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Sungsik Ahn
Counseling Program, Department of Education
Korea@AsiaPacificCDA.org
Sharing Two Career Trends in South Korea: Understanding youth's struggles in South Korea
South Korea's FIRST Counseling Day
News from South Korea, June, 2017
Sophomore Slump in Korea – A New Phenomenon for College Students
Career Education Act in Korea
Career Trends in South Korea
National Competency Standards (NCS) & Career Education Act in Korea
Status of Career Counseling Services in Korean Universities
Professional Career Development Organizations in Korea: Life Development Counseling Association
Korean participants at 2013 NCDA Conference
In South Korea, there are many associations or organizations related to career counseling
Sharing Two Career Trends in South Korea: Understanding youth's struggles in South Korea by Sungsik Ahn and Jinkyeong Yeo
In this article neologisms regarding internships will be introduced. Readers are invited to review our April 2016 APCDA newsletter article (http://www.asiapacificcda.org/Korea#April2016) for additional backgorund information. Two neologisms were introduced in that issue to facilitate understanding of South Korean youth's struggles in employment.
Gold-tern vs Soil-tern, and Spoon Classes: The reflection of declining social mobility
Working as an intern in companies or organizations before graduation has become a necessary course for college students in South Korea. Internships help college students not only to gain some work experience but also to make a living. However, finding and being offered an internship opportunity is as hard as securing employment after graduation. Some companies provide good internship opportunities for college students which are generally paid and include training opportunities to learn about specific jobs and industries. Unpaid internship can be helpful as long as students (interns) can learn about jobs or industries and gain more work experience. Bad internships tend not to differ from a part-time job — no training opportunity and repeated simple chores. South Korean youth refer to good internships as Gold-tern and bad internships as Soil-tern. The economic inequality in South Korea needs to be considered to understand these neologisms.
The recent economic inequality in South Korea has become a social problem due to the rapid growth of the economy since the 1970's. Social and economic polarization makes youth discouraged when they begin their own career and especially when they are seeking internship or jobs. According to 2017 Korean statistics [1], only about 23.1% answered positively (highly or moderately possible) to moving (within one generation) to upper status and 30.6% for the child to move (between two generations) to upper status. The positive response has been declining since 2011 (a positive response to movement within one generation was 28.8% in 2011 and 23.1% in 2017). The perceived social mobility in South Korea has declined and a fixed socioeconomic status, which passes on to the next generation, has become a social problem.
Reflecting such social phenomenon, the new term of 'spoon class' is widely shared among youth [2]. Specifically, there are three classes of spoon people: gold spoon, silver spoon and soil spoon. Yes, the expression was from the English saying "Born with a silver spoon in one's mouth." The spoon class differs depending on the size of assets and salary of parents. There is no strict definition of gold-spoon, but generally those perceived as gold-spoon have parents with more than two billion Korean Won (about 2 million USD) in assets and more than 20 million Korean Won (about 200,000 in USD) income per year [3].
The expression of spoon class was adopted to describe the quality of internship: Gold-tern and soil-tern [4]. Although securing a good internship is very competitive, there is evidence that some gold-spoon students secure good internships by sharing their parents' socioeconomic status, not by marketing their own competencies. Many times, parent networking, itself, results in internships for their offspring at preferred employers such as government-owned companies, large companies, famous law firms, congressional offices, etc. [5]. Some of those employers do not offer regular internship and only create internship positions for children of their royal customers or important persons. Other college students cannot even apply for these internship from such employers. These internships also are referred to as gold-tern because only those who were born with a gold spoon in their mouth can secure them. In the very rare situations this practice gets uncovered, it becomes news. Such news and/or seeing such friends greatly frustrates other college students who try to do their best to secure internships or employment.
Internships provide a very important course or period for both college students and employers. College students can learn some work-related experience and explore their aptitude or interest for specific jobs before making a career decision while employers can have opportunities to attract and find highly competent and right employees for their organizations. Many large companies in South Korea offer job opportunities to their interns at the end of the internship and most of them recruit and select interns in a fair and transparent selection process. Regretfully, good internship opportunities still exist in small numbers compared to the number of students seeking them. Thus the resultant highly competitive process coupled with news of gold spoon students securing gold-tern at good employers through help of their parents cause youth to become discouraged and feel that social mobility ended.
With neologisms and related social phenomenon, I hope readers understand how hard South Korean college students struggle for internships and employment. I also hope readers do not misunderstand that all of gold-spoon students take shortcuts in seeking internships or employment. In fact, many privileged students also struggle to do their best to create a better future. The recent youth unemployment rate was 8.6 (November 2017), which was increased 0.1 percentage point from the previous year [6]. We, as career professionals, are trying to create more effective and quality services to help our youth to overcome this difficult competitive reality.
[1] Korea Statistics (2017). Index of social mobility possibility perception. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/5enA47.
[2] Jung, H. (2015.12.26). 2015 trend 'Spoon Class', a result of perceived inequality (Korean). Oh my news. Retrieved from http://www.ohmynews.com (A direct link to this article: https://goo.gl/vbRRWM)
[3] Kim, B. (2016.11.4). Soil-spoon theory and hell chosun (Korean). Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.kr. (A direct link to this article: https://goo.gl/5EzLb2)
[4] Chun, J., Kwon, K., Hong, J., Kang, H., & Lee, Y. (2016.8.13). [Coverstory] Gold-tern vs Soil-tern… Intern polarization (Korean). The Dong-A Ilbo. Retrieved from http://news.donga.com (A direct link to this article: https://goo.gl/GxCxQj)
[5] Noh, K. A. (2018.01.16). [Neologisms] Saddish… soil-tern, tissue-intern, manger-intern (Korean). Jungsogieopnews [Middle and small company news]. Retrieved from http://news.kbiz.or.kr/ (A direct link to this article: https://goo.gl/PwuYT5)
[6] Kim, J. (2017.11.21). Youth employment hits record low, senior jobs soar. Retrieved from http://www.koreaherald.com. (A direct link to this article: https://goo.gl/EAzkAd)
Sang Min Lee
The concepts of counseling and guidance were first introduced to South Korea by the U.S. educational delegation in the 1950s. Since then the counseling profession has rapidly evolved. Currently, there are approximately 50,000 counselors across the nation. Although the counseling profession is one of the fastest growing professions in South Korea, there is no standardized counseling licensure system in South Korea. Due to the absence of a national board for counseling license, there are numerous private counseling certifications - approximately 3,500 certifications - that are accessible to counselors. Many private counseling centers and institutes have created their own certifications for the practice of counseling. Since 2014, the number of private counseling-related certifications registered in the Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training (KRIVET) has increased exponentially. Put briefly, about 500 new certifications are registered every year. In addition, any individual can open a private counseling center without any restrictions because there are no legislative restrictions on counseling private practice. Recently, a former sex offender opened a private counseling center and raped 13 clients including one adolescent client.
Due to such malpractices and the need for constructing a standardized system, representatives from 25 professional counseling associations created a national counselor licensure system. Beginning this year, 2017, professional counselors in South Korea designated August 8th as "Counseling Day" as a starting point for the development of the national counselor licensure system. Counseling Day is a celebration of counselors and serves to raise awareness of the counseling services to the public. According to Dr. Chang-dai Kim, the president of Korean Association for Counseling Promotion, August 8th is designated as the "Counseling Day" because the shape of the number "88" seems as if two people, a counselor and a client, are facing each other. Others shared that the number 88 indicates the following message: "Thanks to counseling, let the people live happily to 88 years old!"
The first event of the very first August 8th "Counseling Day" was held successfully at the National Assembly and was sponsored by the 25 professional counseling associations involved with establishing national licensure. More than 300 counselors attended and were welcomed by Won-sik Woo, the congressional representative of the Democratic Party. Several legislators additionally delivered congratulatory messages for the declaration of Counseling Day. The comedians Jong-cheol Jeong, Sun-hee Jeong, and Beom-Kyun Jeong, the singer Soo-young Lee, the broadcasters Ho-sun Lee, Seung-hyun Ji, and Ji-yoon Park were appointed as the public ambassadors to further enhance the day's festivities. Ongoing support from public figures and legislators will play a critical role in augmenting public awareness of counseling.
Along with designating "Counseling Day," the Korean Association for Counseling Promotion also started the signature collecting campaign for the development of the law for counselors. So far, more than 25,000 counselors signed the campaign for advocating government issued licenses and certifications. Having observed the National Assembly packed with many counselors in the celebration of the first "Counseling Day" and numerous signatures on the development of the law for counselors, it seems axiomatic that the counseling profession in South Korea will make a tremendous progress in strengthening its status in the next decade.
Dr. Sang Min Lee is a Professor in the Counseling Program, Department of Education at Korea University. He can be reached at leesang@korea.ac.kr
News from South Korea, June, 2017 by Sungsik Ahn
APCDA members presented at NYPI and ARACD Conference in Seoul, May 17-18 2017
APCDA members at NYPI and ARACD Conference
2017 NYPI ARACD Conference titled "Career Education and VET (Vocational Education & Training) for Youth in Asia" was held in Seoul on 17-18 May 2017 and hosted by National Youth Policy Institute in Korea (NYPI), Asian Regional Association for Career Development (ARACD) and other related organizations (see details at https://www.nypiarcd2017.com). This conference provided unique opportunities to learn about the ten nations' career development status in their education system on a single afternoon; including South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Pakistan, India, and Iran. Although the time frame was much too short, it was great to listen to ten country reports at once. A truly wonderful learning opportunity! Our APCDA members, Dr. Hsiu-Lan (Shelley) Tien (Taiwan), Mr. Raza Abbas (Pakistan), and Dr. Mantak Yuen (Hong Kong) presented their own country reports at this conference. I, Sungsik Ahn, along with Dr. Woongtai Kim and Ms. Yoshimi Sasaki also attended as participants. I was delighted to see our APCDA members in Seoul but wished there was more time for networking and catching up.
Korean Career Development Counseling Association (KCDCA) to publish A Series of Career Counseling and Education books for K-12 Career Teachers
Korean Career Development Counseling Association (KCDCA; 14th Division of Korean Counseling Association (KCA)) has published a new series of books on career counseling and education for K-12. The authors are KCDCA members and prominent scholars in the career education and counseling field in Korea. This series mainly targets potential and current career teachers of K-12. Four of the published books include 1) Introduction to Career Education, 2) Career and College Counseling, 3) Theories of Career Counseling and Practice, and 4) Career Information. Five more books are planned this year. Their titles are 5) Development of Career Education Programs, 6) Career Assessments for Adolescents, 7) Practice of Career Education in Elementary (1-6 grade) Schools, 8) Practice of Career Education in Middle (7-9 grade) Schools, and 9) Practice of Career Education in High (10-12 grade) Schools. This series will continue to cover all parts of career counseling and education for K-12.
Sophomore Slump in Korea – A New Phenomenon for College Students by Eunjin Kim
For Korean students, the final goal of study is going to a "good" college. Students are told that if they go to a good college, they can do whatever they would like to do and can find their own career. However, the truth is that one should find their own career or future path by oneself. Neither universities nor colleges provide such answers. But still, school teachers, parents and Korean society do not allow students to have enough time to explore their dreams or career and push them towards higher education.
Recently, a documentary titled "College Sophomores ask the school"[1] was broadcasted and a newly-coined term was introduced, Dea-e Byung (literally "college sophomore syndrome"), which reflects the slump phenomenon among college sophomores in Korea. It refers to those who entered the college but do not have a big picture of what career they want to follow. Such slump of sophomores can be observed in the United States (Beyer, 1963), but sophomore slump in the US is regarded as a problem because students lose their motivation to survive in college (kind of adaption to new environment) as they become sophomores from freshmen. The US also found that the academic pressure for sophomore year is more of a burden than in the freshmen year. Although, somewhat similar to those of US sophomores, the slump of Korean sophomores seems to be more focused on the fundamental reasons for college studies. Korean sophomores could not explore and find future careers for themselves.
"No one tells me what to do after entering college. I feel rage toward the education system in Korea that it did not tell us why we need to go to college," said a student who passed the Korean College Entrance Exam with perfect scores and entered Seoul National University, a top-ranked university in Korea. Some of students who could not make their way through this tough sophomore year decide to drop out or some take an absence for a semester or a year to consider their future. But in many cases, they return to college without any answers, attempt to prepare for job after graduation, but are aimless in targeting their future.
Nowadays, career development or education is a popular issue in Korean society as the Career Education Law has been enforced since 2016. All schools and colleges should provide career education to their students according to this law. I hope this career education movement expands to all citizens so that parents and Korean society can allow our youth to have the time needed to explore selves and environments, including jobs, careers and futures. I look forward to our college students saying "I chose this major for [my dream]." No more "Dae-e-Byung"!
SBS Documentary "College Sophomores ask the school" can be found at this streaming site: http://www.ondemandkorea.com/sbs-special-e485.html (only in Korean language)
Beyer, R. A. (1963). Sophomore Slump: Can It Be Remedied?. The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved from http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1963/2/16/sophomore-slump-can-it-be-remedied
Career Education Act in Korea by Ji-Yeon Lee Ph.D. KRIVET
On December 23, 2015, The Career Education Act was launched in Korea. The purpose of the Career Education Act is to clarify the responsibilities of nation, state and school in providing high quality career education, and the career learning rights of all students from primary to higher education level without excluding anyone. The Career Education Act consists of 4 chapters and 23 articles. It describes who, what, why, how, and where career education should be provided to enhance students' career development competencies and national growth.
Among the 4 chapters of the Career Education Act, chapter 1 covers general provisions. It sets forth the purpose of the Career Education Act, the definition and basic direction of career education, the responsibilities of national and state governments and confidentiality of information acquired on duty, etc. According to article 1 of chapter 1, the purpose of national career education is ". . . to let students actively respond to the changing world of work and fully realize their talent and aptitude, thereby contributing to support individual's happy life and promote socio-economic development." This means national career education should drive the career development of people so that they can actively respond to transitions both in the world of work and education throughout their whole lifespan.
In addition, the Career Education Act specifies the purpose and achievement criteria of career education by school level, the placement of career counselors, psychological tests, career guidance & counselling, career exploration, Career Intensive Grade and Semester, and the required infrastructure & system to support career education at all levels of education. The singularity of the Career Education Act addresses marginalized groups such as disabled youth, North Korean defectors, drop-out students, and youth on welfare, all of whom must have the right to receive career education. Before the Career Education Act was legislated, these populations were neglected because most career guidance programs and counselling manuals mainly focused on mainstream students. The Career Education Act serves as the impetus to be on full alert to help the career needs and demands of often neglected student populations.
Less than a year old, this new Korean Career Education Act functions as a landmark guideline as to how career education should be provided at school and which national career education policies should be implemented. The Act requires not only the full participation of individuals and schools but also the widespread support of Korean society at large. Through the Career Education Act, more qualified career experts will be allocated, and better quality controlled programs, information, and services will be disseminated to all people in lifelong learning. Furthermore, career guidance, counselling and information practices will be promoted to whomever, whenever, and wherever people need.
In conclusion, the Career Education Act in Korea has become the driving force of educational reform. It aims to facilitate students to discover and develop their talent and career vision throughout their school years, so they can learn self-directed career management skills. APCDA members from other countries would love to hear how this Act as well as other new policies, procedures and activities are impacting the career development work you, personally, do in Korea.
Career Trends in South Korea by Sungsik Ahn
Soaring youth's unemployment rate in South Korea and grasping Korean youth's difficulties through neologisms regarding employment.
Recently the unemployment rate of youth (age 15-29) hit 12.5%, the highest ever since 1999[1]. Generally the unemployment rate in February is relatively higher than other months as most of college students are graduating from universities in February so the number of job-seekers increases in this month. Looking at the last four years, the February 2016 rate is the highest it's ever been. The main reasons why the unemployment of youth is soaring might be due to Korea's present economic slowdown (For more information on the unemployment rate of youth in Korea, please see newspaper articles - [2], [3]). In this article, I would like to focus on neologisms about employment to understand the difficulties of college students rather than on the reasons for this high unemployment rate.
New words, neologisms, shows the slice of current problems and challenges for college students.
I introduce some new words shared among young job seekers or college students. By grasping the meaning and background of the neologisms related to employment or career, you will understand the difficulties and challenges of young job seekers in South Korea.
"Spec"
"Spec" is a neologism derived from the English word 'specification' which originally means "a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work." 'Spec' means the description of the person's backgrounds and abilities which can be put on one's resume like the brand of universities, English scores (TOEIC, TOFLE, etc.), GPA, certifications, extra-curricular experiences including the experience of studying abroad or language courses, etc.
The general hiring process of large Korean companies includes 3 or 4 screening steps. The first is the so-called 'paper screening' process to select those for next steps. During the paper screening, employers screen for those who have higher 'specs' like higher GPA, higher TOEIC scores, graduates from good brand universities, etc. So many (maybe all) college students are striving to make higher specs (or at least to manage their specs) during their time in college. The problem is that 'spec' is not all that is needed to be a successful candidate but many college students think it is essential in order to pass the 'paper screening.' Employers are seeking those whose career goals or passions are well aligned with the 'spec' and show the right fit with their companies, but many college students are trying to just build 'spec' to get more opportunities for job interviews rather than to make informed decisions and explore careers (for more discussion about 'spec', please see [4]).
"Munsonghamnida"
"Munsonghamnida" is an abbreviation meaning that "Sorry I'm liberal arts major." The employability of liberal arts students will be an issue not only in Korea but also globally. In the last 10 years, the number of liberal arts graduates has increased more than the employment demand for this major. In 2016, employers are seeking engineering students and other STEM-related majors. To redress this issue and enhance their employability, many liberal arts students are trying to earn dual degrees by adding business administration. This is due to the increased number of admissions allocated for liberal arts majors in the last ten or so years and the still higher portion of positions available in the manufacturing sector in the Korean economy (for more discussion about "Munsonghamnida," please see [5]).
Only two neologisms will be covered in this newsletter issue. Please look for more in upcoming issues. The terms above may not exactly reflect the truth on the screening process of Korean companies or the positive aspect of liberal arts students, but you can understand the perception of difficulty felt by college students or youth in Korea when they are job searching and preparing for the transition from school to work. Although there are many initiatives being instituted by Korean government at both the central and local level, the reality is that the Korean as well as the overall global economy is slow and seems far from recovery. I hope our readers can grasp some clues about Korean youth's struggles and difficulties from this short article.
[1] Kim, S. & Kwack, J. (2016, March, 17). Youth unemployment rate hits highest point ever. The Hankyoreh. Retrieved from http://www.hani.co.kr (A direct link to this article: http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_business/735460.html)
[2] Do, J. (2016, March 17). Youth in despair [Editorial]. The Korea Times. Retrieved from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr (A direct link to this article: http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2016/03/202_200598.html)
[3] Choi, S. (2016, March 16). Youth unemployment 'resembles Japan 20 years ago'. The Korea Times. Retrieved from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr (A direct link to this article: http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/ww`bgw/news/biz/2016/03/123_200493.html)
[4] Yoon, H. (2013, November 18). Are You Really Familiar with 'Spec'? [Feature/Cover Story]. The UOS Times. Retrieved from http://times.uos.ac.kr (A direct link to this article: http://times.uos.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=1473)
[5] Noh, H. (2015, December 16). Liberals arts grads look set to remain jobless. The Hankyoreh Retrieved from http://www.hani.co.kr (A direct link to this article: http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_business/722176.html)
National Competency Standards (NCS) & Career Education Act in Korea by Dr. Chonghyun Pyun and Sungsik Ahn
Problems such as the higher unemployment rate of youth, gaps between education and the labor market, graduates who are unprepared for their careers or jobs, etc. seem to be common issues in developing countries in our times. Those problems are obviously closely related to our profession as career development professionals but we as individual practitioners have limited capability to help our clients in such social constraints without reforming the social support system or career related infrastructures. In Korea, such issues have also been problems and recently a new movement was initiated by the Korean government to solve such social problems. To be specific, the education system has not successfully prepared students for their career and for the labor market, so graduates from high schools and universities seem to have made poorly informed career decisions (e.g. high turnover within one year from employment) and to be lacking in competencies which society requires after graduation (e.g. high investment to get higher English scores for employment). There are many movements or efforts to solve such problems in Korea. However, two major recent initiatives will be introduced briefly in this article.
National Competency Standards (NCS)
NCS refers to the competencies such as knowledge, skills and attitudes, which are required to perform a particular job in industry. These competencies are standardized by government and industry. NCS includes not only job specifications but also career development guidelines for each job area. The development of NCS is still in progress and currently NCS of 887 jobs and relevant learning modules have been developed and can be found in the NCS Portal (www.ncs.go.kr). Furthermore, this portal includes a job application package based on NCS which offers NCS-based lifelong development career paths, hiring checklists, training criteria, etc. Using the NCS Portal, one can design a career path in each job area and can get necessary information at each stage of the career path. The Ministry of Employment and Labor and the Ministry of Education have started to develop learning modules from NCS for use in the curriculums of high schools and universities so that NCS can inspire a culture of competency-based employee selection.
Career Education Act
Legislation for the Career Education Act has been passed this year, 2015. The Ministry of Education is making follow-up plans so the Career Education Act can be manifested in practice. The Career Education Law mainly deals with (1) systematizing career education in schools to meet goals and achievement standards for career education, (2) hiring and staffing career counseling teachers in schools, (3) fostering career experiences in class, (4) providing a "Free Semester" (a semester or a year program for focusing on career education without evaluation), (5) establishing national and local career education centers, (6) imposing guidelines for suppling career education programs at all public institutes and (7) introducing an accreditation system for career experience institutes.
These movements by the Korean government to improve career development will be continued and will cause changes in the Korean school system and universities. There will be chaos in practices due to the changes, however, after the new system stabilizes, it will help our students and youth make informed career decisions so they can be more prepared for future society.
For more detail information related to those government's initiatives, contact Dr. Pyun at Korea Employment Information Service (career4u@keis.or.kr).
Status of Career Counseling Services in Korean Universities by Sungsik Ahn
Career counseling services are provided by both counseling centers and career centers in universities. The university counseling centers are generally perceived as professional organizations and the staff are certified or licensed counselors or counseling major graduate students (interns), and the process of counseling services is well organized. They are providing counseling services on various domains and career counseling is one of them. The university career centers are also generally perceived as professional organizations on students' career preparation and placements, however, they are not yet perceived as professional organizations for career counseling in Korea. Recently many university career centers are expanding one-on-one (1:1) services including career counseling services and investing in facilities to promote student's career development and placement. To determine the quality of career counseling services or 1:1 services in four years university career centers in Korea, a quick survey was conducted in June 2014. Twelve out of twenty university career centers replied to the quick survey.
The average number of students enrolled is 10,780 and the average number of full time staff in university career centers is 6.4 (2,048 students per staff) in this survey. All twelve centers replied that they provide 1:1 services from simple guidance/advice on programs or critique on resume/cover letter to career coaching or career counseling. But only seven centers reported they are providing assessment services like personality assessment (e.g. MBTI) and interest assessment (e.g. STRONG, Holland) and only two centers reported they are providing psychological counseling. The average number for 1:1 services per week is 51.4 and the average length of 1:1 sessions is 47 minutes. Only five centers limit the maximum number of sessions per student (from 2 to 20 sessions per student) and others do not have such a policy. One center reported that they have an intake process before career counseling.
To see how professional the staff at the career center are, the survey asked about the staff who are providing 1:1 services directly to students. The average number of staff providing 1:1 services is 3.1(full-time) and 5.4(part-time). More part-time professionals are hired for 1:1 services because full-time staff are mostly administrative. Part-time staff hold more counseling-related degree than full-time staff. The average number of full time staff with counseling-related majors is 0.2(BA), 0.9(MA), 0.2(Ph.D/Ed.D). The average number of part time staff with counseling related majors is 0.0(BA), 0.5(MA), 1.1(Ph.D/Ed.D)). Seven centers have staff with assessment-related certifications and seven centers have staff with national vocation counselor certifications. Only four centers reported that they have regular case meetings (only 2 have clinical supervision). Others reported they do not have case meetings or have them when needed. Only three centers have policies to prevent counselor's burn-out by limiting counseling sessions per day (e.g. 5 cases per day). Most centers offer training provided by Korea Employment Information Services (KEIS, a government research agency) and none reported providing their own training programs. The centers have an average of 2.6 closed rooms and 5.6 open rooms for 1:1 services.
These results can not be generalized for all university career centers as only 12 universities in the Seoul region responded. Generally, most of the centers are doing their best with limited budgets and staff to provide quality services to their students. For more effective services, many university career centers in Korea are expanding or hope to expand personally customized services (e.g. 1:1 services or career counseling). Commonly, they hire part-time professionals rather than developing their full time staff's professional skills. One reason for this might be that most of full time staff in career centers are administrative and all regularly circulated from one office to other office. This problem has been pointed by professionals and scholars for many years. It seems difficult to solve until university career centers are perceived to be professional career counseling service organizations. Most of universities classify their services as "career counseling," but the quality is questionable considering the qualifications/degrees of the staff who provide 1:1 services. Except for two universities, there are no qualified career or psychological counselors. Career advisding services provided 1:1 seems to be equated to "career counseling." Finally, many have no clear policies for developing professional skills, preventing burn-out, processing intakes, administering assessments, managing cases, etc.
University career centers in Korea have been expanding their services, program staff and physical facilities. Recently, they have begun to provide more effective services like 1:1 services or career counseling. The results of this quick survey indicate that most universities provide 1:1 services in their career center but the quality of 1:1 or career counseling services is somewhat questionable. Perhaps the first problem for university career centers in Korea to solve is to develop the professional skills of their staff.
Professional Career Development Organizations in Korea: Life Development Counseling Association by Sungsik Ahn
There are various organizations or associations related to career development professionals in South Korea and each has their own strengths based on members' backgrounds. The Life Development Counseling Association (LDCA) is one career related association and consists of researchers and professors of career/vocation counseling majors. Initially it was called the "Career Development Vocational Counseling Colloquium (Career Colloquium)". The association's first board meeting was held in November 2006. The goal of the Career Colloquium was introducing career counseling theories and practices and reflecting their application in the context of Korean culture. From 2007 to 2011, the Career Colloquium hosted nineteen regular colloquium on issues such as career counseling/development theories and its application, career related assessments and career counseling interventions in various settings by inviting researchers who studied on each issue or practitioners with experience related to a specific setting.
In 2012, the Career Colloquium changed its name to the Life Development Counseling Association to cover broader issues related to individuals' career and life such as marriage, leisure, heath, finance, education, etc. LDCA continued to host regular colloquium on various issues related to career and life like leisure counseling, university entrance advice, life development counseling, etc. To introduce broader perspectives on career and life issues to career professionals and students of master or doctoral programs, LDCA has invited international guests from other countries. Last year via Skype, LDCA hosted two international seminars. One invited Dr. James Sampson from Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida, United States and centered on the Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) model and career readiness issues. Another focused on the Hope-centered Career Development Approach and invited Dr. Yoon Hyung Joon from Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane, Morocco. Additionally, LDCA offered the 2013 NCDA conference debriefing session at Korea Counseling Association's 2013 annual conference.
Please contact LDCA's chairperson, Dr. Hwang Mae Hyang (maehyang@ginue.ac.kr) if you are interested in researching career issues with Korean scholars or making a contribution to a future LDCA colloquium. Dr. Hyang is planning to attend NCDA's conference this year at Long Beach.
Celebrating the 100th anniversary of National Career Development Association, many Korean practitioners, researchers, students and professors participated in 2013 NCDA Conference in Boston last July. It might be the largest group among international guests in the conference. Korean participants lunched together during the conference, networking and giving warm congratulation to Dr. Yoon, Hyung Joon who was elected for the Trustee At Large board member of NCDA. Korean members all enjoyed the conference and short trip in Boston before and after the conference.
Korean participants: Dr. Yoon, Hyung Joon; Ms. Hwang, Eunmee; Dr. Hwang, Mae Hyang; Mr. Ahn, Sungsik; Dr. Kang, Hey Young; Ms. In, Hyo Yoen; Ms. Kang, Zi Young (on the right photo, from left to clockwise)
Korean Counseling Association is one of the largest associations for counseling field. You can see the detail introduction on KCA website - http://www.counselors.or.kr. Their goal is to provide practitioners in Korea broader perspectives for their practice and research.
The Asia Pacific Career Development Association is a non-profit association incorporated for educational purposes in the state of Maryland, USA. To contact us, email Info@AsiaPacificCDA.org


text:
#ifndef SENDFILE_UTIL_H
#define SENDFILE_UTIL_H

/* Wrapper for various sendfile()-like calls. Returns -1 and errno=EINVAL if
   it isn't supported for some reason (out_fd isn't a socket, offset is too
   large, or there simply is no sendfile()). */
ssize_t safe_sendfile(int out_fd, int in_fd, uoff_t *offset, size_t count);

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


All the key interfaces in Tika were described in detail earlier in this book and their Javadocs are all available online, but it's often useful to have a quick reference for looking up some of the more commonly used functionality. This appendix answers that need by providing a summary of the key parts of the Tika API.
As discussed in chapter 2 and later in this book, the org.apache.tika.Tika facade class is designed to make simple Tika use cases as easy to use as possible. The facade class supports the methods shown in table A.1.


You know on cartoons where someone takes a drink of water and someone else says something shocking and then they just spit water everywhere? (Michael just informed me this is called a 'spit-take'. Had NO idea there was a word for this.) Anyways. Literally my reaction when Haley asked what I thought about doing their engagement photos at my FAVORITE antique store in Memphis, Antique Warehouse Mall. Guys. I basically live here.
And I really never realized how perfect and eclectic it would be for engagement photos, but it was just the right fit for Haley and Shane.
Don't even get me started on these two. They are the BEST.
First of all, they were SO DANG SWEET with each other. The way they love and care about each other is so evident just by the way they are when they're together, and documenting that in their photos was effortless.
They are also hilarious. They had each other (and me) laughing the entire time we were taking photos. After we left the Antique Mall, we headed to Broad Avenue to soak up the golden hour and all the colorful Memphis murals, as well as make a pit stop at City & State for some of the tastiest coffee in town.
Haley and Shane are having a June wedding at Amurica Studio, and guys, this ain't yo mama's venue. Amurica Studio is a completely unique and fun Memphis wedding venue, perfect for an off-beat wedding, and I can't WAIT to celebrate with these two this summer!!


The Uganda National Chamber of Commerce and Industry is one of the few agencies in the country that are able to issue traders with certificates of origin. This is a very essential role since products can not be exported without this document; therefore the Chamber plays a major role in the documentation process of trade in the country. The chamber not only offers these certificates but also provides them at a subsidized price in a hustle free environment. This is because we appreciate the role of the business community to the development of the country and we realize the importance of issuing trade documents in the shortest time possible.


Te Kouma has a range of accommodation options from a fully self-contained house with private swimming through to cottages, cabins, motor home and tent sites.
All our cottages overlook the magnificent Te Kouma Harbour.
The Log Home has a queen-size bed in the main bedroom and 2 single beds in the other bedroom plus a sofa bed in the lounge. There is a separate kitchen.
Daisy is a single bedroom cottage with a queen-size bed in the bedroom and a sofa bed in the kitchen/lounge area. Includes a shower/toilet room.
Dahlia has a queen-size bed in the bedroom plus a single day bed and a pull-out bed in the kitchen/lounge area. Includes a shower/toilet room.
Pohutakawa has a queen-size bed in the bedroom and a sofa bed in the kitchen/lounge area. Includes a shower/toilet room.
Rose has a queen-size bed in the main bedroom, a double bunk with a single on top and a single bed in the other bedroom plus a sofa bed in the kitchen/lounge area. Includes a shower/toilet room.
Bougainvillea has a queen-size bed in the main bedroom, a double bunk with a single on top and a single bed in the other bedroom plus a sofa bed in the kitchen/lounge area. Includes a shower/toilet room.
A 1-bedroom cottage which sleeps up to 5. There is a queen-size bed, 2 single beds and a pull-out single bed. Enjoy the view.
A large 2-bedroom lodge separated from the cottages. Single bunks in 1 room, sleeps 12 and 3 double bunks with singles on top in other room which sleeps up to 9. There is a communal dining, lounge, kitchen area. Also toilets and showers.
There are 6 small cabins that can take up to 6 persons each. These are a single room with a queen-size bed plus 4 bunk beds in each plus a small kitchette. The toilets and showers are communal.
Tariffs for cottages vary from $110-$130 for 2 persons and $25 for each additional adult. The deluxe Log Cabin is from $250.


text:
from swgpy.object import *

def create(kernel):
	result = Tangible()

	result.template = "object/tangible/lair/base/shared_poi_all_lair_rock_shelter_large.iff"
	result.attribute_template_id = -1
	result.stfName("lair_n","rock_shelter")

	#### BEGIN MODIFICATIONS ####
	####  END MODIFICATIONS  ####

	return result


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text:
Glacier National Park Spring Road and Campground Update for May 8th
Contact: Amy Vanderbilt, 406-888-5838
WEST GLACIER, MONT. – Glacier National Park officials report that additional park roads are now open or are anticipated to open providing increased access to the park for this weekend.
The Camas Road opened for vehicle access, Thursday evening, May 7. Several east side park roads have also reopened after being re-plowed from several feet of snow fall two weeks ago. Roads in the park's North Fork are also projected to open on Sunday, May 10.
The following park roads are currently open for vehicle access.
West side park roads:
• Going-to-the-Sun Road (West Glacier to Avalanche)
• Camas Road
• Kelly Camp Road
• Quarter Circle Bridge Road
• Inside North Fork Road (Polebridge to Big Prairie)
• Goat Lick parking area
East side park roads:
• Chief Mountain Road (Customs not open until May 15)
• Many Glacier Valley
• Going-to-the-Sun Road (St. Mary to Rising Sun)
• Two Medicine (park entrance to Running Eagle Falls)
All other park roads remain closed to vehicles due to snow. Hikers and bicyclists are welcome on closed park roads as conditions permit. Recreational users are reminded that pets are NOT allowed on park roads when roads are used as trails.
Visitors often enjoy hiking and/or bicycling on the Going-to-the-Sun Road (Sun Road) beyond vehicle gates. There are no hiker/bicycle closures on the Sun Road when crews are not working; however, snow and ice may be encountered on the roadway beyond the Avalanche area. Hikers and bicyclists also need to watch for heavy equipment operating on the Sun Road.
In the park's remote North Fork area, the Inside North Fork Road remains closed to vehicles between Logging Creek and Fish Creek due to downfall and road repair issues. Bowman Lake and Kintla Lake are both free of ice; however, all three lakes in the Quartz Lake drainage and Logging Lake remain frozen at this time. Trails along lakes are relatively snow-free, but are littered with downfall -in some cases there are approximately 30 trees per mile. Stock parties are not recommended until trails are cleared of downed trees.
Apgar Campground is now open for full-service camping for $20/night. St. Mary campground is open for primitive camping. Bowman and Kintla Lake Campgrounds will open for primitive camping on Sunday, May 10. The charge for primitive camping is $10/night.
Glacier National Park entrance rates are $25/single vehicle and $12/single entry. An annual pass, good for unlimited entry to Glacier National Park for one year from the date of purchase, is $35. Even when the entrance stations are not staffed, entrance fees are still required. Follow the posted instructions to pay the entrance fee at the self-pay stations at each entrance.
Significant snow remains in Glacier's high country. Warming temperatures increase avalanche hazards. Visitors should keep alert for spring avalanche activity in the upper elevation portions of the Sun Road where travel is not advised when conditions are unstable. Visitors should also recognize and remain vigilant to this potential hazard when traveling anywhere in the park's backcountry through avalanche zones. Visitors should also use extreme caution around rivers and streams, which will be rising and flowing rapidly due to melting snow.
The Apgar Visitor Center is open daily from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Visitors can also phone 406-888-7800 for general park information, including the specific location of hiker/bicycle closures.
Current road conditions for Glacier National Park are available by calling 511, the Montana Department of Transportation Traveler Information System. If a phone does not support 511, call 1-800-226-7623. Both numbers are toll-free. Select "Glacier Park Tourist Information" from the main menu to hear Glacier's road report.
Current road conditions are also available online at: https://www.nps.gov/applications/glac/roadstatus/roadstatus.cfm. The information is updated as conditions change.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home biography Peter Gadiot
Peter Gadiot Biography
Facts of Peter Gadiot
1986 , January-2
5 Feet 11 Inch
Rosanna Pansino
Charles Paget
Georgeanne Elliot
$ 2 million
Shorty Award for Best in Food
Molly Lu
social media personality, singer, and author
Married to
Facebook, Twitter, Wiki, Instagram
Presley Hernandez
Iris Mary Redmayne
Affair with
Quick Timeline of Peter Gadiot
1986 Born in United Kingdom
2017 Total Net Worth
2010 Television debut through My Spy Family
2010 Movie debut from 13 Hrs
2017 Appeared in Supergiel
Detail Timeline of Peter Gadiot
January 2 , 1986
Born in United Kingdom
Pater Gadiot was born on January 2, 1986, in London, England. He was born to his Mexican mother and Dutch father and grew up with his brother in London.
Peter Gadiot collects a tremendous amount of money through his profession. As of 2017, his net worth is estimated to be $1.4 million. With the big chunk of money, he lives a lavish and luxurious life with his parents.
Television debut through My Spy Family
Peter Gadiot took his first step in the entertainment industry through the 2010 television series My Spy Family as Troy Falconi, which received a mixed review from audiences.
Movie debut from 13 Hrs
Gadiot made his movie debut through the British horror film, 13 Hrs as Stephen Moore. His diligent performance led him to several movies like The Forbidden Girl, Hot Mess and so on.
Appeared in Supergiel
Currently, Peter Gadiot is busy with her television series, Supergirl as Mister Mxyzptlk. He appeared in the TV series along with Calista Flockhart, Chris Wood, Floriana Lima, Katie McGrath, and Odette Annable, etc.
Peter Gadiot was passionate about acting since his childhood and trained at Drama Centre London. He then got a chance to appeared in numerous stage productions, while he was in school.
Peter Gadiot made his television debut through the television series, My Spy Family as Troy Falconi. He then appeared on many television shows like Fresh Meat, Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, Matador, Queens of the South, Supergirl and much more
In the same year of his television debut, Gadiot took his first step in the field of acting through the movie, 13 Hrs, where he portrayed the role of Stephen Moore. Similarly, he appeared in numerous film, The Forbidden Girl, Hot Mess and so on. As an actor, he has been honored with The Imagen Foundation Award in 2017 for a best supporting role in Queen of the South.
Gadiot achieved a huge success after working with Melissa Benoist, Chris Wood, and Floriana Lima, etc.
Besides, Peter Gadiot is a Philanthropy thus involved with the campaign to help end trafficking and end human slavery. He also managed the time for working as a guest speaker at public schools from his busy schedule. He is a travel person, who completed a journey of climbing Mount Kilimanjaro as well as rowing across the Atlantic Ocean from the Caribbean to Africa in 40 days.
Gadiot belongs to white ethnicity and holds an English nationality. Peter Gadiot is 1.80 m tall (5 feet 11 inch), and his weight is 72 Kg. It seems Gadiot is currently single and often posts his vacation's pictures via Instagram. Till this date, he hasn't confirmed his relationship officially in front of media. As an actor, he gave his interview to various channels, but he didn't reveal anything about his love affair, girlfriend, wife or married life.
Peter Gadiot likes bike more than cars and often shares bikes' pictures via Instagram and once mentioned that "2 wheels are better than 4." Gadiot is an adventure person and often seen in beautiful and world's expensive destination including Saraha desert, India, mountain and many others.
Peter Gadiot receives a reasonable sum of money through his profession and his current net worth is estimated to be $1.4 million. He often posts pictures while traveling in an airplane, and helicopter. He has a black car, which looks fancy.


Eastgate House is a fine Tudor property built in 1591. The garden to the rear was made by Sir Guy Dawber in the 1920s but was substantially altered in 1983 to feature Dickens' chalet which was brought to the site in 1961. There are four main areas of the garden: the first and second occupy the south-eastern third of the site and form both an ornamental setting for the pedestrian path and front gardens for the house and the Community Hub building; the third and fourth form an enclosed garden and lie to the north and north-east.
This compartmentalised, interconnecting garden has areas which were laid out on the site of a late-18th-century / early-19th-century (and probably earlier) garden surrounding a surviving late-16th-century townhouse. Eastgate House was purchased by the town of Rochester in 1897 as a museum to commemorate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. It incorporates a formal garden designed in the 1920s, as his sole garden commission in Kent, by the acclaimed Arts and Crafts architect Sir (Edward) Guy Dawber. The site has not housed the Dickens centre since 2004.
Eastgate House and its garden lie towards the eastern end of Rochester High Street, 0.5km south-east of Rochester castle, in a dense urban area mainly defined by Georgian and Victorian buildings with some earlier, mainly C17, buildings. The river Medway forms a boundary to the city to the east and to the north.The approximately 0.3ha garden is bordered to the south-west by wrought-iron railings, the south-west elevation of Eastgate House and the south-west elevation of the Foord annexe building, together with a link building, all immediately adjacent to the High Street. To the north-west it is bordered by the north-west elevation of the Foord annexe building, an approximately 2.5m brick wall and the panelled, brick-faced, south-east elevation of a casino. To the north-east it is bordered by an approximately 2.5m brick wall enclosing it from the adjacent Corporation Street (A2) which incorporates two shelters on its street face. The south-east boundary is formed by the north-west elevation of Medway Community Hub, a brick wall, and a 2m high beech hedge adjacent to the north-west elevation of a neighbouring, Victorian, property.
Eastgate House garden may be approached from either High Street or Corporation Street, the entrance from High Street being the main one. This comprises early C19 wrought-iron double gates set into the boundary wrought-iron railings (listed grade II); the uprights have palmette heads and cast-iron newels with pineapple finials (English Heritage listing). The second entrance, from Corporation Street, is formed by an opening in the brick wall flanked by 4m-high brick piers. The entrances are connected by a straight 70m path forming a public right of way for pedestrians.
Eastgate House (listed grade I) is a substantial C16 Elizabethan town house, built in a series of stages from the late C16 to the end of the C17, possibly on an earlier medieval site. It has an asymmetrical form and is mainly built of brick, with some rubble ragstone, and Kent tile roofs. The jettied south-west side elevation and rear wings are brick and timber-framed. Unusual features include an exterior brick stair turret which would have provided a vantage point towards the river and the ships moored on it (English Heritage listing and Griffiths).
There are four main areas of the garden: the first and second occupy the south-eastern third of the site and form both an ornamental setting for the pedestrian path and front gardens for the house and the Community Hub building; the third and fourth form an enclosed garden and lie to the north and north-east.
The first area (0.07ha), which forms the front garden to Eastgate House, lies to the south-west immediately inside the High Street entrance. The pedestrian path, here some 5m wide and laid to York-stone edged with terracotta tiles, runs in a north-easterly direction for 17m and is terminated by two approximately 1m high, black-painted bollards set into the path and flanked on each side by decorative, arched brick walls. The walls form part of the late C19 to early C20 restorations and are around 2.5m long and some 1m high, each with seven arches. They are supported by 1.5m high brick piers, with concrete spheres placed above, and extend on the north side to the south-east elevation of Eastgate House, and on the south side to the north-west elevation of an adjacent Victorian property. To the north of the path, flanking the terracotta-paved entrance to Eastgate House, lie two ornamental, stone-edged, raised beds, some 7x2.5m. To the south of the path, an ornamental bed bordered by a 2m high beech hedge extends for 17m from the High Street entrance.
The second area (0.09ha) lies to the immediate north-east of the Eastgate House front garden and forms the front gardens to the Community Hub building and to Dawber's caretaker's cottage. The approximately 5m wide pedestrian path, here with tarmac surfacing, continues through the centre of the garden for 53m to the12Corporation Street entrance. To the south of the path, immediately in front of the north-west elevation of the Community Hub, lie four areas of rectangular-shaped lawn edged by a low (0.28m) stone wall with stone coping; the lawns are intersected by paths leading to the main and side entrances to the Community Hub. To the north of the path, opposite the Community Hub, lies a small car park and to the west of the car park two further areas of lawn, edged with a low stone wall, flank the front entrance to the caretaker's cottage. The brick-built cottage, which faces south-east, is two storeys high and two bays wide, with three-light, iron-framed leaded casements. The central door is six-panelled, with a rectangular four-paned fan light. Above the entrance, an oval plaque is displayed with the City arms. During the late 1920s, the front garden to the cottage was laid with ornamental plants and shrubs (Medway images). Within this second area of the garden, little of the early C20 ornamental planting survives apart from two specimen copper beech trees, around 100 years old, situated to the east and west of the garden.
The third area (0.07ha), forming the garden originally designed by Dawber but significantly altered in the mid-1980s to the present layout, lies immediately to the north-east of the house. It is approached from the south-east via an approximately 1m tarmac path lined with Sarsen stones (relics from the museum), and double wrought-iron gates set into palmette-head wrought-iron railings, listed grade II. The garden is laid out formally and defined by raised beds, box parterres, lavender hedges, fish ponds and York-stone paving.
Immediately inside the entrance to the garden, a York-stone path is flanked by two areas of rough ground, formerly lawns, 63 metres square, on which stand two former museum exhibits: a section of a medieval road and a well-pump, formerly owned by Charles Dickens.
Beyond the former lawns, to the north-west of the entrance, lies an area paved with some 500 square metres of York stone surrounding two T-shaped ponds planted with water lilies and water iris. The ponds, connected by a water channel beneath a stone bridge, form the focal point of the garden. They replaced Dawber's original sunken octagonal pond. The first pond, to the north-east, is 54m square and is surrounded on three sides by a stone wall, around 45cm high and varying in width, containing lavender beds. Open post and rail fencing forms a barrier on the fourth side. Two rectangular box parterres containing box topiary, lavender and pelargoniums flank this pond; the first to the south-east is 2.5m wide and 6m long and the second to the north-west 3.5m wide and 6m long.
The second pond, around 34m square, lies to the south-west of the first, and is similarly surrounded on three sides by a stone wall containing lavender beds, with open post and rail fencing forming the fourth side to the north-east. The walls to the north-west and south-east are also some 0.45m high: the wall immediately to the south-west is approximately 0.83m high and forms a retaining wall to a terrace above. The terrace may be approached on either side of the wall (to the north and the south) via two sets of four stone steps flanked by plain iron railings which ascend to a platform of York-stone paving on which the Dickens chalet (listed grade I) stands. The chalet is timber-framed, two storeys high, and has an overhanging roof with decorative barge boarding supported by shaped brackets (English Heritage listing).
Immediately to the front of the north-east elevation of the chalet, wrought-iron railings with palmette heads form a barrier across the terrace. These railings replace the white-painted picket fence erected during the 1960s. To the south-west of the chalet stands the link building to the Foord annexe; both buildings form the south-west boundary of the garden.
To the north-west of the ponds, the garden boundary is formed by Dawber's approximately 2.5m-high brick wall built 'in Flemish garden-wall bond, with steep brick ridges above a dentilled course' (Griffiths). In the centre of the wall and approached by three ascending York stone steps, an open-fronted garden house stands on a York-stone platform. It has a 'hipped tiled roof with dentilled cornice, supported by round stone columns with simple moulded bases and capitals' (Griffiths). The platform with its garden house and two approximately 2.5m-wide flanking shrub borders survive from the alteration in the 1980s of Dawber's original, much wider (some 7.5m) upper terrace. The borders are planted with a variety of trees and shrubs including magnolia, viburnum and berberis; a specimen copper beech, around 100 years old, stands in the north-east corner. The borders are retained by a 30cm-high stone wall (probably erected during the 1980s) and a narrow strip of open ground lies immediately to the south-east of the stone wall.
The north-east boundary of the garden is formed by a further surviving section of Dawber's approximately 2.5m-high, Flemish-bond brick wall, with identical brick decoration to the north-west wall, including steep brick ridges laid above a dentilled course. To the far south-east, an oak door set into the arched wall provides an entrance to the fourth garden area beyond. Set into the centre of the wall stands Dawber's surviving open-fronted shelter, with a hipped, tiled roof. Between the oak door and the shelter, the wall is clothed in wisteria. To the far north-west of the wall a secondary, open, arched entrance also leads into the garden beyond. This entrance did not form part of Dawber's 1920s design but was created during the 1983 alterations and it appears that some bricks were removed from the 1920s wall to form the arch above.
This entrance gives access to the fourth area of the garden to the north-east of the house. Informal and sloping, its 0.11ha are mainly laid to lawn with surrounding and intersecting 3m-wide York-stone paths, some specimen trees and ornamental planting. The approximately 40m-long boundary wall to the north-west is formed by the south-east, panelled-brick external wall of a Victorian building now (2013) used as a casino. Along the base of the wall is a 1m-wide ornamental border mainly planted with geranium and specimen trees including magnolia and Garya eliptica. The north-east boundary is formed by aa approximately 35m-long brick wall adjacent to Corporation Street along the base of which is a densely-planted shrub border, some 2m wide, including more Garya eliptica, hypericum and mahonia. Built into the centre of the wall and facing into Corporation Street stand two brick-built shelters around 3m apart, the backs of which project into the garden. Each shelter has a hipped, tiled roof, echoing the design of Dawber's 1920s shelter in the formal garden. Between the shelters a wooden bench stands on a raised stone platform.
The south-east boundary is formed by the public lavatory building (now, 2013, closed) and the north-west elevation of Dawber's garden cottage, between which are wrought-iron railings with palmette heads; identical railings lie between the lavatory building and the Corporation Street boundary wall into which a locked wrought-iron gate is set, providing views into the garden beyond. Densely-planted herbaceous borders, including romnya, perovskia, lavender and geraniums, enclosed by box hedging, surround the public lavatory building; a York-stone path leads to a passageway which forms a tunnel through the centre of the building with wrought-iron gates at each end, allowing a further glimpse of the garden beyond. The single-storey lavatory building is constructed in red brick with a tiled roof; the projecting brickwork and dentilled cornicing, once again reflecting Dawber's work at the Foord annexe and the cottage.
The south-west boundary is formed by Dawber's brick wall supported by buttresses. A narrow ornamental border runs the length of the wall. Dawber's garden shed, as shown on his plans, no longer survives, but its imprint remains visible in the brick discolouration.
P. Salter, The City of Rochester Society: The Newsletter, August 2005, p.13.
This elaborate example of late Tudor brick architecture now houses the Dickens Centre which is open to the public. The entrance gates once stood in front of the Guildhall.
The garden to the rear was remade in 1983, the major feature being Dickens' chalet which was brought from Gad's Hill Place after his death. Its image is reflected in the two formal pools in the paved garden below, which is brightened by beds of seasonal planting. Through a gate in the north wall is an informal garden with a pergola walk and arbour.
Description: The entrance gates once stood in front of the Guildhall.
Description: This is an elaborate example of late-Tudor brick architecture.
Age, rarity and survival: The site exhibits important surviving features of an early C20 formal garden, providing a contemporary garden setting for the grade I listed C16 townhouse. Significant surviving architectural features of the main formal garden, designed by Sir (Edward) Guy Dawber, include the garden walls, a garden house, a shelter, some York-stone paving and some terracing. Dawber was an acclaimed Arts and Crafts architect who ranked alongside his contemporaries, Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869-1944) and Sir Reginald Blomfield (1856-1942), all of whom were awarded the rare distinction of a royal gold medal for architecture. Dawber had only four commissions in Kent, including the Foord Alms-houses, in Priestlands, Rochester, but the Eastgate House commission for the Foord annexe and cottage was the only one specifically to include a designed garden and was therefore unique in Kent.
Aesthetic value: Dawber's garden design included signature architectural features and L-shaped flower-beds, typifying the Arts and Crafts style that he used elsewhere, particularly at Netherswell Manor in Gloucestershire and Hamptworth Lodge in Wiltshire. Dawber's formal garden was intended to form an integral part of the surrounding buildings: architectural details found in the buildings were reflected in the garden, providing a coherent whole. Although the garden was radically altered during the 1980s, Dawber's final designs survive in his fully detailed drawings, and to a significant extent, in surviving structures, and therefore it is perfectly feasible for his garden to be fully restored.
Evidential value: The history of Eastgate House is reasonably well supported by documentary and physical evidence dating from the C16, though there are some important gaps. The development of the garden itself from the mid-C19 onwards is supported by pictorial and documentary evidence but the creation of a new formal garden in the 1920s exhibits high evidential value through physical survival, primary documentary and pictorial evidence.
Historic association: The notable link between Sir Peter Buck, Eastgate House and the internationally important Royal Naval Dockyard during the late C16 and the early C17 has high associative value. In 1606, Buck's notable position as Clerk of the Ships allowed him to receive at Eastgate House: King James I, his wife Anne of Denmark, his brother-in-law King Christian IV of Denmark and Henry, Prince of Wales. The King of Denmark lodged overnight during their visit to inspect the Royal Dockyard.
During the C19, Eastgate House was immortalised by the celebrated author, Charles Dickens (1812-70), appearing as 'Westgate' in Dickens' novel The Pickwick Papers and the 'Nun's House' in The Mystery of Edwin Drood. In 1961, Dickens' Swiss-style chalet that he used for writing at his home at Gad's Hill, Higham, was finally relocated to the garden at Eastgate House. The important links with the benefactor Thomas Hellyar Foord and the architect Sir Guy Dawber also provide high associative value.
Social, communal and economic value: Eastgate House is a highly distinctive Elizabethan building that provides a strong local identity within Rochester. Large areas of the garden which were given over to orchards and market gardens were well known to local residents. From the mid-C19, Eastgate House has been the subject of many illustrations and photographs, often reproduced and used locally as postcards, thus creating its status as a tourist venue. Its use for most of the C19 as a day and boarding school for young women, and later in the century a YMCA and Temperance Restaurant, provided high social and communal value. This value continued from the early C20 to the early C21 in the use of Eastgate House as a museum which brought large numbers of visitors to the site. Since the closure of the museum in 1979, and the Dickens Centre in 2004, visitors continue to enjoy the public gardens on an everyday basis.
Landmark status: the designed garden at Eastgate House is an integral part of the visually significant building which forms a landmark site within the Rochester townscape. Since the early C20, a clearly visible pedestrian pathway has provided an important route to and from the High Street with direct public access to all areas of the garden.
A compartmentalised, interconnecting garden, part of which is laid out on the site of a late C18 to the early C19 (and probably earlier) garden surrounding a surviving late C16 townhouse. It incorporates a formal garden designed in the 1920s, as his sole garden commission in Kent, by the acclaimed Arts and Crafts architect Sir (Edward) Guy Dawber. The main features of Dawber's garden survive although some significant reconfiguration took place in the mid-1980s along with the creation of a new, informal garden in an adjacent compartment. The house and garden have significant historic associations with public, royal and literary figures, including Sir Peter Buck, King James I and Charles Dickens.
Eastgate House and its associated grounds, found within the ancient city of Rochester, owe their origin to Sir Peter Buck (or Bucke) (1550-1625) for whom the house was built between 1590 and 1591 as his private residence (English Heritage listing). This notable townhouse, together with its associated land, would have reflected his high-ranking status. Buck was an alderman of Rochester and in 1593 became mayor (Canterbury Archaeological Trust, 2004 (CAT)). In 1582, he became Clerk of the Cheque at the Tudor Royal Dockyard, Chatham, and from 1596 was promoted to one of the Navy Board's four most senior positions, as Clerk of the Ships, a position he held until his death (Crawshaw).
In 1606, during a visit to Chatham to inspect the navy, King James I, his wife Anne of Denmark, his brother- in- law King Christian IV of Denmark and Henry, Prince of Wales all visited Sir Peter Buck at Eastgate House. The King of Denmark remained at Eastgate House to lodge overnight (Archaeologia Cantiana).
Evidence of a late Tudor, early Jacobean garden is speculative, but between 1608 and 1612 Eastgate House appears to be shown with a substantial enclosed garden immediately beyond which lies marshland and the river Medway (John Speed map 1608-12).
Following Buck's death in 1625, Eastgate House, its associated land and outbuildings passed to succeeding generations of the Buck family until 1687, when it was mortgaged to a John Parker for £300 by way of an indenture of feoffment. Security for the loan included 'the messuage, 5 cottages, 1 stable, 47 tofts, 9 gardens, 1 orchard, and one acre of marsh with the appurtenances.....' (Wheatley).
In 1696, ownership passed to the Bartholomew family and Eastgate House remained in their possession until the mid to late C18 (Wheatley). At this time, evidence suggests that the historic land boundary of the property was extensive, with close proximity to creek inlets and the riverside wharfs of the Medway, allowing easy access to travel by boat to Chatham Dockyard (Baker map, 1772).
In 1775, ownership passed to a Charles Whitehead, whose possession of Eastgate House included: 'all that capital and messuages or mansion house wherein Sir Peter Buck did formerly inhabit and dwell with the yard, stables, gardens, outhouses, buildings and appurtenances thereto belonging....' (Title deeds 1775).
Between the late C18 and early C19, when it is believed that ownership had passed to a Michael Thompson (CAT and Land Tax Return of 1791), pictorial evidence shows a formal pleasure garden to the south-east of Eastgate House, immediately adjacent to the main entrance: fashionable figures are depicted standing on a broad pathway lined on both sides by post and chain fencing, surrounded by ornamentally- planted beds, shrubbery and specimen trees. Wooden fencing and hedging also appear to separate the garden from the river Medway and tall-masted sailing ships beyond (Couchman 26L). Further evidence verifies extensive compartmentalised gardens, probably market gardens, to the north-east of the house, adjacent to Blue Boar Lane (R Sale map, 1816). These are likely to be the same market gardens rented out to a John Denham by a William Clements during the mid-C19 (abstract of title 1829/1904 and tithe map and apportionment 1841).
Between 1824 and 1867, census returns and various directories show that Eastgate House had become a boarding school (Harris' references to Pigot's, Williams, Phippen, Chatham and Rochester directories 1824-67). During this period, documentary evidence shows two compartmentalised gardens: a front garden to the south-east depicting a winding path from the High Street entrance to the front door of the house; the other to the north-east depicting an enclosed garden with a tree-lined boundary and a large orchard beyond. The orchard extended for around 125 metres as far as the London, Chatham and Dover railway line, built in 1858, thus truncating the former garden boundary. A small garden area immediately to the north-west of the house is also shown (1st edition OS map); and photographic evidence shows the same area planted with trees, situated behind a brick boundary wall into which a door is set (Couchman 23L and 25c).
In the 1870s, Eastgate House again became a private residence as the home of Samuel Shaw, a local coal merchant. Pictorial evidence from the 1880s clearly depicts a formal front garden to the south-east of the house with straight pathways, beds and borders, specimen trees and a boundary fence to the north-east enclosing the garden, and separating it from the orchard beyond (Couchman 27). Documentary evidence also shows that part of the orchard was used by a Thomas Prett, a local greengrocer, as a market garden known as 'Prett's Garden'. According to Harris: 'this garden contained many venerable fruit trees' (Harris, and Wheatley sketch).
By 1890, the house was converted to a YMCA although the front garden appears little changed (Couchman 24L). In 1897 the house became a Temperance Restaurant before being purchased in the same year by Rochester Corporation for £2025. A further £1000 was set aside for the restoration and conversion of Eastgate House to a museum and municipal library, to commemorate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. The museum was officially opened in 1903 by Earl Stanhope, Lord Lieutenant of Kent (Harris - Anecdotes).
During the conversion, the boundary wall to the garden area south-east of Eastgate House, adjacent to the High Street, was demolished to provide bricks for internal repairs (Harris - Anecdotes). The wall was replaced with low, arched, wrought-iron railings providing clear views of the house and its front garden, and the boundary line moved inwards so that a line of trees formerly within the garden now stood outside on the street; railings were also installed along the boundary to the south-east to enclose the garden from a passageway which ran below the north-west elevation of the neighbouring property (Technical Institute plans and Couchman 32L). The garden was laid to lawn with a curved pathway leading directly to the front entrance of the house. A contemporary photograph shows high wire-fencing forming the north-east boundary of this part of the garden (Couchman 28u 32L 33L).
Also by the early 1900s, the construction of two buildings immediately to the north-east of the house (one of which was described as a gymnasium) and a series of buildings on the far north-east boundary (part of the Corporation Depot) reduced the size of the garden in these areas (OS 2nd edition, Technical Institute plans and Couchman 28u). In 1905, the garden was further reduced by the building of Rochester Technical Institute, listed grade II, to the east of the house (OS 3rd edition and English Heritage listing) and, from 1904, the construction of New Street (later to become Corporation Street). By 1912, the high wire-fencing on the north-east boundary of the front garden had been removed and partially replaced with an arched brick wall flanking a pathway leading to the Technical Institute (Technical Institute Plans and Couchman 34r). By this time, an ornamental garden laid out in around 1905 with specimen trees and topiaried shrubs on the immediate north-west front of the Technical Institute had matured (Couchman 52 and 53).
By 1913, the low railings forming the boundary to the garden area south-east of the house had been replaced by tall, wrought-iron railings and a gate with elaborate newel posts, listed grade II, taken from a number of other buildings in Rochester, including the Guildhall; the boundary line remained unaltered (Harris - Anecdotes, Couchman 35L, and 36U).
In 1917, local philanthropist Thomas Hellyar Foord (1823-1917) bequeathed £10,000 to the city of Rochester. The sum was intended to re-imburse the Corporation for the purchase of Eastgate House and the purchase of land. Foord's bequest also provided funding for the construction of an extension to the museum, building a caretaker's cottage and designing a formal garden immediately to the north-east of the house. The commission was given in 1922 to the architect Sir Guy Dawber (1861-1938); his designs were submitted later that year and work began in 1923 (Library and Museum Committee minutes).
Both the detailed plans of the garden, and the surviving structures, show architectural features that typify Dawber's Arts and Crafts style. These include: the use of abundant York-stone paving and the semi-circular steps; and the surviving decorative brickwork of the enclosing walls, garden house and shelter, which reflect the Flemish-bond brickwork and dentilled cornicing found in the Foord annex building and the cottage (Dawber garden plans). Eastgate House was one of only four Dawber commissions in Kent, including the Foord alms houses in Rochester, and the only one specifically to include a garden (RIBA Journal, and Architects' Journal).
Dawber's final design included an octagonal-shaped sunken pond with moulded stone curb (although his first design shows a square pond) and dwarf brick-walls with stone coping containing lavender beds (Dawber garden plans). The planting designs for the formal garden were made by Dawber in consultation with the head gardener at Hampton Court Palace (Library and Museum Committee Minutes p.266). Pictorial evidence suggests that Dawber's 1922 final design was fully executed (Architects' drawings 1933-4, Couchman 38L and Medway images) and was formally opened on the 26th March 1924 together with the museum annexe and cottage. Further evidence shows the new buildings and garden, and a new footpath cutting through the garden to the south-east of the house leading to the former Rochester Technical Institute and Corporation Street. Annexes to the Institute are also depicted to the north-east, immediately beyond Dawber's garden, on the site of the former orchard (OS map 4th edition).
By 1928, Dawber's formal garden had already suffered considerable neglect. In a letter to Rev. S.W. Wheatley, a member of the Council's Museum Committee, Dawber complained about the inappropriate siting of museum pieces and rubbish on the upper terrace. Similarly, shrubs and creepers had not been properly trained or pruned. He states: 'I think it is a very great pity indeed to treat this garden, after the care I have taken over it, in the way it has been done...What I had looked forward to as a little quiet oasis behind the old and the new buildings is now a place one is ashamed to go into' (Letter 17th April 1928).
In 1932, the city surveyor gave instructions that the garden should 'receive regular attention in such a manner as to preserve the architect's original instructions' (City of Rochester Society newsletter, August 2005, p.13).
In 1961, a C19 timber-framed Swiss-style chalet, formerly belonging to the writer Charles Dickens, was relocated from Cobham Hall into the north-west part of the garden between the Foord annexe and the house (Eastgate House features as 'Westgate' in Dickens' novel The Pickwick Papers and the 'Nun's House' in The Mystery of Edwin Drood (Harris). Photographs show a white-painted picket fence, not part of Dawber's design, placed immediately in front of the chalet, although in other respects Dawber's sunken garden remained intact with the planting now mature (Couchman 49). In January 1979, the museum at Eastgate House closed (Couchman 51) and in the same year the Charles Dickens Centre opened, but the overall structure of Dawber's garden appears to have remained unaltered (Couchman 50u).
In 1983, following Council proposals to enhance the Dickens connection, the Dawber garden was substantially altered: the sunken garden was raised, steps and terracing partly removed and the pond reconfigured (1982 Minutes). Some of Dawber's important architectural features survived, however, including the boundary brick walls, the arched entrance to the caretaker's cottage, the garden house, the wall shelter and some York-stone paving. New stone walls were erected and York-stone paving re-laid, but physical evidence suggests that abundant use was made of the 1920s stone, probably saved from the original 1923 construction.
Also in the early 1980s, the Technical Institute became an adult education centre and library (now, 2013, the Community Hub); one of the Institute annexe buildings was converted to a public lavatory and the others demolished. A newly-designed informal garden was created on the site, extending north-east to Corporation Street where a brick boundary wall incorporating two new bus shelters was built. An additional arched entrance was created through Dawber's far north-east boundary wall allowing access to the new garden (Technical Department files 1981-3).
In 2004, the Charles Dickens Centre closed and the Foord annexe was converted for use as offices. Eastgate House remains in the ownership of Medway Council and is used occasionally as an education and exhibition centre. The gardens are open to the general public.


Since 2009 the United Nations mission in Afghanistan, UNAMA, has investigated reports of civilian casualties in Afghanistan. Their work to highlight war's effect on normal life, and in particular to improve protection for women and children, is tireless and rightly highly regarded. The downward trend recorded in their annual figures for 2017 – the first move down since 2012 – is welcome, especially amid a campaign when insurgents have specifically targeted civilians on a scale never before seen in Afghanistan.