text:
import { isOperatorNode } from '../../../utils/is'
import { factory } from '../../../utils/factory'
import { hasOwnProperty } from '../../../utils/object'

const name = 'simplifyUtil'
const dependencies = [
  'FunctionNode',
  'OperatorNode',
  'SymbolNode'
]

export const createUtil = /* #__PURE__ */ factory(name, dependencies, ({ FunctionNode, OperatorNode, SymbolNode }) => {
  // TODO commutative/associative properties rely on the arguments
  // e.g. multiply is not commutative for matrices
  // The properties should be calculated from an argument to simplify, or possibly something in math.config
  // the other option is for typed() to specify a return type so that we can evaluate the type of arguments
  const commutative = {
    add: true,
    multiply: true
  }
  const associative = {
    add: true,
    multiply: true
  }

  function isCommutative (node, context) {
    if (!isOperatorNode(node)) {
      return true
    }
    const name = node.fn.toString()
    if (context && hasOwnProperty(context, name) && hasOwnProperty(context[name], 'commutative')) {
      return context[name].commutative
    }
    return commutative[name] || false
  }

  function isAssociative (node, context) {
    if (!isOperatorNode(node)) {
      return false
    }
    const name = node.fn.toString()
    if (context && hasOwnProperty(context, name) && hasOwnProperty(context[name], 'associative')) {
      return context[name].associative
    }
    return associative[name] || false
  }

  /**
   * Flatten all associative operators in an expression tree.
   * Assumes parentheses have already been removed.
   */
  function flatten (node) {
    if (!node.args || node.args.length === 0) {
      return node
    }
    node.args = allChildren(node)
    for (let i = 0; i < node.args.length; i++) {
      flatten(node.args[i])
    }
  }

  /**
   * Get the children of a node as if it has been flattened.
   * TODO implement for FunctionNodes
   */
  function allChildren (node) {
    let op
    const children = []
    const findChildren = function (node) {
      for (let i = 0; i < node.args.length; i++) {
        const child = node.args[i]
        if (isOperatorNode(child) && op === child.op) {
          findChildren(child)
        } else {
          children.push(child)
        }
      }
    }

    if (isAssociative(node)) {
      op = node.op
      findChildren(node)
      return children
    } else {
      return node.args
    }
  }

  /**
   *  Unflatten all flattened operators to a right-heavy binary tree.
   */
  function unflattenr (node) {
    if (!node.args || node.args.length === 0) {
      return
    }
    const makeNode = createMakeNodeFunction(node)
    const l = node.args.length
    for (let i = 0; i < l; i++) {
      unflattenr(node.args[i])
    }
    if (l > 2 && isAssociative(node)) {
      let curnode = node.args.pop()
      while (node.args.length > 0) {
        curnode = makeNode([node.args.pop(), curnode])
      }
      node.args = curnode.args
    }
  }

  /**
   *  Unflatten all flattened operators to a left-heavy binary tree.
   */
  function unflattenl (node) {
    if (!node.args || node.args.length === 0) {
      return
    }
    const makeNode = createMakeNodeFunction(node)
    const l = node.args.length
    for (let i = 0; i < l; i++) {
      unflattenl(node.args[i])
    }
    if (l > 2 && isAssociative(node)) {
      let curnode = node.args.shift()
      while (node.args.length > 0) {
        curnode = makeNode([curnode, node.args.shift()])
      }
      node.args = curnode.args
    }
  }

  function createMakeNodeFunction (node) {
    if (isOperatorNode(node)) {
      return function (args) {
        try {
          return new OperatorNode(node.op, node.fn, args, node.implicit)
        } catch (err) {
          console.error(err)
          return []
        }
      }
    } else {
      return function (args) {
        return new FunctionNode(new SymbolNode(node.name), args)
      }
    }
  }

  return {
    createMakeNodeFunction,
    isCommutative,
    isAssociative,
    flatten,
    allChildren,
    unflattenr,
    unflattenl
  }
})

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home » Blog » Best Virtual Reality Apps For 2019 Download Now
Best Virtual Reality Apps For 2019 Download Now APK
Virtual reality was a future we all looked forward to. Now, that time is here. While it may still be pretty new and not reached its maturity, the market is booming with VR products and top companies like Google, Samsung, and Facebook are working on it. VR headsets for Android does not cost a lot and with time, the VR apps are getting better and better. What are you waiting for? Let's look at some of the best virtual reality apps for 2019.
Google has two best virtual reality apps and Google Cardboard is one of them. You will be able to set up your Cardboard VR headset easily and receive a high-level tour of the VR capabilities. You can then download load VR videos, Cardboard-supported apps, and view 3D demonstrations.
Google Cardboard is a must download if you want to tool around with VR apps. In fact, there have been DIY attempts at this as well!
YouTube VR
YouTube VR is designed to take the content viewing experience a step further with its new capabilities. The VR addition for Android allows VR playback, allowing the users to view the video in VR mode, enhancing your experience.
It will work with all the top Android-supported VR headsets. However, it was designed keeping Google Daydream and Google Cardboard in mind.
Netflix VR
Did you know that Netflix, your favorite streamer, also supports VR and has done for so quite some time now? In fact, it was among the first ones to adopt VR for Android. The Netflix VR app allows the users to watch content using major VR headsets, such as Daydream, Cardboard, and Oculus.
To give you a little overview, there are two viewing modes here – the first one of a living room giving you a view of all your media and the second immersing you into the content. While there is no VR-specific content so far, you would be able to watch the other content in VR. Do note 3D is not included here. It is expected that once VR becomes more common, Netflix will add VR-specific content to its catalog.
Google Daydream is the other official VR app from Google. It was created after the Cardboard did well, which is why it features more high specifications and is overall, a much better product. To use this, you will require a Daydream-capable smartphone and a Daydream View headset.
The app works as a platform for all VR content. You will come across VR vides, settings for your headset, and other Daydream-supported apps.
Again by Google, Expeditions app is one that is designed for students and educators. They would be able to use this app to virtually explore landmarks around the world. Since the app allows the users to share the trips to other headsets, it is an excellent idea for use with a small group of students.
With over 900 tours available, users are likely to never tire of this. While it works with other headsets, it was designed specifically for Google Cardboard or Daydream headsets.
New York Times VR
The New York Times VR app now brings its users a fun way of looking at the news. The app is updated every day with new content videos. From crimes and politics to climate and fashion, you will find everything here.
If you have limited data, you can use the app's download feature. It is perfect for use on the go. With the New York Time VR, you will be able to play 360 videos without a headset.
Fulldive VR
FullDive is a VR platform that has everything from storing photos to allowing web browsing. You will be given your own VR store comprising of hundreds of VR-supported apps that you can install via Fulldive VR. Thanks to the VR camera in the app, you will also be able to take 360-degree photos and videos.
Users would also be able to view the millions of YouTube videos. The app is designed to work with all Android-capable headsets, including but not limited to Daydream, Cardboard, and Oculus.
InCell VR
VR Gaming, although popular has still not become mainstream. This is where InCell VR comes into the play. It is an educational game for children that is designed to teach them about the human body. The game is set in the 2100s where the player becomes a human defender, shrunk down in size to fit within the body. The player basically travels the body while fighting off germs and bacteria and learning some basic human biology.
Its visuals and sound effects are pretty good as well. Kids who find it hard to study from books and texts could use this method to study and gain knowledge. If you want to use it without the VR functionality, you can switch to the non-VR mode by keeping your finger on the screen. InCell VR is one amazing game, but there are plenty of others in the market as well.
Minos Starfighter VR
This a futuristic space fight game – designed to be played completely on VR. The visuals are spectacular and the sound effects are graphics are amazing. Together, it looks like Minos Starfighter VR is one of the best immersive VR Cardboard apps out there.
The player would be a space fighter pilot, fighting with alien enemies in many, different space environments.
VR Thrills: Roller Coaster 360
As the name suggests, this game is designed to bring you the thrills of the best ever VR roller coaster experience, right to your couch. It is known to be one of the best VR games for Android and has seen over 10 million installations!
With a pre-recorded 360 video, you will experience a real-life roller coaster. You can play it without using a headset, but it is optimized for Google Cardboard and the experience will be significantly better with the latter.
Best Virtual Reality Apps Best Virtual Reality Apps Android Best VR Android Apps

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Research Ethics Timeline (1932-Present)
Bioethicist
Bioethics Event Archive
Glossary of Commonly Used Terms in Research Ethics
Research Ethics Timeline (1932-Present) Research Ethics Timeline (1932-Present)
What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important?
Training and Visual Guides
by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health. Studied the effects of untreated syphilis in 400 African American men. Researchers withheld treatment even when penicillin became widely available. Researchers did not tell the subjects that they were in an experiment. Most subjects who attended the Tuskegee clinic thought they were getting treatment for "bad blood."
Morally abhorrent research conducted by German scientists on concentration camps prisoners and Japanese scientists on Chinese prisoners of war.
1940 O.R.
Two Nazi refugee scientists, Frisch and R.E. Peierls, warn the U.S. about Germany's nuclear weapons program. Albert Einstein writes a letter to Pres. Truman warning him about the Nazi threat.
The U.S. begins the $2 billion Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb.
1944-1980s
The U.S. government sponsors secret research on the effects of radiation on human beings. Subjects were not told that they were participated in the experiments. Experiments were conducted on cancer patients, pregnant women, and military personnel.
The US drops two atomic bombs on Japan.
Led by Pres. Eisenhower and a-bomb scientist Robert Oppenheimer, the "atoms for peace" movement begins.
Vannevar Bush writes the report Science: the Endless Frontier for Roosevelt. The report argues for a major increase in government spending on science and defends the ideal of a self-governing scientific community free from significant public oversight. It promotes investment in science and technology as a means of promoting national security and economic development.
The Nuremberg Code for research on human subjects is adopted. The Allies use the document in the Nuremberg Trials to convict Nazi scientists of war crimes.
Norbert Wiener, the founder of cybernetics, published an article in the Atlantic Monthly titled "A Scientist Rebels" in which he refuses to conduct research for the military.
Alfred Kinsey publishes Sexual Behavior in the Human Male; Sexual Behavior in the Human Female followed in 1953. Both of these books were very controversial. Kinsey funded the research through the Kinsey Institute.
The Soviet Union tests a hydrogen bomb; the Cold War begins.
James Watson and Francis Crick discover the structure of DNA, for which they eventually would share the Nobel Prize in 1962. They secretly obtained key x-ray diffraction data from Rosalind Franklin without her permission. She was not awarded a Nobel Prize because she died in 1953 from ovarian cancer (at age 37), and the prize is not awarded posthumously.
Saul Krugman, Joan Giles and other researchers conduct hepatitis experiments on mentally disabled children at The Willowbrook State School. They intentionally infected subjects with the disease and observed its natural progression. The experiments were approved by the New York Department of Health.
The CIA begins a mind control research program, which includes administering LSD to unwitting subjects.
The Soviets launch Sputnik, the first satellite, which triggers the U.S. government to increase its investments in science and technology to avoid falling behind in the space race.
John F. Kennedy commits the U.S. to the goal of putting a man on the moon by the end of the decade.
Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, which alerts people to the harmful effects on the environment of various toxins and pollutants, including DDT. Her book launches the environmentalist movement.
Stanley Milgram conducts his "electric shock" experiments, which proved that many people are willing to do things that they consider to be morally wrong when following the orders of an authority. He publishes Obedience to Authority in 1974.
World Medical Association, Helsinki Declaration. Ethical principles for research on human subjects. Revised several times, most recently in 2001.
The U.S. Surgeon General's office issues its first of several reports on health problems related to smoking.
Henry Beecher publishes an article in N. Engl. J. Med. exposing 22 unethical studies in biomedicine, including the Tuskegee syphilis study and the Willowbrook hepatitis study.
The Department of Defense begins to work on a project to connect its computers scattered around the U.S. at various universities and research labs. This was followed by the development of the ARPANET (1972), BITNET and USENET (1981), NSFNET (1985), the Internet (1988), and the World Wide Web (1995).
1960s/1970s
Animal rights movement; Congress adopts the Animal Welfare Act (1966, 1970, 1976, 1985), which excludes rodents and birds. States adopt animal welfare laws; US Public Health Service, Policy on the Humane Care and use of Laboratory Animals; American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC).
The US lands the first man on the moon.
The national media and Congress focus on unethical research practices with human subjects, including the Tuskegee study.
Congress passes the National Research Act, which authorizes federal agencies to develop human research regulations, e.g. 45 CFR 46, 21 CFR 50,54,56.
William Summerlin admits to fabricating data by using a marker to make black spots on white mice at Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute. He was developing a technique for transplanting skin grafts.
Monsanto and Harvard reach a deal for the first major corporate investment in a university.
Scientists gather at Asilomar, CA to discuss the benefits and risks of recombinant DNA research; the NIH forms the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee.
Peter Singer publishes Animal Liberation.
E.O. Wilson publishes Sociobiology, which re-ignites centuries-old "nature vs. nurture" debate. His book proposes biological and evolutionary explanations of human behavior and culture.
Louise Brown, the world's first test-tube baby, is born.
The National Commission releases The Belmont Report, principles of ethical research on human subjects. The Report becomes a key document in human research ethics regulations in the U.S.
Congress passes the Bayh-Dole Act, which allows researchers to patent inventions developed with government funds; the Act is amended by the Technology Transfer Act in 1986.
In Diamond v. Chakrabarty the U.S. S. Ct. rules that a genetically modified bacterium can be patented because it is the product of human ingenuity. This sets a precedent for patents on other life forms and helps to establish solid intellectual property protection for the new biotechnology industry.
The Whitehead Institute is established at MIT, another major private investment in a university.
The DHEW conducts major revisions of the federal human research regulations on human subjects research.
John Darsee, a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard, is accused of fabricating data.
William Broad and Nicholas Wade publish Betrayers of Truth, claiming that there is more misconduct in science than researchers want to admit. Their book helps to launch an era of "fraud busting" in science.
Luc Montagnier accuses Robert Gallo misappropriating an HIV strain. Gallo is found innocent of misconduct. Gallo and Montagnier also have a dispute about who should be credited with discovering HIV and who can patent a test for the virus. The U.S. and French governments reach an agreement to settle the controversy.
Roger Boisjoly warns NASA about possible O-ring failure, due to cold weather, in the space shuttle Challenger. NASA decides to go ahead with the launch, and the Challenger explodes, killing the entire crew.
A NIMH panel concludes that Steven Breuning fabricated and falsified data in 24 paper. Breuning is convicted of defrauding the federal government in 1988.
Martin Luther King is accused of plagiarizing his Ph.D. dissertation.
Margot O'Toole, a post-doctoral student at the Whitehead Institute, has some questions about a data presented in a paper authored by six of her colleagues published in the journal Cell in 1986. She asks to examine Thereza-Imanishi-Kari's lab notebooks, which seem to be inconsistent with published results. She accuses Imanishi-Kari of fabricating or falsifying data. The ensuing investigation leads to inquiries by M.I.T. and Tufts as well as the N.I.H. and a Congressional committee chaired by Rep. John Dingell. Nobel Prize winner David Baltimore is one of the co-authors on the disputed paper. Although he was not accused of misconduct, Baltimore resigned as President of Rockefeller University. He described the investigation, which was covered by the New York Times, as a "witch hunt." An appeals board at the DHHS eventually exonerated Imanishi-Kari, who admitted only to poor record keeping.
Harvard and Dow Chemical patent a genetically engineered mouse used to study cancer.
The PHS forms two agencies, the Office of Scientific Integrity and the Office of Scientific Integrity Review to investigate scientific misconduct and provide information and support for universities. It also amends its definition of misconduct. The two agencies are reorganized in 1992 as the Office of Research Integrity (ORI).
The NIH requires that all graduate students on training grants receive education in responsible conduct of research.
Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann hold a press conference at the University of Utah to announce that they have discovered a way to produce nuclear fusion at room temperatures. Dozens of labs across the world fail to reproduce their results. They are accused of fraud, sloppiness, and self-deception.
The NAS publishes On Being A Scientist (revised in 1994), which is a free, short book on research ethics for scientists in training.
The US launches the Human Genome Project, a $20 billion effort to map and sequence the human genome.
W. French Anderson begins the first human gene therapy clinical trial on patients with ADA deficiency, a genetic disease that affects the immune system.
In Moore v. Regents of the University of California, the California S. Ct. rules that researchers have intellectual property rights in a cell-line derived from Moore's tissue but that Moore did not have any property rights in his own tissue. The Court also rules that the researchers violated Moore's right to informed consent by not disclosing their commercial interests in his tissue sample to him.
Congress investigates conflicts of interest involving Pharmatec and the University of Florida.
1990s-present
Europeans oppose the introduction of genetically manipulated foods and crops. Consumers in the US are more receptive to GM plants and animals. Europeans finally allow GM foods but require them to be labeled as such.
Revision/unification of human research regulations. All U.S. government agencies, except the EPA, now accept one basic regulatory framework, known as "the common rule" (45 CFR 46).
NAS publishes Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process. The book estimates the incidence of misconduct, discusses some of the causes of misconduct, proposes a definition of misconduct, and recommends some strategies for preventing misconduct.
In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals the US S. Ct. rules that judges serve as the gatekeepers for admitting scientific testimony in court and that they can use a variety of criteria, including testability, reliability, peer review, and general acceptance.
Fertility researchers successfully clone human embryos.
Harvard psychologist Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray publish The Bell Curve, a controversial book that re-ignites the centuries old debate about biology, race and intelligence.
Roger Poisson admits to fabricating and falsifying patient data in breast cancer clinical trials in order to qualify his patients to participate in research and have access to experimental treatments.
The NIH applied for patents on thousands of gene fragments in order to undercut private efforts to patent gene fragments. The Patent Office rejected the NIH's applications.
The Ryan Commission, convened by the NIH, holds meetings on scientific misconduct.
The Clinton Administration declassifies information about secret human radiation experiments conducted from the 1940s-1980s and issues an apology.
Two scientists who worked at Philip Morris, Victor DeNobel and Paul Mele, testify before Congress about secret research on the addictive properties of nicotine. If the research had been made public, the FDA or Congress might have taken additional steps to regulate tobacco as a drug. Many states and individuals brought litigation against tobacco companies, which led to a $206 billion settlement between tobacco companies and 46 states. The scientific community also publishes more data on the dangers of second-hand smoke.
Boots Pharmaceuticals pressures Betty Dong to withdraw a paper from publication in JAMA showing that its drug, synthroid, is not more effective than generic equivalents at treating hypothyroidism.
Dozens of studies are published in biomedical journals which provide data on the relationship between the source of research funding and the outcomes of research studies, the financial interests of researchers in the biomedical sciences, and the close relationship between academic researchers and the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.
The NIH and NSF revise their conflict of interest policies.
Scientists and defenses analysts become concerned about the use of chemical or biological weapons by a terrorist group after Aum Shinrikyo, a Japanese doomsday cult, releases sarin gas in a Tokyo subway, killing 12 people and sending 5,500 to hospitals. The group also attempted (unsuccessfully) to spray anthrax spores over Tokyo. In 1998, terrorism experts warn about the use of biological or chemical weapons by Osama bin Laden and Saddam Hussein.
Over 200 religious leaders, led by biotechnology critic Jeremy Rifkin, protest the patenting of plants, animals, and human body parts in Washington, DC.
Dolly, the world's first cloned sheep, is born; her birth is announced in 1997. Several European nations ban human cloning. Congress considers a bill to ban all human cloning but changes its mind after scientists argue that the bill would undermine biomedical research.
the ICMJE, representing over 400 biomedical journals, revises its authorship guidelines.
In an article published in N. Engl. J. Med., Peter Lurie and Sidney Wolfe accuse the NIH, WHO, UN and CDC of designing unethical studies on the prevention of mother-child transmission of HIV in developing countries. The dispute spurs a reexamination of international research ethics codes.
Scientists perfect methods for growing human embryonic stem cells. Some countries ban the research; others promote it.
Craig Venter forms Celera Genomics and begins a private effort to sequence the human genome, using dozens of automated sequencing machines.
Apotex forces Nancy Olivieri, a clinical researcher at the University of Toronto, to withdraw a paper that exposes safety concerns about its drug deferiprone, which is used to treat thalassemia. The company tries to discredit Olivieri and have her fired.
Jessie Gelsinger dies in a human gene therapy experiment at the University of Pennsylvania. The event triggers heightened scrutiny of conflicts of interest in human subjects research, including institutional conflicts of interest. Penn settles with the Gelsinger family for an undisclosed amount of money.
Human research lawsuits increase dramatically. Alan Milstein, from the law firm Sherman, Silverstein, Kohl, Rose & Podolsky, P.A., instigates 13 lawsuits against researchers, universities, pharmaceutical companies, and Institutional Review Board members.
The NIH and the OHRP require all people conducting or overseeing human subjects research have some training in research ethics.
The Office of Science and Technology Policy finalizes a federal definition of misconduct as "fabrication, falsification or plagiarism" but not "error honest error or differences. The policy is still not effective.
ORI proposes mandatory training in responsible conduct of research for all researchers on PHS grants, including junior senior investigators, students, and technicians. Several scientific associations and universities oppose the policy as an unnecessary and un-funded mandate. The Bush Administration suspends the ORI proposal in 2001 on the grounds that the agency failed to follow proper procedures for proposing new government regulations. To ORI proposal is still in limbo.
Celera and the Human Genome Project both complete 99% complete drafts of the human genome and publish their results in Science and Nature.
Congress debates legislation on human cloning.
Several journals, including Nature and JAMA, experiment with requiring authors to describe their responsibilities when publishing research.
The Bush Administration announces that the NIH will fund research on approximately 64 embryonic stem cell lines created from leftover human embryos.
Terrorists hijack 3 airplanes on September 11 and kill over 5,000 people. Several weeks later, an unknown terrorist sends 4 letters containing anthrax, killing 5 people and infecting 23.
Bell Labs determines that Jan Hendrick Schon, a rising star working in condensed matter physics and nanotechnology who published dozens of articles in a short period of time in prestigious journals, had committed misconduct. So far, 28 papers authored by Schon have been withdrawn.
The President's Council on Bioethics recommends that the U.S. ban reproductive cloning and enact a moratorium on research cloning.
Historian Stephen Ambrose is accused of plagiarism.
A panel of independent investigators finds that Jan Hendrick Schön, a physicist at Bell Labs, fabricated or falsified data in 17 papers published in Science, Nature, and Physical Review Letters.
The NAS publishes Integrity in Scientific Research, which recommends that universities develop programs for education in responsible conduct of research (RCR) as well as policies and procedures to deal with research ethics.
North Korea admits that it has a secret nuclear weapons program and warns that it has other "more powerful" weapons.
Scientists publish several papers in prominent journals with direct implications for bioterrorism. A paper published in the Journal of Virology described a method for genetically engineering a form of mousepox virus that is much deadlier than the naturally occurring strain. A paper published in Science show how to make poliovirus by obtaining supplies from a mail-order company. In 2003, the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), the National Academy of Sciences, and the Center for Strategic and International Studies held a meeting to discuss the censorship biological research that poses security risks. Journals agree to self-censor some research.
The US invades Iraq with the stated purpose of eliminating its chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons programs. So far, the US has found evidence of weapons programs but no actual weapons.
The EPA suspends the CHEERS study due to criticism from advocacy groups and members of Congress, who claimed that the study was intentionally exposing children to pesticides. The EPA revised its human subjects rules in response to a Congressional mandate to strengthen protections for children and pregnant or nursing women.
The NIH and other agencies adopt the OSTP misconduct definition.
Ronald Reagan, Jr. makes a presentation in support of federal funding for embryonic stem cell research to the Democratic Convention. Stem cell research (and therapeutic cloning) become hot issues in the 2004 Presidential election.
In response criticism from Congress, the NIH revises its conflict of interest rules for intramural research. NIH researchers cannot hold stock in pharmaceutical or biotech companies or consult with these companies (and other affected entitites) for pay.
Seoul University research Woo Suk Hwang admits to fabricating data in two papers published in the journal Science. In the papers, Hwang claimed that he had used nuclear transfer techniques to develop patient-specific human embryonic stem cells.
University of Vermont researcher Eric Poehlman admits to fabricating or falsifying data in 15 federal grants and 17 publications.
In response to recommendations from a National Research Council report titled "Biotechnology in the Age of Terrorism," the Department of Health and Human Services establishes the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) to provide advice and guidance to federal agencies, scientists, and journals concerning oversight and public of research in biotechnology or biomedicine which can be readily applied to cause significant harm to public health, agriculture, the economy, or national security (i.e. "dual use" research).
Someone hacked into the email server at the University of East Anglias Climatic Research Unit (CRU) and posted on the internet thousands of emails exchanged between climate change researchers at the CRU and researchers around the world. The emails showed that the researchers refused to share data and computer codes with climate change skeptics, who called the incident "climategate."
The Obama Administration announces it will significantly expand NIH funding of human embryonic stem cell research which had been restricted under the Bush Administration.
The National Science Foundation (NSF) announces RCR training requirements for funded investigators, students, and trainees. The NIH expands and strengthens is RCR training requirements.
While doing research on the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Susan Reverby, Professor of Women's Studies at Wellesly College, uncovered documents concerning unethical research experiments on human subjects conducted by the US government in Guatemala from 1946 to 1948. The research involved intentionally infecting over 1300 subjects with venereal diseases to test the effectiveness of penicillin. Only 700 subjects were given penicillin and 83 died as a result of the study. The subjects were not informed that they were participating in an experiment.
Lancet retracts a fraudulent paper, published in 1998 by Andrew Wakefield and colleagues, linking autism to the measles vaccine.
The NIH and NSF revise their conflict of interest rules for funded research.
The Office of Human Research Protections announces proposed changes to the Common Rule to enhance human subject protections and reduce investigator burden. The Common Rule has not been changed significantly since 1981.
Two papers embroiled in controversy were published in Science and Nature after several months of debate about their implications for bioterrorism. The papers reported results of NIH-sponsored research conducted by a team working in the Netherlands, led by Ron Fouchier, and a team working at the University of Wisconsin, led by Yoshihiro Kawaoka. The researchers were able to genetically modify an H5N1 avian flu virus so that it can be transmitted between mammals, including humans. Currently, avian flu can only be contracted through contact with birds. The virus is highly lethal, with a mortality rate of 60%. Over 300 people have died from the virus since 1997. The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) initially recommend that the papers be published in redacted form, with key details removed and only made available to responsible scientists, so the terrorists or others could not use the information to make deadly bioweapons. However, the NSABB changed its mind and recommended full publication of both papers after learning more about the value of the research for monitoring bird populations for dangerous avian flu mutations and the difficulties with redacted publication.
The NIH launches the reproducibility initiative in response to problems with the reproducibility of scientific research.
Haruko Obokata, a biochemist at the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan, and coauthors published two high-profile papers in Nature describing a method for converting adult spleen cells in mice into pluripotent stem cells by means of chemical stimulation and physical stress. Several weeks after the papers were published, researchers at the RIKEN Center were unable to reproduce the results and they accused Obokata, who was the lead author on the papers, of misconduct. The journal retracted both papers in July after an investigation by the RIKEN center found that Obokata had fabricated and falsified data. Later that year, Obokata's advisor, Yoshiki Sasai, committed suicide by hanging himself
Various funding agencies and journals, including the NIH, Science, and Nature, take steps to promote reproducibility in science in response to reports that many published studies in the biomedical, behavioral, and physical sciences are not reproducible.
17 federal agencies publish a Notice of Proposed Rule-Making (NPRM) for revisions to the Common Rule. The changes would increase oversight of human biological samples, expand the categories of research exempted from the rule, enhance informed consent requirements, and reduce some regulatory burdens on researchers and institutions.
The NIH places a temporary moratorium on funding for experiments involving human-animal chimeras while it revises existing rules that govern this research.
17 federal agencies publish the Final Rule for revisions to the Common Rule. The Final Rule eliminates controversial provisions that would have required prior consent for all research involving human biological samples. The Trump Administration places a 60-day hold on the Final Rule, pending further action by the executive branch and Congress.


text:
George Lawson Milne (April 19, 1850 – March 13, 1933) was a Scottish-born physician and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Victoria City in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1890 to 1894.

Biography
He was born in Garmouth, Morayshire, came to Canada in 1857 and was educated in Meaford, Ontario and at the Toronto School of Medicine. In 1882, he married Nellie Kinsman. Milne served as Health Officer and as a school trustee for Victoria. He also was federal medical inspector and immigration agent at Victoria and a justice of the peace. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the assembly in an 1889 by-election. In 1896, Milne was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the Canadian House of Commons. He died in Victoria at the age of 82.

References

External links

1850 births
1933 deaths
Independent MLAs in British Columbia
British emigrants to Canada

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
// Copyright 2008 The Apache Software Foundation
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package org.apache.tapestry5.services;

import java.lang.annotation.*;

/**
 * Marker annotation used to inject the correct {@link org.apache.tapestry5.commons.services.InvalidationEventHub} service
 * responsible for validations when component template files change.
 *
 * @since 5.1.0.0
 */
@Target({ElementType.PARAMETER, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
public @interface ComponentTemplates
{
}


text:
Aqua Teen Hunger Force Season 10
Watch Aqua Teen Hunger Force Season 10 full episodes online kisscartoon.
A trio of fast-food items works to solve mysteries in an edgy adult cartoon. The brains of the group is Frylock, a floating box of fries, but Master Shake does a lot of the talking, most of it aimed at making life miserable for Meatwad, a sweet-natured ball of meat. Recurring characters include neighbor Carl, supercilious Mooninites (lunar creatures) Ignigknot and Err, and mad scientists Dr. Weird and Steve.
Creators: Dave Willis, Matt Maiellaro
Stars: Dave Willis, Carey Means, Dana Snyder
More infor: IMDB, Wikipedia.
Aqua Teen Hunger Force Season 10-episode-1-
Aqua Teen Hunger Force Season 10-episode-10-
Marmaduke (2022)
Great Dane Marmaduke epitomizes the overgrown lapdog, with an irascible streak and a penchant for mischief that is tempered with a deep sense of love and responsibility for his human family, the Winslows. The new animation is set in the world of elite dog shows, rife divas, rivalries and slapstick comedy.
Genres: Animation, Comedy, Family
101 Dalmatians The Series Season 2
Watch 101 Dalmatians The Series Season 2 free kisscartoon. Synopsis: A TV series based on the animated and live-action movies of the same name, "101 Dalmatians: The Series" follows the adventures of the numerous puppies. Three puppies in particular — Lucky, Rolly and Cadpig — are the main focus of the show along with their […]
Watch Dagashi Kashi full episodes online English dub kisscartoon. Synopsis: Out in the countryside stands a sweet shop run by the Shikada family for nine generations: Shikada Dagashi, a small business selling traditional Japanese candy. However, despite his father's pleas, Kokonotsu Shikada, an aspiring manga artist, adamantly refuses to inherit the family business. However, this […]
Genres: Comedy, Shounen, Slice of life
Dora the Explorer Season 7
Watch Dora the Explorer Season 7 full episodes online kisscartoon. Synopsis: "Dora the Explorer" features the adventures of young Dora, her monkey Boots, Backpack and other animated friends. In each episode, viewers join Dora on an adventure in an animated world set inside a computer. The titular character seeks viewers' help in solving a puzzle […]
A Disney Christmas Gift (1983)
Watch A Disney Christmas Gift (1983) online. This is the Disney's special created in 1983 Christmas. Stars: Bobby Driscoll, Verna Felton, Frances Langford More infor: IMDB


Medicash Health Benefits Ltd (non –executive). Address: Merchants Court, 2-12 Lord Street, Liverpool, L2 1TS. In my capacity as non-executive director I attend meetings and offer advice.
Regular column for Liverpool Echo, a publication owned by Trinity Mirror. Address: The Liverpool Echo, Trinity Mirror Shared Services Limited, PO Box 3166, Chronicle House, Commonhall Street, Chester CH1 2AA. (Up to £5,000) Payment made directly to charity.
Independent and Independent on Sunday, Independent News & Media Ltd, Contributions Accounts, Unit A, West Cork Technology Park, Clonakilty, Co Cork, Ireland.
The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (36 Causton Street, London SW1P 4ST).
Author's Licensing and Collecting Society Limited, The Writers' House, 13 Haydon Street, London, EC3N 1DB.
The Sunday People, MGN Ltd, Contributions Accounts, Floor 21, One Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London E14 5AP.


text:
using System;
using System.Net;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Independentsoft.Exchange;

namespace Sample
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            NetworkCredential credential = new NetworkCredential("username", "password");
            Service service = new Service("https://myserver/ews/Exchange.asmx", credential);

            service.RequestServerVersion = RequestServerVersion.Exchange2010SP1;

            try
            {
                TimeZoneDefinition timeZone = GetTimeZone(service, "Berlin"); //find time zone based on name
                //TimeZoneDefinition timeZone = GetTimeZone(service, "UTC-08:00"); //find time zone based on offset

                //Weekly recurrence. Monday and Tuesday every second week next 3 months.
                IList<Independentsoft.Exchange.DayOfWeek> days = new List<Independentsoft.Exchange.DayOfWeek>();
                days.Add(Independentsoft.Exchange.DayOfWeek.Monday);
                days.Add(Independentsoft.Exchange.DayOfWeek.Tuesday);

                Recurrence recurrence = new Recurrence();
                recurrence.Pattern = new WeeklyRecurrencePattern(2, days);
                recurrence.Range = new EndDateRecurrenceRange(DateTime.Today, DateTime.Today.AddMonths(3));

                Appointment appointment = new Appointment();
                appointment.Subject = "Every second week, monday and tuesday";
                appointment.Body = new Body("Body text");
                appointment.StartTime = DateTime.Today.AddHours(15);
                appointment.EndTime = DateTime.Today.AddHours(16);
                appointment.Recurrence = recurrence;
                appointment.StartTimeZone = timeZone;
                appointment.EndTimeZone = timeZone;

                ItemId itemId = service.CreateItem(appointment);
            }
            catch (ServiceRequestException ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Error: " + ex.Message);
                Console.WriteLine("Error: " + ex.XmlMessage);
                Console.Read();
            }
            catch (WebException ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Error: " + ex.Message);
                Console.Read();
            }
        }

        private static TimeZoneDefinition GetTimeZone(Service service, string name)
        {
            GetServerTimeZonesResponse response = service.GetServerTimeZones();

            foreach (TimeZoneDefinition timeZone in response.TimeZoneDefinitions)
            {
                if (timeZone.Name.IndexOf(name) > 0)
                {
                    return timeZone;
                }
            }

            return null;
        }
    }
}


A wedding anniversary is symbolic of the fact that a couple's Relationship has sailed through life's stormy waters. This post reverberate the emotions and feelings that go into making a marriage work. Here we have post about Romantic Wedding Wishes.
fill these relations with great affection.
happiness you deserve in your life.
the most successive wedding ever.
presence of each other fill all that is lacking in both of your lives.
and may your love endure to the end of time.


text:
Episode 1 – The Scores That Inspired Us
https://sideshowsoundtheatre.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/episode-1-the-scores-that-inspired-us3.mp3
Join us for the debut episode of Sideshow Sound Radio, as we discuss the film scores that inspired each of us to become composers.
Starting with the symphonic and unashamedly emotional Star Trek First Contact score by Jerry Goldsmith and his son Joel Goldsmith, featuring an amalgam of almost all the Star Trek themes the film composer brought to the franchise including two new thematic gems, we go on to discuss the extremely underrated Thomas Newman and his intimate and well-crafted Meet Joe Black score featuring the heartbreaking cue "That Next Place". Next, we discuss Frank Herbert's Dune Soundtrack by Graeme Revell and the untraditional orchestration the composer used to help reflect the story of the three-part sci-fi mini-series, and finally, Danny Elfman's dark, memorable, and tone-setting Batman 1989 score, orchestrated and conducted by the film score genius that was Shirley Walker.
Timestamps:
2:06 – Our composing backgrounds
6:01 – Star Trek: First Contact
17:53 – Meet Joe Black
26:13 – Frank Herbert's Dune
34:12 – Batman (1989)
Links from this episode:
Interview with film composer Graeme Revell on creating the music for "Frank Herbert's Dune" (2000)
Danny Elfman's amazing 1990 open letter to Micah Rubenstein as mentioned in this episode
This entry was posted in Podcasts and tagged Batman Music, Batman Soundtrack, danny elfman, Film Composer, Film Composer Danny Elfman, Film Composer Graeme Revell, Film Composer Jerry Goldsmith, Film Composer Joel Goldsmith, Film Composer Thomas Newman, Film Music, Film Score, Film Scoring, Frank Herbert's Dune Soundtrack, graeme revell, jerry goldsmith, Joel Goldsmith, Meet Joe Black Soundtrack, Movie Soundtracks, Podcast, Score, Soundtrack, Soundtrack Podcast, Star Trek First Contact Soundtrack, Thomas Newman on March 11, 2014 by Sideshow Sound Theatre.
Episode 2 – The Music of Star Wars, Part 1 →
4 thoughts on "Episode 1 – The Scores That Inspired Us"
Bob LeDrew (@bobledrew) March 15, 2014 at 2:57 pm
I really enjoyed this. My theory: that eagle-squawk-scream is an overblown oboe or English horn. Looking forward to listening to the promptly-delivered episode 2!
Sideshow Sound Theatre January 14, 2015 at 11:23 pm
Thanks for listening Bob, we´re glad you enjoyed the episode! You are right to theorise that it´s a wind instrument. It´s actually a religious, Jewish instrument made from the horn of a ram called a shofar, that can also be heard in Jerry Goldsmith´s score for Planet of the Apes.
William D. Lichty April 2, 2018 at 10:20 am
I just found your podcast this week. As an avid podcast person, I have to say that your first episode sounded like anything but a first episode. All of you were engaging and insightful, making an easy listen, and one well worth giving the time. Many people haven't gotten there by their 50th episodes, so hats off. Also, it can be very difficult for me to connect with others' strong connections with scores that aren't among my personal favorites. It often falls into the realm of "we all have different tastes" enough that I'd begun to think that it simply couldn't be done well, but you all explained the impacts your influential scores made so clearly. I understood the whys of every influence.
Finally, regarding Elfman's Batman, one of you said that he certainly couldn't have gone to Williams' Superman for inspiration, and you're right, but try this. Break out John Williams' score for The Fury, and try its first track, probably the re-recorded LP version is best for this, which I think has come with every release. Then play the first track of Batman, the opening of the film. I feel a match there, and wonder if Elfman, if he did indeed look to other scores for inspiration, I wonder if he bypassed heroic scores, but checked into some then recent, grandly symphonic horror music?
Oh wait, here are the cuts:
Fury: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EooTztXRQ_Y
Bat: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JtDHoK9KL8
Sideshow Sound Theatre Post author April 18, 2018 at 7:59 pm
Wow, what a comment! Thank you so much for the kind words William, we really appreciate the support! Cheers for the links, that's a great catch. Those wild clarinets over the low brass passage pave the way for future Elfmanisms, outside of Batman too. We think you're onto something and encourage our listeners to pursue this further, especially those who haven't heard this dark entry from the maestro.


People know what facial cleansers are and what moisturizers are. But not many know about the existence of a small (but no less important) step in any facial routine: toners. Click here to learn more about how toners can make a difference to your skincare routine.
Toner Philippines: Important or to be Chucked Aside?
Now that you have the tips on how to choose a toner, how about learning how to use one?
Toners can be used at any given time. But the best time to use a toner is just after cleansing your face as your skin as it would prepare your skin to receive the full benefits of the serums, creams and lotions that you are going to apply.
Firstly, make sure your face is dry before applying your toner.
Use a clean cotton ball or a facial tissue or a cotton pad when applying the toner to your face.
Start by swiping across your t-zone (forehead and nose) before brushing it onto other areas of your face.
Wait for your toner to dry before applying any other products.
If you are using a creamy type of toner, you can use your fingers instead.
Make sure to start with your cheeks instead of your t-zone .
Concentrate on the driest parts of your face while only lightly covering your t-zone.
So scroll up and complete your skincare routine with a great toner from our wide array.


Imagine that somebody is saying false things about you, leading others to form an opinion of you that isn't correct.
Now imagine that the person spreading these lies is a close friend, or a family member - the very person who you would expect to know you and describe you accurately is doing the exact opposite. How would that feel? This leads us right into the situation that Malachi is speaking into.
God has declared His love for his people who are questioning whether he really does love them. Their lack of understanding has led to dead religion. They are bringing poor quality sacrifices and complaining about having to do so. Why does this matter? Because their 'religion' is not declaring God's glory to the surrounding nations. Malachi now draws attention to two specific areas where this is happening: priests and marriages.
The priests are not honouring God. How are they not honouring him?
God takes this seriously, using strong language about smearing them with dung and burning outside the camp. What we teach about God matters because it is a matter of life and death. There is a particular warning here for people who teach the Bible but all of us need to listen because we all teach others about God through what we say and do.
Teaching about God can either lead to life and peace or to being smeared in animal dung and burned outside the camp - the language couldn't be any more intense. We are not left in any doubt about the importance of this so we need to carefully consider what our lives and our words teach others about God. This is a weighty thought but there is good news, the Bible doesn't end there!
Unlike the priests who were causing people to stumble - Jesus perfectly represents the Father and leads us into the life and peace that he promised.


text:
Q: jquery .val punctuation? I am using .val() to get the value of an input field however when I type in characters like ; it doesn't seem to get the value, is there an issue with punctuation and how can I solve it?
Thanks!

A: Works for me, here is demo: http://jsfiddle.net/bpegp/, you have some bug somewhere else...

A: This definitely works regardless of what characters you put in the textbox, there must be a problem somewhere else?
<input id="something" type="text" value="" />
<input type="button" id="btn" value="Go" />

$(document).ready(function(){
 $('#btn').click(function(){
  alert($('#something').val());
 });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Sir Nicholas Winton who organised the rescue and passage to Britain of about 669 mostly Jewish Czechoslovakian children destined for the Nazi death camps before World War II in an operation known as the Czech Kindertransport. This video is the BBC Programme "That's Life" aired in 1988. The most touching video ever.


text:
Celestial Citizen Bonus Episode: 2022 Space Industry Outlook
On this week's bonus episode, we're joined by Van Espahbodi for our special 2022 Space Industry Outlook episode. …
Celestial Citizen Episode #218: Season 2 Wrap-Up
On this week's episode, we'll celebrate the wrap of Season 2 and reflect back on some of the highlights of past interviews and favorite moments on Celestial Citizen Podcast!
Celestial Citizen Season 2 Guests
Thank you to all our wonderful guests that joined this season of Celestial Citizen and shared their insights and unique perspectives on the future of space exploration. Season 2 more than exceeded even the highest expectations and provided some incredibly memorable conversations.
A big shoutout and thank you to the wonderful and growing community of Celestial Citizens that tune in every week to this podcast and have been an amazing and engaging group of listeners. Your loyalty, curiosity, and passion for space is the motivating force behind all the work at Celestial Citizen Podcast.
Until next season…don't be afraid to take up space!
Celestial Citizen Bonus Episode: Exploring The Expanse
On this week's bonus episode, we're joined by Glenton Richards, a writer on the hit tv show and Celestial Citizen community favorite, The Expanse.
In this special, bonus episode of Celestial Citizen Podcast we'll discuss the release of the final season of The Expanse, some teasers for what to…
Celestial Citizen Ep. #217: Space Environmentalism
On this week's episode, we're joined by Dr. Moriba Jah to discuss space environmentalism and provide the latest update on our shared orbital domain.
Moriba joined us here on Celestial Citizen Podcast in Season 1 and he is back again to discuss the recent Russian anti-satellite test as an…
Celestial Citizen Bonus Episode: Celestial Causes
Welcome to our special bonus episode, Celestial Causes, in which we will highlight some of our favorite nonprofits and organizations that are creating positive impact in STEM and space fields by living up to a message we hold dear here at Celestial Citizen, that space is for EVERYONE!
Celestial Citizen Ep. #216: A New Generation of Science Communication
On this week's episode, we're joined by Maynard Okereke to discuss his work as a science communicator, the importance of engaging minorities and youth in science and S.T.E.M. fields, and how to create content that brings together education and entertainment in ways that resonate with a wider audience.
Maynard Okereke
Celestial Citizen Ep. #215: Indigenous Perspectives on Space Exploration
On this week's episode, we're joined by Dawn Marsden to discuss her book Starship Citizens: Indigenous Principles for 100 Year Interstellar Voyages, which explores how Indigenous principles can allow for more sustainable futures and equitable sharing of resources, as well as, support the philosophical, ethical and social backdrop for…
Celestial Citizen Ep. #214: Evolution of Space Technology at NASA
On this week's episode, we're joined by John Hines to discuss his experiences working at NASA Ames Research Center as the Chief Technologist, work with the Hines Family Foundation, and how we can engage more of the younger generation in space-related study and better prepare them for the changing…
Celestial Citizen Ep. #213: A Critical Space
On this week's episode, we're joined by Fred Scharmen to discuss his recently released book Space Forces: A Critical History of Life in Outer Space, what it means to apply a more critical and anti-colonial lens to both the history and future of space exploration, and how humanity's relationship…
Celestial Citizen Ep. #212: The Importance of Looking Up
On this week's episode, we're joined by Sarah Cruddas to discuss her most recent book Look Up: Our Story with the Stars, her work as a space journalist and TV host, and how we improve Earth through future space science and exploration.
Sara Cruddas
Sarah is a space journalist, international TV…


This week was a recovery week, just as well since I was mainly trying to get over the jetlag + get back into the full swing of things at work.
I got a few decent swims in and some indoor trainer sessions on the bike. Only started running properly again on Friday. My injured knee seems 100% ok now, the rest was worth it.
Monday long (4:20) ride with 7 x 10 min tempo intervals. To give you an idea of tempo interval wattage (231,233, 236, 232, 226, 242, 246). Followed by 40 min transition run. I was still quite sore from the previous day's half marathon so I ran very slowly.
Tuesday swim 3000m mainly consisting of 12 x 100m intervals @ approx 1:32 s/100m + some pull sets with paddles + drills.
Wednesday swim 1000m TT 16:40 – I didn't pace myself very well, I need to work on that. I also need to improve my endurance, I tend to get out of breath in the pool with harder efforts.
Bike intervals (1:10) tempo + threshold. A short but intense workout on the trainer.
Thursday 1 hour hilly run workout. My knee gave issues at the end of this so I cut it short and skipped runs for the remainder of the week. Most likely caused by the steep 3km downhill at the end of my sunday half marathon… just need to ice & not run for a few days.
Friday 1 hour of bike intervals – mainly 9 min tempo (for me approx 230W) with a few 1 min threshold intervals thrown in to "flush the legs" and some steady riding in low 200's (watts). 30 min recovery MTB in evening.
Saturday I entered a 3km open water swim event. This was a non wetsuit swim – I've actually never done a stand alone open water swimming race (except for once when I was 16 years old). The mass start was actually a lot more civil than your typical Ironman event – I only had contact a few times before getting some space. The one thing that did surprise me was the lack of directional skills in most of these swimmers. I had expected them to be more competent than triathletes. I tried to follow a few feet but due to their zig zagging all over the place I decided just to swim it alone, with no drafting. The course was 3 laps of 1km. I just swam steadily for the first two laps and then gave it my all on the 3rd lap. The results haven't been posted online yet, but I think my time was around 56 / 57 mins which was disappointing since I was expecting to do it in around 50 mins. On the plus side, this has spurred me to work harder in the pool and to incorporate some more OW swims in order to get really good at sighting & direction.
Sunday long ride (192km, 6:20). This was a tough ride, TSS of 374 (TSS is Training Stress Score, which is a measure used by TrainingPeaks to determine training stress of individual workouts and training stress over time). To give you an idea of typical TSS, my TSS for the bike leg of Ironman Switzerland last year was 258, Vineman was 285 and Challenge Henley was 324. So this was a tough workout!
Overall a good week, my #1 goal right now is to let me knee recover and get back to running ASAP!
I was happy to get a decent week of training despite having 2 x long haul flights in the middle of the week. 17.5 hours total with a lot of biking, a fair amount of running, but no swimming (mainly for logistical reasons).


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If one whines enough to themselves, it must be true.
Self Righteous people waste my time, and others.
Ya never know. One day.
I love to whine, just like our Fake President, who "whines about Fake News"!
Mimicking of one that's hated, Isn't a good trait to have !


text:
Video: Puberty blockers for gender dysphoria: The Dutch protocol
Dr. Michael Biggs
In the UK on December 1st 2020 the High Court handed down judgment on the use of puberty blockers for the treatment of children under the age of eighteen.
The judicial review was brought by former Tavistock psychiatrist Susan Evans against the Tavistock & Portman NHS Trust. The claimants were Keira Bell, a 23 year-old young woman who regretted the medical intervention she underwent at the Tavistock Gender Identity Development Service, and Mrs A, the mother of an autistic 15 year-old girl who was waiting for treatment. The claim brought before the court was that a child under the age of eighteen cannot give informed consent to treatment with puberty blockers.
This was the court's conclusion.
The full court judgment can be read here. In 2021 the Tavistock GIDS won their appeal against this judgment. The Appeal Court judged that informed consent was not a matter to be decided by law, but by clinical and medical professionals. However, this judgment does not negate the findings of the Divisional court based on the evidence presented by both sides, it simply says that it is not the court's place to make such decisions. An appeal against this judgment was denied so the case will not proceed to the Supreme Court.
What are puberty blockers?
Puberty blockers are a class of synthetic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues. By acting on the pituitary gland, these drugs prevent the release of chemical signals which stimulate the production of estrogen and testosterone, halting the changes of puberty caused by these sex hormones.
The Tavistock GIDS began an 'Early Intervention study' in 2011. Previous to this, puberty blockers were offered as a treatment only to children from the age of sixteen. The trial lowered the age to twelve, and subsequently, by 2014, to any child who had reached Tanner Stage 2 of puberty. This meant that now children as young as ten could be given blockers. To date GIDS has treated over a thousand children with puberty blockers, with about 230 of these children under the age of 14, the youngest child being 10 years old.
The claimed therapeutic benefit is to allow more time for children to consider whether they want to continue transitioning via cross-sex hormones and surgery, without the stress of ongoing unwanted pubertal development. Those who choose not to transition can stop taking blockers, and it is claimed that their original puberty will resume and progress normally. It was claimed that the drugs are effective, safe and fully reversible.
Is there any evidence to back up this claim?
The NHS has changed their guidance on puberty blockers. From previously claiming that blockers "are considered to be fully reversible" the NHS webpage now states:
"Little is known about the long-term side effects of hormone or puberty blockers in children with gender dysphoria.
Although the Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS) advises this is a physically reversible treatment if stopped, it is not known what the psychological effects may be.
It's also not known whether hormone blockers affect the development of the teenage brain or children's bones. Side effects may also include hot flushes, fatigue and mood alterations."
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gender-dysphoria/treatment/
Side effects of puberty blockers
GnRH analogues were first licensed for use as end-stage prostate cancer drugs in 1985 and are still in widespread use today. They are also prescribed to chemically castrate sex offenders in Broadmoor. They have since been used in other indications and are most recently being used 'off-label' to delay puberty in children with gender dysphoria. They are also used by transgender adults on cross-sex hormone therapy to suppress the production of their natural sex hormones.
In the US, a GnRH analogue drug with the tradename Lupron was licensed in 1993 for use in children with precocious puberty. It was also commonly used off-label to help children who needed to grow taller. There is now a growing number of women who used Lupron in childhood who are reporting serious issues with bone and blood disorders and joint problems in adulthood. This information is reviewed here.
It has long been known that mechanistically GnRH analogues can cause bone thinning. The reduction of estrogen levels in girls can induce a temporary osteopenia (similar to what's seen in menopause when estrogen levels naturally fall). A 2009 study showed that Lupron caused bone thinning in girls treated although bone density was seen to return to normal levels within 10 years after treatment. There is also a large 2005 study in men treated for prostate cancer in which a significantly increased risk of bone fractures was observed. The bone thinning effects are also mentioned in the 'Important safety information' leaflets that accompany Lupron and extended use is not recommended in people with pre-existing bone thinning conditions.
The FDA considers the drug's impact on children's bones an unanswered question, according to a statement: "The effects of bone density in children whose central precocious puberty is arrested with a GnRH agonist are considered 'unknown' as they have not been studied"
A groundbreaking documentary by the state-run television channel in Sweden has revealed a shocking case of bone damage on one child, Leo. Leo is one of 13 children treated by the Karolinska University Hospital who are known to have suffered catastrophic injuries as a result of puberty blockers.
Their ailments include liver damage, unexplained weight gains of up to two stone, mental health problems, skeletal damage and a failure to grow.
The full documentary, part of the Trans Train series, can be watched at this link:
https://www.svtplay.se/video/33358590/uppdrag-granskning/mission-investigate-trans-children-avsnitt-1?id=jp9dBRA
Leo's case was reported in the Daily Mail.
"Leo is in pain most of the time. His back hurts badly when he stands up or walks. It is a hard life for a teenager, and he has no idea if the agony will ever go away.
Leo has spinal fractures and a condition called osteopenia, which weakens the bones, making them more liable to break. It is a disease that you often see in people aged 60 or 70 and is almost impossible to reverse."
The UK endocrinologists at GIDS use the GnRH analog called Triptorelin. Although slightly different to Lupron all these drugs are in the same class of GnRH analogs and all have the same mechanism of action. The mechanistic safety issues will most likely apply to the whole class of drugs.
Triprorelin is manufactured by two different companies under the tradenames Gonapeptyl Depot and Decapeptyl SR. This drug has been approved by NICE for use in children with precocious puberty, although it should be noted that it is being used 'off label' for children with gender dysphoria. This means its use by the NHS does not come with regulatory approval because the appropriate safety studies are not available.
Leuprorelin (Lupron) has not been approved by NICE for use in children. This is only prescribed if adverse reactions are observed with Triptorelin. GIDS prescribing information was made available under a freedom of information request here.
What is the longer term impact on gender identity?
Although blocking the progression of puberty can in some cases relieve the immediate distressing symptoms suffered by children with gender dysphoria, the evidence is mixed. The long term effects are unknown. There have been no long term studies on the effectiveness of puberty blockers and it is unknown whether interrupting natural puberty alters the natural trajectory and perhaps resolution of gender dysphoria in children.
Gender identity is shaped during puberty and adolescence as young people's bodies become more sexually differentiated and mature. Given how little we understand about gender identity and how it is formed and consolidated, we should be cautious about interfering with the normal process of sexual maturation.
What we do know however is that virtually all the children who start on puberty blockers eventually go onto cross-sex hormones suggesting that changing their minds is rare once natural puberty is interrupted.
The Tavistock's own published study on their Early Intervention trial shows that of 44 children given puberty blockers, 43 (98%) progressed to cross-sex hormones. The overall finding of the study was that GnRHa treatment brought no measurable benefit nor harm to psychological function in these young people with gender dysphoria. An analysis of the study results by Michael Biggs can be read here.
The Health Research Authority, in its investigation into the Tavistock's Early Intervention study, questioned the stated purpose of puberty suppression as providing children with 'space to decide'. The HRA report suggested that blockers were in fact used as a first step towards further medical intervention in the form of cross-sex hormones:
It would have reduced confusion if the purpose of the treatment had been described as being offered specifically to children demonstrating a strong and persistent gender identity dysphoria at an early stage in puberty, such that the suppression of puberty would allow subsequent cross-sex hormone treatment without the need to surgically reverse or otherwise mask the unwanted physical effects of puberty in the birth gender.
https://www.hra.nhs.uk/about-us/governance/feedback-raising-concerns/investigation-study-early-pubertal-suppression-carefully-selected-group-adolescents-gender-identity-disorders/
Cross-sex hormones have serious lifelong effects which cannot be reversed if treatment is discontinued. If a child takes puberty blockers at Tanner stage 2 of puberty followed by cross-sex hormones at age 16 they will be sterilised as gametes have not developed.
Are the effects on puberty really reversible?
Since its rare for children with gender issues to stop taking puberty blockers this also means there have been no long term studies to show that normal puberty will resume in these children. The evidence of 'reversibility' is from studies in a different set of children; namely children with precocious puberty (a puberty disorder in which puberty commences very early. Technically this is before the age of 8 in girls but could be as young as pre-school age). In these children puberty blocking drugs are normally withdrawn around the age of 12 and menstruation in girls commences about 1 year later. In this respect the resumption of puberty occurs around the 'expected age' in children and will be in line with other aspects of physiological and psychological adolescent development.
This is very different from the approach in children with gender dysphoria. Normal puberty is postponed while the normal ageing process proceeds. Restarting natural puberty would therefore be out of step with other development processes. It should also be noted that virtually all cases of precocious puberty occur in girls so there is extremely little evidence of the restarting of puberty in boys. For these reasons the true reversibility of blocking puberty in children with gender issues is currently unknown.
What are the implications of preventing a natural puberty?
Proponents of the use of puberty blockers say that not only do these drugs relieve the distressing symptoms of 'the wrong puberty' in childhood but also prevent the body from undergoing irreversible changes which then have to be modified surgically during adulthood. For example, permanent growth of breasts in females which may necessitate a double mastectomy in the future. Alternatively, permanent facial hair growth in males which may necessitate its removal in the future. However, what is rarely discussed is the effect on the reproductive and sexual development of the child.
Puberty blockers followed by opposite sex hormones cannot create 'opposite sex puberty', only secondary sex characteristics of the opposite sex. However, normal sexual or reproductive development will not occur. Girls will not begin menstruation and so will be infertile. Boys testes will not grow and develop and will impact on fertility. The change therefore is only cosmetic. A boy's penis will remain immature and remain the size of a child's into adulthood. This will cause problems sexually if the penis is retained, both functionally and in terms of sexual arousal. It is also problematic if gender reassignment surgery is later chosen since there is too little material to use from the penis and testicles.
When a child's natural puberty is blocked we can expect to see effects not only on the body but on the developing brain. It is the surge of sex hormones at puberty which triggers the important changes in the adolescent brain which only reach completion in the mid-twenties. Hormonal changes at puberty are thought to influence the development of both brain structure and function.
Recent research indicates that there is a window of development for some cognitive functions, and if this window is missed, cognitive development does not resume later even if blockers are discontinued. A reduction in long-term spatial memory was found to persist after discontinuation of blockers in a recent study on sheep, which concluded:
This result suggests that the time at which puberty normally occurs may represent a critical period of hippocampal plasticity. Perturbing normal hippocampal formation in this peripubertal period may also have long lasting effects on other brain areas and aspects of cognitive function.
Two previous studies which analysed IQ performance in girls taking puberty blockers for central precocious puberty also suggest the possibility that GnRHa treatment may have an adverse impact on cognitive functioning in children. The first study of 25 children in 2001 found a drop of 7 IQ points after two years on blockers. The second study in 2016 found a drop of 8 IQ points in 15 girls compared to a matched control group. An analysis of these studies is here.
A study in 2017 of men with late stage prostate cancer found that treatment with GnRH analogs affects cognitive functions such as language ability, short-term memory capacity, mental flexibility, and inhibitory control.
A recent analysis of evidence by Professor Michael Biggs, who researched the Tavistock GIDS Early Intervention study, indicated some significant and worrying emotional/behavioural effects reported after children had taken puberty blockers for a year:
'Natal girls showed a significant increase in behavioural and emotional problems', according to their parents (also from the Child Behavior Checklist, contradicting the only positive result). One dimension of the Health Related Quality of Life scale, completed by parents, 'showed a significant decrease in Physical well-being of their child'. What is most disturbing is that after a year on blockers, 'a significant increase was found in the first item "I deliberately try to hurt or kill self"' (in the Youth Self Report questionnaire). https://www.transgendertrend.com/tavistock-experiment-puberty-blockers/
In a review of all recent published research studies, Professor Carl Heneghan highlighted the very low quality of evidence for the benefits of blockers:
Problems within these studies, however, make it difficult to assess whether early pubertal changes regress under GnRHa treatment and whether prolonged puberty suppression is safe. For example, there is a lack of controls, and in one study that included controls, these were inadequate as relatives and friends of the participants were asked to participate, serving as age-matched controls. A lack of blinding was also problematic.
The conclusion on the evidence for all 'gender affirming' treatment for children and young people was this:
Treatments for under 18 gender dysphoric children and adolescents remain largely experimental. There are a large number of unanswered questions that include the age at start, reversibility; adverse events, long term effects on mental health, quality of life, bone mineral density, osteoporosis in later life and cognition.
"The results of the studies that reported impact on the critical outcomes of gender dysphoria and mental health (depression, anger and anxiety), and the important outcomes of body image and psychosocial impact (global and psychosocial functioning) in children and adolescents with gender dysphoria are of very low certainty using modified GRADE. They suggest little change with GnRH analogues from baseline to follow-up."
There are a number of recent 'studies' which purport to show that puberty blockers 'cure' suicidality. The most recent has been widely publicised. Read Michael Biggs' analysis to see how the study results do not back up the claims of the authors.
Puberty Blockers and Suicidality in Adolescents Suffering from Gender Dysphoria
The independent NHS-commissioned Cass Review of the Tavistock GIDS published its interim report in March 2022. This is what the report had to say on the subject of puberty blockers:
'There has been research on the short-term mental health outcomes and physical side effects of puberty blockers for this cohort, but very limited research on the sexual, cognitive or broader developmental outcomes.
In the short-term, puberty blockers may have a range of side effects such as headaches, hot flushes, weight gain, tiredness, low mood and anxiety, all of which may make day-to-day functioning more difficult for a child or young person who is already experiencing distress. Short-term reduction in bone density is a well-recognised side effect, but data is weak and inconclusive regarding the long-term musculoskeletal impact.
The most difficult question is whether puberty blockers do indeed provide valuable time for children and young people to consider their options, or whether they effectively 'lock in' children and young people to a treatment pathway which culminates in progression to feminising/ masculinising hormones by impeding the usual process of sexual orientation and gender identity development. Data from both the Netherlands and the study conducted by GIDS demonstrated that almost all children and young people who are put on puberty blockers go on to sex hormone treatment.
A closely linked concern is the unknown impacts on development, maturation and cognition if a child or young person is not exposed to the physical, psychological, physiological, neurochemical and sexual changes that accompany adolescent hormone surges. It is known that adolescence is a period of significant changes in brain structure, function and connectivity.
During this period, the brain strengthens some connections (myelination) and cuts back on others (synaptic pruning). There is maturation and development of frontal lobe functions which control decision making, emotional regulation, judgement and planning ability. Animal research suggests that this development is partially driven by the pubertal sex hormones, but it is unclear whether the same is true in humans. If pubertal sex hormones are essential to these brain maturation processes, this raises a secondary question of whether there is a critical time window for the processes to take place, or whether catch up is possible when oestrogen or testosterone is introduced later.
An international interdisciplinary panel has highlighted the importance of understanding the neurodevelopmental outcomes of pubertal suppression and defined an appropriate approach for investigating this further. However, this work has not yet been undertaken.'
Recently even the pioneer 'gender affirming' surgeons in the US have spoken out about the risks of putting children onto puberty blockers. Marci Bowers, who transitioned at the age of 38, admitted that children who undergo transition before puberty will never have adult sexual function or experience orgasm.
'"An observation that I had," said Bowers, "every single child who was, or adolescent, who was truly blocked at Tanner stage 2," which is the beginning of physical development, when hormones begin their work of advancing a child to adulthood, "has never experienced orgasm. I mean, it's really about zero."'
'Bowers said that an additional concern is that when a boy child undergoes this process, the penis does not grow, which makes it hard to take that genital material and surgically give it the appearance of the genital area of the opposite sex.'
It is often claimed that the use of puberty blockers in children is completely safe and reversible. This claim however has never been tested in long term studies and its use for gender dysphoria is experimental. What the evidence does show is that blockers may simply lock children into a medical pathway resulting in sterility and loss of sexual function.
For the full story of the Tavistock's Experimentation with Puberty Blockers, download our free pdf of all five of Michael Biggs' articles written for Transgender Trend.
Further reading on the Bell & Mrs A v Tavistock judicial review:
Keira Bell's Full Statement in Response to the High Court Judgment
Keira Bell statement
Interview with Susan Evans on the outcome of the Judicial Review
Why I was right to blow the whistle on the Tavistock Clinic over puberty blockers
Transgender Trend Response to the High Court Judgment
An analysis of the court judgment and what it reveals about the Tavistock by lawyer Naomi Cunningham
Puberty blockers and parental consent


text:
Q: User based encoding/convert with its interaction in pandas I have this dataframe which looks like this:
user_id : Represents user
question_id : Represent question number
user_answer : which option user has opted for the specific question from (A,B,C,D)
correct_answer: What is correct answer for that specific question
correct : 1.0 it means user answer is right
elapsed_time : it represents time in minutes user took to answer that question
timestamp : UNIX TIMESTAMP OF EACH INTERACTION
real_date : I have added this column and converted timestamp to human date & time

** user_*iD ***
** question_*id ***
** user_*answer ***
** correct_answer **
** correct **
** elapsed_*time ***
** solving_*id ***
** bundle_*id ***
timestamp
real_date

1
1
A
A
1.0
5.00
1
b1
1547794902000
Friday, January 18, 2019 7:01:42 AM

1
2
D
D
1.0
3.00
2
b2
1547795130000
Friday, January 18, 2019 7:05:30 AM

1
5
C
C
1.0
7.00
5
b5
1547795370000
Friday, January 18, 2019 7:09:30 AM

2
10
C
C
1.0
5.00
10
b10
1547806170000
Friday, January 18, 2019 10:09:30 AM

2
1
B
B
1.0
15.0
1
b1
1547802150000
Friday, January 18, 2019 9:02:30 AM

2
15
A
A
1.0
2.00
15
b15
1547803230000
Friday, January 18, 2019 9:20:30 AM

2
7
C
C
1.0
5.00
7
b7
1547802730000
Friday, January 18, 2019 9:12:10 AM

3
12
A
A
1.0
1.00
25
b12
1547771110000
Friday, January 18, 2019 12:25:10 AM

3
10
C
C
1.0
2.00
10
b10
1547770810000
Friday, January 18, 2019 12:20:10 AM

3
3
D
D
1.0
5.00
3
b3
1547770390000
Friday, January 18, 2019 12:13:10 AM

104
6
C
C
1.0
6.00
6
b6
1553040610000
Wednesday, March 20, 2019 12:10:10 AM

104
4
A
A
1.0
5.00
4
b4
1553040547000
Wednesday, March 20, 2019 12:09:07 AM

104
1
A
A
1.0
2.00
1
b1
1553040285000
Wednesday, March 20, 2019 12:04:45 AM

I need to do some encoding , I don't know which encoding should I do and how?
What i need a next dataframe to look like this :

user_id
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
b7
b8
b9
b10
b11
b12
b13
b14
b15

1
1
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3

3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
3
0
0
0

104
1
0
0
2
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

As you can see with the help of timestamp and real_date ; the question_id of each user is not sorted,
The new dataframe should contain which of the bundles user has interacted with, time-based sorted.

A: First create the final value for each bundle element using groupby and cumcount then pivot your dataframe. Finally reindex it to get all columns:
bundle = [f'b{i}' for i in range(1, 16)]

values = df.sort_values('timestamp').groupby('user_iD').cumcount().add(1)

out = (
  df.assign(value=values).pivot_table('value', 'user_iD', 'bundle_id', fill_value=0)
    .reindex(bundle, axis=1, fill_value=0)
)

Output:
>>> out
bundle_id  b1  b2  b3  b4  b5  b6  b7  b8  b9  b10  b11  b12  b13  b14  b15
user_iD
1           1   2   0   0   3   0   0   0   0    0    0    0    0    0    0
2           1   0   0   0   0   0   2   0   0    4    0    0    0    0    3
3           0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0    2    0    3    0    0    0
104         1   0   0   2   0   3   0   0   0    0    0    0    0    0    0

>>> out.reset_index().rename_axis(columns=None)
   user_iD  b1  b2  b3  b4  b5  b6  b7  b8  b9  b10  b11  b12  b13  b14  b15
0        1   1   2   0   0   3   0   0   0   0    0    0    0    0    0    0
1        2   1   0   0   0   0   0   2   0   0    4    0    0    0    0    3
2        3   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0    2    0    3    0    0    0
3      104   1   0   0   2   0   3   0   0   0    0    0    0    0    0    0

A: Lacking more Pythonish experience, I'm proposing the following (partially commented) code snippet which is not optimized in any way, being based merely on elementary pandas.DataFrame API reference.
import pandas as pd
import io
import sys

data_string = '''
user_iD;question_id;user_answer;correct_answer;correct;elapsed_time;solving_id;bundle_id;timestamp
1;1;A;A;1.0;5.00;1;b1;1547794902000
1;2;D;D;1.0;3.00;2;b2;1547795130000
1;5;C;C;1.0;7.00;5;b5;1547795370000
2;10;C;C;1.0;5.00;10;b10;1547806170000
2;1;B;B;1.0;15.0;1;b1;1547802150000
2;15;A;A;1.0;2.00;15;b15;1547803230000
2;7;C;C;1.0;5.00;7;b7;1547802730000
3;12;A;A;1.0;1.00;25;b12;1547771110000
3;10;C;C;1.0;2.00;10;b10;1547770810000
3;3;D;D;1.0;5.00;3;b3;1547770390000
104;6;C;C;1.0;6.00;6;b6;1553040610000
104;4;A;A;1.0;5.00;4;b4;1553040547000
104;1;A;A;1.0;2.00;1;b1;1553040285000
'''

df = pd.read_csv( io.StringIO(data_string), sep=";", encoding='utf-8')
# get only necessary columns ordered by timestamp
df_aux = df[['user_iD','bundle_id','correct', 'timestamp']].sort_values(by=['timestamp'])

# hard coded new headers (possible to build from real 'bundle_id's)
df_new_headers = ['b{}'.format(x+1) for x in range(15)]
df_new_headers.insert(0, 'user_iD')

dict_answered = {}
# create a new dataframe (I'm sure that there is a more Pythonish solution)
df_new_data = []
user_ids = sorted(set( [x for label, x in df_aux.user_iD.items()]))
for user_id in user_ids:
    dict_answered[user_id] = 0
    if len( sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1]:
        # supplied arg in the next line for better result readability
        df_new_values = [sys.argv[1].strip('"').strip("'")
            for x in range(len(df_new_headers)-1)]
    else:
        # zeroes (original assignment)
        df_new_values = [0 for x in range(len(df_new_headers)-1)]

    df_new_values.insert(0, user_id)
    df_new_data.append(df_new_values)

df_new = pd.DataFrame(data=df_new_data, columns=df_new_headers)

# fill the new dataframe using values from the original one
for aux in df_aux.itertuples(index=True, name=None):
    if aux[3] == 1.0:
        # add 1 to number of already answered questions for current user
        dict_answered[aux[1]] += 1
        df_new.loc[ df_new["user_iD"] == aux[1], aux[2]] = dict_answered[aux[1]]

print( df_new)

Output examples
Example:  .\SO\70751715.py
   user_iD  b1  b2  b3  b4  b5  b6  b7  b8  b9  b10  b11  b12  b13  b14  b15
0        1   1   2   0   0   3   0   0   0   0    0    0    0    0    0    0
1        2   1   0   0   0   0   0   2   0   0    4    0    0    0    0    3
2        3   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0    2    0    3    0    0    0
3      104   1   0   0   2   0   3   0   0   0    0    0    0    0    0    0

Example:  .\SO\70751715.py .
   user_iD b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10 b11 b12 b13 b14 b15
0        1  1  2  .  .  3  .  .  .  .   .   .   .   .   .   .
1        2  1  .  .  .  .  .  2  .  .   4   .   .   .   .   3
2        3  .  .  1  .  .  .  .  .  .   2   .   3   .   .   .
3      104  1  .  .  2  .  3  .  .  .   .   .   .   .   .   .

Example:  .\SO\70751715.py ''
   user_iD b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10 b11 b12 b13 b14 b15
0        1  1  2        3
1        2  1                 2         4                   3
2        3        1                     2       3
3      104  1        2     3

A: I think you are looking for LabelEncoder. First import the library:
#Common Model Helpers
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder

Then you should be able to convert objects to category:
    #CONVERT: convert objects to category

    #code categorical data
    label = LabelEncoder()
    dataset['question_id'] = label.fit_transform(dataset['question_id']
    dataset['user_answer'] = label.fit_transform(dataset['user_answer'])
    dataset['correct_answer'] = label.fit_transform(dataset['correct_answer'])

Or just use below:
dataset.apply(LabelEncoder().fit_transform)


text:
/*	$NetBSD: dh-ltm.c,v 1.1.1.2 2014/04/24 12:45:30 pettai Exp $	*/

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2006 Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan
 * (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden).
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * 3. Neither the name of the Institute nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE INSTITUTE AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE INSTITUTE OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <dh.h>

#include <krb5/roken.h>

#include "tommath.h"

static void
BN2mpz(mp_int *s, const BIGNUM *bn)
{
    size_t len;
    void *p;

    len = BN_num_bytes(bn);
    p = malloc(len);
    BN_bn2bin(bn, p);
    mp_read_unsigned_bin(s, p, len);
    free(p);
}

static BIGNUM *
mpz2BN(mp_int *s)
{
    size_t size;
    BIGNUM *bn;
    void *p;

    size = mp_unsigned_bin_size(s);
    p = malloc(size);
    if (p == NULL && size != 0)
	return NULL;
    mp_to_unsigned_bin(s, p);

    bn = BN_bin2bn(p, size, NULL);
    free(p);
    return bn;
}

/*
 *
 */

#define DH_NUM_TRIES 10

static int
ltm_dh_generate_key(DH *dh)
{
    mp_int pub, priv_key, g, p;
    int have_private_key = (dh->priv_key != NULL);
    int codes, times = 0;
    int res;

    if (dh->p == NULL || dh->g == NULL)
	return 0;

    while (times++ < DH_NUM_TRIES) {
	if (!have_private_key) {
	    size_t bits = BN_num_bits(dh->p);

	    if (dh->priv_key)
		BN_free(dh->priv_key);

	    dh->priv_key = BN_new();
	    if (dh->priv_key == NULL)
		return 0;
	    if (!BN_rand(dh->priv_key, bits - 1, 0, 0)) {
		BN_clear_free(dh->priv_key);
		dh->priv_key = NULL;
		return 0;
	    }
	}
	if (dh->pub_key)
	    BN_free(dh->pub_key);

	mp_init_multi(&pub, &priv_key, &g, &p, NULL);

	BN2mpz(&priv_key, dh->priv_key);
	BN2mpz(&g, dh->g);
	BN2mpz(&p, dh->p);

	res = mp_exptmod(&g, &priv_key, &p, &pub);

	mp_clear_multi(&priv_key, &g, &p, NULL);
	if (res != 0)
	    continue;

	dh->pub_key = mpz2BN(&pub);
	mp_clear(&pub);
	if (dh->pub_key == NULL)
	    return 0;

	if (DH_check_pubkey(dh, dh->pub_key, &codes) && codes == 0)
	    break;
	if (have_private_key)
	    return 0;
    }

    if (times >= DH_NUM_TRIES) {
	if (!have_private_key && dh->priv_key) {
	    BN_free(dh->priv_key);
	    dh->priv_key = NULL;
	}
	if (dh->pub_key) {
	    BN_free(dh->pub_key);
	    dh->pub_key = NULL;
	}
	return 0;
    }

    return 1;
}

static int
ltm_dh_compute_key(unsigned char *shared, const BIGNUM * pub, DH *dh)
{
    mp_int s, priv_key, p, peer_pub;
    int ret;

    if (dh->pub_key == NULL || dh->g == NULL || dh->priv_key == NULL)
	return -1;

    mp_init_multi(&s, &priv_key, &p, &peer_pub, NULL);
    BN2mpz(&p, dh->p);
    BN2mpz(&peer_pub, pub);

    /* check if peers pubkey is reasonable */
    if (mp_isneg(&peer_pub)
	|| mp_cmp(&peer_pub, &p) >= 0
	|| mp_cmp_d(&peer_pub, 1) <= 0)
    {
	ret = -1;
	goto out;
    }

    BN2mpz(&priv_key, dh->priv_key);

    ret = mp_exptmod(&peer_pub, &priv_key, &p, &s);

    if (ret != 0) {
	ret = -1;
	goto out;
    }

    ret = mp_unsigned_bin_size(&s);
    mp_to_unsigned_bin(&s, shared);

 out:
    mp_clear_multi(&s, &priv_key, &p, &peer_pub, NULL);

    return ret;
}

static int
ltm_dh_generate_params(DH *dh, int a, int b, BN_GENCB *callback)
{
    /* groups should already be known, we don't care about this */
    return 0;
}

static int
ltm_dh_init(DH *dh)
{
    return 1;
}

static int
ltm_dh_finish(DH *dh)
{
    return 1;
}

/*
 *
 */

const DH_METHOD _hc_dh_ltm_method = {
    "hcrypto ltm DH",
    ltm_dh_generate_key,
    ltm_dh_compute_key,
    NULL,
    ltm_dh_init,
    ltm_dh_finish,
    0,
    NULL,
    ltm_dh_generate_params
};

/**
 * DH implementation using libtommath.
 *
 * @return the DH_METHOD for the DH implementation using libtommath.
 *
 * @ingroup hcrypto_dh
 */

const DH_METHOD *
DH_ltm_method(void)
{
    return &_hc_dh_ltm_method;
}