The only software requirement to participate in this project is the presence of a database. Most software platforms (or no platform) should work; it will just require different levels of effort.
This is the easiest option, because of the free 12 Step Meeting List plugin that handles the JSON feed automatically, and provides other services as well such as: search, map, mobile-friendliness, geolocation, and address correction.
Some sites, such as Los Angeles and Ottawa, use WordPress without the plugin. This is fine so long as the data is stored in a database (separate fields for meeting day, time, address, etc.). If you are using the page editor to manage your meeting list or uploading a PDF then there is more work to do before it is ready to sync.
Other software options like Joomla!, Drupal, and CraftCMS are great options. Again, just make sure you're using a database for the meetings (separate fields for meeting day, time, address, etc). If you're using the page editor, or uploading a PDF, then you have more work to do to get it ready to sync.
These are very common in A.A., and should be fine, especially if you can make changes as needed. We will work with you to create a JSON feed in the proper format. If your server allows PHP, we can usually make one of these scripts in a few hours if you provide us with a snapshot of your meeting data in a .sql file.
It's not uncommon for sites to use a .mdb file from Access as their data source. This can work. In Broward County we were able to write a PHP script to access the data.
At this time, we can't make feeds from Google Calendar. We have worked with two sites to import their Google Calendars into the app, but were not able to make it work (using third-party PHP libraries to parse ICS format takes a long time to process and often times out).
Additionally, we do not currently support these other platforms: Wix, Weebly, and GoDaddy Website Builder. If we find a solution in the future, we will update you.


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Diverticular disease of the colon
Learn about diverticulitis and how diverticular disease is largely preventable
Many health-conscious peoplemen can recite their cholesterol counts and, blood pressure readings, and PSA levels without even glancing at their medical records. But few of these well-informed gents can tell you if they have diverticular disease of the colon, even though it's an extremely common condition. That's understandable, since the most prevalent form of the problem, diverticulosis, produces few if any symptoms. Still, when complications develop, blissful ignorance about diverticulosis abruptly gives way to an unwelcome education about the pain of diverticulitis or the bleeding of diverticulosis. It's a learning experience that's particularly unfortunate, since diverticular disease is largely preventable.
Your colon
The colon is a 4 1/2-foot-long tube that constitutes the final portion of the intestinal tract. The food you eat is mostly digested in the stomach and small intestine. Residual material enters the colon, or large intestine, in the cecum, which lies in the right lower portion of the abdomen (see Figure 1). From there, digested material travels up the ascending colon, across the transverse colon, and down the descending colon to the final portion, the sigmoid colon, in the lower left part of the abdomen. The intestinal contents take about 18 to 36 hours to journey through the colon; in the process, the few remaining nutrients are snatched into the bloodstream and much of the water is absorbed, resulting in solid fecal material.
When healthy, the colon is a smooth cylinder lined by a layer of epithelial cells. The wall of the colon contains two groups of muscles, a circular muscle that rings the colon and three long muscles that run the entire length of the tube. Like all tissues, the colon requires a supply of blood; in part, it's provided by the many small penetrating arteries that pass through the colon's muscular wall to carry blood to its inner layer of epithelial cells.
Figure 1: The colon
Most folks who think about the colon worry about the polyps and cancers that may develop from epithelial cells. But problems can also develop in other areas. Diverticula are sac-like pouches that protrude from the normally smooth muscular layer of the colon (see Figure 2). They tend to develop where the muscles are weakest, at the places where penetrating vessels cross through the muscles. And in Western societies, the great majority of diverticula develop where the colon is narrowest, in the sigmoid.
Figure 2: Diverticulosis
Who gets diverticulosis — and why?
Age is a major risk factor for diverticulosis. Diverticulosis is uncommon before age 40, but about one-third of all Americans will develop the condition by age 60, and two-thirds will have it by age 85. That makes diverticulosis one of the most common medical conditions in the United States.
It wasn't always this way. Diverticulosis was uncommon in the United States 100 years ago, and it's still rare in the developing world. What accounts for the difference? The principal factor is diet, especially the refinement of carbohydrates, which has deprived the typical American diet of much of its fiber content. Diverticulosis is a disease of Western civilization.
Dietary fiber is a mix of complex carbohydrates found in the bran of whole grains and in nuts, seeds, fruits, legumes, and vegetables, but not in any animal foods. Because humans cannot digest these complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber has little caloric value — but it has plenty of health value. Among other things, the insoluble fiber found in wheat bran, whole-grain products, and most vegetables (see table) draws water into the feces, making the stools bulkier, softer, and easier to pass. Dietary fiber speeds the process of elimination, greatly reducing the likelihood of constipation.
Some sources of dietary fiber
(to nearest gram)
All Bran
Shredded Wheat
1 cup (cooked)
Rye Krisp
1 square
Bran muffin
Whole-wheat bread
1 slice
1 cup (canned)
cup (cooked)
String beans
Pear (with skin)
Apple (with skin)
10 nuts
Wheat bran (crude)
1 tsp. or 1 wafer
1 tbsp.
A low-fiber diet has the opposite effect. But constipation is the least of the problems related to diverticulosis. Without enough fiber, the stools are small and hard, and the colon must contract with extra force to expel them. That puts extra pressure on the wall of the colon — and, as you may remember from Physics 101, the Law of LaPlace explains that the pressure in a tube is highest where the diameter is smallest. In the colon, that's the narrow sigmoid.
A Harvard study of 47,888 men demonstrates the role of dietary fiber. Men who consumed the most fiber were 42% less likely to develop symptomatic diverticular disease than their peers who consumed the least fiber. And the protective effect of fiber remained strong after the scientists took age, physical activity, and dietary fat into account.
Over time, a low-fiber diet increases the risk for diverticulosis and its complications. Because connective tissues tend to weaken over the years, age itself may compound the effect of diet. Other possible risk factors for diverticular disease include a high consumption of fat and red meat, obesity, cigarette smoking, and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. On the other hand, a Harvard study found that regular physical activity appears to reduce the risk of diverticular disease by up to 37% in men.
Why worry?
Diverticulosis is so common in Americans that it may hardly seem like a disease. Indeed, most peopleabout 75% of men with the condition never develop serious problems from diverticulosisit, though some of them have occasional abdominal cramps that may or may not stem from diverticulosis. But some 15% to 20% of people with diverticulosis go on to develop an inflammatory complication called diverticulitis (two-thirds mild to moderate, one-third serious) and 5% to 10% develop bleeding (two-thirds mild to moderate, one-third life-threatening). In all, diverticular disease of the colon accounts for 3,400 deaths in the United States each year while draining our economy of over $2.4 billion a year. That's quite a toll for a disease you may never have heard of.
Diverticulitis: Symptoms
Inflammation puts the "itis" into diverticulitis, which is the most common complication of diverticular disease. The bacteria that are packed into feces by the hundreds of millions are responsible for the inflammation of diverticulitis, but doctors don't fully understand why some diverticula become infected and inflamed while many do not. A current theory holds that the wall of the diverticular sac becomes eroded by pressure, trapped fecal material, or both. If the damage is severe enough, a tiny perforation develops in the wall of the sac, allowing bacteria to infect the surrounding tissues. In most cases, the body's immune system is able to contain the infection, confining it to a small area on the outside of the colon. In other cases, though, the infection enlarges to become a larger abscess, or it extends to the entire lining of the abdomen, a critical complication called peritonitis.
Pain is the major symptom of diverticulitis. Because diverticulosis typically occurs in the sigmoid colon, the pain is usually most pronounced in the lower left part of the abdomen, but other areas may be involved. Fever is also very common with diverticulitis, sometimes accompanied by chills. If the inflamed sigmoid is up against the bladder, a man may develop enough urinary urgency, frequency, and discomfort to mimic prostatitis or a bladder infection. Other symptoms may include nausea, loss of appetite, and fatigue. Some patients have constipation, others diarrhea.
Diverticulitis: Diagnosis
A physician's exam may reveal tenderness over the inflamed tissues, typically in the lower left abdomen; less often, the doctor may feel swelling. As in other infections, the white blood cell counts are usually elevated. But because these findings are non-specific, further testing is required to establish a diverticulitis diagnosis. The best test is a CT scan of the abdomen, ideally performed after the patient receives contrast material both by mouth and intravenously. And a month or two later, after treatment has quieted things down, the patient should have a colonoscopy, both to evaluate the diverticular disease and to be sure that no other abnormalities are lurking.
Diverticulitis Treatment
Since bacteria are responsible for the inflammation, antibiotics are the cornerstone of diverticulitis treatment. And because the colon harbors so many bacterial species, doctors must prescribe treatment that will target a broad range of bacteria, including Bacteroides and other anaerobic bacteria that grow best without oxygen, as well as E. coli and other aerobic (oxygen-requiring) microbes. Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (Augmentin) is effective against both types of bacteria. Another approach is to prescribe metronidazole (Flagyl, generic) for the anaerobes along with ciprofloxacin (Cipro, generic) or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, generic) for the aerobes. Needless to say, there are many variations on the theme, and doctors must always take their patients' allergies and general health into consideration when they prescribe antibiotics.
Patients with mild-to-moderate diverticulitis can take their antibiotics in pill form at home, but patients with severe inflammation or complications (see below) should receive intravenous (IV) antibiotics in the hospital, and then finish up with pills at home. In most cases, seven days of antibiotics is sufficient for diverticulitis treatment.
Bowel rest is also important for acute diverticulitis. For home treatment, that means sticking to a diet of clear liquids for a few days, then gradually adding soft solids and moving to a more normal diet over a week or two. Intravenous fluids can sustain hospitalized patients until they are well enough to switch to clear liquids en route to a full diet.
Because diverticulitis tends to recur, prevention is always part of the treatment plan. And for people with any form of colonic diverticular disease, that means a high-fiber diet.
Diverticulitis: Complications
Ordinary diverticulitis is bad enough, but complications from diverticular disease can be life-threatening. The most common complications include:
Abscess formation. An abscess is a walled-off collection of bacteria and white blood cells — pus. Diverticulitis always involves bacteria and inflammation, but if the body can't confine the process to the wall of the colon immediately adjacent to the perforated diverticulum, a larger abscess forms.
Patients with abscesses tend to be sicker than those with uncomplicated diverticulitis, and they have higher temperatures, more pain, and higher white blood cell counts. Treatment involves antibiotics and bowel rest, but it also requires drainage of the abscess. In many cases, specially trained interventional radiologists can accomplish that by using CT imagery to guide a thin plastic catheter through the skin into the abscess, allowing the pus to drain out. In most cases, the catheter stays in place for several days or until the drainage stops, while the patient continues to receive antibiotics and fluids. Sometimes, though, open surgery is required (see below).
Peritonitis. Although an abscess requires aggressive treatment, it represents a partial success for the body's infection defense apparatus, since the infection is confined to a small area. If that containment fails, infection spreads to the entire lining of the abdomen. Patients are critically ill with high fever, severe abdominal pain, and often low blood pressure. Prompt surgery and powerful antibiotics are required.
Fistula formation. In diverticulitis, the infection can burrow into nearby tissues, such as another part of the intestinal tract, the urinary bladder, or the skin. This complication is less common than abscess formation and less urgent than peritonitis, but it does require both surgery and antibiotics.
Stricture formation. It's another uncommon complication that can develop from recurrent bouts of diverticulitis. In response to repeated inflammation, a portion of the colon becomes scarred and narrowed. Doctors call such narrowing a stricture, and they must call on surgeons to correct the problem so fecal material can pass through without obstruction.
Diverticulitis: Surgery
Most patients with uncomplicated diverticulitis respond well to antibiotics and bowel rest. The majority of patients with abscesses do well with drainage through a catheter, but patients with severe diverticulitis or threatening complications require surgery. Here are some typical indications for diverticulitis surgery:
Severe diverticulitis that does not respond to medical treatment
Diverticulitis in patients with impaired immune systems
Diverticulitis that recurs despite a high-fiber diet
Abscesses that cannot be drained with a catheter
Peritonitis, fistula formation, or obstruction
Strong suspicion of cancer.
The timing and type of operation depend on the patient's individual circumstances. One traditional approach involves two separate operations, the first to remove the disease and divert the intestinal contents to a colostomy bag on the skin, and the second, several months later, to hook the colon and rectum back together (see Figure 3). In some cases, this can be accomplished with less-invasive laparoscopic surgery, and in milder cases, one operation may suffice. Still, the prospect of surgery makes a good case for eating plenty of fiber (see below).
Figure 3: Two-stage surgery for diverticulitis
Diverticular bleeding
Diverticulitis is one main complication of diverticular disease of the colon. The other is diverticular bleeding. It occurs when a diverticulum erodes into the penetrating artery at its base (see Figure 2). Because acute inflammation is absent, patients with diverticular bleeding don't have pain or fever.
The most common symptom is painless rectal bleeding. Since diverticular bleeding occurs in the colon, it produces bright red or maroon bowel movements. (In contrast, when bleeding occurs in the stomach, the blood is partially digested as it passes through the intestinal tract, so it appears as black, tar-like bowel movements).
In most patients, the bleeding is mild, and it usually stops on its own with bowel rest. But brisk bleeding is a life-threatening emergency. It requires expert hospital care with blood transfusions and IV fluids. It also requires aggressive attempts to locate the site of bleeding and to stop it. Several techniques are available; most experts recommend colonoscopy (doctors can see the bleeding artery through the scope and cauterize or clip it to stop the bleeding) or angiography (doctors thread a catheter into the artery that supplies blood to the colon, inject dye to see the bleeding artery on x-rays, and then inject medication to constrict the artery and stop the bleeding). If neither approach stops the bleeding, surgery may be needed.
Diverticular diease prevention
Diverticular disease of the colon is preventable. A high-fiber diet will sharply reduce the risk of developing diverticula — and even after the pouches form, dietary fiber will reduce the risk of diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding.
The Institute of Medicine recommends 38 grams of fiber a day for men age 50 and under and 30 grams a day for older men. For women, the recommended amount is 30 grams a day for those age 50 and under and 21 grams a day thereafter. Most Americans get much, much less. The table lists the fiber content of some foods and supplements.
Fiber is important for bowel function and general health, but it can be hard to get used to. Many people feel bloated and gassy when they start a high-fiber diet, but if they stick with it, these side effects usually diminish within a month or so. Still, it's best to ease into a high-fiber diet. Increase your daily intake by about 5 grams per week until you reach your goal, and be sure to have plenty of fluids as well. For most people, a high-fiber cereal is the place to start, but if breakfast isn't your thing, you can have it any time during the day.
Until recently, doctors banned nuts, seeds, corn, and popcorn from the diet of diverticulosis patients. Although they had no real evidence that these foods were harmful, doctors worried that these small particles might pass into the colon undigested and then lodge in the mouth of a diverticulum, blocking the pouch and making things worse. But a 2008 Harvard study put these fears to rest. During the 18-year study, the men who ate the most nuts and popcorn actually had a lower risk of acute diverticulitis than the men who ate the least; there was no change in the risk of bleeding, for better or worse.
Scientists are experimenting with other ways to prevent attacks of diverticulitis and episodes of bleeding; among other things, long-term nonabsorbable oral antibiotics are under study. People with diverticular disease might be wise to avoid or minimize their use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which may (or may not) increase the risk of trouble. Even so, dietary fiber remains the key to preventing diverticulitis and its complications. And if that's not enough reasons to chow down lots of "roughage," consider the other benefits of a high-fiber diet.
Dietary fiber fights constipation. Because it reduces straining that puts pressure on the abdomen and the veins, fiber reduces the risk of hernias, hemorrhoids, and even varicose veins. In some, but not all, studies, fiber has been linked to a reduced risk of colon cancer. Fiber is filling, and it helps combat obesity. It improves blood sugar metabolism, lowering the chances of developing diabetes. It lowers blood pressure. Some forms of fiber (soluble fiber) reduce blood cholesterol levels, and according to a Harvard study of 43,757 men, a high-fiber diet appears to reduce the risk of heart attacks by 41%.
Backed-up bowels? Don't get stuck on daily "regularity"
Hemorrhoids and what to do about them
The "other" incontinence — don't suffer in silence
Treating interstitial cystitis
Preparing for a colonoscopy
By the way, doctor: Is it okay to take a stool softener long-term?
Bladder & Bowel
Exercise is the best medicine
Don't fixate on your cholesterol, blood sugar, or blood pressure numbers. What really makes a difference is exercise. As little as 15 minutes of moderate-intensity activity most days of the week can help lower your cardiovascular risk.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Few people asked me to help them with reCaptcha on the old but still good MemHT 4.0.2.
This mod enables the reCaptcha 2 in the contact and user registration addons.
On the way of the improvement of MemHT, this website is now using the Security Socker Layer (SSL) by default (FYI besides the necessary SSL certs i only added the s (https://) in the url field in AdminCP > Site configuration).
Please report in the forums any problem you might have!
In occasion of the 5.0.1.0 release, the MemHT code repository has been moved to GitHub.
Even though SourceForge is the father of all projects hosters (and it's still one of the best), GitHub has moved to the next level: gigantic social potential, modern, simple etc.
The Stable Version of MemHT 5 has been released!
I'm expecting to receive tons of feedback with your impressions (or problems), the forum is waiting you.
This is the official end of MemHT 4 and as you can see i removed every trace of it because i wanted to start from scratch. Of course you'll receive support for critical problems as always, but you should start thinking about converting everything to MemHT 5 as soon as possible.
PPS: A lot of news are coming, stay tuned!
PPPS: It's not an April fool!!!
Hurray! The Release Candidate of MemHT 5 has been released!
As it has been announced (very deep in the past), the RC version is the first "real" 5 version, this means it doesn't contain all of the available plugins, languages, templates and extensions. Indeed plugins like Downloads, Files manager, Gallery, Links etc. need to be installed separately (they are almost all available in the SVN revision 157 anyway). Other plugins are not ready yet (Forums, Advertising manager, Newsletter etc), but they will be available soon.


While the Minnesota Department of Education does not provide direct programming, we work diligently with local schools and community organizations to have quality out-of-school time learning opportunities available across Minnesota. Here are some examples of programs we support.
The At-Risk Afterschool and Summer Meal Programs help students get the nutritious meals they need in a safe, supervised location. For many students, this is their only opportunity to access a healthy meal after the school day or year ends. Visit the At-Risk page for more information on meal programs.
Community Education promotes learning and social development through after school and summer programming for students and adults of all ages. The idea behind community education is that education is a lifelong process. The program gives shared responsibility for educating all to the entire community by providing opportunities for local citizens, schools, and organizations to become active partners in addressing education and community concerns. By linking identified needs to available resources, communities raise the quality of life for everyone. Contact your local district office for more information on opportunities for learning in your area.
Libraries recognize the importance of library services to children and teens. Dedicated State Library Services staff plan, develop and implement statewide programs and offer professional development opportunities for librarians working with youth. Find local library programs.
Targeted services provides before school, after school and summer programs for students in grades K-8 who may be struggling in the regular school program and need additional time to develop skills and abilities. Targeted services are designed for meeting the needs of the whole child. Therefore, it is not more of the same teaching and learning that occurs during the school day, but a different approach to engage students with the teacher, school and community. The purpose is to develop the skills needed to be successful in the regular school program. Contact your local district office for information about programs available in your community.
Minnesota can almost be called the land of 10,000 STEM opportunities. STEM stands for integrated Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math education. To help students get connected with these opportunities, this web portal has been designed to identify within a region or age group several organizations that provide services. Once you find an organization meeting your needs, you will be redirected to their site to make the contact. Explore STEM for opportunities in your area.


NIE Number - Tenerife Property Shop S.L.
Any person wishing to purchase a property or have any other fiscal representation in Spain must obtain a foreigners identification number (Numero de Identificación de Extranjero – N.I.E., or commonly referred to as an NIE number) and should appoint a qualified fiscal representative who is resident in Spain to deal with his or her tax affairs.
This identification number is personal to you, is not transferable and does not expire. The NIE consists of nine digits, of which the first and last are letters, with seven numbers in between. Obtaining your identification certificate need not be complicated or time consuming, and part of our service to clients who are purchasing property through TENERIFE PROPERTY SHOP S.L. is to advise and assist you to obtain this.


text:
Experts warn online daters after woman arrested for allegedly trying to rob date |
Experts warn online daters after woman arrested for allegedly trying to rob date
Wednesday, July 10th, 2019, 12:46am
The woman accused of attempting to rob a 25-year-old man she met through an online dating app appeared in court for the first time Tuesday morning. According to Metro Police, 21-year-old Diamond Williams met the man through an online dating app and allegedly attempted to rob him early Monday morning, along with three unidentified men.
According to employees of the Siegel Select apartments near the Las Vegas Strip, Williams was a resident of the complex and allegedly met up with the 25-year-old man on-property.
Just like that young man, many people across the valley have used different mobile applications that make going on dates as simple as a swipe. "I've talked to people here and there on apps, and there are definitely some people that are kinda sketchy or say things that are alarming, so I'm always really cautious," says one user, Olivia.
Experts say there are ways a situation like the one involving Williams can be avoided. "Really the important thing is don't put too much information on it," says former Henderson Police Chief Tommy Burns. "Communicate before meeting, meet in a public place, and most critical is to let others know where you're gonna be. Look up the person on the internet. They're looking you up, so look them up see who they are."
As for Olivia, she'll continue to screen potential dates and hopes others do the same. "You don't the the other person," she stressed. "You don't know their intentions. You don't know what they're capable of."
Diamond Williams is due back in court July 11.


Welcome to the Endless Knot! Today, with help from my friend Jade & some math, I'm going to spell some things out for you!
When I was a kid, I really struggled with spelling. Other kids seemed to pick it up so easily, and I was told to just memorize lists of words, but no one would ever tell me why words were spelled the way they were. It was only when I learned some history of the language in university that it finally start to make sense. At first glance, English seems to have a downright chaotic spelling system, causing difficulties for young native speakers and adult second language speakers alike. Why is it 'circus' not 'serkis'? Why are we so confused about whether it's Gif or Jif? And why can a rough, dough-faced ploughman stride, coughing thoughtfully, through the streets of Scarborough?! Can't we just simplify English spelling? Well, as we'll see, English may not be quite as irregular as it seems, and there may actually be some benefits to those peculiarities; and maybe the problem isn't so much the spelling as the way it's taught, unconnected to the fascinating story of its development. Now, that's a fairly complicated story, so I'm going to pick a few key examples, and I'll also be filling in a lot of details later with some other videos about specific letters and sound changes. But for now, let me try to help make things make sense for you, as they finally do for me!
What is spelling anyway? Well, it's putting the letters of words in the so-called right order. But what does that mean? You might be surprised to know that the word spelling didn't have that meaning until the early modern period, which is when spelling first really started to be standardized in English; before that you just wrote words the way you said them depending on your own particular dialect or accent. The Old English verb spellian, from the Proto-Indo-European root *spel- "say aloud or recite", meant "to tell or speak" and the noun spell meant "narrative or story" as well as "message or news". That sense is clear in the second element of the word gospel which literally means "good news". Spell could also refer to a magical incantation, a sense we still have today. But the Germanic root that lies behind the word spell also made it into French via the Franks, and there it took on a new meaning. The Anglo-Norman and Old French forms of the word espeler or espelir meant "to read out loud" as well as "read out letter by letter". After the Norman conquest of England, the French and English words merged, and it's from the French senses that we get the modern sense of spelling. But spell isn't the only language word that has magical connections. The word grammar comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *gerbh- meaning "to scratch", and in fact also gives us the word carve as well as graph, the idea being that writing was originally carved into wood or stone. From the word grammar we also get the word glamour, first appearing in Scots English ,which originally implied magic, meaning "enchantment" or "spell", from the notion of arcane learning. Glamour then gains its modern sense from the idea that someone who is glamorous kind of casts a spell on people. So I suppose it's not surprising that I found the English spelling system mystifying!
So one big problem is that there isn't a consistent letter-to-sound, one-to-one correspondence in the English writing system. Some sounds require multiple letters, like the /θ/ in thin, or the /oʊ/ in oak. And some letters or letter combinations can make multiple sounds as in the words streak and steak, now and know, here and there. This makes English spelling harder to learn, so why haven't we got rid of them to make thing easier? Part of the answer, surprisingly, has to do with the mathematics of information! But you'll have to head over to my friend Jade's channel, Up and Atom, to get the full story on that and why the redundancies are really useful information! In the meantime, in order to see how those redundancies and complexities of spellings came about in the first place, we need to look at the history of the alphabet.
So an alphabet is a writing system in which individual characters, at least theoretically, represent individual distinct sounds. By the way, that word character ultimately comes from another Proto-Indo-European root that implies the original carving of writing, *gher- meaning "scrape, scratch", which came into Greek as kharassein "to make sharp" and kharakter which after passing through Latin and French give us not only the word character, but also gash. The word letter, on the other hand, is a bit of a mystery. It comes through French from Latin littera "letter", but before that it's uncertain. One suggestion is that it came through Etruscan (and we'll be talking about that language in a minute), from Greek diphthera "writing tablet" originally "prepared hide, piece of leather", which I suppose might suggest another medium of writing with ink on animal skin. Interestingly, this Greek word makes it into French and English again, as a more direct borrowing from Greek, when physician Pierre Bretonneau named the disease diphtheria on account of the leathery false membrane which forms in the throat of someone who has the disease.
But as I was saying, an alphabetic writing system theoretically can have a one-to-one sound-to-letter correspondence, but obviously that isn't the case in English, and to understand why we have to take a look at the journey the alphabet took to get to English. And when I say the alphabet, I really do mean THE alphabet. With only a few exceptions, such as the Hangul script of Korea which was developed independently, all the alphabets used today descend from one original alphabet. The story starts in ancient Egypt with their famous hieroglyphics. This was a logographic system in which characters represented words. However, sometimes the hieroglyphs could be used phonetically to represent the consonants of the word the picture depicted, and this could be particularly useful for writing things like foreign names. Around 2000 BCE a Semitic group in Egypt borrowed from the Egyptians the idea of using pictures to represent individual consonant sounds. They borrowed the pictures from the hieroglyphics, such as a hand, but ignored the Egyptian word they represented, substituting their own Semitic word for hand, in this case kaph, and used that character to represent the consonant at the beginning of that word, in this case the /k/ sound. And that hand character eventually became our letter k. Now at this point there were only letters for the consonants, which is why that Semitic alphabet is sometimes referred to as an abjad, an acronym made from the names of the first four letters of the Arabic alphabet, rather than a full alphabet with consonants and vowels. This was fine for the Semitic languages, which tended to have relatively more consonants than vowels, so writing down the consonants is generally enough to tell you the word, and this is basically still how the writing systems work in modern semitic languages like Hebrew and Arabic. And this was the beginning of the alphabet's journey to English, because another closely related Semitic group known as the Phoenicians picked it up. Not that they called themselves the Phoenicians—that's the Greek word for them, literally meaning "purple people", because they were the source of a prized purple dye extracted from sea mollusks, which they sailed around the Mediterranean selling, and also, it seems, spreading their alphabet.
And that's how the Greeks picked it up. Now Greek was a very different language from Phoenician, not a Semitic language, but from the completely unrelated Indo-European language family. It had many more vowels, and fewer consonants. So what the Greeks did was use some of the letters that represented consonants they didn't use for their vowel sounds. Like the first letter in the alphabet. The Phoenicians called it aleph, which meant "ox", and the letter form was meant to represent the head of an ox with its two horns. It stood for a consonant sound that wasn't used in Greek, but they did need to represent the vowel /ɑ/, so that character became Greek alpha, and eventually English's letter <a>. To round things off, the next letter in the Phoenician alphabet, bayt meaning "house" and representing /b/, became Greek beta and English <b>, and together those first two letters, alpha and beta, give us the word alphabet, appropriate since the Greek alphabet is the first full alphabet including vowels as well as consonants.
The next stop for the alphabet was the Etruscans, a group of people who lived in the part of Italy known today as Tuscany. The Etruscan language is not Indo-European, and in fact is not related to any other known language, what linguists call a language isolate. So again, this language had a rather different sound system compared to Greek, and so some adaptations had to be made to fit the letters to the language. And from there the alphabet rolled down into Rome, where it became the basis of the Latin alphabet, which in turn spread around Europe and ended up as what we write English with today, with a few extra letters added in and some tweaks to the sounds some of the letters make; and that's why the English alphabet is often called the Roman alphabet.
Now why is it so important to know all of this to understand English spelling? Well, each time the alphabet moved from one language to another, it produced redundancies and quirks in the letter-to-sound correspondences. For example, the /k/ sound. As we saw before, this was represented in the original Semitic alphabet as kaph. But the Semitic languages had more varieties of consonants produced at the back of the throat than Greek did, so the Greek alphabet didn't need all those distinct characters. Kaph it kept, which became kappa, and later English <k>. The Greeks also initially kept the letter qoph, forerunner of our letter <q>, although it was redundant for them, and they later dropped it. The Phoenicians also had a /ɡ/ letter, called gimmel, which became Greek gamma. /ɡ/ and /k/ are similar sounds, but it's an important distinction in Greek (as it is in English). But in Etruscan it wasn't, although that language had a number of other varieties of back of the throat sounds. So they didn't need that Greek gamma, and assigned another type of K sound to that letter, in addition to keeping both <k> and the <q> from early Greek. And notice that the gamma looks a lot like the letter <c>? Well that's how we got the letter <c>, making a /k/ sound, not the hard /ɡ/ sound of Greek gamma. And then when the Romans got their hands on the alphabet, there was no longer a letter to represent the /g/ sound, which Latin DID have, so initially they used the letter <c> to represent both /k/ and /ɡ/. They eventually invented the letter <g> by putting an extra stroke onto a <c>, but that was only later. That's why the common Roman name Gaius was abbreviated with the letter <c>. For whatever reason, the Romans didn't uses the letter <k> very much, though it hung around as a quaint redundancy. As for the letter <q>, for the Romans it also represented a /k/ sound, but was restricted to the letter combination <qu> followed by a vowel sound, which was common in Latin. And that's why English has the redundant letters <k>, <c>, and <q>, often the target of those who complain about the English spelling system. We'll come back to the letter <c> and the multiple sounds it can represent in Modern English later.
Now this problem of new languages using this old system came up again when Old English speakers started to use the Latin alphabet to write down their Germanic language which has sounds not present or distinguished in Latin. The Anglo-Saxon scribes coped by adding in some letters from their own earlier runic writing system or modifying existing letters in the Latin alphabet. Later on, after Viking invaders conquered and settled in large parts of the country, there was an influx of Norse loanwords. At least Old Norse and Old English were related languages, but there are some significant differences, which led to further adaptations of the spelling system. But the biggest shake up came after the French-speaking Normans conquered the country. In addition to a vast amount of French vocabulary with its own sounds and spellings that came into the language, the Norman scribes didn't like the barbaric Old English spelling conventions and began spelling the Germanic-derived English words in new ways. So it's this mashup of different spelling conventions, and a bunch of snooty scribes, that made my life so hard as a kid!
For example, /dʒ/, a sound not in Latin, had been spelled in Old English as <cg> as in the word ecg, but under the Normans was now spelled <dge> as in the modern spelling, and that convention was eventually carried over to some words of French origin as well such as judge. But what about the /dʒ/ sound at the beginning of that word? What about the letter <j>? Well it hadn't really been invented yet. In fact it's the most recent addition to the English alphabet. In Latin the letter <i> did double duty representing both the vowel /i/ sound and the closely related consonant /j/. But as the various local dialects began transforming into what would become the Romance languages, that /j/ sound began to shift to a /dʒ/ sound in early French. But it was still spelled with the letter <i>. So Latin Iupiter became Jupiter, though still spelled with an <i>. The <j> letter form did grow out of the letter <i>, but it wasn't at first used to differentiate between the two sounds, it was really just a fancy way of writing the same letter. It wasn't until 16th century French that the letter <j> started to be used systematically, and not until the 17th century did it arrive in English. In fact as late as the 18th century, when Samuel Johnson wrote his famous Dictionary, though he did use the letter <j>, he interfiled all the <i> and <j> words together. It wasn't until later lexicographers such as Noah Webster that the letter <j> got its own section in dictionaries. So that explains the two /dʒ/ sounds in judge which came from Latin iudex. If only they'd taught me etymologies in school I'd have won all the spelling bees. Not that I'm judging.
But you can also spell /dʒ/ with a <g>, so what's up with that? Well in Latin the letter <g> always made the so-called hard /ɡ/ sound. But again as French developed out of Latin, the letter <g> when it came before a front vowel, that is vowels produced towards the front of the mouth such as /i/ and /e/, it came to be pronounced /dʒ/. A similar sound change had already happened in Old English with /ɡ/ in some contexts becoming /j/ which Norman scribes started to spell with the letter <y> as in yard. Confused yet? Don't worry, it gets worse. So we see French loanwords in English like gentle, following our hard-G soft-G rule that we're taught in elementary school. But there are exceptions, I hear you say. What about words like get and give? Well here's where we see the influence of Old Norse. Get was a loan word from Old Norse, where /ɡ/ hadn't changed at all. And though give did exist in Old English with that /j/ sound as giefan and should have become *yive, the word also existed in a related Old Norse form in the north of England with a hard-G and therefore give has the pronunciation it does today. So neither word is subject to the hard-G soft-G rule derived from French, and you can generally identify a word as coming from or influenced by Old Norse if it breaks that rule. So the important question is: gif or jif? Norse or French? Well as far as I'm concerned it's an English word so it should be yif!
Now Old English did of course also have a hard /g/ sound so that mapped easily onto the Roman letter <g>. But it also had a couple of guttural sounds that didn't exist in Latin, which the English scribes spelled with either <h> or <g>, in addition to still using those letters for their previous Latin sounds. But again the Norman scribes turned their noses up at that double use of letters, and instead often used the combination <gh> to represent those guttural sounds. But why, then, is <gh> pronounced in so many different ways in Modern English?
Well, first of all, there were actually three slightly different guttural sounds in Old English and the sounds diverged in different ways, and some scribes changed the spellings to reflect that and some didn't. In some contexts, the guttural sound became a /w/ sound and came to be spelled <w> in Modern English, as in the Old English word boga becoming Modern English bow. But notice that Old English plog, sometimes spelled with a <g> and sometimes spelled with an <h>, is spelled in Modern English as either plow or plough. Similarly we have Modern English words with a <gh> spelling like dough and bough, which were spelled with a <g> in Old English, and through and though, which were spelled with an <h> in Old English. In some cases, such as when following a front vowel, the guttural sound of <gh> just disappeared, as in high and night. And in one surprising sound change the guttural sound became /f/ as in rough, particularly in northern dialects of English. This one's so weird I'll have to cover it in a separate video! As for the different vowel sounds of the various words spelled <ough>, they often represented quite different vowels in Old English which all got lumped together under the one spelling and therefore developed in very different ways.
So to summarize, this train wreck is the result of the shifting spelling conventions in Middle English and subsequent sound changes that happened. Unfortunately the <gh> spellings became standard even though we no longer pronounce those guttural sounds.
Now let's return to the letter <c> again and consider another sound it makes. Why do we have soft <c> and hard <c>? Well, this is a sound shift that happened as Latin became French. In Latin, <c> always indicated /k/. But as the various Romance languages developed out of Latin, as with the letter <g>, when /k/ came before a front vowel it changed, eventually becoming /s/, and the French-speaking Normans brought that with them to England, so we now have the hard-C/soft-C rule.
And these are just some of the different spelling conventions that influenced English spelling. In addition to the various French conventions, English has also grappled with spellings from Greek, filtered through the Latin system of transliterating Greek words, as well as loanwords from languages from around the world, such as Dutch, Hindi, and Arabic. But that's a journey for another video—for now, let's look at another source of my scholastic struggles, namely sound changes in English itself.
Sound changes are of course a natural part of all languages over time, so this is always a potential problem for phonetic writing systems. If you have a one for one letter-for-sound correspondence, then over time you either have to change the way you spell things or live with the fact that the letters stop matching the sounds. We've talked about a number of changes that happened to consonants so far, and there have been A LOT of changes to vowels too. But I'm going to focus on the most important one in terms of its effect of spelling, which has to do with the short and long vowels. Originally short and long vowels in Old English, as in Latin, were just that, short and long in terms of duration, with the quality of the vowel sound more or less the same, and I'm simplifying slightly here to make this a little easier. The letter <a> represented /ɑ/ and was pronounced quickly /ɑ/ or held longer /ɑ:/. So it wasn't too much of a problem representing both the long and short versions of a vowel with the same letter. And if you speak other continental European languages like French or Italian, you know that's still roughly true in them. But something weird happened in English, right around the time that Middle English was becoming Early Modern English, gradually changing the sounds of those long vowels over a few hundred years. But it didn't affect the short vowels, so we ended up with the vowel letters representing quite different sounds. (Again, I'm simplifying a bit here as there were some more minor sound changes that did affect the short vowels in Middle English.) So the short /ɑ/ in swan remains basically the same from Old English to Modern English, but the long /ɑ:/ in Middle English name became name in Modern English. This change is called the Great Vowel Shift because it affected the whole system of long vowels, with each vowel in turn moving in its position in the mouth. So /ɑ:/ became /e:/, /e:/ became /i:/, /i:/ eventually became /aɪ/ and so forth. And again, I swear I'm simplifying here! But that's why today we often say to children learning to spell that the long vowels say their name, A, E, I, O, U. This is also why it's become more important in Modern English to indicate long and short vowels in the spelling system. There actually had been earlier attempts at that, well before the Great Vowel shift. In the 12th century a little while after the Norman Invasion, a monk named Orm, who is now only remembered for his spellings not the literary quality of his work (yes it's that boring), was unhappy with the way people were pronouncing English, and developed his own system of spelling. This included using a doubled consonant to indicate that the preceding vowel was pronounced short. We do that today as in the words write and written, but we don't do it because of Orm. No one actually picked up on Orm's spelling reforms, but the same idea was reinvented by later scribes. Poor Orm. Also, in the Middle English period, many of the Old English inflectional endings, basically word endings that indicated the grammatical functions of words, began to become reduced or disappear altogether, with different vowel sounds becoming an indistinct /ə/ or schwa sound spelled simply with the letter <e>, and over time those <e>s stopped being pronounced altogether. But they stuck around as the so-called silent E, useful for marking the preceding vowel sound as long.
But what's really crucial here is the timing of the Great Vowel Shift, along with the other sound shifts that were taking place at the end of the Middle English period, since this was right around when standard spellings started to be fixed. Since the pronunciation of English at that time was so radically in flux, the spellings that became fixed reflected sometimes older and sometimes newer forms, leaving us with the mixed bag of spellings we have today. There had been earlier attempts at standardized spellings, but in the 15th century, there were two factors that fundamentally influenced the standard spellings that we have today.
The first is the development of the so-called Chancery Standard, which was used in official government writings in the first half of the 15th century. It actually started with King Henry V, who in August of 1417 decided to communicate with his officials in English rather than French. The Signet Office, which was in charge of his personal communications, developed standard spellings based on the Central East Midland and London dialects. From there it spread to the other government offices, and as official documents were sent around the country other professional scribes began to adopt this standard.
The other major factor is the arrival of the printing press. William Caxton, born in Kent, relocated to Bruges (in what is now Belgium), working in the textile industry. He wrote an English translation of a French account of the Trojan War, and, after he picked up the technique of printing during a trip to Cologne, printed the first book in English, his own translation, in 1475. Then in 1476 he moved back to England and set up his printing press in Westminster, near all those government offices, and began his printing business. Caxton was well aware of the problems posed by the variety of dialects around England. For his books to sell, they had to be widely understandable. In the prologue to one of his books he tells a story which really shows the scope of the problem. A certain merchant from the north of England, visiting London, tries to buy eggs from a local southern woman. He asks for egges and the woman replies that she can't understand him because she doesn't speak French. The merchant gets upset, his egg craving being unsatisfied, since he also could speak no French, until a bystander steps in to translate telling the woman that he wanted eyren. This slapstick comedy story of a food order gone wrong is based on the fact that the northern form egges, which comes from Old Norse, and the southern form eyren, which comes from Old English, are so different. And if you can't do something as simple as order some eggs, how are you going to publish books understandable by all? Caxton's solution was to publish in the London standard, rather than his own native Kentish dialect, which he considered crude, and other printers soon merged this with Chancery English and spread those spellings even further. Of course it wasn't all smooth sailing. Early printed books were often inconsistent in their spellings such as the silent <e> being dropped or added to equalize line lengths, and odd things sometimes crept in like the <h> in the spelling of ghost from the influence of Flemish printers (possibly introduced by Caxton himself). But in the end Chancery English and the printing press give us the modern English spelling system we're stuck with today.
There have been many attempts and proposals over the years at reforming the English spelling system, in fact almost since standard spellings arose. An early one worth noting is Sir Thomas Smith's who in 1568 proposed a system involving a 34 character alphabet which for instance reassigned the redundant <c> to the /tʃ/ sound, added characters, and used diacritics or accent marks to show short and long vowels. Others were more conservative such as William Bullokar's 1580 proposal which stuck to only the already existing characters plus diacritics. He also wanted to drop unnecessary double consonants and silent <e>s, and objected to the so-called etymologically based spelling. This is when, for instance, the silent letter <b> is added to words like debt and doubt because it shows they came from the Latin words debitum and dubitare, even though they were never pronounced that way in English. In another example, the <s> was added to island because of the mistaken belief that it was connected to the Latin derived word isle (from Latin insula) when in fact island came from the unrelated Old English iegland and never had an <s> in there to begin with. I'll admit that if only this one suggestion had been taken up, my life would have been much easier! But spelling reformers over the years more or less split into either conservatives or radicals, either tidying up the worst inconsistencies or reforming the whole system. What the more conservative reformers realised was that radical proposals were unlikely to be accepted and would create the difficulty of learning a whole new system. But that didn't stop the proposals.
The two individuals most influential on English spelling standards were the dictionary writers Samuel Johnson and Noah Webster. Dr Johnson started out initially as a language reformer, but soon realised this was impractical, and his ultimately conservative spellings used in his great Dictionary served to further entrench existing standards. The American Noah Webster, on the other hand, ended up being the only successful reformer of the English spelling system. In the various editions of his Dictionary of American English and spelling books, he started out rather conservative in his reforms, then later radicalized, and then gradually became more and more conservative again. But he is why the American spelling system to this day differs from the British system, which has in fact made things harder for all of us!
Now I know I said I wished some of these reforms had happened, but really what I wish is that I'd been taught some of this history way back in school. Because I think there are some real benefits to the spelling system as it now stands. First of all it tells us so much about the history of the language. And there are some advantages to having a spelling system that doesn't have a simple one-to-one letter-to-sound correspondence. It helps us distinguish between "the rights of the Church" and "the rites of the Church", or more recently between "fishing" and "phishing". And how would a strictly phonetic writing system work with the many different accents around the English-speaking world? If you based your system on only one of those accents it would be a highly political decision, favouring some and disadvantaging others. And it would obscure the relationship between many words such as nature and natural which currently use the letter <a> to represent quite different sounds. And finally a somewhat illogical spelling system gives so much scope for creativity from brand names like Flickr to text speak like gr8 to the unpronounceable pwn.
Leave a comment or use the community tab to tell me about your most hated English spellings, and maybe I'll try to explain them in a follow-up video. I'll also be doing some videos exploring the detailed linguistics and phonology of some of the letters and sound changes I covered here, as well as some others I didn't have time to include, probably in the summer. For now, please head over to the Up and Atom channel to learn more about the fascinating mathematical concept of entropy and how it's connected to spelling and writing.
Thanks for watching! If you've enjoyed these etymological explorations and cultural connections, please subscribe, & click the little bell to be notified of every new episode. And check out our Patreon, where you can make a contribution to help me make more videos. I'm @Alliterative on Twitter, and you can visit our website alliterative.net for more language and connections in our podcast, blog, and more!


On the 21st June, comedian Katherine Ryan hosted Plan International UK's Gala Dinner at Landing Forty Two for VIP guests in support of girls' rights.
Celebrity guests included Eliza Doolittle, Julia Bradbury and John Caird – all of whom attended to show their support for the plight of girls around the world.
A champagne reception and three-course fine dining dinner was followed by an action-packed live auction and an exclusive performance from Plan supporter and singer-songwriter, Eliza Doolittle.
The event raised an incredible £70,000 for Plan International UK's work, to combat issues that hold girls back from having a say on their own future – such as child marriage, FGM, violence, discrimination and limited access to education.
We are delighted to support charity events. Registered charities receive a 20% discount on venue hire for events at Landing Forty Two, helping you to make the most profit for your cause.
If you are a charity and are interested in holding a fundraising event, please get in touch with the team at info@landingfortytwo.com or call 020 8498 4930.


I believe that reaching your potential takes time and support. I am passionate about education and committed to each and every student I have mentored over the years, It takes time to form an open rapport to accommodate open learning styles but if you believe in yourself with the right environment then any goals are accomplishable!
Aiming to travel the world: 52 countries completed so far: 138 to go!


Food itself has inherent energetic properties that cool or warm your baby's body. In addition to the intuitive idea that frozen foods are cooling, and hot cooked foods are warming, different cooking methods can also have cooling or warming effects. The same food will have different thermal properties when prepared in different ways. Ice cream cools your baby's body, while drinking warm milk warms her. Listed below are ways that cooking methods can influence your baby's body.
The elements in food preparation and cooking have an influence on food. Yang-producing elements include salt, pressure, fire, and time. Yin-producing elements include water, oil, and air. Sprinkle salt on cucumbers and watch the contraction of the cucumber as the water squeezes out. Pressure on cabbage causes the liquid to release. Cooking methods such as deep-frying, popping grains, pressure-cooking, grilling, baking, and broiling all use high or dry heat, and have a more yang influence, which results in food that is firm and dry.
Longer cooking times, like when making a slow-cooked stew, exert a more yang influence effect on food. Sautéing, boiling, and steaming use liquid, which softens food and creates a yin effect. Using oil in salad dressing or in cooking adds a yin influence and is more digestible when combined with salt. Raw food is usually more yin than cooked food, because it does not have the heat of fire. Cooking methods are not only yin or only yang because you may combine a yang element and a yin element, such as heat and oil for deep-frying.
The source of heat also has an effect on the energy in food. Direct fire, on a woodstove or campfire, is the method of cooking that offers the most yang influence. Gas stoves have a balanced and natural heat source for daily cooking, because the flame is similar to fire, and it is responsive to heat adjustment. Cooking with electricity gives less heat to food than cooking with actual fire. Using an electric stove or electrical appliances may have a tendency to dry food out, so you may need to add extra water while cooking.
Microwaves can cause "hot spots" that can cause burns. Cooking in plastic containers or packaging in a microwave can melt the plastic and release toxins into the food. There are also dangers of radiation leakage, so make sure your child is not near a microwave when it is in use, and see that the door hinges seal properly. The following are basic methods for cooking healthy and delicious foods for your baby or child.
Before cooking, start by reviewing the recipes, then get out the utensils, storage containers, and necessary ingredients. See what kind of food preparation needs to be done first or can be done in advance.
All foods have an energy force, as well as their nutritional composition. This life force is the same chi that your baby's body carries along her meridians or channels.
Cooking does some of the work of digestion before food enters your baby's body, which is a benefit to her underdeveloped digestive system.


Fifteen years ago, the discovery of inflammasomes was a breakthrough in our comprehension of how inflammation is set off1. Inflammasomes have since been shown to play key roles in various pathophysiologic conditions and therefore constitute a major target for drug development.
This review focuses on the central function of inflammasomes between innate and adaptive immunity.
Inflammasomes are tri-partite complexes consisting of a cytoplasmic sensor, an adaptor known as apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC; or PYCARD), and pro-caspase-1. Inflammasomes are defined by their sensor, which include AIM2, Pyrin and NLRP1, NLRP3 and NLRC4 that belong to the NOD-like receptor family2. The diversity and specificity of sensors allow responsiveness to a broad range of stimuli either extrinsic (microbial molecules) or intrinsic (danger signals).
The NLRP3 inflammasome is the prototypical and best characterized inflammasome. Its activation is a two-step process. A first signal ('priming'), provided by microbial molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induces NF-κB-dependent expression of NLRP3 and pro-IL1β. The second signal, provided by various structurally unrelated microbial molecules (e.g. toxins) or danger signals (e.g. monosodium urate (MSU)), triggers inflammasome multimerization. NLRP3 promotes ASC aggregation into specks leading to caspase-1 self-cleavage and activation. Active caspase-1 induces the proteolytic maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, and cleavage of Gasdermin D (GSDMD). Subsequent GSDMD pore formation at the cell membrane elicits a rapid pro-inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. This event, associated with the release of IL-1β, IL-18 and alarmins such as HMGB1, contributes to the propagation of danger signals beyond the damaged or infected cell, notably by recruiting neutrophils2,3. Moreover, oligomeric inflammasome particles can be released to further amplify the inflammatory response after phagocytosis by surrounding macrophages4.
Interestingly, IL-1β secretion can occur independently of pyroptosis in intact living phagocytes in a state of 'hyperactivation'5,6. Indeed, inflammasome-induced hyperactive dendritic cells (DCs) trigger enhanced T-cell responses: besides retaining their function of antigen presentation, they contextualize T helper cell responses through the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. These cytokines were shown to preferentially drive Th1/Th17 responses. IL-18 amplifies IFN-γ production by primed Th1 cells and strengthen their Th1 differentiation, while IL-1β promotes Th17 polarization and IL-17 secretion. IL-1β also improves survival of naive and memory T cells7,8. Th17 responses driven by inflammasome-dependent IL-1β are essential for host defense against fungal infections. Recognition of fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans by Dectin-1, a C-type lectin receptor that senses β-glucans, leads to Syk-dependent NF-κB activation, NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and IL-1β-mediated Th17 responses resulting in effective anti-Candida immunity9,10. Of note, Dectin-1 signaling also triggers IL-1β production via a non-canonical caspase-8 inflammasome9.
The divergent functions of IL-1β and IL-18 in shaping adaptive immunity has drawn much attention to inflammasomes for vaccine adjuvant development. Th1-mediated humoral responses, Th1/Th17/cytotoxic T cell immunity and immunological memory may be manipulated with inflammasome-activating ligands11. For example, combining induction of type-I interferons (IFNs), known to inhibit pro-IL-1 synthesis and favor IL-18 maturation, with activation of inflammasomes in DCs is a promising way to achieve protective Th1 responses12. Such combination may be obtained with certain particulate vaccine adjuvants such as the cationic polysaccharide chitosan. It was recently found to induce type-I IFN production and NLRP3 inflammasome activation leading to robust Th1 responses13. Further studies are still needed to better understand the role of inflammasomes in adaptive immunity and for the development of improved vaccine adjuvants.
1. Martinon F. et al., 2002. The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-1β. Mol Cell. 10:417-26.
2. Broz P. and Dixit V.M., 2016. Inflammasomes: mechanism of assembly, regulation and signalling. Nat Rev Immunol. 16:407-20.
3. Kovacs S.B. and Miao E.A., 2017. Gasdermins: effectors of pyroptosis. Trends Cell Biol. 27:673-84.
4. Baroja-Mazo A. et al., 2014. The NLRP3 inflammasome is released as a particulate danger signal that amplifies the inflammatory response. Nat. Immunol. 15:738-48.
5. Broz P. et al., 2010. Differential requirement for caspase-1 autoproteolysis in pathogen-induced cell death and cytokine processing. Cell Host Microbe. 8:471-83.
6. Evavold C.L. et al., 2018. The pore-forming protein gasdermin D regulates interleukin-1 secretion from living macrophages. Immunity. 48:1-10.
7. Evavold C.L. and Kagan J.C., 2018. How inflammasomes inform adaptive immunity. J Mol Biol. 430:217-37.
8. Zhu J. et al., 2010. Differentiation of effector CD4 T cell populations. Annu Rev Immunol. 28:445-489.
9. Tang J. et al., 2018. Regulation of C-type lectin receptor-mediated antifungal immunity. Front. Immunol. 9:123.
10. Geijtenbeek T.B.H. and Gringhuis S.I., 2016. C-type lectin receptors in the control of T helper cell differentiation. Nat Rev Immunol. 16:433-48.
11. Muňoz-Wolf N. et al., 2017. The role of inflammasomes in adjuvant-driven humoral and cellular immune responses. Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines. 23-42.
12. Dostert C. et al. 2013. Innate and adaptive effects of inflammasomes on T cell responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 25:359-65.
13. Carroll E.C. et al., 2016. The vaccine adjuvant chitosan promotes cellular immunity via DNA sensor cGAS-STING-dependent induction of type I interferons. Immunity. 44:597-608.


Oh, 2013. It's over already? But it was a good year overall: I was employed for almost all of the year, I became an uncle, and I got engaged! Cheryl and I will be married this July.
As for my running in 2013, I made significant breakthroughs. I entered a variety of race distances, including my first 5k, and raced well in all of them. So well in fact that of the six races I entered in 2013, I set or broke a personal best in five of them. (The sixth, the BMO Vancouver Half, was still under 2:00, which was my goal). I had set for myself just to break the PB for the half marathon at the beginning of 2013, but I went ahead and broke PBs in three other race distances.
For 2014, I want to break at least two more PBs. Unusually, I have already set my race calendar, which includes an 8k, a 10k, two half marathons, and concludes with a return to New York in November because of the cancellation of the 2012 NYC Marathon.
I've been content to run three times a week, scheduling them in advance. The thing that still eludes me is the cross-training, which I indicated last year. If I can schedule my runs, then I can certainly schedule cross-training at least once a week. I think Friday evenings are a good place to squeeze those in.
As for my running mileage, I finished the year 2013 with 1,505 km (935 mi), which was short of my goal of 1,609 km (1,000 mi). Sometimes life gets in the way, so I wasn't too fussed; in any case, it should be more about quality over quantity, right? My mileage target for 2014 is set again for 1,000 miles. Training for a marathon in the summer and early fall will definitely get me there.
This is going to be an interesting year: lots of races, with a wedding in the middle of the year. I'm ready!


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text:
Amiral Ouchakov peut faire référence à plusieurs navires nommés en l'honneur de l'amiral Fiodor Fiodorovitch Ouchakov :
 , un cuirassé de la  (1895-1905) ;
 , un croiseur de la  (1953-1987) ;
  (anciennement Kirov), un croiseur lance-missiles de la  (1980-2003).

Voir aussi
 Amiral Ouchakov, un film de Mikhaïl Romm réalisé en 1953

Nom de bateau de la Marine russe

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Home Technology Metaverse
This Week In The Metaverse: Virtual Fashion's En Vogue, 'Walking Dead' NFTs & American Eagle's Roblox Party – The Drum
Things are moving fast in the metaverse. Depending on who you speak to, this futuristic virtual world is either the next big thing for marketing — and for almost everything else — or an overhyped fad. Here's what you need to know from this past week:
Virtual clothing comes into fashion, fast. What if half the clothing that you owned was entirely virtual? According to a new report from Vice Media-owned agency Virtue Worldwide, that could soon be the case for the average person.
The virtual marketplace might be young, but it's growing fast, fueled by investments from big name brands and a desire among consumers to express identity and brand loyalty in new ways. The new report, titled "The ScreenWear Paper," sheds light on just how quickly virtual goods (and pieces of virtual clothing, in particular) are becoming mainstream. 82% of the survey's global respondents, for example, said that they had already purchased a virtual commodity. Almost all of them (94%) say that they "foresee digital fashion becoming mainstream." And here's the real kicker: on average, respondents say that they expect nearly half (46%) of their wardrobe to be virtual five years from now. Let that sink in. The average person believes that in five years, half of all their clothing will exist not in the real world, but in the metaverse. Brands be warned: avatar drip is the next big thing.
The Walking Dead NFT collection comes alive. Our culture's love affair with "The Walking Dead" continues. This past week, NFT studio Orange Comet announced that it has dropped a second-round of NFTs commemorating the iconic TV show. This latest round of NFTs, along with an earlier round that dropped on the same day as the airing of Part 2 of the show's final season (and which Snoop Dawg joined in on), was created in partnership with AMC, the network which was home to TWD for each of its 11 seasons. The new NFT "Walker Access Passes" will feature some of "the most terrifying and beautiful moments" of the show and will enable access to collectible merchandise, subsequent NFT drops, and chances to be admitted to exclusive events.
Professional Bull Riding saddles up with NFTs, dangles 'ceremonial ownership' of actual bulls. In a new NFT drop, Professional Bull Riding (PBR) fan Paula Gregory was granted "ceremonial ownership" of an actual, flesh-and-blood bull. She may not ride or groom the bull herself, but her name will now appear on the big screen at PBR events when that bull emerges out of the gates for a competition. The NFT project was launched in collaboration with SmartMedia Labs, a Colorado-based adtech company that's helping brands to bring their marketing strategies to the blockchain.
NFTs are "really the future of CRM" in the sense that they can open the door to opportunities for real and impactful consumer engagement, says SmartMedia chief executive Tyler Moebius. Case in point: the company's partnership with PBR will also give fans an opportunity to buy a NFT that will come with a physical framed portrait of an actual competitive bull ride, along with a sample of the soil from that ride. It's a digital asset, in other words, that's connected with a tangible piece of fandom that will make fans feel viscerally closer to and connected with the sport. "Some of the criticism around [NFTs] is like, 'Oh, it's just all digital, it's not something physical that you own… [but in this case] you do, you own a physical bull, or you own a piece of the soil. [We're] really bringing the two worlds together to really capture the moment for the fans."
American Eagle throws a Roblox party for Gen Z.
Youth apparel brand American Eagle has descended into Roblox, the popular metaverse platform that began as a game for young kids and has evolved to one of the biggest zones of virtual business development in the metaverse. The brand recruited a handful of celebrities — including pro tennis player Coco Gauff and actor Madelyn Cline — to build buzz about the multiplatform "Members Always" campaign, which will include a country-club style party launching on Roblox on March 11. Visitors to the virtual party will be able to shop, play games, and interact with the celebrities that have been recruited by the brand for the event.
The campaign will be focused on inclusivity, openness, and community. As part of the effort, the brand will also be spreading awareness about "Future Together," its new philanthropic program which will award a total of $200,000 in grants to 20 individuals who are working to improve their communities. "AE's Members Always campaign represents our belief that this generation has the power to come together and create a place where everyone belongs," Jennifer Foyle, president and executive director of AE and Aerie, said in a statement. The new campaign launched on Instagram earlier this week and will continue to roll out via Roblox, Snapchat, and TikTok.
For more, sign up for The Drum's Inside the Metaverse weekly newsletter here.


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6.Torrey Loveseat By Shine Company Inc.
Read more about Torrey Loveseat By Shine Company Inc.
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With almost 100 5-star reviews, this lying loveseat is touted for its comfort, sturdiness, appearance and ease of assembly. Along with gentle, but supportive soft cushions, it features a gliding mechanism, so that you can place your feet up and rock (although, not at the same time.) Padded with ultra-long lasting bonded leather-based, this reclining loveseat will resist tears, rips and stainswhich is a great thing, because it also features a storage space area system (where one can conceal your treats, obviously) and a two-cup holder. Regardless of whether youre deciding in for a Netflix binge or viewing soccer with your crew, this lying loveseat provides the comfort and durability without breaking the bank.
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Copyright © Arleigh Throw Pillow By Trent Austin Design in Outdoor Sofas All right reserved.


text:
Mario Merz
texts by Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev, Dieter Schwarz,Luciano Pistoi, Carla Lonzi, Germano Celant, Michael Sonnabend, Wieland Schmied, Achille Bonito Oliva, Mario Diacono, Zdenek Felix, Marlis Grüterich, Denys Zacharopoulos, Harald Szeemann, Rudi Fuchs, Bruno Corà, Danilo Eccher, Daniel Soutif, Marcella Beccaria
The monograph reproduces the photographic documentation
illustrations: 166 col and b/w
two editions: Italian and English
eng ed. isbn 99788877571845
it. ed. isbn 9788877572134
The monograph reproduces the photographic documentation of the solo exhibitions held in 2005 at the Fondazione Merz, Castello di Rivoli Contemporary Art Museum and GAM Galleria Civica di Arte Moderna e Contemporanea, representing the most important spaces dedicated to contemporary art in Torino. This monograph, the most completed published on the artist, contains the complete iconographic documentation of his artworks, representing an archival documentation and providing an uprecedented understanding of Merz' working process.
The volume includes a comprehensive artistic career history, bibliography and biographical chronology and which is the most updated and complete examination of the artist. The book is unriched by the inclusion of unpublished material showed for the first time at the Fondazione Merz. It documents Mario Merz selected artistic production, including paintings, sculpture, installations, drawings, neon and Fibonacci series works. Some critical essays complete the volume, providing a deep and high reflections on the artist and his significative role in contemporary art.
Mario Merz (1925-2003)
He was one of the leading exponents of Arte Povera. He was born in Milan in 1925. After moving to Turin, he began his studies in medicine, but these were soon interrupted by the war. He would draw, write poetry and was a militant member of the anti-fascist group Giustizia e Libertà; in fact he was even arrested for his political activities. Then he travelled to Paris and, in 1950, he started painting. He joined the Arte Povera group in 1968 during an exhibition in the Galleria De' Foscherare of Rome. His early works made him become acquainted with Pinot Gallizio, the creator of the Bauhaus Immaginista, a sister movement of French Situationism. As early as 1965, he started using unconventional materials such as osier, either as single branches or grouped together in bundles, in a hard and ironic bout between the industrial culture of American Pop and the craftsmanship of Arte Povera, or the neon light which under the influence of Fontana and perhaps Flavin's luminous minimalism turned into one of his most interesting means of expression. Works by Mario Merz have been shown in permanent collections of the most important and prestigious museums all over the world: from Guggenheim in New York to the MOCA (Museum of Contemporary Art) in Los Angeles, from Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam to Nationalgalerie in Berlin, from Israel Museum in Jerusalem to the Centre Pompidou in Paris. On November 2003 Mario Merz received the prestigious Praemium Imperiale for Sculpture from the Japan Art Association in Tokyo.
Renata Rampazzi
texts by Marisa Vescovo, Lidia Ravera, Claudio Strinati
languages: Italian/English
The book is published on the occasion of the exhibition Fragments from a chromatic discussion 1990-2005 held at Archivio di Stato in Turin from March 24th to May 3rd, 2006.
The show collects 80 paintings created by the artist from 1990 to 2005 and reproduced in this book. This tells deeply about the artistic personality of Renata Rampazzi through her works in which the tracks of the brush, charged with diluted colour, combine, lose themselves in each other, and belong only to their growth in intensity, opening up to symbiosis, to mutations like all vital and natural events, when they enter into the generational dimension that appears between matter and spirit. We find ourselves before a thin, vaporous painting betraying the pressure exercised on its "skin" by effects of sensible currents of energy, which lays bare vaguely libidinous flashes of memory and is sublimed by phosphorescences of hidden lights.
The book, curated by Marisa Vescovo, also includes a text by the Italian writer Lidia Ravera.
text by Ada Masoero, Marco Meneguzzo, Giorgio Verzotti, Klaus Wolbert
format: 21,50 x 31,50 cm
illustrations: 120 col.
language: Italian/English/German
The catalogue is published on the occasion of the solo exhibition held at the Institut Mathildenhöhe in Darmstadt (Germany) from July 23rd to September 4th 2005.
This monograph, which documents several works, including paintings, sculpture, installations and drawings, is the most updated and complete examination of the artist. It is a rich iconographic recognition of the artist's activity and an updated monograph that contains four selected essays. The works reproduced here represent Zorio entire artistic carreer. This catalogue raisonné presents the complete oeuvre of this important artist: his works from the 60s, Sedia (Chair), Tenda (Tent) and Senza titolo (Untitled), up to the latest series of Stella (Star) and Canoa (Canoe). This catalogue provides new insight into the many aspects of this extraordinary artist.
Gilberto Zorio's artistic activity began through his involvment in the Arte Povera movement which developed in Italy at the end of the Sixties, as part of a more general tendency toward anti-form, anti-geometry. The interest in space and form was replaced by a focus on human activity and desire for organic harmony between art, culture and nature. Zorio uses primary material (metals, glass, rubber, wood, animal hide, alcohol, acids and minerals, water, fire and light), he concentrates on energy processes and is concerned with language as a medium and processes of linguistic communication.
The book includes a chronology with numerous photos and documents and an updated biobibliography.
Gilberto Zorio. phosforos
This book collects 19 drawings in a double version, with lightness and darkness view.
Gilberto Zorio exhibited in a number of the defining group shows of Arte Povera in 1967.He has exhibited widely in Europe and the United States. Retrospective exhibitions of Zorio's work have been presented at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam in 1979; the Kunstverein in Stuttgart in 1985; the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris 1986; the Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno in Valencia 1991; Centro per l'Arte Contemporanea Luigi Pecci in Prato 1992; Documenta inKassel 1992; Galleria Civica di Arte Contemporanea in Trento 1996; Dia Center for the Arts 2001 and Sonnabend Gallery in New York 2004.
Filippo Scroppo. Un artista tra pittura e critica
texts by Pino Mantovani, Maria Teresa Roberto e Ivana Mulatero
images: 64 col. e b/n
The volume was published on the occasion of the Filippo Scroppo. Un artista tra pittura e critica exhibition organised by the Accademia Albertina, with the support of the City of Turin and the Piedmont Region, and hosted at the Accademia Albertina di Belle Arti di Torino from 1 December 2004 to 30 January 2005. The goal of this volume is to recall some of the most significant moments in Filippo Scroppo's artistic career, both through images of his works and through the testimony of his autograph writings and critical essays that deepen not only our knowledge of the artist but also his activity as a critic and curator. The photographic documentation of Scroppo's work is divided into chronological and thematic sections: from his beginnings in the 1930s and 1940s, through his post-war pictorial research to the significant abstract experiences of the 1950s and 1960s. "In the paintings produced between 1946 and 1948, the juxtaposition with Cézanne and Matisse, already recognisable in the canvases of the late 1930s, gives way to a more intense confrontation with the Cubist tradition. [...] Without crossing the analytical and self-reflective frontiers of the New Painting of the 1970s, he was a secret interpreter of the manner, and in the title of a painting of 1978 – Infiorescenza mentale – he perhaps wished to propose a poetic but also subtly ironic definition of the ruins and challenges into which artistic research was venturing". (Maria Teresa Roberto) The catalogue reproduces about eighty works on display in the Turin exhibition and includes critical texts by Pino Mantovani, Maria Teresa Roberto and an extensive anthology edited by Ivana Multaro. "Painting, the arts in general, express what is inside us, in our souls: our fears, beliefs, dreams [...]. Of course, the artist must express himself, without being conditioned by the judgements of others and the demands of the public: only in this way is art pure. [...] However, even if the path of art as an individual quest is necessarily a private, personal matter, I have never been selfish…". (Filippo Scroppo).
vedovamazzei
texts by Giacinto Di Pietrantonio and Charlotte Laubard
images: 97 col. and 6 b/w
The series of catalogues published by hopefulmonster for GAM, Galleria Civica di Arte Moderna e Contemporanea in Torino, reserved for artists of the new generation, continues with a monography dedicated to Vedovamazzei for the exhibition held at GAM from October 6 2004 to January 6 2005.
Founded in 1990 Vedovamazzei is the working name of Italian artists Stella Scala and Simeone Crispino. Most of their works evince a familiarity with reality and at first exude a certain seductiveness, mixing humor with a sense for melodrama, they seem to wish to escape from interpretation at whatever the cost. Luminous and rash, heroic and impudent, the oeuvre of Vedovamazzei confronts the violence of the visible with eyes wide open. Their gaze fears neither sun nor death.
The catalogue, that tells deeply about the artistic personality of the duo through their works, some of them published here for the first time, opens with the photographic documentation of the exhibition to tell then through the images the art of Vedovamazzei from 2004 down to 1990, showing installations, video and several watercolours. The book also includes three new works the artists created especially for GAM exhibition: For once in My Life, representing the first murder committed in the world of storks; Bluish, a large glass tube containing a classic chandelier with a few bulb slit; Plank Bed, consisting of three tables of different dimensions hanging above ground and closed in glass shocases which contain them.
The book includes also two essays, one by Giacinto Di Pietrantonio and the other by Charlotte Laubard.
Stella Scala was born in Naples in 1964 and Simeone Crispino was born in Frattaminore (Naples) in 1962. They live and work in Milan. Their works has been shown throughout the world in galleries and museums.
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Q: Flutter / Firebase - How to create a vertical List View which contains horizontal list views I am trying to create a vertical list view which contains horizontal list views using firebase as the datasource. I have created the horizontal scroll view which contains my occasions but now need to house that inside a vertical scroll view for different events.
Here is the code for my homepage
  class HomePageTest extends StatefulWidget {
  @override
  _HomePageTestState createState() => _HomePageTestState();
}

class _HomePageTestState extends State<HomePageTest> {

  final AuthService _auth = AuthService();

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return StreamProvider<List<GreetingCard>>.value(
      value: DatabaseService().cards,
      child: Scaffold(
        appBar: PreferredSize(
          preferredSize: const Size.fromHeight(80),
          child: MainAppBar(
            text: 'Pick an occasion...',
          ),
        ),
        body:
            CardList(),

      ));
}
  }

Card list:
class CardList extends StatefulWidget {
  @override
  _CardListState createState() => _CardListState();
}

class _CardListState extends State<CardList> {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {

    final greetingsCards = Provider.of<List<GreetingCard>>(context);

    return Container(
      height: 200.0,
      child: ListView.builder(
          itemCount: greetingsCards.length,
          itemBuilder: (context, index){
          return Column(
            children: [
              Text(greetingsCards[index].event),
              Card(
                  child: CardTile(greetingCard: greetingsCards[index],)),
            ],
          );
        }, scrollDirection: Axis.horizontal),
    );
  }
}

and finally card tile:
class CardTile extends StatelessWidget {

  final GreetingCard greetingCard;

  const CardTile({Key key, this.greetingCard}) : super(key: key);

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return
      Container(
        height: 150.0,
        width: 80.0,
        child: Card(
          child: ListTile(
            onTap: () => print(greetingCard.ocassion.toString()),
            title: Center(child: Text(greetingCard.ocassion)),
          ),
        ),
      );
  }
}

I'm thinking I should create another list view builder similar to the cards list but i'm curious to understand if there is a better way to do this.
Current output:

Desired output:

A: This is all you need!
Inside your vertical listView, you can have another listView having scroll direction set to horizontal,
scrollDirection: Axis.horizontal,

You can create a seperate method, so that you don't have to rewrite horizontal listView for every horizontal listView.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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