text:
Guest Post: Tepco Dumps 11,500 Tons of Radioactive Water Into the Pacific
Posted on April 4, 2011 by George Washington
Kyodo news reports:
Tokyo Electric Power Co. on Monday took the unprecedented measure of dumping 10,000 tons of low-level radioactive water in the Pacific Ocean from a facility at its crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power complex to make room for the storage of more highly contaminated water, which is hampering restoration work at the plant.
Nishiyama also said that it had become necessary to release 1,500 tons of groundwater, also containing radioactive materials, found near the Nos. 5 and 6 reactor turbine buildings out of concern that the water could drown safety-related equipment.
Of course, the government said there was "no major health risk", even though:
The level of radioactive substances in the water is up to 500 times the legal limit permitted for release in the environment.
Whether or not this release is serious (the concentrations will certainly be high at the immediate release site, even if dispersion ultimately reduces the radioactivity to trivial levels) the fact that the reactors are still not under control means releases like this are likely to continue.
This entry was posted in Guest Post on April 4, 2011 by George Washington.
About George Washington
George Washington is the head writer at Washington's Blog. A busy professional and former adjunct professor, George's insatiable curiousity causes him to write on a wide variety of topics, including economics, finance, the environment and politics. For further details, ask Keith Alexander… http://www.washingtonsblog.com
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Ricardo April 4, 2011 at 5:53 pm
Sushi anyone?
Frank A. April 4, 2011 at 5:56 pm
And you won't need any lighting to find it!!
Mark April 4, 2011 at 6:28 pm
FYI: nuclear waste was routinely placed in barrels and dumped in the ocean all over the North Atlantic and North Pacific from 1946 to 1982. This IAEA report is from 1989:
I for one was shocked to find out about this recently while reading Bill Bryson's "A Short History of Nearly Everything"
It's all rather appalling.
Wrex April 4, 2011 at 6:34 pm
Did they get a safety bonus?
http://wp.me/p1dwVT-2t
Justin April 4, 2011 at 6:44 pm
I don't see a point here.
Levels are currently dangerous around plant, yep.
More releases may occur, yep.
Dispersion means no accumulation in exposure pathways.
More releases also means no accumulation in exposure pathways.
There will be patterns of fallout that will require long term avoidance in areas around Fukushima.
The only sushi that comes from Japanese waters is some unagi, some uni, ika, some kaki, and spring/summer tai. Avoid all oyster anyway as you're more likely to get a bad case of Clostridium Perfringens from them.
So are we just trying to be witty and alarmist without any actual knowledge behind our jibes?
Jojo April 4, 2011 at 7:37 pm
@Justin – Read this blog post for a possible point.
http://economicedge.blogspot.com/2011/04/morning-update-market-thread-44-water.html
Seems that the increased radioactive particles have and are making their way to the USA and are now appearing in foodstuffs such as water and milk. Also in rain.
This is not good. The longer those plants spew radioactive particles, the bigger the potential problems worldwide.
Justin April 5, 2011 at 2:22 am
@jojo
You linked to the blog, did you go to the measurements themselves linked by the blog?
On the spike on the 24th, you would have gotten 1.8% the amount of radiation of a cross country airplane trip if you had drunk nothing but rain water. Tap water radiation levels were negligible due to dilution.
@stockdude Since you're too lazy to look up the ratio yourself:
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=2500000+gallons%2F%28gallons+water+in+ocean%29
Again, it's all about the exposure pathways. Workers at the site will have adverse health effects from direct radiation. Some people who live within 20km radius may have adverse health results from direct radiation and inhalation. People who consume irradiated produce and milk from farms near hotspots could have adverse health results. Some people in America will have adverse health results from consuming potassium iodine and/or increased cortisol levels from worrying.
KnotRP April 4, 2011 at 6:52 pm
So…how would an economist recalculate TEPCOs profits, and bonus plan, to incorporate this latest externalized cost on the oceans of the world.
(trick question: economist don't deal with real world problems)
Even dogs are smart enough not to crap where they eat or sleep….
Recent press reports have discussed the possibility that Fukushima Unit 1 may be having a nuclear chain reaction. New data released by TEPCO indicates that even though Fukushima Unit 1 was shut down during the March 11 earthquake, it appears to have "gone critical" again without human intervention. The detection by TEPCO of short-lived radioactive isotopes substantiates the existence of this inadvertent criticality.
Hal Horvath April 4, 2011 at 11:54 pm
Reactor 1 is widely understood to have had a significant (but still partial) meltdown. That would normally make it likely there would be some (less than full power due to random geometry and the control rods) ongoing (or intermittent) fission, and fission products, and various evidence suggests this is happening. This has been thought a certainty for a while by many professionals I've gathered, and by close watchers for many days. But it was speculated early in the crisis actually. It seems though that they are able to continue to keep water in the core (by inference; if they could not, more melting and more drama would follow). Result? Continuing leaks until better heat exchange cooling is put back on line.
Global April 4, 2011 at 7:51 pm
Since the original occurence (earthquake & tsunami), I've been bewildered by media coverage and blog comments whci frequently mention the dangers arriving to US shores.
In many ways, we have become a global community. Let's think, feel, act and write like we believe it. Every tree removed in the Amazon (jungles), every open pit mine in Africa exploiting cheap labor(seeking lithium and other rare earths for our bestest-ever batteries, especially those powering our "enviro-cars"), every sweatshop in China grinding out our lust for tomorrow's fashions… These and more harm us all.
How about we become global citizens of the globe, every day? Even during disasters!
Externality April 5, 2011 at 1:00 am
Readers worry, understandably, how the problems in Japan will affect them. While the situation in Japan is unfortunate, and the US is providing substantial assistance, Americans' main responsibility is to themselves, their families, and their communities. Understanding the nature and duration of the radiation clouds crossing the Pacific Ocean is an important step towards meeting those responsibilities.
The concept of "global citizenship" is intended, in part, to condition the population to being led by completely unrepresentative institutions such as the IMF, World Bank, and UN Security Council. The IMF, for example, has long served as a collection agency for global capital, forcing countries into "structural adjustment plans" that cause and have caused immense suffering. (see below) The UN Security Council, OTOH, allows a small group of countries to authorize war against some countries (e.g., Libya) while protecting others (e.g., Israel) from any accountability for similar or worse behavior.
From the journal PLoS Medicine:
Participation in an IMF program, they report, was associated with increases in tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality rate of about 15%, which corresponds to hundreds of thousands of new cases and deaths in this region. Each additional year of participation increased tuberculosis mortality rates by 4.1%; increases in the size of the IMF loan also corresponded to greater tuberculosis mortality rates. Conversely, when countries left IMF programs, tuberculosis mortality rates dropped by roughly one-third.
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050143
From the BBC:
[The researchers] claimed a direct relationship could be seen – the start of the increases [in tuberculosis rates] matched the starting point of IMF programmes, and continued rising as the programme continued.
This meant at least a 16.6% increase in deaths across the 21 countries, they said.
Without the IMF loans, they suggested, rates would have fallen by up to 10%, meaning at least 100,000 extra deaths.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7514467.stm
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=imf-loans-linked-tuberculosis-deaths
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14376-imf-loans-lead-to-tb-deaths.html?full=true&print=true
stockdude April 4, 2011 at 9:16 pm
Dispersion is a BIG LIE. Dispersion matters not one bit, except in producing a "quick kill", which also is not the point. The total amount of radiation is what matters. This is 2,500,000 gallons! That is alot, and at 500 times over the limit, this is equivalent to 600,000,000 gallons that are double the limit.
And there is plenty of Cesium in there, which has a half life of 30 years. It will go everywhere in the ocean, not just Fukushima.
East Coast Cynic April 4, 2011 at 9:47 pm
Have they discovered any harmful iodine or radioactive h20 in the Pacific Ocean near Maui? I'd like to continue to vacation there.
Steve April 4, 2011 at 10:05 pm
Hi Stockdude,
How many gallons in the Pacific ocean? Do all the math.
mp April 4, 2011 at 10:05 pm
Ma! TEPCO shit the bed!
charles 2 April 4, 2011 at 10:26 pm
These releases are indeed trivial from a health standpoint, and they can last a long time and still remain trivial. If we were sure that it was the only thing that the Fukushima had in store left, we would be out of the woods. Radioactive aerosols/gas releases are the worrying issue here since the beginning.
For more relevant information about this radioactive water issue and the Fukushima accident, check http://atomicpowerreview.blogspot.com/ . It is written by a professional.
For those who are astonished that persistent releases above legal limit could be trivial from a health standpoint,let me offer you a financial analogy :
A bank is supposed to reconcile its balances every day to the last penny. It is a legal requirement. If, for some reasons if fails to do so, it doesn't mean that it is necessarily bankrupt, or even that it is significant compared to its overall financial situation. Failure to take corrective action is however a sign that the organisation is disfunctional and that some bigger flaw may lie somewhere; so it is worth paying attention to it as an indirect clue, not as a direct significant threat. When a direct threat has indeed been identified (for instance, in the case of banking, failure to keep/endorse mortgage notes), we should focus on that threat, not on the harmless clues that led to discover it.
Lyle April 4, 2011 at 10:34 pm
Note that if the major component of the radioactive water is I-131 then it has a half life of eight days, in a month then it is down to 1/16 its original value. Unfortunately none of the coverage seems to say which isotopes are causing the radioactivity in the water, but much of the other radiation detected is I 131. For example if milk has a concentration of I-131, just dry it and let it sit on the shelf for a year and the problem just goes away.
The most significant unknown to my mind is the exact status of the spent fuel pool at reactor 4.
The leaks of radiation from the partially melted down reactors (which in a manner are more under control than not!) will be ongoing until they can restore the normal cooling systems. see: http://www.findingourdream.blogspot.com Getting the cooling systems going in turn depends on clearing water from areas such as the basement of the turbine buildings. It's all a logical progression.
herman sniffles April 4, 2011 at 11:24 pm
Isn't it about time for Tepco's top management to give themselves a bonus??
SteveA April 5, 2011 at 12:28 am
They made the least bad decision. I am more concerned about the lack of followup on earlier issues — for example, the level of radiation in groundwater near the plant (NISA claimed that Tepco's number was wrong, but has not released a revised number); the status of attempts to inject nitrogen coolant to avoid potential hydrogen explosions, an effort announced for Saturday but not mentioned since; the continuing refusal of the government to release forecasts of radiation dispersal, either those from the IAEA or from its own SPEEDI system; the statement Saturday by an official, quoted by Bloomberg on April 3, that it may be impossible to ever enter the reactor 3 building again.
Update on seawater contamination: NHK just announced that Tepco has found concentrations of iodine-131 5 million times normal, and concentrations of cesium 1.1 million above normal, near the reactor 2 seawater intake.
Expat April 5, 2011 at 3:25 am
The nuclear apologists continuously cite such things as chest x-rays and cross-country airplane trips. What they fail to point out is that no one spends the rest of his life in an airplane at 30000 feet getting chest x-rays.
The issue is not whether or not one could streak across Fukushima beach on a dare without perceptibly increasing the likelihood of developing cancer. The issue is whether or not one could picnic in the fields around Fukushima safely FOR THE NEXT TEN THOUSAND FRICKIN' YEARS!!!
I saw an industry flack on CNBC saying that oil was much more dangerous since it has killed many thousands. Fair enough, but we can rebuild your house when your oil furnace blows up. Or has this genius secretly been buying real estate around Chernobyl on a super long-term bull play in the Russian condo market?
I agree that LA is not going to start glowing tomorrow, but Tepco management (along with complicit Japanese lawmakers) should be arrested or at least forced to go to Fukushima to clean up (and join the Fukushima Fifty who have acknowledged they are now doomed). No radiation is "safe".
charles 2 April 5, 2011 at 3:35 am
@Lyle
Unfortunately no, some of the activity is due to Cesium137 and some other elements, so it is not going to disappear in 3 months's time. However, according to french IRSN, 60 to 80% of radioactivity in the water comes from Iodine ( http://www.irsn.fr/FR/Actualites_presse/Actualites/Documents/IRSN-NI-Impact-accident-Fukushima-sur-milieu-marin_04042011.pdf sorry, it is in french) , therefore it will make a significant difference in terms of dose rate for the people who are working on site. It may explain why the Japanese seem to proceed at a relatively slow pace : for that particular aspect of the situation, time is on their side. I would also doubt that the floating reprocessing russian barge http://atomicpowerreview.blogspot.com/2011/04/further-details-on-russian-barge.html that TEPCO wants to use has anything to filter Iodine.
Again, the most serious issue is the gas release. TEPCO seems to be injecting just enough water so that bringing it close to but not at boiling point would offset the residual heat in the reactor. It makes sense, especially if the containments are leaking : they want as little water as possible, but no release of vapor at the same time.
From the public standpoint, the most salient information is how much Caesium has been really deposited on land in the first days of the accident. If there should be media pressure (and there should), it is on this particular aspect.
The best and latest we have from IAEA http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2011/fukushimafull.html :
"On 4 April the IAEA monitoring team made measurements at 7 locations at distances of 30 to 41 km South and Southwest of the Fukushima nuclear power plant. The dose rates ranged from 0.7 to 12.5 microsievert per hour. At the same locations, results of beta-gamma contamination measurements ranged from 0.1 to 2.0 megabecquerel per square metre."
It mixes contamination between short-lived elements and long lived element, and therefore is not very helpful.
Elliot April 5, 2011 at 4:16 am
As (perhaps) the only poster here who has now got radioactive milk in the grocery stores, radioactive rain falling on her farm and water supply, I extend this glass of milk for you. Would you like a sip?
I'll note that Tepco say this will take a minimum of 3, maybe 5 years to clean up; that it's ongoing release, not a one time thing (like a chest x-ray), that about a third of the Rad net sensors are off-line at any one time, and that the US West has a history of accidental and purposeful radiation exposure (everyone I know knows someone with thyroid cancer), and finally, that the history of obfuscation and outright lies about releases, and safety of, radiation by the government in the US don't make for any better breakfast time reading than Tepco's and the Japanese government's reputation for veracity.
Would you like a glass of milk?
@Expat :
"The issue is whether or not one could picnic in the fields around Fukushima safely FOR THE NEXT TEN THOUSAND FRICKIN' YEARS!!!"
Not really : there are already picnics organized around Chernobyl today ! According to Wikipedia, radioctivity in most parts of Pripyat is around one micro-Sievert.
Don't eat the local mushrooms though : the real issues are how long agricultural products and water from this area of Japan will need to be monitored and what perimeter around the plant will be unsuitable for PERMANENT habitation.
The most probable scenario is that it won't be worse than the usual big industrial site, but we have had a lot of nasty surprises so far…
skippy April 5, 2011 at 6:02 am
It is as same for air as it is for water, distributions are not equal ie: the pacific ocean is not a bucket of water where one introduces a few drops in the center, ref. dye / oil plume in the GOM.
They should add dye to the coastal source, but methinks they will not, things that make you go ummm.
Skippy…ditto for the airborne tracking, its simple and will end random speculation…eh!
PS. Mach 5+ harmonics moving through all that material and geology….ummmm again.
Diane April 5, 2011 at 8:10 am
ZH cited this article
http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110405x1.html
"Radioactive iodine-131 readings taken from seawater near the water intake of the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant's No. 2 reactor reached 7.5 million times the legal limit, Tokyo Electric Power Co. admitted Tuesday.
The sample that yielded the high reading was taken Saturday, before Tepco announced Monday it would start releasing radioactive water into the sea, and experts fear the contamination may spread well beyond Japan's shores to affect seafood overseas.
The unstoppable radioactive discharge into the Pacific has prompted experts to sound the alarm, as cesium, which has a much longer half-life than iodine, is expected to concentrate in the upper food chain."
To paraphrase the conclusions of an IAEA pamphlet on concentration of radioactivity in marine food chains http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull154/15405703336.pdf
who the heck knows where this stuff will land? With food chain concentrations, diversion of fish meal into fertilizer and animal feed,it is "complicated"
Justin April 5, 2011 at 11:43 am
Yes, it is complicated. While the ocean water disperses and dilutes, the food chain concentrates certain isotopes, and in different pathways and concentrations per element.
However, there is good data from Bikini atolls on environmental pathways for iodine and cesium. Cesium is a bigger problem on land than in the sea as it's concentrated /substituted for potassium in plant life and coral atoll soil is potassium poor, cesium has a longer half-life, and can sit on top of the soil and collect in rain runoff. Coconut trees are good at sucking up cesium from ground water and depositing in coconuts. However, there is no problem with cesium in sea life at Bikini.
Iodine concentrations in marine life in Japan around reactor will be the main concern, so they will probably ban or test local seafood, but again most sushi fish is caught away from Japan, and iodine's half life makes the problem resolve more quickly.
Milk in the US is fine, I'm happy to have a glass.
Elliot April 5, 2011 at 12:40 pm
@Justin: every day? In your drinking water, in your vegetable garden for the next 3-5 years?
Next you'll be telling me nobody ever died at Hanford.
@Elliot, last month I left a follow up post to someone in 2005 who claimed Prius batteries would last 2-3 years and require expensive replacement (going on my 7th year with a Prius and no significant battery degradation). I am happy to retract my assertion if proven false over time.
Let's revisit our concerns in 6 months. I am betting the biggest releases of radiation have already occurred, and that radiation levels will fall, although again regions around Iitate and the plant itself will probably require long term abandonment and/or topsoil replacement. We won't have any problems in America from this fallout.
False Solace on The Lords and Ladies of Discipline: An Interview with Matt StollerWell I guess I just don't know who...
Tvc15 on 2:00PM Water Cooler 1/22/2020And she doesn't base her comments on facts....


text:
How a warming world is impacting everything from the food we eat to the air we breathe to the spread of disease
Climate change is altering the ecosystems we rely on to keep us healthy and nourished. Warming seas, for instance, kill off huge numbers of fish that feed – and provide jobs – to tens of millions of people. This warming also leeches seas and oceans of the vitamins and minerals humans and animals need to grow and develop. Excessive rain or prolonged drought makes soil less productive, depleting it of the nutrients that help crops grow robust and plentiful. While severe heat waves and cold snaps are hitting cities and rural areas, giving way to illness and death.
Increasingly, climate change is being linked to a rise in diseases like dengue, which is spread by mosquitos. That's because warmer temperatures expand the range of places in which mosquitos can live and allow the virus to incubate more quickly, accelerating its spread. Over the past 50 years, dengue has spread from around 10 countries to more than 120. Now, as a story by Aniruddha Ghosal notes, researchers say that unpredictable rainfall patterns and rising temperatures could put more than 500 million people at risk of contracting diseases like dengue in the next three decades. Luke Duggleby and Laure Siegel report that 2019 the worst year on record for dengue.
At the same time, economic inequality and overstretched health systems have long prevented poor and vulnerable people from receiving proper treatment. In many places, these communities are also the ones hit hardest by the effects of climate change, which means a warming world will only exacerbate the health challenges they're already forced to face.
Different places will need to respond differently to these challenges. A megapolis in tropical Southeast Asia, for instance, will need to plant far more trees than one surrounded by dessert to fend off what's known as the urban heat island effect, recent research shows. Countries seeing a rise in dengue will need to get creative not only about how to treat and prevent the disease but how to raise awareness about its dangers. On a positive note, many such places are starting to recognize the link between health impacts and climate change and are coming up with responses.
This special report seeks to investigate those links in more detail and inform impacted communities, local and national officials and the public generally about what's possible.
After the Disaster: The toll storms take on mental health in India
K Rajendran | 08 October 2019
As Climate Change Grows More Intense, Women In Battered Coastal Odisha Step Up
Disha Shetty | 09 February 2019
Breaking the cycle of malaria and malnutrition in eastern India
Aniruddha Ghosal | 07 January 2020
Cambodian 'bat man' bolsters the fight against dengue fever
Claire Baker-Munton | 02 January 2020
Cold waves add to health woes in Nepal's lowlands
Shristi Kafle | 03 January 2020
From Sri Lanka to China: What India Can Learn From the World About Combating Dengue, Malaria
How climate change has altered the rules of Odisha's battle against vector-borne diseases
How the Fight Against Malaria Reached Fever Pitch in Odisha
Mental health absent in Philippines' climate change plans
Jhesset O. Enano | 12 November 2019
Climate change and human health - risks and responses
Yale Climate Connections
How climate change threatens public health
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Aunt Cara on vacay with us?
But what's this you say?
I haven't blogged since May?
Interesting. I'll have to look into that.
When Grandparents come they just scooch right on in to our everyday lives.
Eating Naan. Playing with rice. Being admired.
We eat with our hands a lot here and there aren't many napkins. Zayby-baby waiting his turn to wash his hands.
WHY was I the only adult at the table who did not find this amusing? Rice cubes + Satay sticks = The Foreigners getting stared at even more at the restaurant.
So our hotel room had a smoke detector. The boys, having never seen one, were crazy-fixated about fire. Afraid of fire. When's the fire coming? I don't wanna die in fire. I don't want fire to be on me. Does fire kill you? Yada yada yada. Before seeing this pic, I thought it was the smoke detectors but now I see the focused attention of my eldest on the flight safety information card on the flight there (which pictures the plane on fire). On that same flight he watched "Bolt." (spoiler alert- Bolt the dog saves Penny from a fire at the end.) So maybe I should give the hotel a break now and quit hating them a little for their smoke detectors and just embrace the fact that the cards were stacked against me this time.
We have no tubs in our house, so they're kinda a huge deal. So how could I NOT post this adorable tired Birdie gaze? I couldn't not. You're right.
Then Aunt Cara arrived! Yay! More adults to climb on in the pool! I highly advise stacking the ratio of adults to kids in the adults' favor when headed to the beach. Not only is conversation better, but supervision duties are less burdensome and everyone has a better time!
Even though as a beach-snob I find the coral sand lackluster and slightly painful, I'm not too proud to admit that on these little feet, just about anything is cute!
I'm not saying he should go into acting (or modeling) but this is a ridiculously good impression of the posing we saw.
Superhero-esque. I like. Also bonus. Man in a speedo collecting seashells.
Aren't they a handsome couple?!
Day trip to Ubud. No really. I was excited about it! Ibu Oka has had to change locations twice since Anthony Bourdain stopped by her shop and declared on the Travel Channel her roasted pig to be the best he had ever eaten anywhere (he's pretty accurate on that!) See his show "Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations" for reference.
We went to the monkey forest and this was the ONLY photo of any of us WITH a monkey in it. Lots of us. Lots of the monkeys. Only one with a monkey and a kid. Incidentally, 2 years ago, we got a funny video clip of Isaiah at the monkey jungle...it's a Rivers Family favorite.
Ellie-bellie has never seen a slide she couldn't handle.
There's a crab in there.
We didn't spend ALL our time on the beach. A couple times we actually showered and applied make-up!
Thanks again Bali! We hope to see you again next year!
omgosh, great photos! You guys are way, way too cute!
That many photos. Every time. Cmon you know you wanna do it! Miss you all!
1. Such an adorable baby belly.
3. All 3 of your kiddos are growing so fast... and just get cuter and cuter if that's possible.
4. It's so fun that your parents get to share in such fun.
5. I love your commentary about adult:children vacay ratio... so true!
6. I also love your description of your boys' fire conversations. :) So interesting that you don't have smoke detectors... we don't either here, but then again most everything is made from concrete.


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I have added six new authors to the Cozy Mystery site, and this time, they are really NEW! Actually, one of them is a very popular Cozy Mystery author who a lot of you might already follow, but she is now writing a new Cozy Mystery series under a new pseudonym.
Ella Barrick Barrick, an ex-college English teacher, writes the NEW Ballroom Dance Mystery Series… Stacy Graysin is a co-owner of a ballroom dance studio in Alexandria, Virginia.
Allison Kingsley Kingsley is also known as Kate Kingsbury and Rebecca Kent. As Kingsley, she is now writing the NEW Raven's Nest Bookstore Mystery Series. Two cousins (Clara and Stephanie Quinn) own the bookstore in Maine. Clara has psychic abilities which help when solving mysteries.
Liz Lipperman (aka Liz Roth) Lipperman, a registered nurse, writes the NEW Clueless Cook Mystery Series which is set in Texas. Jordan McAllister does not know how to cook, but that doesn't stop her from becoming a newspaper food critic.
Mary Moody Moody has her MBA, which might come in handy when writing the NEW Lucy St. Elmo Antiques Mystery Series. Lucy is an antiques shop owner (as well as a sleuth) in Massachusetts.
Kari Lee Townsend Townsend has her Masters in English Education, and writes the NEW Fortune Teller Mystery Series. Sunshine Meadows is a fortune teller in New York. Townsend also writes the Samantha Granger Experiment Series for middle school-age children.
Here's hoping someone will be able to help. I read a mystery a few years ago that had the sleuth having amnesia. If I remember right he wakes up in the hospital not knowing who or what he is. He decides that he is a Mickey Spillane type Private Eye. His narration is almost all as if he is Mickey Spillane and he is talking in private eyeease ( make sense?). I can't remember the author's name. I believe there were 2 or 3 books in the series. Just wanted to see if he ever remembered who he was! It was kind of quirky but kind of funny, too.
Love your website! Am a cozy mystery lover and have to keep with me 3 booklets listing books I have by author alphabetically or I buy them again and again like you did. I was wondering have you thought about a "where are they" section? Meaning authors who seem to have fallen off the map. I love Sharon Duncan however she appears to not have written or published since 2004. Her website is not up to date so I wonder what happened?
Robin, I have gotten this question from other Cozy Mystery site readers. The only problem I can see is… and I'm not saying this will happen… What happens if someone writes something about an author, and it isn't correct. Would there be a way to substantiate the information that we come up with, or would we simply post things "in good faith"?
I would hate for an author to read that she died four years ago!
I have often thought about what has happened to some of these authors that have written really good mysteries in the past but do so no longer.. I wonder if just maybe these authors just cannot get a publisher to publish their next books! Could there be some "politics" in getting some previous writers published? Maybe some personality problems? Do these writers just quit writing?
Could this be why some sucessful writers, such as James Patterson, will have their name on books with other writers?
Read the Kari Lee Townsend book. Good cozy mystery with great, likeable characters.
I started Mary Moody's book but having a hard time getting through it. Hopefully, it will perk my interest soon!
Have the rest to read.
Danna love to hear all the opinions of the new Authors/series.
Elaine, I have heard from several Cozy Mystery site readers who enjoyed her mystery so much, that they wanted me to include her on the site. I bet your interest will soon be perked!
I read five of the author above and their book were good reads.
Thanks, Dru, good to know!
I loved the two Lola Cruz mysteries I read by Ramirez; I look forward to the new ones under Bourbon.
I always love cozies that take place in Texas so I will def have to get my hands on the ones you mentioned.
Thanks, Charlene, for telling us about your enjoyment of Misa Ramirez/ Melissa Bourbon.
I'm new to your site, and already a huge fan. I appreciate the effort you've put into compiling this info – it's so helpful.
I wasn't sure where to send this question, but I was wondering if you knew of authors similar to Alexander McCall Smith…I adore his books. Thanks!
K, I have thought about this, but just can't seem to come up with a mystery author who is similar to Alexander McCall Smith. I love Alexander McCall Smith, but don't consider his Isabel Dalhousie series to be a mystery series, even though I know that she usually has some type of mystery to solve.
As for his No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency Series, I can't think of another mystery author who spends the majority of the novel fleshing out the characters, rather than actually having a core mystery, with well-defined characters rotating around it.
I just picked this book up today, "An Ominous Death" by Annette Mahon. I have only read about 50 pages but I will continue on as it seems to be a good story. A lady is confined to a care center after having two broken legs due to an auto accident. Apparently from the cover this lady complains about people in the center mysteriously dying. No one believes her, but then she is found dead. I haven't gotten to the murder yet. I picked the book up because of it being a quilting mystery. Several characters seem to be my age (old). The main sleuth has a son who is a cop.
Thanks, Linda, for telling us about Annette Mahon's An Ominous Death.
Danna, and gang! Just finished this book. "An Omious Death" by Annette Mahon. This was a very good book. While this is a quilting murder mystery, the quilting doesn't dominate the storyline. The "Quilting Bee" ladies discuss the murder while they continue their quilting project but do add some hints on this craft as they go. I will look for more books by this author. Very good story.
When I first started on Mystery Books, I tried to keep a list of all the various types and topics of cozies. Had quite a list going for a while. Just seeing the ballroom dance studio and dressmaking cozies reminds me it would be fun to update that list.
Actually, I should probably start reading the clueless cook series for myself. LOL!
Also, looks like cozies with a touch or more of the paranormal are still in vogue.


Steel Mesh Polyethylene (PE) Composite Pipes-Puhui Industry Co.,Ltd.
Puhui Industry have offered high quality Steel Mesh Polyethylene (PE) Composite Pipes & fittings and excellent services to complement growing demands in more than 960 cities and 50 fields with a broad rang of smart, efficient comprehensive solutions and technical supports for more than 30 years.
Steel Mesh Polyethylene (PE) Composite Pipes are mainly used in industrial of oil, municipal construction, ship, coal mining methane drainage, engineering well, pumping, chemistry, energy source, metallurgy, non-ferrous metal, electric power, environment protection, food fields, etc.
Normal export packing. Pipe dia. 20mm-65mm can be coils with 50m/100m/200m/300m/ length. Pipe dia, up to 63mm in bars with 5.8m/11.8m length.
Depending on the quantity needs. Normally about 5 days for a 20ft container, 10 days for a 40ft container.
Take 100 ± 100 mm length of pipe sample for testing. The sample is placed between the press plates of the hydraulic press and pressed slowly. After 10-15S pressing to 50% of the pipe diameter, cracks are not happened, and the steel skeleton plastic composite pipes are qualified.
(8) Houxue test (after the pipe accumulation receives ≥3.5KMJ/m2 aging energy, it still satisfies the performance requirements of the appeal (3) and (4), and maintains good welding performance.
The roundness of the pipes should not exceed 5%.
The linear expansion coefficient of the pipe is 35.4--35.9×10-6 (1/°C).
(15) The temperature of the medium conveying the steel skeleton plastic composite pipe shall not exceed 80°C.
(16) The elastic modulus of the pipe is 2-3 GPa.
This product is mainly applied to petroleum, chemical, municipal, shipping, firefighting and other fields for medium-pressure pipelines, submarine pipelines, electricity (light) cable ducts, deep-sea fish net cage grid.
Oilfields collecting oil pipelines, sewage pipelines, crude oil, refined oil pipelines, oil wells, polymer pipelines, and brine treatment pipes. It is especially suitable for the transportation of medium with high sulfur content such as oil, gas and water.
Urban water supply and drainage, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and gas transportation.
On-board sewage pipes, water supply and drainage pipes, ballast water pipes and other living pipe systems and structural pipe systems.
Coal water slurry, coal bed gas, fly ash pipelines.
Slurry pipe, engineering well pipe, pumping pipe.
Chemicals, energy, metallurgy, non-ferrous metals, electricity, environmental protection, food and other industries use the tube.
Steel skeleton plastic composite pipe is a kind of pressure pipe. Because of its unique structure, the steel skeleton plastic composite pipe has the advantages of both steel and thermoplastic plastic materials. It also determines the superiority of the steel skeleton plastic composite pipe.
1. Steel skeleton PE composite pipes are safe, reliable and economy. It can meet all the requirements of ordinary applications of plastic pipes, and also be used in various industries, replacing stainless steel or metal pipes.
2. Structure can be easily and flexibly adjusted by changing the diameter, spacing, plastic layer thickness and plastic type to meet different requirements of pressure, resistance, mild and corrosion.
3. Low manufacturing costs. Excellent product with low price.
5. Good traceability. Because of the existence of steel skeleton, it can be located and searched through ordinary magnetic detection methods to avoid the damage caused by other excavation works. This kind of damage is the most destructive for pure plastic tubes and other non-metallic pipes.


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People Applaud A Bridal Shop For Featuring A Mannequin In A Wheelchair
Weddings / By Blerina Kelmendi
Seeing how many brands have begun making their clothing lines and makeup launches more inclusive makes me believe that there are good days awaiting humankind. Brands have been making it easier for people who have disabilities or limb differences to get dressed and have been featuring models in wheelchairs in their campaigns. However, although this might be just the beginning, there is yet that should be done in regards to inclusivity.
What caught our attention, however, was this wedding shop in England that has been making its rounds around the internet for their use of a mannequin in a wheelchair. People have been applauding the shop for the inclusive window display that features a mannequin in a wheelchair wearing a wedding gown.
Courtesy of The White Collection Bridal Boutique
Although there is nothing unusual about a woman in a wheelchair wearing a wedding gown – seeing it featured in a window display has really given us hope that more people will follow the inclusive steps of this wedding shop.
Beth Wilson shared an image of the window display on Twitter and captioned it with:
The new wedding shop in town has a wheelchair using mannequin and it shouldn't be exciting but it's the first time I've ever seen disability portrayed in a shop window.
The name of the store is The White Collection Bridal Boutique located in Portishead, England.
The new wedding shop in town has a wheelchair using mannequin and it shouldn't be exciting but it's the first time I've ever seen disability portrayed in a shop window. pic.twitter.com/N5sco2fLJf
— Beth Wilson (@doodlebeth) January 9, 2019
The shop owner, Laura Allen, spoke to TODAY Style through email, admitting she is pleased with all the attention. She said:
Our thoughts of having one of them in a wheelchair was 'why not?' And we didn't really think too much about it.
She proceeded to say that although the window display is simpler than it was before, it "portrays such a powerful message of inclusion". She claimed she loves the positive comments and hopes that one-day things like this are just 'the norm'.
People have since then shared their own pictures of wheelchair-using brides. See below.
Had to share mine. It was my mom's that she made herself in '77 and then did a few alterations for me. pic.twitter.com/ZvXWEmbdsB
— Emily Stoker, RDN, LD (@EmilyStoker5) January 10, 2019
You look wonderful!
Have to say, when I got married it was the most difficult and emotional element. So much pressure to be that bride. Bought @jimmychoo shoes to highlight wheelchair users love shoes too! Hopefully I looked ok! pic.twitter.com/PQOZSEfgbH
— Sarah BF Marl (@SarahBFraser) January 9, 2019
Well, let's hope we will see this level of inclusivity in all of our local shops! Hoping for the best.
You might also be interested in: Ashley Graham's New Clothing Line Is Both Size-Inclusive And Sexy.
Source: Today


The Dolce Gabbana DG2166 Mirror is a very fashionable frame for Men. It was released to retail markets on or around 2018. It's a very good Metal Frame that compliments by having a well put together Full Rim design. The Round lenses really make it complete by adding the fashion forward sense.
The Dolce Gabbana DG2166 Mirror is considered a good value when it comes to Sunglasses. If you're interested in making these into prescription Sunglasses, you'll be pleasantly suprised to know this design does support prescription lenses.
The Dolce Gabbana DG2166 Mirror comes in 2 colors. The official color/codes are Pink Gold Plated Gold (k03/5r), Gold Plated (k02/f9). There may be other colors available that were not initially released by the manufacturer.


Iranian foreign ministry spokesman called on the Sudanese parties to exercise self-restraint and avoid violence, hoping that they would pursue their demands through dialogue, interaction and peaceful channels.
Iran Press/Africa: Commenting on Iran's stances regarding Sudanese developments, Bahram Ghassemi said that the principled policy of the Islamic Republic is non-interference in other countries' affairs, as recent developments in Sudan are internal affairs of the country.
Iran has always favored establishment of stability and security in Muslim countries, he said, hoping the peace and calm will restore to the country soon, Iran Press reported.


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HIV Treatment in Los Angeles, CA
HIV | Definition
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is responsible for a large number of symptoms that lead to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS ). HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids including blood, semen, breast milk and vaginal fluid. The virus is often contracted through having unprotected sex with, sharing a needle with, or receiving a blood transfusion from an infected partner.
Symptoms of HIV typically appear within a month of infection. The virus progresses through a number of stages before it is eligible to be classified as AIDS. A number of medications exist to slow the spread of the virus and give those infected a shot at leading an otherwise normal life.
HIV | How It Works
The virus infects healthy immune cells (typically CD4 T cells) by adhering to the cell wall and effectively tricking its way into the cell. Once inside, the HIV virus begins to replicate and spread its genetic material throughout the healthy cell, using the cell's resources to grow and eventually infect other cells.
Because the virus infects immune cells, the immune system of the host can quickly become compromised. This leaves patients vulnerable to a variety of opportunistic diseases. These diseases would typically not survive against a healthy immune system but are often life-threatening in HIV patients. HIV typically becomes classified as AIDS once the number of healthy CD4 cells falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. At this point, the host is susceptible to a new range of side effects and potential hazards.
HIV | Progression
The progression of HIV is broken up into three stages, each with its own unique blend of symptoms.
This stage is characterized by flu-like symptoms . These symptoms are distinguishable from a regular flu due to their extreme severity. Symptoms are often accompanied by rashes, muscle or joint pains , headaches and swollen glands. In this stage, the virus is replicating extremely fast. CD4 cells are being infected and destroyed left and right as the number of healthy immune cells plummets.
Clinical Latency Stage
This stage, typically lasting around 10 years, is characterized by a drastic reduction, or disappearance of symptoms. The virus replicates at a much slower rate. Most patients try to remain in this stage for as long as possible, extending its duration by following a strict medication regimen.
Those who maintain a disciplined medication regimen may never reach this stage. Once the CD4 count has dropped low enough to be categorized as AIDS, the body becomes highly susceptible to opportunistic diseases and infections. Without treatment, the average patient rarely lives longer than three years. Once a patient has contracted an opportunistic infection, they are only typically able to fight it for about year.
HIV | Treatment
There are a wide variety of HIV medications which serve a number of purposes. Some treat the infection itself, preventing it from replicating and spreading through the body. Others treat the side effects which the virus often causes. Some drugs prevent opportunistic diseases which take advantage of the host's weakened immune system and cause life-threatening damage.
HIV has proven particularly effective in fighting antiviral drugs. HIV medication is often designed to treat one form of the virus. Unfortunately, DNA has a high mutation rate and can quickly spawn new forms of the virus for which to look. This is why most cases of HIV are treated with a drug cocktail containing a variety of drugs to prevent the spread of multiple forms of the virus. Taking extra care to never miss a dose is incredibly important to preventing the spread of HIV. Following a consistent drug regimen keeps the virus from replicating, preventing not only its spread but the development of new mutations.
When a dose (more realistically, a couple of consecutive doses) is missed, the virus can seize the opportunity to charge forward, replicating incredibly fast, and therefore, creating mutated strains of the virus left and right. In the past, many high-profile figures (including some within the medical community) have advocated taking "vacations" from HIV medication. Those who did often felt fine for a short while. However, this was only because the virus was building up. Before long, many were hit with a massive recurrence of symptoms as the virus grew and introduced mutations for which no medication existed. The approach was short-lived and resulted in a number of deaths.
HIV | Living With HIV
Those who follow strict medication regimen (rarely, if ever, missing a dose) may still have a relatively normal lifespan. There are also a number of support groups for learning to live with the illness and resources for paying for HIV medication. It is also important to know that it is almost always illegal to discriminate against someone based on a positive HIV diagnosis.
However, all those infected with HIV have the moral, ethical, and legal responsibility to inform potential sexual partners of their condition. Knowingly transmitting HIV/AIDS through sexual activity, organ donation or by any other means is illegal in the United States. Getting tested for HIV, whether you have it or not, is incredibly important. It is always better to know you are uninfected than to roll the dice on being "pretty sure."
Request more information about HIV testing and resources today. Call (424) 365-1800 or contact Vitality Integrative Medicine online.


With the Fourth of July now behind us it's time to seriously think about fishing trips, vacations, fairs, camping and the outdoors in general. You'll need to grab a pole in order to prepare this week's dish. One of my favorite dishes ever are fish tacos. As seafood tacos go you can prepare them to suit your own personal preferences. My recipe today may feature cabbage inside the tortilla, but you may prefer lettuce.
The fish itself can be prepared in any fashion you desire. Sometimes I use crappie down here in the Ozarks and I'll just lightly sauté it before it goes in the wrap without any breading whatsoever. Then I might bake fish filets using a spicy creole mixture by Saharan's. Of course, the the good ole' fried fish or grilled will also make a good choice.
Cheese, I don't prefer it in my fish tacos, but maybe you will? The type of white fish that you reach for sort of' depends upon what's attracted to the bait on your pole! Here in Missouri I would use bass, crappie, catfish or trout. But there's also many varieties of store-bought fish that will work like tilapia, snapper, halibut or salmon.
I've given a simple dill sauce for this recipe, but if you need to simplify more there are going to be lots of options out there. Today I was serving my mango chicken wraps at work. The fruity mango sauce would be nice against fish as well as the chicken. If you're in a tired phase (like me tonight) you might even reach for a store bought vinegar and oil dressing.
You will note there is no cilantro or specialty herbs in this presentation. Doesn't mean you can't add your favorites from the herb garden. In the dill sauce you could do a substitute and go with yogurt instead of sour cream. BUT….before you do read the back of the sour cream label against the yogurt nutrition facts. Chances are you will find the same thing that I did this past week. The sour cream is much, and I mean much lighter in salt and sugar than most yogurts. However the yogurt has very little fat compared to sour cream. So, pick your vice, to be ever so blunt.
As much as I enjoy cooking I would love to grab my fishing pole and spend a bit of time hanging out by the lake. Last weekend we celebrated Grandpa Ed's 80th birthday on Table Rock all day Saturday. We cooked out and had one heck of a good time. Then on Sunday my entire family accompanied me back to Northeast Missouri, to my hometown of Lewistown. I had a couple of book signings and I got to call on a few old friends. It was a busy, but fun time. I convinced everyone to go to Hannibal, of course that meant we just had to go eat at the Mark Twain Dinette. My 'maid rite' – 'loose burger' was delicious, to say the very least. Then there was the homemade root beer. This was my old college hangout, so it was fun to introduce it to our son, Phillip. We had a good time with my parents in Lewistown. Phillip really enjoys listening to his grandpa tell 'stories'. Frankly, I do too! I saw lots of old friends and acquaintances while I was back. Next year I'm thinking about visiting during the fair and hosting some sort of cooking event.
Next Sunday, July 12th there is going to be an article about my career in the Quincy Herald Whig. If it's not delivered to your home I'm sure it will be on line.
Friends it's been a very long week for this cook, and I'm looking forward to the 4th and just 'hanging out' at home. Have an outstanding week. Simply Yours, The Covered Dish.
Whisk all the sauce ingredients together in a small bowl. Serve with the fish of choice as shared in the column above. Set aside while preparing the fish.
Sauté', grill, fry or back the fish. For baking use a 425 degree oven and bake for about 9 minutes.
At home I use lemon pepper and Black Kettle seasoning on my whitefish. There are many unique seafood seasonings at most stores. A good blend for a scratch recipe could be: 1/8 teaspoon garlic powder, 1/4 teaspoon red pepper, 1/8 teaspoon salt, 1/2 teaspoon smoked paprika, 1/2 teaspoon dry dill or even 1/2 teaspoon lemon pepper.
Warm tortillas in a damp paper towel in the microwave to warm and soften. Fill with fish, cabbage, tomato, onion and dill sauce.


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Ten Year Old Girl Gives Birth…
Posted in: What the fuckwittery is this?
Tags:underage pregnancies
Here's the story from The Mirror.
A GIRL of 10 has caused outrage after she became one of the world's youngest mothers.
The child, who has not been named, gave birth to a healthy daughter in a Colombian hospital.
It was her first visit to a doctor in connection with her pregnancy.
The girl is a member of the indigenous Wayuu tribe in the La Guajira Peninsula and was 39 weeks pregnant when she underwent a Caesarean section.
Doctors carried out the risky operation because of her age – and both mother and daughter, who weighed just 5lbs, are said to be "doing well".
Hospital director Efrain Pacheco Casadiego said: "At a time when [the girl] should be playing with dolls, they go to having to take care of a baby. It's shocking."
The age and identity of the father remains a mystery.
Alejandro Samplayo, director of parenthood organisation Instituto Colombiano Bienestar Familiar, said: "Since it's a Wayuu girl we are trying to respect all of their rights since they have autonomy and their own jurisdiction."
The girl is not the first pre-teen to give birth.
In November last year a 10-year-old Mexican girl gave birth to a son.
I bet it's one of her relatives who's the father.
Becky H.
That is just sick. It would not surprise me if the father is a relative…
Anon 76
Thing is, I'd have to learn more about the tribe to say it sick or not (not on the incest thing, but her age factor.) Though hard to fathom, there are still a number of peoples living in areas where modern society has barely touched.
Their lives are so verra different than ours and even more tenuous. Life spans are far shorter, customs are different, especially when thinking of a male or female as being "of age". We're talking survival of the clan type thing here.
Granted, ten is verra young, but could she be twelve or thirteen? Just saying that if birthdays aren't tracked, she could be a hair older and the doctors are making an estimated guess.
And for those this will anger on some level, think Romeo and Juliet. They were youngsters by our standards.


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Annual Reports and Information Staff (Annual Reports)
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Digest of Education Statistics
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Characteristics of Children's Families
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Preprimary Education (4)
Early Childhood Care Arrangements: Choices and Costs
Home Literacy Activities With Young Children
Enrollment Rates of Young Children
Early Childhood Care and Education Programs in Rural Areas
Elementary and Secondary Enrollment (7)
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English Learners in Public Schools
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Homeschooled Children and Reasons for Homeschooling
Schools and Districts (2)
Characteristics of Elementary and Secondary Schools
Concentration of Public School Students Eligible for Free or Reduced-Price Lunch
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Nonfatal Student and Teacher Victimization (4)
Incidence of Victimization at School and Away From School
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Discipline, Safety, and Health Practices (4)
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Staff in Rural Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems
Reading Performance
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Reading and Mathematics Score Trends
International Comparisons: Reading Literacy at Grade 4
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Price of Attending an Undergraduate Institution
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Population Characteristics (3)
Educational Attainment of Young Adults
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Employment and Unemployment Rates by Educational Attainment
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Enrollment and Attainment (2)
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Go to the National Assessment of Educational Progress: High School Transcript Study (NAEP: HSTS) Website
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Greater percentages of high school graduates in 2019 than in 2009 had completed algebra II (85 vs. 80 percent), precalculus/mathematical analysis (40 vs. 36 percent), and biology, chemistry, and physics (35 vs. 30 percent). However, the percentage of graduates who had completed calculus was lower in 2019 than in 2009 (16 vs. 18 percent).
In addition to administering student assessments, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) periodically collects data on the transcripts of high school graduates. The transcript survey gathers information about the types of courses that graduates take, how many credits they earn, their grade point averages, and the relationship between coursetaking patterns and graduates' achievement based on their performance on the NAEP grade 12 assessment. The transcript data include only information about the coursework that graduates completed while they were enrolled in grades 9 through 12. This indicator focuses on differences in graduates' completion of mathematics and science courses.
Select a subgroup characteristic from the drop-down menu below to view relevant text and figures.
Field of study/courses
All available findings Charter school Control of institution Disability English learner (EL) Locale Race/ethnicity Sex Socioeconomic status (SES) Time series
Figure 1. Percentage of public and private high school graduates who completed selected mathematics and science courses in high school: 2009 and 2019
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A confidence interval is a range of values that describes the uncertainty surrounding an estimate. Throughout the Condition of Education, confidence intervals are calculated as the estimate +/- the margin of error, based on a 95 percent level of confidence. This means that there is 95 percent certainty that the range includes the true or actual value of the statistic.
Users can select years at irregular intervals. However, as a result, the distance between the data points will not be proportional to the number of years between them.
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1 Includes courses that are generally taken before or with algebra I. Occupational and technical mathematics courses may cover basic elements of algebra and geometry.
2 Includes courses that taught both algebra II and trigonometry.
3 Taken as a separate course.
4 Includes courses such as discrete and finite mathematics.
5 Includes general life science and physical science courses.
6 Includes astronomy, geology, and marine science courses.
7 Indicates graduate completed both biology and chemistry courses.
8 Indicates graduate completed all three subjects of biology, chemistry, and physics.
NOTE: To estimate the margin of error, the standard error is scaled based on the desired level of confidence in the estimate. Throughout the Condition of Education, margins of error are produced based on a 95 percent level of confidence. Margin of error is calculated as 1.96*standard error. Completion of a mathematics or science course means that the graduate earned credits in a course within the category. It differs from graduates who took a course but did not pass or complete the course. For a high school graduate to be included in the analyses, their transcript had to meet five requirements: (1) the graduate received either a standard or honors diploma, (2) the transcript had three or more years of delineated courses, (3) at least one course on the transcript was taken during the NAEP and HSTS assessment year, (4) the graduate's transcript contained 16 or more Carnegie credits, and (5) the graduate's transcript contained at least 1 Carnegie credit in English courses. Although rounded numbers are displayed, the figures are based on unrounded data.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2009 and 2019 High School Transcript Study (HSTS). See Digest of Education Statistics 2021, tables 225.40 and 225.45.
In general, greater percentages of high school graduates1 had completed2 mathematics courses in 2019 than in 2009. Specifically, the percentage of graduates who had completed mathematics courses was higher in 2019 than in 2009 in the following seven courses: general/occupational/technical mathematics3 (29 vs. 26 percent); algebra I (85 vs. 78 percent); geometry (92 vs. 91 percent); algebra II, including courses that taught both algebra II and trigonometry (85 vs. 80 percent); precalculus/mathematical analysis (40 vs. 36 percent); other analytical mathematics4 (7 vs. 2 percent); and probability and statistics (17 vs. 13 percent). However, lower percentages of graduates had completed trigonometry when taken as a separate course (3 vs. 6 percent) and calculus (16 vs. 18 percent) in 2019 than in 2009. [Time series ]
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Similar patterns over time can be observed for high school graduates' completion of science courses. The percentage of graduates who had completed science courses was higher in 2019 than in 2009 in the following: earth/environmental science5 (47 vs. 40 percent); chemistry (76 vs. 73 percent); and physics (40 vs. 34 percent). In both 2009 and 2019, about 97 percent of graduates had completed a biology course. More specifically, a higher percentage had completed both biology and chemistry courses in 2019 than in 2009 (75 vs. 72 percent), and a higher percentage had completed courses in all three subjects of biology, chemistry, and physics in 2019 than in 2009 (35 vs. 30 percent; hereafter referred to as "completed biology, chemistry, and physics"). In contrast, a lower percentage of graduates had completed integrated/unified/survey science6 in 2019 than in 2009 (46 vs. 55 percent). [Time series ]
Although mathematics and science course completion rates were generally higher in 2019 than a decade earlier in 2009, there were differences by student and school characteristics in the percentages of high school graduates completing courses in 2019. For example, a higher percentage of female graduates than of male graduates had completed algebra II in 2019 (87 vs. 83 percent). However, the completion rate in calculus was not measurably different between female and male graduates (both 16 percent). The percentage of graduates who had completed biology, chemistry, and physics was lower for females than for males (33 vs. 36 percent). This was primarily driven by the lower completion rate in physics for female graduates compared with that of their male peers (37 vs. 42 percent). [Sex]
Figure 2. Percentage of public and private high school graduates who completed selected mathematics and science courses in high school, by race/ethnicity: 2019
NOTE: To estimate the margin of error, the standard error is scaled based on the desired level of confidence in the estimate. Throughout the Condition of Education, margins of error are produced based on a 95 percent level of confidence. Margin of error is calculated as 1.96*standard error. Completion of a mathematics or science course means that the graduate earned credits in a course within the category. It differs from graduates who took a course but did not pass or complete the course. For a high school graduate to be included in the analyses, their transcript had to meet five requirements: (1) the graduate received either a standard or honors diploma, (2) the transcript had three or more years of delineated courses, (3) at least one course on the transcript was taken during the NAEP and HSTS assessment year, (4) the graduate's transcript contained 16 or more Carnegie credits, and (5) the graduate's transcript contained at least 1 Carnegie credit in English courses. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Although rounded numbers are displayed, the figures are based on unrounded data.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2019 High School Transcript Study (HSTS). See Digest of Education Statistics 2021, tables 225.40 and 225.45.
In 2019, high school graduates who were Asian, White, and of Two or more races often had higher mathematics and science course completion rates than did their peers of other racial/ethnic groups. Higher percentages of Asian graduates (88 percent), White graduates (87 percent), and graduates of Two or more races (86 percent) had completed algebra II, compared with their Hispanic and Black peers (82 percent each). The completion rates in algebra II among these groups were all higher than the rate for American Indian/Alaska Native graduates (76 percent). The percentage of graduates who had completed calculus was highest for those who were Asian (46 percent), followed by those who were of Two or more races (19 percent) and those who were White (18 percent). The percentage for calculus was lower among other racial/ethnic groups (9 percent for Hispanic graduates, 9 percent for Pacific Islander graduates, 7 percent for American Indian/Alaska Native graduates, and 6 percent for Black graduates). Finally, the percentage of graduates who had completed biology, chemistry, and physics was highest for those who were Asian (56 percent) and lowest for those who were American Indian/Alaska Native (17 percent). In between, the percentages were higher for those who were of Two or more races (36 percent), White (35 percent), and Hispanic (35 percent) than for those who were Black (26 percent). [Race/ethnicity ]
Figure 3. Percentage of public and private high school graduates who completed selected mathematics and science courses in high school, by student with disabilities (SD) status and English learner (EL) status: 2019
1 SD estimates include both students with an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and students with a plan under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (a "504 plan"). IEPs are only for students who require specialized instruction, whereas 504 plans apply to students who require accommodations but may not require specialized instruction.
2 Includes students who were formerly English learners.
In 2019, high school graduates identified as students with disabilities and those who were English learners had lower completion rates in the more advanced mathematics and science courses, compared with their peers who were not identified as students with disabilities or English learners. For example, lower percentages of graduates who were identified as students with disabilities than of those who were not had completed calculus (4 vs. 17 percent) and biology, chemistry, and physics (17 vs. 37 percent). In addition, lower percentages of graduates who were English learners than of those who were not had completed calculus (3 vs. 16 percent) and biology, chemistry, and physics (27 vs. 35 percent). [Disability] [English learner (EL)]
Figure 4. Percentage of public and private high school graduates who completed selected mathematics and science courses in high school, by school type: 2019
2 Information about public charter schools was collected from the schools prior to the NAEP assessment.
NOTE: To estimate the margin of error, the standard error is scaled based on the desired level of confidence in the estimate. Throughout the Condition of Education, margins of error are produced based on a 95 percent level of confidence. Margin of error is calculated as 1.96*standard error. Completion of a mathematics or science course means that the graduate earned credits in a course within the category. It differs from graduates who took a course but did not pass or complete the course. For a high school graduate to be included in the analyses, their transcript had to meet five requirements: (1) the graduate received either a standard or honors diploma, (2) the transcript had three or more years of delineated courses, (3) at least one course on the transcript was taken during the NAEP and HSTS assessment year, (4) the graduate's transcript contained 16 or more Carnegie credits, and (5) the graduate's transcript contained at least 1 Carnegie credit in English courses.
In 2019, high school graduates from private schools had higher completion rates in the more advanced mathematics and science courses, compared with their peers from traditional public and public charter schools. Some 24 percent of private school graduates had completed calculus, compared with 15 percent of graduates from traditional public schools. Both percentages were higher than the percentage of graduates from public charter schools who had completed calculus (9 percent). The percentage of graduates who had completed biology, chemistry, and physics was higher for those from private schools (48 percent) than for those from traditional public schools and public charter schools (34 and 27 percent, respectively). However, unlike for calculus, the percentage of graduates who had completed biology, chemistry, and physics was not measurably different between those from traditional public schools and public charter schools. [Control of institution] [Charter school]
Figure 5. Percentage of public and private high school graduates who completed selected mathematics and science courses in high school, by percentage of students at their school who were eligible for free or reduced-price lunch: 2019
In 2019, completion rates in the more advanced mathematics and science courses were generally higher for high school graduates from lower poverty schools than for those from higher poverty schools. Some 25 percent of graduates from schools where 25 percent or less of the students were eligible for free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL) had completed calculus, whereas this completion rate ranged from 9 to 15 percent among graduates from schools where more students were eligible for FRPL. The same pattern was observed for the completion rate in biology, chemistry, and physics. Some 42 percent of graduates from schools where 25 percent or less of the students were eligible for FRPL had completed biology, chemistry, and physics, whereas this completion rate ranged from 25 to 33 percent among graduates from schools where more students were eligible for FRPL. [Socioeconomic status (SES) ]
Figure 6. Percentage of public and private high school graduates who completed selected mathematics and science courses in high school, by school locale: 2019
In 2019, high school graduates from schools in cities and suburban areas generally had higher completion rates in the more advanced math and science courses, compared with their peers from schools in towns and rural areas. For example, the percentage of graduates who had completed calculus was highest for those from schools in suburban areas (19 percent), followed by those from schools in cities (16 percent). The completion rate in calculus was lower for graduates from schools in towns and rural areas (both 12 percent). The percentage of graduates who had completed biology, chemistry, and physics was highest for those from schools in cities (41 percent), followed by those from schools in suburban areas (37 percent), rural areas (28 percent), and towns (23 percent). [Locale ]
Figure 7. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score of high school graduates at grade 12, by race/ethnicity and highest mathematics course completed in high school: 2019
† Not applicable.
‡ Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate).
NOTE: To estimate the margin of error, the standard error is scaled based on the desired level of confidence in the estimate. Throughout the Condition of Education, margins of error are produced based on a 95 percent level of confidence. Margin of error is calculated as 1.96*standard error. Completion of a mathematics course means that the graduate earned credits in a mathematics course within the category. It differs from graduates who took a course but did not pass or complete the course. The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics assessment scale score ranges from 0 to 300. For a high school graduate to be included in the analyses, their transcript had to meet five requirements: (1) the graduate received either a standard or honors diploma, (2) the transcript had three or more years of delineated courses, (3) at least one course on the transcript was taken during the NAEP and HSTS assessment year, (4) the graduate's transcript contained 16 or more Carnegie credits, and (5) the graduate's transcript contained at least 1 Carnegie credit in English courses. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Although rounded numbers are displayed, the figures are based on unrounded data.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2019 High School Transcript Study (HSTS). See Digest of Education Statistics 2021, table 222.40.
In 2019, high school graduates who had completed higher levels of mathematics courses also had higher average scale scores on the NAEP 12th-grade mathematics assessment. For example, graduates who had completed only algebra I or below had an average scale score of 112 (on a scale of 0–300), compared with a score of 136 among those whose highest mathematics course completed was algebra II and a score of 192 among those whose highest mathematics course completed was calculus. These patterns held across all racial/ethnic groups with available data.
In 2019, there were gaps in achievement on the NAEP 12th-grade assessments across demographic subgroups. These gaps differed when considering only graduates who completed the same level of mathematics coursework. For example, for graduates who had completed calculus, the average scale score was higher for males than for females (196 vs. 187). This gender gap for graduates who had completed calculus (9 points) was larger than the average gap for all 12th-grade students (3 points).7 In contrast, racial/ethnic gaps in NAEP scores were smaller for graduates who had completed calculus than for all 12th-grade students. Average scale scores for those who had completed calculus were higher for Asian graduates (201), graduates of Two or more races (198), and White graduates (194) than for Hispanic and Black graduates (179 and 177, respectively). The range of scores across these groups was about 25 points, compared with 46 points when considering all 12th-grade students. [Race/ethnicity ] [Sex]
1 For a high school graduate to be included in the analyses of this indicator, their transcript had to meet five requirements: (1) the graduate received either a standard or honors diploma, (2) the transcript had three or more years of delineated courses, (3) at least one course on the transcript was taken during the NAEP and HSTS assessment year, (4) the graduate's transcript contained 16 or more Carnegie credits, and (5) the graduate's transcript contained at least 1 Carnegie credit in English courses.
2 Completion of a course means that the graduate earned credits in a course within the category. It differs from graduates who took a course but did not pass or complete it.
7 Data on the achievement gap for all 12th-grade students include all 12th-grade students who participated in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The High School Transcript Study (HSTS) was conducted in conjunction with NAEP, but only a subset of NAEP participants were included in the HSTS. For instance, only 12th-grade students who graduated in the year of the study were included in the HSTS. Thus, data on the achievement gap for graduates who had completed a certain level of mathematics coursework only include those who participated in both NAEP and HSTS. Readers are encouraged to keep these differences between the NAEP and HSTS samples in mind when interpreting the current paragraph.
Related Indicators and Resources
A Closer Look at High School Students in the United States Over the Last 20 Years [The Condition of Education 2012 spotlight]
National Assessment of Educational Progress: High School Transcript Study (NAEP: HSTS)
Table 222.40 (Digest 2021): Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score of high school graduates at grade 12, by highest mathematics course completed in high school and selected student and school characteristics: 2019
Table 225.40 (Digest 2021): Percentage of public and private high school graduates who completed selected mathematics courses in high school, by selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 1990 through 2019
Table 225.45 (Digest 2021): Percentage of public and private high school graduates who completed selected science courses in high school, by selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 1990 through 2019
Table 222.10 (Digest 2020): Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score, by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade: Selected years, 1990 through 2019
Free or reduced-price lunch Locale codes Private school Public school or institution Racial/ethnic group
Previous Versions of This Indicator
High School Coursetaking – May 2016
High School Coursetaking – August 2015
High School Coursetaking – March 2013
National Center for Education Statistics. (2022). High School Mathematics and Science Course Completion. Condition of Education. U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved [date], from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/sod.
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text:
new version of Edge and setting language Czech
Jarek.Krcmar
Hi group,
I would like to know, whether is possible set czech language in the Edge chromium.
I have tried find the setting, but I was unsuccessful.
Do you have an idea, how I could be successful?
hurrikennyandopo ...
It looks as though you have to do a search for it then the results will come up.
so when the new edge is open press the alt key go down to settings then press the enter key when the next page comes up with the setting in the search box type languages it will then search for those results and give you about 4 of them Under one of them i could do my preferred languages etc or have it set to translate etc for me to another language.
Gene nz
On 24/01/2020 11:46 pm, Jarek.Krcmar wrote:
Josef Patak
Hallo in the list,
go to page edge://settings/languages. Add Czech language, then you can set Czech as a preferred language to display Edge in it. Cannot say exactly how all elements are named, I have Edge in Czech language.
__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________
pá 24. 1. 2020 v 11:46 odesílatel Jarek.Krcmar <Jarek.Krcmar@...> napsal:
I would like to know, whether is possible set czech language in the Edge
Hi Huriken,
when I press Alt key, nothing happens, Nvda doesn't speak.
The Edge speaks in two languages - English and Czech.
I have found it out when I press tab key.
It's speaking in English immediatly after opening in English, but when I press tap key sometimes to Setting page, this is in Czech.
I would like to have Edge totally in Czech language.
Dne 24.01.2020 v 14:30 hurrikennyandopo ... napsal(a):
Hello, Mr. Patak and other,
I have successfuly sett the browser Edge to Slovak.
On Google I read this option: Languages/prefered Language/display in this language.
This I had to check.
Dne 24.01.2020 v 15:50 Josef Patak napsal(a):


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