text:
Mike Lee compares Trump to Captain Moroni
By Sevenbak,
Sevenbak 553
Sevenbak
Separates Water & Dry Land
Location:Northern Utah County
So this just happened...
"To my Mormon friends, my Latter-day Saint friends, think of him as Captain Moroni," Lee said at the Latter-day Saints for Trump event. Around 436,000 LDS members live in Arizona.
"He seeks not power, but to pull it down. He seeks not the praise of the world or the fake news, but he seeks the wellbeing and the peace of the American people," Lee said of Trump.
https://www.newsweek.com/mike-lee-donal ... on-1543117
Sssssttttttttrrrrrrrreeeeeettttttttccccccccccchhhhhhhhhh
Agreed! In addition to crossing a huge line, I think Mike Lee forgot about this passage... "Yea, verily, verily I say unto you, if all men had been, and were, and ever would be, like unto Moroni, behold, the very powers of hell would have been shaken forever; yea, the devil would never have power over the hearts of the children of men."
Duncan 6,473
Canadian Jester and Knowledge Navigator
Location:Not Alberta, Canada
I'm pretty certain Captain Moroni wasn't ever on an Access Hollywood bus getting taped
6 minutes ago, Duncan said:
Or paid off hookers...
That hit my funny bone. Mike Lee is funnier than I thought.
Edited October 29, 2020 by pogi
stemelbow 4,144
stemelbow
Creates Man & Woman
If I squint I see some comparison and might get where Mike Lee is coming from.
He seeks not power, but to pull it down. He seeks not the praise of the world or the fake news, but he seeks the wellbeing and the peace of the American people
I don't see Trump as the devil as some do. I see him more of a duffus who through circumstance and ambition has found success. But, that doesn't mean he doesn't have an interest in wellbeing and peace for the American people. He's likely got some inklings to that effect inside him. As i see it we're all pretty complex creatures with competing motivations running us. I don't think he's any different. When kids were put in cages under Trump's leadership, that was very Captain Moroni-esque. He was taking a harsh measure to, in his mind, get the job done. When Trump cleared Lafayette Square of dissenters, he was doing something one can imagine Captain Moroni would have done. Dissenters are worth putting aside, even at the cost of Constitutional disrespect But if situations were reversed would Trump be the guy, like Moroni, who commanded the execution of many so those who supported him might have a better future? I don't know. I doubt we'd ever know. Trump can't get away with executing people in our day--one would hope.
Moroni killed many people who disagreed with him. If Nephites weren't with him, they were seen as against him. He put them to death. If prisoners didn't comply with Moroni's demands, they were killed. Moroni too sought the wellbeing and peace of his people. Those that weren't his, though, he treated as if they shouldn't be there and didn't matter.
Of course the big difference here is Trump has a life of ease compared to Moroni. Moroni, as his brief story suggests, was good at war and war strategy. I think on the face of it, the comparison is silly because Trump couldn't lead an army defeating larger armies at hand to hand combat. He'd likely yell at them to go win and then hide in a cave or something. But there's no reason to take the comparison that far.
If Moroni was as big a duffus as Trump saying all sorts of insane things, well, then, maybe they were one and the same. Of course the BoM story isn't real and Capt M is just a cute little character used to inspire...so maybe it works on that level for those who support Trump.
smac97 18,624
smac97
Interests:My name is Spencer Macdonald
Per this article (Op-Ed commentary, actually), by a retired BYU professor, Trump is Korihor:
In my view, Mr. Trump has few values consistent with LDS beliefs. Instead, he is more closely akin to the evil figure in the Book of Mormon known as Korihor, an opposition figure to Christian ethics who swayed many believers in ancient times. Mormon scripture records that Korihor emphasized that which is visible and tangible, like money, sex and power, not ethics or character.
Trump and his co-religionist, Korihor, think that decent values and morality are psychological abnormalities, products of "derangement" and a "frenzied mind." (Alma 30:16.) Assuming that there is no God and since religion is a farce, Korihor and his descendant, Mr. Trump, conclude people can live as they please without fear of eternal consequences.
Korihor argued that "ye cannot know of things which ye do not see" (Alma 30:15-18). In other words, there's no real shame unless one is caught. And when caught, engage in denial. Always. There's neither crime nor sin, unfairness nor fairness, and no eternal consequence of actions. The powerful ought to "enjoy their rights and privileges," and "make use of that which is their own" (Alma 30:17) as they take wealth from the masses while paying no taxes.
Korihor is accused of what may be Trump's greatest sin, being "possessed of a "lying spirit" (Alma 30:42), revealed in 21,000 documented lies from Mr. Trump so far. In contrast to Christian humility and simplicity, Trump values ego and control. In similar fashion, we read in Alma 30:17 of Korihor that "every man fared in this life according to the management of the creature; therefore every man prospered according to his genius, and that every man conquered according to his strength; and whatsoever a man did was no crime." Sound familiar?
After being caught for his crimes, Korihor is told the devil had power over him (Alma 30:42). In reading these words, I think of Trump's attacks on women, fellow politicians and our military dead who he described as "losers" and "suckers."
I'm reminded of the parable of the Blind Man and the Elephant:
It is a story of a group of blind men who have never come across an elephant before and who learn and conceptualize what the elephant is like by touching it. Each blind man feels a different part of the elephant's body, but only one part, such as the side or the tusk. They then describe the elephant based on their limited experience and their descriptions of the elephant are different from each other. In some versions, they come to suspect that the other person is dishonest and they come to blows.
-Smac
Kevin Christensen 5,617
Kevin Christensen
Location:Canonsburg, PA
Having read the Book of Mormon, and Nibley's essay on Freeman and Kingman in the Book of Mormon, I missed the parts of the story where Captain Moroni paid off mistresses, separated children from refugee parents as deterrent, hired corrupt and ignorant people to undermine the government, flattered and schmoozed tyrants, stacked the courts, deregulated environmental and financial protections, sought to gut healthcare, refused to personally go down to battle himself (bone spur deferments), denigrated science, undermined relationships with close allies, cut both taxes and accountability for the rich, demonized immigrants and refugees, pressured Ukraine to provide smears of his legitimate political opponents, had his science office declare victory over a pandemic at the same time that infections set new record highs and leading all nations in deaths by a shocking margin, demonstrating in every divisive superspreader rally that he cares nothing for the blood of his people ..., lied constantly and shamelessly, and most importantly, having defeated invaders, declined to retire from government to demonstrate that he really did not mean it when he said, "I seek not for power but to tear it down."
FWIW,
Edited October 30, 2020 by Kevin Christensen
Correction in last sentence for consistency.
CA Steve 1,644
CA Steve
Kind of a scary comparison when you think about what happened to the people Moroni was leading.
BlueDreams 7,776
BlueDreams
If only there was blue cocoa too
Location:Under the mountains
Interests:People, art, politics, diet, social issues, living and breathing, etc
He especially hits home with that passage about Captain Moroni Picking up the banner of liberty and then said "Ouch! my bone spurs are acting up....you know I think that Ammonite - who should consider himself lucky we even let him into our Nephite lands - can probably hold this for me while I watch from a distance and work the markets/banks for millions of dollars"
Classic Captain Moroni right there
Edited October 29, 2020 by BlueDreams
21 minutes ago, Kevin Christensen said:
Having read the Book of Mormon, and Nibley's essay on Freeman and Kingman in the Book of Mormon, I missed the parts of the story where Captain Moroni paid off mistresses, separated children from refugee parents as deterrent, hired corrupt and ignorant people to undermine the government, flattered and schmoozed tyrants, stacked the courts, deregulated environmental and financial protections, sought to gut healthcare, refused to personally go down to battle himself (bone spur deferments), denigrated science, undermined relationships with close allies, cut both taxes and accountability for the rich, demonized immigrants and refugees, pressured Ukraine to provide smears of his legitimate political opponents, had his science office declare victory over a pandemic at the same time that infections set new record highs and leading all nations in deaths by a shocking margin, demonstrating in every divisive superspreader rally that he cares nothing for the blood of his people ..., lied constantly and shamelessly, and most importantly, having defeated invaders, retired from government to demonstrate that when he said, "I seek not for power but to tear it down."
True, but Trump (like Captain Moroni) did fancy himself a "wartime President" (for all of maybe 4 days or so). Never mind that he tucked his tail in retreat when he realized that bleach won't work.
16 minutes ago, BlueDreams said:
Millions of Senines perhaps?
phaedrus ut 527
phaedrus ut
Separates Lights & Darks
Location:SLC, UT
My LDS relatives who are Republican Trump supporters were offended by this, my Jack Mormon friends found offense, and my liberal exmormon friends still managed to be offended. That's a pretty shaky wagon to hitch your political future to.
Phaedrus
Senior Member: Divides Heaven & Earth
Location:Everett, WA
First of all, Mike Lee did not compare Donald Trump to Captain Moroni in all aspects of his life, he only compared them in regards to power and peace. Second, Mike Lee did not like Donald Trump and did not vote for him. However, his opinion of him changed as he worked closely with him. A brief article about this is found here:
https://www.deseret.com/opinion/2020/10/25/21529154/senator-mike-lee-donald-trump-election-2020-support-gop-republican-supreme-court-conservatism
2 minutes ago, T-Shirt said:
Okay, let's move past the questionable assumption that Trump doesn't think about power and is trying to arbitrate peace in the US for just a second.
In my family, my husband, myself, and my younger brother who are all active LDS often describe Trump as King Noah. We make several analogies to his evil and hedonistic tendencies. We note his love of accumulating wealth and filling the system with personal loyalists who support or enable evil things or things that foster greater inequalities. He's enabled at times some of our worst tendencies based on his own, primarily racism, xenophobia, and mysogyny. And he's left our nation more divided, vulnerable to a plague and some of our enemies, and more alienated from our allies. Oh and his chief judges and self tend to misrepresent things and warp scripture to fit their evil designs (see Session and child separation policies or trump looking to the heavens and calling himself the chosen one). So for me and my husband and my brother, the shoe fits.
I'm assuming for you and others who may be more supportive of Trump, you may take offense with mixing politics with scripture in this manner. And I'm assuming you'd especially take offense if I shared said analogy in a push for biden in front of a public forum specifically trying to reach out to LDS voters.
Maybe I'm wrong. But the same reason you likely wouldn't be pleased with this is likely the same reason many others are pissed by Lee's response. It's inappropriate and feeds a problem of using religion to bolster your political perspectives....which leaves us more open to assuming that those who don't hold the same political views might be in religiously shakey ground.
With luv,
Storm Rider 6,349
Storm Rider
Location:Leesburg, Virginia
2 hours ago, Sevenbak said:
He needs to bite off his tongue. No, that man has nothing to do with character. A pox on both their houses - they are good reflections of one another; one just is a fellow that is not as offensive, but both cannot keep their feet out of their mouths.
In 2007, I was really uncomfortable with the comparisons of Obama to Moses, and I likewise dislike the comparisons of the POTUS to Moroni. I don't have an issue with actual comparisons of character when those fit, but in both cases the comparisons seemed to be more about the voters' relationship to the political figure as one that is salvific in nature. Such a mentality dangerously approaches very undemocratic and less principled concepts about the role of government. I see government essentially as a contract between people, comprised of agreed-upon terms, with the American contract as a democratic republic to be one consisting of agreed-upon values of governance including standard ways those values can be expressed by the voice of the people through its government. I do not see the US government as one based on a figurehead who has within them the ability or right to govern unilaterally, nor to even have the ability to do so successfully. It is very disheartening to see and in my opinion it is not in the best interest of any nation.
Edited October 29, 2020 by Meadowchik
longview 852
Seeking His truths and Striving to Become like Him
Location:Denver, Colorado, USA
I am grateful for Trump to sacrifice his luxurious life to come in and make extensive reforms and to drain the swamp. He is working for free (he has donated every one of his presidential paychecks to worthy causes) and continues to fight FOR America even though his assets have been dwindling steadily.
Everything the opposition has accused Trump of, actually have been perpetrated by THEM! Thank the LORD for Trump. I pray for him as well as many throughout the world.
Tacenda 3,406
Tacenda
"Earth laughs in flowers"
Just now, longview said:
I'd rather he get paid a salary, it's cheaper than all of his golf trips. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.forbes.com/sites/chuckjones/2019/07/10/trumps-golf-trips-could-cost-taxpayers-over-340-million/amp/
2 minutes ago, Tacenda said:
Nothing but slander. Trump golfs at Mar-a-Lago Club of which he is the owner. You really should do your homework before trying to slime people.
4 minutes ago, longview said:
She might be talking about the other costs of the trips, which greatly outweigh the regular fees of any private golf course.
CV75 6,384
I wish he was in my Sunday School class...
Edited October 29, 2020 by CV75
56 minutes ago, T-Shirt said:
He seeks not power
Trump = power hungry.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/04/14/trump-power-constitution-coronavirus/
He seeks not the praise of the world
Trump: 'Nobody's ever done a better job than I'm doing as president'
I somehow can't imagine Captain Moroni saying that.
A few more:
I Am The Best: A Prose Poem By Donald J. Trump
I am the most successful person ever to run for president. Nobody's ever been more successful than me. I have the best words.
I am the best builder. Nobody builds walls better than me. I build the best product. Nobody can build a wall like Trump. I've always had people say, "Donald, you have the most beautiful hands." I have the steadiest hands. I have a very good brain.
Somebody made the statement that Donald Trump has built or owns the greatest collection of golf courses, ever, in the history of golf. And I believe that is 100 percent true. I have the best courses in the world.
I went to one of the best schools.
On trade, there's nobody more conservative than me. I'm the most conservative when it comes to military, when it comes to the border, when it comes to security, when it comes to illegal immigration: all of these things. I think I'm the most conservative person there is. I am the only one who can fix our southern border. There is nobody more against Obamacare than me.
I could fix TV talk shows that are doing poorly. There is tremendous talent out there waiting to be tapped, and nobody sees it!
I am the worst thing that ever happened to ISIS.
I will be the greatest jobs president God ever created. Nobody knows jobs like I do. I will create jobs like no one else.
Nobody has more respect for women than I do.
No one has done more for people with disabilities than me.
I will help the veterans like no one else.
No one has done so much for equality as I have.
I am the only one who can beat Hillary Clinton. I am Hillary Clinton's worst nightmare.
he seeks the wellbeing and the peace of the American people
Trump, the peacemaker...that is funny too.
He has brought a dark cloud of division and rancor that has tarnished the office of the Presidency and displayed its ugly face all over Twitter. Trump is more like a conquistador than a peace maker.
"That our great country deserves a leader who cares for us, who will fight for our families, who will honor the sacred trust of the presidency, who will do his best every day to be honest, wise, and good."
Honesty, decency, and goodness are not attributes that I would ascribe to Trump. I would never use the word "sacred" and "Trump" in the same sentence. He is cunning (I don't know if I would go as far as to say "wise") like a snake, however - and just as unflinchingly reactive to bite.


text:
William Gillan Waddell ( - ) était un professeur écossais de lettres classiques à l'actuelle Université du Caire.

Vie
Waddell est né à Neilston, en Écosse. Il était professeur de lettres classiques à l'université Fuad el Awal du Caire, en Égypte (en 1940). Waddell était traducteur de grec ancien et de latin en anglais.

Ouvrages

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 1884
Décès en janvier 1945
Professeur à l'université du Caire
Décès à 60 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


hotel room one block from China town gate.
Went up to see Joya.
It was HUF Lurk or Die night.
right across the street from HUF.
Big screen playing skate videos and beer specials.
Check Danny (right) @ TRUE EAST SKATESHOP here.
of the HUF hats and skate shoes.
skate videos on the windows playing all night.
to ALEXANDER SPIT'S video shoot. Upload those next.
But it is a beautiful day in the city so I'm out.
What are people most scared of?


text:
This directory contains the built version of r.js. For a particular release,
use the version tag of the release to get that release.

The version in master will be updated with the latest master code.


text:
Трагедія євреїв у Товстому - це жорстокі події, які відбувалися з євреями Товстого в період Другої світової війни. Ці події принесли багато жертв та втрат у селищі Товсте та його окрузі.

Голокост мав свої відмінності у різних країнах, що зумовлювалося багатьма факторами, проте результат був незмінним – вбивство.

Єврейська община в Товстому напередодні Другої світової війни
Від середини XIX ст. до початку XX ст. Товсте вважалося єврейським містом. В архівних документах місцевого краєзнавчого музею  знаходиться детальний опис єврейської синагоги, зроблений місцевим істориком Ярославом Павликом. «Була побудована на початку 20 століття з каменю. У маленькій кімнаті молилися ремісники. Вдень був Хедер, де вчилися діти. Ліворуч був вхід до великої зали, посеред якої стояла кафедра, завішана лампами, в східній частині був Святий Ковчег. На другому поверсі молилися жінки. Стіни синагоги були завішані картинами: сцени з Тори. Вікна були прикрашені вітражами ».

Етнічний склад населення станом на 1938 рік становив: українців – 1842 чол., поляків – 1423 чол., євреїв – 2748 чол. , тому  єврейська громада відігравала значну роль у житті селища.  Вони вели активну економічну діяльність, займаючись ремеслами, торгівлею, орендою землі. На раніше запропонованій карті, крім будинків, видно ділянки землі, торгівельні лавки, якими володіли євреї. Серед них були купець Берл Глік, орендатор Гірша Шпіцер та багато інших.

Організація Голокосту на території містечка Товсте в період німецької окупації

Створення окупаційних служб правопорядку
Друга світова війна для Товстого та його мешканців розпочалася в перші дні липня 1941 р., коли до селища увійшли загони  угорської  армії, яка була союзником Німеччини у війні. Як свідчить у власних мемуарах місцевий лікар Барух Мільх, у дні перебування в містечку угорських вояків траплялися випадки мародерства, свавільного вимагання «контрибуцій», залучення до примусових робіт, приниження й насильства щодо місцевих мешканців, переважно щодо євреїв. Але про вбивства він не згадує. Більш того, угорські солдати у деяких випадках стримували погромників серед місцевого населення, які «під впливом нацистської пропаганди вважали євреїв причетними до більшовицьких репресій».

Окупанти  також демонстрували зневагу до релігійних почуттів євреїв – приміром, вони влаштували конюшню у приміщенні синагоги. Парох греко-католицької громади Товстого отець Антон Навольський вимагав, аби ті забрали коней зі святині, але безрезультатно.  Угорське військо знаходилося у Товстому до кінця серпня 1941року, водночас до містечка прибували німецькі військові підрозділи та окупаційна адміністрація.   Для наведення громадського порядку в Товстому-місті й навколишніх селах німецькою  владою було створено міську управу, сформовано осередки української поліції та єврейську службу порядку. Антисемітська політика нової адміністрації, перш за все, проявлялась у сегрегації єврейського населення.

Після свята Йом – Кіпур у серпні 1941 році з Чорткова до Товстого приїхали гестапівці і наказали організувати «Єврейську раду» (Юденрат) та службу порятунку, яка складалася  з розбишак, різників, конюхів, вантажників, яких ніби для комедії одягли в мундири й кашкети з Давидовою зіркою, а в руки дали грубі палиці. І то такою мала бути єврейська поліція. Було очевидно, що у технології «вирішення єврейського питання» певну роль нацисти відводять самим євреям.

Основне завдання, яке покладалося на  Юденрат, було відповідати за переміщення євреїв з невеликих населених пунктів у місця, де були створені гетто, за розміщення та облаштування в'язнів, а також за збір євреїв у разі їх виведення за межі гетто. Проте згодом їхні функції розширювалися, і вони несли відповідальність за все, що відбувалося всередині гетто, і за реалізацію адміністративних й економічних заходів, спрямованих німцями проти євреїв. Це включало забезпечення господарського життя і порядку, припинення контрабанди, забезпечення продовольством, призначення й розподіл працівників на примусові роботи, збір грошових коштів та контрибуцій, відбір кандидатів для праці у трудових таборах і виконання розпоряджень нацистів.

У перші місяці окупації серед мешканців Товстого ще жевріло сподівання, що «Єврейська рада»  спроможна виконати функцію самоврядування у спільноті євреїв та захистити їх від загроз, пов'язаних з війною та окупацією. На самому початку до складу Юденрату увійшли особи, котрі загалом користувалися авторитетом серед євреїв, такі приміром, як Якуб Фель та Барух Мільх. Головою ради було обрано Якуба Феля. Значну увагу очолювана ним організація приділяла гуманітарній діяльності. Однак вже навесні 1942 р. дії єврейської  взаємодопомоги були фактично паралізовані окупаційною владою.

       Силовим підрозділом Юденрату стала  «Єврейська служба порядку» (Ordnungsdienst),  службовців якої було наділено поліційними повноваженнями та озброєно гумовими кийками. Водночас на них було покладено функції, без яких у реальних тодішніх умовах важко було б обійтися: наприклад, збір коштів  для придбання  продуктів харчування для в'язнів гетто. Натомість Барух Мільх загалом негативно оцінює діяльність Юденрату у Товстому. Людей, котрі погоджувалися служити німцям, він характеризує як покидьків єврейської громади, ставлячи їх в один ряд з нацистами. Юденрат став у руках гестапо знаряддям мордування євреїв .

Подальший розвиток подій продемонстрував однозначно колаборантський характер Юденрату та його безсилля перед сваволею окупантів. Під впливом цих подій вийшов з його складу лікар Барух Мільх. Поступово «Єврейська рада» була деморалізована й перетворилася на маріонеткове знаряддя в руках окупаційної адміністрації та гестапо. Вона слухняно дублювала антиєврейські накази окупаційних влад: введення примусової праці, все більш жорстке обмеження свободи пересування, підприємницької діяльності, вільної торгівлі, вільного найму на роботу. Бойовики Ordnungsdienst спільно з українською поліцією проводили обшуки будинків, свавільне вилучення майна, побиття, арешти та депортації до трудових таборів. У середовищі колаборантів процвітало відверте здирництво, подвійна мораль та крайня жорстокість. Чи працівники юденрату були колабораціоністами та помічниками нацистської влади чи бранцями ситуації? Однозначної відповіді на це запитання дати неможливо, бо більшість членів юденрату призначала окупаційна влада, вона ж міняла склад установи, зазвичай після страти попереднього складу. Проте в будь-якому випадку очолювати юденрат означало виконувати накази нацистів.

Під впливом нацистської пропаганди, котра активно експлуатувала міф про «жидо-більшовицьку змову», місцеве населення краю було спровоковане до погромницьких акцій по відношенню до євреїв. Перший єврейський погром у Товстому та його околицях відбувся 6 - 7 липня 1941 року. На жаль, погроми та позасудові страти здійснювали або провокували активісти  щойно утвореної «Української народної міліції «Січ». Насильницькі акції переважно були спрямовані на родини, члени яких співпрацювали з радянською адміністрацією та НКВС. Великого погрому у самому містечку вдалося уникнути лише завдяки втручанню  окремих представників інтелігенції та духовенства, у першу чергу пароха УГКЦ отця Анона Навольського.  Мемуарист Барух Мільх свідчить, що він сам і директор місцевого банку також намагалися спам'ятати  погромників.

Один із товстенських євреїв, Берл Глік, у своїх спогадах описує цю драматичну ніч липня 41-го: «коли дійшла звістка, що селяни хочуть вчинити погром над євреями Товстого, Антон Навольський розставив на дорогах, що вели до міста, місцевих українців, на яких мав вплив, і вони не допустили вбивць».  Глік згадує також, що 7 липня Навольський цілий день ходив по містечку і підбадьорював сусідів – євреїв. Завдяки йому Товсте було, можливо, єдиним містом в радіусі багатьох кілометрів, де влітку 1941 року не дійшло до погромів.

Голокост спланували та організували нацисти, але до його реалізації було залучено чимало цілком звичайних людей. Серед співвиконавців антиєврейського насильства була частина цивільного населення польського та українського походження, зокрема, української допоміжної  поліції. Німецька окупаційна влада вміло використала міжнаціональну напругу, довела до ескалації конфлікту та масового насилля через створені на місцях органи правопорядку.

«Акції зачистки» у містечку Товсте
У серпні 1941 року, після входження краю до дистрикту «Галичина», нацисти почали обмежувати єврейське населення у правах. Їм заборонялося володіти підприємствами, вільно займатися торгівлею, найматися на роботу та переїжджати у інші міста. На першому етапі окупації забезпечити "порядок" на окупованій території покликана була діяльність айнзатцгруп СД (Einsatzgruppen, оперативні групи), які, за домовленістю з армією, повинні були очистити міста та села від "небезпечних елементів та придушити партизанський рух у зародку".  Пізніше до них приєдналися   представники поліції безпеки – зіпо (об'єднана структура гестапо та кримінальної поліції). У поляків та українців вимагали розірвати будь-які контакти з єврейським населенням.

Водночас на окупованих землях України гітлерівці знищували євреїв, привезених сюди з інших країн[18, с. 169]. Великим тягарем і нещастям для Товстого стали євреї, примусово виселені з Угорщини. «Багато гнали їх в останню дорогу, згорблених та худих. То нами розчиняють тісто, - гірко казали жертви до селян, які мовчки стояли на тротуарах, мов на похороні. – А вами, якщо не зможете відстояти себе, як ми, зроблять заміс…» . До містечка, яке налічувало чотири тисячі мешканців, прибуло близько п'яти тисяч угорських євреїв. Їх не було де розмістити, тому вони заселювали підвали, горища, стайні, комори, синагогу.

Мільх описує  випадок, який стався на околицях містечка Товсте. Угорці вивантажили кількасот євреїв й сказали, що цей населений пункт призначений  для поселення. Євреї пішли по хатах і побачили, що там живуть люди, зрозуміли обман. Були жнива, вдома лишалися переважно діти і хворі жінки. Почали просити хліба і води, але не знали мови й не могли порозумітися. Тоді самі дозволили собі щось узяти. Так виник конфлікт, який міг перерости у великий погром.  Барух, який віз хвору до лікарні, зумів владнати справу, користуючись знанням єврейської, німецької, української мов.

Після брутальних, жахливих злочинних принижень і вбивств галичанських євреїв, протягом літа та восени 1941 року нацисти почали створювати в Західній Україні єврейські гетто й примусово збирати туди єврейське населення. Одним із них було Товстенське гетто, воно проіснувало майже два роки — з березня 1942 до літа 1943, за цей період майже всі люди, що пройшли через нього, загинули або були депортовані  в табори смерті. У листопаді 1941 року місцева влада повідомила мешканців містечка про «обмеження місця побуту в Генерал-губернаторстві та введення кари смерті для жидів поза дільницею» . Такі заходи для євреїв мотивувалося тим, що вони начебто є найнебезпечнішими носіями інфекційних захворювань. Окрім мешканців містечка до нього депортували євреїв із Заліщик та навколишніх сіл.

На підставі аналізу свідчень очевидців можна припустити, що гетто було розташоване між спорудами римо-католицького костелу та руїнами синагоги, неподалік від ставка. Люди юрмилися тут у невеликих будинках, іноді чотири або п'ять сімей жили в одній кімнаті. Санітарні умови гетто  жахливі, у ньому розросталася епідемія тифу, їжі постійно не вистачало.

Євреям заборонялося ходити головними вулицями міста, щоб не стикатися з християнами. Від п'ятої години пополудні до восьмої ранку взагалі не можна було їм виходити зі своїх домівок. Воду потрібно було брати тільки з одної визначеної криниці. У разі невиконання цих застережень, загрожувала смертна кара. Нагляд за цим здійснювали юденрат, українська поліція та самі німці.

Крім того, до міста часто приїжджали гестапівці і робили ревізії в кожній єврейській оселі. Коли знаходили якісь товари, то забирали їх і жорстоко били, буцім за ведення спекуляції.

Опрацювавши  джерельну базу, можна виділити три основні великі «акції зачистки» у Товстому: перша - 27 серпня 1942р., за якої відбувалися масові вбивства, депортації євреїв до табору смерті у Белжець та інших таборів примусової праці; друга - 5 жовтня 1942р., коли мала місце велика акція в Товстому та навколишніх селах; третя - 27 травня 1943р., яка остаточно вирішила єврейське питання на території Товстого.

Перша велика «акція зачистки» євреїв у Товстому  мала на меті депортувати велику групу євреїв до табору смерті Белжець, де усі вони підлягали вбивству у газових камерах. 27 серпня німці наказали службі порядку Юденрату взяти участь у проведенні облави. В ході акції було схоплено 300 чоловік, яких конвоювали на залізничну станцію та помістили у залізничні вагони. Василь Тракало – письменник-публіцист, уродженець Товстого, у своєму романі «Колонія» описує нелюдські умови, у яких євреїв транспортували у табори смерті: «У такі хвилини, коли люди перепочивали, Климко з Йосипом підходили ближче до вагонів, звідки нерідко чули плач і стогін. То везли на захід жидів. Десь там їх знищували. Про цю нелюдську доктрину Гітлера хлопці наслухалися чимало. Шкода було людей. Особливо молодих файних дівчат, котрі просили рятунку чеською, мадярською, румунською мовами. Просили врятувати, переховати, простягали крізь загратовані вікна брудні руки із золотом і долярами. Гарно одягнені, ще не змарнілі від голоду, ці лікарі, вчителі, інженери з-за Карпат їхали на смерть. Хлопцям ставало лячно… А спробуй допомогти, якщо оголошення у місті коло управи наперед застерігає: «Хто переховуватиме жидів – смерть на місці!».

Менші акції потім неодноразово проходили найближчими місяцями, під час яких озброєні гестапівці оточували  єврейський квартал (їм допомагала служба порядку Юденрату та українська поліція), забирали людей з їхніх будинків. Ті, хто не були розстріляні на місці за опір чи намагався бігти, потім були зібрані і погружені на потяги для відправки в інші табори.

Барух Мільх свідчить, що в ході другої акції 1000 євреїв було депортовано до Белжеця, а 120-200 або більше було вбито в самому містечку. Приблизно такі ж цифри називає і Глік: 1200 осіб вивезено, біля 120 замордовано на місці[4,с.60]. Місто виглядало, як після погрому. Вікна йз двері єврейських будинків були розбиті. У ровах і городах виднілися засохлі калюжі крові і неприбрані трупи, такі знівечені, що їх годі було зідентифікувати. По вулицях бродили поодинокі євреї, розповідаючи один одному про свої втрати. Служба порядку підводами, ніби кавалки м'яса з бойні, звозила на цвинтар порозкидані по місті трупи. Нацисти, аби хоч трохи виправдати свої вбивства, часто ніби знаходили в кишенях замордованих євреїв комуністичні прокламації, які вони самі перед тим туди вкладали.

Із початку зими 1942 р. по весну 1943 р. тривали багаторазові нацистські облави, які мали на меті знищити єврейське населення у Товстому. Одного дня наказали всім євреям прийти з мітлами, лопатами, відрами і мильницями до урядової будівлі, нібито для того, щоб там навести порядок. Зразу ж певну

кількість осіб, яких хтось обстоював, відпустили додому. Решту, понад тисячу осіб, оточили на центральному майдані. З Чорткова приїхали гестапівці і групами по двадцять осіб, відбирали нібито для медичного обстеження. Цікаво, що було чути лише кілька пострілів і мало хто кричав, а ті люди пропали всі до одного впродовж половини дня. Правда, пізніше на подвір'ї казарми знайшли одну не надто велику могилу, в якій могло б уміститися від п'ятдесяти до ста трупів. Але, де пропало понад тисячу людей, ніхто не знає.

Берл Глік згадує події кінця 1942 року, коли до містечка прибули комендант окружної шуцполіції Сімон й есесівець Томанек. Машини стали з двох боків ґетто й замкнули його. У неділю біля ґетто було багато українців. Щоб не викликати серед них паніки, німці оголосили в церкві, що зараз буде стрілянина, але не треба боятися, бо це акція супроти євреїв, а з українцями нічого поганого не станеться. Погромники відкрили вогонь з усіх боків. Шукали криївок і, якщо десь когось знаходили, то розстрілювали на місці. Протягом 2-3 годин убили понад тисячу євреїв[4,с.62].

Жертвами репресій окупаційної влади навесні і влітку 1942 року, які тривали до середини 1943 року, стали 3700 розстріляних, 598 дорослих і 218 підлітків вивезено на примусові роботи до Німеччини. Розповідали, що серед небагатьох, хто врятувався в час масового розстрілу єврейського населення, «дивом вижив хлопчик Зейлик, якому куля попала в руку. Втративши свідомість, він впав у великий котлован, викопаний руками самих страчуваних. Вночі, прийшовши до тями, виповз з братської могили. Місцеві жителі пам'ятають, як у 60-х – 80-х роках по вулицях ходив однорукий листоноша з великою шкіряною сумкою для газет через плече ».

Протягом зими 1942-1943 рр. до гетто Товстого переміщали мешканців довколишніх міст, які вціліли під час попередніх «акцій». Михайло Гарбузяк, один з найстаріших мешканців м. Заліщики підтверджує, що 2500 євреїв під командуванням шуцкомісара Крігера розстріляли і таку ж саму кількість погнали до Товстого. У Товстому вже налічувалося вісім тисяч євреїв. «У нас поселилися люди з 15 містечок: Коломиї, Гвіздця, Городенки, Чернелиці, Заліщик, Язлівця, Чорткова, Ягольниці, Орішковець, Озерян, Кривча і Королівки. Товстенські євреї зазнали великої тісняви. Адже ще перед тим бракувало помешкань, бо будинки вбитих та виселених німці за невеликі гроші продали магістрату, а також місцевим селянам . Територію гетто постійно скорочували. Через недоїдання й антисанітарію в гетто поширилася дизентерія. Есесівці забирали хворих ніби для лікування, а насправді вивозили в ліс і там розстрілювали, а трупи спалювали. Декому з гетто вдалося вирватися, з цього пекла і переховуватися по селах, влітку – в лісах, взимку – в криївках і в льохах. Наш народ жалісливий і допомагав нещасним і знедоленим, хоча німці погрожували за це розстрілом.

Колишня жителька Городенки Антоніна Шнайдер-Шехтер, яка перебувала у гетто в Товстому згадує, що її мати, брат і вона опинилися у містечку взимку 1942 року.  Щоби врятувати дівчинку, мати  познайомилася з українцем, який готовий  був дістати фальшиві документи і відвезти її до іншого села, до свого двоюрідного брата. Впродовж декількох днів Тося вчила  катехизис та як поводити себе в церкві. Однак згодом мама захворіла на тиф й у віці 39 років померла від голоду і хвороби, залишивши четверо дітей. «Я також сильно захворіла на тиф і не пам'ятаю багато чого з того, що трапилося взимку. Мій брат завдячував моїм виживанням «диву з яєць»: один поляк, який жив недалеко від гетто, дізнався про нас і приніс нам яйця. То була практично єдина їжа, яку ми мали... Але більшим, ніж хліб насущний, було принесене ним світло людської доброти в цьому царстві темряви і відчаю ».

Третя велика «акція зачистки» єврейського населення у містечку відбулася 27 травня 1943 року. Це був період «остаточного вирішення єврейського питання». Товсте було одним з останніх міст у Східній Галичині, де пройшов процес повного знищення євреїв.

У травні 1943 року земля западалася й горіла під нашими євреями. Усе єврейське населення міста, беручи приклад з неморальних вчинків юденратівців, стало подібним до нього. Корупція, зрада, доноси, брехня, злодійство, проституція, картограйство та інші подібні "перли" стали звичною справою. Майже кожен хотів рятувати тільки себе. Але не завжди треба звинувачувати за гріхи і навіть злочини лише тих, хто їх допускає, а й тих, хто

це спричинює. Єврейська спільнота виглядала як горстка безпомічних людей на кораблі, що тоне. І тоді вчинялися негідні вчинки. Приреченим на загибель було не до моралі. Німці наказали позначити будинки, в яких залишилися євреї, зіркою Давида. Ніхто не мав сумніву в тому, що це мало полегшити їхнє затримання. Невідомо, що на той час сталося з першим головою «Юденрату» Якубом Фелем. Навесні 1943 «Юденрат» вже очолював інший голова – на прізвище Овреман. Він начебто був попереджений про день, коли мала б відбутися велика антиєврейська акція і повідомив про неї своїх близьких, наприклад швагра Арона Гертнера, і деяких сусідів, яким вдалося врятуватися. Натомість Барух Мільх, описуючи події по  гарячих слідах, був упевнений, що про акцію ніхто з євреїв не знав.

27 травня 1943 року керівництво акцією взяло на себе Чортківське гестапо. Брали в ній участь кількасот гестапівців, українських поліцаїв та єврейська «служба порядку». Всіх євреїв, яких вдалося затримати в ході облав (близько 3000 осіб), зібрали на міському майдані. Працездатних чоловіків вивели на місцевий цвинтар та примусили їх викопати кілька великих ям, які служитимуть євреям могилами. У другій половині дня, починаючи приблизно з 16-ї години, приречених до страти шикували по четверо і групами по 100 чоловік вели до  кладовища.  «Додаток Д». Марія Солтисюк, яка тоді жила у стрия, отця Антона Навольського, пам'ятає, що стрілянина та моторошні крики того дня лунали по цілому місті. Пам'ятає, як «на «окописько» гнали сім'ю аптекаря. Навольські були з ними у дружніх стосунках. В якийсь момент отець Антон зняв з голови капелюха і низько поклонився приреченим. На жаль, нічого більшого для них він не зміг зробити .

На цвинтарі євреїв роздягали, ставили на дошку, перекинуту через яму і розстрілювали всіх, не шкодуючи ані жінок, ані дітей. За свідченням жительки селища Ганни Горбаль, лише одному чоловікові вдалося врятуватися втечею. Наступного дня земля над могилами рухалася, кипіла кров'ю, яка текла яром аж до дороги. Ця страшна картина закарбувалася у пані Ганни назавжди. Того дня загинуло 3,5 тисячі євреїв. Вона згадувала, що в «дорогу на смерть супроводжував єврейський скрипаль на прізвище Стапп, який грав скорботну мелодію ». Серед уцілілих був Барух Мільх, який втратив у акції дружину та сина «Додаток Е». Глік, згадуючи 29 травня, пише, що «на вулицях лежала маса євреїв, яких розстріляли під час акції. Біля мого будинку лежав убитий др. Лянґольц, син Акіби Лянґольца. Юденрат послав єврейських поліцаїв та уцілілих, щоб вони зібрали з вулиці трупи і відвезли на цвинтар для поховання у братській могилі. Майже всі вулиці були залиті єврейською кров'ю, яка ще не висохла.   У липні 1943 року нацисти повідомили, що всі місцеві євреї були знищені.

Окупанти і ті, хто їм допомагав протягом двох з половиною років у Товстому, скоїли жахливий та моторошний злочин, замордувавши тисячі ні в чому невинних людей. «Акції зачистки» та гетто були основними заходами, пов'язаними з процесом знищення євреїв. Для окупаційної нацистської адміністрації так було легше здійснювати свої плани супроти єврейського населення.

Допомога євреям у часи терору
Одна з понад двох тисяч історій українських праведників розповідає про Антона Навольського, який був настоятелем української греко-католицької церкви в 1930-1946 рр. у Товстому «Додаток Є». У своїх проповідях він закликав до братської любові та помочі тим, чиє життя в той час було під загрозою. Отець Антон переховував п'ятеро єврейських дітей, якими опікувався сам. Він зумів розмістити у вірних людей шестеро єврейських родин, яким допомагав продуктами та одягом. Пройшов час, і можна лише уявити, скільки небезпечної щоденної праці самого отця і вірних було покладено, щоб діти й дорослі євреї вижили. Також Улька Соммер, яку одного разу урятував Антон Навольський, пізніше свідчила, що  священник настановляв парафіян не потурати гітлерівським антисемітським акціям, а допомагати творити добрі справи, надаючи євреям допомогу.

Невідомо, скільки євреїв загалом урятував о. Навольський під час війни, але його зусилля були формально визнані написом «Праведник народів світу»  на меморіальній стіні в Яд Вашем в Ізраїлі.

У своїй книзі «Кров не просохла» Берл Глік згадує про власний порятунок місцевим поляком Владиком Остропольським 23 травня 1943 року. Він зробив під власною хатою замасковану криївку. «Аби застерегти себе від будь-якої підозри, відкрив у своїй кімнаті вікно, замкнув вхідні двері і пішов до міста вивідати, що там діється. Незабаром повернувся і сказав, що акція в Товстому дійшла свого апогею. Євреїв з будинків виганяють на ринковий майдан, який охороняють українські поліцаї. О третій годині погромники вибрали біля  40 сильних чоловіків і послали їх на єврейський цвинтар копати могили. Обіцяли, що якщо будуть добре працювати, то їх відпустять. Потім з Чорткова приїхали гестапівці. Євреїв виводили з ринку групами по 100 осіб на цвинтар, де їх розстрілювали».

Барух Мільх розповідає про німця Пауля Фрідріха, який керував шістьма фільварками на околицях Товстого. Був це чоловік надзвичайно добрий, справжній друг євреїв. Він мав дуже добрі стосунки з юденратом і допомагав усім, як тільки міг. Завдяки йому євреї завжди наперед знали, що з ними може статися. Фрідріх добився виділення 1000 єврейських робітників до фільварків та видав їм посвідчення, які гарантували працю і хоча б якусь безпеку.


text:
Q: Dont' use default value for double Using C# in ASP.NET, I want to take the result of two text fields, add them when a button is pressed, and display the result. However, if one or both of the fields are empty, I don't want any result shown.
Right now I keep getting 0 as the result if both fields are empty. I'm pretty sure this is because the two input numbers (doubles) are being assigned a default 0. How can I check for empty fields?
This is my method in my controller.
    [HttpPost]
    public ActionResult French(FrenchModel model, string returnUrl)
    {

        switch (model.operation)
        {
            case 1:
                model.result = model.numberOne + model.numberTwo;
                break;
            case 2:
                model.result = model.numberOne - model.numberTwo;
                break;
            case 3:
                model.result = model.numberOne * model.numberTwo;
                break;
            case 4:
                model.result = model.numberOne / model.numberTwo;
                break;
        }

        return View(model);
    }

A: Use Double? ie nullable Double, its default value is null and you'll assign a value only if textbox is not empty and you can parse it.

A: Here's one way to determine if one or both of the fields are empty. Refactor as you need with your particular variables.
string one = txt1.Text;
string two = txt2.Text;

string result = (string.IsNullOrEmpty(one) || string.IsNullOrEmpty(two))
                 ?string.Empty
                 :double.Parse(one) + double.Parse(two);

A: Doubles are value types and thus cannot be assigned to null or "empty".  If you want this capability, try using a nullable double.  Either Nullable<double> or double? should work.
Be aware, using a nullable value type you will need to check it for null before you use it or risk a NullReferenceException whereas double defaults to 0 if unassigned.

A: You can use if statements:
    if (operand1 != 0) { // do something.. }
    else { // do something.. }

You can also do this for the second operand

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Live meiosis II. Meiosis II was lived imaged in male maize cells via fluorescence microscopy. Spindles are labelled via CFP-tubulin (β-TUB1) and pseudo-colored green. Chromosomes are labelled with SYTO12 DNA stain and pseudo-colored magenta. The scale bar is 20 μm.


All components are sold at Manufacturer's List Price plus a 10% markup to cover shipping and handling. I expect to develop a stock of commonly used below the knee components. Please contact us in advance to ensure availability of stock and facilitate ordering of knee joints and unusual components.
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Need a reliable equipment that is meant to be used for Mondioring or French Ring? Searching for a durable and safe bite suit for protection during hard training? This Protection Bite Suit for Mondio and French Ring is specially created for you, as a trainer to provide with maneuvering capability. Other bite suits are rather heavy in comparison with this one. You probably have never tried before such professional dog bite suit which helps raising a real defender! If you buy it, your American Bulldog will pass the protection phase of the Mondioring successfully. This awesome training supply for Mondioring or French Ring is a great protection tool and helper for you. Your safety is on the first place for our craftsmen that's why it's made of quality and durable French Linen.
This Protection French Linen Bite Suit allows the trainer to move rather freely so your American Bulldog is challenged to make all his efforts to bite. Good maneuvering capability is very important during protection work when the decoy is able to move fast, turn away from bite. Therefore, a real life situation can be reproduced. If your pet is trained to be a service dog and chase the offender/criminal, you can't do without this protection bite suit for training. You are able to practice the fleeing attack, face attack and prepare a real dog champion and defender of your family.
Please remember, that this dog bite suit is not advised for daily training. Also, if you a beginner in training your American Bulldog it's essential to wear special protective clothes under the suit: hidden bite arm and leg sleeves, etc.


This class comprises activities that result in the allocation of an identifier to an instance of any subclass of E1 CRM Entity. An F40 Identifier Assignment may include the creation of the identifier from multiple constituents. Explicit reference to the used constituents can be made using the property P142 used constituent (was used in). The syntax of the identifier and the kinds of constituents to be used in constructing it may be declared in a rule. The construction of controlled access points for the names of persons, families and corporate bodies following specific cataloguing rules is a typical library application of identifier assignment. F40 Identifier Assignment also includes the assignment of controlled access points for works or expressions.


Burial record for Henry Gill, 17 September 1847, St-Louis de Lotbinière, Québec.
"La maladie des émigrés irlandais" (the malady, or disease, of Irish emigrants) was, of course, the dreaded typhus. For a brief account of the typhus epidemic of 1847, see History – 1847: A tragic year at Grosse Île (Grosse Île and the Irish Memorial National Historic Site of Canada).
The priest did not have the names of the boy's parents ("fils legitime d'un père et d'une mère d'ont nous n'avons pas avoir les noms"/"legitimate son of a father and a mother for whom we have not acquired the names"), but he noted that Henry Gill was the brother of Patrick and of Catherine Gill. A commenter at Facebook notes that Henry Gill and his siblings Patrick and Catherine were the children of John Gill and Mary Lynch, and links to a database of Les orphelins irlandais arrivés à Grosse-Île en 1847-48 (Irish orphans who arrived at Grosse Île in 1847-48), where the Gill children can be found at Reg. Nos. 176, 178, and 177.
Kind of amazing to see these records online, and to see people commenting, and cross-referencing, and cross-linking to other records and databases.
Next post School Photo from…St. Malachy's? St. Patrick's?


San Francisco's Museum of Modern Art wants to bring you closer to paintings. How close? Literally inside.
The iconic museum is running an exhibit of surrealist Rene Magritte that also offers visitors an augmented reality trip into his provocative, often jarring, art.
People can step in front of AR pieces inspired by the artist to enter and interact with famous interpretations of works such as "Shéhérazade," which depicts an exotic woman behind pearls in the sky — or a viewer taking her place.
AR inspired by Magritte's "Shéhérazade," 1950.
The monitors are designed as window frames reminiscent of one of Magritte's most famous paintings, "Where Euclid Walked," which shows an easel painting in front of a window. The original painting begs a contemplation of what is real versus what is perceived — much like AR.
Created with frog design, a global design firm based in San Francisco, the interactive portion of the show uses these traditionally appearing window frames packing NVIDIA GPU computing power and front-facing cameras for visitors to peer into and interact with the artist's world.
AR inspired by "Le Blanc Seing," 1965.
The first AR stop, inspired by "Le Blanc Seing," displays a children's storybook-like forest scene in which visitors have to position themselves slowly and carefully for the cameras and sensors to allow them into the forest image and be seen. The intent is to force visitors to slow down and really study the interaction to fit in visibly between trees.
Some windows present Magritte-like puzzles for visitors to solve. In one, people's images were not fed into the monitor they were facing but instead an adjacent one, causing confusion and interactions with fellow museum visitors to figure it out. Sometimes people would ask the stranger on the other end for a photo. Voila, just the type of interactivity that was aimed for.
Images of visitors appear in unexpected locations.
"The paintings are actually looking back and seeing the people — they are turned from visitors to participants," said Charles Yust, a principal design technologist at frog.
The exhibit itself spills across eight different rooms in the recently expanded downtown museum. Among the more than 70 works of art are some of the Belgian artist's best known pieces, which show his highly idiosyncratic perspective, such as the painting "Personal Values," from 1952, which depicts ordinary objects — like a comb and a glass — claustrophobically oversized into a bedroom. Also on display were examples of his famous bowler hat paintings, such as the "Happy Donor," from 1966, and "The Son of Man," from 1964.
While the show is a big one for the museum, what sets it apart is its use of AR — which harnesses StereoLabs Zed Mini AR cameras for video and depth perception and NVIDIA Jetson TX2 for processing the real-time interactions.
Frog design set out to build the interactive monitors as pieces of artwork themselves. The global design firm worked closely with the museum's staff to conceptualize these AR displays.
The AR exhibit was designed to deepen understanding of Magritte's work and get visitors to interact with one another in moments of confusion — even consternation — and reflection at times, in the spirit of Magritte's art.
The show, which runs at the SFMOMA through Oct. 28, includes more than 20 pieces by the Belgian artist that have never previously been shown in the U.S.


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Norwegian SciTech News
Research News from NTNU and SINTEF
Fish and aquaculture
An isolated chimpanzee was the founder in this theory of semiaquatic human speciation. Illustration: Alex Krill
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Human Evolution in the Sea at Bioko
By	Allan Krill
Published	13.07.17
Did some of our human features evolve while our ancestors were living in water? The aquatic ape theory has been disregarded by paleoanthropologists, but it deserves another chance.
AQUATIC APE THEORY: The aquatic ape theory can explain how we came to have such features as long hair, protruding noses, and naked skin.
And now I have found the island where it could have happened.
Paleoanthropology, the study of human evolution, is a sub-discipline of paleontology, the study of fossils. Hair, skin, fat, and sweat are not preserved as fossils. For that reason, paleoanthropologists have not allowed those things in their discussions.
Continental drift and human evolution
Allan Krill has written a history on the rejection of continental drift, available for free open access at krilldrift.com.
The rejection of the aquatic ape theory is quite similar: once again, fossil experts are rejecting a seemingly outlandish theory of evolution, not continental evolution this time, but human evolution, even though the theory is capable of explaining most of the important features, including features that textbooks avoid mentioning.
It's like the sport of basketball, where ropes, gloves, grease, and water are not allowed in the game. If they were now to be allowed, basketball courts would need rebuilding and the current basketball stars would not have the appropriate skills to play. In science we would call such a change a paradigm shift.
Human hair, skin, fat, and sweat inspired the idea that the ancestors of humans were semiaquatic during an unknown period of their evolution. It was proposed by the marine zoologist Alister Hardy in New Scientist in 1960.
In The Naked Ape in 1967, Desmond Morris added more arguments in support of it. Elaine Morgan researched and wrote several books on it, including the bestseller Descent of Woman (1972) and The Aquatic Ape (1982).
Since Morgan's last book in 2008, the theory has been treading water, so to speak. It was given some fresh publicity by naturalist David Attenborough in two BBC radio programs in September 2016.
Textbooks on human evolution have been either ignoring or ridiculing the aquatic ape theory for the past 50 years. Nevertheless, it might be valid. We should not forget that textbooks on geology ignored or ridiculed the theory of continental drift for about 50 years, before it suddenly became part of the new paradigm of plate tectonics.
Scanty fossil evidence
The aquatic ape theory has been disregarded because there is no fossil evidence that can prove it or disprove it.
But fossils of apes rarely give us clear answers about evolution, because they are extremely rare. How rare? Consider the chimpanzee and the gorilla. There are currently a few hundred thousand of them living in Africa, and these species have lived on Earth for several million years. Yet, only one fossil of either of these species has ever been reported: 3 teeth from a chimpanzee.
Selection pressures must have caused the differences between humans and their ancestors, and between different breeds of dogs. Photo: Winthrop Niles Kellogg (top) and Colourbox
Fossils of extinct apes, mostly fragments and none of them complete, have been given names such as Java Man, Homo erectus, Piltdown Man, Taung Child, Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Lucy, Lucy's Baby, and Turkana Boy.
There is great uncertainty and disagreement as to how they are related to each other. But paleoanthropologists have believed that they were the ancestors of humans. Such claims have advanced the academic careers of scientists, helped argue against creationism, and satisfied the educated public. But the scientific evidence is too scanty and too irreproducible to verify these claims. These apes may be unrelated to each other and to humans.
The fossils of these early extinct apes do not show human-size brains, as the later fossils of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis do. Nor is there a clear progression in brain size, or other features among the early fossils.
It is thought that brain size increase and the other characteristic human features evolved separately and gradually over a few million years, while our ancestors were living in widely separated places, mostly in eastern and southern Africa. But what could have caused them to evolve so dramatically? Why have none of the other 260 species of living primates evolved large brains, or become bipedal, or given up their fur?
Semiaquatic human speciation
The aquatic ape theory has not succeeded, partly because its advocates have been trying to make the theory work for the evolution of those early apes, which I think are unrelated.
In my version, the species Homo sapiens evolved directly from Pan troglodytes, the common chimpanzee. The speciation happened quickly and recently, and no other ape ancestors were involved.
In my version, the species Homo sapiens evolved directly from Pan troglodytes, the common chimpanzee.
Modern genetics shows that the chimpanzee is remarkably similar to the human. It is an open secret that they could produce a hybrid offspring, a humanzee. The ancestor of humans must have resembled the chimpanzee, just like the ancestor of domestic dogs must have resembled the grey wolf. In the case of dog breeds, it was humans who provided the selection pressures that caused such striking physical differences.
In my theory of semiaquatic humans, the selection pressures involved an exclusively marine diet and the unique challenges of aquatic survival.
The article continues under the picture.
We can imagine that the mother of all humanity looked very much like this. Illustration: Colourbox
Chimp Eve – the mother of all humanity
I imagine that the first step, or misstep, toward human speciation took place on an unlucky day for a single female chimpanzee, whom I call Chimp Eve.
Like other chimpanzees in the wild, she could not swim, but suddenly she found herself floating down a river clinging to some branches. She was swept out to sea, and several days later became stranded on the island Bioko. Evolution of a new species by isolation is called peripatric speciation, and the isolated individual is called a founder.
Bioko is a steep and high volcanic island, quite unlike the low-lying forests of nearby Africa. It seems to be unsuitable for chimpanzees, because none live there now, nor have lived there in historic times. Bioko's coastline is about 90 percent rocky and 10 percent beach.
Present range of chimpanzees. Illustration modified from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Chimpanzee#/media/File:Pan.png
On the steep rocky shore where Eve presumably landed, there were none of her familiar foods: fruits, nuts, leaves, flowers, insects, and small animals. She was weak and starving, but she saw a crab walking in a tide pool, and knew that must be food. She soon discovered other seafoods such as mussels, sea snails, and sea urchins, and she never ventured higher up into Bioko's unfamiliar territory.
Eve was pregnant and gave birth to Chimp Adam. Their subsequent offspring and descendants thought that food came only from the sea. Because of inbreeding within the Founderchimp family, curious mutations got passed on, such as the fused chromosome 2 of modern humans. Mutations that increased chances of survival in the sea were also passed on. The infant mortality rate must have been high, since baby chimpanzees were not well suited to semiaquatic life.
Bioko has a two-meter tidal range. To gather food at low tide was easy. At high tide, it required wading in the water. When modern chimpanzees wade, they walk on two legs and stand as upright as possible, to keep their faces above the surface. Over time, the bones, cartilage, and ligaments of these semiaquatic chimpanzees evolved, making upright posture and bipedal wading more effective. They often held tools for prying loose shellfish or cracking them open. When they came out of the water, still holding a crab and a tool, it was natural to continue walking on two legs. They could even try running on the beach, just for fun. Bioko has no leopards, hyenas, or other large predators, so it was not risky to practice there, as it would have been on mainland Africa. It may have taken a few thousand years before their bodies were adapted enough for them to be good bipedal runners.
Human characteristics and the semiaquatic theory
Each of the differences between modern humans and chimpanzees can be used to test the semiaquatic theory. For the differences that I am aware of, the theory succeeds beautifully.
Large brain. Human brains are triple the size of chimpanzee brains. The brain is about 60% fat, and a diet with DHA and other omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids is necessary for brain growth. A marine diet is the richest source of these essential fatty acids. The other mammal with a famously large brain is the dolphin. Fossils show that human brains have gotten a little smaller since the days of the early Homo sapiens. We no longer live solely on a marine diet.
Friendly teeth. Chimpanzees have long jaws and long frightening canine teeth. Humans have a short jaw with short canine teeth. This dentition is suitable for soft chewy marine foods, and no need to threaten enemies.
Babies can be easily taught to float on their backs, and to dive and swim. Photos: Paal Aagaard and Emma Solhaug
Protruding nose. The human nose prevents water from being pressed into the nostrils during swimming and diving. The chimpanzee nostrils are exposed. The proboscis monkey, with its human-like nose, is the most aquatic living primate.
Long legs. Modern humans and Homo sapiens fossils are about 30% taller than chimpanzees, and have longer legs than arms. Evolution of longer legs allowed semiaquatic humans to stand in deeper water.
Naked skin. Fur helps protect skin from sun, but has disadvantages in water. All naked mammals, except an underground mole-rat, are aquatic or semiaquatic, or presumably had semiaquatic ancestors. The naked dolphin and manatee are fully aquatic. The hippopotamus is semiaquatic, even mating and giving birth in water. The elephant, rhinoceros, and pig enjoy wallowing, and are thought to have had semiaquatic ancestors. All mammals evolved first on land, so the distant ancestors of the dolphin and manatee must have been terrestrial and then semiaquatic, before becoming fully aquatic.
Subcutaneous fat. Chimpanzees can accumulate visceral fat, which shows as a fat belly. In addition to visceral fat, humans have subcutaneous fat, directly attached beneath the skin over most of the body. Much like a wetsuit, it adds buoyancy and insulation. In aquatic mammals, and sometimes in obese humans, this fat is called blubber.
Effusive sweat. Humans are the sweatiest mammals known. They have five times as many eccrine sweat glands as chimpanzees. In warm climates, humans can sweat up to 12 liters of fluid in a single day, yet have a low drinking capacity and must therefore stay near water sources. This cooling mechanism would not have evolved in a savannah environment. Seals in the sun sweat about as much as humans.
Vernix-covered skin. Humans are often born with this greasy cheese-like substance covering much of the skin. It is otherwise only known on newborn seals.
Baby fat. Human babies are born plump, with 16% body fat, mostly subcutaneous. Human milk has 25% more fat than chimpanzee milk, and babies quickly put on more fat after birth. Chimpanzees are born with only 3% body fat and stay lean.
Baby back-floating technique. Babies can easily learn to roll over on their backs and float with their nose in the air. Their fat legs are buoyant. It was Paal Aagaard, NTNU colleague and baby-swimming instructor, who first alerted me to the aquatic ape hypothesis and asked if I could find a geological setting for it.
Friendly teeth and protruding nose. Photo: Colourbox
Infant grasping reflex. Chimpanzee and human infants grab and hold tight when something is put into their hand. A chimpanzee infant is light and strong enough to hang from its mother's fur. Human infants are too heavy and weak to hang in the air, but could float in water all day grasping the long scalp hair of parents and older siblings.
Long oily scalp hair. An infant's mother has long sebum-coated hair that floats. Sebaceous glands are mainly located on the face and scalp. The scalp is the highest point on the standing mother, while she wades in the water to gather food.
Weak neck at birth. An infant chimpanzee's neck, like other mammals, is strong enough to support the head. A baby's neck is strong enough, if the birth takes place in water, and if the baby is kept in water for the first few months of life.
Speech. Voluntary breath control, the ability to inhale a larger amount of air, and control the slow exhalation, is a precondition for human speech. Diving mammals have such breath control, whereas other mammals do not. Chimpanzees cannot be taught to say "aaaah," even to receive a nice reward. Human speech has to do with breath control, not just with the brain.
Dexterous hands. Thumb and finger evolution enable the precision grip or pincer grip, useful for picking bits of meat and shell from cracked shellfish. Chimpanzees pick up small things using their index finger and middle finger like tweezers.
Mitochondrial DNA. Human mtDNA indicates that all living humans descended from a single female, called Mitochondrial Eve, only a few hundred thousand years ago. Chimpanzee mtDNA is about five times more variable, and indicates that their single female ancestor lived a few million years ago. It is currently thought that the most recent common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees lived about 5 million years ago, and that Mitochondrial Eve indicates a human population bottleneck.
Alternatively, if human speciation took place on Bioko, Mitochondrial Eve could be Chimp Eve.
Bioko is uniquely suited for peripatric human speciation
Bioko is 32 kilometers offshore from areas populated by chimpanzees. Chimp Eve may have drifted to Bioko with the Guinea Current from one of the large rivers about 100 kilometers to the north.
The trip must have taken many days.
Bioko's coastline is about 200 kilometers long, which is enough for many family groups to live separately. Individuals would share genes and evolving characteristics, but groups would be separate enough for some to survive a sickness that might wipe out the others.
The evolving species could survive for tens of thousands of years, even if there were as few as a hundred individuals at any given time. A small population with a radically different habitat and diet is conducive to rapid evolution.
The article continues under the illustration.
Bioko rises above the shallow continental shelf, well situated for the peripatric speciation of humans . Illustration modified from Google Earth.
Bioko has warm ocean water year round. Monthly averages vary between 25.9° and 29.3°. Ideal swimming pool temperatures are 26-31°, and young children need pool water of 29° or higher to not feel cold. A layer of insulating blubber would have increased chances of infant survival.
Bioko is currently an island, but the continental shelf separating it from the mainland is only about 50 meters deep. The world's sea level dropped more than 50 meters many times over the past 2.5 million years, due to the fluctuating continental glaciations. While the sea level was below −50 meters, Bioko was a peninsula, connected to the mainland. There is no other place in Africa that is comparable.
The evolution from chimpanzee to semiaquatic human could have taken place during any of the island periods. When the sea-level drop reached −50 meters and Bioko became a peninsula, the newly evolved humans could have walked to the mainland.
Sea-level estimations during the ice ages vary somewhat, as shown here by two of the available sea-level curves.
Estimates of sea level variations in Pleistocene time. http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/ecol438/sealevl.gif http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/115/11/1324/F3.large.jpg
Furthermore, the age of the earliest Homo sapiens is unknown. The reliable radiocarbon method cannot be used on fossils older than about 50,000 years.
In the competition to claim the oldest fossils, some are now thought to be about 300,000 years. Older fossils may yet be found, or this old date may be spurious.
It is not yet possible to suggest a time for the semiaquatic evolution and the appearance of Homo sapiens on mainland Africa.
Unfortunately, there is no likelihood of finding any fossils on Bioko. A small number of mammals in a tropical climate, over a short geological time, in an erosional coastal area without sediment deposition, would not leave fossils. Even if intelligent humans left behind tools, markings, or interments, perhaps in a cave near the shore, that cave would probably be far below today's sea level.
There are no semiaquatic humans living now. It would probably not have been possible for semiaquatic and terrestrial humans to coexist. They would have different cultures, and in any violent conflicts, terrestrial humans would have all the advantages.
Paleoanthropologists are fond of a fictional quote, supposedly from a bishop's wife, giving her initial response to the theory of human evolution: "Descended from the apes! My dear, we will hope it is not true. But if it is, let us pray that it will not become generally known."
Paleoanthropologists must not follow the example of the bishop's wife. They should not let their orthodox beliefs keep a scientific theory of human evolution from becoming generally known and properly tested.
The author Allan Krill is Professor at the Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, NTNU.
The original article can be found here: Chimpeve.com
A PDF of the article can be found here: Chimp Eve Allan Krill NTNU 130717
Paleoanthropologists should not let their orthodox beliefs keep a scientific theory of human evolution from becoming generally known and properly tested.
Allan Krill
[email protected]	, +47 91897197
Biology Evolution Genetics Geology Natural science Allan Krill aquatic ape theory Bioko Chimp Eve Department of Geoscience and Petroleum Human evolution Paal Aagaard paleoanthropology
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Research news written for the general public about technology, energy and environment, science, fish and aquaculture, innovation, health, the social sciences and humanities.
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Jaguar XF DS vs BMW 535d
How does Jaguar's XF diesel fare against BMW's competent 535d? We find out...
by: Ollie Marriage
I like diesels. I'm not saying they're better than petrols, but neither do I think diesel and the thrill of driving are mutually exclusive terms. The car that convinced me of this? The BMW 535d naturally enough.
Two main reasons for this. I once lapped Nardo at 175mph in a 340bhp DMS-tuned version in a quest to gain entry to the Guinness Book of Records (thrown out on a technicality – I'd neglected to get the correct authorisation from the FIA far enough in advance) and I also ran a Touring version for a year. The finest long term car I've ever had the privilege to run, bar none. You just can't argue with a 600-mile range, a kid-proof cabin and a torque-heavy, tail-happy rear end.
That car earned my undying respect and admiration and I've pined for it ever since, so although I came to this test with as much of an open mind as I could muster, I seriously doubted the Jag's ability to lay a claw on the 535d in the crucial areas.
That's not to say I'm not aware of the BMW's drawbacks in the not-so-crucial departments – I never got 100 per cent comfortable with iDrive, the solid ride and the sheer austerity of its cabin. In those areas the XF kicks it in the wheel nuts.
Jaguar XF review
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Jaguar XF Sportbrake 3.0 S review
Jaguar XF review - BMW 5-Series fighter driven in V6 S form
Jaguar XF Sportbrake Diesel S review and pictures
Driven: Jaguar XF 2.2D Portfolio
But for the purposes of this test, I'm going to concentrate on the driving and explain why the Jag mauls the 535d, despite the fact its brand new twin turbo V6 is less potent, torquey and economical than the BMW unit.
Let's begin with the start-up procedure. In something exotic and Italian turning the key is an event in itself, a summoning to life; you are Dr Frankenstein and this is your monster. Diesels are a bit more prosaic – you want them to be calm and unruffled, ideally not even hint that they're diesels at all. The Jag does that, coughing softly into life. The BMW's straight six is harsher, but more importantly there's a detectable body movement as the engine catches and a hint of vibration thereafter. First blood to the Jag.
Second to the BMW. Diesel's give up their power a bit more lazily than petrols, so neither feels outstandingly rapid – or rather both mask their speed very well due to long gearing. Nevertheless, the 535d is gutsier low down, spinning from 2-3000rpm very quickly yet pulling firmly, insistently all the way to the 5000rpm cutout with no discernible loss of aural composure. That's mainly because road noise starts to intrude, making it harder to hear the engine.
You'll need to pop an ear trumpet in your shell-like if you want to listen to the Jag. Drive this after something noisy and you could believe it had Tesla-power under the hood. There's something electric about the power delivery, too: it doesn't staple your shoulders to the seat like the BMW, but instead delivers a sustained shove that builds oh-so smoothly. It doesn't have a red-line as such (nor any lag to speak of), instead there's a pink line that starts at 4200rpm and gets darker towards 5000rpm, the needle slowly running into treacle.
So the BMW is the more explosive, the more urgent of this pair (although I think the XF has the finer engine response and throttle control) - and it's the more masculine on the road, too. It's the sort of car that would tell you how much it earns, how successful it is, its golf handicap, that sort of thing. The 535d is a competitive sort.
In truth the German is probably faster than the Brit across country – it certainly feels like that, although I have a sneaking suspicion the Jag disguises its speed and capabilities that bit better. It's very planted the 535d, knuckling into the road and turning in determinedly. The steering is a fraction more remote than I remember, and the combination of M Sport suspension and runflat tyres does comfort no favours, but the old chassis magic hasn't deserted the 5-Series just yet – crisp around corners and always informative, it's a fine sports saloon.
The Jaguar is less overt, less showy on the road, soaking up the punishment and lulling you into a false sense of security. Initially it gives the impression it can't be arsed, so you tip it into a corner and wow, suddenly it's with you, really with you. It's just so neat and precise, so fluid, maybe not as immediate as the Beemer and certainly not one to force its style or personality on you, but when you go looking for fun the XF really wakes up, displaying a level of keenness, agility and detail at odds with the exec-barge image.
More fun than the BMW? I believe so. But both are genuinely enjoyable, have easily enough power to poke the tail wide should the mood take you, and even if it does, still return over 30mpg. The thrill of diesel. Who'd have thought it?


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de Castro-Manglano P, Mechelli A, Soutullo C, Gimenez-Amaya J, Ortuño F, McGuire P.
Both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have been associated with progressive changes in grey matter (GM) volume. However, the temporal trajectories of these changes are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess longitudinal changes in grey matter volume subsequent to the first episode of schizophrenia and of affective psychoses. Adolescent patients with a first episode psychosis (n=26) were scanned twice using magnetic resonance imaging, at first presentation and after a 3-year follow-up period. An age-matched group of healthy volunteers (n=17) was scanned at the same time points. Within-group and between-group changes in regional grey matter volume were examined using voxel-based morphometry.
There were significant group by time interactions (p(FDRcorr)<0.05) in the frontal, temporal, parietal, cerebellar cortex, and in the thalamus, mainly reflecting longitudinal reductions in the controls but not in the patients. Subdivision of the patient group revealed that there were similar longitudinal reductions in patients with affective psychoses as in the controls but no volumetric changes in patients with schizophrenia. Psychosis with onset in adolescence or early adulthood may be associated with a delay or a loss of longitudinal reductions in regional grey matter volume that normally occur at this stage of development. These changes may be specific to schizophrenia.