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Debris sits on the side of U.S. Highway 1 in front of the sign for the Edward B. Knight Reservation Camp Sawyer in Big Pine Key, FL on Friday, Oct. 20, 2017. The camp sustained heavy damage having lost one building, an amphitheater and over 28 feet of beach to Hurricane Irma earlier this year. The camp also took severe damage to the surrounding mitigated wetland and camp wastewater treatment system. Leaders remain hopeful however despite the damage. "We want to be open by January," Cliff Freiwald, program director for the Boy Scouts of America South Florida Council said.
Sawyer After Irma
Words and Photos by Carter Adams and Aaron Self
Walking down the damaged shore of Camp Sawyer, Taylor Hunt, manager of the Edward B. Knight Reservation Camp Sawyer, looks out toward several lone posts sticking up from the now calm, turquoise waves of the Atlantic.
"That's where our pier use to be," Hunt says.
Located in Scout Key, Florida, the Boy Scout camp experienced the worst of Hurricane Irma when the storm made landfall Sept. 10. The camp was further damaged when over 57 inches of flood water caused two cargo shipping containers to collide with the 4,000-gallon waste treatment system on the property, thus destroying its multi-pump system and other key aspects.
After Irma made landfall across the Middle Keys of Florida, it left a wake of destruction in its path that hadn't been seen in decades according to locals. Over 25 percent of the buildings in the area were destroyed and almost all others were damaged in some way according to FEMA.
Camp Sawyer was one example of that percentage.
If not for the still standing sign marking the camp, to the eye of a passerby, the area would look like just another damaged property on the shore, as most of the camps outdoor structures had been washed away by Irma. One of the structures is an amphitheater that sits near the beach. It is also washed away, with its benches wedged in between the guardrails of US Highway 1, a few hundred yards west of the beach. Twenty-eight feet of camp ground on the beach was lost due to erosion with another 45 feet of grassland lost to sand deposited by the storm.
"In five years the economy will be back to normal, but the environment is changed forever," Hunt says.
Seabirds perch on what remains of the scout camps dock after hurricane Irma tore through the central Florida Keys.
Taylor Hunt, camp manager at Camp Sawyer, a Boy Scout camp that was heavily damaged by Hurricane Irma, discusses damage done to the camp while passing a pile of rubble. There was only one building at the camp built before new building codes went into effect on the islands, and is the one building that was destroyed.
Weights from Camp Sawyer sit in pieces of coral and sand in front of the remains of a building destroyed by Hurricane Irma in the Edward B. Knight Reservation: Camps Sawyer in Scout Key, FL. There are four buildings at Camp Sawyer. The residence of the Camp Director, the shower house, a pavilion, and a bunk house used for storage. Of those buildings, only one was built before Florida's building codes were implemented and it was the one building destroyed by Hurricane Irma at the camp.
Cliff Freiwald, program director of the Boy Scouts of America South Florida Council walks under the shower facilities at Camp Sawyer after inspecting damage done to an elevator shaft on property. The camp plans to reopen in January of 2018 according to Freiwald.
Cliff Freiwald, program director for Boy Scouts of America South Florida Council, inspects damage done to the multi-pump system of the camp's wastewater treatment system.
A damaged fire pit sits among debris on the beachhead of the Edward B. Night Reservation Camp Sawyer in Big Pine Key, FL on Friday, Oct. 20, 2017. Bricks and chunks of mortar lay scattered across the entire camp. An amphitheater, a six-foot-tall sand dune, a hedge grove and two brick firepits covered the western section of the camp before the storm hit according to Park Manager Taylor Hunt. After Hurricane Irma, all that remains in that area of the park are several inches of brick buried in the ground. The dune washed away with 57 inches of floodwaters and the benches carried away by winds upwards of 150 mph. Along the entrance of the park benches sit in piles of rubble, waiting to be taken away by containment crews.
Cliff Freiwald, program director of the Boy Scouts of America South Florida Council talks with an insurance adjuster next to the piled remains of a building at Camp Sawyer, Scout Key, Florida.
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The date palm is in a true miracle, ever since human history the date palm is one of the few trees which humans utilized in full. Every part of the date palm is used for human needs.
Whether it is the date seeds, which after have been soaked in water until soft are then fed to horses, cattle, camels, sheep and goats. Dried and ground up, date seed powder is included in chicken feed. With the latest scientific discoveries date seeds are now used as coffee substitutes which help with the treatment of Atherosclerosis. In Italy, there are some groves of date palms maintained solely to supply the young leaves for religious use on Palm Sunday. In North Africa, the leaves have been commonly used for making huts. Mature leaves are made into mats, screens, baskets, crates and fans. The processed leaflets, combined with ground up peanut shells and corn cobs, are used for making insulating board. Dried, they are used as walking sticks, brooms, fishing floats, and fuel. The midribs are made into baskets. The leaf sheaths have been prized for their scent. The stripped fruit clusters are used as brooms. The fiber from the old date palm leaf sheaths is used for various purposes including packsaddles, rope, coarse cloth and large hats to mention just a few usages, left over parts of the trunk are burned for fuel.
Palm-leaf buildings might not be the latest architectural trend, but they're definitely beautiful and eco-friendly. Influenced by the notion of reintroducing traditional heritage and tackling climate change, Dr. Sandra Piesik from 3 Ideas Limted is building a food shelter at the UAE's Al Ain -a UNESCO world heritage site, using palm leaves. Sandra Piesik is the founder of 3 ideas Limited, an architectural consultancy specializing in architecture, design and cultural research. She has worked extensively in the United Arab Emirates on projects that have aimed to reconnect historic UAE culture and its heritage to the contemporary environment, and has focused in particular on the use of palm-leaf construction methods. She is a chartered member of the Royal Institute of British Architects and was recently invited to become a Nominator for the Aga Khan Award in Architecture projects.
in her fascinating and uper intriguing book "Arish: Palm-Leaf Architecture" Sandra celebrates this unique indigenous building and craft tradition and provides the foundation for a genuine understanding of the region, critical in the fast-developing global economy.
Palm leaves have been used in ingenious ways to create habitable structures that have endured for decades. In many regions this is referred to as Arish. However, with slick contemporary Western architecture now being used to promote the international stature of countries in the Gulf regions, many of these localized techniques are being lost.
• a resources section, including a step-by-step introduction to the making of Arish, from raw material to built form.


Thomas Cowlishaw was born on 12 September 1806 at Wirksworth, Derbyshire, England, son of William Cowlishaw and Ann, nee Storer. He married Maria, daughter of Thomas and Mary Evans, in England about 1832 and had seven children. James, born in 1834, was the first child born in Sydney. Cowlishaw died at Paddington, Sydney, on 6 November 1875, aged 69. His wife predeceased him on 27 March 1874, aged 70, at Paddington. The family are buried in the Old Wesleyan Cemetery at Rookwood.
Thomas Cowlishaw and his wife arrived in Sydney on the Henri Porcher in July 1833. In 1842, Thomas Cowlishaw, a ratepayer and builder of Liverpool Street, had a five-room house for rent in Hutchinson Street, Surry Hills. By 1859, he was an architect at 23 Hutchinson Street. In 1863, he was living at Chadson Villa, Old South Head Road, Paddington.
On 8 February 1844, Cowlishaw was elected treasurer of the Sydney Mechanics School of Arts. For 17 years, he held the office of Lands Valuer for the Works Department. Cowlishaw was at the first meeting of the Society for the Relief of Destitute Children, chaired by George Allen in 1832. A founder of the Destitute Children's Asylum at Randwick, he remained on the Board of Directors until his death. He became a devoted and active member of the Wesleyan Church and was superintendent of the Bourke Street Sunday School.
On 1 November 1843, Cowlishaw was elected Councillor for Macquarie Ward with 150 votes. He remained in Council until 31 October 1847. In November 1844, he was appointed to the Committee of Public Works of the City Council.


The Old Rent Control Act by name "Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960 (Tamil Nadu Act 18 of 1960)" was repealed.
As per the New Act, under Section 4(1) the landlord and the tenant has to compulsorily enter into a Rent Agreement and it has to be submitted immediately to the Rent Authority who being a Deputy Collector appointed under Section 38 of new Act.
After receiving the information the Rent Authority has to give Registration Number for the Rent Agreement under Section 4(4) of the New Act.
If the parties failed to submit such a Rent Agreement with the Rent Authority then the Rent Control Court will not taken their case on record as per Section 4(5) of New Act.
Under Section 4(6) of the New Act, within 15 days from the date of allotment of Registration Number to the Rent Agreement the Rent Authority has to upload the details of the tenancy and the Registration Number in the Website.


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LIQUID AND GASEOUS BIOFUELS-NICHE OR MAINSTREAM?
2 What are Biofuels?
2.1 First and Second-Generation Biofuels
3 Biofuels Manufacturing Processes
3.1 Bioethanol
3.1.1 Bioethanol from Sugars
3.1.2 Bioethanol from Corn (Maize)
3.2 Biodiesel
3.2 1 Biodiesel by FAME process [11]
3.2.2 Renewable Diesel
3.3 Biojet Fuel
3.4 Biogas
4 Biofuels Market Overview
4.1 Liquid Biofuels
4.1.1 Bioethanol Market Status
4.1.2 Biodiesel: FAME and HVO Market Status
4.1.3 Biojet Fuel Market Status
5 Challenges to Biofuels growth
Historically, fuel transitions have occurred over periods of several decades and have been associated with major industrial and economic developments in the world. The concept of Biofuels is not new, since Wood and Hay, from ancient times have been the mainstay of agrarian economies.
The advent of the industrial era in eighteenth century Europe provided the necessary impetus for the emergence of Coal and its domination through the nineteenth century [1]. The twentieth century witnessed petroleum fuels overtake Coal as the preferred fuel, but still the world is dependent on fossil fuels.
Towards the end of the previous century, it was recognized that global warming due to greenhouse gases is the primary factor for Climate change. The Kyoto protocol of 1997, followed recently by the Glasgow declaration at COP26 in 2021, crystallized international consensus on the goal of achieving net Zero emission of Carbon Dioxide by 2050. This means phasing out of Coal and minimizing reliance on petroleum fuels.
Biofuels, therefore, have once again become relevant. From the viewpoint of sustainability, and for mitigating the Carbon Dioxide footprint of industrial, transportation and domestic fuels, the global focus is on liquid and gaseous Biofuels.
However, Biofuels are different from the other low Carbon energy options that the world is pursuing, such as renewables and Hydrogen. This is because Biofuels straddle the twin domains of food and energy. The World's population has reached eight billion, an eight-fold increase since the beginning of the industrial era two centuries ago. Utilizing agricultural land, Water and fertilizers for growing energy crops may impact food production that depends upon the same land and resources. Evolving Biofuel technologies may however mitigate some of these concerns.
Given the above background, this article explores the role that Biofuels can play in the emerging mix of sustainable, low Carbon fuels. Technology maturity and production costs are key factors influencing widespread acceptance and adoption. Biofuels must compete with other energy sources, while navigating changing market and regulatory environments.
This article summarizes the manufacturing technologies and trends for Biofuels that are commercially important today and provides an overview of the current global Biofuels markets. The current trade flows, potential for growth and the challenges in mainstreaming are discussed.
Biofuels are fuels that are produced directly or indirectly from biomass. In the evolving terminology of the energy industry, Biofuels are Organic non-fossil fuels of biological origin [2]. Broadening the definition of Biofuels allows low cost and abundant organic wastes such as biological sludge, wastewaters, agro-processing residues, organic Municipal Waste, food wastes and animal wastes among others, to be considered as potential Biofuel sources.
Biofuels are considered to be Carbon-neutral. This is because plants and trees absorb Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere during their growth phase. The absorbed Carbon Dioxide is converted by complex photosynthesis processes into multiple Carbonaceous compounds, including primary metabolites such as Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Fatty acids, Amino acids and several secondary metabolites. When biomass is combusted, an equivalent amount of Carbon Dioxide is returned to the atmosphere.
Figure 1 is a simplified illustration of the Photosynthesis process [3].
Apart from Carbon neutrality, an advantage of Biofuels is that they are largely compatible with existing vehicles, combustion systems, pipelines, and storage infrastructure. Liquid Biofuels can be designed for blending with petroleum-based Gasoline or Diesel or even as full drop-in replacements.
The Biofuel technology landscape presents a mixed picture of established and evolving technologies. The focus of Biofuel technology at the current time, is on first-generation and second-generation biofuels. They are also termed conventional and advanced Biofuels respectively. The first-generation or conventional Biofuels are those that utilize food crops to obtain Sugar, Starch, and vegetable oils as their raw material. They are not considered a sustainable energy alternative in the long term, as they can induce food insecurity by competing with food outputs.
Second generation or advanced Biofuels are produced from non-food, cellulosic biomass, such as woody and straw residues from agriculture and forestry, fast-rotation plants, non-food crops (preferably grown on non-arable land), agricultural residue, organic fractions of municipal solid waste, digestion of biological sludge. The manufacturing processes for advanced biofuels are more challenging and expensive, but do not directly impact food security.
It may be noted that even as second-generation technologies are being gradually adopted, research has commenced on third-generation feedstocks such as microalgae.
In terms of commercial relevance at this point in time, only the following four liquid Biofuels are significant:
Bio-jet Fuel
Among gaseous biofuels, Biogas is the only well-known Biofuel and there are thousands of biogas plants in operation all over the world.
Figure 2 Illustrates first, and second-generation feedstocks used to make the prominent liquid and gaseous Biofuels in the market.
Ethanol or Ethyl Alcohol can be manufactured from biomass by fermentation and thermochemical routes. It can also be made through the petrochemical route, by the hydration of Ethylene using Steam. The term 'Bioethanol' is used to describe only the biomass-based Ethanol.
First Generation Bioethanol is produced by fermentation of Glucose and Fructose obtained from sugary and starchy raw materials. These processes have been well established at an industrial scale for more than a century.
Second generation Bioethanol is made from lignocelluloses. There are fermentation and thermochemical routes, both of which are not commercially viable at this time. The fermentation route involves decomposition of Cellulose to Sugars by various means and then fermenting the Sugars. The thermochemical route produces Syngas by partial oxidation of wood followed by catalytic conversion of Syngas to Ethanol. Second generation Bioethanol technology may take a long time before it can be commercial deployed on a large scale and is not discussed further in this article. Globally Sugarcane is the dominant source of Sugar for Bioethanol while Corn is the source of starchy feedstock.
Figure 3 illustrates the major feedstocks and routes for producing first generation Bioethanol. It can be seen that 57%of current world's production of Bioethanol is from Corn (also called Maize). while 34% is from Sugar. It is also seen that all the Bioethanol in the market today is from food crops.
Sugar in sugarcane is present as Sucrose, which has the molecular formula C12H22O11. Sucrose is a Disaccharide and is made up of two mono-saccharides called Glucose and Fructose, both of which have the molecular formula C6H12O6.
Fully mature Sugar cane stalks contain about 12-15% Sucrose on wet weight basis. At low pH or under the influence of enzymes such as Invertase, the Sucrose is hydrolysed into two monosaccharides, Glucose and Fructose, in equimolecular proportions.
Traditionally, Bioethanol is produced in distilleries situated adjacent to sugar plants as part of the same complex. Sugar juice is extracted by crushing sugarcane stalks in the sugar mill and clarifying the juice prior to sugar crystallization. Bioethanol can be made either from the sugar juice or from molasses, which is the mother liquor left behind after crystallization and separation of sugar crystals. Cane molasses has 45 to 60 % Sucrose and 5 to 20 % Glucose plus Fructose. Some distilleries use only sugarcane juice, others only molasses, and many use an optimal mixture of both, as the nutrient availability in molasses is higher. The mineral composition of sugarcane substrates vary widely, depending on the molasses proportion used to formulate the media, sugar cane variety and maturity, soil, climate, and processing of cane juice.
Bioethanol is traditionally made from Sugar by a batch fermentation process known as the Melle-Boinot process [9]. Some distilleries use continuous fermentation technology. The fermentation is performed by a species of yeast known as Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (brewer's yeast or baker's yeast). The overall biochemical reaction and stoichiometry can be represented as follows:
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
The Carbon Dioxide evolved during fermentation can be bottled and sold. In both batch and continuous processes, after the end of fermentation, yeast cells are collected by centrifuging and re-used in the next fermentation cycle. Up to 90-95 % of the yeast cells are recycled, resulting in high cell densities inside the fermenter. This enables a residence time of about 6 to 10 hours for completing the fermentation to Ethanol. The fermented liquor leaving the centrifuge, contains Ethanol at concentrations of 8 to 12 % (v/v) and is pumped to distillation columns for 95% pure Ethanol recovery. Further dehydration of Ethanol for example, by molecular sieves, is usually needed to meet automobile fuel blending specifications. Figure 4 shows the process scheme.
The Corn grain contains about 70-72% Starch, formed by photosynthesis. Starch is a carbohydrate polymer made by the linking of Glucose units into long chains. The intermolecular Glucose bonds must be broken to release Glucose for fermentation to Bioethanol.
Distilleries using Corn Starch can buy Corn Starch powder or start from the Corn kernel and extract Starch for use in the Bioethanol plant. Integrating a distillery with an existing Corn kernel processing facility is the most viable option, as there will be multiple product streams generated from the Corn refining process.
Corn starch can be extracted from the Corn kernels by wet or dry milling processes. Wet milling involves softening the Corn kernels by steeping in Water treated with Sulphur-Dioxide. This is followed by grinding and centrifuging to separate Starch granules from the rest of the kernel. In dry milling, the Corn kernels are ground using hammer mills to expose the Starch granules. For the purpose of making Bioethanol, the hammer mill is a cheaper option and is briefly described in the following paragraphs. The dry milling process scheme is illustrated in Figure 5 .
The process is as follows [10]:
The first step is milling to grind the Corn kernels, to expose Starch that is within the kernels. Dry milling as shown the Figure 10, is done is Hammer mills to produce a fine powder called meal. The next step is termed mashing, in which Water is mixed with the meal to form a mash. Alpha-Amylase enzyme is added here to begins the breakdown of starch. The mashed slurry is then subjected to steam cooking, either by passing through a steam jet cooker or in a cooking tube a temperature of about 125 -140 degrees Centigrade. The cooked Starch is then cooled and further liquefied by adding Alpha-Amylase again. At this point, the Carbohydrate polymer chains are all significantly smaller than the original Starch polymer and are called Dextrins.
The fermentation process starts with the Dextrins being broken down to fermentable sugars in a reaction known as Saccharification. This is achieved by adding another enzyme called Gluco-Amylase. At the same time yeast and nutrients are added so that the Glucose formed by breakdown of Dextrins is simultaneously fermented to Ethanol. The technology is termed Simultaneous Saccharification and fermentation (SSF).
A typical Corn-to-Ethanol facility has three or more fermenters operating batchwise in staggered cycles of 48-72 hours until the mash is fully fermented. The fermenter operates anaerobically. Commercial yeast strains for Ethanol production can effect fermentation at 32-35 °C (90-95 °F). At higher temperatures metabolic activity rapidly declines. Yeast prefers an acid pH, and the optimum pH is 5.0-5.2. Released CO2 is removed from the system through the scrubber. After completion of fermentation, the fermented liquid is separated from the rest of the biosolids centrifuges and sent to distillation columns for recovery of Bioethanol. The biosolids are processed into various by-products and CO2 is usually bottled and sold.
Biodiesel is a Diesel fuel alternative, produced from biomass with high oil content, such as soybeans, rapeseed/canola, oil palm as well as waste oils such as used cooking oil. First generation Biodiesel is made by a simple trans-esterification (i.e., ester exchange) process in which the oil in these feedstocks is reacted with Methanol in the presence of a catalyst to form a Methyl Ester with similar properties to conventional diesel fuel. Hence Biodiesel is also referred to as Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Biodiesel, to distinguish it from other renewable Diesel alternatives such as Fatty Acid Ethyl ester (FAEE) or Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO).
The FAME process starts with purification of the feedstock since trans-esterification is extremely sensitive to impurities. The fat molecules in vegetable oils and animal fats are mainly Triglycerides, that react with Methanol in presence of acid or base catalyst. While refined vegetable oils do not require purification, waste oil and animal fats have many impurities including free fatty acids (FFA), phospholipids, phosphatides, carotenes, tocopherols, Sulphur compounds, Water, solid particles, Sodium Chloride that must be removed. Various pre-treatment operations are used, such as acid degumming to remove phosphatides and alkali metals, pressure filtration to eliminate solids and heating under vacuum to strip fatty acids and Water.
Purified feedstock can then be reacted with Methanol. Most commercial processes perform trans-esterification using homogeneous Alkali catalysts in batch reactors. Alkaline metal hydroxides (e.g., NaOH, KOH) are the most often used commercially.
The reaction temperature is maintained at about 50 to 70 degrees Centigrade to ensure that the reaction medium is not very viscous. The transesterification between Methanol and Triglycerides involves three reversible steps in sequence. First Triglycerides are converted to Diglycerides, then to Monoglycerides, and finally to Esters and Glycerol.
The reaction goes to completion in a few hours and the Biodiesel (Methyl Ester) is separated from Glycerol and Methanol by settling. The lighter phase is Biodiesel, which floats on top while the bottom is a mixture of Glycerol and excess Methanol.
The Biodiesel is subjected to post-treatment by Water washing to remove catalyst residues and sodium soaps from the Methyl Esters. Acidulated water using Phosphoric acid is added to the raw Methyl Esters to break catalyst residues and Sodium soaps.
The bottom layer is sent for distillation to recover Methanol and Glycerol. The separated Glycerol has a market in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food sectors.
Figure 6 is a schematic of the FAME process.
Renewable Diesel, also referred to as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or hydro-processed Esters and Fatty acids (HEFA), is another Diesel fuel alternative. HVO Diesel is fully compatible with petroleum Diesel and can also be upgraded to Biojet Fuel. It is superior to FAME Diesel in performance and most importantly unlike FAME products, the quality does not vary with the feedstock. HVOs are straight chain paraffinic hydrocarbons that are free of aromatics, Oxygen and Sulphur and have high Cetane numbers.
HVO Diesel can be produced through catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils under pressure. The pre-treatment is in principle the same as for the FAME process, however it is not necessary to remove Free Fatty Acids. They can be produced in stand-alone facilities especially using green Hydrogen produced by electrolysis. It also an economic option to install the HVO unit within Crude oil refineries having conventional SMR Hydrogen plants equipped with Carbon capture and Sequestration facilities. The HVO process is briefly described below.
The first stage of hydrogenation, termed hydrotreatment, takes place at 30 – 50 barg pressure and at temperatures between 300 °C and 450 °C, in the presence of a catalyst. Triglycerides in the vegetable oil are converted to straight chain paraffinic compounds by the saturation of double bonds followed by a cleavage to Fatty Acids and the hydrogenation of Glycerol to Propane and Water. Finally, the Fatty Acids undergo a combination of hydrogenation or decarboxylation reactions yielding paraffins.
Next the paraffins have to be isomerised and cracked to get the required combination of straight chain, branched chain, and cyclic paraffinic hydrocarbons. Catalytic isomerization is performed at 300 – 400 °C, the severity of which is dictated by the desired fuel products. The change in the molecular structure of the hydrocarbons allows matching the properties to the market specifications of the fuel.
Finally, HVO Diesel, Biojet fuel, Gasoline and Naphtha fractions are separated by distillation.
Figure 7 is a simplified sketch of the HVO process.
Conventional Jet fuel is a Crude Oil distillate corresponding to the Kerosene fraction, that is further processed to meet the specifications for use as Aviation Turbine Fuel. Biojet Fuel is the term used for Biomass derived Jet fuel. Renewable feedstock-derived jet fuels can contribute significantly to reduction of the Carbon footprint of the aviation industry. Many process technologies that convert biomass-based materials into jet fuel substitutes are available. Some are available at commercial or pre-commercial scale, and others are still in the research and development stage. Potential feedstocks for producing Biojet fuel include oil-based feedstocks, lignocellulosic feedstocks, and gas-based feedstocks, such as biogas and syngas. There are four primary routes for production of Biojet fuel, depending on the feedstock[13]:
Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ):
ATJ fuel, also called alcohol oligomerization, is fuel converted from alcohols such as Methanol, Ethanol, Butanol, and higher alcohols. There are many pathways to make alcohols from biomass. A typical three-step ATJ process that converts Alcohols to jet fuel includes alcohol dehydration, oligomerization, and hydrogenation. Figure 8 shows the overall process diagram for Ethanol, Isobutanol, and n-Butanol conversion to Biojet fuels.
Oil-to-Jet (OTJ):
Oil based feedstocks such as vegetable oils, waste oils, algal oils, and pyrolysis oils can be converted to Biojet fuels by three different technologies:
Hydro-processed renewable jet (HRJ), also known as hydro-processed Esters and Fatty acids (HEFA).
Catalytic hydro-thermolysis (CH) also termed hydrothermal liquefaction.
Pyrolysis (also known as hydrotreated depolymerized cellulosic jet (HDCJ).
When processing vegetable oils, the fatty acid profile is an important issue. The hydrogenation step is important to saturate all the unsaturated fatty acid molecules. Hence, a greater Hydrogen supply is needed if more unsaturated Fatty Acids are present in the oil. HRJ and CH utilise oil and fats containing Triglycerides. The Pyrolysis process uses Pyrolysis oil obtained during cellulosic pyrolysis (heating in absence of air).
Only the HRJ conversion technology is at a relatively high maturity level and is commercially available. The principles of the technology are identical to that discussed under renewable diesel manufacturing process (HVO). The process can be tweaked to get the required distribution of different hydrocarbon fractions. Figure 9 is a block diagram of the process illustrating the chemistry involved.
Gas to Jet (GTJ):
The GTJ Biofuel pathway can utilise biogas, convert it to Syngas and synthesize liquid biofuels by catalytic gas to liquid (GTL) processes. Syngas from biomass can also be used. This pathway is well known in the fossil fuel industry as it uses the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis scheme. GTL processes have been used at mega-scale in Qatar, South Africa for several decades to convert natural gas as well as syngas gas from coal into liquid fuel. Given small scale at which biogas or biomass gasification is typically performed, GTJ plants do not make economic sense at this time.
Sugar to Jet (STJ):
There are many pathways to convert Sugar to jet fuel. The most prevalent is a thermos- chemical process that involves catalytic conversion of Sugar to hydrocarbons. In this process, biomass feedstock is first converted into solubilized sugars. This conversion process is typically done via biomass pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks to create C5 and C6 sugars. The hydrolysate is then purified and reacted with Hydrogen to yield polyhydric alcohols via hydrogenation or short-chain oxygenates via hydrogenolysis. The resulting hydrotreated product is sent directly to the Aqueous Phase Reforming Reactor where at High temperature and pressure it produces a mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, Carbon dioxide and Hydrogen. Further hydrotreating similar to GTJ process followed by Distillation yields Biojet fuel.
The existence of a flammable gas produced by biological decomposition of vegetable matter has been known to mankind for centuries. The composition and formation mechanisms were worked out in the nineteenth century. Biogas is produced in many different environments, including in landfills, sewage sludge and during anaerobic degradation of organic material. Biogas is comprised of methane (about 45-75% by volume), Carbon Dioxide (25-55%), and other compounds including hydrogen sulphide, Water, and other trace gas compounds.
Biogas production technology developed extensively through the twentieth century. There are thousands of anaerobic digesters of various sizes and shapes operating throughout the world. Anaerobic digester can be cylindrical, egg-shaped, or rectangular tanks, with fixed, floating or membrane roofs among others. They are used to produce biogas from animal manure, municipal solid waste, liquid and solid organic industrial wastes and domestic wastes. The basic concept that drives the design of any anaerobic digester is to provide airtight, oxygen free containment systems in which various types of microbial consortia including methane producing bacteria can flourish by feeding on biodegradable substrates. Substrates can be liquid, solid or mixtures of solids and liquids. Depending on the feed characteristics and digestion environment anaerobic digesters can be dry type or wet type. In wet type the entire sequence of feed to digestion and withdrawal of digestate happens in slurry form. The organic bio-solids are first made into slurries by mixing with water to retain 5 to 20% dry solids and then fed into the digester.
Feasible biogas purification technologies exist for large-scale sewage and biowaste digesters, and the technologies for upgrading biogas, compressing, storing, and dispensing Biomethane are well developed [16].
Operation of biogas digesters requires experience since it is a delicate biological process. One of the issues facing the sector has been the high failure rate cause by improper operations. The other issues are huge land requirements for large scale facilities and feedstock sourcing and logistics related to collection and transport.
From a global energy perspective, Biogas is not currently considered as a major contributor to the mainstream Biofuels mix. Given the technological maturity and ability to provide localised solutions it is more of a niche biofuel.
The state of play in the global Biofuels markets is evolving very rapidly. Liquid biofuels today are entirely focused on the transportation sector, due to ease of adoption, and sufficient experience in implementation and regulation. Globalization of supply chains has made progress in this sector.
With regard to industrial applications, liquid Biofuels have not been popular in the industrial sector. This may be because of issues of scale, availability, cost, and Biofuels policies which are oriented towards the transportation sector.
Gaseous Biofuels such as Biogas from anaerobic fermentation and Water Gas from biomass gasification have found many users in certain sectors of industry, for steam and power generation.
Despite all the debate and activity around sustainable fuels, the world is utterly dependent on fossil fuel at this time as seen from the recent fuel crisis sparked off by the Ukraine conflict.
This section discusses current and evolving market trends for the following four liquid fuels which are produced, consumed, and traded in significant volumes.
As pointed out earlier, they are all directed at the transportation sector. In 2019, just prior to the Covid pandemic, global transportation Biofuel production was 169 billion litres annually. The IEA estimated that in the year 2021, Biofuels met 3.6% of global transport energy demand, mainly for road transport. In terms of fossil fuel avoidance, the use of Biofuels in road transport avoids about 4.4% of global transport energy demand. The contribution of Biofuels to road transport is expected to rise to 15% in 2030 [4].
Note that Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel are categorized separately, since they are manufactured using very different technologies, though they compete for the same feedstocks.
Figure 8 shows the global growth projections during 2021 to 2026, for the above liquid Biofuels. The main case is based on current policies, whereas accelerated and NZE scenarios include implementation of pledges made at COP26 and increased policy support [5].
The Biofuels market is expected to register a CAGR of more than 7% during the forecast period of 2022-2027 [6]. As can be seen from Figure 9, North America dominates the Biofuel market. The market is still driven by governmental mandate and policy-based incentives rather than commercial viability. The role played by ESG requirements as well as societal pressures to force this transition is also important.
It is important to note that the Biofuels market is presently almost entirely served by first generation Biofuels. Till the end of the twentieth Century, Bioethanol, propelled by Brazil and the USA, was the only liquid Biofuel of note. These two countries continue to be at the top in Bioethanol production and utilisation in transportation. However, in the past two decades, the share of Biodiesel and Renewable diesel in Global biofuel production has increased nearly 10-fold, from 3.3% in 2000 to nearly 32% in 2020. In the year 2020, Corn and sugarcane contributed to 64% and 26% of global Bioethanol production, respectively, and vegetable oils were used for 77% of global Biodiesel production [8].
Europe is the pace-setter for the world in Biodiesel and renewable Diesel adoption, driven by the Renewable Energy Directive that has set a target of 32% of renewable energy in the EU's energy consumption by 2030.
Figure 10 shows the major Biofuel producers, consumers, and the import /export patterns [8] .
From Figure 10 it is apparent that there is a stark difference between the trading patterns of Bioethanol and Biodiesel. The main Bioethanol producers USA and Brazil have adequate production capacity to meet their needs, hence imports/exports are insignificant. This is also the case with China, European Union, and the other smaller players. International trade in transportation Bioethanol is not significant at this time. The Biodiesel trade scenario is quite different. Europe and the USA have to import Biodiesel to meet their requirements, while Asia is the world's leading exporter of Biodiesel. This is a pointer to the underlying market dynamics, dictated by land and feedstock availability and cost of production. The fertile tropical regions of Asia are well placed to grow Oil seeds at lower costs than in Europe and the USA. Thus, a developing economy like Indonesia has emerged as a major exporter of oilseeds for Biodiesel. It is precisely this kind of trend that has the world worried about food security as more players from the Asian and African regions jump onto the Biofuels bandwagon.
The market status of individual liquid Biofuels are discussed in more detail in the following sections.
In 1876, Nicolaus Otto, who developed the four-stroke internal combustion engine, used Ethanol to power an early engine. Henry Ford demonstrated a model-T car that used on Ethanol as a fuel. In the 1970s, sparked by the Oil crisis, some countries, led by Brazil, started to focus entirely on Bioethanol as a fuel for cars.
Ethanol is a high-Octane fuel which can be blended in various ratios into gasoline in existing spark-ignition engines. Apart from its Cetane number boosting capabilities, it is an Oxygenate that reduces the emission of Carbon Monoxide from vehicle exhausts.
The largest producers of Bioethanol were the United States (63%), Brazil (24%), and China (2.5%). Fuel ethanol production reached 115 billion litres globally in 2019.The United States of America produces Bioethanol from Corn, Brazil almost entirely uses Sugarcane feedstock, while China utilises Corn, Wheat, Rice, and Sorghum.
Figure 11 shows global Bioethanol production by country or region, from 2007 to 2020.
Ethanol is permitted to be blended into Gasoline in various volumetric proportions as indicated below:
E10: This is a low-level blend composed of 10% Ethanol and 90% gasoline. It is the most popular blend most countries and can easily be used in conventional, gasoline-powered vehicles.
E15: This blend comprises 10.5% to 15% Ethanol in gasoline. Unlike E10, not all engines are capable of utilising E15.
E85: This rich Ethanol blend containing 85% Ethanol in gasoline is recognized as an alternative fuel. It used in flexible fuel vehicles(FFVs), which have an internal combustion engine designed to run on E85.
Biodiesel /Renewable Diesel is a high-Cetane fuel, which can be fully blended with fossil diesel to run on compression ignition engines. From the time that Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine, it could run on a variety of fuels, including vegetable oil. In 1900, one of the new diesel engines featured at the Paris Exposition was powered by Peanut oil. In a 1912 speech Diesel said, "the use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today but such oils may become, in the course of time, as important as Petroleum and the Coal-tar products of the present time". As early as the 1930s, there was interest in splitting the Fatty Acids from the Glycerin in vegetable oil in order to create a thinner product similar to Petroleum Diesel. In 1937, G. Chavanne was granted a Belgian patent for an Ethyl Ester of Palm oil for use as fuel (FAEE Biodiesel in current terminology) [14].
Since 1992, Biodiesel has been commercially manufactured across Europe, with Germany being the largest producer in Europe. Nowadays Biodiesel is the most important alternative fuel in the EU representing 82% of the total Biofuel production [11].
Figure 12 shows the current global production pattern of Biodiesel.
With production capacities shifting to Asia in recent times, due to feedstock and processing cost advantages, Biodiesel is globalizing its supply chains in a way reminiscent of the traditional energy industry. It is quite noteworthy that Indonesia has overtaken Germany and USA in Biodiesel production, since it is insufficient in many food crops such as wheat, rice which grow in the same agro-climatic conditions. This does raise some concerns on the sustainability aspects of the trading pattern.
Blends of Biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based Diesel are most commonly distributed for use in the retail Diesel fuel marketplace. Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of Biodiesel in any fuel mix:
100% Biodiesel is referred to as B100
20% Biodiesel, 80% Petro-diesel is labeled B20
7% Biodiesel, 93% Petro-diesel is labeled B7
Adoption of Biojet Fuel is now integral to the aviation industry's strategy to reduce operating costs and environmental impacts. The global market for Biojet fuels was valued at 166 million USD in the year 2020 and expected to grow at a CAGR of 17.9 % till 2030. The USA is currently the leader in the adoption of Biojet fuels [17]. The Oil to Biojet fuel manufacturing pathway is the predominant technology at this time and competes with Biodiesel for the same raw materials and resources. Also, even in the USA the Biojet fuel initiative is driven by strategic considerations to improve overall energy security in case of disruptions in global supply chains. At this time Biojet Fuel is a niche fuel and lagging behind Biodiesel /Renewable Diesel in speed of adoption.
Biofuel as a sustainable energy concept has shown promise and some early gains in the market thanks to the mainstream adoption of Bioethanol and Biodiesel. Apart from their environmental benefits, they can boost agricultural employment by utilizing marginal lands, rebalance trade inequities by bringing developing regions into global supply chains and ensure energy security for the world after fossil fuels are phased out.
The major hurdles preventing Biofuel from rapid growth are the cost of production and reliance on food crops. In the case of second-generation Biofuels, feedstock costs contribute a large portion to the overall biofuel production cost. Rising prices for food, surface transportation, and power generation increase the input costs. To reduce feedstock costs Biofuel producers are now looking at micro-algae, but this technology will take a long time to mature.
It may be noted that while Biofuel may be "green", the factories that produce Biofuels source power for the factories mainly from existing electricity grids which are powered by fossil fuels. Similarly preparing second generation Biofuel by cutting trees for their wood is also of dubious value. The Carbon accounting process needs to become standardized and transparent for the emerging Biofuel industry to realize its full potential.
The biggest challenge perhaps is that the world is adopting Electric vehicles quite rapidly and that may be followed by Hydrogen powered vehicles. This may lead to a phase-out of internal combustion engines and make transportation Biofuels irrelevant.
Hydrogen Production Technologies Overview, Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 2019, 7, 107-154; by Mostafa El-Shafie, Shinji Kambara, Yukio Hayakawa
Glossary:Biofuels – Statistics Explained (europa.eu)
20.10: Formation of Carbohydrates by Photosynthesis – Chemistry LibreTexts
Biofuels – Analysis – IEA
Biofuels – Renewables 2021 – Analysis – IEA
Biofuels Market Size, Share, Trends & Industry Analysis | 2022-27 (mordorintelligence.com)
History of Ethanol Production and Policy — Energy (ndsu.edu)
Biofuel: Production, consumption disruptions & risks on the biofuel market (enerdata.net)
Ethanol Production in Brazil: The Industrial Process and Its Impact on Yeast Fermentation | IntechOpen
Mass and Energy Balance for A Corn-To-Ethanol Plant, by Fan Mei, Master Of Science Thesis, Washington University Department Of Chemical Engineering, May 2006
Biodiesel Production Processes by Teresa.M.Mata and Antonio Martins, Current Trends in Chemical Engineering, January 2010. (PDF) Biodiesel Production Processes (researchgate.net)
EVC2: Hydrotreatment to HVO (etipbioenergy.eu)
Review of Biojet Fuel Conversion Technologies Wei-Cheng Wang et al, Technical Report NREL/TP-5100-66291 July 2016.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel
Major biodiesel producing countries 2021 | Statista
Biogas and Biomethane industry Showcase Report – Biogas and Biomethane Industry Biogas World Media Inc. October 2020
Bio Jet Fuels Market Size, Share Analysis – 2030 | By Type, Technology and Application (alliedmarketresearch.com)
NDT 3D scanning technology solutions for corrosion, denting (mechanical damage),... Integrating Biogas and Biomethane Into Circular Economy

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January 2017 Contents From the Editor Old Town Gathering Food & Tea - Breathing Life into our Lives Dogen's Tenzo Kyokun Diet & Tea Cultivation Gratitude Lunch Five Reflections Tea Confectionery Hakka Lei Cha Tea Sage Hut Recipes Tea Wayfarer Inside the Hut Green Tea Ice Cream
Tea Confectionery
Author Shane Marrs
Tags Article
by Shane Marrs
For centuries, people have shared sweets with tea. And no culture refined the art of tea confectionery more than the Japanese. In this article, Shen elucidates the history and kinds of Japanese sweets for tea, discusses the way we use sweets at the Center and leaves us with some advice for how to offer a snack or a sweet to our guests after hosting a tea ceremony. Japanese sweets for tea also invite us to explore the way that a Chajin learns to focus on details and make their tea preparation into self-cultivation through mindfulness and presence.
When you start pursuing an art like tea, it is difficult to imagine the breadth and scope at the outset. For me, this has been the case with many aspects of a life of tea. For example, I had no idea just how important it was going to be to learn how to cook and clean in order to properly learn how to serve tea, in the larger sense of serving. But ours is a tradition of service, and while we do learn how to brew tea, of course, our priority as Chajin (tea people) is to learn how to serve. And that becomes all-encompassing, down to the last detail. In fact, as I progress, I realize that it is the minuscule details that are the most important details to pay attention to. Too often, the things that we write off as negligible, one later finds, can change everything! The larger, more obvious aspects of serving guests and cultivating a tea practice take care of themselves, naturally falling into place. It's the little things that we then have to focus on refining. And I believe this applies to any discipline. I never could have imagined just how important the meals at our Center are, how much time and energy goes into them, and how many opportunities for practice they offer us! After all, food is amongst the most important medicines we will take on any given day, fueling our paths! Beyond that, tea and food represent hospitality everywhere.
In a tradition founded upon hospitality and service, it should therefore come as no surprise that food and tea were eventually paired together in ceremony; one medicine complementing the other, delighting the senses and awakening us to presence and loving-kindness. And what better type of food to complement tea in ceremony, especially when it is bitter tea, than a delicate, subtly sweet confection? As with so many aspects of culture, the Japanese took this tradition and focused tremendous soul and concentration on it, sparing no detail with regards to sweets for tea. What I am only just learning, the Japanese have long understood, and that is the importance of details. But before we dive into the details of sweets and snacks served with tea, we can briefly look back at some of the earlier forms of tea snacks and their development into the highly refined confections of our modern day.
Food Service & Tea
Long ago, the foods served with tea would have been nuts and fruits and other small, simple snacks. The key word here is simple. "Kaiseki," a Japanese word meaning "meals for tea," was originally a very simple service of food. It was typically a light meal served at the beginning of or during a formal tea gathering. "Kai" means "stomach/ chest" and "seki" means "stone" which comes from a time when samurai or Buddhist practitioners would press a warm stone against their stomach to stimulate energy in the digestive area in order to alleviate hunger and coldness. It therefore represented a meal simple enough to barely alleviate hunger. It usually consisted of small portions of rice, pickles, soup, fish, and even rice wine. Over time, however, kaiseki developed into something so complex and refined that it can even be studied as an entirely separate discipline, completely distinct from the tea ceremony, and only carried out successfully by professionals who have studied the art of kaiseki for a long time. One important trend during the development of kaiseki was an attention to detail and the artistic layout of the food when served. Not only was each ingredient carefully chosen, but the food, and the temperature of the food, were suited to the season. Even the temperature of the utensils used to eat the food was carefully thought out, among many other details that went into the creation and layout of kaiseki cuisine.
Wagashi: Japanese Confections
As the Japanese tea ceremony became highly refined and ritualized, so too the sweets served in those ceremonies had to meet the same standards of refinement. This is where the attention to detail developed in kaiseki neatly found its way into the service of sweets for tea, including Japanese confections, often called "wagashi," which just means Japanese traditional sweets and isn't necessarily specific to tea. You could say that all Japanese sweets for tea are a type of wagashi, but not all wagashi are a type of sweet for tea. The extensive world of wagashi has changed a lot over time and has been influenced by China and Europe, which has resulted in many different ingredients and production methods. Traditionally, however, they were made from three main plant-based, local ingredients, such as grains, sugar, and beans, especially red beans. And before sugar was introduced from China and Europe, Japanese confections were prepared with other natural plant-based sweeteners. In general, these types of confections often fall into two categories based on their moisture content and production method, namagashi (fresh or moist confections) and higashi (dry confections), with less than 10% moisture content. Nowadays, they are often made using ingredients such as rice, flour, sugar, miso, beans, yams, roots, herbs, flowers, gelatin, jelly, nuts, seeds and sprouts. Many of the fresh sweets with a higher moisture content that we are most familiar with are made using mochi, steamed and pounded glutinous rice, often encasing a sweet red bean paste and designed elegantly to suit the season.
In the same way that a chaxi (tea stage) is designed to honor the guests and occasion by considering the season and weather, so too, tea confections are delicately sculpted to represent a seasonal motif. And similar to chabana (flowers for tea), wagashi should suit the theme of the tea ceremony but not distract from the tea itself. This also includes the dishware and utensils used to display the confections. Some motif examples are plum blossom confections in the spring, maple leaves in the autumn and bush clovers in the winter. An important part of wagashi is how we perceive them. A good wagashi engages all five senses. While it might be obvious how they delight our sense of taste, sight, touch and smell, a well-designed confection should invoke a sound associated with the motif. In other words, it requires a little participation on the guests' part to hear the rustling of autumn leaves or the wind whistling through cherry blossom trees, or to recall a poem attributed to that particular season.
Wagashi used for tea should also be complementary to the tea session. Part of this means they shouldn't be overly sweet, too sticky or chewy, or have a strong, lingering aftertaste. Besides suiting the season, they should be abundant and enjoyable when eaten, and then quickly pass on without leaving a trace that will hinder the guests' ability to enjoy the flavors and aromas of the tea that follows. Like any element in a well-designed chaxi, the way confections for tea stimulate our senses should never overshadow the main focus of the gathering: the tea. This is not so easy to achieve. And like all things tea, simpler is better and less is more. Simplicity is an art in and of itself. Whether one is cooking or baking or crafting confections, using simple, natural, and minimal ingredients to highlight certain characteristics and bring out rich and enjoyable flavors, aromas and mouth sensations is more challenging than using lots of spices or full, rich flavors. This is a challenge worth facing for any person of tea who decides to incorporate sweets into their sessions. The details matter! Many of these principles apply to all aspects of a tea practice.
While it may be common and enjoyable to partake in sweets within the tea space itself, before, during, or after a tea ceremony, we have chosen to separate snacks from the tea ceremonies we offer here at the Center. There are many different approaches to tea, but our primary approach to tea is ceremonial and sacred. Notice that I said "primary" and not "only." At the Tea Sage Hut, we receive guests throughout the year from all over the world, and they bring with them many different approaches and levels of experience with tea, and we want to welcome them all into our home with open arms. After all, if we separate ourselves from others based on our approach to tea, we have forgotten one of the deepest aspects of tea: connection. Tea is the "Great Connector," and no approach or level of brewing skills should ever prevent us from connecting with anyone over tea! That said, our approach to tea is ceremonial, so we have decided to separate snacks from our ceremonies, and enjoy them during more casual sessions, for we do also approach tea casually from time to time. And when we do include sweets for formal occasions, like our weekly whisked tea ceremonies in the Zendo, we serve them outside the tea space, after the ceremony is concluded. But we still do our best to suit the sweets to the occasion and season, and to choose the most appropriate, refreshing confection we can find, or make!
General Kinds of Wagashi
Namagashi (生菓子)
These are "wet" confectioneries, with a moisture content of 30% or more.
Han namagashi (半生菓子)
These are "half wet" confectioneries, with a moisture content of 10-30%.
Higashi (干菓子)
These are "dry" confectioneries, with a moisture content of less than 10%.
* Each of the three types of confection can be made into the following sweets. (There are also several other kinds not mentioned here):
Jō namagashi (上生菓子)
are the most common sweets for tea. These are soft and delicate, often made of mochi (pounded rice) and filled with a sweet bean paste. They change to reflect the season and/or occasion. They come in the shapes of flowers, leaves and other artistic homage to Nature.
Yaki mono (焼き物)
are baked confections, probably introduced through Western influence.
Hiranabe mono (平なべ物)
are cooked in a dry pan.
Mushi mono (蒸し物)
are steamed confections.
Age mono (揚げ物)
are fried confections; again influenced by the West.
Ōbun mono (オーブン物)
are baked in conventional ovens.
Ame mono (あめ物)
are candy-like confections.
Jō namagashi are the perfect tea sweets. They are full-favored and yet the aromas and flavors pass quickly, and none of the soft bean paste clings to the palate or teeth.
Chinese Tea & Food
Though this article focused more on Japanese confections, Chinese tea culture has included food with tea for centuries, and has in fact played a huge role in influencing the creation and development of Japanese confections. Chinese teahouses were often social settings where tea was served with light refreshments. Drinking tea and eating food in Chinese teahouse culture served important political, economic, and cultural functions in society. In my experience today, snacks offered at Chinese tea gatherings are much more casual and varied than their Japanese counterpart. You might be served anything from packaged crackers, candies, and sweets to savory buns and baked goods at any time of the session. I would recommend serving food with tea only in a casual setting, not in ceremonies. I would also suggest avoiding certain foods, such as spicy foods, food with garlic, onions, or other overpowering flavors that harm one's ability to appreciate tea, even in a casual session. It is also a good idea to avoid the kinds of snacks that may stick to the teeth or palate, as they will also then interact with the tea you serve. If you aren't sure what sweet to serve, we always suggest going with a bit of chopped fruit. You can't go wrong with Nature's sweets! Beyond that, it can be nice to socially drink tea from time to time and serve a simple snack. I hope you'll be inspired by this magazine to include food service in more of your tea gatherings this month! Serving a snack or meal after a nice, long session of shou puerh is a marvelous afternoon, indeed.
Specific Kinds of Wagashi
glutinous pounded rice.
a small, sticky, sweet mochi, commonly skewered on a stick.
Hanabiramochi
a flat, red or white mochi, wrapped around bean paste and a cut piece of candied burdock.
Kusa mochi
"grass" mochi is a mochi infused with mugwort, surrounding a center of bean paste.
Yatsuhashi
a thin sheet of flattened mochi, mixed with spices like cinnamon, and often folded into a triangle around bean paste.
Manjū
a steamed cake surrounded by flour. These are available in many shapes from nature, like leaves, fruit or animals.
Ikinari dango
a steamed bun with a chunk of sweet potato and bean paste in the center.
Sakuramochi
a rice cake filled with bean paste and wrapped in a pickled cherry leaf.
Anmitsu
chilled gelatinous cubes with fruit inside.
Kompeito
crystal sugar candy.
Yōkan
a solid, hard block of bean paste, cooked with black sugar to make it hard.
Amanattō
are beans cooked/boiled with sugar. They are then dried and served.
Oshiruko
also a Chinese dessert, it is sweet bean soup, served hot, and often with mochi balls inside. (Great with ginger, as well.)
Kuri kinton
boiled and mashed chestnuts.
Imagawayaki
a circle of fried dough covering bean paste.
Uirō
a steamed cake made of rice flour and sugar; these are similar to mochi.
Monaka
puffed or toasted rice cakes with bean paste sandwiched between.
Botamochi
a sweetened rice ball wrapped with thick azuki bean paste.
a round, flat sweet, consisting of sponge cake wrapped around bean paste.
Left: peanut, black sesame and meng bean higashi that melt in your mouth.
Right: Hanabiramochi folded over red bean past with fresh strawberries in the middle.


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Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare. Welcome to Iskcon Phoenix. Welcome to the International Society For Krishna Consciousness - ISKCON PHOENIX. The new temple will have much bigger facilities including a bigger altar for our presiding Deities, events hall, classrooms...
The ISKCON Temple also known as Krishna-Balaram Mandir is one of the major ISKCON temples in the world. The Sri Krishna Balrama Temple at Vrindavan, more popularly known as ISKCON Temple is the first temple constructed by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness...
Nov 19, 2021 · Largest Vedic Temple in the World. ISKCON – The International Society of Krishna Consciousness – has erected multiple temples in India, and its latest project, the Vedic Planetarium Temple, will be the world's largest temple. According to the blueprints, this temple will also house the world's biggest dome.
ISKCON Centres The official global directory of temples and other centres in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness
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ISKCON Temple. Sri Radha Krishna Temple is one of the biggest ISKCON temples in the world. It is located at Rajajinagar, Bangalore. This temple is a major places to visit in Bangalore due to the attraction of tourists.It is one of the largest ISKCON temples in the world. The temple is a huge cultural complex that was inaugurated in 1997 by Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma.the temple also has charitable trusts and many free service programs.The temple doesnt have any entry fee.From the Rocky Mountains to the Black Mountains, the USA is home to some very impressive mountain ranges and some very, very tall mountains. We find out what the ten highest are based on satellite measurements and some good old-fashioned footwork…
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Iskcon Temple is located in a welcoming area of Amritsar known for its array of dining options and temples. If you're looking for a convenient place to stay, check out the 123 hotels and other accommodations you'll find within a mile. Where is the best place to stay close to Iskcon Temple...ISKCON Baltimore The Hare Krishna temple in Baltimore area. ISKCON Centres is the official global centres directory of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, and 2 days ago · BHUBANESWAR : Finally, a German hand will end Capital city's biggest headache - the perennial...
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On Friday, a mob allegedly attacked an ISKCON temple in Bangladesh's Noakhali district, and according to the community, one of its members was killed. "It is with great grief that we share the news of an ISKCON member, Partha Das, who was brutally killed yesterday by a mob of over 200 people. His body was found in a pond next to the temple.Why is ISKCON. The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), otherwise known as the Hare Krishna movement, includes five hundred major centers, temples and rural communities, nearly one hundred affilated vegetarian restaurants
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World's largest Vedic temple to be ready by 2016, says Iskcon - The 340-foot-high temple, being constructed at a cost of about $75 million or about Rs37.5 crore at the birthplace of 16th century saint and social reformer Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in Nadia district, will be a centre of Vedic knowledge, culture and science, Iskcon officials said.New Vrindaban temple at West Virginia is an ISKCON Hare Krishna temple, located in Marshall County. This ISKCON is named after the Indian That is one of the oldest temple in USA and biggest in the west coast. Here the rituals are performed according to Aagamas and thousands of devotees...The United States is the third largest country in the world with a population of more than 325 million, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Because of this, the United States is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world. Nearly every region of the world has influenced American culture, most...
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2 days ago · Temple of Vedic Planetarium: Key Highlights. 1- The construction of the temple started in the year 2010 and is expected to be completed by 2022. 2- Located in West Bengal's Mayapur of Nadia ... Hare Krishna movement in USA increases rapidly day by day - Iskcon Temple with Tech Mirrors. At present, we have so many seemingly insurmountable problems and crises within our society, to name but a few. Devotees are leaving the movement; ISKCON property is being mismanaged...ISKCON Bangalore had also organised a peaceful kirtan march on the Hare Krishna Hill to express solidarity with the persecuted minorities of the country. The missionaries of the temple, ISKCON congregation members and other conscientious citizens participated in the event.Visit the most popular temples of the city like Bull temple and ISKCON temple. Witness the beauty of Cubbon Park, one of the biggest parks in the heart of the city. Detailed Overview. The city of Bangalore is also known as Garden City and Lake City due to the abundance of gardens and lakes, Bangalore city has a total of 183 lakes.
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Get Amritsar PDF Guide. ISKCON Temple, Amritsar Overview. Situated in the heart of the city in Moni Chowk, ISKCON Temple (also known as Sri Gaur Radha Krishna Mandir) is a revered Hindu temple dedicated to the Hindu gods Krishna and Radha..
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Please submit only sites associated with washer pitching (as in throwing). This may include information on equipment, associations, leagues, tournaments, technique and instruction, comprehensive directories, and other subjects deemed appropriate. There are many regional and local variants of washer pitching.
International Association of Washer Players Features rules, equipment, terminology, and forum.
Washer Pitching Association Provides news items, current standings, a message board, and a description of the game. Located in West Texas, United States.


and we'll talk about the effects of dimensionality on the visual display.
line plots, bar graphs or two-key box plots are but a few of the examples.
For bivariate quantitative data, The scatter plot is the most common choice.
the scatter plot describes the information quite clearly.
Moving up to three dimensions, now it's getting a bit more challenging.
So we can try a 3D scatter plot, but what are some of the problems?
Let's look at the 3D scatter plot on the right with blue cubes.
Where exactly are E and F in relation to each other?
information on a two dimensional surface.
with a third dimension represented by some other attribute.
Here we use area for the red circles for the third quantitative dimension.
you want to put the most important dimensions on the x and y axes.
perhaps the most easily distinguished for the third.
deal with mapping three variables to a visualization.
So, we know that two variables on the X and Y axis can map to points.
So, we have scatter plots, maps, etc.
Now the third variable must use something like color, size or shape.
And as you can imagine we have a very large design space.
different types of marks to represent nominal or categorical data.
Now moving up to multidimensional data.
How many variables can be depicted in an image?
We've talked about one, two, and three dimensions.
Is there some perceptual limit?
Starting in 1967 Bertin and others asked this question.
a data table can be constructed directly as a single image.
We'll look into answering this question in the next lecture.


The focus of my efforts on DramaWiki will be in Japanese dramas (particularly specials and series which tend to get less attention from other editors), and I will update entries as I watch programs. I also sub Japanese programs to English, so from now on I will make an effort to keep those DramaWiki entries up to date as well.
I'm still new to DramaWiki, so feel free to give me suggestions.
This page was last edited on 13 August 2012, at 00:01.


We believe that all animals deserve a chance at happiness regardless of age or circumstance. Unfortunately, the statistics do not agree and seniors and special needs animals are among the first groups of animals to be euthanized for space in shelters across the United States. We are making a small dent in the statistic by providing space outside the municipal shelter system for these special pets to get the help they need while they wait for their forever home. By taking them out of the shelters we not only free up valuable space for the shelter to save more lives, but allow special needs animals, who may need the extra care and comfort, to be in a home with warmer and cushier surroundings.
The mission of Big Brothers Big Sisters of San Luis Obispo County is to provide children facing adversity with strong and enduring, professionally supported 1-to-1 relationships that change their lives for the better, forever.
The Boys & Girls Club of Central Sonoma County mission is to inspire and enable all young people, especially those from disadvantaged circumstances, to realize their full potential as productive, responsible and caring citizens. Boys & Girls Clubs provide a safe place to learn and grow … ongoing relationships with caring, adult professionals … life-enhancing programs and character development experiences … hope and opportunity.
Thank you for choosing Boys & Girls Club Central Sonoma County in your charitable contribution plans. Our mission is to enable all young people, especially those who need us most, to reach their full potential as productive, caring, responsible citizens.
The mission of Boys and Girls Club El Dorado County Western Slope is to enable all young people, especially those who need it most, to reach their full potential as productive, responsible and caring citizens. Boys and Girls Club El Dorado County Western Slope envisions a future in which the Boys & Girls Club Movement is a catalyst for a new age in America, an age in which success is within the reach of every child, and whole generations of children are inspired to a level of civic engagement not seen since the founding of our nation.
The mission of the Boys and Girls Club of Lake Tahoe is to empower all young people to reach their full potential.
The mission of the California Council of the Blind (CCB) is to gain full independence and equality of opportunity for all blind and visually impaired Californians.
The mission of the California State Railroad Museum Foundation (CSRMF) is to generate revenue and awareness on behalf of its destinations, while supporting the preservation, interpretation and promotion of our railroad heritage.
The Foundation provides funding for ongoing support of numerous programs, both at the museum's Old Sacramento location and at the historic park in Jamestown, Calif.
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Times of Israel: US President Donald Trump said Thursday that the time has come to "fully recognize" Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights, in another monumental shift in US Mideast policy by his administration.
Opinion: This announcement rivals the scope of December 6, 2017, when President Trump declared Jerusalem Israel's eternal capital. The Golan is a strategic imperative for Israel's well being and safety, even without the unspoken October 8, 2015 oil find, that is.
It didn't take long for the left to charge the president for trying to bolster Netanyahu's election odds but make no mistake, blessing Israel promises blessing, and so far this president has fulfilled the covenant (Genesis 12:3) over and over again.
It is with that spirit I pray that our president continues to bless God's people. I pray that the rumors of declaring part of Jerusalem an Edomite capital are just that, rumors.


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The result means that with two games left we sit five points behind Farleigh Rovers, and for us to win the league it will need them to lose their last game away at Frimley Green.
A point would mean we could catch them if we win our last two games, we would need to overturn a 34 goal advantage that they have, which would be "unlikely".
In today's other fixtures, Farleigh drew with Ripley Village, Frimley thumped Royal Holloway, and Ash Utd beat Staines in the Spring League.
The big news was Horsley's 1-0 win over Merrow in the Challenge Cup semi final, which puts them through to play ourselves in the final.
 First's draw a blank at Spelthorne We moved six points clear of second placed Chertsey on Saturday, but they now have a massive eight games in hand.
First team preview: A v Spelthorne Sports  The first team make the journey to Spelthorne Sports this afternoon, looking for all three points to help their promotion hopes.


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Globoforce honoured as one of the best workplaces in Ireland for the fifth consecutive year
February 23, 2017 | Globoforce Press Release
Ranked sixth in the medium-sized workplace category, Globoforce celebrated by employees for its culture and recognition
23 February, 2017 — Globoforce®, a leading provider of social recognition solutions, today announced that it has been named as one of the Best Workplaces in Ireland 2017 by the Great Place to Work Institute®. Globoforce was ranked sixth in Ireland in the medium-sized workplace category. This is the fifth year in a row that Globoforce has been recognised as a top Irish workplace for high scores on an employee survey and an assessment of its workplace policies and practices. Globoforce has been consistently recognised in the 90th percentile year-on-year for being a friendly and trusted place to work; making new employees feel welcome and for celebrating milestones and special events. "As human beings, we want to work in workplaces that are positive, joyous and inclusive," said Niamh Graham, vice president of global HR at Globoforce. "We are committed to building workplaces where employees feel appreciated for their hard work, inspired to do their best work and have a strong sense of belonging. We are proud of this achievement as we firmly believe in emulating the principles and core values that promote a more human culture where employees have a voice and feel connected to our organization's mission." "With institutional trust in low supply throughout the globe, research is showing that business has also suffered a drop in trust", said John Ryan, CEO of Great Place to Work® Ireland. "This will have an impact on performance and returns. It's clear from the results of our assessment survey that employees from Ireland's Best Workplaces, who are in a unique position to know, believe that clients and customers can trust their organisations. This is an invaluable vote of confidence from their employees, and is probably the reason why staff in the companies are comfortable releasing all their talents to the benefit of those organisations. While money was the currency of success in the past, trust is the currency of success now and into the future; we are increasingly living in a world of interdependencies where we need to be sure who we can rely on. The listed organisations this year have separated themselves from their peers by leveraging the power of trust to the benefit of all their stakeholders, and that is why I want to extend my congratulations to one and all on a wonderful achievement." All over the country, employees at Ireland's Best Workplaces report a significantly greater sense of job security than those in peer organisations, with this area achieving a four year high despite a backdrop of medium-term geopolitical uncertainty. This level of employee confidence in the face of an uncertain future provides these organisations with a workforce that is engaged, focused on the task at hand, and eager to offer their contribution to future successes. The Best Workplaces in Ireland 2017 are capitalising on this increased engagement by delivering regular performance evaluations, recognising excellent performance, and providing coaching and support to poor performers. About Great Place to Work® and the Assessment Process Great Place to Work Ireland is part of a global network of culture consultants, with offices in 48 countries using an established methodology to publish lists at country, regional, and global levels. The best known of these is the Fortune 100 list of Best Companies to Work For in the United States. The key defining feature of a great workplace is the level of trust that exists within it. From an employee's viewpoint, the definition of a great workplace is one where you trust the people you work with, you have great pride in what you do, and you enjoy the people you work with. The Great Place to Work Institute assesses the policies and practices in place in organisations under nine key areas: Inspiring, Speaking, Listening, Caring, Developing, Thanking, Hiring, Celebrating, and Sharing. They then benchmark these practices against other organisations in that country. The second key component of the assessment is an anonymous Trust Index survey that gathers the perceptions of employees under five dimensions: Credibility, Respect, Fairness, Pride, and Camaraderie. Finally, there is an in-depth qualitative analysis of open ended comments from employees. About Globoforce Globoforce is a leading provider of social recognition solutions, helping companies build stronger, more human cultures through the power of thanks. Named one of the Best Workplaces by the Great Place To Work® Institute, Globoforce is trusted by some of the most admired companies in the world to inspire and energize employees and create best places to work. Our award-winning SaaS technology and proven methodologies empower HR and business leaders to take a modern, more strategic approach to recognition programs. What results is measurable business success, qualified by increases in employee engagement, retention and productivity. The company pioneered the WorkHuman movement, created to galvanize organizations and leaders worldwide to create a more human workplace. This movement culminates annually at the WorkHuman conference, taking place May 30-June 1, 2017, in Phoenix, Arizona. Globoforce is co-headquartered in Southborough, Massachusetts, and Dublin, Ireland. To learn more:
Visit: https://workhumanpreprod.com/
Read: https://resources.globoforce.com/
Twitter: @Workhuman
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/workhuman/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Workhuman/
Contacts: Savannah O'Hare / Hannah Townsend Finn Partners Globoforce@finnpartners.com 020 7017 8434
Jenna West
jenna.west@workhuman.com
October 4, 2021 |Press Releases
Workhuman Named the #1 Recognition Provider by HRO Today Magazine's Baker's Dozen 2021
A result of customer feedback and analysis, company also places first in the Breadth of Service category FRAMINGHAM, Mass., and DUBLIN – October 4, 2021 - Workhuman®, pioneers of the human workplace,…
September 29, 2021 |Press Releases
Malcolm Gladwell and Priya Parker to Speak at Workhuman Spotlight, Workhuman's Premier Digital Event for HR and Business Leaders
Free broadcast on October 6 will explore the forces changing the world of work and provide solutions to help attendees combat The Great Resignation and other urgent workplace challenges FRAMINGHAM, Mass.,…
Workhuman Ranked One of the 2021 Best Workplaces in Europe™ by Great Place to Work® in collaboration with The Economist Group
Dublin - 23 September 2021 – Workhuman®, pioneers of the human workplace, has been named number two in the medium business category on the Best Workplaces in Europe™ in 2021…
The press release that you are about to view may contain forward-looking statements regarding anticipated future growth, expansion plans or expected developments or enhancements. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of the following words (among others): "believes," "expects," "may," "will," "plan," "should," or "anticipates," or comparable words and their negatives. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees but are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations contained in these statements, including, for example, our failure to adjust for seasonality in the market, our failure to enhance our existing solution to be competitive in the market or changes in the industry which could cause our pricing or solution to be impacted competitively. Globoforce assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements contained in this press release in the event of changing circumstances or otherwise, and such statements are current only as of the date they are made.
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