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How my bus ride into Croydon unmasked a growing problem
Posted on October 19, 2020 by insidecroydon
CROYDON COMMENTARY: It is against the law to take a ride on public transport without wearing a face mask. But as reader LEWIS WHITE discovered last week, despite 30 TfL bus drivers having died from coronavirus, those rules are hardly enforced
It may be the law, but there is little being done to enforce it
I went in to South Croydon by bus the other day.
One mask-less man went upstairs, with his scooter. Over the course of four or so stops, where I was on the lower deck, one mask-less woman who I would guess was about 65 to 70 years old, plus two young women got on. All mask-less.
I asked the first, politely, if she had forgotten her mask. "I am exempt," she snapped back. I wondered if her exemption also meant that she is exempt from passing on the virus.
No2 responded she wasn't wearing a mask and what business was it of mine?
I asked her why should the rest of us have to wear masks – as it is the law – and that we are all in this together. Did she really want another lockdown?
I pointed out a large sign which said "You must wear a mask". I was amazed that after this dialogue (just the right side of the disrespectful boundary, on both our sides) she said that she would wear one next time. Which didn't do much to address the health and safety of her fellow passengers on this bus, I thought.
The third woman showed me a home-made business card with a daisy which said that the "bearer is exempt". I doubt that it was an official document. "If you're that worried about it, you should take a taxi," she suggested sharply.
"No, I just want to use public transport safely, thank you," was my response, although I wish I had added, "along with all these other people who are abiding by the rules".
A man, mask-less and clearly was a member of Arriva staff, perhaps a bus driver off-duty, jumped on board at the next stop.
"I bet you wouldn't dare ask a man!" said the first woman. Duly prompted, that's exactly what I did. He put his mask on. The woman avoided eye contact with me for the rest of my journey.
All this was within a three-mile bus journey in suburban Croydon.
I did not set out to be a vigilante. Nor was I. But I do think it is very wrong that some people fail to respect the law, and the rest of of us.
Most on Lewis White's bus journey respected the law, and their fellow passengers
I was conscious all the time on the bus ride that the silent majority of my fellow travellers wore masks, demonstrating that they not only care about their own health, but about that of others.
My conclusions?
I do wonder if Transport for London are actually instructing their drivers to turn a blind eye and let maskless people on board unchallenged. This was suggested by another passenger on the bus. I feel he is probably right. Reports of transport staff being spat on or worse when they challenge passengers over masks or fares are common.
If so, TfL need to ensure that there are more staff in uniform or plain clothes to engage with maskless travellers. Ticket inspectors need to become mask inspectors, too. Perhaps the British Transport Police need some support officers to show a presence on board buses (and trams and Tubes, too).
TfL should devise a card that people with genuine health reasons should be required to hold up to the card reader, then put in their card or pass for payment. Yes, that needs a doctor to certfy to TfL that a person is "legit" .
Most of our fellow citizens are doing the right thing, even if people who should know better, like Dominic Cummings, have flouted the coronavirus rules and suffered no consequences.
Sadiq Khan, the Mayor of London, could give a stronger lead, and say, bluntly, "No mask, No ride".
The Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, could help, too, by making some clear statements and funding more transport police. But then, he would rather try to make a poor joke about the Rule of Six.
Trouble is, wearing a mask as required by the law is not a joking matter.
Croydon Commentary is a platform for all our readers to offer their personal views about what matters to them in and around the borough. To submit an article for publication, just email us at inside.croydon@btinternet.com, or post your comment to an Inside Croydon article that has caught your attention
For archive coverage of the coronavirus pandemic in Croydon, click here
This entry was posted in Commuting, Health, TfL, Tramlink, Transport and tagged British Transport Police, coronavirus, Covid-19, Lewis White, London Buses, TfL, Transport for London. Bookmark the permalink.
27 Responses to How my bus ride into Croydon unmasked a growing problem
Laurence Lowne says:
Pop onto any FB group and this is a regular moan, and now a regular banned subject.
Do you really believe masks work?
If they do, where the lockdown has been enforced most has seen the greatest rise in infections.
Something doesn't quite add up here.
Have you asked why?
FTR I do wear a mask where required whether by law or common sense and politeness.
Be polite, and smile when asking.
Claire Kerr says:
I don't think it's your place to challenge people, Lewis. Who knows if someone might have a legitimate reason for not feeling comfortable with wearing a mask – a history of abuse, attack or rape, for example. They would understandably perhaps not want to share that with you – or anyone else.
A polite question is not a "challenge", as you choose to depict it, Claire. If any of the passengers on that bus ride had a legitimate reason for not wearing a mask, they might have said so. One did. Two others admitted that they were wrong not to be wearing a mask (the transport staffer who put his on, and the woman who said she might do so next time).
The level of whataboutery deployed here is staggering: no one with valid reasons for not wearing a mask is compelled to do so, nor would they be expected to share those reasons with strangers on their bus.
But there does need to be some better system of ensuring people act in the broad public interest, of enforcing the wearing of masks, and providing some simple device so that those who are exempt can demonstrate that.
maureen nana says:
I agree with you inside Croydon totally.
A worldwide pandemic and the only way we have to control it is by limiting its airborne transmission and people are saying is it polite to ask someone to put on a mask??
Only about 1% of people not wearing masks do so for a medical reasons – the rest don't give a shit about anyone but themselves.
Andrew Biden says:
Love Inside Croydon generally, but this article risks unfairly victimising disabled people with genuine health conditions which prevent them wearing face coverings and should never have been published. Your author is clearly so ill-informed that he didn't recognise the 'daisy' he refers to is most likely the sunflower lanyard scheme, nationally recognised as a sign of a non-visible disability: https://hiddendisabilitiesstore.com/.
The exemptions for disabilities are included in the regulations for a reason by the Government – because there is a need for them and people are entitled to use them.
I hope your author apologies to all the disabled travellers who he questioned as if they were criminals – it is not his job to ask questions or enforce the regulations and frankly it is not on the disabled person to carry around documents that will make Lewis believe they are genuinely disabled.
It's everyone's responsibility to to safeguard their fellow citizens. Nothing to do with disability and saying so just distracts from the really important matter at hand. Everyone has the right to ask and everyone has the right not to answer. Simple.
Disabled people are often already v nervous about travelling and don't need ill-informed people questioning them. Whether they answer or not is not the point – it is the police not passengers who are given the powers to enforce.
Nobody is carrying out enforcement – please don't exaggerate. If we are to get on top of this pandemic it will need everyone across society to do their bit. Take positive action to ensure you are not putting others at risk and where necessary reminding others of their responsibilities. There are still many people flouting the rules about facing coverings and we must do our bit to stop this – it's not just the Police.
Many disabled people are in a vulnerable category and need protecting within our society. Ignorant, selfish people choosing not to wear a mask are doing nothing to help and should be called out.
I have a sunflower card for exemption when I travel with my father as he is deaf and has to lip read.
However I wear a mask when on my own on the tram.
Inspectors are challenging, as they stopped me and I showed them my card and explained why.
It's against the law under anti-discrimination acts for anyone other than the police to ask, so they are kind of against a wall.
Sandra Monks says:
Thank you Lewis White for challenging the maskless people on the bus. 'No mask, no ride' is a good idea. Personally, in today's aggressive society, I feel nervous about challenging anyone.
What if that maskless person has been abused, attacked or raped – and wearing a mask makes them feel claustrophibic or reminds them of that? Would it be appropriate to challenge them? You don't know what other people have been through. you don't know why they choose not to wear a mask.
There's an awful lot of whataboutery in there, Claire.
Five people boarded that bus in three miles not wearing a mask.
None were "challenged", as you choose to depict it. Lewis, who is always courteous, "asked them politely". That's not an unreasonable thing to do.
If any of those not wearing masks had a valid cause and special dispensation, they might have mentioned it. None did.
Wearing a mask is not, as you seem to believe, a "choice". It is a legal requirement for those who can to do so.
2 out of the three people did mention their exemptions?!
No, Andrew. One showed a home-made card, which may or may not have been valid.
Here's a what if question. What if this pandemic gets substantially worse than it is now? Social niceties will be just something to reminisce about. Please get real.
I agree Sandra sometimes I feel whats the point of wearing a face covering if there are others that cant abide .defeats the object if they are genuine then show an official card as proof.
Andy Shayman says:
There aren't any official cards which is the whole problem. The government could stop all this nonsense overnight by creating genuine NHS backed Exemption Cards which you have to get from your doctor, then there would be no arguments or mistrust of people with genuine illnesses as if you don't have one no entry onto buses, pubs, supermarkets etc problem solved.
Alan Brunwin says:
TfL 405 bus drivers just let them on with no mask, many are young students etc thats what is going on,
Thomas Windsor says:
It would be good to read the Government guidance, it is here, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/face-coverings-when-to-wear-one-and-how-to-make-your-own/face-coverings-when-to-wear-one-and-how-to-make-your-own
The exemptions are clearly listed and include a wide range of reasons. Also it would be nice for the disabled (and others) to be able to use public transport without being harassed… Those thinking of challenging maskless people should read the following guidance and think.
"Those who have an age, health or disability reason for not wearing a face covering should not be routinely asked to give any written evidence of this, this includes exemption cards. No person needs to seek advice or request a letter from a medical professional about their reason for not wearing a face covering.
"Some people may feel more comfortable showing something that says they do not have to wear a face covering. This could be in the form of an exemption card, badge or even a home-made sign.
"This is a personal choice and is not necessary in law."
Thanks, Thomas.
Though you omitted to quote this piece of the guidance, which comes at the start:
"There are some places where you must wear a face covering by law…
"In England, you must wear a face covering in the following indoor settings (a list of examples for each is included in the brackets):
"Public transport (aeroplanes, trains, trams and buses)."
The words "…by law", and the use of the word "must" are the key ones in this discussion.
Wearing of masks on public transport is not, for most people, something that they are allowed to choose whether it suits them or not.
Perhaps a different kind of badge, one that says, "I'm not wearing a mask because I don't give a shit about anyone else", might be in greater demand?
Shobna Martin says:
i agree that going on transport is an interesting journey where some take precautions and others defeat the whole object
i feel sorry for the bus drivers who then have to take abuse from people who travel
Moya Gordon says:
It beggars belief that people choose not to wear masks. I think vanity might have something to do with it, I've heard people say they think they look silly wearing a mask. Unbelievable. More people enforcing the rules and fines are the way forward. People are desperate for jobs let's give them work which will help fight Covid.
Lewis White says:
I'd like to thank Andrew Biden for highlighting the flower motif, which at the time I was not aware of. I was put right by a friend – and Andrew confirmed it. However, as such badges are available on eBay from £2.99 and are easily photocopyable – apparently to be worn on a lanyard – how trustworthy are these badges now ?
I would like to reassure readers that when I asked these fellow passengers, I did not ask them for anything, just the simple question, "Have you forgotten to put on your mask?" Not "Please put on your mask". Nor did I ask for any reasons or explanations – both would have been very wrong to do.
Three of the four people came and sat down within three metres of me. I felt that I should at least ask them. Why should I move away to another empty seat away from others? Were they threatening my health? Possibly.
It is an emotional time, and we are definitely "all in this together".
Wearing a mask is a crashing bore, but is not a killer. It is a precaution against spreading the vapour that comes from the lungs due to breathing and talking, and which travels for many metres, probably around 6 in reality, depending on the lung capacity of the speaker. If masks save my life, the life of a person sitting near me, or the health professionals who tend us (and hundreds of others) if we go to hospital with covid, exposing themselves to contracting the virus – it must be our duty to do our personal best to minimise spread of the virus, whilst shopping, on the bus, or whatever, and wear one.
When travelling on public transport, I would like to be reassured that everyone is respecting the rules, and that the authorities are being pro-active to enforce the law.
It's a case of respecting others, and ourselves. Not "me", but "us".
I walked through two carriages on a train out of London Bridge this evening. There were 30 passengers of which 7 were not wearing masks. All seven were probably under 21. We clearly have a generation who largely don't give a fuck about anybody but themselves.
Linda Pitkin says:
I had to go to Croydon University Hospital yesterday afternoon, to pick up medication for my sick husband. We are in our 70's; he was too ill to go, and I don't drive, so I took a number 60 bus. I was shocked and upset to find that not only was it crowded and no social distancing was possible, but at least 6 people on that bus were not wearing masks, some of them exuberantly shouting to each other. Bus drivers on my way there and back did not challenge people getting on the bus without masks. I had been nervous about going to CUH, but precautions there seemed very well maintained, so it turned out to be quite a haven after the bus!
I travel on the bus from South to Central Croydon most days. I wear my washable face mask regardless of others – and it gets washed after every wear. I sit in amazement at the number of people with no masks, masks under their nose, on their chin or around their neck. I watch in horror as they pull a crumpled much used disposable mask from their pocket as they board.
Lots of people clearly don't care – they may be asymptomatic they may not but clearly that's no concern of theirs. And walking on with no mask and going upstairs or to the back seats doesn't make it better. And just as an aside the 405 often does a driver change over at the Swan and Sugerloaf stop – rarely, if ever, are those drivers wearing masks – so passengers seeing that must think if it's OK for them to stand at the door chatting with no mask, what does it matter.
But I've lived in Croydon for many years and I would never challenge anyone – yes it's the law, yes it makes sense to cover your mouth and nose during a pandemic – but I value my own safety too much and know I can only do what I know is right regardless of what others do.
But you can bet if their mum, dad, gran or grandad falls foul of Covid 19 it'll be everybody else's fault not theirs.
I also use shops and funnily more customers seem to wear masks there – but aren't the staff also now supposed to wear face coverings.
it's a mess but sometimes I wonder if it's all become a numbers game and that whatever we as individuals do or don't do there will be the same result – a winter of chaos and a future of despair.
'but in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes. — Benjamin Franklin, in a letter to Jean-Baptiste Le Roy, 1789 – and I'm not even sure anymore that for some even the tax reference still applies'.
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Evan has recently become aware of Earth's orbit around the Sun. His questions about it are good ones: "Why do we have to go around it? Why is it so big? So we are little? How could anything be that big? What if we touched it? It would burn us and we would die?" And when I told him he has gone around the sun fewer than five times, he said "I think it's more than that."
I doubt it's part of the pre-K curriculum to make children feel small or to grapple with how much of their lives are determined by forces far beyond their control. Evan's broadening awareness of his place in our family and in the universe are driven by his own curiosity. But I've found my conversations with him have been especially meaningful lately, because Evan's questions and attitude are a good fit for how I've felt for most of the past year and few months.
I know, logically, that there are things over which I have no control. But emotionally, it's exhausting to face the reality that my favorite person on Earth was sick, and there was little substantively I could do about it. In that grappling for traction against the fear I felt at Allison's early diagnosis, I was reminded constantly of the mechanism we wield best against the reality of being pulled by orbits much larger than our own: kindness.
On the day we received the news of Allison's diagnosis, I felt as small as I've ever felt. It was a Friday. I was still at work. Allison called and gave me the news while I was supposed to be supervising the first meeting of the Harry Potter Fan Club at my school. After I hung up, I moved from feeling numb to crying uncontrollably. Within minutes, my friends Angie and Mary were packing my belongings, attending to the Hogwarts faithful, and whisking me out the door with hugs and promises of support. They, and many others at work, made it clear that my energy was needed elsewhere.
Over the next week, as we received more information about Allison's cancer and began to trace a plan for treatment, family rallied to us. In person, in word, and in deed, family and friends rearranged their lives and obligations to buoy us. Even though no one could answer the big, impossible questions I was wrestling, we didn't feel alone. I felt loved, and the means people used to share that love was kindness. Love can be an abstraction sometimes--a thought that we keep to ourselves, or a feeling about another. Kindness isn't passive; kindness finds its meaning in action and expression. It's informed by love, and motivated by compassion. But the key is in its action.
I had to go back to work. I didn't know how to explain what was going on to my students. I composed a clumsy blog post and braced myself for returning to work and carrying on.
High school students get a bad rap. It's in their nature to be self-centered and inward-looking. After all, they're discovering who they are as independent entities and realizing the power and potential they have in their own lives. I was prepared for critical notes from the substitute teachers who had fumbled their way through the uncertainty of the time I was out.
I didn't know what to say, but knew I wanted to say something, so I decided to sit and talk with my classes. My first class went silent as soon as the first bell rang. It is impossibly eerie to sit in front of a room of 16 and 17-year-olds who are completely silent of their own volition. I don't remember what I said to them, but I remember asking them not to be silent, and that what I wanted was for them to be "normal," a word I was struggling to define for myself at the time. I discovered what I should have known--that "normal" teenagers possess the same innate capacity for kindness we all do.
Students and former students gave me handwritten cards, sent me emails of support and well-wishes, sent me kind messages through Facebook, and expressed their concern and care in person. One student gave me a copy of her Calvin and Hobbes book to let Tobin read because it had brought her comfort before. Many more (more than I can count--and more than I could have imagined before) shared their own families' experiences with cancer and fear and loss and sadness.
On March 12, 2013, less than a month after Allison's diagnosis, students and staff at the school organized a day to wear pink in honor of all the people in the school affected by cancer. Over three quarters of the staff and two thirds of my students wore pink. I felt humbled and small and undeserving, and I both wished Allison could be there to see everyone and that none of us had to see or feel such things.
This kind of paradox--being moved by something I'd prefer never to have experienced--is eased best by kindness in action. I used to be saddened that it seemed to take disasters and tragedy to tap what's best in people. Why would that be? Why couldn't kindness be our default behavior instead? I think now that it's because those are the times when we're made most aware of what we can and can't control. The illusion of control is comforting, but it's still only an illusion. And whether our displays of kindness are flying hundreds of miles to stay with an ailing loved one, or making a meal for a family, or expressing empathy and love through words, or even (and somewhat hilariously-beautifully-awkwardly-sincerely) offering a bag of weed, kindness is powerful and binding--a reminder of our best selves at the most important times.
So, like Evan, I'm reminded every time I learn something that there are myriad more things I don't know. And like Evan's, some of the questions I ask are unsettling and scary. And while I can't promise him or anyone in my life whom I love or care for that "everything's going to be ok," I've been reminded over the last year of something I thought I knew before.
If you can, teach others to become better. If you cannot, then remember that the power to be kind has been given to you for this purpose. Even the gods care for such people and help them to gain health, wealth, and reputation, so helpful are they. Such kindness is also in your power, or tell me, who is there to prevent you?
1. With parents like you and Allison, I wouldn't expect anything other than kindness (and pure awesomeness) of your children.
2. The offer of weed was so genuine, thanks for seeing it for what it was, you might be the only person in that kid's life that would recognize his intentions.
We Torgs are thinking of you all everyday. I appreciate this post as an encouragement to myself as a teacher, a father, and a husband. Thank you Matt!


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Q: Implementing payment method per currency Is it possible to implement a payment method per currency level? The site in question needs to accept both USD and Indian Rupee. When a client pays with USD, it needs to be connected to a US bank/payment method, when paying with Indian Rupee, it needs to be connected to an Indian bank/payment method.
The site scope will be: one domain; one language; two currencies.
Is the above model feasible or it's better to stick to a multi-store or better alternative? e.g.

*

*site.com/en

*site.com/in

A: You can do using Event observer.
Create config.xml under app/code/local/Bh>ZeroSubtotalpaymentmethod>etc.
code of this file is
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<config>
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        </Bh_ZeroSubtotalpaymentmethod>
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    </global>
    <frontend>
        <events>
            <payment_method_is_active>
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                    <paymentfilter_payment_method_is_active>
                        <type>singleton</type>
                        <class>zerosubtotalpaymentmethod/observer</class>
                        <method>filterpaymentmethod</method>
                    </paymentfilter_payment_method_is_active>
                </observers>
            </payment_method_is_active>
        </events>
    </frontend>
</config>

Create Observer.php under app/code/local/Bh/ZeroSubtotalpaymentmethod/Model/
code is
<?php
class Bh_ZeroSubtotalpaymentmethod_Model_Observer {

    public function filterpaymentmethod(Varien_Event_Observer $observer) {

        /* call get payment method */
        $method = $observer->getEvent()->getMethodInstance();

        if($method->getCode()=='paypal_standard')
        {   $quote = $observer->getEvent()->getQuote();
            if(Mage::app()->getStore()->getCurrentCurrencyCode()=='INR'){
            $result = $observer->getEvent()->getResult();
            $result->isAvailable = false;
            }
            return;
        }
        if($method->getCode()=='free'){
            $quote = $observer->getEvent()->getQuote();
            if(Mage::app()->getStore()->getCurrentCurrencyCode()=='USD'){
            $result = $observer->getEvent()->getResult();
            $result->isAvailable = false;
            return;
            }
        }
        return;
    }
}
?>

In My example i have disabled paypal standard payment method when Current currency code is INR and ccavluenue for Current Currency code is USD

A: I would scope both language and currency at the store view level.  So in your case you would have 2 store views, both with english language, each with different currency specs.  You could make language be store level but I think you may find that you want to reserve store level for a different, more general grouping.

A: If you set your store in this format, you can achieve it easily

WEBSITE : YOUR WEBSITE

STORES(2)

  - AMERICA

       STOREVIEWS(1)

           - English

  - INDIA(1)

        STOREVIEWS(1)

           - English

Everything except payment method should set same for two stores and then set different payment methods for each store.
Hope it helps

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Braun, George (1930-2004)
From GAMEO
Revision as of 10:04, 16 May 2019 by SamSteiner (talk | contribs)
A checked version of this page, approved on 16 May 2019, was based on this revision.
2 Cite This Article
George Braun (1930-2004)
Gerhard "George" Braun: businessman; born 24 November 1930 in Neuendorf, Chortitza Mennonite Settlement, U.S.S.R., to Katherina Wiebe (23 March 1913, Neuendorf, Chortitza, South Russia - 27 February 1990, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada), who later married Isaac Braun (19 April 1908, Neuendorf, Chortitza, South Russia – March 1945, Zweibruecken, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany). George was adopted by Isaac Braun and was thus the eldest child in their family of five boys and four girls. George married Margaret Siemens on 3 September 1949 in Neuhof, Menno North, Paraguay. They had four sons and three daughters: Henry, George Jr., Erna, Rudy, Erica, Erwin, and Linda. George died 15 March 2004 in Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada.
George grew up in the village of Neundorf in the Chortitza Mennonite Settlement. He and his family experienced the upheaval of World War II and retreated with the German army in 1943 to Germany. His father was conscripted by the German army and died in 1945. George along with his mother and siblings immigrated to Paraguay in 1948, where the family found a new home.
In 1953 George and Margaret immigrated to Canada from Paraguay, and lived briefly in Steinbach, Manitoba before settling in Abbotsford, British Columbia (BC) later that same year. George and Margaret joined the West Abbotsford Mennonite Church until Eben-Ezer Mennonite Church was founded in 1963 and they became charter members of this daughter church. George remained a member of Eben-Ezer Mennonite Church throughout his life.
George began his career as a railroad contractor, first as a laborer for a railway construction firm, then working his way up to general superintendent. He founded his own company, G. Brown Contracting Ltd. in 1961, which later became Pacific Northern Rail Contractors Corporation in 1975. In 1979 George's four sons joined him as active partners in the company and it eventually grew to become the largest railway contracting company in Canada. George retired from the railway business in 1987; however he remained active in real estate development of residential, commercial and industrial property.
Although George did not receive a formal education past elementary school because of war, and later did not resume further studies as an adult, he had a remarkable mind. George would often invent equipment or improve on the design of existing equipment as it related to the railway industry. George also possessed the ability and foresight to assess leadership qualities in others and to foster it—a skill essential to the long-term success of any corporation.
George Braun contributed generously to his civic and church community. As one small example, Abbotsford enjoyed the installment of a large nativity scene each Advent season, courtesy of the Braun family, at the family-held shopping plaza located at one of the city's main intersections. George had a compassionate heart, probably shaped by the ravages of war that he had witnessed as a boy and was especially drawn to the work of Mennonite Central Committee and refugee assistance, knowing, first-hand, what the refugee experience was like.
GRANDMA (The Genealogical Registry and Database of Mennonite Ancestry) Database, 6.02 ed. Fresno, CA: California Mennonite Historical Society, 2010: #216474.
Connie Braun
Braun, Connie. "Braun, George (1930-2004)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. May 2010. Web. 18 Jul 2019. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Braun,_George_(1930-2004)&oldid=164041.
Braun, Connie. (May 2010). Braun, George (1930-2004). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 18 July 2019, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Braun,_George_(1930-2004)&oldid=164041.
©1996-2019 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.
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Q: How to Better Iterate over State in Clojure (monad?) I just wrote this code:
(defn parameters [transform-factory state]
  (lazy-seq (let [[r1 state] (uniform state)
                  [r2 state] (uniform state)
                  [t state] (transform-factory state)]
              (cons [t [r1 r2]] (parameters transform-factory state)))))

(defn repeated-transform [mosaic n transform-factory state]
  (reduce transform-square mosaic
    (take n (parameters transform-factory state))))

the parameters function generates a lazy sequence of values generated from the state, which are used to parameterise a repeated transformation of something (a "mosaic" in this case).
it seems to me that parameters shows a fairly common pattern which surfaces when you have some state that must be carried around (in this case to generate random values).  is there a name for this?
is there a better way to write the first function?  related problems can often be solved with reduce, which "carries along" the state, but here i have nothing to reduce.  similarly, reductions doesn't seem to fit.  is this a good case for a monad? (from a theoretical pov i don't see how you define a way to combine multiple instances into one, but perhaps that doesn't change the practical application - it does seem like the kind of problem monads solve elsewhere, where some state needs to be carried around).
(ps i mentioned random numbers, but i can't replace this with a solution that uses mutable state behind the scenes - as "normal" random routines do - for reasons unrelated to the question).

A: You could certainly look at the state monad to see if it is a good fit for you.
General guidelines to use monads are:

*

*Sequential execution (pipeline operations)

*Reusable modular side effect processing (ex: error handling/ logging/
state)

*Keep your business logic clean in pure functions

Some resources on monads that I found very useful (for Clojure) are
Adam Smyczek:
Introduction to Monads (Video)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ObR3qi4Guys
and
Jim Duey:
Monads in Clojure
http://www.clojure.net/2012/02/02/Monads-in-Clojure/

A: [answering myself, since this is the best solution i've found so far]
you can rewrite the above as a fold over the functions.  so the functions become data, the state is the "passed through", and the function used applies each function in turn to the state and accumulates the result.
i can't see an elegant way to implement this - the function that is folded appears to be "new" and you need extra boilerplate to add/separate the state and accumulator - so i wrapped the whole process in a function called fold-over.  the source is here and an example of the function in use is here.

A: Something you should check into is -> and ->>, the threading macros.
Instead of code like this:
(let [state (dosomething state)
      state (dosomethingelse state)
      state (dolastthing state)]
    state)

You can write:
(-> state (dosomething) (dosomethingelse) (dolasttthing))

which "threads" state through the functions, eventually returning it.
Now, your code doesn't exactly follow what I've written. The way I imagine it could follow it was if your functions took and returned hashmaps. i.e. (uniform state) could return {:state state-val :r1 r1-val}.
Then you could rewrite your code like this:
(->> {:state state} (merge uniform) (merge uniform) (transform-factory))

Much nicer! :)


This page is about the capital of Colorado. For other uses, see Denver (disambiguation).
Top to Bottom, Left to Right: Denver Skyline, Colorado State Capitol, Red Rocks Amphitheatre, Sports Authority Field at Mile High, RTD Light Rail train Downtown.
Denver (/ˈdɛnvər/), officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately 12 mi (19 km) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (5280 feet or 1609.3 meters) above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone, passes directly through Denver Union Station.
Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U.S. city, and with a 2.8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U.S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2015 population of 4,757,713. Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile (800 km) radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U.S. News & World Report.
In the summer of 1858, during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush, a group of gold prospectors from Lawrence, Kansas established Montana City as a mining town on the banks of the South Platte River in what was then western Kansas Territory. This was the first settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria (named after the gold mining town of Auraria, Georgia), and St. Charles City.
On November 22, 1858, General William Larimer, a land speculator from eastern Kansas Territory, placed cottonwood logs to stake a claim on the bluff overlooking the confluence of the South Platte River and Cherry Creek, across the creek from the existing mining settlement of Auraria, and on the site of the existing townsite of St. Charles. Larimer named the town site Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the town's name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County, but unknown to him Governor Denver had already resigned from office. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne and Arapaho. The site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, with the intention of creating a major city that would cater to new emigrants. Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria. In May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pike's Peak Express in order to secure the region's first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for "passengers, mail, freight, and gold," the Express reached Denver on a trail that trimmed westward travel time from twelve days to six. In 1863, Western Union furthered Denver's dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus.
Finally linked to the rest of the nation by rail, Denver prospered as a service and supply center. The young city grew during these years, attracting millionaires with their mansions, as well as the poverty and crime of a rapidly growing city. Denver citizens were proud when the rich chose Denver and were thrilled Horace Tabor, the Leadville mining millionaire, built an impressive business block at 16th and Larimer as well as the elegant Tabor Grand Opera House. Luxurious hotels, including the much-loved Brown Palace Hotel, soon followed, as well as splendid homes for millionaires like the Croke, Patterson, Campbell Mansion at 11th and Pennsylvania and the now-demolished Moffat Mansion at 8th and Grant. Intent on transforming Denver into one of the world's great cities, leaders wooed industry and enticed laborers to work in these factories. Soon, in addition to the elite and a large middle class, Denver had a growing population of German, Italian, and Chinese laborers, soon followed by African-Americans and Spanish-surname workers. Unprepared for this influx, the Silver Crash of 1893 unsettled political, social, and economic balances, laying the foundation for ethnic bigotry, such as the Red Scare and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, as well as corruption and crime.
From 1953 to 1989, the Rocky Flats Plant, a DOE nuclear weapon facility that was about 15 miles from Denver, produced fissile plutonium "pits" for nuclear warheads. A major fire at the facility in 1957, as well as leakage from nuclear waste stored at the site between 1958 and 1968, resulted in the contamination of some parts of Denver, to varying degrees, with plutonium-239, a harmful radioactive substance with a half-life of 24,200 years. A study by the Jefferson County health director, Dr. Carl Johnson, in 1981 linked the contamination to an increase in birth defects and cancer incidence in central Denver and nearer Rocky Flats. Later studies confirmed many of his findings. Plutonium contamination was still present outside the former plant site as of August 2010[update], and presents risks to building the envisioned Jefferson Parkway, which would complete Denver's automotive beltway.
Denver has hosted the Democratic National Convention twice, in 1908 and again in 2008, taking the opportunity to promote the city's status on the national, political, and socioeconomic stage. On August 10-15, 1993 Denver hosted the 6th World Youth Day, which was attended by an estimated 500,000, making it the largest gathering in Colorado history.
Astronaut's photograph of Denver, Colorado, taken from the International Space Station. North is to the upper right of the image.
Downtown Denver in 2007, looking southeast from the Highland neighborhood.
The character of the neighborhoods varies significantly from one to another and includes everything from large skyscrapers to houses from the late 19th century to modern, suburban style developments. Generally, the neighborhoods closest to the city center are denser, older and contain more brick building material. Many neighborhoods away from the city center were developed after World War II, and are built with more modern materials and style. Some of the neighborhoods even farther from the city center, or recently redeveloped parcels anywhere in the city have either very suburban characteristics or are new urbanist developments that attempt to recreate the feel of older neighborhoods. Most neighborhoods contain parks or other features that are the focal point for the neighborhood.
Denver does not have larger area designations, unlike the City of Chicago, which has larger areas that house the neighborhoods (IE: Northwest Side). Denver residents use the terms "north" "south" "east" and "west".
Denver lies within the semi-arid, continental climate zone (Köppen climate classification BSk). It has four distinct seasons and receives a modest amount of precipitation spread throughout the year. Due to its inland location on the High Plains, at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, Denver, like all cities along the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains, is subject to sudden changes in weather. Contrary to the popular belief that Denver receives 300 days of sunshine a year, the city can actually expect to receive an average of 115 clear days, 130 partly cloudy days, and 120 cloudy days each year.
July is the warmest month, with a daily average temperature of 74.2 °F (23.4 °C). Summers range from mild to hot with occasional, sometimes severe, afternoon thunderstorms and high temperatures reaching 90 °F (32 °C) on 38 days annually, and occasionally 100 °F (38 °C). December, the coldest month of the year, has a daily average temperature of 29.9 °F (−1.2 °C). Winters consist of periods of snow and very low temperatures alternating with periods of milder weather due to the warming effect of Chinook winds. In winter, daytime highs can exceed 60 °F (16 °C) but can also often fail to reach 32 °F (0 °C) during periods of cold weather and can even fail to rise above 0 °F (−18 °C) on occasion. On the coldest nights of the year, lows can easily fall to −10 °F (−23 °C) or below. Snowfall is common throughout the late fall, winter and early spring, averaging 53.5 inches (136 cm) for 1981–2010. The average window for measurable (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) snow is October 17 through April 27; although, measurable snowfall has fallen in Denver as early as September 4 and as late as June 3. Extremes in temperature range from −29 °F (−34 °C) on January 9, 1875 up to 105 °F (41 °C) as recently as June 25 and 26, 2012. Due to the city's high elevation and aridity, diurnal temperature variation is large throughout the year.
Tornadoes are rare west of the I-25 corridor; however, one notable exception was an F3 tornado that struck 4.4 miles south of downtown on June 15, 1988. On the other hand, the suburbs east of Denver and the city's east-northeastern extension (Denver International Airport) can see a few tornadoes, often weak landspout tornadoes, each spring and summer—especially during June with the enhancement of the Denver Convergence Vorticity Zone (DCVZ). The DCVZ, also known as the Denver Cyclone, is a variable vortex of storm-forming air flow usually found north and east of downtown, and which often includes the airport. Heavy weather from the DCVZ can disrupt airport operations. In a study looking at hail events in areas with a population of at least 50,000, Denver was found to be ranked 10th most prone to hail storms in the continental United States. In fact, Denver has received two of the top 10 costliest hailstorms in United States history which occurred on July 11, 1990 and July 20, 2009, respectively.
As of the 2010 census, the population of the City and County of Denver was 600,158, making it the 24th most populous U.S. city. The Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2013 population of 2,697,476 and ranked as the 21st most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area, and the larger Denver-Aurora-Boulder Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2013 population of 3,277,309 and ranked as the 16th most populous U.S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city within a radius centered in the city and of 550 miles (885 km) magnitude. Denverites is a term used for residents of Denver.
According to the 2010 census, the City and County of Denver contains 600,158 people and 285,797 households. The population density is 3,698 inhabitants per square mile (1,428/km²) including the airport. There are 285,797 housing units at an average density of 1,751 per square mile (676/km²). However, the average density throughout most Denver neighborhoods tends to be higher. Without the 80249 zip code (47.3 sq mi, 8,407 residents) near the airport, the average density increases to around 5,470 per square mile.
There are 250,906 households, of which 23.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.7% are married couples living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 50.1% are non-families. 39.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.27 and the average family size is 3.14.
Age distribution is 22.0% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 36.1% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 102.1 males.
The median household income is $45,438, and the median family income is $48,195. Males have a median income of $36,232 versus $33,768 for females. The per capita income for the city is $24,101. 19.1% of the population and 14.6% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 25.3% of those under the age of 18 and 13.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
As of 2010[update], 72.28% (386,815) of Denver residents aged five and older spoke only English at home, while 21.42% (114,635) spoke Spanish, 0.85% (4,550) Vietnamese, 0.57% (3,073) African languages, 0.53% (2,845) Russian, 0.50% (2,681) Chinese, 0.47% (2,527) French, and 0.46% (2,465) German. In total, 27.72% (148,335) of Denver's population age five and older spoke a language other than English.
Panorama of downtown Denver, circa 2007, looking east at the intersection of Auraria Pkwy. and Speer Blvd.
Apollo Hall opened soon after the city's founding in 1859 and staged many plays for eager settlers. In the 1880s Horace Tabor built Denver's first Opera House. After the start of the 20th century, city leaders embarked on a city beautification program that created many of the city's parks, parkways, museums, and the Municipal Auditorium, which was home to the 1908 Democratic National Convention and is now known as the Ellie Caulkins Opera House. Denver and the metropolitan areas around it continued to support culture. In 1988, voters in the Denver Metropolitan Area approved the Scientific and Cultural Facilities Tax (commonly known as SCFD), a .1% (1 cent per $10) sales tax that contributes money to various cultural and scientific facilities and organizations throughout the Metro area. The tax was renewed by voters in 1994 and 2004 and allows the SCFD to operate until 2018.
Denver has many nationally recognized museums, including a new wing for the Denver Art Museum by world-renowned architect Daniel Libeskind, the second largest Performing Arts Center in the nation after Lincoln Center in New York City and bustling neighborhoods such as LoDo, filled with art galleries, restaurants, bars and clubs. That is part of the reason why Denver was recently recognized for the third year in a row as the best city for singles. Denver's neighborhoods also continue their influx of diverse people and businesses while the city's cultural institutions grow and prosper. The city acquired the estate of abstract expressionist painter Clyfford Still in 2004 and built a museum to exhibit his works near the Denver Art Museum. The Denver Museum of Nature and Science holds an aquamarine specimen valued at over one million dollars, as well as specimens of the state mineral, rhodochrosite. Every September the Denver Mart, at 451 E. 58th Avenue, hosts a gem and mineral show. The state history museum, History Colorado Center, opened in April 2012. It features hands-on and interactive exhibits, artifacts and programs about Colorado history. It was named in 2013 by True West Magazine as one of the top-ten "must see" history museums in the country. History Colorado's Byers-Evans House Museum and the Molly Brown House are nearby.
While Denver may not be as recognized for historical musical prominence as some other American cities, it has an active pop, jazz, jam, folk, and classical music scene, which has nurtured several artists and genres to regional, national, and even international attention. Of particular note is Denver's importance in the folk scene of the 1960s and 1970s. Well-known folk artists such as Bob Dylan, Judy Collins and John Denver lived in Denver at various points during this time, and performed at local clubs. Also, three members of the widely popular group Earth, Wind, and Fire are from Denver. More recent Denver-based artists include The Lumineers, Air Dubai, The Fray, Flobots, Cephalic Carnage, Axe Murder Boyz, Deuce Mob, and Five Iron Frenzy.
Denver has one of the country's largest populations of Mexican Americans and hosts four large Mexican American celebrations: Cinco de Mayo (with over 500,000 attendees), in May, El Grito de la Independencia, in September, the annual Lowrider show, and the Dia De Los Muertos art shows/events in North Denver's Highland neighborhood, and the Lincoln Park neighborhood in the original section of West Denver.
Denver is the setting for The Bill Engvall Show, and the 18th season of MTV's The Real World. It was also the setting for the prime time drama Dynasty from 1981 to 1989 (although the show was mostly filmed in Los Angeles). From 1998 to 2002 the city's Alameda East Veterinary Hospital was home to the Animal Planet series Emergency Vets, which spun off three one-off documentary specials and the current Animal Planet series E-Vet Interns. The city is also the setting for the Disney Channel Original TV Show, Good Luck Charlie.
As of 2006[update], Denver had over 200 parks, from small mini-parks all over the city to the giant 314 acres (1.27 km2) City Park. Denver also has 29 recreation centers providing places and programming for resident's recreation and relaxation.
Chess players on the 16th Street Mall.
Many of Denver's parks were acquired from state lands in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This coincided with the City Beautiful movement, and Denver mayor Robert Speer (1904–12 and 1916–18) set out to expand and beautify the city's parks. Reinhard Schuetze was the city's first landscape architect, and he brought his German-educated landscaping genius to Washington Park, Cheesman Park, and City Park among others. Speer used Schuetze as well as other landscape architects such as Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and Saco Rienk DeBoer to design not only parks such as Civic Center Park, but many city parkways and tree-lawns. All of this greenery was fed with South Platte River water diverted through the city ditch.
Dawn over downtown Denver and the Front Range to the south.
There is also an older downtown grid system that was designed to be parallel to the confluence of the South Platte River and Cherry Creek. Most of the streets downtown and in LoDo run northeast–southwest and northwest–southeast. This system has an unplanned benefit for snow removal; if the streets were in a normal N–S/E–W grid, only the N–S streets would receive sunlight. With the grid oriented to the diagonal directions, the NW–SE streets receive sunlight to melt snow in the morning and the NE–SW streets receive it in the afternoon. This idea was from Henry Brown the founder of the Brown Palace Hotel. There is now a plaque across the street from the Brown Palace Hotel which honors this idea. The NW–SE streets are numbered, while the NE–SW streets are named. The named streets start at the intersection of Colfax Avenue and Broadway with the block-long Cheyenne Place. The numbered streets start underneath the Colfax and I-25 viaducts. There are 27 named and 44 numbered streets on this grid. There are also a few vestiges of the old grid system in the normal grid, such as Park Avenue, Morrison Road, and Speer Boulevard. Larimer Street, named after William Larimer, Jr., the founder of Denver, which is in the heart of LoDo, is the oldest street in Denver.
Some Denver streets have bicycle lanes, leaving a patchwork of disjointed routes throughout the city. There are over 850 miles of paved, off-road, bike paths in Denver parks and along bodies of water, like Cherry Creek and the South Platte. This allows for a significant portion of Denver's population to be bicycle commuters and has led to Denver being known as a bicycle friendly city. Some local residents are very opposed to bike lanes, which have caused some plans to be watered down or nixed. The review process for one bike line on Broadway will last over a year before city council members will make a decision. In addition to the many bike paths, Denver launched B-Cycle – a citywide bicycle sharing program – in late April 2010. The B-Cycle network was the largest in the United States at the time of its launch, boasting 400 bicycles.
The Denver Boot, a car-disabling device was first used in Denver.
A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Denver sixteenth most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities, though massive gaps in the cities sidewalks remain an oft-discussed issue. Many walkability advocates believe the city's need for pedestrian infrastructure is only growing as Denver and the Colorado Department of Transportation place the needs of cars over the needs of people by widening roads or the purposeful plowing of snow onto sidewalks during winter storms.
Denver is primarily served by the interstate freeways I-25 and I-70. The problematic intersection of the two interstates is referred to locally as "the mousetrap", because when viewed from the air, the junction (and subsequent vehicles) resemble mice in a large trap.
Mass transportation throughout the Denver metropolitan area is managed and coordinated by the Regional Transportation District (RTD). RTD operates more than 1,000 buses serving over 10,000 bus stops in 38 municipal jurisdictions in eight counties around the Denver and Boulder metropolitan areas. Additionally, RTD operates nine rail lines, the A, B, C, D, E, F, R, W, and H with a total of 57.9 miles (93.2 km) of track, serving 44 stations. All lines are light rail except the A and B, commuter rail lines, with an additional line to the suburb of Arvada opening soon pending federal approval. FasTracks is a light rail/bus/rail expansion project approved by voters in 2004 which will serve neighboring suburbs and communities. The W line, or West line, opened in April 2013 serving Golden/Federal Center. An Express Bus Service, known as the Flatiron Flyer, serves to connect Boulder and Denver. The service, billed as Bus Rapid Transit, has been accused of Bus rapid transit creep for failing to meet the majority of BRT requirements, including level boarding and all-door entry. A commuter rail connection to Boulder and its suburb of Longmont, also part of the FasTracks ballot initiative and an extension of the B line, is to be finished sometime after 2040.
Denver International Airport (IATA: DEN, ICAO: KDEN), commonly known as DIA, serves as the primary airport for a large region surrounding Denver. DIA is 18.6 miles (30 km) east-northeast of the Colorado State Capitol. DIA is the tenth busiest airport in the world and ranks fourth in the United States, with 51,245,334 passengers passing through it in 2008. It covers more than 53 square miles (137.3 km2), making it the largest airport by land area in the United States and larger than the island of Manhattan. Denver serves as a major hub for United Airlines, is the headquarters for Frontier Airlines, and is the fastest-growing focus city for Southwest Airlines.
As of 2016 Denver International Airport has been rated by Skytrax as the 28th best airport in the world, making it the second best in North America behind Vancouver International Airport. Skytrax also named DIA as the best regional airport in North America for 2016.
In the past, Denver has been home to several other airports that are no longer operational. Stapleton International Airport was closed in 1995 when it was replaced by DIA. Lowry Air Force Base was a military flight training facility that ceased flight operations in 1966, with the base finally being closed in 1994. It is being used for residential purposes. Buckley Air Force Base, a former Air National Guard base, is the only military facility in the Denver-Metro area.
In addition to these, the Denver Regional Council of Governments (consisting of the city and 51 other local governments) has established a "sister city" relationship with the Baghdad Governorate, one of Iraq's eighteen provinces.
Development in the bustling Union Station section of downtown.
Denver Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


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Review: John Winterson Richards
Having in effect revived television satire in Britain with Not the Nine O'Clock News, the BBC were keen to follow it up, perhaps already aware by 1981 that its talented cast would soon be moving on. Since it was still being made at that point, they did not want something exactly the same. So they invested in two shows that had the same magazine or review format of multiple sketches, as opposed to "situation comedy," but their satire was gentler and more general than the sharp political comment of Not the Nine O'Clock News.
These two shows, Three of A Kind and A Kick Up the Eighties, had something else in common: a brilliant young comedienne called Tracey Ullman.
Social or cultural satire rather than current affairs comedy, Three of A Kind was primarily a showcase for its three rising stars, Ullman, Lenny Henry, and David Copperfield, aka "David Copperfield - Not the Magician," aka "The Other One From 'Three of A Kind.'"
Of the three, Henry was by far the best known in 1981. Having enjoyed a high profile career since breaking though as an impressionist on New Faces when he was still in his teens, he was one of the most recognisable people on British television at that point, not least because there were very few people on British television at that point with his skin colour.
However, Three of a Kind found him at a crossroads. His days as a teenage prodigy were behind him. The obvious route ahead was to build on his recent success on Tiswas, but that would put him in danger of being labelled as a children's entertainer. The obvious right turn to a traditional adult comedy career looked depressing: most comics have a short shelf life and even for those who endure, it usually means drudgery on the club circuit. So Henry was already looking at a left turn to the exciting new "alternative comedy" scene that had sprung up around the Comic Store and the Comic Strip.
The BBC show therefore came at the perfect moment to remind mainstream audiences of the breadth of his comic skills. In tone it was in the same grey area between the family friendly and the slightly risqué that was inhabited by the likes of The Two Ronnies, even if its style was more modern. It marks an important transitional phase for Henry: he brought in elements of his act from Tiswas, such as his David Bellamy impression, and at the same time hints of experiment with the "alternative comedy" that was to be more influential in his career later on.
Ullman was then in some ways where Henry had been a few years before. She was a versatile, hardworking, precocious natural mimic with a strong drive to perform. Like Henry, she came almost out of nowhere thanks to a competition. After winning a London Critics Circle Award for her work at the Royal Court Theatre, she was quickly headhunted by the BBC, who were eager to develop female comic talent, especially in the wake of Pamela Stephenson. Indeed, they were so eager that Ullman got those two big shows at once.
In fairness, the BBC have always been good at developing the careers of funny women, if not always so good at nurturing them once developed. Ullman might be a case in point.
Copperfield was a more traditional comic with several years of experience on the circuit Henry hoped to avoid. He had worked the clubs and made a number of television appearances as a "stand up" and impressionist. He was a calm, assured performer, who turned out to be the heart and soul of Three of A Kind when the other two were sometimes perhaps a little too keen to impress.
The show adopted the same quick fire format as Not the Nine O'Clock News. The sketches came thick and fast, so, if that meant that not all of them landed, there was always another one coming along in a moment. They were linked by witty graphics, most memorably a parody of the much loved Ceefax teletext service that was familiar to viewers of the time. The effects and multiple set ups suggest someone invested a lot of money in Three of A Kind.
Yet its writing staff lacked the strength in depth of Not the Nine O'Clock News - which seems to have employed almost everyone who ever told a joke in the early Eighties - so it has fewer memorable moments... Actually, that is not quite true: it had quite a lot of memorable moments, but people tend to forget whether they came from Three of A Kind or A Kick Up the Eighties or Alas Smith and Jones or Channel 4's Who Dares Wins or Hale and Paceor any of the other comedy sketch shows that flourished in the aftermath of Not the Nine O'Clock News.
The best example from Three of A Kindis a faultless pastiche of John Hurt's most celebrated scene in the film 'Alien' - enlivened by a perfectly executed cameo by a famous guest star. Watch it online and try not to smile even if you know what is coming.
In general the parodies were well observed and all three stars were skilled impersonators - even if your reviewer would happily have the images of Lenny Henry as Ruth Madoc in Hi-de-Hi and Nichelle Nichols in Star Trek burned from his memory. Musical parodies, such as Ullman's "Annoyah," were well produced and on a par with their more celebrated equivalents in Not the Nine O'Clock News.
Far more interesting were the original characters, like Henry's "Fred Dread," Ullman's "Roz," and Copperfield's "Medallion Man," who rivalled Harry Enfield's "Loadsamoney" as a defining caricature of the Eighties. As if in an effort to include almost every possible form of comedy, Three of A Kind also incorporated an element of "stand up." This took the simple but very effective form of each of the eponymous Three delivering a single line to camera, the first two setting up the third for the punchline in classic style.
Although the show was a success, it was never going to last, because it was obvious that the Three were all destined for higher things. Indeed, the BBC soon gave Henry his own show, while Ullman got hers by crossing the Atlantic and getting serious American money for it. This leads to the question everyone asks: "Whatever happened to David Copperfield?"
After all, in terms of contribution to the show, he was arguably the best of the Three. His characters are probably the most remembered, and he provided a much needed air of maturity when the younger two sometimes seemed a little nervous. He also had a greater versatility, not least some genuine ability with a guitar as he demonstrated in one of the more memorable sketches. Surely if anyone deserved his own show, it was Copperfield.
Most people do not know that he got it - twice in fact. The BBC eventually gave him with the lead in the unhappily named Lift Off! It did not. It did, however, spin off - a show actually named after its star, Coppers and Co. Somewhat confusingly, this was also known as Lift Off! With Coppers and Co! With a name like that, it is no surprise that this did not lift off either.
It is difficult to explain exactly why Copperfield failed to carry a show on his own when his two former colleagues did. Perhaps his name was a disadvantage, easily confused with a Dickens character and a contemporary illusionist. Perhaps it is that both Henry and Ullman were young when they worked on Three of A Kind and developed as performers as they went on while the more experienced Copperfield did not because he was then at his peak. Perhaps it is simply the way these things go.
Just as the race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, so success is not always to the talented, but time - or timing - and chance happen to us all.
As well paced entertainment, Three of A Kindactually stands the test of time very well - better than much of Not the Nine O'Clock News out of its topical context - even if one wonders if 1987 "Red Wedge" Lenny Henry or 2020 Sir Lenworth Henry, CBE, would approve of all of 1981 Lenny Henry's material. Never mind. It is still funny.
In the end, it was Ullman who was the biggest winner from Three of A Kind. It was where she learned her craft and polished her natural skills. By the time she made her big move, she was an experienced and accomplished performer, ready for anything.
For the BBC did indeed get their new Pamela Stephenson - arguably a more talented version - but not for long. Ullman also seems to have learned from Stephenson's career that there are better markets for talented comediennes than the UK.
The show itself is therefore an important moment in the history of British comedy, but not as well remembered as it deserves to be, even if some of its individual sketches and characters are. Indeed, it was only when researching this review - yes, honestly, we do that - that your reviewer was reminded how much he enjoyed it at the time. Check it out if you get the opportunity - or just look at the 'Alien' sketch to see if it is your sort of thing. Either way, you will definitely smile.
About the reviewer – John Winterson Richards
John Winterson Richards is the author of the 'Xenophobe's Guide to the Welsh' and the 'Bluffer's Guide to Small Business,' both of which have been reprinted more than twenty times in English and translated into several other languages. He was editor of the latest Bluffer's Guide to Management and, as a freelance writer, has had over 500 commissioned articles published.
He is also the author of 'How to Build Your Own Pyramid: A Practical Guide to Organisational Structures' and co-author of 'The Context of Christ: the History and Politics of Rome and Judea, 100 BC - 33 AD,' as well as the author of several novels under the name Charles Cromwell, all of which can be downloaded from Amazon. John has also written over 100 reviews for Television Heaven.
John's Website can be found at John Winterson Richards
Books by John Winterson Richards:
Published on August 10th, 2020. Written by John Winterson Richards for Television Heaven.
It's Marty (1968)
Marty Feldman in a series of madcap sketches
Beyond a Joke (1972)
Short lived sketch comedy starring Eleanor Bron and John Bird
A Kick Up the Eighties (1981)
Comedy sketch show, taking an irreverent look at life in the eighties.
The Charlie Chester Show (1949)
Charlie Chester's most successful television series ran for 11 years on BBC television from 1949, but ended just as perhaps TV's first...


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Amir TsarfatiBehold Israel2021-06-13T14:27:20-07:00
Amir Tsarfati was born in Jerusalem, Israel, to a Jewish family. He grew up in that region and has lived in Israel all his life. While fulfilling his military duty, Amir served as the deputy governor of Jericho, and was part of the unit that negotiated and coordinated with the Palestinians during the Israeli withdrawal from the city. Following his military service, Amir studied at Israel's School of Tourism at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. He worked as a licensed tour guide for Sar El Tours and Conferences, and was eventually promoted to CEO.
While guiding dozens of church groups from all over the world, God convicted him of the great need – particularly within Evangelical Christianity – to explain Israel and its role in God's plan. In 2001, Amir founded Behold Israel while maintaining his career in tourism. But it wasn't until 2014 that it became a registered non-profit, allowing Amir to fulfill a greater calling for his life. That is when Behold Israel became a major provider of worldwide real-time access to reliable sources of news and information about Israel from within the powerful context of Bible history and prophecy.
Over the last two decades, Amir's message has expanded from tour buses in Israel to large platforms around the globe, including conferences, church visitations, and an ever-growing online teaching ministry. Amir is now the author of several books.
Amir is married to Miriam, and together they have four children. His home overlooks the valley of Megiddo (Armageddon), which is a constant reminder of the call that the Lord has placed on him to teach from the Bible what God's plans are for the end of times.
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ISBA staff receives questions from trustees, superintendents, and clerks, on a variety of topics. This page features previously asked questions and answers from the Ask ISBA service.
If you have a question whose answer can't be found in these archives, you can submit a question. Questions remain confidential.
DISCLAIMER: The Idaho School Board Association, as a service to its member school districts and school boards, provides general assistance or information regarding issues of administration related to school districts. However, the Idaho School Board Association and its employees and agents are not legal experts, and are not intending to provide legal advice or services. The Idaho School Board Association is not a law firm, and should not be considered to legally represent any of its member school districts, their trustees or employees. Any information, advice, recommendations, or other assistance provided by the Idaho School Board Association to its member school districts, including the member school districts and employees, should not be considered legal advice, etc. Each member district should retain legal counsel for the purpose of obtaining legal advice, information, recommendations, or other legal assistance, and should not rely on information or assistance provided by the Idaho School Board Association for any legal purpose. The Idaho School Board Association will not and cannot be held liable for any advice, recommendations, information, or other assistance provided to its member school districts, and such members should understand that such advice, etc. is provided for general and informational purposes only. By providing this advice, the Idaho School Board Association is not and does not create any special relationship with its members, other than for the purpose of providing general information, which should be verified with legal experts.


In late 2013 we were approached to design a simple and elegant, yet very elaborate invitation suite. This one had all the pieces: the typical 4 piece suite, pocketfold, vellum, lined envelopes, plus illustrated map, favour tag, belly band, valet card, and thank you card…most of them with painted edges.
Then announcement card was printed in black with a blind deboss starfish header and Relais & Châteaux logo, on pearl white double-thick 600 gsm Lettra with robin's blue painted edges. We illustrated the map and printed it in black on pearl white double-thick 600 gsm Lettra, also with painted edges. The reply card was printed in black and a blind deboss on pearl white 300 gsm Lettra. The favour tag was also black and blind deboss, trimmed in a square shape with painted edges and striped b&w baker's twine. The thank you card was A2 size with a 2 colours printed on the front and a one-colour greeting inside, also with painted edges (a first for us for a thank you, but why not?) All envelopes were lined with robin's blue printed liners. The final package was assembled in a pocketfold, the announcement held in place with an open vellum pocket. The pocketfold was then sealed with a band featuring a blind deboss of the recurring starfish illustration.
And there it is, our most elaborate invitation suite yet!
This year marked our third consecutive year exhibiting at the National Stationery Show. We made a few changes to the booth this year, expanding to a 10×10′ booth and completely revamping the look. We painted the walls white for a fresher look, the trim purple then blew up some of our drawings and painted them on the walls. Yes, you heard right: we painted them ourselves. It was a very fun process to paint the murals, a process we will most likely repeat for future shows.
The show went very well for us and we were picked up by lots of new stores in territories that are new to us.


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Sprogkontakt sker når talere af to eller flere sprog eller varieteter interagerer og påvirker hinanden. Studiet af sprogkontakt kaldes kontaktlingvistik. Når talere af forskellige sprog interagerer tæt, er det normalt for deres sprog at påvirke hinanden. Sprogkontakt kan ske ved sproggrænser, mellem adstratum-sprog, eller som resultat af migrationer.

Sprogkontakt sker i en række sprogfænomener, såsom sprogkonvergens, låneord og releksificering. De oftests sete resultater er pidginsprog, kreolsprog, kodeskift og blandede sprog

Henvisninger

Lingvistik

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


his part of the quest chain for unlocking your flying mount at level 77.
There is a professor by the same name in the game Fallout 3, except he is just a brain =). I doubt that's the reference, but funny nonetheless.
She comments to Weslex Quickwrench that: "The similarities between this place and Un'goro are uncanny. Maybe the two are connected in some way."


Sagittarius – You are opening your heart to yourself and family and getting much more connected with your path in life and with your family. This will trigger some old sadness where things were not so clear, or good. In particular your relationship with your father makes more sense in terms of his role in your life. You start a month of expressing ideas.


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We are involved in clinical, medical and nursing education.
We often have a Foundation doctor. This doctor is already experienced in hospital work and is spending a few months with us to gain experience in general practice. They are usually able to issue prescriptions. They work under the supervision of one of our General Practitioners.
We also host students from the Peninsula Medical School. They are currently fifth year students. Occasionally they may be sitting in with one of our doctors or another member of the primary care team. You should be informed of their presence at the time of booking your appointment by the reception team and there may also be a message on our electronic check-in screen. More often they will be seeing patients in their own surgery. They will usually see a patient on their own and then contact their supervising GP who will enter the consultation and review their clinical history and examination. Please be aware that a consultation may take slightly longer.
We get excellent feedback from our students about how supportive and welcoming our patients can be. It is a truly valuable experience for these doctors in training and we thank you for your ongoing support.
All clinical staff may need to video tape consultations from time to time to monitor good practice. You are are welcome to refuse if you would prefer not to be videoed. You will be asked in advance if you consent or refuse by the reception team.
We occasionally host nurses in training who may also be sitting in with the General Practitioner. Again you will be informed of their presence hopefully at the time of booking the appointment or upon arrival at the surgery. If you wish to see the doctor alone please let the team know.


The Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame pays tribute to Florence Griswold, an Old Lyme native who fostered the impressionist art movement in Connecticut. Griswold opened her home to summer borders and in 1899 hosted the renowned landscape painter Henry Ward Ranger. The painter rapidly became enamored with the prospect of developing an artist colony in Old Lyme. Shortly after, Florence Griswold's house began attracting a new generation of leading American painters—artists such as Childe Hassam, Willard Metcalf, Will Howe Foote, and William Chadwick. These artists were in the vanguard of the impressionist movement and together formed the Lyme Art Colony, helping turn it into one of America's most celebrated centers for impressionism.


Is your company looking for advice on how to grow from the biggest software company in the world (as per Forbes' Global 2000 index)? If so, now's your chance.
Microsoft has pitched its investment tent in London's Tech City and is inviting technology founders and entrepreneurs to join its Ventures Accelerator program.
The 12-week programme will provide access to investors and mentors within the tech community along with the software giant's network of contacts in the sector.
Participants will receive 1:1 mentoring, technical assistance and advice on moving into technology areas such as mobile and cloud.
In a company blog post, Microsoft writes that startups will present their ideas to a panel of venture capitalists, investors and mentors and could receive funding or a licencing deal.
Gaming startups, it says, could benefit from technical expertise and knowledge, with the opportunity to publish their games to the company's Xbox One console.
Microsoft will not be taking equity from the companies involved in the programme.
It will initially be based at business hub Central Working in Shoreditch near 'Silicon Roundabout', where startups will be mentored by businesses such as London Business School, Barclays, Pennington Solicitors and KPMG, among others.
A spokesperson from London & Partners, the capital's official promotional organisation that's supporting the programme, told TRPro that the collaborative program will help businesses with anything from formalising business ideas and preparing pitches to potential investors.
The programme has helped 119 companies worldwide to date, with 85% having received funding immediately or within six months.
It is the sixth of 10 to be rolled out following ones set up in Bangalore, Beijing, Paris, Seattle and Tel Aviv.


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Green Bay Packers' most ardent fans? In Spokane!?!?
While the Green Bay Packers were the enemy to fans looking on at TV screens in Seattle Sunday as they ended the playoff hopes of the Seattle Seahawks, it's an interesting sports history footnote that there was a time when Spokane area football fans were among the Packers' most ardent fans.
That was because a Gonzaga Bulldog running back was at the forefront of Green Bay's offense in the '40s. In fact, Anthony Robert (Tony) Canadeo set the Packers' career rushing record, carving out 4,000 yards during his career from 1941 to 1952 even though he lost almost three years for World War II service in the U.S. Army
In fact, Canadeo, who was not just the star running back for the Packers but in some years a key passer, set the single-season rushing record of 1,052 yards in 1949, then only the third NFL player to have a 1,000-yard season.
He was not only the Packers' leading rusher in 1943 but also their leading passer. Additionally, he caught two touchdown passes that year.
Canadeo's career offered proof of one of my favorite sayings, that the chain of fortune formed by fate is sometimes composed of strange links. Fate played a role in his arrival at Gonzaga and at Green Bay.
He actually got to Gonzaga by accident. That was because a high school friend of his in Chicago who was offered a football scholarship by Gonzaga made it clear he wasn't coming to Gonzaga unless his friend also got a scholarship. So Tony came to Spokane to play football with a friend long since forgotten.
Canadeo, who was known as the "Gray Ghost of Gonzaga" because of his prematurely gray hair, was selected by the Packers in the 9th round, as the 77th overall pick in the 1941 NFL draft.
And in fact, it was by accident that he was available to Packers' coach Curley Lambeau to draft.
Seems that Ray Flaherty, the NFL all-star end who had played his college football at Gonzaga before becoming one of the NFL's most successful coaches with the Washington Redskins, had intended to draft Canadeo but figured other teams would bypass him and he'd be available when Flaherty got around to him.
Flaherty, who always returned home to Spokane in the offseason, told me once during an interview in the late '60s at his Northern Idaho home that his friends always pressed him to draft the top Gonzaga players and he chuckled as he said he got a lot of heat from those friends for letting Canadeo get away.
And a year later, when Flaherty's Redskins won the 1941 NFL title, he had Gonzaga Bulldogs Ray and Cecil Hare in his backfield, likely one of the few if not only times that an NFL champion had two running backs from the same small college, and brothers, in the backfield.
In fact, Flaherty's Redskins held their training camp in Spokane in 1940 and 1941.
It wasn't until Jim Brown became the Packers' star running back in the late '50s that Canadeo's records fell.
And both Canadeo and Flaherty are in the NFL Hall of Fame, Flaherty as a coach and Canadeo as a player.
Mike Flynn people issues
Bud Krogh's lessons from the fall of a president
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Joe Galloway's 'hard duty' eulogy for friend, Hal Moore, of Vietnam battle fame
BYU star quarterback Zach Wilson's family as important as his stardom
Dan Madsen marks 20 years as CEO of senior-living focused Leisure Care
Bellevue company gets rare patent win - suit against tech giants gets agency okay
Community fills St. James Cathedral for Wayne Melonson goodbye