The first hint of disaster came in an email I received while working at home.
What? I had heard nothing about it.
Then my cell phone started buzzing with texts. My husband's phone rang. We switched on CNN to learn, to our horror, that a man driving a truck had mowed down a group of cyclists on the Hudson River Greenway in the vicinity of Chambers Street. At that time 6 people had been counted dead; the toll would later rise to 8, with about a dozen injuries.
The early image on TV was sickening. Behind police tape, ruined bicycles lay scattered by the side of the path. I recognized the name of a rental company on the handlebar bags of two of the bikes. It turned out that 5 of the dead were a group of Argentine men, friends since high school, on a celebratory visit to New York City.
A memorial to the victims of the attack stands to the west of the bike path in front of Pier 40.
My first thought on receiving those calls and texts was of gratitude. For family, for friends, for people in our lives in New York City and around the country who checked in on us as news of the terrorist attack went national. Their concern stemmed in part from the direct knowledge that my husband and I live in downtown Manhattan and ride bicycles for transportation.
So, my second thought was: That could have been me or my family or friends from our extended cycling community. I frequent the mile-long stretch from Houston Street south to Chambers Street, where Sayfullo Saipov mercilessly mowed down his victims. Pedaling the greenway that parallels West Street connects me to my mother-in-law in Battery Park City and to meetings in the Wall Street area. It's not always the most direct route; I choose the greenway because it offers car-free safety, not to mention a breeze off the water and pretty views of the New Jersey skyline.
On one email thread about the attack a friend referred to our dear greenway, and in that moment the sentiment fit perfectly. We count on our greenway not only for transportation from here to there, but for leisure and recreation. On a sunny weekend, its length is packed with adults and children, walking, jogging, cycling, rollerblading. "It is as much a sanctuary as anything else," said former NYC DOT Commissioner Janette Sadik-Kahn in a post-attack interview.
Vehicular access to the greenway, at the point where Sayfullo Saipov entered at West Houston and West streets, now is barred by concrete blocks.
Which leads to my third thought: What can be done to prevent tragedies like the one that ended 8 innocent lives along the Hudson on a beautiful Halloween afternoon? The terrorist drove his rented truck onto the greenway with relative ease. Advocates led by Transportation Alternative have called for the addition of more protections to the greenway since 2006. That's when 22-year-old cyclist Eric Ng was run down by a drunken driver, just one example of a preventable death.
Bollards – vertical posts used as physical barriers to vehicles — are an obvious choice. Prior to Tuesday's tragedy, bollards blocked access at some intersections along the greenway, but despite calls by advocates no standard had been developed by city and state officials.
Jersey barriers placed at angles to block vehicles create pinch points along the greenway.
But here's a crucial take-away from this tragedy: Protecting cyclists and pedestrians from vehicular crashes is an imperative that extends beyond the Hudson River Greenway to bikeways, pedestrian plazas and crowded sidewalks. In the streets of New York City we, meaning pedestrians and cyclists, are all soft targets relative to multi-ton vehicles. This week's tragedy on the greenway was a horrific terrorist act, but preventable traffic violence ends too many lives on a regular basis. Crashes with cars killed 18 cyclists and 144 pedestrians in New York City in 2016.
An excellent op-ed in the New York Times similarly drew the connection between sensibly designed infrastructure to create safe streets and prevention of terrorism. It enumerated forward-thinking municipal policies in cities from London to Tokyo that limit the ability of vehicles to create mayhem while helping keep pedestrians and cyclists safe on a daily basis — with side benefits like reductions in pollution and congestion.
We need to do better as a city to protect vulnerable street users every day, to commit more determinedly to the deeply human core of Vision Zero. This is crucial at a time when cycling for transportation is growing and is to be encouraged for all its benefits to individuals and to quality of life in an increasingly congested urban setting.
Bollards (behind cyclist) at Christopher and West streets allow vehicular access to the greenway from crosswalks.
I returned to riding my bicycle on the greenway on Friday. The intersection where I typically pedal onto the bike path, at Christopher and West streets, is the first major intersection north of where the terrorist drove onto the greenway. It has long had a line of sturdy bollards paralleling the highway. Unaccountably, they leave ample room for a vehicle to enter via the north or south pedestrian crosswalks. Two or three bollards added to either side would admit pedestrians and cyclists while blocking cars. This intersection alone underscores the critical need to develop a standard for protective measures on the greenway and in other public places. Now.
I also bike the Greenway regularly, and witness police cars and parks cars/trucks/SUVs driving on the path, while drivers illegally turn at speed across the path without yielding to vulnerable through-traffic. While I agree with most of what you say, it will take more than bollards to change the toxic driving culture in this city.
I should also note that the distance from Houston to Chambers is less than one mile, not five miles.
Thanks for reading the post. I agree. Changing attitudes to favor humans over cars in our automobile-centric culture is a much heavier lift than hoisting Jersey barriers onto the Greenway. As cyclists and pedestrians we must fight for continued progress to build the kind of infrastructure that not only provides safety, but also improves quality of life in our city.
Also, thanks for that correction on the mileage. Updated!


Are Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth Planning To Get Secretly Married?
The Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth wedding rumors strike again! This time they suggest that the couple that has been together for a few years now, is planning to get secretly hitched. A source has revealed that the lovebirds have decided to not reveal any tidbits to anyone about their plans until the last minute. They plan to do things "their own way" without discussing with family or friends.
"The first time they announced their engagement in 2012, they felt such pressure to make it the most spectacular wedding in the world but that was the downfall of their relationship and lead to their break up," further added the insider. The 25-year-old singer and the Australian star met in 2009 first on the set of The Last Song.
They got engaged in 2012 but called it quits in 2013. However, they got back together in 2016. Accordingly, only now has Liam's family accepted Miley with love after she has changed her lifestyle. Last year, rumor said that they had both tied the knot in a low-key ceremony but that furphy proved to be false.
The insider also said, "Elsa and Miley have always been very close and Elsa really went to bat for Miley. She has tried to impress on her in-laws all the big changes Miley has made to turn her life around and build a future with Liam." Only last year the Party in the USA singer had said that she did not have any marriage plans in mind.
Kim and Kourtney Kardashian Disagree Yet Again!


We are a leading provider of security personnel for taxi marshalling to manage queues for taxis.
Taxi marshalling is an important security tool in the prevention and reduction of alcohol related problems that can lead to public crime and disorder whilst giving those wishing to travel late at night an increased feeling of safety.
Increase the feeling of public safety by their uniformed presence.


text:
Q: Java ObjectInpuStream reading DefaultTableModel There is a class saving a DefaultTableModel of an other class.
file_path = new File( "c://Database//Directory//" );

file_table_stock_save = new File( file_path , "stockfile.file" );

file_path.mkdirs();

try
{

 file_path..createNewFile();

 fileoutputstream = new FileOutputStream( file_table_stock_save );

 objectoutputstream = new ObjectOutputStream( fileoutputstream );

 objectoutputstream.writeObject( stock.defaulttablemodel );

 objectoutputstream.close();

 fileoutputstream.close();

}

  catch( Exception exception )
  {.....}

Now here is how the DefaultTableModel is read
file = new File( "C://Database//Directory//" , "stockfile.file" );

object = new Object();

if( file.exists() )
{

 try
 {

  fileinputstream = new FileInputStream( file );
  objectinputstream = new ObjectInputStream( fileinputstream );

  object = objectinputstream.readObject();

  objectinputstream.close();
  fileinputstream.close();

 }

 catch( Exception exception )
 {}

 try
 {

  if( !( object == null ) )
  defaulttablemodel = ( DefaultTableModel ) object;

 }

 catch( Exception exception )
 {......}

The problem is the file always exists but sometimes the file is unable to be read. How to figure out the problem? Should the class implements serializable?
Can a null cell in a JTable causes an error while reading it?

A: First of all, I would never serialize a DefaultTableModel, as otherwise you are serializing things that you don't want to serialize, including listeners and whatnot. Best to keep it simple, and serialize the data, and only the data. I would serialize its data vector that holds the data of interest. Use that to rebuild a new table model with the retrieved data.
Fortunately DefaultTableModel has a method, .getDataVector() that retrieves from the model a Vector<Vector> that holds all the data within the model. I would use this to save and retrieve the data, if you must use serialization.
In the code below, I have a simple class that extends DefaultTableModel, and that allows re-creation of the model with a data vector, using a constant Vector to hold the table headings:
class MyModel extends DefaultTableModel {
    public static final String[] HEADERS = { "One", "Two", "Three" };
    public static final Vector<String> V_HEADERS = new Vector<>(Arrays.asList(HEADERS));

    public MyModel(Vector<Vector<Object>> data) {
        super(data, V_HEADERS);
    }

    public MyModel() {
        super(HEADERS, 0);
    }

}

I can then serialize and unserialize the data held by the model via this code to serialize:
// assuming that the model is held in a variable called "myModel"
Vector tableData = myModel.getDataVector();
        // file name is held by DATA_FILE String constant
try (FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(DATA_FILE);
        ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);) {
    oos.writeObject(tableData);  // writes my data

} catch (IOException ioe) {
    ioe.printStackTrace(); // always catch and handle exceptions
}

and I can read the data back into a model and then into the JTable via:
// again DATA_FILE is our file's name
try (FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(DATA_FILE);
        ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis)) {
    // read the data vector in with the ObjectInputStream
    Vector<Vector<Object>> tableData = (Vector<Vector<Object>>) ois.readObject();

    // create a new table model with the data
    myModel = new MyModel(tableData);

    // set the JTable with the new model
    table.setModel(myModel);
} catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

A working example:
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Vector;

import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel;

public class Gui01 extends JPanel {
    public static final String DATA_FILE = "tableData.dat";
    private MyModel myModel = new MyModel();
    private JTable table = new JTable(myModel);

    public Gui01() {
        int maxRow = 5;
        for (int row = 0; row < maxRow; row++) {
            Vector<Object> rowData = new Vector<>();
            for (int col = 0; col < table.getColumnCount(); col++) {
                Integer cell = row * table.getColumnCount() + col;
                rowData.add(cell);
            }
            myModel.addRow(rowData);
        }

        saveTable();

        JButton saveTableBtn = new JButton("Save Table");
        saveTableBtn.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_S);
        saveTableBtn.addActionListener(e -> saveTable());

        JButton clearTableBtn = new JButton("Clear Table");
        clearTableBtn.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_C);
        clearTableBtn.addActionListener(e -> clearTable());

        JButton retrieveTableBtn = new JButton("Retrieve Table");
        retrieveTableBtn.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_R);
        retrieveTableBtn.addActionListener(e -> retrieveTable());

        JPanel buttonPanel = new JPanel();
        buttonPanel.add(saveTableBtn);
        buttonPanel.add(clearTableBtn);
        buttonPanel.add(retrieveTableBtn);

        setLayout(new BorderLayout());
        add(new JScrollPane(table));
        add(buttonPanel, BorderLayout.PAGE_END);

    }

    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    private void saveTable() {
        Vector tableData = myModel.getDataVector();
        try (FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(DATA_FILE);
                ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);) {
            oos.writeObject(tableData);

        } catch (IOException ioe) {
            ioe.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    private void clearTable() {
        myModel.setRowCount(0);
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private void retrieveTable() {
        try (FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(DATA_FILE);
                ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis)) {
            Vector<Vector<Object>> tableData = (Vector<Vector<Object>>) ois.readObject();
            myModel = new MyModel(tableData);
            table.setModel(myModel);
        } catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> createAndShowGui());
    }

    private static void createAndShowGui() {
        Gui01 mainPanel = new Gui01();
        JFrame frame = new JFrame("Gui01");
        frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
        frame.add(mainPanel);
        frame.pack();
        frame.setLocationByPlatform(true);
        frame.setVisible(true);
    }
}

class MyModel extends DefaultTableModel {
    public static final String[] HEADERS = { "One", "Two", "Three" };
    public static final Vector<String> V_HEADERS = new Vector<>(Arrays.asList(HEADERS));

    public MyModel(Vector<Vector<Object>> data) {
        super(data, V_HEADERS);
    }

    public MyModel() {
        super(HEADERS, 0);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I would very much appreciate if you understand our very line of Factory expectation from your company to provide a (SOIL-MICROBIAL FACTORY) plant Turning Garbage into Gold using our daily dump site of 500MT-1000MT Mumicipal Solid Refuse Waste Dump Site for a plant production line that can produce bio-organic fertilizers.
This drawing has attracted customer's eyes on us. They tell us: no one can provide so beautiful drawing, never. After visiting, we have signed contract with each other and will start the project in one week.
We have full experience on organic fertilizer plant processing. Depend on our efforts, customers will quickly get their market in their area. Fertilizer granules from our granultors are in high ratio with good surface.


text:
Wait and watch
The US government is in transition. But why should the rest of the world suffer?
Last Updated: Wednesday 24 January 2001
The US wants to delay the sequel to the failed November 2000 climate meet until the new Bush administration gets its act together. Along with Japan, Canada, New Zealand and Australia, the country has formally requested that the conference of parties to the un Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to be held in July 2001 instead of May, so that the Bush administration has time to prepare. Key US officials, including secretary of state Colin Powell, have said that the US will not be ready for the negotiations by May, because replacements for the outgoing climate negotiators are still to be announced.
And why should the entire world have to wait for the US to get its delegates in place and for those delegates to prepare for the meeting? Especially when any further delay at this crucial juncture jeopardises chances of the convention's Kyoto Protocol coming into force? When every small delay in dealing with global warming increases the possibility of damage to smaller economies, particularly small island states, from climate change?
Rather than taking responsibility for its emissions, the superpower has focused on delaying the process by constantly naming new conditions for signing the Kyoto Protocol, driving negotiations to the least common denominator in attempts to minimise economic impacts on the US economy. Rather like Saudi Arabia, which has tried to delay adoption of emissions reduction commitments because it fears the impact of such action on their oil exports, and has now suggested continuing climate talks in November 2001. But while US non-government organisations (NGOs) have ridiculed Saudi Arabia for such suggestions, these groups seem to think "there is some basis for (the) concern" expressed by Powell and others. So does only the political situation in the US merit consideration? Why should the world make concessions for the US and not for any other country?
This is not the first time in the climate negotiations that the US government has asked for concessions to be made for internal US politics, and where US NGOs have backed their government's demand. In fact, the rather ineffective Kyoto Protocol can be considered to be one big concession to US internal politics, and the senate's reluctance to take any meaningful domestic action to control climate change. As a European NGO representative put it, "That is the way anti-American emotions are created. By asking the rest of the world to show understanding for some internal US mess or bureaucracy that would never have been accepted as an excuse had it been other countries than the US."
जलवायु परिवर्तन से जुड़ी सभी खबरें हिंदी में पढ़ें।
Climate Agreements Kyoto Protocol UNFCCC COP 7 (Marrakech) Carbon Dioxide Green House Gases united states of … Global Warming Climate Change India

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Jezioro Panieńskie (dolnośląskie) (k. Wrocławia)
 Jezioro Panieńskie (Pojezierze Choszczeńskie) (k. Pełczyc)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Has anyone coded for an evacuation of a hematoma retroperitoneal approach dissecting down to the csoas muscle ? Will I need to use an unlisted code ? if so what code ?
26990 Incision and drainage ,Pelvis and /or hip joint AREA; deep abscess or hematoma.
You have I & D code for Retroperitonel abscess open 49060. But this is more unlikely because it (abscess) is infective pyogenic mass, whereas hematoma is nonpyogenic UNLESS it is infected.


The Tateuchi Center, a major performing arts hall planned for downtown Bellevue, is as important to County residents as McCaw & Benaroya Halls, which receive $17 million and $8.4 million respectively. Accordingly, Executive committee members agreed to a county funding strategy that involves working with county leadership to replace and perhaps increase the County's investment in Tateuchi Center. This is a very exciting time for Tateuchi Center, as they chosen a new CEO and work continues to update the building's plans, readying them for submittal to City of Bellevue for building permit issuance.
The Tateuchi Center has chosen Ray Cullom, 52, as its CEO starting August 1st. Mr. Cullom has worked in theater development, construction and renovation for almost three decades, including holding a senior position with Nederlander Worldwide Entertainment, working with theaters all over the world. Some of his projects include being an executive director of the Zorlu Center for the Performing Arts in Istanbul, Turkey, overseeing programming and operation of the largest and most technologically advanced performance venues in the world.
Currently, Tateuchi Center has raised $127.4 million, more private gifts than any other arts capital project in the region. Campaign efforts continue to focus on finding naming gift donors whose contributions will serve to "top off" the major gifts portion of this Campaign. The Tateuchi Center will deliver robust arts education programs and a world-class facility for performances of all kinds.
The Tateuchi Center was a result of HR2, Formerly Hebert Research, which clearly proved that the demand for a an Eastside Performing Arts Center was critical to meeting the Eastside patrons who wanted a world class venue that was far more accessible than Seattle" according to Jim Hebert the original researcher and one of the founding board members.


Elmley National Nature Reserve is on The Isle of Sheppey on the Thames estuary, just an hour from London. It is a remarkable place; 3,200 acres of wilderness surrounded by the sea. Owners Georgina and Gareth Fulton asked us to design with them a series of luxury shepherd's huts to allow others to enjoy staying on the reserve.
The first two luxury shepherd's huts we designed and delivered were Little Owl and Samphire. Both are traditional width Snugs, with double bed and ensuite facilities (one off grid, both with hot water provided by a LPG boiler).
The third hut, Vanellus is more contemporary with a pitched roof and tall glazing which runs up the wall at the foot of the bed, seamlessly extending over the roof to allow stargazing from the rustic ash bed.
Huts four, five and six, The Saltbox, The Ferryman's and Damson are much larger and even more contemporary. Very much influenced by Gareth and Georgina's vision of huts with a Scandinavian feel, these are clad in materials as diverse as western red cedar shingles and Siberian larch. All three benefit from fully glazed ends with bifold doors which make the most of the stunning Elmley views.
The popularity of the Elmley huts, together with so many positive reviews from guests and the press, makes Elmley a flagship Plankbridge site and one of which we are extremely proud.


Drawing on trauma theory, genre theory, political theory, and theories of postmodernity, space, and temporality, Literature After 9/11 suggests ways that these often distinct discourses can be recombined and set into dialogue with one another as it explores 9/11's effects on literature and literature's attempts to convey 9/11.
Ann Keniston is an assistant professor of English at the University of Nevada-Reno, and is the author of Overheard Voices: Address and Subjectivity in Postmodern American Poetry (Routledge 2006), and a poetry collection, The Caution of Human Gestures (David Robert, 2005).
Jeanne Follansbee Quinn is director of studies for the Program in History and Literature at Harvard University and has published essays on James Agee and Walker Evans, Richard Wright and American pragmatism. She is completing a book on anti-fascist aesthetics in the United States during the 1930s, Democratic Aesthetics: Popular Front Anti-Fascism.


text:
Implementing Filtering Facepiece Respirator (FFR) Reuse, Including Reuse after Decontamination, When There Are Known Shortages of N95 Respirators
Updated Oct. 19, 2020
Situational update as of May 2021: The supply and availability of NIOSH-approved respirators have increased significantly over the last several months. Healthcare facilities should not be using crisis capacity strategies at this time and should promptly resume conventional practices. Check the NIOSH Certified Equipment List to identify all NIOSH-approved respirators.
Healthcare facilities should stop purchasing non-NIOSH-approved respirators for use as respiratory protection and consider using any that have been stored for source control where respiratory protection is not needed. Respirators that were previously used and decontaminated should not be stored. We do not know the long-term stability of non-NIOSH-approved respirators and respirators that have been decontaminated, and if these will be recommended for use in the future. Healthcare facilities should return to using only NIOSH-approved respirators where needed.
CDC's Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of N95 FFRs were written to follow a continuum using the surge capacity approach in the order of conventional (everyday practice), contingency (expected shortages), and crisis (known shortages) capacities. N95 FFRs are meant to be disposed after each use. CDC developed contingency and crisis strategies to help healthcare facilities conserve their supplies in the face of shortages.
When the availability of N95 FFRs become limited due to an expected shortage, supplies first should be conserved using contingency strategies.
Contingency Strategies
With extended use, N95 FFRs are worn for a prolonged period, for multiple patient contacts, before being removed and discarded (unlike conventional strategies in which an N95 FFR is used for one patient contact then discarded). This will slow the N95 FFR burn rate to help alleviate supply concerns.
N95 FFRs are used beyond the manufacturer designated shelf-life for fit testing and training.
After attempting the above contingency strategies and there is still a known shortage of N95 FFRs and available supplies cannot meet needs based on the current burn rate, crisis capacity strategies can be used.
Crisis Capacity Strategies
Respirators (including N95 FFRs and other types of respirators) are used beyond the manufacturer-designated shelf life for health care delivery.
Respirators are used that are similar to NIOSH-approved respirators but are not NIOSH approved and are approved according to standards used in other countries. The performance of some internationally approved respirators was evaluated by NIOSH and the results can be found here: NPPTL Respirator Assessments to Support the COVID-19 Response.
Respirators are used that have reached the manufacturer-designated shelf life but have not been evaluated by NIOSH.
With limited reuse, an N95 FFRs is donned for one patient contact, then doffed and stored before being used for another patient contact for a limited number of donnings.
The use of N95 FFRs and facemasks is prioritized by healthcare activity type.
This guidance provides information on how to determine if, and when, a healthcare facility should be operating under N95 FFR crisis capacity situations during the COVID-19 pandemic and how to appropriately implement limited reuse of N95 FFRs, including their reuse after decontamination.
How to determine if an N95 FFR crisis capacity strategy is needed
Because crisis capacity strategies are not compatible with US standards of care, crisis capacity strategies should only be implemented when there are known shortages of N95 FFRs and only after conventional and contingency strategies have been implemented.
The ability to implement specific crisis capacity strategies will depend on the on-hand inventory. The following flow chart can assist healthcare facility respiratory program managers in determining if their healthcare facility should operate under a crisis capacity situation. Use the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Burn Rate Calculator to help you plan and optimize the use of PPE.
Flowchart to Determine if an N95 FFR Crisis Capacity Strategy Is Needed
Evaluate Adequacy of Current N95 FFR Inventory and Supply Chain
Is your current N95 FFR inventory and supply chain equal to or greater than your PPE needs?
Are there N95 FFRs available from local healthcare coalitions and federal, state, and local public health partners (e.g., public health emergency preparedness and response staff) that can cover your PPE needs based on your burn rate and ability to procure more PPE when needed?
Use the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Burn Rate Calculator, to help you plan and optimize the use of PPE during the response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Evaluate Availability of Other Respirators in Your Inventory
Are there NIOSH-approved respirators that meet or exceed the level of protection of N95 FFRs available in your inventory or from the supply chain to cover your PPE needs?
Are there NIOSH-approved respirators available from local healthcare coalitions and federal, state, and local public health partners (e.g., public health emergency preparedness and response staff) that can cover your PPE needs?
Other devices that can be used include N99, N100, P95, P99, P100, R95, R99, and R100 FFRs, elastomeric respirators, and powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs).
The use of these devices is included in the conventional capacity strategies to conserve the supply of N95 FFRs. View more information on other NIOSH-approved respiratory protective devices.
Evaluate Extended Use of N95 FFRs
Can extended use of N95 FFRs (using the same N95 FFR for more than one patient contact) cover your PPE needs based on your burn rate and ability to procure more PPE when needed?
View more information on extended FFR use and other contingency capacity strategies.
If Yes to any scenario
You are not operating at crisis capacity.
Follow conventional capacity strategies or if shortages are expected, contingency capacity strategies. Continue to monitor current respiratory protection needs and usage. More information on optimization strategies can be found here.
If No to any scenario
Apply crisis capacity strategies.
Check supply chain and other resources frequently (e.g. daily).
What is limited FFR reuse?
Limited FFR reuse refers to the practice of using the same N95 FFR or other filtering facepiece respirator for multiple encounters with patients but removing it (doffing) after each encounter [1]. This is different than extended use of an FFR where the same FFR is worn continuously for encounters with multiple patients. During limited reuse, the FFR is stored in between encounters to be put on again (donned) prior to the next encounter with a patient. Decontamination of N95 FFRs may be considered as part of limited reuse strategies. Extended use may also be considered as part of limited reuse strategies whereby an N95 FFR is worn for multiple patient contacts then stored or decontaminated before being reused. View more information on implementing reuse and extended use.
The number of times that an FFR can be reused is limited by:
Filtration performance
Contamination and soiling
FFRs visibly contaminated with blood, respiratory or nasal secretions, or other bodily fluids should be discarded and not reused. FFRs that are damaged (e.g. broken straps, broken nose piece), malformed, or are unable to pass a fit check should also be discarded and not reused.
View more information on limited FFR reuse.
When should limited reuse be implemented?
Limited FFR reuse is just one of several strategies available for addressing an N95 FFR crisis capacity situation when there is a known shortage of devices after conventional and contingency capacity strategies have been implemented. It should only be considered during a crisis capacity situation during a declared public health emergency. When an N95 FFR crisis situation no longer exists, limited FFR reuse should not be utilized.
Before deciding to implement FFR reuse, facilities should explore opportunities to switch to respirators that are designed to be decontaminated and reused (e.g., elastomeric respirators or powered air-purifying respirators) to reduce demand for FFRs and the need for crisis capacity strategies.
Limitations for Limited FFR reuse
Decrease in N95 FFR fit and filtration performance
NIOSH-certified N95 FFRs are designed to filter 95% of particles when appropriately fitted to the wearer's face. This means that an N95 that is not properly fitted to the face will likely give the wearer less protection. N95 FFRs are designed to be single-use devices but may be used multiple times under crisis capacity strategies. N95 FFR performance will decrease as the number of hours and number of donnings and doffings increase.
The number of times that an FFR can be reused will likely be limited by its fit because the tethering straps can become weaker or stretched after each donning. Each time an N95 FFR is donned or doffed, the integrity of the straps may be impacted. Repeated donning and doffing will result in the straps no longer being able to generate enough force to create a tight seal with the face. The resulting poor seal will allow unfiltered air to enter the N95 FFR and into the wearer's breathing zone.
CDC recommends limiting the number of donnings for an N95 FFR to no more than five per device. It may be possible to don some models of FFRs more than five times [2]. One study reported that fit performance decreased over multiple, consecutive donnings and fit varied among the different models of FFRs examined [3]. If manufacturer guidance on how many times a particular FFR can be donned is not available, the CDC recommends limiting the number of uses to no more than five per device based on published data on changes in FFR fit from a limited number of FFR models over multiple donnings.
A recent observational study conducted in a hospital emergency room during the COVID-19 pandemic found that extended use and reuse of N95 FFRs as measured by the total hours and shifts the mask was worn and the number of donnings and doffings was associated with an increase in the fit failure of the respirators. This study also showed that it may be possible to don some models of FFRs more than five times [2]. Fit performance during limited reuse should be monitored by the respiratory protection program manager or appropriate safety personnel. View information about how to assess N95 FFR fit during limited reuse.
When practicing limited reuse (a crisis capacity strategy), under what conditions should I discard my filtering facepiece respirator (FFR)?
Filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) are single-use, disposable respirators that are normally discarded after each use. However, due to limited supplies of N95 FFRs during the COVID-19 pandemic, reuse of FFRs may become necessary. OSHA has outlined temporary enforcement discretion to permit the reuse of FFRs under specific circumstances in its memorandum, Enforcement Guidance for Respiratory Protection and the N95 Shortage Due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemicexternal icon, issued on April 3, 2020. Employers should refer to this OSHA memorandum to identify the specific circumstances.
FFRs visibly contaminated with blood, respiratory or nasal secretions, or other bodily fluids should be discarded and not reused. FFRs that are damaged (e.g., broken straps, broken nose piece), malformed, or are unable to pass a fit check should also be discarded and not reused.
See guidance on limiting the number of donnings to five.
N95 FFR contamination and self-contamination risk
FFRs, which are typically made of multiple layers of materials, can become contaminated while filtering the inhaled air of the wearer during exposures to pathogen-laden aerosols. Studies [4-6] have shown that:
The outer layer of the FFR, which is the layer furthest from the wearer's face, can become contaminated when exposed to virus aerosols.
The inner layer of the FFR, which is the closet to the wearer's face, is unlikely to be contaminated.
The electret filtering layer, which is found between the inner and outer layers of the FFR, captures most of the aerosolized virus particles.
Pathogens captured by the FFR's electret filtering layer are not readily dislodged due to the attractive forces between the particles and the electret filtering media [7]. Physical contact with the filtering layer by the wearer is unlikely due to its location within the FFR. The outer surface, the surface furthest from the wearer's face, presents the highest risk for pathogen transfer to the wearer. Wearers should practice hand hygiene before and after handling any FFR to avoid potentially contaminating the outside layer of the FFR with their hands.
Wearers of new or reused FFRs should be careful to avoid contaminating them when:
Donning and doffing the FFR
Adjusting the fit or placement of the FFR
Performing a user-seal check when redonning a previously worn FFR
A limited reuse strategy to reduce the risk of self-contamination
One strategy to reduce the risk of contact transfer of pathogens from the FFR to the wearer during FFR reuse is to issue five N95 FFRs to each healthcare staff member who care for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. The healthcare staff member can wear one N95 FFR each day and store it in a breathable paper bag at the end of each shift with a minimum of five days between each N95 FFR use, rotating the use each day between N95 FFRs. This will provide some time for pathogens on it to "die off" during storage [8]. This strategy requires a minimum of five N95 FFRs per staff member, provided that healthcare personnel don, doff, and store them properly each day.
As a caution, healthcare personnel should treat reused FFRs as though they are contaminated, while preventing FFR contamination prior to donning by following the precautions outlined in the reuse recommendations found here. Hand hygiene with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol should be performed before donning and after touching or adjusting the FFR while in use (if necessary for comfort or to maintain fit) or after doffing. View more information about ways to minimize the risks of FFR reuse.
CDC recommends limiting the number of donnings for an N95 FFR to no more than five per device. It may be possible to don some models of FFRs more than five times [2]. Fit performance during limited reuse should be monitored by the respiratory protection program manager or appropriate safety personnel. See information about how to assess N95 FFR fit during limited reuse.
If supplies are even more constrained, and five respirators are not available for each worker who needs them, N95 FFR limited reuse with FFR decontamination may be necessary.
What is FFR decontamination?
Decontamination is a process to reduce the number of pathogens on used FFRs before reusing them. It is used to limit the risk of self-contamination. Decontamination and subsequent reuse of FFRs should only be practiced where FFR shortages exist. Decontamination should only be performed on NIOSH-approved FFRs without exhalation valves.
At present, FFRs are considered one-time use products, and there are currently no manufacturer-authorized methods for FFR decontamination before reuse. Only respirator manufacturers can reliably provide guidance on how to decontaminate their specific models of FFRs. In the absence of manufacturer's recommendations, third parties, such as decontamination companies, safety organizations, or research laboratories, may also provide guidance or procedures on how to decontaminate respirators without impacting their performance.
An effective FFR decontamination method should reduce the pathogen burden, not harm the fit or filtration performance of the FFR, and should present no residual chemical hazard. NIOSH reviewed the literature on decontaminating FFRs because of these considerations. NIOSH found that, as of April 2020, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, vaporous hydrogen peroxide, and moist heat have shown the most promise as potential methods to decontaminate FFRs.
On March 29, 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued the first Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for a process to decontaminate, and subsequent EUAs have been issued. Healthcare facilities should check the FDA Emergency Use Authorizations websiteexternal icon for the most up-to-date information.
The effectiveness of using any of the methods mentioned in this guidance should be explored with specific FFR models and with the manufacturer and, if needed, third party expert input and support to better understand the impact on respirator performance, including filtration and fit, and structural integrity, including integrity of head straps and other parts.
Employers should be able to demonstrate effectiveness of any decontamination methods used against the likely contaminants (i.e., pathogens) of concern including SARS-CoV-2. Employers should also ensure that any decontamination methods used, including those for which an FDA EUA has been issued, do not produce additional safety hazards (e.g., electrical arcs resulting from placing FFRs with metal parts into microwaves), or that workers are adequately protected from those hazards through appropriate engineering and administrative controls, safe work practices, and personal protective equipment.
Decontamination might cause poorer fit, reduced filtration efficiency, and reduced breathability of disposable FFRs as a result of changes to the filtering material, straps, nose bridge material, or strap attachments of the FFR. Decontamination may produce chemical inhalation risks and should be evaluated for off-gassing.
While decontamination and subsequent reuse of FFRs void the NIOSH approval and are not permitted under OSHA's respiratory protection standard during normal conditions of use, these options may need to be considered during a crisis capacity situation when FFR shortages exist.
Considerations before deciding to decontaminate FFRs
FFR Decontamination is one strategy available during an N95 FFR crisis capacity situation
Other strategies to conserve supplies of respirators during an N95 FFR crisis capacity situation should be utilized first before FFR decontamination is implemented. Other crisis capacity strategies to conserve supplies of respirators can be found here: Summary for Healthcare Facilities.
Use respirators identified by CDC as performing adequately for healthcare delivery when beyond their manufacturer-designated shelf life.
Using respirators that are similar to NIOSH-approved respirators and not NIOSH approved but that are approved according to standards used in other countries.
Implement limited reuse of N95 FFRs by one healthcare staff member for multiple encounters with different patients, but have the staff member remove it after each encounter.
Prioritize the use of N95 FFRs and facemasks by activity type with and without masking symptomatic patients.
N95 FFR decontamination will not increase the number of times or hours that an FFR can be worn
Decontamination of an N95 FFR inactivates viruses and bacteria on the device, but does not restore the N95 FFR to "new" performance. Decontamination studies have evaluated the effect of the decontamination process on the fit and filtration performance of N95 FFRs; however, these studies did not consider the likelihood that N95 FFRs worn by healthcare personnel are likely donned and doffed multiple times before undergoing decontamination. N95 FFR performance will decrease as the number of hours and number of donnings and doffings increase. Repeated decontamination and handling of FFRs can damage the fit and filtration performance of N95 FFRs. Fit performance during limited reuse, including decontaminated FFRs, should be monitored by the respiratory protection program manager or appropriate safety personnel. Information about how to assess N95 FFR fit during limited reuse can be found below.
The effects of N95 FFR decontamination may vary by model
Only respirator manufacturers can reliably provide guidance on how to decontaminate their specific FFR models. In the absence of manufacturer's recommendations, third parties may also provide guidance or procedures on how to decontaminate respirators without impacting respirator performance.
Decontamination methods should be evaluated for each FFR model currently being used under a facility's respiratory protection program. The method should be evaluated, or data should be made available from third party decontaminators, that demonstrate:
The method can inactivate viruses and bacteria.
Filtration performance is not affected after each cycle of decontamination.
Fit performance of the respirator is not affected after each decontamination cycle.
Off-gassing of decontamination chemicals falls below the permissible range.
NIOSH has evaluated the filtration and fit performance for some models of N95 FFRs using a variety of decontamination methods. These assessments were made on new, unused respirators that had been decontaminated and did not include the efficacy of the method for inactivating viruses or bacteria. Results of these assessments are available here.
Decontaminated FFRs should be monitored and tracked
There are approximately 500 NIOSH-certified N95 FFR models, and each one has its individual set of construction materials and characteristics, including surface area and "dead space." It is important to check with the manufacturer to make sure the respirator used has been evaluated to determine if the decontamination method is appropriate: Just because a method is effective for one respirator does not mean it will be effective for a different respirator.
Healthcare facilities using multiple FFR models should develop a process to ensure appropriate decontamination methods are used for their current FFR models. This process should include several pieces of data related to the decontamination process, FFR use, and tracking of any adverse reactions such as skin irritations, headaches, and respiratory distress. This process should include:
A listing of current FFR models in use and the ability of each model to be decontaminated using the current decontamination method
The number of FFRs available and a plan for decontamination that will not result in additional shortages
The number of cycles each FFR has been decontaminated
Collection of data related to any adverse effects such as skin irritation, smells or off-gassing, physiological complaints such as headaches or respiratory distress, etc.
Sampling decontaminated respirators to measure filtration efficiency and fit performance
Frequent evaluation of fit performance of decontaminated FFRs
All employees should receive proper training on how to reuse FFRs including how to decontaminate FFRs if implemented
Facilities should provide healthcare personnel with required education and training, including having them demonstrate competency when donning and doffing, with any PPE ensemble that is used to perform job responsibilities, such as provision of patient care. Employees should be properly trained to reuse FFRs and use decontaminated FFRs. Training should address the following:
The risks of self-contamination during reuse
Limitations of decontaminated FFRs
How to properly store and label FFRs
How to properly don and doff FFRs
When to discard FFRs
How to perform a user seal check
More information on how to reuse FFRs can be found here.
How to assess the performance of reused FFRs including decontaminated FFRs
FFR wearers should perform a user seal check each time they don an FFR. More information about conducting a user seal check can be found here and may be included with the user instructions provided by the manufacturer. For FFRs that have been donned more than 5 times, FFR program managers should consider implementing a qualitative FFR fit performance evaluation. A qualitative FFR fit performance evaluation is not the same as a qualitative fit test, but can be conducted using the same agents and exercises used for qualitative fit testing. A qualitative FFR fit performance evaluation is an abbreviated evaluation where each exercise is conducted for 15 seconds [9]. If the wearer detects the test agent while performing these exercises, the fit of the reused FFR may be compromised. When the availability of pre-made fit test solutions are limited, many can be prepared using commercially available chemicals following the instructions here.
A qualitative FFR performance evaluation is conducted as follows:
The FFR wearer should don their previously used FFR (for reuse) or be wearing an FFR (extended use).
The wearer dons the test hood.
The test agent is released within the hood (add more test agent every 30 seconds).
The wearer performs 7 exercises for 15 seconds each:
Breathe normally
Breathe deeply
Move head side to side
Move head up and down
Bend over at the waist
NIOSH recommends limiting the number of donnings to five for a filtering facepiece respirator. What is the science behind that recommendation?
NIOSH conducted research to determine how many times (donnings) an FFR can be safely reused. A laboratory study using research participants was performed in 2012 to assess FFR performance over multiple consecutive donnings [1]. The study was performed to address concerns that the level of fitting performance could potentially decrease over multiple donnings because of stress on FFR components such as headstraps and adjustable nosepieces. NIOSH evaluated six different NIOSH-approved N95 FFR models, including three N95 respirators (Moldex 2200 [Moldex, Culver City, CA], 3M 8000 [3M, St. Paul, MN], and 3M 8210 [3M]) and three surgical N95 respirators (Kimberly Clark PFR95-270 [46767] [Kimberly Clark, Neenah, WI], 3M 1860 [3M], and 3M 1870 [3M]). To qualify for testing a model, a research participant had to pass a full-OSHA-accepted PortaCount® fit test for that model. Once qualified for a model, quantitative fit testing was performed for 20 consecutive donnings (i.e., 20 fit tests in a row, doffing and redonning the FFR for each fit test) using a shortened (121 sec) TSI, Inc. PortaCount® quantitative fit test protocol. This shortened protocol is not an OSHA-accepted protocol; it was developed specifically for the study to complete 20 fit tests during a single subject visit. The OSHA-accepted fit test protocol for using the PortaCount® is specified in Appendix A of the OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.134external icon) and has a longer duration of approximately eight minutes. For FFRs with an adjustable nosepiece, the test technician re-straightened the nosepiece back to its original position for the subject before each test.
For the consecutive fit test experiments, a fit factor (FF) ≥100 was considered "passing," and an FF <100 was considered "failing." Consecutive fit testing was terminated after three consecutive fit tests with a FF <100 were recorded or if a component failed, such as a headstrap or nosepiece break. "Non-tests" following these occurrences were considered failures (e.g., if testing was stopped at donning 12, then donnings 13-20 were all counted as failures). Next, the percentage of passing fit tests (FF ≥100) was calculated for each of the 20 donning sets. Table 2 from the paper (reproduced below) clearly shows a decrease in mean percent passing fit tests over the grouped sets of five donnings.
Users should look to this study and manufacturers' recommendations for limiting the number of donnings of their FFR. Manufacturers may have guidance for using FFRs beyond five donnings. If no guidance is available, a conservative approach is to limit the number of donnings to five and then dispose of the FFRs.
[1] Bergman, Michael S., et al. "Impact of multiple consecutive donnings on filtering facepiece respirator fit." American journal of infection control 40.4 (2012): 375-380.
When to stop using crisis capacity strategies and return to normal operations
As soon as new supplies can meet the projected demand, all reuse and decontamination of respirators should be discontinued. FFRs should only be reused when operating at crisis capacity due to the inability of FFR supplies to meet the burn rate. Current rates of usage and FFR availability should be monitored daily. Additionally, supply chain options should be checked regularly to determine if more FFRs or other suitable forms of respiratory protection can be acquired. Other devices that can be used include N99, N100, P95, P99, P100, R95, R99, and R100 FFRs, elastomeric respirators, and powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs). The use of these devices is included in the conventional capacity strategies to conserve the supply of N95 FFRs. More information on the use of other NIOSH-approved respiratory devices can be found here. FFR decontamination should only be implemented as a crisis capacity strategy during a declared public health emergency and should not be practiced when other devices are available or there are enough N95 FFRs to exit crisis capacity strategies. Facilities wishing to incorporate respirators that can be decontaminated and reused into their long-term strategy should consider using reusable respirators such as elastomeric respirators or PAPRs.
Fisher, Edward M., and Ronald E. Shaffer. "Considerations for recommending extended use and limited reuse of filtering facepiece respirators in health care settings." Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene 11.8 (2014): D115-D128.
Degesys, Nida F., et al. "Correlation Between N95 Extended Use and Reuse and Fit Failure in an Emergency Department." JAMA (2020).
Bergman, Michael S., et al. "Impact of multiple consecutive donnings on filtering facepiece respirator fit." American journal of infection control 40.4 (2012): 375-380.
Fisher, Edward M., et al. "Development of a test system to apply virus-containing particles to filtering facepiece respirators for the evaluation of decontamination procedures." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75.6 (2009): 1500-1507.
Noti, John D., et al. "Detection of infectious influenza virus in cough aerosols generated in a simulated patient examination room." Clinical Infectious Diseases 54.11 (2012): 1569-1577.7.
Brady, Tyler M., et al. "Transfer of bacteriophage MS2 and fluorescein from N95 filtering facepiece respirators to hands: Measuring fomite potential." Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene 14.11 (2017): 898-906.
Fisher, Edward M., et al. "Reaerosolization of MS2 bacteriophage from an N95 filtering facepiece respirator by simulated coughing." Annals of occupational hygiene 56.3 (2012): 315-325.
van Doremalen, Neeltje, et al. "Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1." New England Journal of Medicine 382.16 (2020): 1564-1567.
Nelson, T. J., et al. "Development of an abbreviated qualitative fit test using bitter aerosol." J Int Soc Respir Protect 20 (2003): 102-9.
Last Updated Oct. 19, 2020


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Mr. Femi Fani-Kayode Writes Second Open Letter To President Buhari
AN OPEN LETTER TO PRESIDENT MUHAMMADU BUHARI
Mr. President, the first open letter that I wrote to you was in December 2015 and the following serves as the second.
You will forgive me because this is a long letter and I am fully aware that your attention span or ability to retain too much information in one fell swoop may not be as good as it used to be.
Nevertheless I urge you to do your best to muster the courage, energy and intellectual stamina to stay the course and to find the time out of your busy schedule to read it from beginning to end.
I have written it because our nation is entering into dangerous and precarious waters and I sense that something will give very soon. I am therefore constrained to use this medium to bring my observations to your attention.
Be rest assured that I speak out of nothing but love and concern for the welfare of the Nigerian people and it is not my intention to insult you or undermine and disrespect your office but rather to shine the light of truth on all your activities with a view to assisting and encouraging you to change your ways.
You will agree with me that, no matter how bitter it may be, that truth must be told. This is a sacred obligation on our part and a matter of duty and honor.
I owe you, the Nigerian people and posterity that much and I have little doubt that no matter how badly you may feel after reading it, history will vindicate me and prove me right and one day you will acknowledge and recognise the profundity, wisdom and foresight in my constant and consistent criticisms, admonitions and counsel.
Outside of that it is my earnest prayer that the God of Heaven, whose I am and whom I serve, will judge between you and I.
Your Excellency, kindly note and consider the following.
You released hundreds of Boko Haram fighters from prison claiming that they are reformed and a few days later 30 of your citizens are blown up by the same Boko Haram in Borno state.
Worse still on that same day 16 members of the same family and four others were herded into a room and burnt alive by Fulani militants in Kaduna state.
After these terrible events instead of rushing back home to stand with your people, you stayed in Addis Ababa, lamenting and crying about the security situation in Libya and you sent your Vice to a funeral in Nairobi. Such insensitivity, even by your own standards, is rarely seen.
It took you three long days to finally see fit to leave your foreign friends, leave Addis Ababa and fly directly to Maiduguri to express your condolences to the Governor and people of Borno.
Even then you could not muster the courage to go to the town of Auno where the bombing took place but only to Maiduguri, the capital of the state.
Understandably you were received with boos, jeers and shouts of "ba ma so" (meaning "we dont want") by the crowds that lined the streets and this was an eloquent testimony to the fact that the entire nation, including the north that you claim to represent and be a champion of, is fed up with you and can no longer bear your incompetence and inability to run the affairs of our nation.
Worst still hours after your condolence visit Boko Haram attacked Maiduguri itself hitting one of its suburbs called Jidari Polo.
Their leader, a cowardly creature that can best be described as a psychopathic, delusional, sociopathic, mentally-deranged, murderous, bloodthirsty, bloodlusting and unconciable monster by the name of Abubakar Shekau, even had the nerve to send you a public warning in a recorded message that was released to the public after you left in which he arrogantly and boastfully declared that you must never come back to Borno again or you would be attacked and that you "should fear and serve God and not cows". He added the following,
"Buhari thinks he is a general but God says he is nothing. He hasn't achieved anything in the sight of God. Buhari is deceiving the people and playing to the gallery".
Mr. President he has sent his message to you and to Nigeria and we have heard him loud and clear.
Yet most disturbing was not his sheer effontry but the fact that the only thing that you had to offer the leaders and people of Borno state when you got there was a lame and self-debasing question which was "I wonder how Boko Haram still survives?"
You went further by blaming them for "not taking care of local security" forgetting that that is meant to be your job and not theirs.
In your so-called condolence visit you refused to take responsibility for your own inaction and failure and instead you sought to pass the buck to the very victims of terror that you claim to have come to mourn!
You refused to inspire and encourage them and instead you accused them of, at best, rresponsible behaviour and, at worst, collusion with the enemy.
This is not just a case of rubbing salt in their wounds but it is more like blowing them up and killing them all over again. Worse still as you spoke your Minister of Defence, who sat just a few feet away from you, fell fast asleep!
Mr. President I really do wonder whether you have any feeling or any compassion at all? Has the milk of human kindness stopped flowing through your veins?
Do you know that young students, women, infants and babies were amongst those that were blown up in the Auno atrocity?
Yes you issued a statement immediately but you didn't show up till three days later and your Vice, who was in the country the day it happened, never showed up at all and instead jetted out to President Arap Moi's burial in Nairobi!
Kindly tell me what the Nigerian people have done to deserve this level of contempt? Or is there more to it than meets the eye?
Forgive me Mr. President but I am constrained to ask, why do you love terrorism, bloodshed and violence so much? Why do you find it so easy to forgive terrorists that are slaughtering your own people? Are you feeding your spiritual foundation and getting your power from the spilling of innocent blood?
Meanwhile your own Chief of Army Staff has told us today that
"we have defeated insurgency but we are facing the challenge of terrorism. There is no-where you will not find Boko Haram, even in Lagos here, there are Boko Haram. In Kaduna there are Boko Haram. There are more across the North East. Many have been arrested here in Lagos. We have been tracking them. We arrest them and take them into custody".
I commend the Chief of Army Staff for his admission of failure but what he didn't add was that after taking them "into custody" you ordered him to release them and even draft some of them into the Nigerian Army on the spurious grounds that they have repented and that they have been reformed.
Again the truth is that neither you or him ever "defeated insugency" or anything else. Instead you encouraged and supported it! Both of you have failed the Nigerian people just as I predicted that you would and if you had any decency or honor you would BOTH resign.
Aside that it takes a very mean, callous, wicked and cruel President and Commander-in-Chief to release 1,400 terrorists who have murdered, butchered, slaughtered, tortured and maimed his soldiers and terrorised his people over the last 5 years.
Mr. President I am constrained to tell you that some believe that you are a sadist! They believe that your heart is as hard as stone and your soul is as black as night.
Relevant and instructive are the words of Mr. Charles Ogbu, a brilliant writer and essayist who has consistently proved that he is not only insightful but also deeply profound. Three days after the Auno bombing he wrote the following:
"Those who are asking for the sack of the Service Chiefs as a solution to the upsurge in Boko Haram terrorism are missing the point.
Nigeria is not currently being overrun by terrorists because we have a set of incompetent service Chiefs or soldiers who cannot fight the terrorists. Not at all.
The only reason the Boko Haram terrorists are having a field day is because we have a President and a Commander in Chief who shares the same ideology as the terrorists and as a result prefers pandering to them as opposed to fighting them".
He went further by writing,
"In fact a betting man would bet that the only difference between the Boko Haram terrorists killing, maiming and beheading Nigerians in the Northeast and our President and Commander-In-Chief is in their name and location. One is named "Boko Haram" and operates from the bush while the other one is named "Muhammadu Buhari" and operates from Aso Rock. If we were to remove the cloak of fear of detention by state oppressive forces, we would all admit they are both pursuing the same goal and doing a very good job of it. You that is reading this, you know this is exactly what is happening even if you may not want to publicly say it for whatever reason".
He concluded by asking,
"Who 'rehabilitates' and releases captured terrorists back into the wild at a time the terrorists are still visiting death and destruction on his country? Even America with her sophisticated military doesn't release arrested terrorists in the heat of the war because the chances of these terrorists going back into the wild to continue killing are very high".
Mr. President, forgive me for saying so but the verdict is out and Mr. Ogbu has made a valid point. This calls for much soul-searching on your part.
I urge you to bear in mind that trading in the blood of your own people and indulging in all manner of barbarity, suppression of dissent, persecution of your perceived enemies and evil comes with a heavy price.
Every Pharaoh, Sennacherub, Herod, Jezebel and Nebuchadnezzar has a bad end.
Every tyrant, no matter how powerful and highly-placed, will eventually account to God and the people for his brutality and wickedness. Yours will be no different.
Anyone that doubts that should consider the plight of the Sudan's former President, General Al Bashir. As the great black American Nation of Islam leader and one of my favourite heroes, Malcom X, once said "the chickens have finally come home to roost". This has always been the case and it will always be the case. It is only a matter of time.
Over the last 5 years hundreds of thousands have died under your watch and virtually all have been killed by those from your core northern region. You turned a blind eye to it and even encouraged it.
Today belongs to you but let me assure you that tomorrow belongs to those of us that you have killed, persecuted, oppressed and treated with disdain and contempt.
On the 11th of February, at the burial ceremony of the 18 year old Christian martyr Nnandi Michael (the Seminarean that was abducted and later murdered by Fulani herdsmen) the respected Catholic cleric Bishop Matthew Hassan Kukah, a man of immense moral authority and intellectual vigour, courageously admonished you before the entire world, spoke the bitter truth and reflected the thoughts of millions from all over the country. Amongst many other things he said the following:
"This President has displayed the greatest degree of insensitivity in managing our country's rich diversity.
He has subordinated the larger interests of the country to the hegemonic interests of his co-religionists and clansmen and women. The impression created now is that, to hold a key and strategic position in Nigeria today, it is more important to be a northern Muslim than a Nigerian."
He did not stop there but went on to say,
"We are being told that this situation has nothing to do with Religion. Really? It is what happens when politicians use religion to extend the frontiers of their ambition and power. Are we to believe that simply because Boko Haram kills Muslims too, they wear no religious garb? Are we to deny the evidence before us, of kidnappers separating Muslims from infidels or compelling Christians to convert or die? If your son steals from me, do you solve the problem by saying he also steals from you?"
He then said,
"The Fulani, his (President Muhammadu Buhari) innocent kinsmen, have become the subject of opprobrium, ridicule, defamation, calumny and obloquy. His north has become one large grave yard, a valley of dry bones, the nastiest and the most brutish part of our dear country".
He added,
"Today, our years of hypocrisy, duplicity, fabricated integrity, false piety, empty morality, fraud and Pharisaism have caught up with us. Nigeria is on the crossroads and its future hangs precariously in a balance. This is a wakeup call for us. As St. Paul reminds us; The night is far spent, and the day is at hand. Therefore, let us cast away the works of darkness and put on the armour of light. It is time to confront and dispel the clouds of evil that hover over us."
He concludes by saying,
"On our part, I believe that this is a defining moment for Christians and Christianity in Nigeria. We Christians must be honest enough to accept that we have taken so much for granted and made so much sacrifice in the name of nation building. We accepted President Buhari when he came with General Idiagbon, two Muslims and two northerners. We accepted Abiola and Kingibe, thinking that we had crossed the path of religion, but we were grossly mistaken. When Jonathan became President, and Senator David Mark remained Senate President while Patricia Ette was chosen by the South West became a Speaker. The Muslim members revolted and forced her resignation with lies and forgery. The same House would shamelessly say that they had no records of her indictment. Today, we are living with a Senate whose entire leadership is in the hands of Muslims. Christians have continued to support them. For how long shall we continue on this road with different ambitions? Christians must rise up and defend their faith with all the moral weapons they have".
I assure you that these were not the words of Bishop Kukah alone but rather the Holy Spirit speaking through him. He spoke the mind and the oracles of the Living God and you would do well to humble yourself, take heed and appreciate the Lord's admonition and counsel.
Let us hope that you disregard the advice of the hardliners around you, learn from these words and change your dastardly ways though I doubt that you will.
Whatever the case and whatever you choose to do or not to do, know this: the die is cast, Caesar has crossed the Rubicorn, the horse has bolted from the stable, the cat is out of the bag, our eyes have been opened, we have lost all sense of fear and Nigeria can NEVER be the same again.
Mr. President, here ends my counsel to you but permit me to conclude this contribution with a closer look at the north that you love so much and that you seek to empower and enthrone forever.
According to the World Bank "87% of poor people in Nigeria are in the North".
One wonders what 58 years of northern oppression, tyranny, aggression, manipulation and hegemony over Nigeria has actually done for the northern masses.
Since indendence mass poverty, terrorism, religious bigotry, ethnic hegemony, Islamic fundamentalism, arrogance, born to rule syndrome, the worship of cows, ignorance, disease, hate, racism, feudalism, pedophilia, child marriage, VVF, gender inequality, male chauvinism, the persecution of Christians, the suppression of women, corruption, deceit, greed, ingratitude, a sense of entitlement, tyranny, insensitivity, bloodshed, genocide, ethnic cleansing, mass murder and gratuitous violence have all been deeply embedded in and associated with the core north.
Worse still, according to UNICEF, if Nigeria were to ever break up the core north would be the poorest spot on planet Earth.
I guess this is why northerners keep screaming "one Nigeria" and threatening the lives and liberty of those that do not share their view. Without Nigeria they would be groping in the dark, wobbling on their feet and literally starve to death.
All this yet they insist that they were "born to rule" and that southerners and Middle Belters were "born to serve" them and be their slaves!
Professor Yusuf Dankofa of the Faculty of Law at Ahmadu Bello University who happens to be a northerner himself put it in very clear terms and spoke the bitter truth when he wrote the following:
"I think the north is only interested in power and nothing more.The sweetness of power and the allure it brings is what appeals to them and not work. If not, how can a region be so decimated by its own internal contradictions and trudge on as if the region is not regressing. In the face of calamity, what you see is eerie silence, since power is with their elites who are thoroughly dependent on public treasury to survive.The poor too draws happiness from the fact that power is in the hands of their elites even if they will die of poverty and insurgency. We are happy that power is with us even though we don't know what to do with it.This mindset will definitely lead others to seek to move out of the union. You can't slow down your own progress and those of others and expect them to clap for you".
Dankofa is absolutely right! What a people! What a country!
Yet I do not blame the core northeners: I blame southern and Middle Belt politicians and leaders who have refused to unite and who have failed to resist them and stand up to them over the last 58 years.
The history of our nation records that there were a few great men of remarkable courage, extraordinary fortitude and immense valour that not only did their best but were also gallant, fearless, selfless and outstanding in their quest to deliver our people.
Some of them were martyred and others were jailed whilst all suffered an unprecedented and unbearable level of humiliation and persecution. Yet despite it all they continued the struggle.
They identified and understood the problem and fought hard in their respective ways to fix it and deliver our people from northern hegemony, domination and bondage but sadly they all failed.
The new generation of southern and Middle Belt leaders must NOT fail because this is the final lap. For our generation failure is NOT an option.
We have no choice but to use all lawful and non-violent means to break the yoke of subjugation, servitude, slavery and bondage and to succeed in our quest for total liberation. If we fail to do so future generations of our people shall NEVER be free again.
We need the prayers of the saints and the fastings and supplications of the intercessors, the Prophets, the men and women of God and the Body of Christ!
We need the Holy Spirit of the Living God: the El Shaddai, the Elohim and the Adonai.
We need the Man of War, the Comforter, the Lord of Hosts and the Ancient of Days!
We need a great deliverer: a Moses, a Joshua, a Caleb, a David, a Cyrus, a Samson, a Gideon, a Jeptha, an Esther and a Jehu all rolled into one.
We need men and women of courage to pick up the gauntlet, take up the challenge and lead us in this great and cataclysmic battle and this monumental struggle.
We need to close ranks, build bridges amongst ourselves and forget past hurts, past disputes and past disagreements and agree to be totally and completely united.
Finally we need to look within ourselves and firmly resolve that it would be better to live a short life and die as free men than live a long one and live as slaves.
We fight not for ourselves but for future generations of our family, our lineage, our loved ones and our compatriots.
God forbid that they should have to live through the hell that we had to suffer called Nigeria: a land where the accursed rule over the blessed and where slaves ride on horseback whilst Princes and Kings walk around in bare feet.
Posted in Leadership
Sat Feb 15 , 2020
15 Things You Should Know About Douye Diri, The New Governor Of Bayelsa State: He was Born In June 4th February, 2020. He is from Kolokuma/Opokuma Local Government Area. He is a former Government School Teacher. He is the Alumnus of University of Port- harcourt He is a Nigerian. He […]
BREAKING: President Buhari Signs The Implementation Of Financial Autonomy of State Legislature and State Judiciary Into Law>>>Newsline9ja.com
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text:
package uk.ac.ebi.embl.flatfile.reader.embl;

import uk.ac.ebi.embl.flatfile.EmblTag;
import uk.ac.ebi.embl.flatfile.reader.LineReader;
import uk.ac.ebi.embl.flatfile.reader.SingleLineBlockReader;

/** Reader for the flat file OG lines.
 */
public class OGReader extends SingleLineBlockReader {

	public OGReader(LineReader lineReader) {
		super(lineReader);
	}

	@Override
	public String getTag() {
		return EmblTag.OG_TAG;
	}

	@Override
	protected void read(String block) {
		return;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Maryland Economic Development Association (MEDA)
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Maryland Commerce Designates New Enterprise Zone in Kent County
By Karen Glenn Hood | Jan 10, 2022
BALTIMORE, MD (January 10, 2022) – The Maryland Department of Commerce has approved the designation of a new Enterprise Zone in Kent County. The new zone will encompass more than 1,500 acres in the county, including the Town of Rock Hall. The new Enterprise Zone has a 10-year term, and is a joint effort between state and local governments, providing real property and state income tax credits for businesses that create jobs and make capital investments.
"We are so excited to approve this designation for Kent County and the Town of Rock Hall, which are working hard to bring new opportunities to the area," said Maryland Commerce Secretary Kelly M. Schulz. "The designation will help attract new businesses, retain or expand current businesses, and encourage much needed investment in the area."
In applying for the designation, the county's goal was to attract well-paying job opportunities, draw new investors, and assist business owners currently along Rock Hall's Main Street corridor. The county is working to boost economic growth in the area, including recently partnering with Kent Fiber Optic Systems to build a fiber-optic broadband network throughout the county. In addition, Main Street Rock Hall has received its 501(c)3 designation, a Sustainable Community designation from the Maryland Department of Housing and Community Development, and more than $100,000 in grants from the agency for façade and streetscape improvements.
"The tax credits offered by the Enterprise Zone designation are a vital instrument in Kent County's toolbox to expand and attract businesses. When Chestertown received its Enterprise Zone designation in 2016, it helped to attract approximately $40 million in capital investment and added jobs in the community," said Tom Mason, president, Kent County Commissioners. "We look forward to working with the Town of Rock Hall and Maryland Commerce to continue the revitalization efforts within the business community."
"The Enterprise Zone designation for Rock Hall is significant to our future economic growth," said Town of Rock Hall Mayor Dawn Jacobs. "We are actively working on expanding to a year-round destination focusing on the promotion of our heritage and history to participate in the Heritage Tourism industry. The tax advantages of the Rock Hall Enterprise Zone together with the expansion of reasons to come to Rock Hall, provide a basis for the expansion of both services and business investments. The Maryland Department of Commerce and Kent County's Department of Economic and Tourism Development continue to be of vital importance to our combined success. Their support and efforts on our behalf are to be commended and are greatly appreciated."
Qualified applicants for Enterprise Zones must exhibit certain economic criteria in order to qualify for the program. This includes high unemployment rates, regional low income rates, high poverty or population loss, or property abandonment rates. The Town of Rock Hall and Kent County were eligible to apply based on the poverty rate of the proposed area, which is higher than the national average. The poverty rate of Rock Hall stands at 29.7 percent, while the poverty rate for the designated Kent County zone stands at 15.3 percent, placing it several percentage points above the requirements for eligibility.
Among the benefits of the program, eligible properties located in Enterprise Zones may receive a 10-year real property tax credit against local taxes, and businesses that create new jobs may receive the state income tax credit.
The Maryland Department of Commerce is responsible for approving the State's Enterprise Zones, while local governments are responsible for their administration. There are currently 36 Enterprise Zones across 19 jurisdictions in Maryland.
About Maryland Commerce
The Maryland Department of Commerce stimulates private investment and creates jobs by attracting new businesses, encouraging the expansion and retention of existing companies, and providing financial assistance to Maryland companies. The Department promotes the State's many economic advantages and markets local products and services at home and abroad to spur economic development and international investment, trade and tourism. Because they are major economic generators, the Department also supports the Arts, film production, sports and other special events. For more information, visit commerce.maryland.gov.
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text:
Q: Character string limit reached early using fread from data.table, CSV lines look fine I'm reading a moderately big CSV with fread but it errors out with "R character strings are limited to 2^31-1 bytes". readLines works fine, however. Pinning down the faulty line (2965), I am not sure what's going on: doesn't seem longer than the next one, for example.
Any thoughts about what is going on and how to overcome this, preferably checking the CSV in advance to avoid an fread error?
library(data.table)
options(timeout=10000)

download.file("https://s3.amazonaws.com/nyc-tlc/trip+data/yellow_tripdata_2010-03.csv",
              destfile = "trip_data.csv", mode = "wb")

dt = fread("trip_data.csv")
#> Error in fread("trip_data.csv"): R character strings are limited to 2^31-1 bytes

lines = readLines("trip_data.csv")

dt2955 = fread("trip_data.csv", nrows = 2955)
#> Warning in fread("trip_data.csv", nrows = 2955): Previous fread() session was
#> not cleaned up properly. Cleaned up ok at the beginning of this fread() call.
dt2956 = fread("trip_data.csv", nrows = 2956)
#> Error in fread("trip_data.csv", nrows = 2956): R character strings are limited to 2^31-1 bytes
lines[2955]
#> [1] "CMT,2010-03-07 18:37:05,2010-03-07 18:41:51,1,1,-73.984211000000002,40.743720000000003,1,0,-73.974515999999994,40.748331,Cre,4.9000000000000004,0,0.5,1.0800000000000001,0,6.4800000000000004"
lines[2956]
#> [1] "CMT,2010-03-07 22:59:01,2010-03-07 23:01:04,1,0.59999999999999998,-73.992887999999994,40.703017000000003,1,0,-73.992887999999994,40.703017000000003,Cre,3.7000000000000002,0.5,0.5,2,0,6.7000000000000002"

Created on 2022-02-12 by the reprex package (v2.0.1)

A: When trying to read part of the file (around 100k rows) I got:
Warning message:
In fread("trip_data.csv", skip = i * 500, nrows = 500) :
  Stopped early on line 2958. Expected 18 fields but found 19. Consider fill=TRUE and comment.char=. First discarded non-empty line: <<CMT,2010-03-07 03:46:42,2010-03-07 03:58:31,1,3.6000000000000001,-73.961027000000001,40.796674000000003,1,,,-73.937324000000004,40.839283000000002,Cas,10.9,0.5,0.5,0,0,11.9>>
>

After removing it I was able to read at least 100 k rows
da = data.table(check.names = FALSE)

for (i in 0:200) {
  print(i*500)
  dt = fread("trip_data.csv", skip = i*500, nrows = 500, fill = TRUE)
  da <- rbind(da, dt, use.names = FALSE)
}

str(da)
Classes 'data.table' and 'data.frame':  101000 obs. of  18 variables:
 $ vendor_id         : chr  "" "CMT" "CMT" "CMT" ...
 $ pickup_datetime   : POSIXct, format: NA "2010-03-22 17:05:03" "2010-03-22 19:24:29" ...
 $ dropoff_datetime  : POSIXct, format: NA "2010-03-22 17:22:51" "2010-03-22 19:40:13" ...
 $ passenger_count   : int  NA 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 ...
[...]

Any thoughts about what is going on and how to overcome this, preferably checking the CSV in advance to avoid an fread error?

Then you can read it line by line, checking length of the list, and binding it to data table.
Regards,
Grzegorz


text:
Vuk Kostić (Beograd, 22. studenog 1979.) je srbijanski kazališni, televizijski i filmski glumac.

Životopis

Otac mu je poznat kazališni i filmski glumac i trendmaker-a 70-tih i 80-tih, Mihajlo Kostić Pljaka, a unuk Nestora-nege Kostića, jednog od osnivača i glumaca prvog kazališta u Prokuplju, prije Drugog svjetskog rata. Mlađi mu je brat profesionalni ronilac.

Odrastao je na Vračaru. Glumačku karijeru započeo je još kao dječak igrajući u nekoliko filmova i u televizijskoj seriji Otvorena vrata. Sa 6 godina igrao je i u Ateljeu 212 u komadu Dušana Kovačevića "Sveti Georgije ubiva aždahu" u režiji Ljubomira Mucija Draškića, uloga Vane siroče. Istovremeno igra glavnu ulogu u dječjem komadu Kristine Nestlinger "Konrad" u režiji Zorana Ratkovića s Oljom Grašič. Na televiziji snima drame "Vrenje", "Dom Bergmanovih" i brojne dječje obrazovne emisije i serije za djecu: "Knjiga je da se čita", "Jezički zabavnik", "Ogledi iz stila", "Strašna Priča", itd

Pohađao je 11. Beogradsku Gimnaziju na Lekinom Brdu. Poslije 3. razreda gimnazije je započeo studije, glumu na Fakultetu dramskih umjetnosti u Beogradu. Bio je na klasi s Nenadom Stojmenovićem, Sonjom Kolačarić, Bojanom Stefanović, Anom Maljević i Goranom Jevtićem. Diplomirao je kolovoza 2001. godine predstavom "Mušica" (Rucante-a).

Prije završetka studija na 3. godini studija, Vuk počinje snimanje filma "Apsolutnih 100" iz 2001. godine. Srdana Golubovića, kojim hrabri režiser - kome je to prvi film i njegov glavni glumac kome je to također prvi igrani film postižu izuzetan uspjeh u zemlji i inozemstvu. Vuk igra ulogu mladog šampiona u streljaštvu - Sašu Gordića. Pažnju na sebe je skrenuo ovom ulogom.

Po završenim studijama Vuk upisuje postdiplomske studije iz povijesti filma.

Uloge

Televizijske uloge

 "Močvara" kao Danijel Kinaković – Kinez (2020.)
 "Južni vjetar" kao Sparta (2018.)
 "Meso" kao Glava (2017. – 2018.)
 "Ubice mog oca" kao inspektor Aleksandar Jakovljević (2016. – 2019.)
 "Beli lavovi" kao Amonijak (2011.)
 "Ulice lipa" kao Ladni (2007. – 2008.)
 "M(j)ešoviti brak" kao Boriša (2003.)
 "Otvorena vrata" kao Miličin prijatelj (1995.)

Filmske uloge
 "Anka" kao Milan (2017.)
 "Neprijatelj" kao Čaki (2010.)
 "Šišanje" kao navijač (2010.)
 "Ljubav i drugi zločini" kao Stanislav (2008.)
 "Život je čudo" kao Miloš Đurić (2004.)
 "Apsolutnih sto" kao Saša Gordić (2001)

Vanjske poveznice
 Vuk Kostić na IMDb

Srbijanski filmski glumci
Srbijanski televizijski glumci
Glumci iz Beograda


text:
Uncle John may refer to:

 Uncle John (film), a 2015 American thriller film
 Uncle John's (store), a Philippine convenience store chain
 Uncle John's Bathroom Reader, a series of books containing trivia and short essays on miscellaneous topics
 John McCarthy (computer scientist) (1927–2011), computer scientist known as "Uncle John"

 Uncle John an Indian ice cream brand founded by George Verghese


With so many different options, deciding on the right Georgia Health Insurance can be confusing. But with the changing laws and the cost of healthcare on the rise, you can't afford to take chances with the health of you and your family members. If an accident or illness strikes, paying high medical costs out of your own pocket can be a financial disaster. If your employer does not offer an adequate health benefit package, or you are self employed, unemployed, retired, or a student, we can help you sort through the maze of different insurance options and find the right plan at a price you can afford.
The Insurance Source will help you understand the different types of health insurance choices for you and your family. Although plans differ, they basically cover most medical, surgical, and hospital expenses and can cover prescription drugs. Some plans even offer preventive health care, immunizations, and dental coverage.
Fee-For-Service (FFS) is a health plan in which the medical professional is paid for the services provided to the patient. Patients are free to choose their doctor and the claims are filed either by the health care provider or the patient.
Most health care plans are some form of Managed Care. Managed Care policies include Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO), Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO), and Point-Of-Service (POS).
HMO - With HMO's all your health care services go through your primary care physician. You will need a referral before seeing specialists or other health care professionals. This usually means less paperwork and lower health care costs for everyone.
PPO - This plan offers more flexibility. You do not need a primary care physician and can go to any health care professional you chose although with staying inside the network you will have lower out-of-pocket costs.
POS - These plans combine some of the qualities of the HMO and PPO plans and the benefits levels may vary depending on whether you receive your care within the network of providers. Like with HMO plans you choose your primary care doctors and need referrals to network specialists when needed. Like PPO plans you may receive non-network care but with greater out-of-pocket costs.
Obtaining the right Georgia medical insurance coverage is crucial. If you prefer to have your care coordinated through your primary care doctor, an HMO plan might be the right choice for you. If you would prefer more flexibility with your medical care or see a lot of specialists, you might look into a PPO plan.
Our team of professionals at The Insurance Source can help you sort through all the options and help you choose the right Georgia health insurance plan for your specific needs.


Branson IS Concentrated Solution is a biodegradable, phosphate and caustic free alkaline cleaner formulated for heavy-duty industrial use. A blend of liquid non-ionic surfactants and detergents, the superior detergent properties, wetting capabilities and free rinsing properties of Branson IS Solution combine to provide an exceptional cleaner for removing difficult soils and contaminants.
Branson IS Solution can be safely used with most base metals and alloys without pitting or discoloration.
Branson IS Solution is easily mixed with cold or hot water in a concentration of 8-10% by volume. Branson IS Solution can be used in both tabletop and industrial cleaning tanks at solution temperatures up to 180°F (82°C). Optimum cleaning performance will be realized at higher solution temperatures.


The Geology of the South Cumberland Plateau gallery shows how the plateau developed through geologic eras with an emphasis on the formation of coal during the Pennsylvanian period.
The sedimentary rocks that compose both plateaus are of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian geological age, composed of near shore sediments washed westward from the old Appalachian Mountains. Some rock layers were laid down in shallow coastal waters, some, including bituminous coal seams. These are interlaced sandstones and occasionally conglomerate.