterozygosity density was observed in non-overlapping 50-kb windows. (b) PSMC inference of falcon population history based on autosomal data. The central bold lines represent inferred population sizes, and the 100 thin curves surrounding each line are the PSMC estimates generated using 100 sequences randomly resampled from the original sequence. The mutation rate on autosomes, which is used in time scaling, was estimated using zebra finch autosome data.
The word falcon comes from the Latin falco, meaning hook shaped, referring to its beak. The falcon beak is more robust, being longer, wider and deeper, than those of the chicken and zebra finch. We examined the evolution of the genes in two KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways (TGF-β and WNT)17, those in FGF signaling pathways (see URLs) and 98 other genes involved in the development of avian beaks (Online Methods). Bmp4 is a well-studied major-effect gene in beak development18, and exonization provides a major source of accelerated, lineage-specific evolution19. We found that falcons have gained two novel exons owing to splice-site mutations in Bmp4 (Supplementary Fig. 7) and have also gained a second copy of TGFB2 (a gene upregulated in curved beaks) and Dkk 2 (a gene related to longer and wider beaks in ducks)20. The two copies originated in different parts of a single ancestral gene (Supplementary Figs. 8 and 9). These changes can both influence gene expression21,22 and contribute to the regulation of development in falcon beaks (Table 2). Relative to chicken and zebra finch, eight genes in these pathways show evidence of positive selection in falcons (Supplementary Fig. 10), among which TGFβIIr has been shown to be functional in shaping avian beak morphology (Table 2). Although it has been shown that possible errors in multiple-sequence alignment have only a limited impact on estimates of Ka/Ks ratios at the genome level (Supplementary Fig. 11), we caution that the analysis of positive selection remains sensitive to the quality of the multiple-sequence alignments of separate orthologous genes and can be further complicated by variance in sequence divergence among them. Analysis of microRNA target sites provided further support for the presence of novel regulatory mechanisms in falcons (Table 2, Supplementary Fig. 10 and Supplementary Table 25).
Table 2 Known functional genes for beak development (length, width and depth) and their innovations in falcons
Peregrines and sakers are parapatric breeding species, with the latter confined to the Palearctic and primarily inhabiting arid environments (Supplementary Fig. 6)16,23. Consequently, it is probable that sakers require greater maintenance of osmotic equilibrium and suffer heat stress more than peregrines. We compared the genes from two kidney-expressed KEGG pathways and other related genes involved in homeostasis in the two species. Rab11a and GNAS have major contributions to the V2R water conservation pathway17,24, and both have two more copies in saker than in peregrine (Supplementary Table 26).
The aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption pathway has a major role in determining sodium levels, and the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibits sodium uptake25. We found that the saker has three more functional copies of PKCβ than peregrine. In saker, we also found the exonization of trpv1, a gene involved in promoting thermoregulatory cooling by stimulating sweat production and preemptive renal water reabsorption through the release of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)26 (Supplementary Fig. 12). Supporting evidence for water conservation in sakers comes from the observation that sakers secrete more sodium and chloride in their urine than do peregrines27. These results, when taken together, suggest a genetic basis by which sakers cope with desert and steppe habitats and heat stress. The functional expression of these genes related to water conservation and sodium secretion warrants future research.
The genome sequencing data presented here provide a resource for the future examination of evolution and adaptation in birds and in raptors in particular. Both falcon species are widely distributed across the globe and show a wide variety of local phenotypes and behaviors, and their conservation status varies substantially across their habitat ranges, with the saker falcon being globally classified as vulnerable. Both species have migratory as well as sedentary populations, and understanding the genetic basis of this wide diversity could provide a valuable tool to aid their long-term conservation.
Sampling and DNA extraction.
Approximately 2 ml of blood each was taken from one male saker and one male peregrine that were caught in the wild at the Abu Dhabi Falcon Hospital. Genomic DNA was extracted using gravity-flow, anion-exchange tips and buffers (Qiagen Blood & Cell Culture DNA Maxi Kit). Sex was determined using morphology and molecular assays (Supplementary Note).
Genome sequencing and assembly.
Sequencing was carried out using an Illumina HiSeq 2000. Paired-end libraries with insert sizes of 170, 500 and 800 bp (short inserts) and 5, 10 and 20 kb (long inserts) were constructed. A detailed description of library construction, sequencing and assembly, genome size estimation, annotation, gene prediction (homology, de novo and RNA-seq) and functional annotation, and RNA (mRNA and microRNA) sequencing is included in the Supplementary Note. Genome assembly quality was assessed using GC content (Supplementary Figs. 13 and 14) and Sanger sequencing of fosmid libraries (Supplementary Note). The lengths of the repetitive DNA sequences identified are listed in Supplementary Table 27.
Comparative genome analysis.
We employed the widely used program TreeFam3 to define orthologous genes (Supplementary Note) because it has been inferred that phylogeny-based software is more robust in inferring orthologs3. The analysis using LASTZ (see URLs) and MCscan30 in chicken, peregrine and saker showed that approximately 88.9% of TreeFam orthologs were supported by at least one synteny analysis, implying high quality for the orthologs defined (Supplementary Table 28 and Supplementary Note). On the basis of concatenated 4-fold degenerate sites from 6,267 single-copy orthologs, a maximum-likelihood phylogeny for the falcons, zebra finch, chicken and turkey genomes was constructed using PhyML31. Ortholog sequences were aligned using MUSCLE (see URLs) with the protein alignment as a guide. The optimal evolutionary model was GTR + I + G, selected using MODELTEST3.7 (ref. 32). The Bayesian relaxed molecular clock approach was used to estimate species divergence time using MCMCTREE in PAML33, based on the degenerate sites data set used above.
Whole-genome synteny analysis was performed for the five bird species. Pairwise alignments were first produced using LASTZ. ChainNet was then applied to merge traditional alignments into larger structures. Scaffolds of <5 kb in size were filtered out to avoid multiple hits for small scaffolds.
To detect segmental duplications, an alignment was generated using LASTZ with the parameters T = 2 (no transition), C (chain) = 2, H (inner) = 2,000, Y (ydrop) = 3,400, L (gappedthresh) = 6,000 and K (hspthresh) = 2,200. Before aligning, with repeat sequences masked, the genome assembly was split into 100 subfiles. The maximum simultaneous gap allowed was 100 bp. After aligning, the blocks obtained were conjoined to obtain larger blocks (chains). We unmasked the repeat sequences in the chains and then selected those with length of >500 bp and identity of >85% and aligned the chains using LASTZ again. Finally, we extracted the aligned chains with length of >1 kb and identity of >90%, considering these predictions to be segmental duplications. After removing the overlapping fragments, we obtained a nonredundant set. Because previous research34 has shown that highly similar alignments may represent allelic overlaps missed during the assembly process, we removed segmental duplications that were ≥98% identical. Furthermore, to examine the quality of the detected segmental duplications, the sequencing depth distributions of segmental duplications and regions without segmental duplications were compared for peregrine and saker, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 15).
For the assessment of lineage-specific indels, MULTIZ (see URLs) was used to integrate all the LASTZ alignments from the synteny analysis to obtain conserved elements among the genomes from the two falcons, zebra finch and chicken. For blocks longer than 1 kb, we identified species-specific short indels using the aligned data. Indels located within 50 bp of the end of the block and pairs of indels with a distance less than 50 bp were filtered out.
Avian olfactory receptor genes.
The olfactory receptor genes of the five avian species and of green anole, human, cow and dog were annotated using GenBank, Ensembl and published data8 (Supplementary Note). Intact avian olfactory receptor genes were aligned using SATé-II (ref. 35), from which a neighbor-joining tree was constructed using MEGA5.03 (ref. 36), with the Poisson model chosen as the substitution model as previously analyzed8. The reliability of the phylogenetic tree was evaluated with 1,000 bootstrap replicates.
Genome evolution analysis.
TreeFam was used to help define both single-copy and multiple-copy orthologs for the five avian species (Supplementary Fig. 16). For multiple-copy orthologs, we used single-copy genes in our outgroup (green anole) as a query and selected the best hits in the five birds as the representatives of the ortholog. Similar sequence depth was found for multiple-copy and single-copy genes (Supplementary Fig. 17), suggesting that gene duplications are unlikely to have been misidentified as alleles of the same locus. The two orthologous gene sets were then used for ω ratio calculations as follows.
First, on the basis of the concatenated ortholgs, branch-specific ω values for each avian species were calculated using codeml in PAML (Supplementary Note). Alignment quality is of major importance for ω estimation because errors can lead to the misidentification of synonymous sites as nonsynonymous sites37. To minimize the effect of alignment errors, two algorithms, SATé-II and DIALIGN-TX38, were chosen to align each ortholog, as they have been reported to be robust in dealing with global and local alignments, respectively (Supplementary Note). To further examine the influence of alignment quality on the ω analysis, we randomly selected 421 SATé-aligned orthologs and manually corrected them. All automatic alignment methods and manual corrections produced similar results (Supplementary Fig. 4). Therefore, for the following analysis, we used SATé, except for alignments involving too few taxa (≤3), where we used DIALIGN instead.
Second, PAML was used to calculate ω values for each ortholog, and comparisons were made of the ω distributions of all orthologs between the falcons and other species pairs (chicken and turkey, zebra finch and chicken, zebra finch and turkey, peregrine and zebra finch, and saker and zebra finch).
Third, we examined both rapidly and slowly evolving gene categories by comparing the two falcon genomes with the two galliformes genomes, zebra finch and chicken, and zebra finch and turkey. We calculated the median ω values for each gene ontology10 functional category containing at least ten genes found in the saker-peregrine lineage.
Assessment of the possible influence of sequencing errors indicated that they can have little influence on our ω calculations (Supplementary Fig. 11). Detailed information for the above analyses is provided in the Supplementary Note.
Gene gain and loss.
CAFE based on a random gene birth and death model11 was used to study gene gain and loss in gene families across our reconstructed phylogenetic tree with six species (Supplementary Fig. 18). The robustness of CAFE was tested by removing one species each time. The results showed that, independent of the species removed, falcons always featured the most rapid gene loss of the studied avian species (Supplementary Fig. 19), although we note that the avian species studied here are more divergent than mammals11. To further explore gain and loss between each falcon and its closest genome-enabled relative, zebra finch, we used protein clustering12 to explore gene number variation for the same protein families (Supplementary Note). Filtering was applied to clean up possible overestimated gene expansion in the zebra finch gene set. However, the patterns of gene turnover in the falcon species were similar with (Fig. 2b) and without (Supplementary Fig. 20) this filtering.
SNP calling and demographic history reconstruction.
We use SOAPsnp39 to detect SNPs between diploid chromosomes of both falcons (Supplementary Note). The SNP distribution was observed across each genome. To assess whether SNP quality scores or sequencing depth influenced SNP distribution, we compared the results achieved with varied quality scores (20 or 40) and different depth ranges (Supplementary Fig. 21). By comparison with the zebra finch genome, the autosomal mutation rate was estimated to be 1.65 × 10−9 mutations per year for both falcons. Generation time was inferred to be 6.0 and 6.6 years for peregrine and saker, respectively (Supplementary Note). The demographic history of each falcon was reconstructed using the PSMC model15 (Supplementary Note).
Beak development.
Genes in three signaling pathways (TGF-β, WNT and FGF) and 98 others (Supplementary Table 29) were analyzed in chicken, zebra finch, peregrine and saker. We examined (i) gene copy number variation (CNV); (ii) structural variations between orthologous genes; (iii) positively selected genes in falcons; and (iv) predicted microRNA target sites, identified on the basis of chicken embryonic microRNAs. Detailed methods are presented in the Supplementary Note.
Water conservation in the saker and peregrine.
Because the kidney is the most important organ to reabsorb water and secrete sodium, we focused on analyzing genes in the two kidney-related pathways in KEGG (V2R and aldosterone) and other genes involved in this process (Supplementary Note). Adopting the same method described for beak analysis, we examined CNVs and structural variations between the two falcon species.
Differences in average ω values between falcons and other birds were tested using the Mann-Whitney test implemented in PAST40. In the LRT tests, P values were tested using the χ2 statistic adjusted by the FDR41 (false discovery rate) method (q < 0.05) to allow for multiple testing.
URLs.
LASTZ and MULTIZ, http://www.bx.psu.edu/miller_lab/; MUSCLE, http://www.drive5.com/muscle; FGF signaling pathways, http://www.sabiosciences.com/pathway.php?sn=FGF_Signaling.
Accession codes.
Assemblies and gene annotations of the peregrine and saker falcon genomes have been deposited at GenBank (BioProjects PRJNA159791 and PRJNA168071). Raw DNA and RNA sequencing reads have been submitted to the NCBI Short Read Archive database (SRA054256, SRX225198, SRX225199).
Accession codes
Primary accessions
NCBI Reference Sequence
PRJNA159791
Sequence Read Archive
SRA054256
SRX225198
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This work was supported by the EAAD (Environment Agency of Abu Dhabi). We thank H.E. Mohammed Al Bowardi for his support. We also thank P. Orozco-terWengel and X. Fang for their critical comments on the manuscript, A. Subramanian for suggestions on analysis with DIALIGN-TX, S. Mirarab for suggestions on SATé-II alignment and E. Alm and B.J. Shapiro for advice on Ka/Ks normalization. We acknowledge staff at International Wildlife Consultants, EAAD and BGI-Shenzhen who helped conduct this study.
Xiangjiang Zhan, Shengkai Pan and Junyi Wang: These authors contributed equally to this work.
Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Xiangjiang Zhan & Michael W Bruford
BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
Shengkai Pan, Junyi Wang, Jing He, Peixiang Ni, Li Hu, Yuan Liu, Haolong Hou, Yuanping Chen, Jinquan Xia, Qiong Luo, Pengwei Xu, Ying Chen, Shengguang Liao, Changchang Cao, Shukun Gao, Zhaobao Wang, Zhen Yue, Guoqing Li & Ye Yin
International Wildlife Consultants, Ltd., Carmarthen, Wales, UK
Andrew Dixon & Nick C Fox
Abu Dhabi Falcon Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Margit G Muller
Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Xiangjiang Zhan
Shengkai Pan
Andrew Dixon
Jing He
Peixiang Ni
Li Hu
Yuan Liu
Haolong Hou
Yuanping Chen
Jinquan Xia
Qiong Luo
Pengwei Xu
Ying Chen
Shengguang Liao
Changchang Cao
Shukun Gao
Zhaobao Wang
Zhen Yue
Guoqing Li
Ye Yin
Nick C Fox
Michael W Bruford
M.W.B. led the UK team. Jun Wang and Junyi Wang led the BGI team. M.W.B., X.Z., A.D. and N.C.F. designed the study. M.G.M., A.D. and X.Z. sampled the falcons. Q.L., S.G., C.C., P.N., Y.L., S.L., Z.Y., G.L., Z.W. and Y.Y. performed genome sequencing and assembly. X.Z. and Yuanping Chen extracted the DNA and RNA. X.Z., S.P., J.H., L.H., H.H., J.X., P.X. and Ying Chen analyzed the data. X.Z. and M.W.B. interpreted the results and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and provided input for the manuscript and approved the final version.
Correspondence to Jun Wang or Michael W Bruford.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Supplementary Text and Figures
Supplementary Figures 1–21, Supplementary Tables 1–29 and Supplementary Note (PDF 3185 kb)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/.
Zhan, X., Pan, S., Wang, J. et al. Peregrine and saker falcon genome sequences provide insights into evolution of a predatory lifestyle. Nat Genet 45, 563–566 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2588
Received: 13 April 2012
Accepted: 28 February 2013
Issue Date: May 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2588
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An epilogue is the end of a story, and usually provides closure.
After the climax in a work of fiction, an epilogue shows the reader what happened to the characters after the story ended.
In literature, an epilogue is a chapter added at the end of a novel, short story, play, or even poem. Epilogues can also appear in works of nonfiction. After the climax in a work of fiction, an epilogue shows the reader, or viewer in the case of a play, what happened to the characters after the story ended. The epilogue can also be used to hint at a sequel to the current story, or to show that the characters' problems might not truly be over, a popular technique in horror and suspense stories.
Many fiction writers use epilogues to provide closure for the readers or viewers who, after having invested in the characters during the course of the narrative, might want to know the fates of those characters. The epilogue can also be used to tie up loose ends, resolving issues that were brought up in the narrative but not resolved before the story's climax. An epilogue can take place at any time after the story has ended; it can be set a few hours later, the next day, or several decades into the future. Epilogues are often used to show the protagonist of a story leading a happy and contented life after surviving the upheaval and strife he experienced during the narrative.
Epilogues aren't always used to show a happy ending to a character's story. In many literary works, especially those in which an anti-hero is the lead character, the epilogue might show that character finally suffering the consequences of his poor moral choices. In many horror and suspense novels, the epilogue is used to hint at a lingering threat. The characters might believe the monster or villain has been defeated, but the epilogue shows that the danger isn't over, and the characters aren't as safe and secure as they might believe. The epilogue can also be used to show that a story isn't truly over, and there will be another installment or sequel.
Sometimes, after a novel, short story or play is over, the writer will "step out of the story" and speak directly to the reader or audience. At the end of some plays, a character will step forward to thank the audience for watching the play. In some fables, the writer or storyteller will directly describe the lesson or moral the characters and readers should have learned from the story. After a non-fiction book about true events has been published, an epilogue might be added in later editions, giving an account of what happened after the events depicted in the book.
What Is the Difference between Personification and Hyperbole?


text:
Cyclecross competitors race in Cornwall
November 4, 2019 at 15 h 38 min
Reading time:	1 min
Marc Benoit ~ Special to Seaway News
A competitor in the Cyclecross competition makes their way up the hill across from Marina 200 during the sixth installment of the nine leg Eastern Ontario Cyclocross series. The event drew roughly 300 competitors across a variety of age categories on Sunay, Nov. 3, 2019. (Marc Benoit/ Seaway News).
CORNWALL, Ontario – Cornwall was the host for the sixth installment of the nine leg Eastern Ontario Cyclocross (EOCX) series on Sunday, Nov. 3, 2019, just outside the Civic Complex. The competition welcomed nearly 300 people to Cornwall, with competitors coming from as far away as Ottawa and Montreal.
"It's actually a long running cyclocross series," said lead organizer, Vince Caceres. "It happens generally in the Fall…We've been at this venue for about 12 or 15 years, and the City of Cornwall has always been super generous."
Cyclocross is a style of bicycle racing that involves a unique type of bike and usually takes place on a short, off-road course. The grassy hills and bike path which hug Marina 200 provide the perfect location for a cyclocross course.
The nine leg series includes categories for adult men, adult women, senior men, as well as a youth U11 and U13+U15B category.
"We have a lot of participants, anywhere from 6 year old kids to 70 year old adults," said Caceres.
The EOCX was in the region earlier this year, at the Long Sault Parkway for the 5th leg of the series. The next installment will take place in Renfrew on Nov. 10.
Results from Sunday's race were unavailable at the time of publication.
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