text:
the Synergist
Industrial Hygiene Data Standardization
Past Lessons, Present Challenges, and Future Directions
BY TAYLOR M. SHOCKEY, MATTHEW M. DAHM, STEVEN J. WURZELBACHER, AND JOHN BAKER
The collection of industrial hygiene air, surface, and noise data is a critical task at the center of the IH profession. Industrial hygienists usually collect occupational exposure measurements using sampling methods that have been validated by OSHA or NIOSH to protect workers from chemical, biological, and physical hazards. But beyond the information required on a standard chain of custody form (sampler/media type, analysis method, sample time, sample volume, and so on), any additional data elements and variables collected are often left to the discretion of the hygienist.
Over the last several years, the profession has seen renewed discussions regarding the standardization of IH data collection. The principal goal of IH data standardization is the widespread adoption of a set of well defined, exposure-relevant variables to harmonize the collection of occupational exposure data across different worksites, companies, agencies, and other entities (see Figure 1). Within an organization, standardized IH data are less prone to error and are more consistent, allowing for easier, more efficient analyses with increased potential for benchmarking. Across organizations or worksites, standardized IH data creates the opportunity for data aggregation, which can help identify exposure patterns or trends that may lead to improvements in occupational safety and health.
The IH field is rapidly evolving, forcing hygienists to keep up with changes in monitoring technology and in the materials or agents commonly measured. While data collection remains at the core of the field, the use of direct-reading instruments and sensor technology has shifted IH data into the realm of Big Data systems. Big Data are commonly defined by parameters known as the "five Vs"—volume, velocity, variety, veracity, and value. Volume refers to the amount of data created, while velocity refers to the speed of data acquisition and processing. Variety refers to the types of data being generated, including both structured numerical data and increasingly unstructured narrative descriptions that provide context. Veracity refers to the reliability, precision, and quality of the data, while value is defined by whether the data can be generalized and used to generate or test hypotheses (see Figure 2).
Figure 1. Focus and scope of recommended data elements for capture of standardized IH data.
Tap on the graphic to open a larger version in your browser.
From "Special Report: Data Elements for Occupational Exposure Databases: Guidelines and Recommendations for Airborne Hazards and Noise" by Morton Lippmann, Manuel R. Gomez, and Gregorie M. Rawls in the November 1996 issue of Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. Reprinted by permission of the publisher, Taylor & Francis Ltd, tandfonline.com.
Figure 2. Description of the five dimensions or characteristics of Big Data (known as the "5 Vs").
This figure is a derivative of Figure 1 from "Big Data Tools-An Overview" by Rabie A. Ramadan in the December 2017 issue of the International Journal of Computer and Software Engineering. The original figure is licensed under CC BY 3.0, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0.
LESSONS LEARNED IH data standardization is not a new idea. Fifty years ago, the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act) sparked the demand for improvement of IH data quality as it greatly increased the amount of IH data collected in the public and private sectors. The OSH Act magnified the scope of the entire IH field. It was, and still is, widely believed that these data should be used beyond solely determining compliance with set standards. To read more about this topic, see the special report "Data Elements for Occupational Exposure Databases: Guidelines and Recommendations for Airborne Hazards and Noise" in the November 1996 issue of Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.
IH professionals have recommended that IH data be used in other exposure assessment activities related to the management of workplace risk, such as epidemiologic research, exposure surveillance, benchmark development, population-level and quantitative risk assessments, and the creation of retrospective and prospective exposure models. However, for IH data to be meaningful for such activities, hygienists must include additional information related to the conditions of the exposure measurement. Raw exposure measurements have limited use without the appropriate context in the form of sampling, employee, environmental, and process information (see Figure 1).
A 1993 international conference on occupational exposure databases led to the formation of a joint task group between ACGIH and AIHA. To harmonize IH data collection and improve data quality, the task group created a uniform list of 134 data elements with corresponding definitions, then organized the elements into 13 data groups (as described in the 1996 special report in the Applied journal archives). These data groups include information about the sampled employee's job title and work history as well as the site, process, work area, chemical agent, exposure modifiers, sample, sampling device, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment. Chemical and physical hazard exposure results are also included (see Table 1). The data elements are flexible and can be adapted to different uses and levels of detail while maintaining the standardization necessary to allow for data aggregation and comparisons.
Although the task group's list of IH data elements and variables remains relevant and useful, it has not been widely adopted. This lack of adoption is likely due to a variety of reasons, including technological or software-based constraints, insufficient organizational capability (for example, if adoption is cost prohibitive or a shortage of time or personnel prevents implementation), inaccessibility to the list of data elements, and the absence of a champion to support its use.
Table 1. Data Groups with Summary Description of Each Group's Contents of Associated Data Elements
CURRENT STATUS Advancements in technology have ushered in a wide range of data collection and storage options via mobile devices and database/analytic software. The volume, velocity, and variety of IH data being collected continues to increase, particularly with the development of direct-reading instrumentation and cloud-based analytics. However, IH data standardization that may ensure data veracity and support data value remains a challenge.
A survey of IH data practices among a sample of workers' compensation insurers published in the June 2018 issue of the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (JOEH) revealed that the collection and storage of IH data varied, even though the majority of insurers provided IH services and employed IH staff. The insurers mostly used the data to provide recommendations to their policyholders. Their data storage capabilities were reflective of this, as most insurers stored the data in disparate, non-standardized file types (for example, PDFs and Word documents) that could not be easily grouped or searched collectively to identify patterns, or they did not retain any IH data after providing a report to their clients. The data elements collected by these insurers also differed greatly. While these insurers represent a small subset of organizations that conduct IH tasks, this survey highlights the elusive nature of IH data standardization.
Another study collected the IH data forms used by a similar sample of workers' compensation insurers and government agencies and used the forms to derive a core list of essential data fields to determine the feasibility of standardization and pooling of IH data (see "Standardizing Industrial Hygiene Data Collection Forms Used by Workers' Compensation Insurers" in the September 2018 JOEH). The authors compared the core list to the list of data elements developed by the 1993 ACGIH-AIHA task group and found that the two lists had 85 to 90 percent of the data elements in common. Results from the 2018 study indicate that the recommendations of the 1993 task group are still relevant to standardization in today's IH field, but that progress toward adoption remains slow.
AIHA has increased efforts to promote data quality and standardization by including an appendix on data quality (Appendix IX) in the latest edition of A Strategy for Assessing and Managing Occupational Exposures, which was published in 2015. This appendix introduces literature on how to evaluate historical or current IH data quality and includes a checklist of data elements adapted from the literature, including the 1996 special report in the Applied journal. The checklist serves as a source for comparison, providing a method for evaluating current IH forms to examine which data fields are being captured and how.
A consensus study report published in 2018 by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, "A Smarter National Surveillance System for Occupational Safety and Health in the 21st Century," represents additional efforts to encourage data standardization. A major recommendation from the report is for NIOSH and OSHA to prioritize development of a comprehensive approach for occupational exposure surveillance. The report refers to the collection and analysis of data on occupational hazards and exposures as a "key component missing from U.S. occupational safety and health surveillance" and identifies several short- and long-term recommendations for achieving a cohesive and "smarter" surveillance system to protect the current and future workforce. IH data standardization is needed for overall improvement of occupational safety and health surveillance.
The literature, IH professional organizations, and those employed within the IH field agree on the importance of data quality and completeness. Current and historical exposure monitoring data sources, such as OSHA's Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) and workers' compensation data, have been valuable in providing exposure trends over time, by agent or job type, and by severity of exposure. However, many of these data sources are lacking contextual information that could allow them to serve even greater purposes. For example, the OSHA IMIS records do not include information on the sampling method, sampling instrument, or site or work area.
Those few examples that have successfully cleaned and aggregated IH data illustrate the value of IH data on a larger scale. The Exposure Control Database (ECD), created by CPWR – The Center for Construction Research and Training, is an interactive tool that predicts exposure to silica, welding fumes, noise, and lead within the construction industry. The source data are continually updated from reliable sources, including government reports and peer-reviewed literature. The ECD showcases the predictive capabilities of standardized and aggregated occupational exposure monitoring data for the implementation of effective hazard controls.
A project similar to the ECD, the Canadian Workplace Exposure Database, is a large, centralized database for current and historical occupational exposure data from workplaces across Canada. It currently contains approximately 480,000 air-sampling measurements for chemical carcinogens. A project team is now engaged in expanding this database to include non-carcinogenic exposures, and to ensure the data is properly collected and coded to inform research and policy projects. The team also plans to enhance the governance structure, data stewardship and management, and user access. Several groups—including the British Columbia Construction Safety Alliance, the British Columbia occupational health and safety workers' compensation insurer WorkSafeBC, and exposure scientists from the University of British Columbia—used this database as a source of "objective data" on respirable crystalline silica (RCS). The RCS data in the Canadian construction sector was used to develop a web-based tool that allows end users with varying expertise, including non-OHS experts, to generate a single-task exposure control plan (ECP), which is required under regulation in British Columbia for those undertaking work potentially exposing workers to RCS. (The development and implementation of the web-based tool is described in an article published in Frontiers in Public Health.) Users generate up to 3,900 ECPs per year with the tool. The final example is provided by the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, which was able to aggregate nine years (2008–2016) of worker exposure assessment results collected by the state's IH compliance safety and health officers into a summary report (PDF) and corresponding database. The report allowed the state of Washington to identify the most frequently sampled substances and industries and determine the substances with the highest severity exposure (which represents the ratio of the measured concentration to its permissible exposure limit). LOOKING AHEAD IH data standardization will be critically important for the development of risk assessments, epidemiologic research, and exposure modeling of emerging hazards to understand potential workplace health effects associated with exposure. This is especially true for emerging chemicals that do not yet have established occupational exposure limits (OELs) or standard sampling methods.
One example of the need for IH data standardization is from the continually developing field of nanotechnology and advanced materials (NAMs). Innovations in manufacturing and nanotechnology have led to an entirely new slate of agents known as "advanced materials," and NAMs have already had an impact within the IH field. Many rapid, significant changes with which the field of industrial hygiene is currently contending have made data standardization increasingly important to ensure data veracity and value to help in the prevention of hazardous occupational exposures. Currently, few NAMs have an OEL or standard sampling method. These materials exemplify some of the challenges for data standardization due to:
varied morphologies of the aerosol constituents (such as shape and relative number of primary particles, agglomerates, and functionalization elements)
types of exposure metrics and methods collected for a given exposure assessment resulting from limited standardized sampling methods (for example, integrated filter samples for chemical analysis or electron microscopic image analysis, X-ray energy dispersive spectra, real-time particle number concentrations, surface charge, and surface area)
application to exposure or control banding schemes for interpretation
Collection and storage of standardized IH data in the present will allow future researchers to pool data for health-related studies, which could include retrospective cohorts and exposure modeling. The lack of consensus on sampling methods can be overcome by providing detailed information within these standardized variables and data groups that will be critical for future studies.
IH data standardization is a massive undertaking, not easily accomplished, but those in the IH field can take small steps to promote data quality. AIHA recently circulated two surveys to gather relevant feedback from the IH professional community: one focused on current IH data applications and standardization among organizations, and the second focused on the list of data elements specific to standardization. At the time this issue of The Synergist went to press, results of these surveys had not yet been released. Ultimately, communication across the IH field is needed to ensure a better understanding of common practices related to data collection, storage, and use. Sharing best practices and identifying data gaps will help the finalization and distribution of a list of standardized data elements.
The future of IH data is both promising and daunting with continuous technological and analytical advancement (such as real-time monitoring and cloud-based computing), the expansion of Big Data, and the increase in emerging chemicals. IH data standardization can ease the burden of these changes and help guide the field in protecting the health and safety of the evolving workforce.
TAYLOR M. SHOCKEY, PHD, MPH, is an associate service fellow at CDC/NIOSH in Cincinnati, Ohio. MATTHEW M. DAHM, PHD, MPH, is a research industrial hygienist at CDC/NIOSH in Cincinnati, Ohio. STEVEN J. WURZELBACHER, PHD, directs the Center for Workers' Compensation Studies at CDC/NIOSH in Cincinnati, Ohio. JOHN BAKER, MS, MBA, CIH, FAIHA, is a principal consultant and south regional practice lead (IH) for BSI Consulting Services, Inc. in The Woodlands, Texas. Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Send feedback to The Synergist.
AIHA: A Strategy for Assessing and Managing Occupational Exposures, 4th edition (2015).
Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: "Special Report: Data Elements for Occupational Exposure Databases: Guidelines and Recommendations for Airborne Hazards and Noise" (November 1996).
Frontiers in Public Health: "Development of a Web-Based Tool for Risk Assessment and Exposure Control Planning of Silica-Producing Tasks in the Construction Sector" (August 2020).
International Journal of Computer Science and Software Engineering: "Big Data Tools – An Overview" (December 2017).
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: "Occupational Exposure Monitoring Data Collection, Storage, and Use Among State-Based and Private Workers' Compensation Insurers" (June 2018).
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: "Standardizing Industrial Hygiene Data Collection Forms Used by Workers' Compensation Insurers" (September 2018).
The Synergist: "Predictive Purposes: Will Big Data Change Industrial Hygiene?" (March 2018).


Three and a half years ago, having just raised $50 million from investors and with plans to hire hundreds more workers, BuildDirect was cementing its reputation as one of Vancouver's most celebrated homegrown tech companies.
Flash forward to October 2017: the local tech darling – often described as the Amazon.com Inc. (Nasdaq:AMZN) of homebuilding supplies – was in the throes of creditor protection. Court documents reveal it owed lenders $75 million in principal at the same time operating costs were exceeding revenue by $2.6 million a month.
Today: "We're in the best financial position that we've been in, in BuildDirect's 19-year history," said CEO Dan Park, who took over from founding CEO Jeff Booth last fall and steered the firm out of creditor protection by March.
The company's quick emergence from creditor protection and a bevy of new faces occupying the C-suite portends a shift for BuildDirect's business model as it attempts to rebuild as one of B.C.'s few technology anchor companies.
Park, a U.S. army veteran who left Amazon to join BuildDirect as chief operating officer shortly before the company filed for creditor protection, said all he could do was stay calm not knowing the outcome as the company sought to settle its financial problems.
The next five months were spent cleaning up the balance sheet, reducing debt and addressing supplier issues.
BuildDirect eventually raised US$28 million and converted US$15 million of interim financing provided during the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act proceedings.
And as part of the plan, creditors agreed to convert US$58 million of debt into equity.
BuildDirect is a private company, and Park said he couldn't reveal current revenue numbers, although court documents reveal revenue totalled $72 million through 2017's first three quarters. But he said the company is now better positioned to scale and achieve rapid revenue growth, in part due to a shift in its business model.
"We've made a strategy pivot to professionals and B2B [business to business]," Park said, adding those market segments were always part of the company's strategy but there was less focus on them.
The Canadian homebuilders industry employed 90,000 workers and generated $36 billion in revenue from 2013 to 2018, according to a March 2018 market outlook from IBISWorld.
BuildDirect serves the entire North American market, so while Canadian growth was pegged at 1.1% between 2013 and 2018, the U.S. industry growth rate was estimated to be 4.4% during the same time period. American revenue, meanwhile, reached US$86.8 billion, and Park anticipates that within 12 to 18 months more than half the company's revenue will be coming from professionals.
Perhaps the CEO's biggest move since BuildDirect emerged from creditor protection was this month's announced hiring of four new American executives, three of whom previously worked for Amazon.
Ken Stanick takes over as chief revenue officer, Mukund Mohan is the chief technology officer, Godwin Pavamani is chief merchandising officer and general manager of marketplace, while former Old Navy chief financial officer Stephanie Roberts will remain based in San Francisco while serving as interim CFO.
But he said that also means it's one of the few traditional markets left wide open for a technology company to shake things up.
"Amazon's not in this space yet, but we've got competitors out there that are larger than us and probably not as technologically innovative," Park said.


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text:
Q: Redirecting search keyword from one webpage search box to another web page search box I am trying to search for a keyword from the search box of webpage X and redirect it as an input keyword to the search box of webpage Y. I am able to redirect it to the page 'Y' from 'X' but the search keyword is vanishing once it's redirected to page 'Y'. Can somebody share your thoughts on this issue.

A: Consider saving the keyword to $_POST echoing it to the next page. Here is an untested, ballpark example:
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<script>
//uses jquery
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    $("#save").val(keyword);
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On the next page,
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<input type="search" id="next-page-search" <?php echo 'value = ". $keyword ."';?> />

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section*{Introduction}

The ability of biological organisms to self-assemble and organize has inspired new ideas in engineering and physics. Unlike traditional condensed matter systems at equilibrium, a defining characteristic of active matter is the injection of energy at the local scale of its constituents, which then cascades upward to give rise to emergent phenomena at larger scales \cite{sriram_review,marchetti_review,activenematics_review,needleman_review, vicsek1995,flocks_scalefree,toner2005hydrodynamics,sliusarenko2007aggregation, wu2009periodic, shaevitz2015, 2012bsub_turbulence, mathijssen2019collective}. The self-organizing capability of active matter makes it a fertile ground for new design principles and technologies. However, the realization of such devices is currently contingent upon our limited ability to control or program active materials \cite{woodhouse2017active,woodhouse2012spontaneous, goldstein2008microfluidics, ross2018}.

As a strategy for designing tunable active matter, we are inspired by the prevalence of surface-driven activity in nature. Rather than programming activity in the bulk, one could potentially prescribe what is on the boundary which in turn modulates and control bulk flows. For example, in human airways the coordinated motion of micron-scale cilia across the entire organ drives coherent flows and is essential for mucus clearance \cite{ciliaclearance, elgeti2013metachronal}. Furthermore, cytoplasmic streaming in the Characean algae is a salient example of surface-driven activity at the subcellular scale -- organelle-carrying myosin motors walk along fixed actin tracks, resulting in macroscopic circulation of the cytoplasm \cite{goldstein_review,goldstein2008microfluidics,woodhouse2013cytoplasmic}. Synthetic examples of active surfaces include artificial cilia \cite{den2008artificial, van2009printed}, self-propelled droplets and colloids accumulated on walls \cite{bricard2015emergent, bechinger2016active, zottl2016emergent, maass2016swimming}, Quincke rollers \cite{quincke}, engineered bacterial carpets \cite{darnton2004moving, mathijssen2019nutrient, jin2018biofilm}, and molecular motility assays \cite{schaller2010polar}.

The ability to micro-manipulate flow structures is of great interest for applications such as lab-on-a-chip devices \cite{dittrich2006lab, schneider2011algorithm}.
Yet, miniaturising self-contained microfluidic devices that do not require external macroscopic pumps and valves has remained a major challenge in the field. A solution could be to instead generate flows internally, without conventional pumps, by injecting momentum from patterned active surfaces \cite{mathijssen2019nutrient}, but little is understood how such topological patterns affect the flow properties and structures that can emerge across the scales.
In other words, while external pressure driven  microfluidics are now ubiquitous in research and industrial applications, the design space of internally driven flows using surface activity in confined geometries is almost entirely unknown.
Here we present a simple set of activity patterns of surface defects for patterning complex spatial and temporal surface activity. Simple defect geometry and dynamics enables a rich set of complex flow structures inside the bulk fluid that can be programmed by boundary effects, leading to possible new microfluidic functions in confined geometries.

Inspired by recent advances in optogenetics, we consider patterning surface activity with light. Light has in recent years proven to be a powerful means of achieving spatiotemporal control living systems and study of active matter due to its ability to target behavior of active components with high spatiotemporal resolution \cite{ross2018}.
Of particular interest to us, engineered cytoskeletal motors incorporating a photosensitive LOV2 domain have been shown to modulate their speed or direction in response to blue light \cite{nakamura2014remote, ruijgrok2020newpaper}. These motors have also been used for spatiotemporal control of active liquid crystals \cite{zhang2019structuring}.

In the first half of the paper, we develop an in-silico design tool to explore light-controlled active surface-driven flows in confined geometries.
Specifically, we consider active particles that walk along filament tracks fixed to the boundary of a flow chamber, where the direction of motion along the filament is switchable upon illumination. Viscous drag on the active particle leads to momentum transfer into the bulk, creating macroscopic flows characteristic of cytoplasmic streaming, and further redistributing the particles \cite{goldstein_review,oocyte_streaming_review,monteith2016mechanism, hydrogels_cytoskeleton,dogic2012}. We first analyze the simplest emergent flow structure generated by the motion of many such particles in a flow chamber. We then perturb the system with light (such as reversal of velocity) to explore the design space of possible flow structures. In the second half of the paper, we introduce a analytical framework based on an interior squirmer model to further generalize these flow structures.  We demonstrate that surface-driven activity can achieve remarkably complex and time varying 3D flow structures with properties like chaotic mixing and compartmentalised particle confinement with no physical barriers. Overall, our results provide insight into boundary-driven flows in naturally occurring biological systems and pave the way for using surface activity defects to program re-configurable bulk flows at small scales.

\section*{Methods}
In this work, we present a simulation framework to explore flow-patterns generated by active surface driven flows. We set up the simulation by first considering a rectangular chamber, discretised using a grid of $N_x \times N_y \times N_z$ cells, where a single surface is patterned by tracks that are parallel and polarized in orientation (e.g. actin filaments) [Fig.~\ref{Fig1}A]. Colloids coated with active particles akin to molecular motors ([Fig.~\ref{Fig1}A green particles) are suspended in bulk and can attach to the surface, after which they walk ballistically from the minus to the plus end of the tracks in the absence of light, and reverse direction in the presence of light. As these particles move along the surface, they impart forces on the fluid and thus generate long-ranged circulating flows, also referred to as streaming. Particles in the bulk are advected by these flows which, in turn, can transport them towards the surface, where they bind and unbind from the surface through probabilities of attachment or detachment.

To solve for the system dynamics, we alternate between (1) computing the flow field $\bm{u}(\bm{r})$ at position $\bm{r}$ using a CFD solver, (2) integrating the bulk particle motion with Brownian dynamics, and (3) updating the surface particle density and dynamics [see Supplementary Information for details]. For the first step, inspired by Lighthill and Blake \cite{lighthill1952squirming, blake1971spherical}, we implement a slip velocity on the active surface due to the motion of the bound particles [Fig.~\ref{Fig1}B].
In the dense particle limit, the surrounding flow will saturate to the particle walking speed, but in the sparse limit the velocity vanishes. In between, we ignore inter-particle interactions and assume that the flow magnitude is approximately linear with respect to particle concentration [see Suppl. Fig.~S1].

Detached particles in the bulk are subject to advection and diffusion. Their relative strengths are set by the P\'eclet number $Pe =LU/D$, where $U$ is the characteristic velocity of the motors (e.g. $v_w$ in Fig.~\ref{Fig1}B), $L$ is the longest chamber length and $D$ is the diffusion constant. We solve for particle trajectories in the bulk by integrating the Langevin equation in the overdamped limit:
\begin{equation}
r_i(t+dt) = u_i(t)dt +  \sqrt{2Ddt}~\eta_i(t),
\end{equation}
where $i$ refers to components of the position $\vec{r} = \{x,y,z\}$ in Cartesian coordinates, the time step is $dt$ and $\vec{\eta}(t)$ is uncorrelated Gaussian white noise defined by $\langle \eta_i(t) \rangle=0$ and $\langle \eta_i(t) \eta_j(t') \rangle=\delta_{ij}\delta(t-t')$ in terms of the Kronecker and Dirac delta functions.

Particles that approach the surface closer than a distance $\epsilon$ can attach with rate $P_{\text{on}}$, modelled as a linearly decreasing function of particle density [Fig.~\ref{Fig1}C].
We assume that the particles are otherwise non-interacting. On the boundary, particles walk ballistically with a direction specified by the tracks (such as a surface coated with filaments). Conversely, bound particles can detach from the surface with a constant rate $P_{\text{off}}$  [Fig.~\ref{Fig1}D]. Initially, the boundary is uniformly populated with a density equal to half the surface coverage, and no motile particles are initialized in the bulk.

In our model, the important parameters to vary are $Pe$ and $P_{\text{off}}$. The former sets the diffusivity of the active colloids while keeping chamber geometry and particle velocity constant, and the latter has a nice interpretation in terms of processivity (average run length before detachment) when considering a suspension of motor-bound particles. The other parameters $P_{\text{on}}$ and the Reynolds number $Re = \rho U L/\mu$ (with $\rho$ and $\mu$ the density and dynamic viscosity of water, respectively) are fixed throughout our simulations, with $Re$ in the viscous regime. Unless explicitly mentioned otherwise, we report all results in the paper with nondimensionalized units, $u^* = u/v_w$, $r^* = r/L$, $t^* = t/(L/v_w)$, and for simplicity we drop the asterisks.

\section*{Results}

\subsection*{Optimal transport and flow topology}

We first consider a simple benchmark flow structure: uniform motion to the right in a confined chamber, with one active and five no-slip surfaces (Fig.~\ref{Fig1}E-F, see also Movie S3).
The steady state on the boundary for one particular choice of parameters shows an accumulation of particles at the right wall (at the plus end of the actin filaments) and a depletion of particles on the left (Fig.~\ref{Fig1}E). The fluid at the right boundary is forced upwards, creating a steady state vortex in the $xz$-plane (Fig.~\ref{Fig1}F). Varying the P\'eclet number and detachment rates shows that higher streaming magnitudes occur for lower values of $Pe$ and an intermediate value of $P_\text{off}$ (Fig.~\ref{Fig1}G and Fig. S2; for a more detailed description of our choice in parameters and the parameter sweep range, refer to Sec. II of the SI). This optimum is explained as follows. On the one hand, attached particles will tend to accumulate at the chamber edges within a timescale $\tau_w \sim L/v_w$. Overly processive motors will therefore on average reach the opposite wall before they detach into the bulk, reducing the streaming velocity. This sets a lower bound on the detachment probability, $\tau_{detach} = 1/P_{\text{off}} \leq \tau_w$, so we require that $P_{\text{off}} \geq v_w/L$ in order to establish nontrivial streaming velocities in confined volumes.
On the other hand, particles that are not processive enough do not spend enough time at the surface to contribute significant momentum injection. A large diffusion coefficient (i.e. small P\'eclet number) helps to offset particle accumulation at edges and also homogenises density fluctuations, which increases the streaming strength and stability, allowing for the establishment of steady-state flow structures (Movies S2-3).
This is maximised in the limit $Pe \to 0$, when diffusion dominates advection, as motors spread through the box uniformly.

In summary, the flow velocity can be optimised with a high diffusivity and an intermediate processivity. Note that experimental realizations place constraints on these parameters, as discussed in Supplementary Information Section II. We further note that the properties of the phase space diagram are particular to the geometry we have considered, and other cases (such as periodic boundary conditions) may yield very different results (Fig. S2, Movie S1).
Moreover, uniform motion in confined chambers will lead to recirculating streamlines that can transport particles in the $\hat{\vec{z}}$ direction, despite that activity on the surface is directed uniquely along $\hat{\vec{x}}$ (Fig.~\ref{Fig1}F).

\subsection*{Light-modulated surfaces}

One way to engineer different fluid structures would be to manipulate the orientation of tracks on a surface, an experimental perturbation made difficult by the fact that these tracks are often permanent when laid out.
Advances in optogenetics have enabled the dynamic control of active materials through applying an external perturbation with light. For example, a new class of engineered molecular motors are capable of changing their direction of motion along a filament in response to a light signal, providing a mechanism to reprogram the same surface by changing how the motors interact with it \cite{nakamura2014remote}. We now explore this regime to see how we can program and pattern bulk flow with variable surface light patterns (Fig.~\ref{Fig2}A,B).]

Consider the same configuration as before, with all tracks oriented along the $\hat{\vec{x}}$ direction. Suppose the $x>0.5$ (right) half of the box is illuminated, redirecting the optically controllable particles in that region toward the minus end (Fig.~\ref{Fig2}C). We term the resulting structure the ``head-on'' defect, since now two populations of motile particles are literally walking into each other at a given line defect defined by the light pattern. This gives rise to two distinct vortices on either side of the domain junction (Fig.~\ref{Fig2}D). Similarly, we can also choose to illuminate the $y>0.5$ half of the box, giving rise to a ``shear'' defect configuration (Fig.~\ref{Fig2}F,G). On a surface patterned with uniformly oriented tracks, the head-on and shear defects are the two fundamental modes that one can pattern with light.

These two flow structures have different properties that may be useful for different applications. Suppose, for example, that at subsequent stages of a chemical process two mixing procedures are needed. Figures~\ref{Fig2}E,H show that the shear and head-on defects preferentially mix tracer particles in different directions. The head-on defect is most effective at mixing along the $\hat{z}$-coordinate, as evidenced by the concentration profile of tracers initially in the bottom half of the box being spread uniformly along $\hat{z}$ by the end of the simulation (Fig.~\ref{Fig2}E). On the other hand, the shear defect is more effective at mixing along the $\hat{y}$ coordinate (Fig.~\ref{Fig2}H and Fig.~S3). Note that in both cases the direction of motion along the boundary is strictly in the $\hat{x}$ direction -- it is the geometry of the confined chamber (i.e. the location of walls and defects) that gives rise to recirculating streamlines.

A significant advantage of light-controlled surface patterning is the ease of transitioning from one flow structure to another. As a proof of principle, we conducted a simulation (see Movie S4) where we transition from a shear defect to a head-on defect, and back to a shear defect again, with period $2 \times 10^6$ time steps, detachment rate $P_{\text{off}} = 10^{-4}$ per time step and $Pe = 1$ (the optimum in Fig.~\ref{Fig1}G, chosen for illustrating the phenomenon although experimental realizations would likely be at higher $Pe$; see Supplementary Table I). In our model, we assume that the behavior of the motile particles switch instantaneously with the external light pertubation. Figs.~\ref{Fig2}I,J show that with each transition, the flow relaxes to its unique steady state for each boundary condition after a short relaxation time.
Interestingly, the shear defect generates a slightly lower streaming velocity despite having on average more particles attached to the boundary. Another characteristic of patterning with light is the ability to make continuous perturbations to the flow field. Fig.~\ref{Fig2}K depicts a continuous transformation from a shear to a head-on defect by smoothing varying the angle $\alpha$ of the light pattern with the $y$-axis, allowing for not only spatial but also precise temporal control of flow patterns (see also Movies S5-6).

\subsection*{Systematic design of flow patterns in confined geometries}

Next, we consider the challenge of designing bulk flow patterns and consider the breadth of design space available in this problem.
To speed up our simulations, we continue in the optimal limit $Pe \to 0$ where the P\'eclet number tends to zero, when active particles cover all surfaces uniformly (or for a uniform carpet of cilia), and simulate the steady state flow structure in chambers of size $N_x \times N_y \times N_z = 40 \times 40 \times 40$. Hence, we no longer simulate the particle dynamics explicitly and study the steady-state flow structures obtained by patterning surfaces directly with constant slip velocities. This indeed limits the class of patterns that might be feasible, but allows us to understand the limit of vanishing P\'eclet number where active particles can reach surfaces in abundance.
Though these surface velocities can be patterned arbitrarily, the resulting bulk flows must still obey the constraints set by the Stokes equations and incompressibility. The question arises how the optogenetic design can be optimized to alleviate those constraints in terms of transport and streamline connectivity.

For surface patterning, we utilize the language of defects that refer to zones where surface bound active particles dramatically change behavior. Starting with a single active surface with uniformly oriented filaments, different regions of left- or right-moving fluid can be created with light, as depicted for the head-on, shear, and patch defects (Fig.~\ref{Fig3}A, i-iii). Again, all three patterns are interchangeable by dynamically changing the pattern of light. We can add an additional handle by no longer subjecting the filaments to be uniformly oriented. Alternating orthogonal patches of tracks, in tandem with a light pattern on the surface, can give rise to flow structures such a vortex (Fig.~\ref{Fig3}A, iv).

Integrated streamlines of the patch defect in Fig. ~\ref{Fig3}C,i highlights the separatrix formed by a small region of oppositely moving flow. Streamlines shown in red traverse clockwise (CW) and are centered on top of the patch, whereas all other streamlines travel counterclockwise (CCW). The head-on and patch defects therefore have a compartmentalizing effect, with regions of streamlines that do not mix. Conversely, Fig.~\ref{Fig3}C,iv shows that the streamlines of the vortex defect traverse the $xy$-plane as well as a distance of over half the height of the grid in $z$. The shear and vortex defects are therefore effective fluid mixers. These countervailing properties of compartmentalizing and mixing can guide the design of numerous functions useful in self-driven microfluidics context.

We can further build upon the complexity of our designs by patterning multiple surfaces at once. Fig.~\ref{Fig3}B approaches this systematically by considering only head-on (i-iv) or shear defects (v-viii) on 2 or 4 surfaces. Interpreting the resultant flow structures created by head-on defects is straightforward: two stable vortices will form on either side of a defect, where the flow either moves toward ($\rightarrow \leftarrow$) or away ($\leftarrow \rightarrow$) from each other. Furthermore, the integrated streamlines of the 8 vortex structure (Fig.~\ref{Fig3}C,iii) shows that the streamlines are two dimensional. Each vortex can therefore be considered as its own compartment.

On the other hand, patterning with shear defects can lead to mixing within each compartment (Fig. S4). Fig. ~\ref{Fig3}B,vii depicts four consecutive active surfaces, with each pair of opposite faces patterned with shear defects of opposite signs ($\uparrow \downarrow$ and $\downarrow \uparrow$). In the $xz$-plane, this gives rise to head-on defects at the four corners, creating four stable vortices. However, recirculation in the $yz$ and $xy$-planes cause the streamlines within the four vortices to traverse along the $y$-coordinate, as depicted in Fig.~\ref{Fig3}C,v. The expectation that shear defects give rise to three dimensional streamlines is a general but not very robust rule, however. Fig.~\ref{Fig3}B,viii depicts a surface pattern similar to Fig.~\ref{Fig3}B,vii, except with the patterns on the two faces with surface normal $\hat{x}$ flipped. The result is that the head-on defects in the $xz$-plane are completely eliminated, leading to a continuous current that runs CCW in the $y<0.5$ region of the box and CW in the other. Interestingly, the resulting streamlines (Fig.~\ref{Fig3}C,vi) are again co-planar.

\subsection*{The interior Squirmer model}

Given the quickly increasing complexity of the resulting flows and the myriad possibilities of surface patterns, it is clear that adopting a more analytical approach to understanding the design space of boundary-driven flows is required. For this we turn to solutions of the squirmer model on a sphere \cite{blake1971spherical, reigh2017swimming, pedley2016spherical, pak2014generalized, fadda2020dynamics}. Initially adopted to study the external flow fields of microswimmers, we invert the problem and study instead the flow structure within the sphere \cite{happel2012low}, subject to the condition that flows normal to the surface vanish on the boundary.
The resulting general solution for incompressible Stokes flow inside  sphere is:

\begin{multline}
   u_r(r,\theta,\phi) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sum_{m=0}^n  nr^{n-1}P_n^m\left(1-\frac{r^2}{R^2}\right)\times \\
   (b_{mn} \cos m\phi + \tilde{b}_{mn}\sin m\phi),
\end{multline}

\begin{multline}
   u_\theta = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sum_{m=0}^n r^{n+1} \sin\theta P_n^{m'} \left(\frac{n+3}{(n+1)R^2}-\frac{1}{r^2} \right)\times \\ (b_{mn} \cos m\phi + \tilde{b}_{mn} \sin m\phi) + \\ \frac{mr^n}{\sin\theta} P_n^m (\tilde{c}_{mn} \cos m \phi - c_{mn}\sin m \phi),
\end{multline}

\begin{multline}
   u_\phi = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sum_{m=0}^n \frac{mr^{n+1} P_n^m}{\sin\theta} \left(\frac{1}{r^2} - \frac{(n+3)}{(n+1)R^2} \right) \times \\ (\tilde{b}_{mn}\cos m \phi - b_{mn} \sin m \phi) + \\ r^n\sin\theta P_n^{m'}(  c_{mn} \cos m \phi +  \tilde{c}_{mn}\sin m \phi),
\end{multline}
where $P_m^n$ are the associated Legendre polynomials indexed by integers $m,n$, and $R$ the radius of the sphere. For the sake of simplicity we set $b_{mn} = \tilde{b}_{mn}$ and $c_{mn} = \tilde{c}_{mn}$, which fixes the phase of $\phi$ whilst keeping the topology the same. The modes are thus denoted by two variables, $b_{mn}$ and $c_{mn}$.

The first few axisymmetric modes are shown to match with the simulated flow structures on a grid (Fig.~\ref{Fig3}). We observe that the $b$-modes are aligned longitudinally across the sphere, whereas the $c$-modes run along lines of latitude and form closed streamlines. Cross sections of the box and sphere reveal the similarities between the internal flow structures. The topological equivalence between a sphere and a box dictates that these flow structures should be compatible. We do note, however, that corner effects can give rise to eddies that are unique to the geometry of a box \cite{LaugaStokesCorner}. Most interestingly, the $b_{20}$ and $c_{20}$ modes have built-in defects analogous to topologies proposed earlier: the former consists of a line of head-on defects at the equator, while the latter consists of two oppositely rotating hemispheres, giving rise to a shear defect along the equator. The spherical solutions therefore present a natural framework in which to embed the design space of surface-driven flow structures.

Plots of higher order modes and their streamlines (Fig.~\ref{Fig5} and Figs.~S5-9) show that these general rules of thumb still apply: $b$ modes give rise to patches of oppositely moving flow on the surface, while $c$-modes give rise to closed vortices. Higher order modes give rise to more patches or more vortices, corresponding to smaller compartments in which tracer particles can traverse (Figs.~S8-9).
The $b$-modes are better at mixing particles radially within their compartments due to streamlines that redirect particles toward the $z = 0$ axis, whereas particles move along concentric closed curves at approximately constant radius in $c$-modes (Fig. S5-7). These properties can be combined and used when designing microfluidic devices that require specific bulk flow patterns.

\subsection*{Chaotic mixing by mode superposition}

Inspired by previous work showing that Stokes flows within droplets can give rise to chaotic streamlines \cite{bajer1990class,stone1991chaotic,ward2006chaotic}, we ask whether our surface-driven flow patterns can do the same.
Indeed, we find evidence of chaotic mixing in the superposed $b$ and $c$ modes (Fig.~\ref{Fig5}).
Whereas the individual $b$ and $c$ modes do not feature chaos, we do find evidence of chaotic mixing in superpositions of these modes (Fig.~\ref{Fig5}).
To quantify this, we consider the trajectories of tracer particle pairs that are initially spaced a distance $dr_0 = 10^{-6}$ apart (in dimensionless units).
Fig.~\ref{Fig5}B depicts 10 such trajectories subject to the $b_{21}$ flow field only.
The blue dots denote the starting positions of one pair of particles, which cannot be visually resolved.
The green dots denote their final positions after integrating to time $t=500$. The red curve in Fig.~\ref{Fig5}F plots the separation $dr$ as a function of time, averaged over 1000 randomly seeded trajectories, and shows that the particle pairs remain close together throughout their trajectories, with a final separation less than $dr=10^{-3}$. Similarly, the blue curve in Fig.~\ref{Fig5}F suggests that the $c_{21}$ mode is not chaotic.

Trajectories of the $b_{21}+c_{21}$ modes combined, however, will on average diverge rapidly to a distance comparable to the system size $(R=1$). Fig.~\ref{Fig5}C depicts a single pair of trajectories that begin at the blue dot near the center of the sphere. After a time $t=500$, the green dots show the separation of these two particles at a distance comparable to the diameter of the sphere.
This chaotic mixing is further illustrated by the Poincare sections at $x=0$ for the $b_{21}$ and $b_{21}+c_{21}$ modes (Fig.~\ref{Fig5}D-E), each built from 1000 randomly seeded trajectories. The Poincare section of $b_{21}$ is notably sparser than that of $b_{21}+c_{21}$, showing that the superposition of modes is far more effective at mixing.

To understand this better, we map out the entire phase space of mixing potential by superpositions of the $n=2$ modes (Fig.~\ref{Fig5}G).
This heat map shows the exponent of $dr$ for each pair of superposed modes. Again, only the superposed modes show signs of mixing.
We note, however, that only the modes consisting of $b$ superposed onto $c$ lead to chaotic advection, suggesting that fundamental properties from each mode are necessary ingredients.
Somewhat surprisingly, even the axisymmetric mode $b_{20}$ showed moderate signs of mixing when superposed with the $c_{21}$ and $c_{22}$ modes, but the $b_{21}+c_{22}$ mode combination did not.
Though we can predict the flow structures of simple surface patterns, it is not obvious, for example, which of the more complex topologies will lead to chaotic mixing and which do not.
Prior theoretical work has shown that fluid properties such as stretching, twisting, and folding are essential for chaotic mixing \cite{bajer1990class,stone1991chaotic,ward2006chaotic,smith2019geometry,ottino1989kinematics}, but further work is required to understand how such concepts may arise in the devices proposed here.

\section*{Discussion}

In this paper, we have proposed a new class of flow patterns that utilize surface-driven flows rather than externally applied pressure gradients in confined geometries. In the first part of the paper,  we consider a realization of active boundaries using light-controllable surface-driven active particles and present the design space associated with bulk flows programmed by surface activity. We model a suspension of active colloidal particles, which can bind to the directional tracks grafted onto a closed chamber surfaces.
We demonstrate that these currents can be optimised by tuning the particle attachment and detachment probabilities, and other physical parameters including the diffusivity and the surface velocity.
The particular geometry that we considered (uniform flow in confinement) required that diffusion be large relative to advection (low $Pe$ limit) in order to establish steady state flows, reducing the possible effects of flow-enhanced concentration gradients or density fluctuations. However, our present study has only explored the realm of low velocities and Reynolds number. Future work remains to be done to probe the effects of advective feedback at intermediate Re as well as other geometries.

The non-equilibrium transport by active particles is augmented further by optogenetic perturbations, using active particles that reverse velocity upon illumination.
Hence, different classes of topological defects are created by light patterning, giving rise to flow structures that each have different functions including hydrodynamic compartmentalisation, translation and rotation, and chaotic mixing.

Importantly, the concept of active boundaries is much more general than any specific implementation.
In this paper we used the analogy of light-controlled active particles walking in one direction, but multiple channels can be combined to create a full orthogonal control of the active carpet.
For example, myosin motors tuned by one wavelength of light can generate surface flows via actin tracks along the $x$ direction, while kinesins run on microtubules grafted along $y$ with control via another light bandwidth.
Moreover, besides molecular motors, these surface-driven flows may equally be driven by artificial cilia \cite{den2008artificial, van2009printed} in spatially patterned magnetic landscapes, engineered bacterial carpets \cite{darnton2004moving, mathijssen2019nutrient, jin2018biofilm}, hydrogel actuators, liquid crystal elastomers, and other responsive materials \cite{warner2007liquid, stuart2010emerging, wang2013light}. But regardless of implementation, the same fundamental modes and design principles can emerge.

The generality of the concept of surface-driven flows led us to develop an analytic theory that reveals the possible flow structures in terms of fundamental modes, which may be superposed spatiotemporally.
Hence, microfluidic flows may be designed at microscopic resolution without the need for physical channel fabrication.
The simplicity of such a microfluidic design platform is the minimal amount of experimental manipulation required during operation: a single active surface can already give rise to innumerable flow structures, which can be switched rapidly upon demand by direct spatial light modulation. Multiple active surfaces render this design space even richer. Hence, highly complex and dynamic time-varying protocols may be designed with these internally driven flows. Overall, this platform provides a fertile testing ground for understanding and designing active carpets from first principles.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
We acknowledge Paul Ruijgrok for many helpful discussion throughout this project and for detailed comments on the final manuscript. This work was supported by funding from the National Science Foundation Center for Cellular Construction (NSF grant DBI-1548297), a Human Frontier Science Program Fellowship to A.M. (LT001670/2017), and the Keck Foundation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Monday 22 June 2015 8:14 pm
How to retain female talent in the workplace: Offering agile working and tailored support is crucial
Lord Davies's report, published in March this year, showed that representation of women on FTSE 100 boards has almost doubled in the past four years to 23.5 per cent. The government's target for 25 per cent of board positions to be held by women by the end of this year is in sight, and there can be little doubt that British businesses are taking strides towards gender diversity at a senior level. While we should be celebrating these successes, we shouldn't lose focus on the challenges that still exist for companies wishing to achieve lasting change on gender diversity. How do we ensure that we retain enough women in the workplace over the longer term to ensure that this progress continues?
Harness all talent and ensure the environment is right
This is not a new problem. Across the City, companies have taken steps to identify and support talented women within their organisations. While many have explicitly sought to recruit more women – both at entry level and as experienced joiners – retaining these women over the longer term remains a challenge. Companies invest heavily in the recruitment and early development of women, only to see them exit the business after starting a family. For some, the decision to exit is made following a period where they have tried, and failed, to balance their career and family life; others simply wish to spend the early years with their children.
Businesses need to create and maintain an environment that enables women to balance family with a fulfilling career. At Deloitte, our focus on agile working – from splitting time in the office and working remotely, to offering flexible hours – has enabled us to provide a working environment where our women and all our people are able to work in a way that suits them and the business. However, this is only part of the solution. The other part is attracting these women back into the workplace in the first place.
Providing women with a route back to work
To do this in our business, we have introduced a return-to-work scheme – a 12-week paid internship for women who have been out of the professional services workforce for between three and six years. The scheme will run from September to December, during term-time only. The ambition is for at least 80 per cent of participants to take up longer-term roles with the firm at the end of the period. Each intern will have a tailored role to fit with their skills, and we will provide extensive coaching and development throughout the programme.
Getting the balance right
Firms need to provide a workplace that enables agility, but which also addresses any unconscious bias – both in the recruitment process and throughout employees' careers. Remember, their lives have fundamentally changed, but the office environment may not have altered very much. This means giving the additional support necessary for women returning to the workplace, whether after maternity leave or a career break, to develop their potential and ensure that they can find their place again. If we get these things right, I for one believe that long-term progress will be made.
Emma Codd is managing partner for talent at Deloitte.
Travelling made simple
Still considered one of the best travel apps out there, Tripit takes the stress out of journeys. The app creates a comprehensive but easy-to-use itinerary, enabling you to keep all your arrangements and appointments in one place. It'll also collate weather forecasts, maps and even directions to your locations.
All you have to do is forward confirmation emails for flights, hotels and anything else, and it'll automatically build your itinerary for you.
Office Politics Archive
Workplace equality
Credit Suisse preparing to cut 10 per cent of European investment bankers – report
Three in four Brits want hybrid work to cope with cost of living crisis
Hybrid working UK
Searches for overseas jobs by Brits surge with Dubai most popular destination
Work abroad searches
Cost of living crisis prompts almost a third of UK workers to take second job
UK voters' concerns on inflation reach highest level in four decades
UK inflation concerns
Demand for alternative assets to rise 46 per cent over next 12 months
Weak British pound sees salaries paid out to Akin Gump's new lawyers surge to £179,000 a year
Talent war
Pandemic-born businesses could add over £20bn to UK economy, study shows
Pandemic businesses UK

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Doisy Daëne wine has a style of its own that privileges a bursting fruit concentrated by the "noble rot", strength, balance and subtlety of the flavors. The Doisy-Daëne style is all at once the expression of a great calcareous soil and a truly aesthetic family tradition, the one of distinguished white wines, of crystal-like purity, combining power and freshness, in an infinite youth.
Barrel Sample. A touch of vanilla on the nose leads to a full palate of rich honey and ripe yellow fruits. A lively acidity brings a crisp counterbalance to this weight, offering a bright citrus verve.
Bright peach, nectarine and tangerine notes form the core, with a lacing of hazelnut. Shows a touch of youthful coarseness on the finish that has yet to settle in, but this remains concentrated overall.


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Beverly Hills High School
Boys varsity basketball champions of 2014 MaxPreps Holiday Classic
The boys' varsity basketball team was crowned champions of the Gear To The Max division at the 2014 MaxPreps Holiday Classic in Palm Springs. The Normans surpassed Urspring, a German club, in the championship game on Dec. 30, 49-38. In the tournament, Beverly defeated Redmond, JSerra Catholic, Cathedral Catholic and Urspring. As well as the…
Guy Ginsberg
The boys' varsity basketball team was crowned champions of the Gear To The Max division at the 2014 MaxPreps Holiday Classic in Palm Springs. The Normans surpassed Urspring, a German club, in the championship game on Dec. 30, 49-38.
In the tournament, Beverly defeated Redmond, JSerra Catholic, Cathedral Catholic and Urspring.
As well as the championship, Norman center Chance Comanche was awarded Most Valuable Player of the tournament. Regardless of Comanche's valuable play, Coach Jarvis Turner emphasizes the fact that the win was a team effort.
"You know Chance got the MVP of the tournament, but it was pretty much a great team effort. Eman and Navid played well. Jalen, Max and Trevor, they all played well. It was a collective effort by everybody, and they just played well as a team. Nobody was really outstanding or played great but everybody was solid and just playing the game the right way," Turner said.
Point guard Eric Ross recounts the championship victory, and realizes the implications of the game on the rest of the season.
"It was really exciting. It felt good and brought us together as a team. I hope we can use this as momentum for the rest of our season," Ross said.
While Turner recognizes the strong competition in Ocean League, he remains confident in his team's ability to win the league.
"I think our league is really tough, Santa Monica will be really good and Lawndale is going to be good, but our goal is just to win our league and I think that's what we have to look forward to now." Turner said. "I think we have a good opportunity to do that, we just got to go out there, keep getting better and keep playing the game the right way."
The Normans followed up their championship run with a 59-44 home victory against Milken on Jan. 8.
Review: 'Betty White: A Celebration' toasts to White's brilliant life, bringing tears and laughter to viewers
by Michelle Sheen | Arts and Entertainment
"The world looks different now. She was great at defying expectation. She managed to grow very old and somehow, not old enough. We'll miss you, Betty. Now you know the secret," actor Ryan Reynolds said in a Dec. 31, 2021 tweet (@vancityreynolds). "RIP Betty White, the...
Column: This winter, encourage eating
by Maya Henry | Education, Opinion
Every December, malls wrap their fake indoor plants in silver tinsel, radio stations blast Christmas carols with different beats but the same lyrics, and people from Southern California convince themselves that 65 degrees is below freezing and worthy of a scarf, mug...
B4L changes its look
by Alexys DeMaria | Schools
The slogan "Baron For Life" is intertwined throughout the Fountain Valley High School campus and culture. It finds itself embedded in speeches, posters and most prominently in the B4L raffle here at FVHS. The four B4L values of being considerate, analytical, curious...
Fountain Valley girls' basketball gets seized by Anaheim High School
by Jenny Tran | Sports
On Saturday, the Fountain Valley High School girls' basketball team suffered a loss against Anaheim High School with a final score of 80-60. Some key players include seniors Audrey and Margaret Tengan who contributed the most for the Barons. Junior Mary Nguyen, senior...
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Vodafone One Convention - Creativa.
Organization of a convention for all national distributors, focused on the concept of the campaign and in which the public feels involved.
We set the event on a space trip that will take the audience to the top.
The guests made a trip of no return to the future, to a place where new technologies are the order of the day, a place only accessible to those who are willing to take advantage of the unique opportunity offered by the Company: take the ship that gives them will place above the competition.
The event took place in the pavilion 1 of Ifema, a space of more than 5 thousand square meters set in space, through the recreation of a lunar scene, with imperfections, rocks, craters, and a space station from which they left the speakers to make their presentations. For this, we have the best specialists in cinematographic scenography, who made the best finishes for an ephemeral event.
The content of the convention consisted in the broadcast of themed videos, entrances to each speaker, and special effects that brought the public closer to the lunar space at all times. In addition to the spectacular staging of each of the speakers, such as the Director, acting as an astronaut flying above the public.
The event was a success both for the spectacular staging and the great impact it generated among the guests. A convention very aligned with the concept of the campaign, with a great ambition of notary and oriented to generate much PR around the launch of Vodafone One.


Warner Bros. on Wednesday reported that Matt Reeves' Batman film will hit theaters in June 2021.
Ben Affleck was recently set to star in the film Batman yet he is prepared to pass the light; another Caped Crusader is to be cast.
"Who will be in the suite stays a mystery however The Batman has a release date".
Ben Affleck was recently set to star in the film following his exhibitions in Justice League and Batman v. Superman, yet another Caped Crusader is to be thrown.
Warner Bros. likewise dated the following Suicide Squad film, to be composed by James Gunn, for 2021. The studio set an adaption of Stephen King's The Shining spin-off, Doctor Sleep, for November this year, and Robert Zemeckis' The Witches for October 2020. The fans are excited to see there favorite comic hero Batman to save day.


text:
Q: Laplace transform and Cauchy integral formula Let $f : \Bbb R_+ \to \Bbb C$ be a bounded and continuous function such that its Laplace transform is holomorphic on all $z \in \Bbb C$ such that $Re(z)>0$ and has a meromorphic extension on $\Bbb H_{-\delta}:=\{z \in \Bbb C \lvert Re(z)>-\delta\}$ for some positive $\delta$. Let $\mathcal L_Tf(z):=\int_0^T f(t)e^{-tz}dt$. Let $R>0$, show that on $\Omega_R = \Bbb H_{-\frac{\delta}2} \cap D(0,R)$ $$\mathcal L_Tf(0)-\mathcal Lf(0) = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \oint_{\partial\Omega_R}(\mathcal L_Tf(z)-\mathcal Lf(z))\bigg(1+\frac{z^2}{R^2}\bigg)e^{Tz} \frac{dz}{z}$$
I thought of using Cauchy integral formula for $\mathcal L_Tf(z)-\mathcal Lf(z)$ but this would just give me that $\mathcal L_Tf(0)-\mathcal Lf(0) = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \oint_{\partial\Omega_R}(\mathcal L_Tf(z)-\mathcal Lf(z)) \frac{dz}{z}$. How does the $\bigg(1+\frac{z^2}{R^2}\bigg)e^{Tz} $ part appear ?

A: You probably meant $\mathcal Lf(z)$ has an holomorphic extension to (an open containing) $\Re(z)\ge 0$.
(as it fails with $f(x)=1$ such that $\mathcal L_Tf(z)=1/z$ has a pole at $z=0$)
Then given $R$ for $\delta$ small enough this is just the Cauchy integral formula (or residue theorem) for $(\mathcal L_Tf(z)-\mathcal Lf(z) )(1+\frac{z^2}{R^2})e^{Tz}$


Main Title Abiological Methylation of Mercury in Soil.
The results from this work define several factors influencing the methylation of mercuric ion in soil. Two of the most important findings were that is is possible to extract the mercury methylating factor from soil with a solution of 0.5/V sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and that this factor is responsible for the abiological methylation of Hg in the soils under investigation.


IT Finanzmagazin: Can Banks Digitalize? How Do Banks and FinTechs Cooperate?
Under this heading, digital natives met at the German Association for Financial Analysis and Asset Management's FinTech Forum in Frankfurt that brought together representatives from FinTechs and traditional banks.
Chris Boos held the keynote, with his trademark prediction of AI-powered processes, pointing out that, in established banks, AI can and will help increase day-to-day efficiency by fully automating manual processes.
How, then, do the FinTechs come in here? At the Forum, altogether eight of them were present, pitching their asset management solutions for automated and intelligent investment decisions, employing Big Data and AI.
Next to Berlin as Germany's current start up hub, Frankfurt now boosts the cooperation between banks and FinTechs, that, to this day, remain to be rather unequal partners. The two cities are clearly competing against each other over FinTechs, yet a certain complementarity seems to come into being, with client focus in Berlin's startups mainly addressing the B2C sector, while their Frankfurt competitors focus on the B2Bs, mirroring the city's general economic profile.
During the ensuing discussion – 'Are we able to digitalize?' between traditional bankers and FinTech representatives, the banks' interest in FinTechs providing advantages became apparent once more. This particularly applies to the Sales side as well as the aspect of FinTech's introducing the latest technologies into the banks. Reversely, by cooperating with banks, FinTechs themselves gain better market and client access that counterbalances end consumers' still insufficient trust in FinTech companies. For both sides, then, a cooperation thus adds benefits.
Yet, the major success factor for cooperating seems to be a smooth merger of the banks' mostly old-fashioned IT infrastructures with FinTech's latest tech – no mean feat, as the bankers present ensured the audience. Some institutions have tackled this challenge already, setting up structures to develop solutions. Deka, e.g., established a test lab.
Another question intensely discussed was: Do Big Tech firms such as 'GAFA' threaten existing business models, if not the very existence, of banks? Perhaps not surprisingly, experts came up with markedly differing views. Whereas the bankers tended to be more optimistic, emphasizing their role as trusted partners for clients, the FinTech reps underlined the severe threat already posed to the banks by platform economies and open banking. Already, these are on their way to diminish product portfolios and create successful customer journeys. Although, then, banks and FinTechs disagreed on the current challenges' consequences, yet numerous cooperation options are being investigated, and more are to come.
The question remains, bearing in mind Chris Boos' initial prediction, when (not if), by using Big Data and AI-powered automated processes, a symbiosis between banks and FinTechs will become reality.
Click here for the article (German version).


Nature Sports Relaxation As well as customer attention, comfort and extensive hospitality.
Different solutions for your vacation needs, for winter and summer, in a hotel, residence or chalet.
The mountains are an irresistible draw year-round for sports enthusiasts, mountain climbers and for an ever growing public in search of peace, relaxation, privacy and a touch of the fashionable lifestyle. A vacation destination in a natural setting.
If you want to spend an unforgettable summer or winter vacation nestled in the wonderful surroundings of Adamello Regional Park and Stelvio National Park, come and see us in Temù! You can choose the vacation solution that is best for you: at the Hotel Adamello, the Residence Antigua or the Chalet Bedolina.
Whichever solution you choose, you will experience a vacation in contact with nature, with lodgings in renovated, comfortable buildings, complete with a full range of services to satisfy all your needs.
You will be able to enjoy many different sports activities, including alpine skiing (summer and winter), downhill skiing (winter), trekking and hiking, ice skating, soccer, horseback riding, stream fishing, mountain biking, rafting, golf and swimming. Also, you can relax in front of the fireplace in the cold winter evenings or on the solarium terrace during the summer, or you can dip in the nearby hot springs or sample our regional cuisine, every detail of which is attended to personally by the owner. Discover the many summer and winter activities!
What's more, as the cultural center of the High Val Camonica, Temù offers you the opportunity to visit the many museums in the area.
We guarantee that your stay will be filled with the best care and services to make your vacation a unique and unforgettable experience.
We invite you to indulge in an utterly unique experience where the body, mind and soul come together as one.
All you need to do is make a reservation, and we'll take care of the rest!
Call (Cell. +39 339 7223791) or write for information on availability and reservations.
Want to test your skills and see if you're faster than the other? Join all'AdamelloSkiRaid!
If you like hiking and snowshoeing, keep free the night of full moon during the month of February each year.
Who wants to regenerate body and spirit can take advantage of the hot springs treatments and their soothing and invigorating at the same time.


text:
Steven Smith, MD
Orthopedic Surgeon & Sports Medicine Specialist located in Kansas City, MO
Northland Orthopedics & Sports Medicine Providers Steven Smith, MD
About Dr. Smith
Steven Smith, MD, is an orthopedic surgeon who established Northland Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, serving Kansas City, Missouri, on Clay Edwards Drive in 2017.
In anticipation of becoming a physician, Dr. Smith earned a bachelor's degree in pre-professional zoology from Northwest Missouri State University in Maryville, Missouri. After, he completed his medical degree in 1994 from the Carver College of Medicine - University of Iowa in Iowa City. Later, he completed a residency in orthopedics at the Indiana University Medical Center in Indianapolis, Indiana.
In 2000, Dr. Smith joined Northland Bone & Joint and continued as a partner with the practice until 2016. During his time at Northland Bone & Joint, he received his certification in orthopedic surgery through the American Board of Orthopedic Surgery. In 2017, Dr. Smith opened a private practice, Northland Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, where he currently provides the Kansas City area with treatments such as joint replacement surgery and physical therapy.
In addition to the more than 19 years of experience Dr. Smith has as a private practice physician, he also acts as the team physician for Park Hill South and Park Hill School Districts for the last 18 years. Additionally, he has been serving as the team physician for Park University in Parkville, Missouri, for almost two decades.
Additionally, Dr. Smith has served as the president of the medical staff at North Kansas City Hospital and St. Luke's Northland Hospital. He has also served as the chairman of the surgery department at North Kansas City Hospital.
In college, Dr. Smith played collegiate football. This experience allows him to empathize with his patients while providing them with the care they need.
We accept most major insurance plans
We accept most major insurance plans. Please contact the medical office for all insurance related questions.
View full list of companies
Aetna Medicare PPO
Aetna PPO/HMO
BCBS Blue Select
BCBS Federal Employee Program
BCBS Illinois PPO
BCBS Medicare Advantage
Cigna Connect HMO
Cigna Health Springs (Medicare HMO)
Cigna Sure Fit
CoreSource
Coventry Advantra Medicare PPO
Coventry HMO & PPO
Humana PPO & HMO
Medicare RR
Tricare For Life
TriWest
UHC
UHC Community Plan
UHC Medicare Adv
UHC Medicare Complete
UHC Medicare Solutions


text:
Hani ibn Urwa (arabiska: هانيء بن عروة), död 680 i Kufa, var en jemenitisk ledare i Kufa som förlorade sitt liv under ett försök att tillsammans med Muslim ibn Aqil (representant till den tredje shiaimamen Husayn ibn Ali) skapa stöd för shiaimamen i Kufa. Men de misslyckades och det slutade senare med att slaget vid Karbala ägde rum år 681. I Kufa hade Hani gett husrum till Muslim, men när guvernören Ubaydullah ibn Ziyad fick reda på att Muslim befann sig i Hanis hus tillfångatogs Hani och fängslades. Hani avrättades genom halshuggning år 680 utan något anmärkningsvärt motstånd från folkets sida. Muslim ibn Aqil avrättades kort efter det.

Hani var en mycket entusiastisk shiamuslim. Han var också en av Kufas dignitärer, en av dess recitatörer av Koranen, och sheikh och ledare för Murad-klanen.

Se även

 Mukhtar al-Thaqafi

Referenser

Män
Avlidna 680
Personligheter inom islam
Personer som blivit avrättade genom halshuggning

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Now our most popular mat set, embroidered fronts with deer and proper "Impala SS" script with NEW one piece rear mat (deer embroidery on drive shaft hump center). Snaps on bottom of fronts. * Available in OEM light gray, charcoal (smoke) or black. Mats are dropshipped from the Manufacturer and take approx 10 days to build and ship. Sales tax on mats will be added for CA orders.


text:
Berlinale Details 2021 EFM Plans & Unveils Co-Pro Market Lineup
'Missions': AMC's Shudder Acquires Seasons 1 & 2 Of France's Sci-Fi Series
Denise Petski
Senior Managing Editor
More Stories By Denise
'The Last Of Us': 'Beanpole' Helmer To Direct Pilot Of HBO's Video Game Series Adaptation
'The Chi': Luke James Upped To Series Regular For Season 4 Of Showtime Drama
'Black Mafia Family': Michole Briana White, Ajiona Alexus, Eric Kofi-Abrefa & Myles Truitt Join Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson's Series On Starz
AB International
AMC Networks' Shudder streaming service has acquired Seasons 1 and 2 of France's critically praised sci-fi series Missions from AB International Distribution. Under the deal, Shudder has exclusive first window rights for the U.S., Canada and UK/Ireland for Season 1 of the OCS Signature series. The streaming service will launch Season 1 on September 28 across its territories, and will also co-produce the 10-episode Season 2, slated to air in 2018.
Created by Henri Debeurme, Julien Lacombe and Ami Cohen, and directed by Julien Lacombe, Missions tells how an expedition on Mars is transformed into a rescue mission to save a competitor's ship and crew. The series addresses the future of our species and planet, drawing unexpected parallels between Mars and the Earth, by means of a powerful and unusual ecological allegory.
Missions received the TV Critic's Best Series Awards at the MIP Drama Screenings and The Discovery Prize at Series Mania earlier this year. The series is produced by Empreinte Digitale,
AB International Distribution
5 Open Road's Liam Neeson Pic 'The Marksman' Takes $3.7M At MLK Weekend Box Office
8 Netflix Takes 'Red Notice'; Ryan Reynolds Joins Dwayne Johnson & Gal Gadot In Rawson Marshall Thurber-Directed Global Heist Film
Latest International News
India's 'Master' Has A Blast In Global Debut; 'Soul' Becomes China's No. 3 Pixar Pic - International Box Office
Int'l Critics Line: Todd McCarthy On Pedro Almodovar's 'The Human Voice'
Oscars Expand Shortlist For International Film Contenders To 15, Eliminate Executive Committee "Saves"
Int'l Critics Line: Todd McCarthy On Mexico's Oscar Entry 'I'm No Longer Here'


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In this economic climate individuals typically resort to Do-It-Yourself bug controlling approaches rather than working with a specialist. Whichever choice you choose, you need to first consider the pros and disadvantages of both: specialist insect control and home insect control.
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Does the pest business offer skilled and also experienced professionals? You ought to employ someone that will certainly know just how to quickly identify how big the problem is and what type of insect they are taking care of.
Is the firm bonded, insured, and also licensed? Examine the qualifications of the business you are taking care of to make sure they are guaranteed. Some states need a certificate for specific kinds of chemicals.
Does the firm offer estimates or quotes? It is critical to know how much the service is mosting likely to cost before you sign up. The majority of business supply complimentary quotes via phone or online.
Do they provide any service warranties or money back ensures? To ensure that you are going to get a solution that deserves the money, check what kind of policies they supply.
What type of pests can they manage? Some companies only deal with indoor pests while others may only treat outdoors. Establish whether the firm you want to employ deals therapy for the type o f vermin you have.
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text:
The Go Set announce In The Streets tour
Aussie folk punkers The Go Set are getting ready to bring their huge one-arm-around-your-mate-and-the-other-in-the-air sing-alongs down the East Coast and to Adelaide on the In The Streets tour this April. They are also excited to announce a new video for the latest single - and the title-track for their latest album - Rolling Sound.
Directed by Matt Weston (Cosmic Psychos, The Nation Blue) and filmed on Super 8 film, the Rolling Sound music video creates a sense of nostalgia as it cuts between shots of kids having ice-cream fights on the beach and skating around the Melbourne suburbs, intersected with flickering shots of a pensive older man and various city landscapes.
Rolling Sound (2015) is The Go Set's sixth studio album, and while earlier records had been produced by the likes of Lindsay Gravina (Hole), Jonathon Burnside (NOFX), Rob Younger (Radio Birdman), and Paul McKercher (Something for Kate, Silverchair), this was the first time the Melbourne-based sextet decided to go at it alone, producing and recording the album entirely on their own in an old surf club on the Victorian west coast.
The Go Set formed in 2002 and since then they have released six albums and toured relentlessly, having played over 1,200 shows in pubs, clubs and festivals in over 22 countries. Alongside the Rolling Sound LP in October last year, The Go Set released the These are the Days DVD, which followed the band over a decade and documented the struggles of remaining independent, the highs and lows of touring, the writing process and the hardship experienced throughout
Tickets are on sale now from The Go Set.
Fri 8th April - Gold Coast, Southern Cross Hotel
Sat 9th April - Brisbane, Beetle Bar
Fri 15th April - Sydney, Brighton Up Bar
Sat 16th April - Canberra, Transit Bar
Fri 22nd April - Geelong, Barwon Club
Sat 23rd April - Adelaide, Grace Emily
Sun 24th April - Melbourne, The Tote


Eastgate Animal Clinic provides preventive kitten and puppy wellness care for your new pet. We understand the excitement of adding a new puppy or kitten to your family. We are here to answer any questions you may have regarding all your pet's health care needs, such as vaccinations, nutrition, or spaying and neutering.
Puppies and kittens have special and different dietary requirements than adult or senior pets. It is important that new pets receive adequate nutrition to support them during their growth stage. We welcome any questions you may have regarding your pet's nutrition, and our in-house pharmacy carries a variety of puppy and kitten formulas to promote growth and wellness.
In addition to preventing pregnancy, there are many health advantages to spaying and neutering your pet, including the elimination of certain cancers or infections. Spaying or neutering your pet will not alter their personality, but it can minimize unwanted behaviors such as male aggression or urine spraying in cats. Your pet's health and safety are our primary concern, and the utmost care is taken during your pet's surgical visit.
We offer a selection of puppy and kitten wellness packages, in addition to our current coupons and promotions. For your convenience, we provide a separate entrance for cats and offer drop-off appointments. Please contact us to schedule a puppy or kitten wellness visit.


text:
Больё () — коммуна во Франции, находится в регионе Рона — Альпы. Департамент коммуны — Ардеш. Входит в состав кантона Жуайёз. Округ коммуны — Ларжантьер.

Код INSEE коммуны — 07028.

Население
Население коммуны на 2008 год составляло 437 человек.

Экономика
В 2007 году среди 255 человек в трудоспособном возрасте (15—64 лет) 170 были экономически активными, 85 — неактивными (показатель активности — 66,7 %, в 1999 году было 69,2 %). Из 170 активных работали 138 человек (80 мужчин и 58 женщин), безработных было 32 (15 мужчин и 17 женщин). Среди 85 неактивных 11 человек были учениками или студентами, 37 — пенсионерами, 37 были неактивными по другим причинам.

Достопримечательности
 Дольмен Буа-де-Рош
 Церковь XIX века

Фотогалерея

См. также
 Список округов Франции

Примечания

Ссылки

Коммуны департамента Ардеш


Resman IT support & services provider, managed support and consultancy.
We are an innovative and experienced Managed IT Services Provider, with a track record in providing outstanding technology solutions and service across sectors and sizes of organisation. Our base is in Liverpool but we support clients across the UK.
We are experts in implementing and supporting IT infrastructures for business of all sizes and sectors. Whether your organisation consists of 5 desktops or 500, we have solutions to match your requirements.
Our approach is consultative and always lead by a senior member of our team; we engage with you, understand your needs and drivers for change, and then build a total solution embracing best of breed products and services, which is then delivered and supported by our in-house team and outstanding levels of service.
Regular client contact and engagement ensures your investment in technology is maximised and meets your organisation's evolving needs.
Our services include professional services, cyber security, project management, connectivity, cloud migration, cloud backup, Microsoft 365, cloud hosting, bespoke software development and systems integration, mobility solutions, business intelligence, consultancy and the provision of outstanding hardware, software and systems support.
© 2018 Resman Limited is Registered in England & Wales Number 02463322.


text:
Highland Elementary School
Valley View Elementary School
Columbia Academy
Columbia Heights High School
Columbia Heights Public Schools
Creating worlds of opportunity for each and every learner.
All Belong, All Succeed
About CHPS
Meet The Superintendent
North Park Elementary
American Indian Education
Enroll Your Student
Healthy Hylanders
Teachers On Call
Access ParentVUE/StudentVUE
Buy CHPS Apparel
Enroll My Student
Register for a Community Ed Class
COVID-19 Main Page
Child Care for Critical Workers
Where We All Belong
Emergency Weather Closings
Food Services (Meal payments and information)
Safe Streets for Students
Student Support Resources
The Back-to-School guide publication has been replaced by a page in the annual District Calendar -- and this webpage! Items not listed on this page will be included in the Student Rights & Responsibilities Handbook given to each District Household.
Look up School Board Policies HERE.
Find Facilities information HERE.
Back-to-School Student Needs Survey
Technology Use Agreement
Application for Educational Benefits
Meal Delivery Opt-In (Coming Soon)
School Safe Zones
All CHPS sites are designated as "safe-zones" by the Minnesota State Legislature. This means there are increased penalties and stronger sentencing guidelines for those convicted for the sale, use and/or possession of illegal drugs or dangerous weapons within 300 feet, or one block, of any Columbia Heights Public Schools property line.
Drivers and staff are dedicated to providing safe, secure and reliable transportation for qualified students each school day. District bus stops and routes are designed with safety, efficiency, cost and shortest overall ride times. Information on busing is mailed directly to homes approximately two weeks before school starts. Find your student's route information online on ParentVue. Call Monarch Bus Service at 612.843.0118 to report the following: 1) when your child will not be riding the bus; 2) lost and found items; 3) if the bus is more than five minutes late. CHPS provides school bus service to all PreK 4 and kindergartners enrolled in CHPS who live within their elementary school boundary area. For more information, call 763-528-4424.
CHPS has an established process for closing schools during extreme weather. School closings are announced on KARE11 (channel 11), WCCO (channel 4), KSTP (channel 5) and Fox 9 (channel 9). Families also are notified by automated telephone calls to homes, emails, the District website, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Please note if none of the above are activated, school is in session. Tip: Look for the "Weather Alert" graphic on the web.
CHPS offers educational benefits to qualifying families including free and reduced price meals. These benefits can help both your family and your school! For more information, call 763-528-4520.
Download the application for Educational Benefits (Ver en Espanol)
Lists of supplies students need for the 2020-2021 school year will be made available HERE.
Immunization Records
Students entering elementary and secondary school for the 2020-2021 school year must meet the Minnesota State Law immunization requirements (121A.15, subdivision 1). Students must show they have had the required immunizations or file a legal exemption with the school.
According to the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) of 1986, Columbia Heights Public Schools has inspected all school buildings for asbestos-containing materials.
Asbestos management plans were developed for each school building based on inspection results. As part of the asbestos management plans, six-month asbestos surveillance and three-year re-inspections are conducted at each school, to monitor the condition of asbestos-containing materials. Readily-accessible materials in unsatisfactory condition and/or about to be impacted by school renovation are removed by Minnesota Department of Health-licensed asbestos abatement contractors. District policies for compliance with asbestos-related regulations are printed in a management plan for each school. Building-specific plans are available for review at the District Office. For more information, call 763.528.4525.
Columbia Heights Public Schools has developed and implemented an Indoor Air Quality Management Program to monitor and improve air quality in all district buildings. The district program is based on school guidelines from the Minnesota Department of Education and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The district's Manager of Buildings and Grounds works with school administrators and custodians to implement preventive maintenance strategies and communicate with parents and building occupants about indoor air quality issues. For more information, call 763.528.4525.
Testing Lead in School Drinking Water
Under MN Statutes, 121A.335 Lead in School Drinking Water, school districts and charter schools are required to test for the presence of lead in water. Columbia Heights Public Schools has adopted the model plan developed by the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) and the Minnesota Department of Education (MDE) for testing lead in drinking water. The plan includes a testing schedule for all buildings serving prekindergarten students and students in kindergarten through grade 12. Each drinking water tap or water source used in food preparation is to be tested at minimum once every five years. Test results are to be available to the public for review, and parents are to be notified of the availability of the information.
If a test reveals a lead level of 20 parts per billion (ppb) or higher, the district immediately removes the fixture from service until the hazard has been remediated." The Manager of Buildings & Grounds oversees implementation and maintenance of the Lead in Drinking Water Program and model plan. For questions, report results and up-to-date information regarding sampling efforts, call 763-528-4525
1440 49th Ave. NE, Columbia Heights, MN 55421
© 2006-2019 Columbia Heights, Minn. All Rights Reserved.


Southernhay Church's premises are available for community use during the week. We regard all who use our buildings as part of the church community.
Please note: Due to the high numbers of parents and children attending the Southernhay Play Group session on a Friday morning unfortunately we need to change how the group runs. From 20 November we will be operating a first come-first served approach to this session, with a maximum of 35 children.
The following groups are regular users of the premises. Follow the links for more details.


Are committee evaluations a good idea to have when applying?
I'm applying this summer and I'm currently a grad student, but my undergrad bio department head said they could do a committee evaluation for me.
Are these good to do as well as LORs, or should they replace what an LOR would do or what?
Is this a pre-med letter writing committee? If so, then yes, absolutely get a letter from them. Many med schools request a committee letter if your school has a pre-med committee, and it might be a red flag if you decide to apply without such a letter in that case.
The way my school's committee worked was that I was responsible for getting a certain number of letters from professors on my behalf. Our committee recommended getting two science and one or two non-science letters, one or more letters from PIs, and a letter from a significant extracurricular (i.e. coaches, volunteer coordinators, etc) if we felt it would show a different side of us than our other letters would. Letters from these sources were sent directly to the committee, and the committee went through and highlighted the particularly strong points in a type of cover letter. The committee also included information that they had gathered from our records, from personal interviews, from a series of essays we had to submit to them, and from generally knowing us on a one-on-one basis; the aim of such a letter was to capture our personalities, interests, achievements and potential. The committee letter was then bundled with all my other LORs and was sent to AMCAS and non-participating med schools as a packet.
There are many advantages to using a committee letter, and I can't think of any disadvantages (especially when the committee letter is used in conjunction with the individual LORs). Each med school has their own LOR requirements, but all of them will accept a committee letter packet.
In your particular case, I'm not sure if what you have is a pre-med committee or not. If the letter just represents the opinion of the biology department, you'll likely still need to submit non-science letters and the like.
Most schools advertise wanting a pre-med committee letter, which I dont believe is the same thing your getting at through your biology dept. as it is usually a seperate department all together that handles pre-med affairs...atleast from the schools I have seen.
If your a graduate student, my suggestion is to just get a letter of rec. from each of your graduate committee members and submit them individually. This worked well for me in both allopathic and osteopathic schools. None of the adcom advisors I spoke with said it would be a problem to submit the individual letters rather than getting a pre-med committee letter - because at my school all the pre-med committee did was summerize the individual letters you submitted to them into one big committee letter - I didnt really like that idea, seeing that my graduate committee members had known me for nearly 6 years and wrote really good letters, and I had only met the pre-med advisor once during my freshman year...I wasnt too fond of letting them pick and choose which parts of the LORs were worthy of their summary.