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Africa's Economic Blocs Hopeful for a Better Future
Many respondents anticipate gains within five years
by Magali Rheault and Bob Tortora
WASHINGTON, D.C. -- The dream of a United States of Africa, as envisioned by the continent's leaders at independence, has yet to be realized. But in the blueprints for African unity, economic cooperation among the continent's diverse regions has emerged as a key element to foster development and economic growth and ultimately, improve the lives of Africa's more than 900 million people. Many of the building "blocs" that will serve as the pillars of economic integration are already in place. Known as Regional Economic Communities (RECs), these trade blocs serve to strengthen economic, political, and social cooperation among member states. The goal of policy coordination and trade ties among the RECs is to create a continent-wide economic union by 2027.
Gallup in 2006 polled respondents in 25 REC-member countries to measure anticipation of progress in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the tremendous challenges that most individuals in the region face, a great sense that a better life lies ahead pervades the regional trade blocs. Looking across each of the blocs surveyed, at least a regional median of one-quarter of respondents believe they, personally, will be better off just five years from now.
As it does around the world, Gallup asked respondents to rate the status of their lives and their countries using the Cantril Self-Anchoring Striving Scale with steps numbered from 0 to 10, where "0" indicates the worst possible life and "10" the best possible life. Percentages of respondents rating the status an 8, 9, and 10 are combined to represent the top of the ladder on this measure. Gallup specifically asked respondents which steps they stood on five years ago, where they stand now, and where they expect to stand five years from now. Top-of-the-ladder median scores were calculated for each REC, including polling data for countries that are members of more than one bloc.
High Hopes for the Future
Across five active regional blocs, medians of fewer than 1 in 10 respondents in each bloc place their past and present lives on steps 8 through 10 of the ladder, but at least a median of one-quarter of respondents expect to stand at the top of the ladder five years from now. Respondents in the West African bloc (ECOWAS) express the highest level of optimism, where a regional median of 47% expect to stand at the top of the ladder in the future, compared with a regional median of just 2% today. Respondents in other economic blocs also express great hope for a better personal life in the future, but the median scores in those regions are not as high.
When respondents are asked about their country's future, results show a similar pattern. In each region surveyed, medians of fewer than 1 in 10 respondents place their past and current country's situation at the top of the ladder, but at least a median of 36% of respondents think their country will reach that level in five years. West Africans express the greatest hopes for their countries, as a regional median of 53% of ECOWAS respondents expect their nations to reach the top of the ladder in five years, while a median of just 2% believe their countries are at that level today. In the other economic blocs, progress is anticipated, but the median scores in those regions are lower.
While Gallup Poll research around the world finds many world citizens expressing optimism about their futures, some of the greatest anticipation (as measured by the gap between present and future standings) is found in sub-Saharan Africa. Across all five economic regions, the difference between regional median ratings of respondents' present and future status ranges from 22 points in the Eastern and Southern Africa bloc (COMESA) to 45 points in the West Africa sub-region (ECOWAS).
Results are based on face-to-face interviews with 1,000 adults, aged 15 and older, which were conducted throughout 2006. The polls were conducted in the following countries: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA); Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda in the East African Community (EAC); Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, and Rwanda in the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS); Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS); and Angola, Botswana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe in the Southern African Development Community (SADC).
For results based on the total sample of national adults, one can say with 95% confidence that the maximum margin of sampling error is ±5 percentage points. In addition to sampling error, question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of public opinion polls.
Multi-country Wellbeing Africa Sub-Saharan Africa World
2018 Global Great Jobs Briefing
3 Billion Still Looking for Great Jobs
Presidential Rule Still Dominates African Politics
Majorities of respondents in most sub-Saharan African countries Gallup surveyed say their military is primarily loyal to the president, even in nations considered "free."
Zimbabweans' Personal Well-Being Declines
In the midst of Zimbabwe's deep economic crisis, Gallup finds that Zimbabweans' perceptions of their personal well-being have declined since 2006. On average, Zimbabweans also believe they were better off five years ago and that the future looks dim.
Kenyans Mixed About East African Super-State
The East African Community is fast-tracking efforts toward integrating its member countries into one nation and claims that Kenyans, Tanzanians, and Ugandans are overwhelmingly supportive. However, a recent Gallup Poll finds that 41% of Kenyans favor the move, 29% oppose it, and 30% have no opinion.
Gallup Blog
Nearly 150 million people -- or 4% of the world's adult population -- want to move to the U.S.
Gallup https://news.gallup.com/poll/102889/Africas-Economic-Blocs-Hopeful-Better-Future.aspx


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TeamSnap Registration
Game Summary - Padres Rays FINAL
Thursday, May 24, 2018 @ 5:00pm
Sinaloa Baseball Field, Sinaloa
Padres 8
Rays 4
T (Trevor) Dalmon. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
B (Brett) Huser. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
A Rigali. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
O Rubio. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
G (Greg) Schiff. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
J Sherley. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
X Sullivan. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
R (Ryan) Wilson. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
Totals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
R Bacich. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
A Gates. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
A (Aaron) Morrill. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
J Nettelman. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
D O'Leary. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
G Reinhard. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
S (Sam) Rooke. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
Bra Suter. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
W (Walker) Waite. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000
T (Trevor) Dalmon. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B (Brett) Huser. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A Rigali. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O Rubio. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G (Greg) Schiff. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
J Sherley. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
X Sullivan. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
R (Ryan) Wilson. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Totals 0.0
R Bacich. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A Gates. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A (Aaron) Morrill. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
J Nettelman. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
D O'Leary. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G Reinhard. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
S (Sam) Rooke. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bra Suter. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
W (Walker) Waite. 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Padres Game Recap
Rays Game Recap
External links are provided for reference purposes. Novato Babe Ruth is not responsible for the content of external Internet sites.
Copyright Novato Babe Ruth All rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Lomography Medium Format Camera Solutions
Diana F+ Medium Format Film Camera - Front
Diana F+ Medium Format Film Cameras - Retaining the lo-fi, soft-focus qualities of the original 60s medium-format plastic Diana, and hosting new features for more creative options!
Lomography is the commercial trademark of Lomographische AG, Austria for products and services related to photography. The name is inspired by the former state-run optics manufacturer LOMO PLC of Saint Petersburg, Russia. LOMO PLC created and produced the 35 mm LOMO LC-A Compact Automat camera — which became the centerpiece of Lomography's marketing and sales activities. This camera was loosely based upon the Cosina CX-1 and introduced in the early 1980s.
Diana F+ Medium Format Film Camera - Left Front Angle
In 1991, the Austrian founders of Lomography discovered the Lomo LC-A. As the company states, they were "charmed by the unique, colorful, and sometimes blurry" images that the camera produced. After a series of international art exhibitions and aggressive marketing work, Lomography signed an exclusive distribution agreement with LOMO PLC — thereby becoming the sole distributor of all Lomo LC-A cameras outside of the Soviet Union. This monopolistic agreement, their viral/tribal marketing strategies and pricing philosophy have generated controversy.
Diana F+ Medium Format Film Camera - Back Angle
Lomography emphasizes casual, snapshot photography. Characteristics such as over-saturated colors, off-kilter exposure, blurring, "happy accidents," and alternative film processing are often considered part of the "Lomographic Technique." Users are encouraged to take a lighthearted approach to their photography, and use these techniques to document everyday life, as the Lomo LC-A's small size, simple controls, and ability to shoot in low light encourages candid photography, photo reportage, and photo vérité through the much-touted "10 Rules."
Diana F+ Medium Format Film Camera - Back
Since the introduction of the original Lomo LC-A, Lomography has produced and marketed an entire line of their own branded analog cameras. Most Lomographic cameras are designed to produce a single photographic effect. For example, the Lomography Fisheye camera features a built-in wide-angle lens, and shoots fisheye-distorted photos. In 2005, production of the original Lomo LC-A was discontinued. Its replacement, the LC-A+, was introduced in Fall 2006. The new camera, made in China rather than Russia, featured the original Russian lens manufactured by LOMO PLC. This changed as of mid-2007 with the lens now made in China as well.
Similar to Eastman Kodak's concept of the "Kodak moment," the Lomography motto of "don't think, just shoot" presumes spontaneity, close-ups, and ubiquity, while deemphasizing formal technique. Typical lomography cameras are deliberately low-fidelity and inexpensively constructed. Some cameras make use of multiple lenses and rainbow-colored flashes, or exhibit extreme optical distortions and even light leaks.
Lomography 120CFN Medium Format Viewfinder Fixed Focus Camera Starter Kit with Built-in Lens and Color Flash.
Still retaining all of those fabulous and unique features that make the Holga world famous, the Holga CFN Starter Kit takes Holga photography to the next level. This remarkable camera has many fascinating features. By rotating its color wheel, you can tint your flash with yellow, red, blue, or clear gels.
Fisheye2
The incredible color-flash technology has been extended to the medium-format Holga. Using a combination of colored flash light and a long shutter exposure, this revolutionary item can create some of the most mind-blowing images that you have ever seen. When this feature is paired with Holga's characteristics (soft focus, light leaks, vignetting), the results can be awesome. A "B" (Bulb) setting holds the shutter open for dreamy, natural background, flashed foreground images, or exciting nighttime long exposures. A standard 1/4" x 20 tripod nut holds your Holga steady, and a 6x6 plastic mask yields tighter, sharper images. • Color Flash Wheel A plastic wheel assembly inside the flash allows you to choose one of three permanently mounted color gels (yellow, blue, red) or a clear flash. For ease and pleasure, the colors are labeled on top of the camera as well. • 6x6 Interior Mask Traditionally, the Holga used a small plastic mask to take 6x4.5 images. This reduced the maximum area inside the camera to a rectangular portrait format. It also served to keep the film tight, protect it from scratches, and hold the batteries inside. Those who chose to shoot the square 6x6 format (basically everyone who wanted to really shoot with Holga), had to suffer through rough-shod film and falling batteries. No more! The 6x6 mask, like its 6x4.5 brother, keeps everything in place.
Lomography Diana + Edelweiss Edition Medium Format 120 Manual Focus Camera with Built-in Lens (White). Diana + Edelweiss Edition - Here's a classic that has been improved. This cult camera enjoyed incredible success in the 60s and has now been resurrected for a new generation of camera lovers. This unique and fun camera offers the user an easy way to shoot medium format film. It's a simple camera with plastic lens, only two shutter settings (daylight & "B") and three aperture choices. It's a manual focus camera that can be used to create some stunning "low res" images. Load up and you're ready to go. This Diana, however, offers a removable lens revealing a tiny aperture for pinhole photography. In addition, the camera has a standard tripod socket and shutter lock so you can do long exposures without worrying about "camera shake". • Two image formats (12 or 16 square shots on a standard 120 roll) • Panoramic shooting • Shutter lock for long exposures Buy the Diana Edelweiss Camera at • •
Lomography Diana F+ Fixed Focus Medium Format Camera with 75mm Lens and Removable Flash Unit. Dating back to the early 1960's, the all-plastic Diana camera is a cult legend -famous for its its dreamy, radiant, and lo-fi images.
The brand new Diana+ is a faithful reproduction and a loving homage to the classic Diana - with a few new features tossed in. Its plastic lens, 2 shutter settings (daylight & "B"), 3 aperture settings, and manual focus are all hallmarks of the original Diana. But on top of that, the Diana+ offers a removable lens and super-small aperture for pinhole images, two image formats (12 or 16 square shots on a standard 120 roll), an endless panorama feature that allows for unlimited and nearly seamless panoramic shots, and both a standard tripod thread & shutter lock for easy shake-free long exposures.
Each package includes the beautiful "Diana Vignettes" book - packed with over 200 pages of Diana history, Diana+ images, and truly off-the-wall short stories. Uses all varieties of medium format 120 film. The Big Picture (Forget All About It) Seriously, just put it all out of your mind. We'll no longer look for the big picture, and there will be no more getting an overview or stepping back to take it all in. All of these concepts imply an abrupt halt to activity - a conscious pause of your natural drive and instincts. As we say day in and day out: Be fast. Who's got the time to consider the implications when close to a million tremendous potential photos are streaming right past your nose? Buy the Diana F Camera at • •
Lomography Holga Starter Kit - 120SF Medium Format Viewfinder Fixed Focus Camera w/ Lens & Flash. From its humble creation in 1982, the Holga has grown into a globe-spanning cult item, able to capture the most unique photographic treasures that you have ever seen. Pick up the Holga, free yourself from the rules, and shoot your heart out. The famous Medium-format dynamo, now with a built in flash and color-gel filters! Prepare to employ your trusty Holga day or night as the flash opens up new worlds of low-light images with the beloved Holga effects, soft focus, double-exposures, streaming colors, intense vignetting and unpredictable light leaks. A "B" setting keeps the shutter open for as long as you like, and the dandy new tripod thread allows for smooth tripod mounting. "Mes Vacances Avec Holga" Photo Book by Frederic Lebain: A self-taught photographer, Mr. Lebain first saw the Holga 4 years ago in a New York photo shop. Since then, he has become one of the premier Holga artists in the world, holding exhibitions throughout Europe and Asia and being published in the venerable likes of Jalouse and DS Magazine. This 90 page book is a visual chronicle of Mr. Lebain's travels over the past few years, as told through his very finest Holga images. Softcover. Published by the Lomographic Society, 2002 More Info.
Current models marketed by Lomographische AG include
Lomo LC-A
Holga 35mm
Actionsampler
Frogeye
Pop-9
Oktomat
Colorsplash
Colorsplash Flash
F-stop Bang
SuperSampler
Seagull TLR
Smena 8M
The company also resells dead stock Polaroid cameras and Russian dead stock - the sort normally acquired at "quirky, old-school camera shops," as the company's web site puts it.
The Lomo LC-A lens effect can be digitally emulated with photo-editing software such as GIMP or Photoshop. In addition, the company's promotional web site for Lomography showcases many high-contrast photographs - with unusual saturation and color - that were created using the technique called cross processing in which film intended for developing in slide chemistry (E-6) is processed in photographic negative chemistry (C-41), and vice versa. This technique can be employed with any film camera and can be somewhat mimicked with digital software as well.
Shop for Lomography Medium Format Cameras at These Stores
Rollei, including the Rolleiflex
Seagull Camera
http://www.lomography.com/about/
Lc-A+ Production
"About the Ten Golden Rules". www.lomography.com. August 18, 2011.
Lomographic Society International
Simulate a Lomo photography with Gimp
Fabio Pluda - Lomographer
Professional Format Types
Field Cameras
Large Format Index
Medium Format Index
Discontinued Medium Format
Rangefinder Cameras
Medium Format SLR
Medium Format TLR
View Cameras
Professional Format Camera Brands
Arca-Swiss Cameras
Blackbird Cameras
Voigtlander Medium Format
Professional Format Lenses
Bronica Lenses
Professional Format Accessories
Digital Backs


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Photo Credit: Jack Lue, marccanter.com
Hell Leads to Paradise City
Bob Gendron
GNR's "Appetite"-era lineup embarks on a tour less than a week after forming
The group deals with breakdowns, hunger, speed freaks, withdrawal and more
The experience results "in a bonding thing you don't even realize is happening"
The Guns N' Roses lineup that recorded the iconic "Appetite for Destruction" album (1987) and gained worldwide fame hadn't been together even a week when the members set out on their first tour in June 1985. With only one show to their credit, the band — vocalist Axl Rose, lead guitarist Slash, bassist Duff McKagan, guitarist Izzy Stradlin and drummer Steven Adler — would soon get a crash course in patience, tolerance and relationships on what became known as the "Hell Tour."
Though the quintet remained unknown outside Los Angeles, it managed to secure a series of West Coast dates thanks to McKagan's valuable punk-rock experience. The Seattle native had already played with bands such as the Fastbacks, and was familiar with the network of clubs established by the likes of D.O.A. and Black Flag. Looking to expand beyond L.A.'s insular scene, McKagan also booked the trek to test the will of several band members. His intuition proved correct. The reality of the upcoming D.I.Y. outing prompted then-guitarist Tracii Guns and drummer Rob Gardner to quit in May. Enter Slash and Adler, followed by a short warm-up set performed at the Troubadour less than 48 hours before the start of the journey.
Guns N' Roses play the Troubadour in Los Angeles on June 6, 1985, less than 48 hours before departing on their "Hell Tour."
Photo Credit: Marc Canter, marccanter.com
Unable to afford the luxury of a van, the band crammed into the leg-cramping confines of a late '70s automobile. It belonged to Danny Birall, who came along with another friend to ferry the rock 'n' roll miscreants and tow a U-Haul trailer packed with their gear. Birall brought another benefit: A gas card he swiped from his mother to help foot the bill. He did not, however, possess a AAA membership, or the means or tools to make serious repairs.
A fraction of the way into the planned 1,100-mile-plus escapade to Seattle, the vehicle's transmission gave out. Guns N' Roses exited the sputtering metal heap and walked to a gas station before focusing their energy on a single goal: Getting to Seattle in time to play the scheduled concert. They canceled the shows they knew they couldn't make, ditched all the equipment except for the guitars, told Birall to fix the car and meet up with them later, and tried their hand at hitchhiking. Rose used the same method a few years earlier to flee his native Indiana and head to California.
Stranded in the desert with less than $40 among them, the ragtag crew — a glam-meets-street-urchin parade of leather, trench coats, ratty shirts and long hair — finally thumbed their way into a 18-wheel semi steered by a sleep-deprived speed freak. En route, he stopped in Sacramento, Ca., asked the band to hop out and wait for his return. The group, which previously gave him money in return for a pledge to take them as far as Medford, Or., obliged. Guns N' Roses sat broke, silent and expressionless on a curb amid a blazing heat wave. The driver made good on his promise, but not before rattling nerves with erratic behavior that intensified until they reached the agreed-upon mountain destination.
Battling hunger and, in Stradlin's case, heroin withdrawal, the band resorted to eating onions and other vegetables it stole from nearby fields.
Again left to hitchhike, Guns N' Roses located a pay phone and learned Birall wouldn't arrive in time for the Seattle gig; he was still waiting on parts. They encountered a farmworker who invited them to squeeze into the back of his small Datsun pickup. But it went nowhere; their weight pressed the truck's flatbed down on the tires and caused them to smoke. Battling hunger and, in Stradlin's case, heroin withdrawal, the band resorted to eating onions and other vegetables it stole from nearby fields.
After more hours spent trudging along the highway, Guns N' Roses found luck in the form of two hippies who remembered hitchhiking in the '70s. The women pulled over in a full-size pickup, bought the musicians food and chauffeured them to Portland. There, one of McKagan's hometown friends met the band and drove the final stretch to Seattle, where he'd arranged a blow-out party and place to crash for his pal's new group.
On what was very likely June 12, four days after departing L.A., Guns N' Roses took the stage at Gorilla Gardens, a dank, filthy, cheap-beer dive that didn't even last a year in its original spot. The band played with gear borrowed from McKagan's old mates, the Fastbacks, who headlined. By most accounts, the show was sloppy and the crowd tiny. The club owner refused to pay the group, so it cornered and threatened him in an office before leaving. Entertaining the idea of burning down the venue to exact revenge, McKagan and Rose allegedly returned and threw lit matches into a garbage can filled with paper towels. No fire ensued. Guns N' Roses also learned Birall bailed on any hope of reaching Seattle; they would need to bum another ride to get back to L.A.
Through it all, the band triumphed in the sense it achieved its aim of playing the gig. More importantly, an inextricable connection developed via determination, camaraderie and survival. As Slash explains in "What Drives Us," the shared experience resulted in a "bonding thing that you don't even realize is happening at the time." For Guns N' Roses, the road to Paradise City had started with a trip through hell.
Bob Gendron is the associate editorial director at The Coda Collection. He has been obsessing over music, albums and audio ever since he landed a job at an indie record store at age 13. A longtime contributor to the Chicago Tribune and former Director of Communications at Music Direct, he spent 11 years as the Music Editor at The Absolute Sound and performed the same role for eight years at TONEAudio. Gendron is the author of "Gentlemen" (Bloomsbury) and a coauthor of "Nirvana: The Complete Illustrated History" (Voyageur). His writing has also appeared in DownBeat, Rolling Stone, Revolver and other outlets.
In this Collection
Bands in Vans: Does the Road Really Go on Forever?
Everything Ahead of Me: The Van Diaries
Playin' in a Travelin' Band: A Playlist
Jamming Econo
Three-Dimensional Chess
Evolution of the Cowboy into the Weirwolf
A Charming Mess
When the Healing Has Begun
Wiser for the Time
Smashing the Pretty Things
Four disparate personalities reimagine rock in The Who
Bob Marley and the Wailers on the brink of reggae's rise
Inside the Motor City Madhouse
Creem magazine upends journalism
Riding the Wave
Pearl Jam's 1991 album "Ten" explodes
Hearing the Darkness Breathe
Goth-rock pioneers the Cure endure on their own terms
Folk Hero Goes Rogue
Bob Dylan transforms at Newport in 1965
A Journeyman Owns His Moment
Steve Miller brings craftsmanship to arena rock in '76-'77
Getting in the Van
The ethos between rock bands and their transport rolls on
Wax Trax!: Industrial Rabble-Rousers
The industrial music revolution begins
Attending to the Smallest Details
The White Stripes' colorful minimalism goes mainstream
Band on the Run
The Rolling Stones and their landmark '69-'72 era
From America to Africa
A '71 concert in Ghana transcends music
Therapy for the Rural World
Americana speaks country music truths
A rural recording studio becomes a hub for iconic music
Reinvention and Mutation
Radiohead thrives by constantly reinterpreting its music
Trawling for Adventure
Phish flouts predictability
A Guitar God at the Volcano
Jimi Hendrix in 1970, the final year of his life
Shake Appeal
The Stooges reunite decades after their pioneering start
Enjoying the Ride
The Grateful Dead surges in the late '80s
Silence Is a Dangerous Sound
Protest music surges from 1988-93


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'Frasier' star survived with friends' help
Dr. Frasier Crane will be signing off the air. And what about its leading man, Kelsey Grammer? Despite the laughter he helped generate for more than a decade, the actor had many difficult issues to overcome -- with some help from his friends.
Actor Kelsey GrammerFrazer Harrison / Getty Images
May 12, 2004, 1:35 AM UTC / Source: Dateline NBC
By By Katie Couric
For 11 years, "Frasier" has set the standard. With 31 Emmys, it's the most honored television comedy of all time. But now the renowned radio psychiatrist Dr. Frasier Crane will be signing off the air. And what about its leading man, Kelsey Grammer? Despite the laughter he helped generate for more than a decade, the actor had many difficult issues to overcome -- with some help from his friends.
Tragedy plus time equals comedy
Kelsey Grammer: "Creativity, basically, is the result of people that have suffered and are trying to figure out why or why it's important. And the more you suffer, the harder you strive to express that."
Of all his golden achievements, from Emmys to a star on the Walk of Fame, his greatest may be that he has been able to pull laughter from the trenches of sorrow.
Grammer: "My energy was focused on trying to create something out of that and I think that's kind of a testament to the human spirit."
Just as the mask of comedy delineates the man who for 20 years has amused millions, so does the mask of tragedy that he inherited as a boy. Children of divorce, Kelsey and his little sister lived with their mother and grandparents. When his grandfather, Gordon Cranmer, suddenly died at 63, 12-year-old Kelsey lost the beacon in his life. It was the first of three scorching losses.
Katie Couric: "Gordon pretty much raised you?"
Grammer: "Yeah. Yeah, it was Gordon that, you know, put the foundation of what it was to be a man. And also, he taught me to have courage to trust my imagination.
What captured the imagination of a grieving kid, coming of age in the late 60s, was the turbulence of another time...
Grammer: "I started reading Shakespeare. It was the first assignment of the play Julius Caesar in my seventh grade class. That started me thinking. That got me going. That really twigged my brain. Up until then, I was more into math. I was going to go to Naval Academy actually.
Instead, the Bard recruited him for the stage. Kelsey says it was the anguish of Brutus, Caesar's best friend and reluctant assassin, that resonated in junior high.
Grammer: "The character of Brutus, you know, was a stoic that basically said that no matter what happens to you in life, you are in charge of your feelings. That appealed to me, I was going through a lot of pain and I felt really alone. And I thought you know, when as Cassius actually says, 'The fault is not in the stars, but in ourselves that we are underlings.' That caught my ear as well."
Couric: "A pretty sophisticated fare for a seventh grader by the by."
Grammer: "You know what, I was always kind of a loner, so I had a lot of time to think." [laughter]
But murder in art, even as compelling as Shakespeare wrote it, could not fully prepare Kelsey for its magnitude in life. It was the cause of death for not just one, but two people in his immediate family. The first was his father, inexplicably shot and killed in the Virgin Islands, where he lived. It was shocking news, yet remote to a 13-year-old in Florida who had met his dad only once. Twenty-five years later, the tragedy sunk in.
Grammer: "When I was 38, it suddenly occurred to me what a young man he was when he died, how much there was ahead of him. I'm sorry I didn't know him. But I'm just sorry that that person didn't have a chance to finish his life."
His younger sister had even less of a chance. The sharp reality of her death immediately hit home.
Couric: "Your sister's murder was devastating."
Grammer: "Yeah, that was the big one. Yeah. That was the one that broke faith for me."
Dramatic acts of nature, especially thunder storms, mesmerized Kelsey and his little sister when they were young. So it made perfect sense when, after high school, Karen migrated to the place that inspired "America the Beautiful." But Colorado Springs was hardly "crowned by brotherhood" on a summer night in 1975, when Karen Grammer was murdered. She was only 18.
Couric: "What happened, Kelsey."
Grammer: "She came across three young men that were robbing the Red Lobster where she was working. And she confronted them. They abducted her, raped and -- and killed her when she tried to get away from them."
Couric: "I would think that kind of loss would be next to impossible to reconcile, and I would feel so enraged. I don't know what I would do with myself."
Grammer: "Well, there's a lot of anger I had for -- especially for the first couple of years. I couldn't let go of that."
If Brutus fell on his sword to kill the pain, Kelsey, then 20, gutted himself, too, although more slowly. As he honed his craft in plays, soap operas, and finally, at age 29, in prime time, he plunged the blade deeper. With explosive marriages, cocaine addiction, drunk driving, jail time, probation, for a time, he appeared hell-bent on living life fast and furious.
Grammer: "Because it's fleeting and it's bound to disappear. So as long as it's going to go, may as well go full throttle."
That metaphor "full throttle" proved eerily prophetic, when two years later, in 1996, Kelsey flipped his sports car. He sustained only minor injuries, though his pride was badly bruised. The fault, he readily admitted, was "not in the stars," but in himself. His need for alcohol had spun out of control. But it didn't seem to affect his performance.
Kelsey says he never drank at work and publicly the show had not suffered. In fact it thrived, boasting more than a dozen Emmys by the end of its third season.
Despite the sitcom's success, Kelsey's TV family couldn't help but see that he was struggling with personal demons.
John Mahoney: "Whatever problems Kelsey went through, he only hurt himself. He never treated us with anything less than respect and dignity and we never had any problems. You couldn't even dislike him because he's never done anything to you. You just have to watch as he's destroying himself."
Physician, heal thyself
The car crash in September, 1996 compelled Kelsey's colleagues to act. They reached out to the Betty Ford Center for advice and then summoned the courage to go to his home.
David Lee: "It was very late at night, it was almost midnight -- I still have a vivid image of ringing the gate and Kelsey coming to the door in his bathrobe, and saying 'go away, go away, I don't want you here.' And at the same time, opening the door."
He had been in trouble before, but Kelsey recognized this time was different.
Grammer: "Throughout my whole life, the one thing I had never lost was hope. And for about three weeks, I had lost hope."
John Mahoney: "It was the hardest thing I've ever done in my life because basically, it's kicking a dead horse. It's going to somebody's house whom you love, who's down, and just beating him down even further for his own good. And it was -- it was horrifying.
Nervous about confronting their friend, the cast rehearsed what to say with therapists trained in interventions.
Peri Gilpin: "We were taught not to say anything shaming or embarrassing, just to sort of state the facts. Try to keep our emotions back and be honest."
Couric: "Were you scared?"
Gilpin: "Yeah, it was terrifying, only because we didn't know what we would be met at the door with."
Lee: "The scary thing was we didn't know if it would work and we really wanted it to. And that was terrifying. That we thought we could go through all of this and have him say, sorry. Nah."
Gilpin: "But I saw a man who was ready to make a big change in his life."
Informally raised a Christian Scientist, Kelsey says he turned his back on God after his sister's murder. Decades later, his drinking brought him to his knees.
Grammer: "I found myself praying a lot, which I hadn't done in a long time."
Whether the intervention was divine or not, it worked. To the enormous relief of his colleagues, he agreed to get help.
Grammer: "'The readiness is all,'" you know it comes from "Hamlet." It's just a matter of you know, "There's a special providence in the fall of a sparrow." And at that time I was ready to go and their being here was simply that I knew I had the support to do it."
Frasier shut down production so Kelsey could check into the Betty Ford Center for a month. There, he began to recover from the kind of torment that poisoned Hamlet centuries ago -- the need to avenge a murder. Then, 21 years after his sister's death, Kelsey stopped twisting the dagger in his own heart.
Couric: "In addition to ending the cycle of addiction, you also learned to love yourself because for a long time you really were self-loathing and tortured weren't you?"
Grammer: "My biggest disappointment was me. But it was mostly because I couldn't save my sister. That's what happened. I couldn't save her. And as it turned out, I couldn't save anyone else. And it became a mounting frustration. And they helped me discover that I wasn't going to be much good to anybody unless I could figure out how to save me."
Couric: "Do you have times when you're feeling bad about yourself or about a situation and you feel like, 'Gee, I just need to have a drink?'"
Grammer: "Oh sure, it happens all the time."
Couric: "How do you handle that?"
Grammer: "What you finally cling to is the idea that living life in its natural color is more interesting than to try to fog it up."
"Life in its natural color" -- the words of W.H. Auden, the modern poet who has inspired Kelsey in his adult years.
Grammer: "His point of view about things was so interesting because we all suffer. We really do. So that's not important about it. What's important is that you get on with it."
And get on with it, he did. Two years into his sobriety, a former drinking buddy – Ted Danson -- presented Kelsey with his third Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy. In his acceptance speech, he alluded to those uninvited guests who showed up one night.
Kelsey Grammer at 1998 Emmys: "To a very special, small group of people who came to me a while back in a very dark time of my life and told me that there was a way out. I wanted to thank them. I love you, and thank you."
Stagger onward, rejoicing
It has been eight years since Kelsey wrestled himself out of the underworld. He says renewed faith and the compassion of his third wife, Camille, have kept him anchored to the shore. They met just a few months before he went into rehab.
Couric: "Kelsey says it was you and Betty Ford. That was quite a little threesome."
Grammer: "Yeah quite a little gang!"
Couric: "But it was your love and support that Kelsey credits to helping him change his ways of thinking."
Camille Grammer: "I think through love I found the confidence and power to hang in there and actually want to help somebody."
Their life, in many ways, is a midsummer night's dream -- to borrow yet again from Shakespeare. They own luxurious homes in four states, like the one in Hawaii that made a splash in Architectural Digest, as did Camille on "Frasier."
With the help of a surrogate, the Grammers are expecting their second child, a son, in September. They hope his arrival is not as dramatic as the entrance of Mason Olivia, their two-and-a-half year-old daughter.
Grammer: "Right around five o'clock, out came Mason -- with the cord around her neck, blue. And that was a little disturbing because she almost didn't make it. And that first breath she took was like 'wow,' so she's the little light of our lives now.
Couric: "You seem like you're in a really good place. I hate that expression, but…"
Grammer: "Oh I'm in a great place. Yeah, I know what you mean. It sort of minimizes it actually. I'm in a great place. My life is firing in a way it never has before. I've been given the gift of a new family. This is all new to me. And I was talking to Camille just the other day about walking around with Mason, and holding her in my arms, and she called out 'dinner's ready!'"
Couric: "It was domestic bliss."
Grammer: "It was all those things I idealized about and romanticized about -- what my family could be, and never was. But now it is."
By Katie Couric


All eyes are on China as the country announces April PMI. The other major macro data points from the day come from the U.S. which announces auto sales, construction spending and ISM data. And with earnings season well underway, the biggest earnings announcements come from energy giants BP and Chesapeake.
South Korea kicks things off at 7:00 p.m. ET with CPI data for April. Consumer prices are expected to rise 0.3 percent month-over-month (MoM) and 2.8 percent year-over-year (YoY).
This is followed up by trade data out of South Korea at 8:00 p.m. ET, when they country is expected to announce a 1.1 percent YoY drop in April exports and a 1.7 percent YoY increase in imports.
The big announcement of the night comes from China when it announces official PMI at 9:00 p.m. ET. April PMI is expected to tick up to 53.6.
Australia's Q1 house price index is released at 9:30 p.m. ET. Consensus is for a 0.5 percent quarter-over-quarter (QoQ) drop in the house price index and a 3.9 percent YoY drop in the index.
Indonesia then announces April inflation numbers at midnight. Inflation is expected to jump 4.46 percent YoY and 0.2 percent MoM. Core inflation is expected to rise to rise 4.2 percent YoY.
Indonesia also announces trade data at the same time with exports expected to climb 3.8 percent YoY, and imports are expected to jump 14 percent.
Attention then turns to Europe with UK expected to announce a drop in April PMI to 51.5.
The U.S. ISM manufacturing index for April and construction spending for March will be out at 10:00 a.m. ET. Expectations are for a drop in the ISM manufacturing index to 53, and a 0.5 percent MoM increase in construction spending.
Below, the major earnings announcements for the day.
Consensus economic indicator estimates are provided by Bloomberg. Earnings estimates are from CNBC. All times are in Eastern Standard Time.


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Full-Spectrum Science Online: LASERS!
Wednesday, January 20, 2020 • 4:00 p.m. PST
Join Exploratorium scientist Ron Hipschman to find out what's special about laser light, how it's made, and how it's used in everything from Blu-ray to eye surgery to fusion energy research.
After Dark Online: Human Nature Film Screening and Conversation
Thursday, January 21, 2021 • 7:00 p.m. PST
View the acclaimed documentary Human Nature and join us for a live conversation with executive producers Dan Rather and Elliot Kirschner, bioethics expert Alta Charo, and staff biologist Dr. Jennifer Frazier.
Storytime Science for Kids Online: The Sound Episode
Join us for Storytime Science—a storybook read-aloud followed by a simple related activity geared toward very young children.
Conversations About Landscape Online: Observing Landscapes—Mirrors of Time
Wednesday, January 27, 2021 • 7:00–8:00 p.m. PST
Please join poet Tess Taylor and photographer Lewis Watts in considering ways our contemporary landscape holds traces of the past and glimmers of the future.
After Dark Online: Houseplants
The popularity of houseplants has grown steadily since shelter-in-place began. Learn more about the science of tending your own, the wide diversity and origin of indoor greenery, and meet some fellow fans of photosynthesizers.
Living With a Star: In Conversation with NASA / Viviendo con una estrella – conversación con la NASA
Wednesday, February 3 / Miércoles 3 de febrero 2021 • 4:00 p.m. PST
Join Exploratorium scientists and experts from NASA for a bilingual conversation about what we know about the Sun, what we hope to learn from the new Parker Solar Probe, and what we're learning about the Sun's weather.
Únete a los científicos del Exploratorium y a los expertos de la NASA para una conversación bilingüe sobre nuestra estrella, el Sol. Infórmate sobre la nueva sonda Parker Solar Probe y lo que estamos aprendiendo sobre el clima espacial.
After Dark Online: Shaping Landscapes
Thursday, February 4, 2021 • 7:00 p.m. PST
Find out how Black Bay Area leaders, both past and present, have impacted and shaped local landscapes through changes to the physical environment and by advocating for equity in Black communities.
Not Necessarily Rocket Science Online:
A Conversation with Kellie Gerardi
Monday, February 15, 2021 • 4:00 p.m. PST
Have you dreamed of stars and galaxies far, far away? Join author Kellie Gerardi in a conversation about her experiences in the commercial space industry.
After Dark Online: The Universe
Thursday, February 18, 2021 • 7:00 p.m. PST
How does our understanding of the origins of the universe continue to evolve? Hear from Black scientists and leaders working at the forefront of cosmology, forming and informing humans' deepening grasp of the science of the universe.
Storytime Science for Kids Online: The Color Episode
Wednesday, February 24, 2021 • 1:00 p.m. PST
Mark your spring calendar for our largest fundraising event, this year both live and online. Together, we'll cultivate the Exploratorium's resilient new season of growth.
After Dark Online
From our home to yours, digital dispatches from After Dark.
Cells to Self
Exploring how human cells move, communicate, and respond to their environment.
Everything Matters: Tales from the Periodic Table
Come be in your elements with Exploratorium host Ron Hipschman.
Full-Spectrum Science
Join us for colorful explorations of the physical world.
See All Ongoing Events & Series


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The European Solidarity Corps is a new EU funding programme. It creates opportunities for young people to volunteer or work in projects that benefit communities and people around Europe. It runs from October 2018 till the end of 2020.
What does the European Solidarity Corps aim for?
The European Solidarity Corps aims to promote solidarity by enhancing the local or international engagement of young people to strengthen cohesion, solidarity, democracy and citizenship in Europe. It focuses on the promotion of social inclusion.
Where can I apply for funding for my project?
JINT vzw is the National Agency that implements the European Solidarity Corps in Flanders, Belgium.
Applications for volunteering teams in high priority areas are dealt with centrally by the Executive Agency of the European Commission (EACEA).
Find more information in English on the European Solidarity Corps website of the European Commission.
INGYO's and their member organisations can apply for project grants to all National Agencies as long as the applicant is legally established in the country where it applies and as long as there are participants involved who are legally residing in that same country. It is possible for an INGYO to be a partner in the project of one of their member organisations.
An organisation located in Liege has to apply to Le BIJ.
An organisation from Antwerp submits it's application to JINT.
And an organisation based in Eupen applies to Jugendbüro.
Organisations based in Brussels can apply either to Le BIJ or to JINT, potentially depending on their future participant's legal residence. JINT will handle the application in Dutch and English, and Le BIJ in French and English.


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Meles Zenawi and the Es2
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Meles Zenawi and the Ethiopian State.
Medhane Tadesse
Meles Zenawi and the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front (TPLF) led Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary
Democratic Front (EPRDF) came to power in 1991 after a sixteen-year armed struggle in the countryside.
In subsequent years Meles Zenawi rose to have a disproportionate power in the Ethiopian state rising
above the TPLF/EPRDF. As an instructor, theoretician, military strategist, intellectual and all-around, all-
star politician of the EPRDF Meles shaped Ethiopian politics for over two decades and worked hard to
sustain the political system he helped create. This is crucial in understanding the meaning of his death
and its impact on the nature of political power in Ethiopia. And equally important, to understand what
this says about the character of the Ethiopian state.
Meles Zenawi, with a touch of overstatement, is the most important person who has ever lived in the
history of the TPLF and the post-1991 political order in Ethiopia. It need also be appreciated that Meles
has effectively become, or merged with, the state and hence his absence or death is in effect a mortal
blow to the health status of not only the political system but also the Ethiopian state.
This is not the
place to write about the turning points in the political rise of Meles Zenawi
, but instead to draw from
existing analysis a comprehensive understanding of his political trajectory and the otherwise-puzzling
aspects of his legacy.
The Formative years
Only few political leaders in contemporary Africa have been both great thinkers and astute political
operatives. Perhaps the most gifted of them all is Meles Zenawi. Meless early rise to political supremacy
has always been an object of fascination yet one shrouded with mystery. There are many ways to
explain Meless rise to prominence in Ethiopian politics. My own sense points to three, infact four, major
factors. Prominent among which are his quick intelligence and communication skills. Meles is the most
gifted orator the TPLF has produced. He has been a formidable debater, particularly in a closed circuit
among party disciples. Often, he could be convincing as well as flirtatious. A veracious reader he had the
tendency to read everything that mattered to his cause. He was known for his piercing intellect and
brutal study schedule.
He read at a prodigious speed, extracting the essence of a book along with a vast amount of detail,
which he blended with information derived from other sources and the reality of his environment. This
doesnt mean all his ideas were great? Some of his inputs would be more brilliant than others; and some
might be wrong, but his hard work and his propensity to supply fresh ideas would cumulatively convey
the image of a brilliant leader. Meles is an accomplished politician. He is also an unusually gifted
thinker. The intertwining of these talents forms the overriding force behind his quite and stealth rise to
power. But also he was, by default or design, strategically placed to make an impact in the early days of
the struggle. He was fortunate in his assignment and his colleagues, but he was more fortunate still in
some of his closest friends in the TPLF leadership. From the beginning of the armed struggle Meles was
well positioned to advance in the leadership of the TPLF.
The young revolutionary, whose rise to prominence owed everything to quick study in the TPLF Cadre
School, had little involvement in the war. Meles work on political and ideological perspectives to the
exclusion of military or other responsibilities permitted him to develop a considerable level of
knowledge, as well as the opportunity to train and organize cadres and disseminate his views. He used
to invoke great leaders
and depict them in his style of teaching in order to get across his arguments. He
got on well with students, the rank and file and his colleagues alike, because they expected him to know
more than they did, and they rarely knew enough to challenge him. These roles also gave him a unique
relationship with, and understanding of, the cadres that was to prove beneficial in the future.
It was his skill as a political operative, his devotion to reading and writing that won him the favor of his
party leaders that it can be easy to forget that he has spent the better part of his 16 years in the armed
struggle not as a military leader but an ideologue and debater. Likewise, in the last three years that led
to the downfall of the Derg, while certainly immersed in military affairs, spent much of his time putting
out political fires and preparing himself for big roles. Was this sharp intelligence, inexhaustible, curiosity,
and encyclopedic knowledge intimidating? Certainly. By late 1989 he was getting near the top. He didnt
claim it; he earned it.
There are other ways, too, that Meles has departed from his comrades. Far more interesting, and
potentially more consequential, was his sense of appreciation of power. Meles and his thoughts on the
nature of political power is a story that has received only intermittent attention in the mainstream
narrative of the TPLF/EPRDF. Though his theoretical excursions were extremely relevant and highly
considered by the top leadership and Meles provided ideological perspectives to save the organization,
of equal significance were a contest over power. There is an element there that is extraordinary
creativity, but I cant say it is divorced from a sense of ambition. This is the more so because in almost all
the political struggles that broke out with in the TPLF personal differences figured prominently along
with ideological differences. No doubt, in each inter-party crisis Meles assumed a leading role providing
solutions, which at the same time enhanced his power in the organization.
However, the event that transformed Meles into an undisputed leader in the organization and the
country as a whole was the 2001 split within the TPLF, which dealt a serious blow to democratic
centralism and collective leadership, while at the same time giving Meles a major tactical advantage.
The turn of events in the last round of the war with Eritrea and the crisis within the TPLF brought Meles
back into the center stage of Ethiopian politics. He was the first to suffer personally from the war and its
outcome. But he made the best out of it and emerged much stronger. Once the most formidable leaders
of the TPLF, who made collective leadership both possible and attractive, were pushed from the scene,
it was probably a matter of time before Meles would become the unchallenged leader of the country.
The few prophetic views which drew attention to this trend passed unheeded both within and outside
the party. Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister, chairman of both the TPLF and EPRDF, together with his close
followers quickly assumed the upper hand in the contest and then initiated what was held to be a wide-
ranging restructuring of power in the Ethiopian state. Everything that happened after that was the direct
consequence of this fateful political intermission.
The process of consolidation
Right after the Ethiopia-Eritrea war and the split with in his core political party the TPLF, Meles had
concentrated power in his own hands and a tiny group of advisors. The irony of the whole matter
appeared in the fact that the leader who stood to lose from the blowback effect of the war quickly
turned the situation to his advantage and emerged victorious. Thanks to his extraordinary talent aided
by the generosity of fate, Meles did not only withered away the threat to his power but he had slowly
but steadily worked his way to a supreme position in the Ethiopian state. At the time John and myself
concluded that Ideological concerns and struggles for power merged in ways that can still not be
completely understood, but it can be said with confidence that the result is a shift in power from Tigray
to the central government in Addis Ababa, from the instruments of the party to the state, and from a
group among the TPLF Central Committee to Meles.
Almost instanteously, probably the last major
obstacle in his path to political supremacy was removed. This marked the beginning of a long process of
the personification of the state.
The rise of Meles to a dominant and undisputed position in the Ethiopian state had far reaching political
implications. It weakened the rest of the political forces within and outside the ruling party, decimated
other centers of power and influence and immobilized the TPLF, the most organized political force in the
post-1991 Ethiopian landscape.
There is no doubt that the removal of the rather well-entrenched and
adamant party leaders would give him the opportunity to seize the full reins of power and make a clean
start in the affairs of the state. He tried hard to relocate his power base from Tigray and the TPLF to the
Center and the EPRDF with some success. Thus the progressive political ascendancy of Meles was
paralleled by growing political strength at the Center. He created a centralized government and a party
leader unified with the state making the party, the government of the day and the state one and the
same. He promoted loyal bureaucrats than party loyalists which served to reinforce a clearly identifiable
power pyramid. In doing this he created a power base independent of all the members of the ruling
party. While this made the TPLF less influential in the EPRDF it also made the EPRDF less relevant in
running the government, much less so the Ethiopian state.
As predicted the merger of Meles and the Ethiopian state heated up after the 2005 elections. In the next
seven years or so Meles, more able and astute than his inveterate subordinates, continued his steady
rise. From such a base he launched the Developmental State in Ethiopia. Having attained the height of
power, Meles stood poised to start his ambitious experiment. This was not accidental as he had a
philosophy in favor of a strong state with a strong leader as a prerequisite for the successful running of a
developmental state. This was the life that he decided to live, and the mission he wanted to pursue.
Consolidating his power and increasing the developmental mission of the Ethiopian state were Meless
consuming focus. Both were inseparable. It was to be the major historical achievement of Meles that he
finally spread the tentacles of the developmental state in Ethiopia. Without this, he surely would have
become a mere footnote in modern Ethiopian history. Meless project of modernizing Ethiopia through
the prism of a developmental state had a bearing on the kind of political order that evolved over the last
seven years. This is closely related to his view towards state power, how he exercised it and the style of
his leadership. This informs his personality, his place in Ethiopian history and the nature of the problem
his successors face.
Meless project of the developmental state
Whatever we might say about Meles Zenawi, we must grant that he had a well prepared and well
sequenced plan for inserting his version of the developmental state. And it is crucial to keep in mind the
things that influenced his theory of developmental state. Meles was particularly fascinated by the
process of industrial development in East Asia, particularly South Korea in the 1960s.
He took pains to
extract the most original elements from the thought and acts of General Park Chung Hee of South Korea
whose work is more compatible with his.
Parks supreme attraction to Meles was economic. The
important thing is that the Park regime initiated a successful program of industrialization for South
Korea based upon export-oriented industries which were guided and aided by the government. One of
the first things Park did after assuming power, more or less replicated in Ethiopia, was to persecute
South Korean business leaders for profiting from the corruption in the South Korean government. The
motivation for this was to gain control of the flow of capital in the country so it could be directed into
the sectors that the government wanted to develop.
Compare that with the economic policies of the Ethiopian government especially as it is related to
banking and telecommunication sector. The control of these resources was critical for Meles. The
priority has been on state directed investment, political control, the economic empowerment of the
peasantry, infrastructural development and the control of capital with a clear tension between control
and development. He had a firm belief few things should be met as a pre requisite for economic
transformation in Ethiopia: Stability, ethnicity and social mobilization, strong state and the mobilization
of international resource. He had created all of them. This became the essence of Meless
developmental state in Ethiopia. The role of the state in encouraging and directing investment was
highly pronounced but also attracting international aid and finances as well as investment was strongly
pursued. A strong state and stability for economic development also informed the conduct of his foreign
policy, peacekeeping role and the war on terror.
The main objective was to secure regional prominence
as a stabilizing force, raise the status of the country, and increase its relevance which will in turn would
attract international finances.
Accordingly, he worked hard to restructure the Ethiopian state and its economy with a profound impact.
He tried to bridge the gap between the state and development, a recurring problem in the African
context. He initiated the arduous process of reorganizing the state, with a particular focus on building
the structural foundations of a dynamic economy. Even the bedrock of his foreign policy was highly
monetized to support the grand project. Effectively using foreign aid for development was another
important weapon.
He was focused and precise on his programmes. Meles have done what he
intended to do and followed his plan meticulously until his death. Here was a man with immense energy
and enormous vitality. He attempted to reorient Ethiopias political economy by carrying out far-
reaching reforms, and in particular introducing the fundamentals, for what its worth, of an Ethiopian
version of a developmental state. Needless to say Meles had a rigorously empirical understanding of the
way it operated. It is against this background that his absence and its far reaching implications need to
be understood.
Arguably, Meles seem to have decided to delay, or probably ignore altogether, the process of
democratization for the sake of solidifying the developmental state. He believed practicing the details of
Western democracy stands in the way of fully implementing the fundamentals of such a state. He
argued the new economic structures and institutions required their own political organization such as a
hegemonic party. On this he had clear thinking and meticulously invested on it. His was a conscious
decision. He believed, human rights, free press and strong parliament distracts the agendas of the
developmental state particularly in its formative stage. Meanwhile he questioned the assertion that
human rights and democracy are closely linked to economic development in Africa where primitive
accumulation of wealth takes center stage. Decidedly, he shelved democratic transition in favor of
modernizing Ethiopia through a strong state. On the other hand he didnt feel the pressure to
democratize. In the meantime he expected a speedy socio-economic delivery that could fundamentally
change the political marketplace. And he thought the Ethiopian context, history and political culture
would allow him to do that for sometime to come. In this regard it is highly likely that he has been
informed by the so-called Oriental Despotism. Ethiopia, like many in the East which economically
transformed themselves within a short period of time can be a fertile ground for authoritarian rule, a
prerequisite for entrenching the developmental state. The thesis is both understandable and mildly
disingenuous.
There is no doubt some aspects of Ethiopias political culture stand in the way of the widespread
democratic aspirations of Ethiopians. Totalitarian culture- top-down rule; primacy of the collective over
the individual; a well organized, self-serving mammoth bureaucracy; a subservient, fatalistic attitude
towards officials and politics; lack of public spirit- has existed in Ethiopia for thousands of year and has
formed certain ingrained mind-sets and habits which still endures as the most tenacious obstacle in the
countrys path toward true democracy. Compounding this was Meless openly declared hegemonic
project. We do not know enough about the impact of Ethiopian history in Meless thinking at this time
to say for certain how profound an effect this had on the events following the 2005 elections. But it is
fair to say that he promoted the notion that an aggressive policy confined exclusively on economic
development is worth pursuing.
It would be a mistake to see all this as fatalistic and a deliberate negative assault on the process of
democratization in Ethiopia. However controversial this may sound Meles had his own best hopes. And
he was eager to be validated and this is discernible in the sense of urgency of his actions. He craved his
economic polices will bring about quick results on the ground changing the political mood in the country
in his favor. As such he thought the democratic upheaval in 2005 as a pointless disruption. Right after
the brutal crackdown of opposition protesters he resolved to speed up economic delivery. It was meant
to be Ethiopias Tiananmen. Practical results in economic terms became his constant and prime concern.
He never let go of the conviction that Ethiopia will turn a page and change the national mood and turn
the opposition in to a fringe movement and the margins of society.
Part of Meless difficulty is that his world view is inherently leftist and thoroughly authoritarian. But
intellectual honesty demands acknowledging that his moral vision derives, to a considerable extent,
from the tradition and political culture of the TPLF and Ethiopia at large. The culture that produced
Meles Zenawi is pretty much the same culture, it seems fair to say, that created previous leaders and
that runs our country right now. His inability to see the need to allow more political space and parallel
development of democracy and the severity and determination with which he decided to crush the
opposition and for that matter any form of dissent-one of orders of magnitude- suggests an ideological
commitment of the sort that usually reflects devotion to a political project or a creed. As a result there
are some grounds for questioning whether Meless project is even fair, safe or meaningful. The
fundamentals of the developmental state in Ethiopia, however useful and important it may sound needs
to be revisited. In any case, its hard to believe that Meless wholesale offensive against any form of
independent centers of power such as free media, free organizations, free business; persecution of
critical journalists and enactment of repressive laws were unconnected to his creed of the
developmental state. Meles has tried to insert the rudiments of the developmental state and it is up to
the rest of Ethiopians and the countrys emerging leaders to make it more humane. It is possible to
reform the developmental state without allowing its pillars being eaten away by usual termites: ethnic
entrepreneurs, countless locust oligarchs, political repression, rent seeking and corruption.
We should not, though, conclude that theres no debate whatever to be had between developmental
state and political liberalization. The view and political project championed by Meles that the two
endeavors are utterly distinct and thus incapable of interfering with each other is overly simplistic, toxic
and dangerous. It is equally possible to isolate Meless preoccupation with duality of authoritarianism
and economic development. It is possible to have both a strong and well governed state. No decent
analyst can fail to be repulsed by the sins committed in the name of the developmental state. So we all
agree: mingling development with authoritarianism can be bad. But the critical question is: compared to
what? Where do we draw the line between what the developmental state can accomplish and what it
should be allowed to accomplish. These questions are difficult and might merit an honest and extended
discussion among all concerned Ethiopians, and it is exactly for the same reason Ethiopias emerging
leaders should not suppress critical thinking. But if such discussions are to be worthwhile, they will have
to take place at a far higher level of sophistication and within the context of a more open and conducive
political environment.
At his best, Meles inserted the rudiments of the developmental state in Ethiopia, but at his worst he
made it intimidating and suffocating. It is the latter that should draw the attention of Ethiopias
emerging leaders as the most urgent problem that need to be fixed. It is time for the country to move
beyond its authoritarian past and build a democracy that matches the democratic aspirations of its
people and supports its development.
Key Issues:
The modalities of the developmental state need to be redefined.
There is a need for political reforms both to meet the democratic aspirations of the Ethiopian people,
achieve political stability as well as the revitalize the much needed developmental state model
Ethiopias economic development must be anchored in a strong political process, a prerequisite for long
term stability. If the current trend persists, it is extremely worrisome development for the health,
perhaps the viability, of the Ethiopian state.
Political reform must include appropriate constitutional reform, such as the articles related to the power
of the Prime Minister as well as the governance of the security sector.
Medhane Tadesse is academic specialist on peace and security issues in Africa
Writing this piece has been started started long before the untimely death of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi and it
became apparent to update it to fit into the current reality. Interests in the political life and legacy of Meles Zenawi
seem to come in waves. When asked about the legacy of Meles Zenawi by the media I said I was impressed by his
focus on the economy and disappointed by his political record. His sudden death was harrowing news as I had the
hope that he will introduce political reform and retire. This might have been the only path for a win-win situation
for him as a leader and the country he led.
Medhane Tadesse & John Young, TPLF: Reform or Decline. Review of African Political Economy. London 2001.
This study inevitably has depended largely on free quotations from earlier works of the author on the same
subject and some discussions with individuals, but for reasons that will be apparent the sources cannot always be
acknowledged.
Many remember him in his portrayal of Mao Tse-tung in the TPLF Cadre School.
TPLF: Reform or Decline in Review of African Political Economy 2001.
This partly explains the great deal of apprehension associated with his death; that is why all life, it seems, is up in
the air.
Upon meeting the Korean president Lee Myung-bak in 2010 Meles is said to have greatly impressed him on his
knowledge about the process of industrialization in that country.
Park Chung Hee, To Build A Nation. Acropolis Books. Washington DC, 1971. His economic plan followed the
creation of a new constitution, the Yushin Constitution, which increased the power of the government and
suppressed political opposition. The same happened in Ethiopia after the 2005 elections while draconian laws
were introduced after the 2010 elections.
Medhane Tadesse. The Conduct of Ethiopian Foreign Policy: From TPLF Politburo to Meles Zenawi, 1991-2002". In
Globalization & the Conduct of Foreign Policy in Africa. University Press of America.2005.
In his domestic policies of modernizing Ethiopia, albeit in a heavy handed way, he resembled that of Emperor
Tewodros. In foreign relations, his sober, smart, and carful policies were, to a large extent, alike to that of Emperor
Menelik.
The reasoning behind this seems to be that the post-2005 generation, particularly the new economic elite will
not be interested in human rights and democracy and their main goal will be to get rich or go abroad. It could even
be a bulwark against democratic transition due to its parochial economic interests. It is not totally wrong to
assume that electoral democracy would threaten the benefits entrepreneurial elites and oligarchs enjoy under the
current system.
It is important to note that the sudden death of General Park of South Korea led to a comprehensive review
process which in turn resulted in the fast development of South Korea.
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text:
How to watch Brassic online: Hulu US release date for UK comedy series
By Henry T. Casey 30 July 2020
Want a taste of the UK? Watch Brassic online with Hulu, as the Sky TV series finally comes abroad
(Image credit: Sky UK)
Brassic release date, cast
Release date: Friday, July 31
Cast: Joseph Gilgun, Michelle Keegan, Damien Molony, Tom Hanson, Aaron Heffernan, Ryan Sampson, Parth Thakerar and Dominic West
Directors: Jon Wright, Daniel O'Hara, Saul Metzstein
Run-time: 6 half-hour episodes
If you wish you were in England right now (I do), watch Brassic on Hulu tomorrow, as the Sky TV series is finally making its stateside debut. While I haven't seen the comedy series myself, a friend in the United Kingdom describes it as "a VERY english show," and it will give Americans another taste of Joseph Gilgun (Misfits, Preacher).
Gilgun stars as Vincent "Vinnie" O'Neill, sort of the head rabble-rouser of a pack of ne'er-do-wells who constantly turn to petty crimes to keep their pockets full. The central relationship of the series is the friendship of Vinnie and his fellow troubled youths Erin (Michelle Keegan) and Dylan (Damien Molony), who are dating. Oh, and Erin's raising a kid named Tyler and wants stability for them both.
The best Hulu movies
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Our guide to the 59 best Netflix shows
Sounds complicated, right? Well, we'll probably figure out how these friends manage to stay afloat — and what role Vinnie's doctor (Dominic West, last seen as McNulty in The Wire) plays in his life.
Popular in the UK, Brassic was renewed for its second series before its first series debuted (yes, series means the same thing as season over there). Season 2 of Brassic debuted this May on Sky TV, and we hope to get it over here before too long. The second season is another 6 episodes, while the greenlit season 3 will be 8 episodes
Here's everything you need to know about how to watch Brassic online.
How to watch Brassic in the US
If you're in the U.S., you'll get to start Brassic on Hulu on Friday. It begins streaming at 12:01 a.m. ET on July 31.
Brassic is just one of many exclusive movies and TV shows offered on Hulu. In addition to its acclaimed originals like High Fidelity and Shrill, Hulu streams next-day airings of current TV shows and library content from FX.View Deal
How to watch Brassic in the UK, Canada or Australia
Unfortunately, Hulu is only available in the U.S., but folks in the UK don't need Hulu to watch Brassic. Seasons 1 and 2 have been on Sky TV for a while.
Brassic trailer
We don't have a Brassic trailer per se, but this preview video from Sky TV shows Vinnie's anxiety (over his hair), Dylan's devotion and Erin's strong parenting skills. And they already own up to bring thieves, blowing up a safe. And getting into a fight club, and wait, is that a grow house?
Brassic reviews
Brassic garnered strong critical praise. Here's a sampling of what TV critics are saying:
The Guardian: "There are fine performances all round from the central gang, especially from Michelle Keegan as Dylan's girlfriend, Erin, a single mother and former party girl now studying hard at college and determined to beat a path out of the town and away from her assumed destiny."
Vulture Hound: "Somehow, this series manages to have its own unique brand of charm and cleverness that keeps you entertained throughout, and by the end, you are actually intrigued and concerned with what's happening to these characters."
The Telegraph: "Brassic – whose title comes from northern slang for being skint – was nimbly scripted, vigorously performed and far more of a piece with early Shameless episodes, sharing its cynicism, optimism and us-vs-them defiance of that show when it was as interested in the activities of hearts and brains as it was in groins and fists."
Evening Standard: "Filth! there's a time and place for filth and we're in luck: it's tonight on Sky. Brassic, a new comedy created by the edgy actor Joe Gilgun (This is England), in collaboration with the former lead scriptwriter on Shameless, Danny Brocklehurst, is a tsunami of filth. The perfect end to the perfect day."
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text:
Robert Shearman is an award winning writer of books, and for theatre, radio and television. He has been a regular writer for Alan Ayckbourn at the Stephen Joseph Theatre in Scarborough, and was appointed resident writer at the Northcott Theatre in Exeter by the Arts Council. He has written many plays for BBC Radio Four, including three series of the Sony award winning The Chain Gang, and his television work includes the BAFTA winning first series of the Doctor Who revival.
Bedtime Stories for Yasmin (in Best British Short Stories 2013) (Books)
Salt Publishing
Chain Gang series IV (Radio)
BBC4 Extra
Cinema Futura (Journalism)
The Purple Rose of Cairo
Suzanne Milligan


text:
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveDataTypeable #-}
{-# LANGUAGE KindSignatures #-}
{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TemplateHaskell #-}

{-|
Module      : Sig.Sign
Description : Haskell Package Signing Tool: Signing Packages
Copyright   : (c) FPComplete.com, 2015
License     : BSD3
Maintainer  : Tim Dysinger <tim@fpcomplete.com>
Stability   : experimental
Portability : POSIX
-}

module Sig.Sign where

import BasePrelude
import Control.Monad.Catch ( MonadThrow )
import Control.Monad.IO.Class ( MonadIO, liftIO )
import Control.Monad.Trans.Control ( MonadBaseControl )
import qualified Data.Text as T ( unpack )
import Data.UUID ( toString )
import Data.UUID.V4 ( nextRandom )
import Distribution.Package
    ( PackageName(PackageName),
      PackageIdentifier(pkgName, pkgVersion) )
import Network.HTTP.Conduit
    ( Response(responseStatus),
      RequestBody(RequestBodyBS),
      Request(method, requestBody),
      withManager,
      httpLbs,
      parseUrl )
import Network.HTTP.Types ( status200, methodPut )
import Sig.Cabal
    ( cabalFetch,
      cabalFilePackageId,
      packagesFromIndex,
      getPackageTarballPath )
import Sig.Doc
import qualified Sig.GPG as GPG
import Sig.Hackage
import Sig.Types
import System.Directory
    ( getTemporaryDirectory,
      getDirectoryContents,
      createDirectoryIfMissing )
import System.FilePath ( (</>) )
import System.Process ( readProcessWithExitCode )

sign :: FilePath -> IO ()
sign filePath =
  do putHeader "Signing Package"
     tempDir <- getTemporaryDirectory
     uuid <- nextRandom
     let workDir = tempDir </> toString uuid
     createDirectoryIfMissing True workDir
     (_code,_out,_err) <-
       readProcessWithExitCode "tar"
                               ["xf",filePath,"-C",workDir,"--strip","1"]
                               mempty
     cabalFiles <-
       (filter (isSuffixOf ".cabal")) <$>
       (getDirectoryContents workDir)
     if length cabalFiles < 1
        then undefined
        else do pkg <-
                  cabalFilePackageId (workDir </> head cabalFiles)
                signPackage pkg filePath
                putPkgOK pkg

signAll :: forall (m :: * -> *).
           (MonadIO m,MonadThrow m,MonadBaseControl IO m)
        => String -> m ()
signAll uname =
  do putHeader "Signing Packages"
     fromHackage <- packagesForMaintainer uname
     fromIndex <- packagesFromIndex
     forM_ (filter (\x ->
                      (pkgName x) `elem`
                      (map pkgName fromHackage))
                   fromIndex)
           (\pkg ->
              liftIO (do cabalFetch ["--no-dependencies"] pkg
                         filePath <- getPackageTarballPath pkg
                         signPackage pkg filePath
                         putPkgOK pkg))

signPackage :: PackageIdentifier -> FilePath -> IO ()
signPackage pkg filePath =
  do sig@(Signature signature) <- GPG.sign filePath
     let (PackageName name) = pkgName pkg
         version = showVersion (pkgVersion pkg)
     fingerprint <-
       GPG.fingerprintFromVerify sig filePath
     req <-
       parseUrl ("http://sig-service-elb-vpc-e1757b84-1712462868.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com/upload/signature/" <> name <> "/" <>
                 version <> "/" <>
                 T.unpack (fingerprintSample fingerprint))
     let put =
           req {method = methodPut
               ,requestBody =
                  RequestBodyBS signature}
     res <- withManager (httpLbs put)
     if responseStatus res /= status200
        then throwIO (GPGSignException "unable to sign & upload package")
        else return ()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The 2017–18 Loyola Ramblers women's basketball team represents Loyola University Chicago during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Ramblers, led by second year head coach Kate Achter, play their home games at the Joseph J. Gentile Arena and were members of the Missouri Valley Conference. They finished the season 7–23, 5–13 in MVC play to finish in a tie for eighth place. They lost in the first round of the Missouri Valley women's tournament to Valparaiso.

Previous season
They finished the season 2–28, 2–16 in MVC play to finish in last place. They lost in the first round of the Missouri Valley women's tournament to Bradley.

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style=| Exhibition

|-
!colspan=9 style=| Non-conference regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style=| Missouri Valley regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style=| Missouri Valley Women's Tournament

See also
2017–18 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team

References

Loyola Ramblers women's basketball seasons
Loyola
Loyola Ramblers women
Loyola Ramblers women
2010s in Chicago
2017 in Illinois
Loyola Ramblers women

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This week, we chime in on a recent NY Times article that questions the new definition of photography. Should using a camera somewhere in the process be a prerequisite to calling something a photograph? Are curators simply throwing stuff at the wall and hoping that Art is the only thing that sticks? We also discuss a listener email that centers around the flood of tutorials and techniques available to photographers, which begs the question "What should I learn?" Plus, National Geographic shooter Bruce Dale is our Photographer of the Week.


India's largest low-cost carrier by market share IndiGo is to begin flying to Singapore from Chennai from March 1, but will cancel its daily services from Mumbai and Delhi.
It is understood the airline has faced stiff competition from full-service carriers on the Mumbai/Delhi route— on which Jet Airways, Air India, and Singapore Airlines each operates direct flights. IndiGo said it was also exploring the possibility of linking the Lion City with Hyderabad and Bengaluru.
Set up in 2006, IndiGo has grown to operate 373 daily flights to 33 destinations with a fleet of 61 aircraft.
At the time of writing the outgoing flight was scheduled to depart Chennai at 10 p.m. to land in Singapore at 4:50 a.m. The return flight will take off at 5:50 a.m. to arrive back in Chennai at 7:15 a.m.


Archive with tag: emerald green bedding collections | Empire-sc Emerald Green Bedding.
collection of galleries from Decorating like Emerald Green Bedding. and other designs you might like Office Lighting Ideas. Ikea Living Room Ideas. Sheer Curtain Ideas For Living Room. Ceiling Fan Retractable Blades. Cool Coffee Table Ideas. Oriental Chandelier. Huge Floor Vases.


Laid down, 8 September 1944, as a Maritime Commission type (VC2-S-AP5) hull, under Maritime Commission contract (MCV hull 571), at Permanente Metals Corp., Richmond CA.
Returned to the Maritime Commission, 9 April 1947, for lay up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Suisun Bay, Benecia, CA.
38k USS Pitt (APA-223), returning from the Pacific, preparing to dock at San Francisco, CA., circa early July - late August 1946. David W. Dorsey, Sr.


text:
package com.jin.security.config;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.builders.AuthenticationManagerBuilder;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.method.configuration.EnableGlobalMethodSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter;
import org.springframework.security.web.authentication.rememberme.PersistentTokenRepository;

import com.jin.security.core.CustomAuthenticationProvider;

@Configuration
@EnableGlobalMethodSecurity(prePostEnabled=true)
public class WebSecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {
	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WebSecurityConfig.class);

	@Autowired
	private CustomAuthenticationProvider customerAuthenticationProvider;

	@Override
	protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http.authorizeRequests().anyRequest().fullyAuthenticated().and().
		httpBasic().and().
		csrf().
		and().
		rememberMe().tokenRepository(persistentTokenRepository())
		.tokenValiditySeconds(1209600);

	}

	@Bean
	public PersistentTokenRepository persistentTokenRepository() {
		///JdbcTokenRepositoryImpl db = new JdbcTokenRepositoryImpl();
		//db.setDataSource(dataSource);
		//return db;
		return null;
	}

	@Autowired
    public void configureGlobal(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) throws Exception {
        auth.authenticationProvider(customerAuthenticationProvider);
    }
}