text:
\section{Introduction}

This is the second paper of the two-paper series dealing with power system transient stability by using IMEAC. In the first paper \cite{Wang2017Stability}, the mapping between IMEAC and the multi-machine system trajectory is established, and the unity principle of individual-machine stability and system stability is proposed.

The Ref. \cite{Stanton1989Analysis,Fouad1989Critical} was a milestone in the history of individual-machine methods because some crucial conjectures and hypothesis were first proposed in these two papers. Yet, a significant imperfection of the two papers is that Stanton did not explicitly explain the crucial transient stability concepts regarding the system in the sense of an individual machine, leaving these concepts missing in the two papers. These unsolved issues incurred lots of confusion and controversial problems when using individual-machine methods in TSA.

Following conclusions of the first paper, in this paper, first, the stability margin of a critical machine and that of the system are defined. The stability margin of the system is defined as a multi-dimensional vector that consists of stability margin of each critical machine in the system. Second, the important statuses of the most severely disturbed machine (MDM) and the leading unstable machine (LUM) are analyzed. According to unity principle, the non-global stability margin is defined and its application in TSA is also demonstrated. For the proposed method, the stability judgement of the system can be independent of the calculation of the stability margin of the system. And the proposed method allows system operators to neglect monitoring some critical machines when judging the stability of the system under certain circumstances. Third, the application of the proposed method in the computation of CCT is analyzed. We prove that the critical stability of the system is precisely identical to the critical stability of MDM. In the end of the paper comparisons of the proposed method with CUEP method and IEEAC method are demonstrated.

Contributions of this paper are summarized as follows:

(i) The stability margin of the system consists of multiple stability margins of critical machines of the system is first defined in this paper, and this definition of multi-dimensional vector enables the utilization of the non-global margin in TSA;

(ii) MDM and LUM are analyzed in this paper, and it is proved that they might be two different machines for some cases, which clarifies the historical misunderstanding in individual methods that MDM and LUM are the same machine;

(iii) According to unity principle, it is proved that the critical stability state of only one or a few MDMs that determines the critical stability of the system in this paper, and based on this, an approach to analyze the critical stability of the system using MDM is proposed.

The remaining paper is organized as follows. In Section II, the definitions of the stability margin of a critical machine and that of the system are provided. In Section III, the non-global stability margin is analyzed. In Section IV, general procedures of the proposed method are provided. In Section V, the application of the proposed method in TSA is demonstrated. In Section VI, the proposed method is utilized for CCT computation. In Sections VII and VIII, the proposed method is compared with the CUEP method and IEEAC method respectively. Conclusions and discussions are provided in Section IX.

\section{Stability Margin of the System}

\subsection{Stability margin of a critical machine}

\subsubsection{Stability margin of an unstable critical machine}

Using IMEAC, the stability margin of an unstable critical machine can be intuitively defined as:

\begin{equation}\label{Eq_Sta_Mar_USM}
\eta_{i}=(A_{DECi}-A_{ACCi})/A_{ACCi}
     \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{1pt}
  \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{1pt}
\end{equation}

The margin definition in (\ref{Eq_Sta_Mar_USM}) ensures that $\eta_{i}<0$ if a critical machine goes unstable as $A_{DECi}$ is smaller than $A_{ACCi}$ for an unstable critical machine \cite{Wang2017Stability}.

\subsubsection{Stability margin of a stable critical machine}

For a stable critical machine, the $A_{DECi}$ equals to $A_{ACCi}$ in the actual Kimbark curve of the machine \cite{Wang2017Stability}. Yet, the deceleration area of the machine may still possess a certain ``margin" after DSP occurs even though the acceleration energy during fault-on period is totally absorbed at DSP, as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Sta_Mar_SCM_1}.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
\includegraphics[width=3.5in,height=2.8in,keepaspectratio]{Sta_Mar_SCM_1.eps}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-2pt}
  \caption{  Stability margin of a stable critical machine (Machine 34, [TS-1, bus-34, 0.180s])}
  \label{Fig_Sta_Mar_SCM_1}
\end{figure}

For a stable critical machine, the Kimbark curve of the critical machine prior to DSP can be approximated by a quadratic function:

\begin{equation}\label{Eq_Kim_Cur_Qua}
f_{i}^{APP}=a_{i}\theta_{i}^{2}+b_{i}*\theta_{i}+c_{i}
     \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{1pt}
  \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{1pt}
\end{equation}

The parameters in (\ref{Eq_Kim_Cur_Qua}) can be identified via three points, i.e., fault clearing point (P2), DSP (P3) and the point with maximum $-f_{i}$ (P4). Further, the stability margin of a stable critical machine can be defined as:

\begin{equation}\label{Eq_Sta_Mar_CSM}
\eta_{i}=(A_{DECi}+A_{DECi}^{EXT}-A_{ACCi})/A_{ACCi}=A_{DECi}^{EXT}/A_{ACCi}
     \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{1pt}
  \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{1pt}
\end{equation}
\newline
where
\newline
$A_{DECi}^{EXT}=\int_{\theta_{i}^{DSP}}^{\theta_{i}^{DLP(PRED)}}[-f_{i}^{APP}]d\theta_{i}, A_{DECi}=A_{ACCi}$.

In (\ref{Eq_Sta_Mar_CSM}), the margin definition ensures that $\eta_{i}>0$ if a critical machine is stable, and $\eta_{i}=0$  if a critical machine is critical stable.

Consider that application of $f_{i}^{APP}$ may result in approximation error, in the following analysis the Kimbark curve of a stable critical machine prior to DSP still uses the original Kimbark curve and $f_{i}^{APP}$  is only used for the computation of $A_{DECi}^{EXT}$.

\subsection{Stability margin of the system}

Since the system operators focus on the swing stability of each critical machine in parallel in TSA, they may only target the IMEAC of each critical machine. Therefore, the stability margin of the system can be defined as a multi-dimensional vector that comprises of margins of all critical machines in the system:

\begin{equation}\label{Eq_Sta_Mar_Sys}
\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}=[\eta_{i}] \quad i\in{\Omega_{c}}
     \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{1pt}
  \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{1pt}
\end{equation}
\newline
where $\Omega_{c}$ is the set of all critical machines in the system.

Following unity principle the stability judgement of the system can be given as: all $\eta_{i}>0$  means the system is stable; one or a few $\eta_{i}=0$  with the rest of $\eta_{i}>0$ means the system is critical stable; one or more $\eta_{i}<0$  means the system goes unstable.

\subsection{Machine-by-machine margin calculation}

 From the analysis in the first paper, along post-fault system trajectory the DLPs and DSPs of critical machines occur machine-by-machine. Since the actual shape of the Kimbark curve of a machine in a complete swing could be formed only when the DSP or DLP occurs, accordingly $\eta_{i}$ of each critical machine should also be calculated in a ``machine-by-machine" way. An example of calculating the stability margin of the system during TSA is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_MbM_Sta_Jud_2}.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
\includegraphics[width=3.5in,height=2.8in,keepaspectratio]{MbM_Sta_Jud_2.eps}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-2pt}
  \caption{ Machine-by-machine stability judgement along post-fault system trajectory [TS-1, bus-2, 0.43s]}
  \label{Fig_MbM_Sta_Jud_2}
\end{figure}

As shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_MbM_Sta_Jud_2}, after fault clearing the system operator only monitors Machines 37, 38 and 39 as they are critical machines. Along post-fault system trajectory the system operator may focus on following instants.

\emph{DLP38 occurs (0.614s)}: Machine 38 is judged as unstable, $\eta_{38}$ is obtained. Yet, $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$  is unknown due to the lack of $\eta_{37}$ and $\eta_{39}$.

\emph{DSP39 occurs (0.686s)}: Machine 39 is judged as stable, $\eta_{39}$  is obtained. $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$  is unknown due to the lack of $\eta_{37}$ .

\emph{DLP37 occurs (0.777s)}: Machine 37 is judged as unstable, $\eta_{37}$  is obtained. $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$ is obtained.

The computation of the margin of each critical machine is shown in Table \ref{Tab_Sta_Mar_CM_1}.

\begin{table}
\captionsetup{name=\textsc{Table},font={small}}
\vspace{5pt}
\centering
\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
\caption{\textsc{ Stability margin of critical machines}}
\vspace{-4pt}
\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{2pt}
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\hline
Machine No.  & $A_{ACCi} (p.u.)$ & $A_{DECi} (p.u.)$ & $A_{ACCi}^{EXT} (p.u.)$ & $\eta_{i}$ \\
\hline
 38       & 1.33            & 0.54  & N/A & -0.594          \\
37	&2.09	&2.08	&N/A	&-0.005 \\
39	&3.22	&3.22	&1.57	&0.489\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{Tab_Sta_Mar_CM_1}
\end{table}

Based on the margins of all critical machines in the system showing in Table \ref{Tab_Sta_Mar_CM_1}, $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$  is finally computed as [-0.594, -0.005, 0.489].

As for online security control, the controlling objective is to ensure that the entire system maintains stable, i.e., all critical machines in the system should be maintained stable (the controlling action should be deployed immediately once an unstable critical machine is observed). Thereby, the security control based on IMEAC method strongly relies on the computation of $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$. However, under certain circumstances it is possible that the system operator is only interested in the stability state of only one or a few most severely disturbed critical machines rather than all critical machines, as will be discussed in the following section.

\section{Non-global stability margin}

\subsection{Status of a Critical Machine }

 During post-fault transient period, two specific critical machines are crucial, which can partially represent the transient stability characteristics of all critical machines in the system. The first one is the most severely disturbed machine (MDM), with the second one being leading unstable machine (LUM).

 \subsubsection{MDM}

\begin{equation}\label{Eq_MDM}
{\eta}_{MDM}=min[\eta_{i}\mid i\in{\Omega_{c}}]
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  \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{1pt}
\end{equation}

  \subsubsection{LUM}

  The LUM is the unstable critical machine whose DLP occurs first among all unstable critical machines:
  \begin{equation}\label{Eq_LUM}
t_{DLP_{LUM}}=min[t_{DLP_{i}}\mid i\in{\Omega_{c}}]
     \setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{1pt}
  \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{1pt}
\end{equation}

The reasons why MDM and LUM are important for transient stability analysis are as follows.

\emph{(i) The stability state of MDM is identical to the stability state of the system.}

Following unity principle, the system can be judged as stable if MDM is stable, the system can be judged as critical stable if MDM is critical stable, and the system can be judged as unstable if MDM goes unstable.

\emph{(ii) The LOSP of the system is identical to the DLP of LUM.}

The LUM is the first-going-unstable critical machine that separates from the system. Once LUM appears, the system operator can ascertain that the system goes unstable, and DLP of the LUM can be thence defined as the leading LOSP.

From analysis above, the two crucial transient stability characteristics of a multi-machine system, i.e. the stability state of the system and leading LOSP, respectively, are fully embodied in MDM and LUM.

For most unstable cases, the MDM and LUM may be the same machine because the residual K.E. at DLP of MDM would be quite high, which is most likely to drive it to go unstable first along time horizon (also is LUM). Yet, for some cases it is still possible that MDM and LUM might be two different machines.
\subsection{Non-global Stability Margin  }

\subsubsection{ Non-global stability margin for TSA (the system operator misses monitoring some critical machines)}

If the critical machines in the system are not all monitored, the stability margin of the system could only be depicted in an incomplete non-global form:

\begin{equation}\label{Eq_MDM}
\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}=[\eta_{i}] \quad i\in{\Omega_{non}} \quad \Omega_{non}\subset{\Omega_{c}}]
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  \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{1pt}
\end{equation}
\newline
where $\Omega_{non}$ is the set of non-globally monitored critical machines.

In (7), $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{non}$ is defined such that only parts of critical machines are monitored. Under this not-all-critical-machines monitoring circumstances, $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$  cannot be evaluated since it is defined by all critical machines. However, following unity principle, it is still possible that the stability state of the system can be judged as long as any one unstable critical machine is included in $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{non}$.

The analysis above is crucial because it reveals that: for the proposed method, the unity principle allows \emph{stability judgement of the system to be independent of the calculation of the stability margin of the system.
}

A demonstration of the not-all-critical-machines monitoring is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Dem_NCM_Mon_3}.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
\includegraphics[width=3.5in,height=2.8in,keepaspectratio]{Dem_NCM_Mon_3.eps}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-2pt}
  \caption{ Demonstration of not-all-critical-machines monitoring [TS-1, bus-2, 0.43s]}
  \label{Fig_Dem_NCM_Mon_3}
\end{figure}

In this case Machine 38 is not monitored by the system operator, thus $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$  cannot be obtained. Yet, the system still can be judged as unstable once $\text{DLP}_37$ occurs.

In fact, judging the stability of the system by using only one unstable critical machine and \emph{neglecting} the rest of critical machines is a kind of ``transient information missing". However, once MDM and LUM are monitored and both machines are included in $\Omega_{non}$, the system operator is still able to grasp the key transient information of the system, i.e., the stability state and leading LOSP of the system. Tolerating transient information missing can be seen as a distinctive characteristic of the proposed method, making it quite robust in TSA.

\subsubsection{Non-global stability margin for CCT computation (the system operator focuses on MDM on purpose)}

Following the definition of MDM, the stability state of MDM is identical to the stability state of the system. From the perspective of individual-machine analysts, the main role of MDM is its application in CCT computation, because \emph{the critical stability of the system is fully determined by the critical stability of MDM, according to unity principle.} Therefore, during iterations of fault clearing time when computing CCT, the system operator may only target MDM without observing the rest of critical machines, and the non-global stability margin for the CCT computation can be directly depicted as:
\begin{equation}\label{Eq_Sta_NON}
\boldsymbol{\eta}_{non}=\eta_{MDM}
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  \setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{1pt}
\end{equation}

In (\ref{Eq_Sta_NON}), the stability of the whole system is fully represented by that of the MDM when computing CCT of the system. Detailed analysis about CCT computation is provided in Section VI.

\section{Procedures of the proposed method in transient stability analysis}

\subsection{Application of the proposed method in TSA}
For a certain occurred fault in OTSA, the procedures of parallel monitoring using the proposed method are outlined as follows.

\emph{Step 1:}	Monitor all critical machines in parallel after fault clearing.

\emph{Step 2:}	Along post-fault system trajectory the stability of all critical machines in the system is judged in a machine-by-machine way. The stability of the machine is identified via the occurrence of DLP or DSP, and $\eta_i$ of the critical machine is calculated via IMEAC.

\emph{Step 3:}	If one or more DLPs occur, the first occurred DLP is defined as the leading LOSP, and system is immediately judged as unstable. Meanwhile, the machine with the first occurred DLP is defined as LUM.

\emph{Step 4:}	If DLP does not occur and, instead, DSPs occur one after another until the Kimbark curve of the last critical machine is formed, the system can be judged as stable when the last DSP occurs.

\emph{Step 5:}	At the instant that the Kimbark curve of the last critical machine is formed, the MDM is identified and $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$ is finally obtained.

The procedures of not-all-critical-machines monitoring are almost the same with that of parallel monitoring. The only difference is that the critical machines are not all monitored for the not-all-critical-machines monitoring case.

\subsection{Application of the proposed method in CCT computation}
The procedures of the CCT computation using the proposed method are outlined as follows.

\emph{Step 1:}	For the first few iterations with the system being stable, the MDM is identified by finding the minimum $\eta_i$ among all stable critical machines in the system.

\emph{Step 2:}	Once MDM is identified, only MDM is monitored for the followed iterations.

\emph{Step 3:}	If $\eta_{MDM}>0$ when fault clearing time is $t_u$ and $\eta_{MDM}<0$ when fault clearing time is $t_u+\Delta{t}$, then $t_u$ is set as the CCT of the system.

\section{Simulations of the Proposed Method in TSA}

\subsection{ Parallel Monitoring }

 Here, the small-scale test network TS-1 is provided first to systematically demonstrate the application of the proposed method in OTSA. The fault is [TS-1, bus-21, 0.370s]. The system trajectory is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Sys_Tra_4}.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
\includegraphics[width=3.5in,height=2.8in,keepaspectratio]{Sys_Tra_4.eps}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-2pt}
  \caption{  System trajectory [TS-1, bus-21, 0.37s]}
  \label{Fig_Sys_Tra_4}
\end{figure}

After fault clearing, Machines 33-36 are defined as critical machines. Using the proposed method, along time horizon the system operators focus on following instants.

\emph{DLP33 occurs (0.611s)}: (i) Machine 33 is judged as unstable, and $\eta_{33}$ is obtained. (ii) Machine 33 is identified as LUM.

\emph{DLP36—DLP35 occur (0.671s—0.710s)}: Corresponding critical machines are judged as unstable, and $\eta_{i}$  of them are obtained one after another.

\emph{DLP34 occurs (0.795s)}: (i) Machine 34 is judged as unstable, and $\eta_{34}$  is obtained. (ii) Machine 34 is identified as MDM. (iii) $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$ is obtained.

The stability of the system along time horizon is judged as below:

\emph{DLP33 occurs (0.611s)}: DLP33 is identified as the leading LOSP, and system is judged as unstable.

\emph{DLP34 occurs (0.795s)}: $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$  is obtained.

Kimbark curves of critical machines are shown in Figs. \ref{Fig_Sim_Kim_Cur_5} (a)-(d), respectively. The stability margins of critical machines are shown in Table \ref{Tab_Sta_Mar_CM_2}.

\begin{figure}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.5in,height=5.4in,keepaspectratio]{Sim_Kim_Cur_5}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-2pt}
  \caption{  Simulated Kimbark curves [TS-1, bus-21, 0.370s]. (a-d) Kimbark curves of Machines 33, 36, 35 and 34.}
  \label{Fig_Sim_Kim_Cur_5}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}
\captionsetup{name=\textsc{Table},font={small}}
\vspace{5pt}
\centering
\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
\caption{\textsc{Stability margin of critical machines}}
\vspace{-4pt}
\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{2pt}
\begin{tabular}{cccc}
\hline
Machine No.  & $A_{ACCi} (p.u.)$ & $A_{DECi} (p.u.)$  & $\eta_{i}$ \\
\hline

 33	&0.34	&0.33	&-0.03       \\
36	&2.09	&1.83	&-0.12 \\
35	&3.03	&2.82	&-0.07 \\
34	&0.2816	&0.0717	&-0.75 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{Tab_Sta_Mar_CM_2}
\end{table}

As shown in Table \ref{Tab_Sta_Mar_CM_2}, at the moment of DLP34 occurs, $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$  is finally calculated as [-0.03, -0.12, -0.07, -0.75].

\subsection{Discussion of MDM and LUM}

For the case shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Sys_Tra_4}, Machines 34 and 33 are identified as MDM and LUM, respectively, The occurrence of MDM and LUM along time horizon is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_MDM_LUM_Ide_6}.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.5in,height=5.4in,keepaspectratio]{MDM_LUM_Ide_6}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-2pt}
  \caption{Identification of MDM and LUM [TS-1, bus-21, 0.37s]}
  \label{Fig_MDM_LUM_Ide_6}
\end{figure}

The result shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_MDM_LUM_Ide_6} validates that the MDM and LUM might not be the same machine under certain circumstance. Especially, for the case in Fig. \ref{Fig_Sys_Tra_4}, Machine 33 possesses the highest margin but it is the first one to go unstable, whereas Machine 34 possesses the lowest margin but it is the last one to go unstable. As shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_MDM_LUM_Ide_6}, Machine 34 is still decelerating at the instant of $\text{DLP}_{33}$ (0.611s), which indicates that there might be little correlation between MDM and LUM in some simulation cases.

From simulation results above one can see, along actual post-fault system trajectory the MDM can be identified only when the stability margin of the last critical machine is calculated, because the determination of the minimum margin should be based on acquisition of the stability margin of all critical machines. Comparatively, the identification of LUM may be more ``important" than MDM in TSA because both the instability of the system and leading LOSP can be immediately identified when LUM occurs without waiting for the occurrence of MDM. And the system operators should already be prepared to take proactive controlling actions at the instant when the leading LOSP occurs.

\subsection{Not-all-critical-machines Monitoring }

For the case in Fig. \ref{Fig_Sys_Tra_4}, assume the system operator neglects monitoring Machine 34 after fault clearing, then only three critical machines are monitored. Under this circumstance, the instability of the system still can still be rightly identified when DLP33 occurs. Later, Machines 36 and 35 are both judged as unstable consecutively. Meanwhile, at the instant of DLP35 $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{non}$  is finally calculated as [-0.03, -0.12, -0.07, N/A].

From analysis above, although $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$  cannot be obtained due to the unmonitored Machine 34, both the stability state and leading LOSP of the system can still be rightly identified via the three monitored machines, which indicates that $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{non}$  could partially represent the margin of the system.

\section{Applications of the Proposed Method in CCT Computation}

In this section, a simulation case is provided to illustrate the relationship between the critical stability of the critical machines and that of the system. The CCT of the system for the fault [TS-1, bus-19] is 0.215s according to the time-domain simulation. Machines 33, 34 and 39 are critical machines. The critical stable and critical unstable system trajectory are shown in Figs. \ref{Fig_Sim_Tra_7} (a) and (b), respectively. Kimbark curves of critical machine 34 in both cases are shown in Figs. \ref{Fig_Kim_Dia_8} (a) and (b), respectively.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.5in,height=5.4in,keepaspectratio]{Sim_Tra_7}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-2pt}
  \caption{Simulated system trajectory. (a) critical stable case. (b) critical unstable case}
  \label{Fig_Sim_Tra_7}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.5in,height=2.4in,keepaspectratio]{Kim_Dia_8}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-2pt}
  \caption{Kimbark curve of stable couple machines}
  \label{Fig_Kim_Dia_8}
\end{figure}

In Figs. \ref{Fig_Sim_Tra_7} (a) and (b), we observe the critical stable and critical unstable system trajectories from the perspective of individual machine. When fault clearing time is 0.215s, Machine 34 (i.e., IMT34) is critical stable whereas Machines 33 and 39 are marginal stable, thus the system trajectory is kept stable, as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Kim_Dia_8} (a). When fault clearing time is slightly increased to 0.216s, Machines 33 and 39 are still marginal stable. Yet, Machine 34 starts separating from the system at $\text{CDLP}_{34}$ and finally goes unstable, causing the system to go unstable, as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Kim_Dia_8} (b). From analysis above, the critical stability of Machine 34 fully determines the critical stability of the system, and the real inflection point of the critical stable system trajectory is $\text{CDLP}_{34}$.

The variation of the $\text{IMT}_{34}$ with the change of fault clearing time is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Var_IMT_9}. The stability margins of critical machines are shown in Table \ref{Tab_Var_Sta_Mar_3}.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.5in,height=2.4in,keepaspectratio]{Var_IMT_9}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-2pt}
  \caption{Kimbark curve of the critical stable couple machines}
  \label{Fig_Var_IMT_9}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}
\captionsetup{name=\textsc{Table},font={small}}
\vspace{5pt}
\centering
\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
\caption{\textsc{Variations of the stability margins of critical machines with the increase of fault clearing time}}
\vspace{-4pt}
\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{2pt}
\begin{tabular}{cccc}
\hline
CT(s)  & Machine No. & $\eta_{i}$  & MDM No. \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*} {0.213}  & 34   & \underline{0.112 }& \multirow{3}{*} {34} \\
                         &33	&1.055 & \\
                         &39	&1.440 &  \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*} {0.214}  & 34   &  \underline{0.104} & \multirow{3}{*} {34} \\
                         &33	&1.047 & \\
                         &39	&1.428 &  \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*} {0.215}  & 34   &  \underline{0.068} & \multirow{3}{*} {34} \\
                         &33	&1.038 & \\
                         &39	&1.416 &  \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*} {0.216}  & 34   &  \underline{-0.001} & \multirow{3}{*} {34} \\
                         &33	&1.026 & \\
                         &39	&1.405 &  \\
\hline
\multirow{3}{*} {0.216}  & 34   &  \underline{-0.005} & \multirow{3}{*} {34} \\
                         &33	&1.021 & \\
                         &39	&1.392 &  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{Tab_Var_Sta_Mar_3}
\end{table}

Following the procedures of the CCT computation as in Section IV.B, after first few iterations, it can be confirmed Machine 34 is the MDM as ${\eta}_{34}$  is much lower than ${\eta}_{33}$  and ${\eta}_{39}$  as shown in Table \ref{Tab_Var_Sta_Mar_3}, thus the system operator may only monitor Machine 34 in the followed iterations (${\eta}_{33}$  and ${\eta}_{39}$  are also shown in the table to demonstrate the variation of the margin). Later, with the increase of fault clearing time, Machine 34 is still kept as MDM all along. When fault clearing time is 0.216s, ${\eta}_{34}$  changes from positive to negative and Machine 34 becomes critical unstable, which causes the system to go critical unstable. Under this circumstance, Machine 34 is not only MDM but also LUM. Meanwhile, both ${\eta}_{33}$  and ${\eta}_{39}$  keep decreasing with the increase of fault clearing time. This is because both critical machines are disturbed more severely with the increase of fault clearing time. Yet, compared with ${\eta}_{34}$ , ${\eta}_{33}$  and ${\eta}_{39}$  are still quite high, which means that stability of Machines 33 and 39 will not affect the critical stability of the system. This validates that it is only the critical stability of Machine 34 that determines the critical stability of the system.

For some cases, it is possible that some critical machines might be highly correlated and they may all change from being critical stable to being critical unstable, as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Sim_Tra_10}.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.5in,height=4.8in,keepaspectratio]{Sim_Tra_10}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-2pt}
  \caption{  Simulated system trajectory [TS-1, bus-22, 0.295s], [TS-1, bus-22, 0.296s]. (a) critical stable case. (b) critical unstable case.}
  \label{Fig_Sim_Tra_10}
\end{figure}

For the case in Fig. \ref{Fig_Sim_Tra_10}, Machines 33-36 should all be determined as MDMs and thus should be monitored in parallel. However, the critical instability of the system can be identified once the LUM among these MDMs occurs without waiting for the occurrence of DLPs of other unstable critical machines. For instance, in this case Machines 33-36 all go critical unstable when fault clearing time is 0.30s, yet the critical instability of the system can be immediately identified when the DLP of the LUM (CDLP33) occurs at 0.58s, as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Sim_Tra_7} (b).

Detailed calculations of the CCT in different test systems are shown in Table \ref{Tab_Cpt_CCT_4}. The simulation step-size is set as 0.01s. Results reveal that the computed CCT is precisely identical to time domain simulations.

\begin{table}
\captionsetup{name=\textsc{Table},font={small}}
\vspace{5pt}
\centering
\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
\caption{\textsc{Calculations of CCT using proposed method}}
\vspace{-4pt}
\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{2pt}
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\hline
Fault & Simulation & Proposed & MDM & LUM \\
location & ( s) &  method (s) & No. & No.\\
\hline
*TS-1, bus-34	&0.20	&0.20	&34	&34\\
*TS-1, bus-35	&0.30	&0.30	&35, 36	&36\\
*TS-1, bus-36	&0.26	&0.26	&36	&36\\
*TS-1, bus-37	&0.24	&0.24	&37	&37\\
TS-1, bus-4	    &0.44	&0.44	&31, 32	&32\\
TS-1, bus-15	&0.49	&0.49	&33-36	&33\\
TS-1, bus-21	&0.35	&0.35	&33-36	&33\\
TS-1, bus-24	&0.37	&0.37	&33-36	&33\\
*TS-2, bus-10	&0.19	&0.19	&2	&2\\
*TS-2, bus-12	&0.50	&0.50	&2	&2\\
*TS-2, bus-25	&0.34	&0.34	&4, 5	&5\\
*TS-2, bus-40	&0.57	&0.57	&8	&8\\
*TS-2, bus-66	&0.34	&0.34	&14	&14\\
TS-2, bus-5	    &0.27	&0.27	&2	&2\\
TS-2, bus-64	&0.71	&0.71	&12	&12\\
TS-2, bus-104	&0.37	&0.37	&20	&20\\
\hline
\multicolumn{5}{c}{('*': Fault occurs at the terminal of the machine;``MDM No.": \quad the \quad }\\
\multicolumn{5}{c}{MDM(s) when system is critical stable; ``LUM No": the LUM when \qquad }\\
\multicolumn{5}{c}{system goes critical unstable) \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad  \qquad  \qquad  \qquad  \qquad}\\
\end{tabular}
\label{Tab_Cpt_CCT_4}
\end{table}

\section{Comparison between CUEP Method and Proposed Method}

\subsection{CUEP Method}

 The analysis in this section is fully based on the classic simulation cases in Ref. \cite{Fouad1989Critical}. All parameters of CUEP method follow the forms in Ref. \cite{Fouad1989Critical}. The critical unstable case is set as [TS-2, bus-12, 0.510s] \cite{Fouad1989Critical}. Machines 2 and 3 are critical machines with only Machine 2 going critical unstable in this case.

In CUEP method, Fouad assumed that only critical machines might go unstable and the concept of ``approximate $\theta^{u}$" is proposed to initiate CUEP. To be specific, for the case above Fouad assumed that only Machines 2 and 3 might go unstable. In this way the possible combinations of the MODs are only three types, as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Pos_Mod_CUEP_11}.

\begin{figure*}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=6.98in,height=2.82in,keepaspectratio]{Pos_Mod_CUEP_11}\\
    \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  \caption{Possible MODs in CUEP method}
  \label{Fig_Pos_Mod_CUEP_11}
\end{figure*}

As shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Pos_Mod_CUEP_11}, the approximate $\theta^{u}s$ for initiation are $\underline{\theta_{2}^{u}}$, $\underline{\theta_{3}^{u}}$  and $\underline{\theta_{2,3}^{u}}$ \cite{Fouad1989Critical}. Further, the CUEP and the corresponding real MOD are identified via the computation of the lowest global critical energy. In this case the CUEP is computed as $\theta_{2}$, $\theta_{2,CUEP}=2.183$ rad and the real MOD is finally identified as only Machine 2 going unstable \cite{Fouad1989Critical}.

\subsection{Proposed Method }

Compared with the CUEP method that generates possible MODs first and then identifies the real MOD via the calculation of CUEP, the proposed method works in a more intuitive way, because the proposed method directly monitors the IMTs of Machines 2 and 3 in parallel, as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_IMT_Mac_12}. Simulation results show that $\text{DSP}_{3}$ and $\text{DLP}_{2}$ occur at 0.613s and 0.948s, respectively. The Kimbark curves of the Machines 2 and 3 are shown in Figs. \ref{Fig_Sim_Kim_Cur_13} (a) and (b), respectively. The stability margins of Machines 2 and 3 are shown in Table \ref{Tab_Sta_Mar_CM_5}.

\begin{figure}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.7in,height=2.4in,keepaspectratio]{IMT_Mac_12}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  \caption{IMTs of Machines 2 and 3}
  \label{Fig_IMT_Mac_12}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.5in,height=2.4in,keepaspectratio]{Sim_Kim_Cur_13}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  \caption{ Simulated Kimbark curves (a) Machine 2. (b) Machine 3}
  \label{Fig_Sim_Kim_Cur_13}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}
\captionsetup{name=\textsc{Table},font={small}}
\vspace{5pt}
\centering
\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
\caption{\textsc{ Stability margin of critical machines}}
\vspace{-4pt}
\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{2pt}
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\hline
Machine No.  & $A_{ACCi} (p.u.)$ & $A_{DECi} (p.u.)$ & $A_{ACCi}^{EXT} (p.u.)$ & $\eta_{i}$ \\
\hline
Machine 2	&0.97	&0.96	&N/A	&-0.01 \\
Machine 3	&1.17	&1.17	&1.03	&0.88\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{Tab_Sta_Mar_CM_5}
\end{table}

From analysis above, Machine 3 is judged as stable at $\text{DSP}_{3}$. Later, Machine 2 is judged as unstable at $\text{DLP}_{2}$, which directly causes the system to go unstable. Thus the MOD is identified via the stability judgement of each critical machine without using CUEP.

\section{Comparison between IEEAC method and Proposed Method}

In this section, comparisons between IEEAC method and the proposed method are provided to demonstrate the application of the proposed method when identifying the inter-area instability in OTSA. The TS-3 is a practical 2766-bus, 146-unit interconnected system. SYSTEM\_LC is a regional system with 8 units, while SYSTM\_SD is a main system with 138 units. SYSTEM\_LC and SYSTM\_SD are connected through a 500 kV double-DC transmission lines. Five-order dynamic generator model with excitation and governor is utilized for simulation. The load consists of constant power load, constant impedance load, composite load and electric motor. Geographical layout of the interconnected system is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Geo_lay_Int_14}. The fault location is set at 90\% of Line LIAOC\_TANZ that is close to TANZ. Three phase short circuit event occurs at 0.00s and is cleared at 0.22s (CCT is 0.16s). In this case all machines in SYSTEM\_LC accelerate with respect to SYSTEM\_SD after fault is cleared, thus the separation mode of the interconnected system is a typical inter-area instability mode.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.6in,height=2.4in,keepaspectratio]{Geo_lay_Int_14}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  \caption{Geographical layout of the interconnected system.}
  \label{Fig_Geo_lay_Int_14}
\end{figure}

\subsection{IEEAC Method}

The simulated rotor angles of the interconnected system in synchronous reference is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Rot_Ang_Int_15}.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.6in,height=2.4in,keepaspectratio]{Rot_Ang_Int_15}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  \caption{Rotor angles of the interconnected system in synchronous reference [TS-3, line-LIAOC\_TANZ, 0.22s]}
  \label{Fig_Rot_Ang_Int_15}
\end{figure}

For simplification, $\Omega_{n_LC}$ is defined as the set with [Gen. \#XW, Gen. \#HY, Gen. \#CP, Gen. \# XYRD], $\Omega_{LC}$  is defined as the set with [Gen. \#LC1, Gen. \#LC2, Gen.\#LCR1, Gen. \#LCR2], and $\Omega_{SD}$  is defined as the set with all machines in SYSTEM\_SD. Using IEEAC method, all machines in the interconnected system after fault clearing are separated into the critical group $\Omega_{A}$  and the non-critical group$\Omega_{S}$ . Possible group separation modes are given as follows:

Mode-1: $\Omega_{A}$  is set as $\Omega_{LC}$, and $\Omega_{S}$ is set as $\Omega_{s_LC}\cup\Omega_{SD}$;
Mode-2: $\Omega_{A}$ is set as $\Omega_{LC}\cup\Omega_{s_LC}$, and $\Omega_{S}$ is set as $\Omega_{SD}$.

After calculating the stability margin of the OMIB system for the above two modes \cite{Yin2011An}, the Mode-2 whose OMIB system possesses a lower margin is finally identified as the dominate group separation mode. In this mode, eight machines in $\Omega_{LC}\cup\Omega_{s_LC}$ and 138 machines in $\Omega_{SD}$ are equated as Machine-A and Machine-S, respectively. The Kimbark curve of the equated OMIB system is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Kim_Cur_OMIB_16}. Notice that the equivalent Pm in the figure is not a horizontal line as the governors are deployed.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.6in,height=2.4in,keepaspectratio]{Kim_Cur_OMIB_16}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  \caption{Rotor angles of the interconnected system in synchronous reference [TS-3, line-LIAOC\_TANZ, 0.22s]}
  \label{Fig_Kim_Cur_OMIB_16}
\end{figure}

From Fig. \ref{Fig_Kim_Cur_OMIB_16}, the Kimbark curve of the OMIB system goes across dynamic saddle point \cite{Yin2011An} at 0.89s. At this instant the interconnected system is judged to go unstable, the inter-area instability is identified and the stability margin of the interconnected system $\eta_{OMIB}$ is also obtained.

\subsection{Proposed Method (parallel monitoring)}

Using proposed method, the rotor angles of the interconnected system is first depicted in COI reference, as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Rot_Ang_IS_COI_17}.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.6in,height=2.4in,keepaspectratio]{Rot_Ang_IS_COI_17}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  \caption{Rotor angles of the interconnected system in synchronous reference [TS-3, line-LIAOC\_TANZ, 0.22s]}
  \label{Fig_Rot_Ang_IS_COI_17}
\end{figure}

After fault clearing, all machines in SYSTEM\_LC are identified as critical machines. Unlike the IEEAC method that separates all machines in the interconnected system into two groups, using proposed method the system operator monitors all critical machines in SYSTEM\_LC in parallel, as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Rot_Ang_IS_COI_17}. The occurrence of DLPs of these critical machines along time horizon is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Ocu_DLP_18}. The Kimbark curves of Gen. \#XYRD and Gen. \#LCR2 are shown in Figs. \ref{Fig_Sim_Kim_Cur_19} (a) and (b), respectively.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.6in,height=2.4in,keepaspectratio]{Sim_Kim_Cur_19}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  \caption{ Occurrence of DLPs along time horizon.}
  \label{Fig_Sim_Kim_Cur_19}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.6in,height=2.4in,keepaspectratio]{Ocu_DLP_18}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  \caption{Simulated Kimbark curves. (a) Gen. \#XYRD. (b) Gen. \#LCR2.}
  \label{Fig_Ocu_DLP_18}
\end{figure}

According to Fig. \ref{Fig_Ocu_DLP_18}, along time horizon the system operator focuses on following instants.

\emph{$\text{DLP}_{\text{XYRD}}$ occurs (0.79s)}: Gen. \#XYRD is judged as unstable.

\emph{DLPHY-DLPLC2 occur (from 0.80s to 1.03s)}: The corresponding critical machines are judged as unstable consecutively.

\emph{$DLP_{LC1}$ occurs (1.07s)}: Gen. \#LC1 is judged as unstable.

The stability of the system is judged as follows:

\emph{$\text{DLP}_{\text{XYRD}}$ occurs (0.79s)}: $\text{DLP}_{\text{XYRD}}$ is identified as the leading LOSP, and the interconnected system is judged as unstable. Yet, the inter-area instability cannot be identified because the instability of other critical machines in SYSTEM\_LC is still unknown.

\emph{$DLP_{LC1}$  occurs (1.07s)}: The inter-area instability is identified because all critical machines in SYSTEM\_LC are judged as unstable at the instant and $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$  is finally obtained.

From analysis above, using the proposed method the instability of the interconnected system can be judged earlier than IEEAC method ($\text{DLP}_{\text{XYRD}}$ occurs earlier than dynamic saddle point), yet the \emph{inter-area instability} is identified later than IEEEAC method ($\text{DLP}_{\text{LC1}}$ occurs later than dynamic saddle point). In addition, in IEEAC method, the stability judgement of the system, identification of the inter-area instability and $\eta_{OMIB}$ are obtained simultaneously when the dynamic saddle point occurs, as demonstrated in Fig. \ref{Fig_Kim_Cur_OMIB_16}. Comparatively, using the proposed method the instability of the interconnected system can be identified once the leading LOSP ($\text{DLP}_{\text{XYRD}}$) occurs, but the inter-area instability and $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$ cannot be obtained until the last DLP (DLPLC1) occurs. This fully proves that the stability judgement of the system is independent of the identification of both the inter-area instability and calculation of $\boldsymbol{\eta}_{sys}$ when using the proposed method.

\subsection{Proposed Method (not-all-critical-machines monitoring) }

From analysis in Section VIII.B, theoretically the inter-area instability can be identified only when the last DLP in SYSTEM\_LC, i.e., $\text{DLP}_{\text{LC1}}$ occurs. However, in real online security control, at the instant of $\text{DLP}_{\text{LCR1}}$ occurs, the system operator can comprehend that SYSTEM\_LC is severely disturbed as most critical machines (six machines) in SYSTEM\_LC already have gone unstable. In this grim situation, the system operator might terminate monitoring the rest of the critical machines and give up identifying inter-area instability. Further, forceful proactive controlling actions may be enforced to SYSTEM\_LC (such as emergency DC power support) as most critical machines in SYSTEM\_LC are identified to go unstable.

\subsection{Separation of a pair of machines}

 From the analysis in the first paper \cite{Wang2017Stability}, an individual machine in COI reference is an IVCS that is formed by a ``pair" of machines in synchronous reference, i.e., the individual machine and the virtual COI machine. In the following analysis, we further demonstrate the mechanisms of IEEAC method and that of the proposed method in synchronous reference. The trajectories of COI machines (Machine-A, Machine-S and the virtual COI machine) in synchronous reference are shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Sep_Pai_Mac_20}. Notice that, rotor angles of machines in SYSTEM\_SD are not shown in the figure.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{5pt}
\captionsetup{name=Fig.,font={small},singlelinecheck=off,justification=raggedright}
  \includegraphics[width=3.6in,height=2.4in,keepaspectratio]{Sep_Pai_Mac_20}\\
  \setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{-5pt}
  \setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  \caption{ Separation between a pair of machines [TS-3, line-LIAOC\_TANZ, 0.22s].}
  \label{Fig_Sep_Pai_Mac_20}
\end{figure}

It can be seen from Fig. \ref{Fig_Sep_Pai_Mac_20} that both the IEEAC method and the proposed method depict the power system transient stability via the separation of a \emph{pair} of machines. The only difference between them is the formation of the pairs. To be specific, for IEEAC method, the inter-area instability of the interconnected system is depicted as the separation between a ``pair" of equivalent machines, i.e., Machine-A and Machine-S are equivalent machines of the two regional systems. Comparatively, using the proposed method the inter-area instability is depicted as the separation between eight ``pairs" of machines, i.e., the pairs formed by eight individual machines in SYSTEM\_LC and the virtual COI machine. Moreover, using the proposed method the instability (not inter-area instability) of the interconnected system can be directly depicted by the separation of only \emph{one pair of machines}.

From Fig. \ref{Fig_Sep_Pai_Mac_20}, the rotor angles of Machine-S and that of the virtual COI machine are quite close, because non-critical machines in SYSTEM\_SD are majorities after fault clearing. Therefore, since Machine-A is the equivalence of all machines in SYSTEM\_LC, the dynamic saddle point in the OMIB system can also be seen as an ``equivalence" of the DLPs of all critical machines in SYSTEM\_LC, as shown in Fig. \ref{Fig_Sep_Pai_Mac_20}. This can explain the reason why the instability of the interconnected system can be determined earlier while the inter-area instability is identified later than IEEAC method when using the proposed method in TSA.

\section{Conclusion and discussion}

This paper applies the proposed direct-time-domain method for TSA and CCT computation. The stability margin of the system is defined as a vector with its components being the stability margins of all critical machines. Such definition can facilitate parallel monitoring of critical machines in TSA. And this definition further leads to the concept of non-global stability margin, which allows the system operators to give up monitoring some critical machines if they have already comprehend the key transient characteristics of the system. Especially, for the CCT computation, only the MDM is monitored, wherein, the not-all-critical-machines monitoring for MDM is effective to grasp the transition of the system from being stable to being unstable. We also clarify that MDM and LUM might be two different machines for some cases.

Compared with the CUEP method, the proposed method can directly identify MOD via the stability identification of each critical machine of the system. Similar to the IEEAC method, the proposed method also depicts the transient instability of the system through the separation of a pair of machines. The essential difference between the two methods is the formation of the pairs.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
A Louka-kolostor (, ) egy egykori premontrei kolostor a csehországi Znojmóban, a Dél-Morva régióban.

Története

A kolostor alapítása

A Judith von Wittelsbach által 1048-ban vagy 1056-ban alapított kápolna helyett II. Konrád cseh fejedelem és édesanyja, Mária 1190-ben kolostort alapított, amelyet gazdagon ellátva átadtak a premontreieknek. Az adomány tartalmazta az altharti és lodenitzi birtokokat. A monostor így Dél-Morvaországban fontos szerepet játszott.

Annak érdekében, hogy Znaimnak az I. Ottokár cseh király által óhajtott bővítését folytatni lehessen, a város területén földcseréről kellett tárgyalni a kolostorral, amelyre 1226. szeptember 19-én került sor.

Története során a kolostort többször kifosztották, például 1242-ben Vitéz Frigyes csapatai, 1252/1253-ban IV. Béla magyar király kunjai. Az ebből eredő gazdasági hanyatlás miatt a kolostor ezután megtagadta a befizetéseket a római pápának. Az ez által kiváltott vita során a klosterbrucki szerzeteseket 1391-ben kiközösítették. Ezt az intézkedést csak az 1392-es befizetés után vonták vissza.

1370-ben Marquard és Johann von Schenkenberg kolostornak megszerezte a Chlupice-birtokot. Albrecht főherceg 1421-ben elfoglalta a kolostort, hogy megvédje a huszitáktól, akik 1422. november 14-én ennek ellenére meghódították és felgyújtották. 1440-ben megkezdődött a gótikus stílusú újjáépítés, beleértve azt a palotát is, ahol Judith von Wittelsbach egykor élt. A munkálatokat Niklas von Edelspitz építőmester végezte, és 1498-ig tartott. Ez idő alatt építette a városháza tornyát is Znaimban. Graduáléja 1499-ből származik.

1528 körül a felelős személyek rossz gazdálkodása és Luther Márton tanításainak terjedése a kolostor gazdasági és vallási szempontból újbóli hanyatlásához vezetett.

Bár I. Sebastian apát 1572-től gazdaságilag és vallásilag is helyre tudta állítani a kolostort, és létrehozta a nyomdát, a kanonokokat 1620-ban kiutasították a kolostorból. Csak ugyanazon év novemberében, a fehérhegyi csata után térhettek vissza. 1645 márciusában a svédek is kifosztották Klosterbruckot.

1680-ban nyolc évig tartó átalakítási és újjáépítési munkálatok kezdődtek. 1692-ben a kolostor 35 300 rajnai guldenért megvásárolta a mislitzi uradalom egy részét a mislitzi piaccal (Mitterdorf és Böhmdorf Miroslaw kastélyával), Wenzelsdorf falut és tartozékait Ferdinand von Morzintól; ehhez társult az altharti és klupitzi birtok eladási kötelezettsége. 1693. november 11-én Gregor Klein apát eladta a Klupitz-birtokot Maximilian Ernst Jankovsky von Vlashingnek.

Az első sziléziai háború alkalmával Mária Terézia Klosterbruckba érkezett. Az osztrák hadiláda adományáért cserébe a kolostor hadiadó-mentességet kapott.

Miután a porosz huszárok elfoglalták Klosterbruckot 1742. február 16-án, a kolostort magas hadisarc megfizetésére kötelezték. II. Frigyes porosz király többször is "meglátogatta" a kolostort. Többek között a harangok érdekelték, amelyeket állítólag aranyból és ezüstből öntöttek.

Feloszlatása
A klosterbrucki apátságot 1748-tól Franz Anton Pilgram tervei alapján építették újjá. A tervek szerint egy hatalmas négyszögletű, saroktornyos épület, a belső udvarban kert volt, amelybe az új épületbe integrált templomnak kellett benyúlnia. 1761 és 1778 között Franz Anton Hillebrandt megtérése folytatódott. A jozefini reformok során azonban a kolostort 1784-ben feloszlatták.

Ekkor már csak a teljes keleti szárny, valamint a szomszédos északi és déli szárny nagy része készült el. A művészi tervezésben olyan fontos művészek vettek részt, mint Johann Baptist Wenzel Bergl vagy Franz Anton Maulbertsch .

A kolostor feloszlatása után a kollégiumi könyvtár és annak berendezése a strahovi kolostorba került, a nyomtatványok és kéziratok egyéb állományai pedig más könyvtárakba. Az összes többi könyvet 1790. november 14-én elárverezték. Ily módon klosterbrucki könyvek a znaimi kapucinus kolostor könyvtárába is bekerültek.

A kolostor épületét dohánygyárként, katonai akadémiaként, végül a 20. századig  laktanyaként használták. A templom, amit érdemes megnézni, plébánia maradt. A kolostort ma a Znovín Znojmo bortermelő látogatóközpontként és bormúzeumként használja, és látogatható. Morvaország legrégebbi fennmaradt orgonája a Szent Vencel-templomban található.

A kiterjedt kolostorvagyonból alakultak ki Klosterbruck, Butsch, Lechwitz, Mißlitz, Krawska, Mühlfraun és a Zuckerhandl birtokok, amelyeket a vallási alaphoz rendeltek és a Morva-Sziléziai Állami Jószágigazgatás kezelt. A 19. században nagyrészt elárverezték. 1827. január 2-án a Morva-Sziléziai Állami Vagyonértékesítő Bizottság eladta a klosterbrucki uradalmi birtokot a hozzátartozó Tasswitz-St. javakkal együtt. Clara és Alt-Schallersdorf Karl Emanuel és Leopold von Liebenberg de Zsittin bécsi bankároknak.

A Genius Akadémia
Az akadémiát – a (leendő) úttörők képzési központjaként – a 18. század végén kellett volna költöztetni Bécsből, de a tervet ismét elvetették.

1851 februárja után a Császári és Királyi Katonai Műszaki Akadémia keretében Bécsben egy k.u.k. Genius Akadémiát alakítottak ki és ennek megfelelően a tantervet is megváltoztatták, az új akadémiát rövid időn belül Ferenc József császár parancsára átköltöztették a Bruck-kolostorba. Mivel a kolostorban csak a bentlakásos iskola és az akadémia vezetőségének hivatali lakásai helyezkedtek el, a szintén korabeli dohánygyár épületeit az akadémia céljára alakították át. Csak egy kis lovardát kellett újjáépíteni. Meg kell jegyezni, hogy ezt a döntést egy megbízás alapján eljáró bizottság hozta meg, bár ismert volt, hogy nincs tiszta ivóvíz, ami miatt a Thaya menti lakosság többször is kolerajárványokban szenvedett.

A szervezeti változások és az áthelyezés következtében a tanárok és dolgozók nagy része korkedvezményes nyugdíjba vonult, vagy áthelyeztette magát, és az első tanfolyamot nem sikerült megtartani a tervek szerint.

Személyiségek
 Prokop Diviš (1698–1765), aki 1720-ban csatlakozott a premontrei rendhez Klosterbruckban, cseh premontrei kanonok, tudós és feltaláló volt.
 Johann Jahn (1750–1816), katolikus teológus és orientalista, a kolostorban tanult és tanított
 Klemens Maria Hofbauer (1751–1820) 1770 körül költözött a znojmói pékségből a klosterbrucki apátságba, ahol először a kolostor pékségében dolgozott, majd az apát magánszolgája lett. A négyosztályos kolostori iskola első négy osztályát is itt járta ki. 1774-ben elhagyta Klosterbruckot, és remete lett.
 Hermine von Janda (1854–1925), táj- és virágfestőnő
 Wilhelm Carl Gustav Ritter von Doderer (1854–1932), osztrák építészmérnök és építőipari vállalkozó

Irodalom
 Hellmut Bornemann: A klosterbrucki apátság 800 éve (1190–1990). A Dél-Morva Tájtanács kiadója, Geislingen an der Steige, 1990,
 Irene Crusius, Helmut Flachenecker (szerk. ): Tanulmányok a Premontrei Rendről, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 2003,  (A Max Planck Történeti Intézet publikációi 185.) (Studies on the Germania Sacra 25.)
 Friedrich Gatti: A KK mérnöki és a KK Genie Akadémia története, 1717–1869. Megbízásra W. Braumüllerrel, Bécs, 1901

Jegyzetek

Fordítás

További információk
 Kezdőlap (cseh)
 A kolostor leírása  (csehül)
 Znaim  am Südmörenwiki (németül)
 Klosterbruck - kísérlet egy új barokk "Salamon király" templom létrehozására
 Graduale monasterii O. Praem Lucensis
Lapok ellenőrizetlen fordításokkal
Csehország katolikus templomai, kolostorai

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Stephen King's Hearts in Atlantis is Becoming a Movie
1:49 AM - 09/22/2016
Stephen King's prose provided the source material for a great deal of movies and TV shows until now starting with his first novel Carrie (1974) being adapted to a movie in 1976. The latest one among his books to be adapted is Hearts in Atlantis (1999).
If you will remember there is already a movie named Hearts in Atlantis dated 2001, however, this movie was not based on Hearts in Atlantis novella but on two different stories in the collection; Low Men in Yellow Coats and Heavenly Shades of Night Are Falling.
Variety reports that the new Hearts in Atlantis film, which will be titled Hearts, will be directed by Johannes Roberts while Ernest Riera will write the script. These two work together frequently and recently they worked on the horror movie The Other Side of The Door together. It turns our Hearts in Atlantis is Roberts' favorite King story which will in turn make the movie a true passion project for Roberts. King also endorsed the project. This sounds a like a great movie. We will keep you updated by social media follow us on Facebook!
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: size of java byte[] in memory So i created a very large array of byte[] so something like byte[50,000,000][16].. so according to my math thats 800,000,000 bytes which is 0.8GB plus some overhead.
To my surprise when to do
memoryBefore = runtime.totalMemory() - runtime.freeMemory()

its using 1.8GB of memory. when i point a profiler  at it i get this
https://www.dropbox.com/s/el9vlav5ylg781z/Screen%20Shot%202015-08-30%20at%202.55.00%20pm.png?dl=0
I can see most byte[] are 24bytes not 16 as expected and i see quite a few much larger byte[] of size 472 or more.. Does anyone know whats going on here?
Thanks for reading

A: All objects have an overhead to maintain the object, information like "type" aka Class. See What is the memory consumption of an object in Java?.
Arrays also have a length, and the overhead might be bigger in 64-bit Java.
Since you are allocating 50,000,000 arrays of 16 bytes, you get 50_000_000 * (16 + overhead) + (overhead + 50_000_000 * pointerSize). Second part is the outer array of arrays.
Depending on your requirements, you might be able to improve this in one of two ways:

*

*Flip the indices of you 2-dimensional array to byte[16][50_000_000]. This reduces overhead from 50,000,001 to 17 and reduced outer array size.

*Use a single array byte[16 * 50_000_000] and do offset logic yourself. This will keep your 16 bytes contiguous and eliminate all overhead.

A:
I can see most byte[] are 24bytes not 16

An object in Java has a couple of words of header information, in addition to the space that holds the object's fields.  In the case of an array, there is an additional word to hold the array's length field.  The length actually needs 4 bytes ('cos length is an int), but the JVM is most likely aligning to an 8 byte boundary on your platform.
If you are seeing 16 byte arrays occupying 24 bytes, then that accounting of space is most likely including (just) the length word.
(Note that the actual space occupied by object / array headers is JVM and platform specific.)

... I see quite a few much larger byte[] of size 472 or more.

Those are unrelated.  If some other part of your code is not creating them explicitly, they are most likely created by Java runtime libraries.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I inserted a video (mp4) into my HP Art course and when I publish the file, the video includes scroll bars down the side and at the bottom. Even if I maximize my screen when navigating the course, the video dimenstions are too large and require scrolling to view portions of the video. Does anyone know how to fix this issue? Do I need to edit the video to resize it? If so, what should it be sized to? Are there setting within ART that will handle the video display and fix this problem?
If your users will be viewing the content at a resolution of 1280 x 1024, it might make sense to record the content at a slightly smaller resolution so that the entire window will fit at that resolution without scroll bars and without resizing the screen image.
That said, you can set the maximum screen size and screen size to something smaller than the resolution at which you are recording to make sure it all fits if you'd rather not re-record at a smaller resolution. This will require resizing of the screens which can result in some blurriness, however.
For our Learning Series presentations, we want the playback to be able to display at 1024 x 768 without scrolling. We record them at 1024 x 768, then configure the Screen setting to 950 x 850, and the Maximum Screen size to 891 x 668. I came to these numbers through testing and trial and error.
Again, this will result in some degradation of the screen image quality, since the Maximum Screen size is smaller than the actual screen size. We were going for the "lowest common denominator" in our case since we don't know how small the screens of our viewers will be. 1024 x 768 also tends to be best for viewing on mobile devices.
I hope this information was in somekind of use to you.


Hotel Mar Ligure offers a restaurant and bar / lounge where guests can relax with a drink. Breakfast is included in the price. Wireless Internet access is free. 90 square meters of event space with a meeting room are available. This business-friendly hotel also offers a terrace, tour / ticket assistance, and multilingual staff. On-site parking is free.
We offer our guests single, double and triple rooms with special accommodation solutions for groups. Breakfast and special solutions for meals are at your disposal for the choice that best suits your needs. Contact us immediately, you will find an employee who will answer all your questions and will be ready to accommodate your booking for short or long periods.


Golden Bear Realty will host an artist reception and exhibit of the work of Colleen Parker of Kiawah Island on Wednesday, November 1 from 4:30 pm to 7:00 pm. All local residents and friends are invited! This is the real estate office's second event in their Local Art Initiative series which benefits The Campaign to build the MUSC Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital. As members of the island communities, Golden Bear supports both local artists and their primary charities. All artwork will be for sale by the artist and 25% of all sales will be donated to the cause.
Colleen Parker is a representational oil painter with a special interest in plein air painting. She has studied with many well-known contemporary artists including Mark Horton, Chris Groves, Larry Moore, Laurie Meyer, Dee Beard Dean and Shannon Smith. She took up painting in 2008 prior to her retirement as a physician. She and her husband Scott are residents of Kiawah Island, SC. Please visit her website at http://www.colleenparkerart.com.


Concept Design, Inc. specializes in both residential and commercial projects. We are a full service design firm with a concentration on creating a unique interior environment tailored to suit your specific needs. Our mission is to be an asset to our clients by providing them with a large array of resources at our finger tips from many years in the design and furniture industry. Tamra is an Orange County based interior designer recognized for her fresh thoughtful aesthetic. The interior spaces she is entrusted with serve as her canvas to celebrate the power of good design. Her boutique firm prides itself in continuing to provide the impeccable service her reputation is built around. Since establishing Concept Design, Inc. in 1999, Tamra has collaborated with discriminating clientele in such places as San Clemente, Newport Beach, Corona Del Mar, Mammoth Mountain, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Maui and Lebanon to create luxurious interiors to the delight of her clients. Her clients are assured of the highest quality home furnishings, textiles, art and accessories our local tradesman and/or the world have to offer. Tamra works from a research-based perspective, in combination with a design education and work experience in several interior design firms. She received a degree in Interior Design from Interior Designers Institute after attending California State University, Long Beach.
Creative "out of the box" design solutions for YOUR home. Voted Best Design Firm in San Diego; we create homes that celebrate life!
I am a free lance interior designer. I have been working in the design field for 15+ years. Simplistic, chic designs are my specialty. I manage new builds, remodels or simply consult on furniture.
From cool and casual sophistication to exquisite formal expressions, Erica Bryen Design has imagination & ingenuity, two factors that allow us to consistently exceed the needs of our unique clientele.
Your home should be a haven. DMi recognizes this and approaches every project by listening to the needs of the client and creating a stylish, comfortable interior.
The objective of Insert Design is to provide a tailored and personal design experience. We use our thirty years of combined experience to create a beautiful reflection of a client's aesthetic.
With a highly collaborative approach and a fresh perspective, Lotus Interior Design Studios works closely with each client to provide top-notch, custom-tailored design solutions.
Winner of 2016 ASID COC Design Awards for House Under 3,500 s.f. and featured in the ASID Pasadena Home and Kitchen Tour, Tracey Troop of The Troop Group infuses style and sophistication into everyday life for her clients. Based in Orange County, California, The Troop Group keenly observes each client's lifestyle, so the focus is on not only the design vision but how our client will live with the design. In collaboration with each client, this integration of creative vision and function produces a home environment reflecting the client's personality which will stand the test of time.
dRichards Interiors is an industry-leading, international interior design firm located in Southern California. dRichards Interiors is synonymous with beautiful, luxurious design.
McKee & Company feels that often our highest aspirations for life, family and living are wrapped tightly around the idea of home. Our goal is to create environments that are inspiring & comfortable!
MCD's highly creative & passion-driven team provides each client with designs that balance artistry with sophistication & functionality. Focusing on new construction, large scale remodels & interiors.
Cheri Leggett, a resident of Laguna Niguel, has been in the interior design industry for 30 years, forming her business Courton Design in 1986. She is an eclectic designer who strives to include diversity in her projects as well as a sense of history. Her primary objective is for her finished design spaces to reflect the clients and their passions and interests. Her design guidance serves as an umbrella, unifying the space so that all items are in harmony. Cheri has worked on homes primarily in Orange County, California, but also has designed for clients in Lake Arrowhead, Palm Desert, La Quinta, Napa Valley, Canyon Country, Century City, Santa Monica and Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Her design concepts embrace a vast array of styles, always keeping the client's visual perspective in mind. It is paramount that when the job is complete, it reflects the client's tastes and vision under the guise of the designer's expertise. Cheri excels in the selection and placement of accessories in a home or an office. Without these treasures, these spaces are never complete in her eyes. Some clients prefer an array of decorative items that they have collected in their life experiences and travels, while others choose a more minimalist approach, with just a few stunning pieces to complete their design vision. If you like what you see on her Houzz profile, contact her via phone (949) 233-2440 or email (cheri@courtondesign.com) to schedule a consultation.
Our clients span the world. SMDA has worked on everything from large-scale custom homes to high-impact hospitality. We have completed projects from California to Japan, from Oman to Costa Rica.
Interior Architecture & Design We are a full service Interior Design studio specializing in interior architectural design and fine home furnishings for everything from new construction design, turnkey and spec homes to remodeling projects. Our designs are unique to each project. We work closely with each client to design interior and exterior spaces that reflect the homeowners' tastes and unique style as well as the architectural style. We work in a broad range of styles, creating classic designs with a sophisticated twist for contemporary living. Whether it's a contemporary or traditional design, dramatic or casual, our projects are always executed with an eye towards balancing quality and function with a design that will last for years. We will simplify the decision-making process for you by bringing our knowledge of the interior design process, current styles and new products to help insure that you make the right choices for each item of your home. We can provide a full range of design services and can manage your project from the planning stages to the final finishing touch or just guide you along the way. Please give us a call to discuss your next project. 949-305-8020 Run by Donna Puzifera, with her 12+ years in the fashion industry and over 20 years in interior design she brings her unparalleled personal attention and meticulous eye for detail to every project. She is gifted at working in a wide variety of styles and has the ability to meld classic elements with current trends in fashion and decor for a unique and timeless look. Notable projects include 20+ new construction projects for Nicholson Companies in Corona del Mar, Ritz Cove, Bear Brand and Hawaii including the Orange County Home Aid Project Playhouse 2011 which won awards for Best Interior Design, Best Architectural Design and Best in Show. Other projects have extended throughout Orange County, Los Angeles, Palm Dessert and Las Vegas. D for Design's work has been published in California Homes Magazine, Luxe Magazine, Orange County Home and has been highlighted in local publications like The Orange County Register's OC Home along with assorted online features.
We pride ourselves on creating custom interiors that surround clients with luxury and style that reflect the way they live.


I recently spoke at BOBKonf 2017 in Berlin, Germany, on improvements to ClojureScript's hash map data type.
Ray gives us the low down on processes in Erlang/Elixir and how they differ from OS processes, OS threads, and other implementations of green threads.
In this talk, Mike Toppa will give an overview of Agile practices.


New releases: Body of Lies, Nick and Norah, etc.
Body of Lies serves up the superstar teaming of Leonardo DiCaprio and Russell Crowe, but it's the pairing of DiCaprio and the relatively unknown Mark Strong which provides the fireworks in this latest attempt to make a successful motion picture set in the Middle East. Certainly, Crowe proves to be reliable in his role as Ed Hoffman, a ruthless CIA officer who masterminds Middle East operations from his comfy spot back in the USA. Yet despite Crowe's shared marquee billing, this is really DiCaprio's film, as he handles the part of Roger Ferris, Hoffman's compassionate point man. Hoping to track down a bin Laden-like terrorist (a menacing Alon Aboutboul) responsible for a series of attacks on America and its allies, Ferris ends up traveling to Jordan and entering into a terse relationship with Hani Salaam (Strong), the head of Jordanian intelligence. Hani is a fascinating character: Smooth and shrewd, he appears more at home wooing a foreign blonde at a swanky nightclub than overseeing the torture of an enemy combatant. Yet he's more aware than the American agents of the best way to run antiterrorist operations. Better than the majority of the post-9/11 terrorist yarns, Body of Lies is both more ambiguous and ambitious than such duds as Rendition and Redacted. Director Ridley Scott (who last teamed with Crowe on American Gangster) and The Departed's Oscar-winning screenwriter William Monaghan refrain from merely putting Ferris and Hoffman through the good-cop-bad-cop routine: Ferris' idealism isn't always beneficial, while Hoffman might be a prick, but he occasionally exhibits more clarity than might be expected.
Like most real-life sports stories co-opted by major Hollywood studios (The Rookie, Miracle, Remember the Titans), The Express strips the achievements of any individuality or historical worth and renders them all part of the same gumbo of sticky clichés. Here, the story sanitized to the point of worthlessness is that of Ernie Davis (Rob Brown), who became the first African-American player to win college football's Heisman Trophy, only to helplessly stand by as personal tragedy derailed his plans to become an NFL superstar opposite his idol, Cleveland Browns legend Jim Brown. It's a heartrending tale, yet as presented here, it doesn't even begin to compete with the classic 70s TV movie Brian's Song, the ultimate in sports weepies and, it must be said, a film that itself no longer retains its original punch. The life of Ernie Davis has been robbed of its vibrancy, and as blandly and beatifically played by Brown, the character never registers as anything more than a walking sliver of American history.
Nick and Nora (no "h") were the sophisticated sleuths played by William Powell and Myrna Loy in the wildly popular The Thin Man movies in the 1930s and '40s, and this married team never encountered a criminal they couldn't bring to justice. By contrast, the Nick and Norah in this new feature are vanquished by the piece's villains, eventually revealed to be director Peter Sollet and scripter Lorene Scafari. Michael Cera stars as Nick, a high school rock'n'roller dismayed that he's been dumped by Tris (Alexis Dziena), the sort of vapid princess who in real life wouldn't give someone like Nick the time of day. Tris' pal Norah (Kat Dennings) ends up meeting Nick, not initially realizing that he's the ex who's been making all these great CD mixes for an unappreciative Tris. One thing leads to another, and Nick and Norah end up spending an entire after-hours session combing New York for both Norah's drunken friend Caroline (Ari Graynor) and a secret jam session by the city's latest "It" band, Where's Fluffy. For a film set amidst the hustle and bustle of late-night NYC, this is one lethargic picture.
After the back-to-back helming of two excellent motion pictures -- City of God and The Constant Gardener -- Fernando Meirelles now goes for the gold (Oscar?) with his adaptation of Jose Saramago's Nobel Prize-winning novel Blindness. In this film's unnamed city (the country and characters similarly go unnamed), the disaster is a lack of vision that affects a significant number of citizens. Since it's not what we assume to be normal blindness -- the victims state that all they see is white, not black -- the afflicted are quarantined, and if the government knows what's behind the illness, they're not revealing anything. One of those infected is a doctor (Mark Ruffalo), who's then ordered to a containment facility that will soon be harboring others who have been struck blind. The doctor's wife (Julianne Moore) still retains her eyesight, but not wanting to be apart from her husband, she feigns blindness in order to travel with him. In a variation on the theme that "in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king," the wife turns out to be a powerful figure in the ward, as her vision allows her to better help those around her.


DistrictBug offers details on school districts and ISDs. This record is for PLAINFIELD CITY school district in PLAINFIELD, NJ. ISD and school district data is deemed reliable, but not guaranteed. More info at SchoolBug.


As this article went over before, getting a good lawyer can really make a lot of differences in how a case plays out. Instead of picking someone based on a low rate, choose someone that will work for you. What you've read here will get you on the right path.


I am constantly amazed at the level of creative talent on the Peninsula. One of the highlights of working in this local community is seeing people coming together to combine these talents.
Samantha Dunne, founder and interior designer @dunne.interiors recently worked with a number of local creatives and products on a shoot for her new website. The result is a series of stunning images that showcase her eye for understated & timeless design.
I was so thrilled to see Little Bells in this collection of furniture and homewares. One of my favourite images, this was originally shot in collaboration with @poppyculture_hq, whose stunning floral work was used during the shoot. Seeing my print here alongside these beautiful fresh blooms feels like the creative process has come full circle.
You can find Sam on the Mornington Peninsula where she works alongside her husband, builder and director at Dunne Constructions. Together they provide a full service interior design and construction service, specialising in residential renovations and additions on the Mornington Peninsula and Bayside areas.


Bewitching beauty is what the Hyundai Genesis has to offer. This car is a trendsetter with its looks and intelligent Drive Mode. It comes with an advanced chassis giving you better strength and it is teeming with first-rate quality technology. It is also one of the cheap used cars of quality, which you can purchase in Montreal.


So far, I've discussed a paper with a professor, in whose office I almost cried.
Sometime I've got to BS the advisement center into letting me take a class in lieu of another class to meet a major requirement. Should be great.
Tonight, I'm going to an Ingrid Michaelson concert, which is number three for me, and I expect nothing but loads of fun.
Tomorrow, I know something's going on. Oh yeah, French speaking lab in the morning before my run of classes.
Thursday is a big thing for work that I've been helping with. It'll be fun. Brandon Mull, anyone?
Thursday morning, I get to meet with the world-famous Madame Thompson. Really exciting stuff.
I also have to squeeze in a midterm for my British Literature History class. Not nearly as exciting.
And bake pumpkin bread. Dangit. Almost forgot.
Could someone try looking up a quote by either President Hinckley or President Kimball that states that any two people could be happy together (married) if both of them lived the commandments? I tried looking it up last night, because my bishop used it in a talk on Sunday, but he only paraphrased it, and he was trying to encourage us to accept our stake's challenge of going on a date once a week.
Does anyone want to know my opinion on this?


text:
Success Spreads with Conservation Agriculture in Burkina Faso
By: NCBA CLUSA Published: Monday, September 12, 2016 Share: Print: Subscribe
The March 29 issue of Feed the Future's newsletter features a success story from NCBA CLUSA's Resilience and Economic Growth in the Sahel-Enhance Resilience (REGIS-ER) project, part of the U.S. Agency for International Development's Resilience in the Sahel Enhanced (RISE) Initiative, which is committed to reducing the vulnerability of target populations in the Sahel region. This five-year, $70 million project addresses the root causes of chronic vulnerability in Niger and Burkina Faso, while promoting economic resilience. REGIS-ER is empowering local communities with the tools and knowledge necessary to adapt to climate change, withstand food crises and improve nutrition, especially in children under five. The project is expected to impact an estimated 2 million beneficiaries by its conclusion in 2018.
During the 2015 rainy season, Fatoumata Ouedraogo was called away from her village for weeks to care for a sick relative. When she returned, the planting season was already underway. If she did not plant quickly, she would risk not having a large enough harvest to feed her family. Looking for a solution, she went to talk to her neighbor, Amidou Ouedraogo, who had been trained in conservation farming techniques through a project funded by Feed the Future and others. Amidou was supporting and training a group of 20 farmers eager to try the conservation farming techniques.
Amidou had explained to his fellow farmers that conservation farming is simple and would increase their crop yields while maintaining soil health so they could continue to farm their land for many years. Relying on three major methods—leaving the soil undisturbed so it does not dry out, covering it with mulch or another organic material to retain water and combat erosion, and rotating crops to maintain the nutrients in the soil—conservation farming would enable them to feed their families and sell their extra crops while also protecting their land from climate shocks and stresses. In the Sahel region, where desertification and drought have devastated fields, solutions for poor soil, insufficient rains and low crop yields caused by climate change are a challenge to rural families.
In Dominican Republic, building a culture of food safety and achieving equivalence with U.S. standards
Farmer-to-Farmer volunteer Erika Brown reflects on her El Salvador experience
Conservation farming, a technique taught through Resilience and Economic Growth in the Sahel—Enhanced Resilience, a Feed the Future-supported project, gives smallholder farmers the opportunity to address these challenges and enhance their livelihoods in a sustainable way.
While visiting Amidou's demonstration field, Fatoumata saw for herself what the other farmers had mentioned: the extraordinary growth and strength of the sorghum plants and their greater height compared to neighboring fields. She was amazed at the differences she saw, and after discussions with other villagers trying these techniques, she said, "I will not only gaze at the field. I'm going to act and try this technology."
Her family laughed at her choice to grow crops using the new technology. But the new techniques reduced production costs and cut down on time and labor, particularly for land preparation. Fatoumata harvested two full carts of sorghum—more than she had harvested the prior year growing on a larger area. Asked whether she would use the same techniques again next season, she said, "Is this really a question to ask?"
Conservation farming is rapidly gaining momentum in her village and beyond. In the group led by Amidou, every field had a yield increase. The results quickly spread by word of mouth; 12 new conservation farming groups formed (including 10 all-female groups) in the village, each with 20 members. Ten groups also formed in a neighboring village. In Burkina Faso's East region as a whole, 2,200 conservation farming producers harvested 1,093 tons of millet, sorghum and cowpea compared to 628 tons without conservation farming in 2015. The additional 465 tons provided on average 200 more kilograms of cereal per family.
Amidou's first training group went on to encourage and build new training groups of their own, and he trained all 10 leaders of the all-female conservation farming groups. Six have already started to support themselves without project assistance, noting, "We work for ourselves." With the promise of sustainable yields, increased income, and the ability to feed one's family, this Feed the Future project is helping farmers help themselves.
How Collaboration is Building Resilience in West Africa June 19, 2018 read more
A mother's journey to self-reliance June 4, 2019 read more
Ugandan Young People Take the Next Step to Form Cooperatives – Key to Supporting Youth Jobs in Agriculture April 8, 2018 read more
On International Youth Day, Stories from Young Cooperators and How You Can Support the Next Generation of Co-op Leaders August 8, 2017 read more
In Niger, NCBA CLUSA-Supported Home Gardens Combat Malnutrition, Micronutrient Deficiencies September 12, 2016 read more
In Burkina Faso, land ownership for women is complex, but key to a more gender balanced world March 5, 2019 read more


Enrolling a family to your clinic is an efficient way to group patients and bill accordingly.
Patients can be enrolled as a family during the actual enrollment process, and members of the family are associated by last name. If members of the family are enrolled at different times, you can associate the new family member with the rest of the family by entering the appropriate "Family Name" in their patient profile.
In cases where there are multiple families with the same last name, additional verification steps will be required to confirm the patient is being added to the correct family.
The charges for each patient are grouped and included on one invoice, itemized on the invoice itself so patients know what the charges are for.
When inviting families to the patient access iOS mobile app, only the HOH can be invited to create an account. This helps minimize confusion from having multiple family members with access to the app and potentially accessing it at the same time.
If you attempt to invite a member of the family to the iOS patient access app, but don't see the invite link present in their chart, it's either because that person is not the HOH and therefore you can't invite them to the app, or they are the HOH and have already been invited to the app. Either way, the invite link won't be present.
Additionally, the HOH can set and manage appointments for other family members using the patient access app. The notification emails the primary doctor receives will disclose who has requested the appointment for whom.


You are currently browsing articles tagged Swine Flu.
If you are familiar with Tolkien, you'll have to forgive my obvious allusion to his popular tale, The Hobbit, but no, my recent trip didn't include trolls and dragons, and the only real danger was related to the risks of travel by air and taxi. So to save you the long story, and the 255 pages that comprise my edition of the Bilbo Baggins tale, I'll make it short.
On Sunday afternoon, I hopped aboard a flight to Mexico City, which seems to be recovering from its bout with the Swine Flu, where, on Monday, I met with the national leadership team about our future here in Mexico. I presented them with a report of what we had done and the plan of what we feel God would have us do in the future. They approved that plan, and they invited us back to serve for four more years here in the Yucatán!
Now, that we have received this approval our upcoming itineration becomes more clear. Our goal during these upcoming months will be to reconnect with churches and individuals to show them what God has done and invite them to continue their investment in the lives of the people of this region.
Thank you for your continued prayers and support as we make our transition to the States with the goal of continuing to raise disciples here in the Yucatán.
The Godzwa kids: Ready to go back!
The day has finally arrived! After two weeks of being homebound, Mexico has reopened its elementary and middle schools. Rebekah, Joseph, and Jonathan were all smiles, ready to see their friends after the long suspension of classes.
Nevertheless, although our kids are happy to return, the reopening of the schools here in Mérida is being handled very seriously. Last week around the city, school buildings were being sanitized while teachers were taking classes on how to prevent the spread of the virus. As the children enter classes, they're being checked for symptoms. If one student is found to be ill, he or she will be sent home for a minimum of 7 days. If the school finds a group to be symptomatic, the entire building will be closed for 2 weeks and the community will place itself under surveillance.
So, another step is taken back to normal life here in the Yucatán and in all of Mexico. We have appreciated your prayers and your concern through this time, and we look forward to seeing you as we plan our return to the States in June.
The swine flu has left its mark on Mexico. With 1204 confirmed cases and 44 deaths, the statistics are slightly less alarming than once predicted, but the disruption that it has caused, in the form of canceled activities and the accompanying economic hit (to the tune of millions of dollars), the images of mask wearing citizens, and the general preoccupation will not long be forgotten.
Here in Yucatán, where we were once thought to be swine flu free, the government has reported 18 cases, most coming from previously discarded cases that have since been confirmed. Still, even though the virus has yet to be eradicated, life begins its slow progress back to normalcy. Businesses, which had been closed completely except for basic necessities like food and gasoline, reopened on the 6th. Classes, canceled since the 28th of April, will resume on Monday, and, with the ban on public gatherings lifted, we're resuming our ministry in churches starting this Sunday with another evangelism conference.
So even though we're statistically worse off, it seems as though this round with the swine flu is drawing to a close. Still, we ask that you would keep praying for recovery for those who are now sick, for comfort and a sense of God's presence among those who have lost a loved one, and for a realization here in Mexico of the fragility of life and the need of Savior.
Also, we ask that you would pray for us. We need to remain healthy as we transition back to the States. There is a lot of ministry to finish in addition to all of the reducing and packing we need to do before we say goodbye on June 20th.
Police Officers don masks for protection.
The early afternoon is usually a usually a time of hustle and bustle here in Mérida. Students are heading home for "comida" the normal big meal of the day. Families are planning for the rest of the day–sports activities, a trip to the mall, an evening downtown, or school meetings to attend. But everything is strangely quiet. There is noticeably less traffic on the avenue near our home. There is no sound from the loudspeaker that normally broadcasts the names of the students whose parents have arrived to drive them home. That's because there hasn't been school since Monday. All public events have been canceled and activities that would gather people together, from churches to team practices have been prohibited, all to prevent the spread of what is now the scourge of Mexico, the Swine Flu.
Our understanding that something was awry began when our friends, Josh and April Amiot notified us that they were returning to Mexico City to attend the funeral of one of their good friends and ministry co-workers. An otherwise healthy mother of three, Nelly didn't fit the profile of those who die of the flu. Normally the very old or the very young, under six, are those who succumb. Of course, this was just the trickle before the flood. By last Friday the 24th, we had heard of hundreds sick and dozens dead as the Swine Flu spread rapidly across central Mexico. At the end of the weekend, there were reports of sicknesses in 19 of the 32 Mexican States and drastic measures taken to stem the spread of this highly contagious, and surprisingly deadly, conglomeration of three different flu viruses.
Here in Mérida, and across Mexico, all schools have been closed until the 6th of May and all public gatherings have been prohibited until further notice. Labor Day, May 1st here in Mexico, will be observed without the customary parades. Sporting events have been held without fans, and our district convention, set to have begun yesterday has been suspended until a later date. Even church services are against the law. Those that need to work in the public sector have taken to donning masks to protect them against the airborne virus.
But we are not writing to scare you. Our family is well, and to date, no officially recognized case of Swine Flu has been recorded here in Mérida. Still, there is a definite tension in the air as anxiety and fear have taken hold. There is a sense of helplessness apparent as society waits for word of progress against this disease.
Pray for the sick; for an end to the suffering.
Pray for families who have lost a loved one to the virus.
Intercede for believers as they boldly pray for the sick and proclaim the Good News of eternal life.
Ask for the peace of God to be felt across the land, and for many to commit their lives to the Prince of Peace.
Please join with us during this crucial time.


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Family portraits can include extended families, inlaws, cousins etc Additional time may be added to a family session to complete the combinations requested.
This session is one person, one hour session. Typically two to three outfits and 4 basic retouches. The CD/DVD with print release is included as well.
Add an additional person to the basic portrait session.
Adding one more person to the basic session is only 10 dollars more. No additional retouches or time.
Add more persons to the session after the first two people. It is just 5 dollars per person more. No additional time or retouches to the basic session.
See notation below about extended families.
When adding family members and the group is now made up of more than one initial family. Example; grandparents, parents, and children. More time may be needed to cover the session. Add $40 for 30 minutes. Add $3 for additional copies of Master CD/DVD.
All sessions are on site here or outdoor within a short distance from the studio.
An additional charge may be added if the session occurs off site or in clients home/property. this will be discussed at time of booking.
All sessions are subject to Mn sales tax and County taxes when applicable.