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Chapter 9,	Labor & Employment
Rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements in Chapter 9 Cases
A recent decision in the municipal bankruptcy case of the City of Vallejo may make chapter 9 a more appealing option for municipalities that are struggling financially. A district court in California has held that a chapter 9 debtor may reject collective bargaining agreements under section 365 of the Bankruptcy Code and that federal law preempts state labor law requirements for determining whether a public employee labor agreement may be rejected. See Int'l Bhd. of Elec. Workers v. City of Vallejo (In re City of Vallejo), 432 B.R. 262 (E.D. Cal. 2010) (affirming In re City of Vallejo, 403 B.R. 72 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 2009)).
Because Congress did not incorporate into chapter 9 section 1113 of the Bankruptcy Code, which requires chapter 11 debtors to satisfy certain procedural and substantive prerequisites before rejecting collective bargaining agreements, the district court held that municipalities are required to satisfy the less stringent procedural requirements under section 365 of the Bankruptcy Code, as articulated by the Supreme Court in NLRB v. Bildisco & Bildisco, 456 U.S. 513 (1984). See Int'l Bhd., 423 B.R. at 267-68, 272. Under the Bildisco standard, a debtor can reject a labor agreement under section 365 if the debtor establishes that the agreement burdens the bankruptcy estate, the equities favor rejection, and the debtor made reasonable efforts to negotiate a voluntary modification but its efforts would not be likely to produce a prompt and satisfactory solution. Id. at 270 (citing Bildisco, 465 U.S. at 526). In contrast, section 1113 of the Bankruptcy Code enables a debtor to reject a collective bargaining agreement only if the debtor makes a proposal to the authorized representative of the employees covered by the agreement, the authorized representative has refused to accept the debtor's proposal without good cause, and the balance of the equities clearly favors rejection of the agreement. 11 U.S.C. § 1113. In addition, the district court found that the Bankruptcy Code's broad grant of power to debtors to reject contracts preempted negotiation requirements under state labor law. Int'l Bhd., 423 B.R. at 268-70, 272.
The ability to reject collective bargaining agreements without meeting the more rigorous statutory process imposed in chapter 11 cases is significant. It can enhance municipalities' leverage in prebankruptcy contract negotiations with unions and, therefore, make chapter 9 (or, at least, the prospect of it) a more attractive restructuring option for a municipality.
In response to the Vallejo case, California lawmakers unsuccessfully proposed to restrict municipalities' ability to file for chapter 9 bankruptcy protection. California Assembly Bill 155, which was introduced in 2009 but failed to pass in August 2010, would have required California municipalities to obtain approval from the California Debt and Investment Advisory Commission, comprised of nine state and local officials, before filing for federal bankruptcy protection under chapter 9 (although municipalities could adopt a resolution to override the Commission's findings). California's proposed legislation raises the issue of whether other state legislatures will seek to amend state laws that generally authorize municipalities to file under chapter 9 in order to prevent municipalities from filing petitions for the sole purpose of rejecting collective bargaining agreements. Indeed, the district court noted that "[i]f California had desired to restrict the ability of its municipalities to reject public employee contracts in light of state labor law, it could have done so as a pre-condition to seeking relief under Chapter 9." Id. at 272. That is, a municipality might be required to comply with state labor law before it would be authorized to be a chapter 9 debtor; however, the Vallejo court makes clear that, once authorized to be a debtor under chapter 9, state labor law restrictions on a municipality's rejection of its collective bargaining agreements would be preempted by federal law.
Debora Hoehne
debora.hoehne@weil.com
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WhiskyNet Insight: Literature & Whisky Together In One Bottle - Robert Burns & Arran
New Record Sales in Hungary Set by All Divisions of AutoWallis Group
Hans Zimmer Live, Budapest Aréna, 5 July
'An Englishwoman's Life in Communist Hungary': Chapter 3, Part 6.
Spectacular Celebrations to Kick Off Cultural Capital Season in Veszprém, 21 - 22 January
'Smaller Worlds' Diorama In Contemporary Art Exhibition, Ludwig Museum Budapest
First Day of Hanukkah Marked in Hungary
Balaton Sound Festival in Hungary Announces First Wave of Acts for 2023
Great Read: Xpat Community E-Magazine, 15 - 21 December
Watch: Locals Pedal to Power Christmas Tree Lights in Budapest 2nd District
An Englishwoman's Life in Communist Hungary: Chapter 2, Part 6.
Advent In Hungary – Then & Now
One of World's Most Modern Radar Systems Bought by Hungary From Israel
EP Votes to Recommend Freezing Hungary Funding
Watch: Hungary Sees Demand for Solar Energy Reach All-Time High
Hard Rock Hotel Budapest Unveils the Star Chalet
Majority of Hungarians See No Rise in Utility Bills
Sensitive Topic: Most Locals Disagreed with US Embassy Publicly Expressing its Opinion of Hungary's Domestic Affairs
2,016 result(s) for light
IAMX 2023, A38 Ship Budapest, 29 September
IAMX, Chris Corner's dark and cult electronic project, is back in Budapest IAMX will go on tour again after 2019, and the FAULT LINES1 Tour will also arrive in Budapest on September 29, 2023 at the A38 Hajo. According to their promise, new songs will be played in addition to the IAMX classics, because Chris Corner and his band are planning two new records for next spring and autumn. IAMX is ...
A38 Ship Budapest
Musical Dissection: Monteverdi & Lóci, Festival Theatre Budapest, 30 January
The Musical Dissection programme series explores the conduits between what we call classical music and the "light" pop music favoured mostly by young people today. The parallels are not forced: for example, this event moderated by musicologist Gergely Fazekas will reveal how accompaniment consisting of a repeated four-chord harmonic progression can be found both in Monteverdi's madrigal for ...
Festival Theatre Budapest
http://www.budapost.eu
Left-wing commentators wonder if the government is paving the way for Hungary to eventually leave the European Union, while a pro-government columnist lambasts left-wing members of the European Parliament who accuse Hungary of corruption, while their peers are under investigation for taking hundreds of millions of Euros in bribes.
Every year in January, Robert Burns is in spotlight, as are the products of The Isle of Arran Distillery. Here we shine some light on what they have in common.
'Carmina Burana', Opera House Budapest, 25 January
Scenic cantata, in the original languages, with Hungarian and English surtitles. O Fortuna. Everyone knows the overwhelmingly powerful opening motifs of Carl Orff's most famous work. What fewer people know is that Carmina Burana was not intended to be an oratorical work, but was instead expressly meant for the stage. This becomes clear from the piece's (originally Latin) subtitle: "Secular ...
Opera House Budapest
3 Ways To Celebrate Winter With Children, by American International School of Budapest
Celebrating the seasons is a wonderful way to help your child develop a relationship with nature, enjoy the outdoors, and build memories as a family.
Marion Merrick's books are the only first-hand account written by a westerner of what it was like to live and work in communist Hungary, and then in the aftermath of the 1989 change of regime.
New Survey Reveals Locals Want Tougher Measures Against Violent Criminals in Hungary
hungarymatters.hu
A majority of Hungarians want tougher measures taken against violent criminals, according to a survey by the Századvég Foundation carried out in connection with last week's deadly stabbing of a police officer in Budapest.
Great Read: Xpat Community E-Magazine, 19 - 25 January
The fresh newsletter for the International Community in Hungary - described by readers as a "Great read each week" - is now available for your interest and use via the link below.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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News + Opinion » News
Free Press Introduces Community Weeklies in the Suburbs
by Kevin J. Kelley
CHITTENDEN COUNTY - The Internet-driven makeover of the American media landscape has begun to ripple through Chittenden County. And while the outlines of the new order have not yet come into focus, it's already clear that the changes could prove profound - even fatal - to some long-established local newspapers.
Early this year, The Burlington Free Press quietly began publishing free weeklies in four suburban communities: Colchester, Essex, South Burlington and Williston. The 12-page broadsheets, each accompanied by a 10-page insert of display and classified ads, are mailed on Friday to every local household that doesn't already subscribe to the daily Freeps.
The move was prompted by a drop in circulation for the daily paper resulting from readers' free access via the Internet to thousands of news sources. The Free Press itself, which is owned by the Virginia-based Gannett Co., can be read online without charge.
Gannett, a global media conglomerate, is taking the same localized approach in many of its 98 other daily-circulation areas in the United States, notes Traci Griffith, a journalism professor at St. Michael's College. "It's part of an attempt by traditional papers to gather readership when they're seeing their readers going off in all different directions," she says.
The Freeps' locally focused weeklies, each of which blares the name of its respective town at the top of its front page, are intended to rope in new advertisers more than new readers, Griffith adds. Dailies are hoping to offset their declining subscription revenues by increasing their income from ads.
"The aim is to get a lock on local advertising," Griffith says. By reaching non-subscribers in each of the targeted towns, the Free Press "can now tell advertisers they've got 100 percent penetration."
Tailoring editorial product to specific communities may also be essential to the survival of old-media outlets, regardless of their size. "Readers in every market in the country say that what they want most is local news," notes Free Press Executive Editor Mike Townsend. "They can get national and international news from any number of sources." Up-to-date local content can't be found so easily on the Internet.
But almost all the stories appearing in the Freeps' four suburban weeklies have already been published in the daily paper - in both its print and online incarnations.
The Williston Free Press carries "really stale news - sometimes up to a month old," says Marianne Apfelbaum, who co-publishes a community weekly, the Observer, in the same town. She describes the Freeps' local editions as "just a wrap for the [advertising] flyers."
Townsend acknowledges that much of the editorial content in his paper's free weeklies qualifies as "re-purposed news." But the local editions do include some photos and police-log entries the daily doesn't carry, he says.
Freeps editors haven't decided whether to produce more original material for the suburban editions, Townsend adds. He notes, however, that recipients of the mailed weeklies are responding to front-page requests for information about local happenings, "so we'll have to see where that takes us."
Besides, Townsend continues, everything appearing in one of the paper's weeklies probably comes as news to its audience. "By definition, they don't read the daily," he points out.
Looked at from another perspective, however, the give-away strategy makes little sense. The Free Press is sending localized versions of itself to residents who have shown no interest in buying the daily paper. How many copies of the new weeklies will go straight into recycling bins?
But even if the new offspring won't win any Pulitzers for reporting, the Free Press' growing emphasis on delivering down-home news does pose a threat to local weeklies that have been catering to their towns for many years. For example, could The Williston Free Press put The Williston Observer out of business?
That's not going to happen, vows Apfelbaum, who co-publishes the Observer with her husband Paul.
Competitive pressure from Gannett, with $7.4 billion in annual revenues, "has really only solidified our position in this community," Apfelbaum says. "Callers are telling us that they don't like it that the Gannett Goliath is trying to squash local papers. If anything, it's led to a boom in advertising for our paper."
The Observer, which the Apfelbaums purchased in 1994, is mailed to all 7000 homes and businesses in Williston each week. The couple also owns The Charlotte Citizen, a free weekly that doesn't have to compete on its own turf with Gannett - yet.
Vermonters, Apfelbaum notes, "are very mindful of buying local." The Observer's readers and advertisers know and resent that the Freeps is owned by a huge out-of-state chain, she says. "Some of the big advertisers who feel they've got to buy space in the Free Press view it as a necessary evil."
St. Michael's prof Griffith isn't so sure that most Chittenden County residents are aware that Gannett owns the area's only daily. She also expresses doubt that the Free Press is widely disdained as a corporate concubine.
"I'd like to think that advertisers will stay true to the vehicles they've been using all along," Griffith says. "But I don't know if that's going to hold up."
George Chamberland, publisher of South Burlington's 30-year-old Other Paper, declined to discuss the advent of The South Burlington Free Press. Susan Reid, editor of both The Colchester Sun and Essex Reporter, referred questions to her weekly papers' owners, Angelo and Emerson Lynn. Neither of the brothers, who also publish the daily St. Albans Messenger and the twice-weekly Addison Independent, responded to requests for comment.
For his part, Townsend rejected suggestions that the Free Press is angling to kill off community weeklies. "They've been competing with us for a long time by publishing free papers," he says of the existing locals. "If they think they can live in a world without competition, that's just not serious."
Moreover, some of the weeklies have banded into "a consortium of their own," Townsend adds. He's referring to the Burlington Area Newspaper Group, through which six local papers, including The Williston Observer and The Other Paper, offer package deals to advertisers. "BANG has been a huge boon for us," Apfelbaum affirms.
Her own paper has the capacity to fend off challenges from the Free Press, she insists. It may prove a protracted struggle, however. The Freeps' local editions probably won't disappear anytime soon, Apfelbaum concedes, noting, "Gannett certainly has the money to keep them going as long as it wants."
Vermont Officials Outline $300 Million in Grants for Health Care, Dairies
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New Organizations Support Vermont Food, Beverage and Restaurant Sectors
Media Note: VTDigger Recognizes Newsroom Union
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News local matters business media local issues


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And in the end, all it took was a word from his mother.
Her Majesty may not have a lot to say, but when she asks, prime ministers acquiesce — especially on the eve of the Queen's 92nd birthday.
Little wonder Arsene Wenger's resignation led BBC headlines over the anointment of the Commonwealth's next figurehead and more Austrians than Australians attended the CHOGM media reception at Lords Cricket Ground (I counted. MCC staff spent half an evening gamely topping up plates while taking care not to visibly outnumber guests).
Even so, there were many well-attended sessions at last week's summit. Bangladesh was formally thanked for hosting Rohingya refugees. While the Modi roadshow made clear to British officials trying to curry favour with India that the UK won't get to set the agenda for new trade deals.
A crowning glory, or nadir if you share my antipathy to royalist fawning, was reached in a celebration of the Queen's Commonwealth Canopy. However environmentally intentioned, this venture largely consists of asking member states to brand parts of their own (usually pre-existing) national parks and forests under the monarch's name.
I appreciate that it is voluntary not Victorian, but with the biggest contribution so far coming from Canadian First Nations donating the Great Bear Rainforest in BC, it still seems a little "land grabby" for a supposedly post-imperial Commonwealth.
Niceties aside, far from promoting the UK's soft power, this Commonwealth summit will be most remembered for highlighting the ineptitude of its political class.
An explosion of public disgust about the Kafkaesque impact of recent government policies, which suddenly demanded papers from some members and children of the Windrush generation of pre-1962 migrants from the West Indies — who have never been anything other than full British citizens and residents for over five decades — has rightly, if belatedly, embarrassed Theresa May's government.
By eating humble pie quickly, May expects to divert the blame. Less predictably, but more satisfyingly, the genuinely widespread media and public empathy for those affected, a seeming rarity for immigration-related issues in the wake of Brexit, has swept away most mentions of the 50th anniversary of Enoch Powell's infamously racist "Rivers of Blood" speech in 1968.
Niceties aside, far from promoting the UK's soft power, this Commonwealth summit will be most remembered for highlighting the ineptitude of its political class
Despite his instant dismissal from front line politics and the fact that for decades following his speech, the phrase "Enoch was right" regularly accompanied racially-motivated abuse and violence, the one-time minister's reputation for erudition still occasionally arouses defenders. To see such types silenced evokes a certain schadenfreude. Not least because it wasn't always necessarily so.
It is true, as newsreels attest, that, shortly after the Empire Windrush docked in 1948 bringing one of the first large groups of post-war West Indian migrants to Britain, that several of its passengers became celebrities, most notably the Trinidadian calypso musician Lord Kitchener with his instant hit, "London belongs to me."
This is precisely why echoes of his tune reverberate as a motif in today's Paddington Bear films. But, for the most part, cold indifference and occasional curiosity were the norm.
So, in 1968, when a vocal group of London dockers marched in support of Powell's speech, and racists began spouting his name, it was palpably felt as a threat to and by non-white people across the land.
All of which explains why a conversation at that Commonwealth media reception turned to The Beatles. More specifically, the song "Get Back," written in early 1969 by Paul McCartney, whose London house was just around the corner in St John's Wood.
If you're of a certain vintage, the title and date alone are enough to reference that speech. But history records that, for most of its hundreds of millions of listeners, then and now, the song is mainly known for a catchy chorus and tune with inconsequential lyrics.
Just as The Beatles intended.
Quite a feat when you realise the song started out as a satirical take on Powell's notorious speech, with an attention-grabber of an opening line: "Don't dig no Pakistanis taking all the people's jobs."
Rather than risk misinterpretation, that early version of the song, plus two associated jams, were buried. Completely. Never to be released or acknowledged by Apple.
The satirical intent is easier to discern in the giggly low-fi quality of the two associated tracks. The so-called "Commonwealth Song" starts with McCartney singing "Dirty Enoch Powell said to the immigrants, immigrants you better get back to your commonwealth homes," before falling into a parodic litany of Commonwealth place names, echoed in the Kinks song "Victoria," with John Lennon in a silly voice occasionally interjecting "it's much too common for me."
Even 50 years ago closer to empire, the Commonwealth was easy to mock.
With the third even more nonsensical jam repeatedly using the phrase "White Power" and many proper songs in the can, hindsight was not necessary to decide to ditch these tracks.
But burying songs is a Herculean task for a band whose every recording and rehearsal was being recorded for posterity. And for whom demand for "new" recordings and original takes never fades.
So, it's remarkable, given their profile, that this was one controversy that never got stoked. Bar one mid-1980s Q interview, and despite regular rediscoveries of "Get Back" bootlegs by excited but dim-witted racists, McCartney has publicly refrained from talking about the story behind the song.
It takes a certain confidence not to feel a need to explain or be tempted to seek credit for making the right choice years later. Justifiably so in this case.
Ironically, occasional collaborator and long-term Beatle friend, Eric Clapton, revealed himself on stage in 1976 to be a supporter of Enoch Powell's infamous anti-immigrant stance. For ironies too numerous to mention, he was widely, and rightly, condemned, and the resulting furore so boosted anti-racist movements, it helped get groups like the National Front off UK streets in the 70s.
For the record, his career largely got away with blaming intoxicants for the racist rants, despite displaying a lack of contrition one hopes would be unacceptable today.
Because we all like apologies.
Societies applaud people who say sorry for past wrongs and try to mend their ways. Nobody's perfect. That's why some people look for good in the Commonwealth as a means of transcending British imperialism, for the same reason religions welcome sinners who repent.
Sometimes though, we should notice those who get it right the first time. Without being asked. Without causing a fuss. Without ever creating the need for an apology. I take the story of the "Get Back" outtakes as one such example. As for "Commonwealth Song," well, there was a better reason not to release that anyway — it's rubbish.
Published Dhaka Tribune 26 April 2018


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Former Nigerian Governors Make Millions, Live Luxury Lifestyles From Pension After Leaving Office
Unbelievable: Sheep Gives Birth to Severely Deformed Lamb That Looks Like a Human Being (Photos)
Astonishing! Meet the Woman Who Claims to Have the Longest Legs in the World (See Photos)
APC Suspends Former Commissioner, Others Over Alleged Anti-Party Activities
Posted by George on Thu 28th Nov, 2019 - tori.ng
Tela said the suspension became inevitable owing to the members' deliberate insubordination and wilful sabotage.
A former Commissioner, Abdulkadir Mai, former Council Chairman Ibrahim Kana, former member of House of Assembly Service Commission, Yawale Boltungo and many others, all of Shelleng Local Government Area of Adamawa State, have been suspended from the All Progressives Congress (APC).
The Shelleng LGA chapter of the APC which announced the suspension attributed it to anti-party activities allegedly perpetrated by the affected people.
The Shelleng LGA Chairman of the APC, Alhaji Yawale Tela, told newsmen in the state capital, Yola, that the suspended members were working against the interest of the party.
He said the suspension became inevitable owing to the members' "deliberate insubordination and wilful sabotage."
Yawale Tela contended that as a party, the APC must instill discipline, adding that the suspended members had two weeks to respond satisfactorily to the allegations against them or they would be expelled from the party.
He did not specify exactly what the affected members did, but it could be connected to the local council election scheduled for upper Saturday, December 7 in the 21 LGAs of the state, including Shelleng.
It is an election in which six parties, including the APC and ruling Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in the state are presenting candidates, and this development could considerably weaken the APC in Shelleng in an election of which PDP's incumbency factor is expected to play a huge role.
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State of Iowa v. Katz (241 Iowa 115, 40 N.W. 2d 41 (1949)) was a landmark civil rights victory involving the Katz Drug Store in downtown Des Moines, Iowa.

Case synopsis
On July 7, 1948, at 3:45 p.m., Edna Griffin, her infant daughter Phyllis, John Bibbs, and Leonard Hudson entered the Katz Drug Store in Des Moines, Iowa, and ordered ice cream at the lunch counter. The manager refused to serve them, saying, "It is the policy of our store that we don't serve colored." Outraged members of the community responded with sit-ins and picketing directed at Katz and other local lunch counters that refused to serve people because of race.

The Polk County Attorney's Office prosecuted the Katz manager under Iowa's only civil rights law, a criminal statute prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations. The manager was found guilty by a jury and fined $50. The Iowa Supreme Court upheld the conviction on December 13, 1949.

On December 2, 1949, civil rights attorneys Charles P. Howard and Henry T. McKnight, who was head of the local NAACP Legal Redress Committee, negotiated an agreement, which successfully ended Katz's discriminatory practices.

Iowa Civil Rights Act
In 1884, the Iowa General Assembly enacted a law making it a crime to deny any individual "The full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, restaurants, chophouses, eating houses, lunch counters, and all other places where refreshments are served, public conveyances, barber shops, bathhouses, theaters, and all other places of amusement," on the basis of such factors as race, religion, or ethnic background.

Prior to 1884, only Massachusetts, New York, and Kansas had enacted statutes that guaranteed African Americans and other minority groups equal opportunity in "places of public accommodation."

The Iowa state courts, however, tended to interpret narrowly the legislative intent of the 1884 Act. Because the public accommodations provision specifically enumerated types of facilities, the court construed that it necessarily meant to exclude from its operation those facilities not so listed. Many kinds of establishments catering to the public were therefore left untouched by this provision; these establishments retained an unfettered discretion to discriminate among their patrons on such bases as race, religion, or ethnic background. Among establishments that were exempt from the proscriptions of the 1884 Civil Rights Act, were retail stores, beauty shops and salons, parking lots, gas stations, schools, health clinics, doctors' and dentists' offices, hospitals, banks, loan companies, lawyers' offices, real estate brokers' offices, employment agency offices, as well as many others.

See also
 Greensboro sit-ins
 International Civil Rights Center and Museum
 F. W. Woolworth Building (Lexington, Kentucky)
 Nashville sit-ins

African-American history in Des Moines, Iowa
Civil rights movement case law
Discrimination in the United States
History of racism in Iowa
Legal history of Iowa
Lunch counters
Iowa state case law
1949 in United States case law
1949 in Iowa
Law articles needing an infobox
United States racial desegregation case law

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at http://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/10114, first published Feb 14, 2018.
Background: Perceived control is strongly linked to healthy outcomes, mental healthiness, and psychological well-being. This is particularly important when people have little control over things that are happening to them. Perceived control studies have been performed extensively in laboratory settings and show that perceived control can be increased by experimental manipulations. Although these studies suggest that it may be possible to improve people's mental health by increasing their perceived control, there is very little evidence to date to suggest that perceived control can also be influenced in the real world.
Objective: The first aim of this study was to test for evidence of a link between noncontrol situations and psychological well-being in the real world using a mobile phone app. The second and arguably more important aim of the study was to test whether a simple instructional intervention on the nature of alternative causes would enhance people's perceptions of their own control in these noncontrol situations.
Methods: We implemented a behavioral action-outcome contingency judgment task using a mobile phone app. An opportunity sample of 106 healthy volunteers scoring low (n=56, no depression) or high (n=50, mild depression) on a depression scale participated. They were given no control over the occurrence of a low- or high-frequency stimulus that was embedded in everyday phone interactions during a typical day lasting 8 hours. The intervention involved instructions that either described a consistent alternative cause against which to assess their own control, or dynamic alternative causes of the outcome. Throughout the day, participants rated their own control over the stimulus using a quantitative judgment scale.
Results: Participants with no evidence of depression overestimated their control, whereas those who were most depressed were more accurate in their control ratings. Instructions given to all participants about the nature of alternative causes significantly affected the pattern of perceived control ratings. Instructions describing discrete alternative causes enhanced perceived control for all participants, whereas dynamic alternative causes were linked to less perceived control.
Conclusions: Perceptions of external causes are important to perceived control and can be used to enhance people's perceptions. Theoretically motivated interventions can be used to enhance perceived control using mobile phone apps. This is the first study to do so in a real-world setting.
Perceived control is critical to health outcomes, mental healthiness, and psychological well-being. For example, numerous studies have measured perceived personal control using psychometric questionnaire measures and have shown direct relationships to health outcomes (eg, cancer , diabetes , heart disease , and treatment adherence and effectiveness ), with control mediating the negative consequences of adverse conditions . A key idea is that when healthy people have no control over events, they tend towards an "illusory" perception of control (eg, ). This is thought of as a protective bias that supports people's sense of control, and therefore well-being, when they cannot control things that are happening to them (eg, ). Conversely, people with depression are held to recognize situations in which they have no control all too well . This "depressive realism" phenomenon may represent the absence of a healthy protective mechanism, with illusory control being an ingredient for positive physical and mental health [9,10]. Given the importance of perceived control for health, the aim of the current study was to assess for evidence of this phenomenon outside of the laboratory using a mobile phone app and to test whether a simple theoretically motivated intervention could enhance people's perceptions of control in a healthy manner.
Despite its importance, perceived control research suffers from a lack of studies carried out in real-world or applied settings. So far, laboratory-based research has been the only method of showing whether a person perceives that they have control when there is none. This is because the actual control a person has over a situation needs to be known and adjustable by the experimenter, and an accurate, objective measure of people's experiences is required , which is almost never the case in the real world. Some methodologies used in this domain, for example, comparisons between self and observer ratings of a situation  or between personal and population risk (eg, of a cancer diagnosis ), have provided useful insight but cannot allow a definitive diagnosis of illusory perceived control.
These events are usually programmed to occur over a short period of time and are quantified using the normative delta P (ΔP) metric . Delta P is the difference between P (O|A), the probability of a user action (A) being followed by an outcome (O) and P (O|~A), the probability of the same outcome occurring when the user does not perform the action. Positive and negative ΔP values indicate the user has a certain control over the outcome, though in the case of a negative ΔP the outcome will be more likely to occur when there is no action by the user. A ΔP value equal to zero indicates the user cannot control the outcome through the action. In both of the specific examples given in Figure 1, the person has no control over salient outcomes (ΔP=0) but the frequency or density of outcomes varies from low to high (ie, low outcome density, high outcome density). Therefore, if accurate, people's perceptions of control should not differ between these two conditions. However, numerous studies have shown that healthy people exposed to a high outcome density condition tend to overestimate their control relative to the low outcome density condition (eg, ) and relative to people who are depressed (eg, [8,16]). These findings have provided evidence for the link between illusory control and healthy states.
However, the requirement for careful experimental control means that the basic experimental findings have never been tested outside the laboratory. This raises key methodological concerns around external and ecological validity, of generalizability from one very specific control situation to the whole of life  and the difference between behavior instructed in the laboratory and that occurring naturally in the real world . Such basic methodological critiques of perceived control research are well acknowledged  and have limited the potential for this area of research to result in interventions for applied settings, although laboratory-based interventions have begun to be tested .
Where laboratory research has been helpful is in shedding light on our understanding of the psychological processes underpinning perceived control and, theoretically, the factors that will enhance perceptions if used to formulate interventions. So, for example, we know that the perception of alternative causes of outcomes is a key moderator of perceived control [14,21]. Whether a rule-based normative model  or a process-based associative model  is preferred, one's own control is evaluated against the control exerted by alternative causes. Other potential controlling causes are numerous, both inside and outside the laboratory, and include the environment or context in which events occur. For example, if a person wanted to control the heat level in a room using heating controls (action), an important alternative cause of heat variation would be the room itself and the effectiveness of the central heating system therein. In other words, the context is a key conditionalizer of control experience  and has been indicated as a key factor that discriminates healthy and mildly depressed people in their control perceptions . These findings should theoretically  lend themselves to interventions that will influence people's perceptions of alternative causes and enhance their feelings of control .
Figure 1. Generic (a) and specific (b) contingency relationships between the occurrence of an action and the occurrence of an outcome in conditions (b) in which there is "no control'"over the outcome. NB. The term "outcome density" (OD) refers to the probability of an outcome occurring over all events, P(O).
Given the ubiquity of mobile phones in everyday life, and their potential as data gathering and intervention devices, the goals of this study were to investigate perceived control in the participant's normal everyday environment and to test potential interventions that may increase a participant's perceived control, whether or not they are depressed.
To this end, we implemented a contingency judgment control task designed to run on Android mobile phones using the same conditions displayed in Figure 1. In order to maximize ecological validity, we used two strategies. First, experimental trials were embedded into participants' everyday lives through user-phone interactions programmed to take place throughout the activities a participant would experience during a typical day (see Figure 2). Second, the user-phone interactions were modeled on very typical activities, such as when the phone user is alerted to the availability of new information (eg, a message), which is followed up by an action (eg, click to access) and an outcome (eg, message, picture, video). Thus, in our procedure, each trial was prompted by a standard Android alert message and consisted of a user action followed by the occurrence of a brief auditory stimulus or no auditory stimulus at the programmed probability. We also asked participants to rate their control over the auditory outcome at five time points throughout the day. Ratings were performed by scrolling a wheel to a value between -100 and 100, with -100 indicating a perception of complete preventative control and +100 indicating complete generative control. Note that such ratings can be mapped onto the programmed ΔP metric.
In addition, we programmed an intervention by manipulating the instructions given to participants about the nature of alternative causes of the auditory stimulus. We defined the alternative cause as a discrete, static entity constantly present throughout the task (ie, the mobile phone network) or as a dynamic entity that changed throughout the day (ie, the different places they visited during the day). This is important because, theoretically, there is a finite amount of causal control available to any given outcome [14,21]. This means that if one cause is seen as a strong "controller," it is at the expense of all other potential causes, which will be seen as weak "controllers" of the outcome. Any cause that is constantly present (discrete context cause), especially when the outcome is absent, will be seen as a very weak controller, with other causes seeing their control enhanced. Therefore, we predict that participants in the discrete condition will see their actions as strong controllers of the outcome, and the extent of this control will be simply linked to the frequency with which the outcome occurs. The latter will increase the difference in control judgments between the low and high frequency conditions. Conversely, dynamic and therefore multiple alternative causes will have the opposite effect. We predict that people will learn as much about each cause as they do about the action. With causal control shared between so many potential causes, all of them will be perceived as weak, and the illusory control will be reduced (see also ).
Figure 2. Contingency judgment task implemented as user-phone interactions, including action and auditory outcome stimulus, with control ratings given after every block of 8 interactions (trials).
To date, mobile devices have been used as data gatherers and to deliver therapy and interventions for numerous conditions (eg, depression ). Here, we also study the effects of levels of depressed mood because even minor elevations, so called mild depression , dysphoria , or even scores above the median on a depression scale , can have a significant impact on control perceptions. In this study, in order to test a random sample of the population and examine the effects of depression levels, we use the median as the cut-off score on the depression scale. Importantly, although mobile devices have been used very successfully to support healthy behavior change (eg, exercise ) and to promote healthy eating , they have never been used to assess or promote a general sense of control. Our study will be the first to do this.
Participants consisted of 106 university students who volunteered to participate by responding to an email advertisement and fulfilled the inclusion criteria: (1) access to an Android mobile phone and (2) over the age of 17. Volunteers completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)  during a visit to the laboratory after which they were supervised in downloading and installing the mobile app.
On the basis of their BDI scores, participants were categorized as members of the low BDI group (BDI ≤5, n=56, female n=27, representing non-depression) or high BDI group (BDI >5, n=50, female n=36, representing mild depression). This cut-off value for group categorization has been used in other similar studies examining the effects of mild depression or dysphoria on contingency learning and represents the median BDI score in most samples [24,28]. Throughout this paper, we refer to high BDI groups or mild depression in order to describe and explain our findings.
Table 1 shows that the BDI groups produced significantly higher scores on other depression relevant scales, including anxiety and stress, specifically the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). Given nonrandom assignment to BDI groups, we attempted to match these BDI groups on three characteristics relevant to performance on cognitive tasks and which are affected by levels of depression: age, IQ, and short-term memory capacity (see Measures section). We checked for any statistical differences between groups on these three measures. Thus, the groups were matched on age and estimated IQ scores  but not short-term memory capacity, as measured by digit span scores  (Table 1).
This study used a mixed 2×2×2×(5) factorial design, in which the between-groups variables were BDI group (2: low BDI, high BDI), outcome density (2: low, high), and alternative cause instructions (discrete, dynamic). The repeated measures variable was judgment block (5: 1-5). Participants made ratings of the control their actions had over the occurrence of the outcome. These were made using a +100 (complete control) through 0 (no control) to -100 (preventative control) scale, presented to the participant as a wheel (Figure 2). In addition, we recorded the number of actions made by each participant and calculated the contingency (actual ΔP) and outcome density experienced (based on the number and types of trials experienced), and the number of trials missed.
cDASS: Depression Anxiety Stress Scales.
Table 1. Participant characteristics for each BDI group.
Participants completed the BDI; the DASS ; the digit span test, which provides a measure of short-term memory capacity; an estimated measure of pre-morbid IQ; and a number of other demographic items. Briefly, the digit span test requires participants to retain and repeat a randomized series of digits read to them at a rate of one per second. For the purposes of this study, the test was computerized. IQ was estimated using a formula applied to demographic variables. These measures are described in detail elsewhere . In addition, participants completed a perception of control task, that was administered using a mobile phone.
The task was implemented using an app developed using an Android library for the context-aware delivery of messages to users' mobile devices . The app required wireless or network connectivity with the server initially in order for randomization to groups to take place and the experimental condition settings to be downloaded to the phone. Once this was complete, the app functioned independently and did not require continuous wireless or network connectivity. Incremental data upload to the server was programmed to take place as soon as connectivity was available, both during the task and once the task was finished.
The task was implemented as a discrete trials contingency judgment task, including 40 experimental trials lasting 6 seconds each, divided by intertrial intervals lasting on average 12 minutes (calculated using the Fleshler-Hoffman progression ). Each trial was prompted by a standard Android "notification" message (similar to those delivered to alert a user that a text message has arrived and is waiting to be read) that included a brief auditory and visual signal. A time limit of 2 minutes was given for participants to access the alert, after which the trial would be categorized as a "miss." Under these circumstances, the alert would be removed from the screen and the next intertrial interval would commence. This procedure was used to ensure that the procedure lasted for the same duration for all participants. If the participant accessed the alert within the 2-minute time frame, the onscreen button would appear on the screen in 2 seconds. They would then have the opportunity to press a touch-screen button for 3 seconds. Whether or not the button was pressed within 3 seconds, an auditory outcome would sound for 1 second (outcome present), or it would not sound (outcome absent), depending on the programmed probability. Following each of these experimental trials, the intertrial interval would commence. Action-outcome contingencies were programmed as in Figure 1. Participants were either randomized to the low outcome density group (P [O|A]=.25, P [O|A]=.25) or the high outcome density group (P [O|A]=.75, P [O|A]=.75). Therefore, for all participants, the programmed contingency was zero, and they had no control over the sound's occurrence. Every 8 trials, the participant would be asked to rate their own control using the previously described wheel (Figure 2). The procedure was programmed to last for approximately 8 hours and function during the participants' typical day, in a similar manner to typical mobile phone interactions.
After having been fully briefed on arrival at the lab and having given informed consent, participants were asked for their demographic details, completed a series of questionnaires about their mood, and performed the digit span test. Following this, the experimenter helped participants download the app onto their own mobile phone and guided them through installing and activating the app. Once the app was activated, the participant was prompted to enter a code that would act as a unique identifier to allow matching of lab- and app-generated data. Following this, the instructions (Multimedia Appendix 1) were presented and participants told that they would interact with the phone during the course of the day, which would be opportunities to test if their button pressing controlled the sound occurrence. Following each block of 8 trials and the corresponding control rating, participants received an intervention message to prompt the participant to consider the influence of their context on their control. In the "discrete" condition, participants were told to think about the "control external factors have...this could be factors related to the phone, the mobile network or anything apart from your actions." In the dynamic context condition, participants were asked to think about "control the place you are located in has...It's important to note that you will change your location throughout the day. The place you are in could affect whether the boing sound occurs, regardless of your actions." When the procedure was complete, the app provided debriefing information and links to support information provided on a webpage.
We conducted a priori power analyses, which indicated that a sample of 152 was required for a power of 0.8 to detect medium-sized between-group effects and a sample of 24 and 48 to detect repeated measures effects and interactions respectively. However, only 106 volunteers kept appointments at the laboratory to participate in the study. Based on the achieved sample size, compromise power to detect the repeated measures effects and interactions, which were the focus of our theoretical predictions, was high (>.99). The power to detect main effects of between-group variables was somewhat lower than we planned (0.70). In spite of this, the size of the key main effects was within the 90% confidence limits (BDI) leading us to conclude that this study provided an adequately powered test of the hypotheses.
Due to participants' completing the task at the same time as their everyday activities, we anticipated missing data, in terms of trials and ratings, as well as issues such as loss of mobile phone battery. In this dataset, 10.6% of judgment values were missing. We therefore carried out multiple imputation, which involves replacing missing data with values generated from a series of multiple regression analyses including standard error and available parameter estimates. The fifth and most conservative iteration was used for the analyses reported in this paper.
As this is the first time a contingency task has been tested outside the laboratory, it was important to track all user-phone interactions and report whether experience was in line with what we had programmed. On average, participants missed 11.4 trials (SE 0.79) of the programmed 40 and, as instructed, pressed the button on around half of the trials they engaged with (press proportion mean 0.58, SE 0.019). The actual contingency (ΔP) experienced was again close to 0 as programmed (mean 0.04, SE 0.02). Participants in the low outcome density condition experienced outcomes on an average of 11.7 trials out of 40 (29.2%, SE 2.7%) whereas participants in the high outcome density condition experienced outcomes on 27.7 trials out of 40 (69.2%, SE 2.5%). Overall, the recorded engagement with experimental trials and contingency experience was as we programmed.
In order to test the hypotheses, that (1) illusory control and depressive realism effects would be present, and (2) that the intervention would enhance ratings of control, a mixed factorial analysis of variance (Multimedia Appendix 2), which included actual ΔP experience as a covariate, was carried out on judgments of control. The alpha level was held at .05 throughout all analyses unless stated otherwise.
There are two tests to demonstrate the presence or absence of an illusory control effect. The simplest and first test assumes that judgments that are different to zero represent illusory control. In this test, the higher the absolute number of the rating, the stronger the illusion of control. The second and more rigorous test assumes that people's subjective perception of control scale might differ from the numeric scale on which they are asked to rate it and that positioning of ratings on the judgment scale is rather arbitrary. Therefore, the second test of illusory control is to compare ratings of two conditions (low and high outcome density) that have the same contingency. Here, we carried out both tests simultaneously using the multifactorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) and follow-up tests.
On average, low BDI participants showed the illusion of control. They rated their control as 14.90 (SE 5.37), whereas high BDIs rated their control as nearer to zero (mean 1.16, SE 5.98). This main effect of BDI group was significant and confirmed that low BDI groups produced reliably higher ratings of control than participants with higher levels of depression: F1,91=4.05, mean squared error (MSE) 6671.40, P=.047, partial eta square=0.04, 90% CL 0.0004-0.1271. Subsequent single samples t tests comparing ratings to a criterion accuracy value of 0 showed that, for low BDI participants, 4 out of 5 action ratings were significantly higher than 0, all ts>2, all Ps<.05, evidencing illusory control. For more dysphoric, high BDI participants, 5 out of 5 action ratings were not reliably different to 0, all ts<1.16, and all Ps>.25. However, the BDI by outcome density interaction was not reliable (F1,91=0.63, MSE 6671.40, P=.43, partial eta square=0.0007), showing that the low BDI trend towards larger absolute ratings was not only evident in high outcome density conditions. This shows that non-depressed participants tended toward perceiving that they had more control over the occurrence of the auditory stimulus than depressed participants did whose ratings represented lower levels of perceived control.
Figure 3 suggests that, as we predicted, instructions on the nature of the alternative cause enhanced perceptions of control. Only when participants were instructed that the alternative cause was a discrete entity did they show evidence of the healthy illusory control.
The analysis described above supported this observation because the interaction between instructions and outcome density was reliable: F1,91=7.05, MSE 6671.40, P=.009, partial eta square=.07, 90% CL 0.01-0.1674. Follow-up simple effects analyses confirmed this pattern and showed that the high outcome density conditions received higher ratings than low outcome density conditions only with discrete cause instructions (F1,91=6.06, MSE 1334.28, P=.02, partial eta square=.062, 90% CL 0.0064-0.1548) and not with dynamic cause instructions (F1,91=1.85, MSE 1334.28, P=.18, partial eta square=.02, 90% CL 0-0.0887).
Figure 3. Mean ratings of control as a function of outcome density, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) group and alternative cause intervention (error bars correspond to standard errors of the mean).
These findings show that perceived control can be increased by providing people with simple instructions about the nature of alternative causes. Participants who compared their own control to discrete alternative causes produced higher control ratings.
We used a mobile phone app in order to embed and measure perceived control occurring in participants' everyday lives as naturalistic mobile phone interactions. The app was designed such that participants' actions had no control over the occurrence of an auditory stimulus. Participants without signs of depression overestimated their control, whereas participants showing mild levels of depression rated their control as close to zero. This study provides the first objective demonstration of illusory control and depressive realism in a real-world setting.
Until now, the basic experimental findings of illusory control have never been rigorously tested outside the laboratory. This has raised important methodological and theoretical concerns, in particular around external and ecological validity, of generalizability from one very specific control situation to the whole of life  and of the difference between behavior instructed in the laboratory and that occurring naturally in the real world . Such basic methodological critiques of perceived control research are well acknowledged in relation to depression  but not really discussed in the general health literature in which the concept of control is so frequently used. This gap has limited how our theoretical understanding of illusory control can be extrapolated to develop interventions, such as that described and tested here.
Notably, the instruction intervention significantly influenced all participants' ratings of control. As we predicted, when the alternative cause was described as a discrete, constantly present entity (the mobile phone network), people judged that they had more control when the auditory stimulus occurred frequently (eg, ). Conversely, when people were informed that alternative causes were dynamic (ie, place) and would change throughout the experience, there was no evidence of illusory control effect. This finding suggests that the intervention used in this study, which was based on theoretical accounts of how people use alternative causes to evaluate their own control [14,21] was effective and successful.
This finding is consistent with work that shows that the perceived strength , salience , or exposure  of alternative causes, such as the context or other causes, competes with the cause under consideration for perceived control . However, several things are important to note for those interested in designing perceived control interventions because the direction of the change in perceived control will depend on a number of key factors. First, the degree of control actually present in a situation is critical. When the person does have control, a strong alternative cause will reduce perceived control . Second, the effect of any intervention or experimental manipulation, which changes the salience of or exposure to the alternative cause, will depend on what the person learns about the alternative cause as a result. So, for example, Vadillo et al  introduced a "difficult to ignore" alternative cause into their laboratory procedure, which seemed more strongly related to the outcome than participants' actions. Msetfi et al  introduced a long delay into the procedure during the time that the alternative cause was present. This allowed participants to learn that the alternative cause was only weakly related to the outcome, which boosted their own perception of control. Both of these findings show how circumstances and information, which are present, can differentially influence people's perceptions of their own control in very similar "no control" situations. This is critical information for those working in the health space, as perception of control is a very important mediator of health outcomes , which can be influenced unintentionally, as well as through intervention.
It is important to consider whether the experimental procedure was a valid test of the contingencies that we planned for participants to experience. This is because it has been acknowledged that changes in participant behavior can actually affect the contingencies they are exposed to [18,24,36]. Our concern here was missed trials. However, careful scrutiny of the data recorded on each trial showed that even though participants missed some trials, they experienced the contingencies as programmed. This alleviates an important concern.
Another limitation is that our implementation of the contingency judgment task was an extremely crude analogue of real-life user–mobile phone interactions. However, in this first test of illusory control and depressive realism outside the laboratory, it was important to implement a real-life contingency task that was as similar as possible to lab procedures in order to provide the replication required. Our future studies will not only be able to provide a more sophisticated and naturalistic interface but will also collect richer data, including concurrent natural activities and behaviors, as well as mood and well-being ratings over longer periods of time. We also note that we have used similar nonclinical BDI criteria to test for depressive realism as the majority of the key studies in the literature [8,16]. This means that the generalizability of our findings to clinical depression is questionable, and we make no strong claims in this regard other than to state that we have replicated other depressive realism findings as tested elsewhere in the real world.
While we acknowledge the limitations of our study, especially in relation to the relatively controlled nature of the user-phone interactions we designed, a theoretically important aspect of ecological validity has been introduced into the procedure. This is the nature of the context or the alternative cause, which is fundamentally different in the laboratory to the dynamic, constantly changing contexts of real-world control situations. To date, most human learning studies simulate context using discrete cues  or places represented by pictures displayed on a computer screen  while a few have used an actual place . It has been assumed that all such contexts "work" the same way in learning, and current theoretical models do not differentiate between them (see  for an extended discussion on context and learning). Our findings here suggest, to the contrary, that the representational content of context can change patterns of learning. This further emphasizes the importance of translating experimental research into the real world in order to fully use our theoretical knowledge to develop interventions.
The findings of this study show convincingly that when perceptions of control are measured in relation to an objective standard, biased estimates of control do correlate with mental healthiness, with illusory control being the healthiest type of control (eg, [11,19,36]). Importantly, the simple theoretically motivated intervention, which was designed to influence people's ability to learn about the power of the alternative cause in contrast to their own control, was effective in increasing people's perceptions of being "in control." Finally, this study further demonstrates the power of mobile phone technologies for use in experimental and intervention research. This not only provides the opportunity to test psychological theory in novel ways embedded in a person's everyday environment but also to collect ever richer data about natural behaviors.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) table.
Alloy L, Albright J, Abramson L, Dykman B. Depressive realism and nondepressive optimistic illusions: The role of the self. In: Ingram RE, editor. Contemporary psychological approaches to depression: Theory, research, and treatment. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1990:71-86.
Alloy L, Abramson L. Depressive realism: Four theoretical perspectives. In: Alloy LB, editor. Cognitive processes in depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1988:223-265.
Ducharme J, Bachelor A. Perception of Social Functioning in Dysphoria. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1993;17(1):53-70.
Rescorla R, Wagner A. A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcementnon-reinforcement. In: Black A, Prokasy W, editors. Classical conditioning II: Theory and research. New York, NY: Appleton Century Crofts; 1972:64-99.
Lezak M. Neuropsychological Assessment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1995.
©Rachel Msetfi, Donal O'Sullivan, Amy Walsh, John Nelson, Pepijn Van de Ven. Originally published in JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 09.11.2018.


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Home » Poll: Syrian Views
Image: victim of one of the first bomb blasts in Damascus
The following article is taken from " Human rights investigations an evidence-based, independent and rigorous investigation of human rights abuses" http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/about/
HUMAN RIGHTS INVESTIGATIONS
Public opinion survey: Syrians reject violence and outside intervention.
In a major blow to foreign intervention in Syria, the just published results from an independent public opinion survey indicate that the Syrian people overwhelmingly reject the Turkish government's policies towards their country. 65% of Syrians surveyed regarded the Turkish government as very unfriendly or hostile with only 16% characterising it as friendly. Turkey has, of course, been one of the main backers of the violent, sectarian "Free Syrian Army".
Asked to assess Turkey's response to the crisis in Syria 69% of Syrians surveyed characterised the response as 'negative' with only 23% characterising it as 'positive'.
The survey was conducted 3-28 August 2012 by the Turkish Economics and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) which is an independent think-tank supported by the German Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and associated with the Centre for American Progress. The 2010 edition of the report was, indeed, part-funded by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the findings of 2010 and 2011 were used in the Foreign Affairs Committee report on UK-Turkey relations. The 2012 results, which are contained in a report titled "The perception of Turkey in the Middle East 2012," have been partially published (in Turkish) – a detailed report on the findings will be published in English on the TESEV website in the near future (according to the TESEV website).
The survey has been conducted on an annual basis for the last four years and measures public opinion across the Middle East. It is worth noting, whilst Hillary Clinton is busy trying to mould a violent opposition, that in the 2011 survey, held once the Turkey, Qatar and Saudi Arabia backed insurgency was already in full swing, the Syrian people surveyed overwhelmingly rejected violent protest with only 5% being in favour.
Prisoners of the FSA, moments before they are beaten and then massacred in cold blood.
The results of the survey provide additional evidence to undermine further the immoral and inhumane policy of supporting an unpopular, sectarian uprising, which rests heavily on foreign, al Qaeda and openly criminal, genocidal elements and which has led to an escalating human rights disaster with the death of thousands of Syrians and destruction of the country.
Update 8/11/2012: English version of the short presentation of the results is now available here A detailed report is expected soon.
http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2012/11/04/public-opinion-survey-syrians-reject-violence-and-outside-intervention/


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Alison and Charlie are playing a divisibility game with a set of $0-9$ digit cards.
They take it in turns to choose and place a card to the right of the cards that are already there.
After two cards have been placed, the two-digit number must be divisible by $2$.
After three cards have been placed, the three-digit number must be divisible by $3$.
After four cards have been placed, the four-digit number must be divisible by $4$.
They keep taking it in turns until one of them gets stuck.
Charlie puts down the $8$ to make $58$, which is a multiple of $2$.
Alison puts down the $2$ to make $582$, which is a multiple of $3$.
Charlie puts down the $0$ to make $5820$, which is a multiple of $4$.
Alison now has to choose from $1, 3, 4, 6, 7,$ or $9$ to make a multiple of $5$.
Convince yourself that Alison is stuck, and that Charlie has won.
Play the game a few times on your own or with a friend.
Are there any good strategies to help you to win?
After a while, Charlie and Alison decide to work together to make the longest number that they possibly can that satisfies the rules of the game.
They very quickly come up with the five-digit number $12365$. Can they make their number any longer using the remaining digits? When will they get stuck?
What's the longest number you can make that satisfies the rules of the game?
Is it possible to use all ten digits to create a ten-digit number?
Please send us your explanation of the strategies you use to create long numbers.
Multiplication & division. Visualising. Resilient. Divisibility. Games. Factors and multiples. Addition & subtraction. Collaborative. Working systematically. Resourceful.


text:
El Diccionario biográfico de pintores es una obra del chileno Pedro Lira, publicada por primera vez en 1902.

Descripción

El diccionario biográfico, que está dedicado a la memoria de Marcos Maturana y Arturo Maximiano Edwards Ross y también a Eusebio Lillo, surge a raíz de la imposibilidad para encontrar «algún libro manual» que le permitiera «conocer á los pintores más distinguidos de todos los paises y de todos los tiempos hasta nuestros días», según explica Lira en la introducción. Ofrece breves reseñas biográficas de pintores de diferentes partes del mundo, desde Niccolò dell'Abbate, con el que comienza, hasta Lambert Sustris, con quien concluye cuatrocientas cincuenta páginas después. Incluye, asimismo, dos apéndices: uno de pintores vivos hasta el año 1900, con «indicación de sus nombres, de sus nacionalidades y de sus recompensas honoríficas», y otro más concreto, de «pintores chilenos vivos en 1901», en «obsequío» a su nacionalidad.

Señalan Accatino, Maza y Valdés que el trabajo de Lira se presenta «como una instancia de evaluación del estado del arte que le es contemporáneo», con unos juicios personales que se corresponden con «su propia percepción de lo que debía ser el arte». El pintor Onofre Jarpa apunta que con el diccionario Lira «manifestó su erudición en la materia», que «a pocas compara».

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
Diccionario biográfico de pintores, en la Biblioteca Digital Hispánica

Diccionarios biográficos
Libros de 1902


Content on this web page has been provided and reviewed by our office. We have reviewed site information and find it to be in accordance with the standards of the Optometry profession in our jurisdiction. We strive to provide unbiased, accurate, timely and up-to-date information. The information on this site is not presented as a substitute for informed professional advice and does not substitute for consultation with an optometrist or any other health and/or medical professional. If you have any questions about your individual situation, please contact your Optometrist - your eye health professional.
In view of the possibility of human error or advances in scientific knowledge, Horvath Vision Care, Inc and/or any commercial or non-profit sponsors, staff nor any other party involved in providing web pages, services or database information accessible within this website warrant that the information contained therein is in every respect accurate or complete and they are not responsible nor liable for any errors or omissions that may be found in such information or the results obtained from the use of such information.


Η υπηρεσία μεταφοράς αεροδρομίου με λεωφορειάκι είναι διαθέσιμη μεταξύ 6 π.μ. - 1 π.μ. κατόπιν αιτήματος. Ενδέχεται να ισχύουν τέλη. Επικοινωνήστε με το κατάλυμα εκ των προτέρων, για να μάθετε τις λεπτομέρειες.
Guelfi e Ghibellini - Αυτό το μέρος (εστιατόριο) σερβίρει πρωινό, μεσημεριανό και βραδινό. Οι επισκέπτες μπορούν να απολαύσουν ποτά στο μπαρ.
To ξενοδοχείο είναι μέλος σε: Relais & Chateaux.
Excellent location - walkable to everything. Classic old building that's been nicely and elegantly renovated.
All good, except for a solid 'Soufflé'!
Charming, helpful staff. My 'Junior Suite' was less of a suite than the one booked for my mother, but with spectacular views nonetheless. More of a large room really, but my mother loved hers. Dinner in Dinner in the Guelfi & Ghibellini (we were the only two) was sensationally good at the first and main course stage, with desert a frankly crashing disappointment. We suspect the chef had gone home after our main course, as a supposed Raspberry Soufflé turned out to be a 'unique to Santa Croce', stodgy pudding accompanied by an overly-complex explanation from an embarrassed Maître d'. Anyway, 1st World problems. The hotel is beautiful, and ideally located.
This was the best hotel we ever stayed in. The staff was SO welcoming and went way beyond to help us. Very classy hotel and staff!!!!
The hotel was an amazing experience and one of our highlights of Florence. They gave us a tour of the hotel at check-in and the service only got better from there. The service is exceptional and the concierge was always available and very helpful. The hotel itself is beautiful and truly feels luxurious. Our only small complaint is that the beds were pretty hard.
Beautiful palazzo, elegant, romantic, with contemporary touches for greater comfort. Understated chic. Welcoming and attentive staff. Breakfast buffet was appealing and had just the right things. Additional scrambled eggs were excellent. View of the Duomo. Amazing location. Full of character and atmosphere without any sacrifice of luxury.


TackTracker's race analysis generates a wealth of useful information and the Race Reports license activates TackTracker's rich set of reports for extracting and presenting this information in tabular form.
Race Reports are available for the TackTracker application for PC and Mac (download here). The reports may be generated in HTML, XML or CSV formats.
Some reports generate handicap results - these need to be used in conjunction with the Club Regatta license, which provides for handicapping.
These reports present the elapsed times and places for each boat overall and for each leg rounding. The Handicap variant shows corrected places for each leg as well as overall scratch and corrected times and places.
The Leg Times report presents the elapsed leg times for each boat at each leg rounding.
The Relative Leg Times report presents the leg times for each competitor relative to the best performing boat for the leg. You can see at a glance where times were gained and lost.
This report shows where places were won and lost during the race, beginning with a snapshot 30 seconds after the start and updated for each leg of the course. You can see at a glance which legs cost or won you the most places. The handicap variant uses corrected places rather than scratch places.
This report shows relative leg times compared with the winning boat. You can see at a glance which legs cost or won you the most time. The handicap variant uses corrected times rather than scratch times.
The Legs Summary report presents the same information you see in the TackTracker Legs table in a printable report. A separate table is produced for each leg of the course, summarizing each competitors leg distance, times, deviations, speeds and VMG. If this is a handicap race, the report also shows the adjusted times for each leg.
The Tacks Summary report presents the same information you see in the TackTracker Tacks table in a printable report. A separate table is produced for each competitor, listing all tacks throughout the course together with distances, times, bearings and speeds.
If your competitors are certified by the ORC, and you have a Club Regatta license, you can not only download handicap data directly into TackTracker, but with this report you can also analyse your results against ORC predicted speed data across the range of wind speeds and bearings.
To put it simply, compare your performances against the ORC prediction and find out where you exceed or fall short of your rated speed.


As caterers and designers, we love our wine barrels over here at Zest it Up! They are both utilitarian, beautiful, and can mean fabulous wine…pretty much a trifecta in my book. We use them as cocktail tables, wedding cake displays, and supports for old doors that function as impromptu bars. Not too shabby. That is unless you are naughty like us, and forget to seal the barrels. We were so crestfallen when the first one started to wobble. Next thing you know, rings began falling to the ground. At last we were left with a pile of rubble thanks to the incredibly shrinking staves!
Obviously, this could have meant a run to the dump. However, for a couple of die-hard dumpster divers like ourselves, we saw only opportunity. Goody-goody-gum-drops, we now had gorgeous hardwood with earthy wine stains. It was time to get creating! The first project I tackled was a wine stave bench. It turned out so gorgeous, that Sam and I decided to conquer another project. My beautiful sister just happens to be getting married this weekend. Since she is a wine rep, she has boxes and boxes of wine stacked in the corner of her house. Sam and I decided to build her a legit wine rack for an heirloom worthy wedding gift. When I say legit, I mean this baby will hold 25 bottles of wine. Check it out!
First step was to separate out the staves and "assign" them duties.
Only four staves are shown for the shelving, but I wound up using six because I wanted three shelves for extra storage space.
I decided to start with the top, so I grabbed the two largest staves (and oh was I loving the hole from where the wine cork once lived!) Flipping them upside down and laying them side-by-side, I measured out an extra stave to cut for supports. Using my wood screws, I attached the small support pieces to the underneath…giving me a solid top.
Now it's time to attach some legs! I decided to cut a couple of extra support pieces and place them towards the ends, so that I had something to attach the legs into (this kept me from marring the top with screw heads showing).
It helps to hold up a "leg" to see how far in you want your legs to be attached.
Make sure that you measure inward from the edge the same distance on all four sides.
Once I screwed in the support pieces, it was time to give my "legs" a flat end for stability…so I cut of the tapered end off of one side of each "leg" stave.
Now just screw in the legs to the side of those support pieces. Important! Important! Important!
Do not anchor the legs with a second screw until you stand it up and give it a little wiggle til it's balanced. I know, not master carpentry, but it does the trick for leveling and keeping things stable. Once it's standing securely on all four legs, go ahead and screw in the second screws into all four legs.
Now onto the shelves. Make sure to measure out where you want the shelves to rest. Luckily, the staves are pretty darn exact in their measurements. So, I just measured down from the top, making sure that I placed the second shelf exactly between the first and third shelves. Pretty easy, just keep consistent with your measurements on all four legs so that your shelves are balanced.
Looking good, but now for the logistics…how to keep the wine bottles from rolling on the curved shelves. Enter the 1″x1″ lumber.
Then give them a cut…I cut them into 6″ pieces. I used 8 pieces on the first and second shelves, and 7 on the third shelf.
I made sure to place my pieces with just 2 1/2″ between them. It was the perfect distance to support a wine bottle.
Then I flipped my whole piece upside down, to let gravity help me with screwing each piece into place.
Quite a few screws later, we had a serious beast!
I cannot WAIT to give this to my sissy! She is going to flip! And her soon-to-be (as in this weekend) husband is going to be so excited to see the wine boxes disappear. I think we are going to have to showcase this at the wedding bar first, though. I think it will be the perfect accent for a wine country wedding. What do you think??
Keeping things Zesty for sure!


After featuring his ex-girlfriend Amber Rose in his "Flashing Lights" music video, Kanye decided to cast Kim as his leading lady on this outing. After first moving to Hawaii during the later seasons of Lost , he continued his residency after being cast in Hawaii Five-0. Thousands of pupils at schools across Britain will ditch classes today in mass protest against climate... Meanwhile, the mystery surrounding Kim's first boyfriend first came to light after her highly publicised interview with talk show queen Oprah.
TMZ has claimed that he either went off his meds for a longstanding psychological ailment or changed the dose of his meds. His breakdown was a 'temporary psychosis,' according to his physician Michael Farzam. Here they are seen in 2010. Question on jawbreakers then-new orleans saints running back.
Dating, kanye, west, chrissy began. This page was last edited on 3 February 2019, at 06: Who is Kanye West dating right now?
Royal91 Sep 9, 2016 Yeezy crazy genius. The site also stands by its earlier claim that West is not living with Kardashian inside their Bel-Air mansion. June 2006 - April 2008 Kanye and Alexis had dated on and off for years, and in August 2006, Kanye proposed. Angela Martini born Angjela Martini on 23 May 1986 is an Albanian model and beauty pageant titleholder.
She won Miss Universe Albania in 2010. The two have been friends for a while, but are things finally getting serious between them? Teigen and he lost friends waved goodbye talk. While many speculated that the pair enrolled in couples therapy, those rumors would be refuted.
Karrine Steffans and Kanye West had an encounter in 2002. Here, celebs and real life slimmers share their success stories... Speaking to get married. The kids were there during Kanye's hospitalization and are very happy there,' the insider said.
The pair quickly got engaged and married on August 20, 2011. Gat Out of Hell". June 2008 - June 2010. Weeks, and why kim kardashians due date seans mentor kanye tisci.
Not be monyetta shaw dishes on january for got the talk. Top Contributors for Kanye West. Dollicia Bryan and Kanye West had an encounter in 2010. Kanye lost friends when it has the weekend, about a host.
Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda. Newlywed, 18 - who was due to give birth on Valentine's Day -... The year, valentines day, saw a vast publicity. Families of two other Bethnal Green... Login to add information, pictures and relationships, join in discussions and get credit for your contributions.
Immediately after the singer's hospitalization, sources claimed she asked for a break before flying to New York City for her first public appearance since her October robbery in Paris. Pointless host Richard Osman is dating pint-sized jazz singer Sumudu Jayatilaka - who is 17 inches... The kids were there during Kanye's hospitalization and are very happy there,' the insider said. Now that the secret love affair is reported over, sources say Kanye has checked into Heartbreak Hotel! Nov 2014 further proof that when kanye. The night was yet another display of the couple's mutual love, appreciation, and affection, and perfect fodder for 'relationship goals' memes on social media.
The two have had deep issues since her October robbery in Paris; here they are seen hours afterwards in NYC. Following the announcement, the reality star was promptly lambasted, with many speculating that the marriage was purely a publicity stunt. Bremariah692 May 15, 2014 I had no idea that him and Melody Thornton dated.
They called it off two years later, but still remain friends. He's the ex-doctor whose painfully funny book... The couple dated from 2007 and after spitting and getting back together finally called it quits in 2010. If Kim had dated me when I first wanted to be with her, there wouldn't be an Amber Rose. Month before her hand kimkardashian 1w married and critics as we started.
Royal91 Sep 9, 2016 Biggest artist. The Legend of Korra. According to RadarOnline , the reality star has been telling her family members to 'stay out of the relationship'.


text:
class SkCanvas;

namespace cc {
class CompositorFrame;
class CompositorFrameAck;
}

namespace gfx {
class Transform;
};

namespace gpu {
class GLInProcessContext;
}

namespace content {

class SynchronousCompositorClient;
class WebContents;

struct CONTENT_EXPORT SynchronousCompositorMemoryPolicy {
  // Memory limit for rendering and pre-rendering.
  size_t bytes_limit;

  // Limit of number of GL resources used for rendering and pre-rendering.
  size_t num_resources_limit;

  SynchronousCompositorMemoryPolicy();

  bool operator==(const SynchronousCompositorMemoryPolicy& other) const;
  bool operator!=(const SynchronousCompositorMemoryPolicy& other) const;
};

// Interface for embedders that wish to direct compositing operations
// synchronously under their own control. Only meaningful when the
// kEnableSyncrhonousRendererCompositor flag is specified.
class CONTENT_EXPORT SynchronousCompositor {
 public:
  // Must be called once per WebContents instance. Will create the compositor
  // instance as needed, but only if |client| is non-NULL.
  static void SetClientForWebContents(WebContents* contents,
                                      SynchronousCompositorClient* client);

  // Allows changing or resetting the client to NULL (this must be used if
  // the client is being deleted prior to the DidDestroyCompositor() call
  // being received by the client). Ownership of |client| remains with
  // the caller.
  virtual void SetClient(SynchronousCompositorClient* client) = 0;

  static void SetGpuService(
      scoped_refptr<gpu::InProcessCommandBuffer::Service> service);

  // By default, synchronous compopsitor records the full layer, not only
  // what is inside and around the view port. This can be used to switch
  // between this record-full-layer behavior and normal record-around-viewport
  // behavior.
  static void SetRecordFullDocument(bool record_full_document);

  // Synchronously initialize compositor for hardware draw. Can only be called
  // while compositor is in software only mode, either after compositor is
  // first created or after ReleaseHwDraw is called. It is invalid to
  // DemandDrawHw before this returns true.
  virtual bool InitializeHwDraw() = 0;

  // Reverse of InitializeHwDraw above. Can only be called while hardware draw
  // is already initialized. Brings compositor back to software only mode and
  // releases all hardware resources.
  virtual void ReleaseHwDraw() = 0;

  // "On demand" hardware draw. The content is first clipped to |damage_area|,
  // then transformed through |transform|, and finally clipped to |view_size|.
  virtual scoped_ptr<cc::CompositorFrame> DemandDrawHw(
      gfx::Size surface_size,
      const gfx::Transform& transform,
      gfx::Rect viewport,
      gfx::Rect clip,
      gfx::Rect viewport_rect_for_tile_priority,
      const gfx::Transform& transform_for_tile_priority) = 0;

  // For delegated rendering, return resources from parent compositor to this.
  // Note that all resources must be returned before ReleaseHwDraw.
  virtual void ReturnResources(const cc::CompositorFrameAck& frame_ack) = 0;

  // "On demand" SW draw, into the supplied canvas (observing the transform
  // and clip set there-in).
  virtual bool DemandDrawSw(SkCanvas* canvas) = 0;

  // Set the memory limit policy of this compositor.
  virtual void SetMemoryPolicy(
      const SynchronousCompositorMemoryPolicy& policy) = 0;

  // Should be called by the embedder after the embedder had modified the
  // scroll offset of the root layer (as returned by
  // SynchronousCompositorClient::GetTotalRootLayerScrollOffset).
  virtual void DidChangeRootLayerScrollOffset() = 0;

 protected:
  virtual ~SynchronousCompositor() {}
};

}  // namespace content

#endif  // CONTENT_PUBLIC_BROWSER_ANDROID_SYNCHRONOUS_COMPOSITOR_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


DTM API is a musical data sonification toolset for rapid development and experimentation of web-based audio applications. The API offers a data-agnostic, adaptive, and highly interactive real-time system, with reusable and extendable musical structure models to represent data in various ways. The API is being used in several projects, including in Beltline Social Dashboard, Decatur Civic Sonification with Sonic Generator performance, which is presented at Atlanta Science Festival 2015, in collaboration with GTRI Configurable Lab.