A static mixer for an exhaust gas system of an internal combustion engine with which at least two different fluid streams are mixed almost homogeneously after a short mixing distance, and with which back-flow effects and pressure losses are avoided, to the greatest possible extent. Due to the placement of flow guide devices, the inclined front sections of which are disposed alternately facing in different directions, and by the configuration and placement of the fluid passage spaces, which are delimited by guide elements, intensive and homogeneous mixing of two different fluid streams is achieved, while avoiding turbulent flows and pressure losses. Mixing of the fluid streams is supported by guide vanes that are disposed on the flow guide elements in the front region of the central center element, and on a frame that delimits the inclined sections of the flow guide elements.
Applicant claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 of German Application No. 10 2010 009 043.3 filed on Feb. 23, 2010.
The invention relates to a static mixer for an exhaust gas system of an internal combustion engine which is disposed in an exhaust gas pipe of the internal combustion engine and which consists of a plurality of flow guide elements that influence the flow of a fluid stream. The flow guide elements are disposed on a central center element and extend outwardly in the direction of the inner wall of the exhaust gas pipe. The flow guide elements have a section in the flow direction of the fluid stream that is inclined at a predetermined angle relative to the flow guide elements.
It is known that the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions of the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine takes place by means of selective catalytic reduction (SCR). In this connection, a suitable reduction agent, such as liquid urea or gaseous ammonia, is introduced into the exhaust gas stream in the case of a lean exhaust gas composition, for the purpose of NOx reduction. Usually, a static mixer is used to mix the reduction agent with the exhaust gas, by means of which mixer a desired distribution of the reduction agent in the exhaust gas stream is supposed to be achieved, for the purpose of efficient exhaust gas purification.
German Patent No. DE 10 2007 012 790 B4 describes a static mixer for mixing a reduction agent with the exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engin, which mixer is disposed in the exhaust gas pipe of the internal combustion engine, and consists of a plurality of flow guide elements that influence the flow of a fluid stream, configured in the manner of vanes. The flow guide elements are disposed on a central center element and extend in the direction of the inner wall of the exhaust gas pipe. The flow guide elements consist of a carrier element on which vane-like sections are disposed, to influence the flow. In this connection, the vane-like sections are disposed on the carrier element in such a manner that they have a predetermined angle relative to the flow direction of the exhaust gas stream.
German Patent Application No. DE 100 60 808 A1 describes a mixing device which consists of multiple guide blades. The guide blades are disposed in the exhaust gas pipe, on a central center element. The flow direction is deflected as the exhaust gas flows through the mixing device by the guide blades configured in the manner of blades.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,848,920 describes a static mixer which is supposed to produce a homogeneous media stream. This mixer has a number of ribs disposed around a central hub, spaced apart from one another at angles. Additional vane elements are formed onto these ribs.
German Patent Application No. DE 10 2008 017 395 A1 describes a mixer that is produced from only a single sheet-metal body. The mixer consists of a pipe body having radially projecting blades on the axial ends. The blades are disposed and configured in such a manner that they are set at an angle relative to an axial direction of the pipe body. As a result, the flow resistance is increased in the region of the blades, and swirling is produced. This swirling of the exhaust gas stream supports the evaporation of the liquid reduction agent, if applicable, and improves the homogenization of the mixture.
German Patent No. DE 10 2006 058 715 B3 describes a static mixer for an exhaust gas system of an internal combustion engine, which mixer consists of a plurality of flow elements that influence the flow of the exhaust gas stream. The flow guide elements are formed by single-vane guide vanes that project away from a mixer plane in the flow direction of the exhaust gas. The vanes are disposed in multiple guide vane rings about a mixer center point, and are inclined away from the mixer center point, proceeding from their connection point to the mixer radially to the outside, so that the exhaust gas stream is forced radially outward by the guide vanes.
The mixers used serve primarily to mix liquid reduction agents with the exhaust gas stream. In addition, the liquid reduction agent is supposed to be evaporated when it impacts the components of the mixer. When gaseous reduction agents are used, sufficient mixing of the gaseous reduction agent with the exhaust gas stream is not possible with the mixers described. Another disadvantage of the mixers is that turbulent flows occur as the result of the flow guide elements or the blades, and these can lead to undesirable back-flow effects. Furthermore, the back-flow effects have a negative impact on the pressure loss above the mixer.
It is therefore an object of the invention to create a static mixer for an exhaust gas system of an internal combustion engine, with which at least two different fluid streams are mixed almost homogeneously after a short mixing distance, and with which back-flow effects are avoided, to the greatest possible extent, and the pressure loss over the mixer is restricted to a minimum.
According to the invention, this task is accomplished by a mixer in which the angle sections on the flow guide elements are disposed alternately facing in different directions, in such a manner that the free flow cross-section between two adjacent flow guide elements is reduced, and the free flow cross-section between two different adjacent flow guide elements is maintained. There is a frame element disposed on the front of the section of the flow guide elements, viewed opposite the direction of the fluid stream. There are guide elements facing in the direction of the central center element and connected with the center element and disposed on the frame elements, in such a manner that a free fluid passage space is formed after two guide elements which are connected with their longitudinal sides that face in the direction of the center element.
Due to the placement of flow guide devices, the inclined front sections of which are disposed alternately facing in different directions, and by means of the configuration and placement of the fluid passage spaces, which are delimited by guide elements, intensive and homogeneous mixing of two different fluid streams is achieved, while avoiding turbulent flows and pressure losses. Mixing of the fluid streams is supported by guide vanes that are disposed on the flow guide elements in the front region of the central center element, and on a frame that delimits the inclined sections of the flow guide elements.
Another advantage of the mixer according to the invention consists in its relatively simple structure, because the main components are formed by correspondingly bent metal sheets and are connected with one another in terms of material.
FIG. 5 shows a side view according to FIG. 4.
Referring now in detail to the drawings, a mixer 1 according to the invention, for mixing the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine with a reduction agent that is supplied to the exhaust gas stream, is shown in FIG. 1, in perspective. In this connection, the reduction agent is preferably a gaseous substance, such as gaseous ammonia, for example. It is also possible to mix a liquid reduction agent with the exhaust gas stream using mixer 1 according to the invention. In the following, the exhaust gas stream and the supplied reduction agent are referred to as a fluid stream. The flow direction 11 of the fluid flow is indicated with a corresponding arrow in the drawings. Mixer 1 is disposed in an exhaust gas pipe, not shown, of an internal combustion engine, in known manner.
Mixer 1 consists of a plurality of flow guide elements 2 that influence the fluid stream, which elements are axially disposed around a central center element 7 and extend in the direction of the inner wall of the exhaust gas pipe. Flow guide elements 2 are preferably disposed around central center element 7 at uniform intervals. In the embodiment shown, the number of flow guide elements 2 amounts to a total of eight pieces. The number of flow guide elements 2 can be selected to be greater or less, in accordance with the conditions, whereby an even number of flow guide elements 2 must always be used.
Flow guide elements 2 have a section 3 that is angled away relative to the longitudinal axis of flow guide elements 2, in the rear region, seen in flow direction 11 of the fluid stream. In this connection, angled sections 3 are disposed on flow guide elements 2, alternately facing in different directions. Preferably, angled sections 3 are configured to be bent in the manner of blades, whereby the insides of two blade-like sections 3 are disposed to face one another. In FIG. 1, a pair of adjacent flow guide devices 2 are designated with 2′ and 2″, for a better representation. By means of sections 3 that alternately face in different directions, a region is formed between the two adjacent flow guide elements 2′ and 2″, in which region the inclined or angled sections 3 face one another and in which front lower edges 9 of sections 3 that face one another almost touch. Due to this arrangement, the free flow cross-section between the two adjacent flow guide elements 2′ and 2″ is reduced. Furthermore, a region is formed between the adjacent flow guide elements 2″ and 2′, in which region the free flow cross-section is not influenced by sections 3 and is therefore maintained. In FIG. 2, the placement of sections 3 and the formation of the free flow cross-sections can be seen.
By means of sections 3, which are angled away or bent in the manner of blades, and alternately face in different directions, the flow direction 11 and the flow velocity of the fluid stream are changed, so that as a result, the mixing effect in the fluid stream is improved, and homogeneous mixing of the fluid stream takes place.
A frame element 4 is disposed on lower edge 9 of inclined sections 3 of flow guide elements 2 which elements form a closed frame due to being connected with one another in terms of material. In this connection, a frame having a number of corners in accordance with the number of flow guide elements 2 is formed. Frame elements 4 can be formed by bending the side wall of sections 3 of flow guide elements 2, which sections are bent in the manner of blades or angled away. However, frame elements 4 can also be produced as a separate component, which components are then connected with corresponding sections 3 by welding, soldering, or the like. Guide elements 5, which face in the direction of central center element 7 and are connected with it, are disposed on frame elements 4.
Guide elements 5 that face in the direction of the central center element 7 and are connected with center element 7 are disposed on frame elements 4. In this connection, two guide elements 5 disposed next to one another are connected with their longitudinal sides, which face in the direction of the center element 7. Furthermore, the guide elements 5 are configured in such a manner that a free fluid passage space 6 is formed after two guide elements 5 are connected with their facing longitudinal sides. The free fluid passage space 6 is disposed so that it lies in the region below adjacent flow guide elements 2′ and 2″, in which region the sections 3 are disposed to face one another, so that—as is evident from FIG. 2—four free fluid passage spaces 6 are formed, distributed over the circumference of mixer 1. Guide elements 5 are configured so that free fluid passage space 6 constantly widens in flow direction 11 of the fluid stream and in the direction of the inner wall of the exhaust gas pipe.
As is evident from FIG. 3, central center element 7, on which flow guide elements 2 are firmly disposed, extends in the axial direction only over a partial region of mixer 1. The lower edge of each flow guide element 2 is configured in such a manner that it assumes a constantly greater distance from the center axis after central center element 7, in the axial direction, so that a space that widens is formed in the interior of mixer 1, in connection with guide elements 5.
A guide vane 8 is disposed on each of frame elements 4, which vane faces in the direction of the center axis of mixer 1 at a predetermined angle, which is variably adjustable in accordance with the desired flow conditions. The configuration of guide vanes 8 with regard to their size and shape is also dependent on the mixing effects to be achieved. Guide vanes 8 are disposed in such a manner that they cover a partial region of free fluid passage space 6 and thus influence the fluid flow.
In FIGS. 4 and 5, a variant of mixer 1 according to the invention is shown. In this connection, flow guide elements 2 are additionally provided with an inclined guide vane 10 in the front region of central center element 7. Due to guide vanes 10, the fluid stream is passed to mixer 1 already having been influenced in its flow direction 11.
Due to the placement of angled sections 3 on flow guide elements 2, the placement of guide elements 5, forming free fluid passage spaces 6, the placement of guide vanes 8 in the region of fluid passage spaces 6, and the placement of guide vanes 10 on flow guide elements 2, an intensive influence on the fluid flow is achieved, so that after a short mixing distance, almost homogeneous mixing of the fluid flow takes place, and back-flow effects and pressure losses are generally avoided. Mixer 1 according to the invention is particularly suitable for intensive mixing of two different gaseous fluid streams, such as, for example, gaseous ammonia into an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine.
Another significant advantage is that a segment of mixer 1, consisting of a flow guide element 2, an angled section 3, a frame element 4, a guide vane 8 and guide element 5, preferably consists of a component that has been bent in multiple ways, and the individual segments are combined to form mixer 1 by being joined by material, such as by welding or soldering or the like. In this way, it is possible to further reduce the production effort. However, it is also possible to produce the individual parts separately and then to join them with one another by material joining.
guide elements facing toward the center element and connected with the center element, said guide elements being disposed on the frame elements so that a free fluid passage space is formed by two of said guide elements that are connected with their longitudinal sides and that face in the direction of the center element.
2. The static mixer according to claim 1, wherein the angled sections are formed bent from the flow guide elements.
3. The static mixer according to claim 1, wherein each free fluid passage space is disposed in a region below the sections of the flow guide elements that face one another, and delimited by the guide elements, so that each free fluid passage space constantly widens in the flow direction of the fluid stream and radially outwardly from a longitudinal axis of the mixer.
4. The static mixer according to claim 1, wherein the frame elements form a frame configured with corners formed by joining the frame elements with one another, wherein a number of frame elements corresponds to a number of flow guide elements.
5. The static mixer according to claim 1, wherein a guide vane is disposed on each of the frame elements, said guide vane facing toward a center axis of the mixer at a predetermined angle.
6. The static mixer according to claim 5, wherein the guide vanes are disposed to cover a partial region of each of the free fluid passage spaces.
7. The static mixer according to claim 1, wherein the flow guide elements are provided with guide vanes disposed at an angle, in a front region of the center element.
8. The static mixer according to claim 1, wherein front edges of the sections that face one another are disposed to almost touch one another in a region of the frame elements.
9. The static mixer according to claim 1, wherein a lower edge of each of the flow guide elements extends beyond the center element in an axial direction and is configured to have an increasingly greater distance from the a center axis of the mixer.
10. The static mixer according to claim 5, wherein a segment of the mixer consisting of a flow guide element, an inclined section, a frame element, a guide vane and guide element, is formed from a single component that has been bent in multiple ways.
ES2291506T3 (en) 2008-03-01 Gas treatment apparatus.


text:
Der Kontextualismus ist eine Denkrichtung der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften.

Der Kontextualismus betrachtet Politik und andere Vorgänge im Zusammenhang ihrer Umwelt. Klasse, Geographie, Klima, Ethnie, Sprache, Kultur, Wirtschaft, Demographie, Technologie, Ideologie und Religion und schließlich Institutionen beeinflussen die Politik, werden aber nicht von ihr beeinflusst. Demzufolge sind Institutionen unabhängige Faktoren.

Kontextualismus im philosophischen Sinn ist die Auffassung, dass jede Entscheidung, Handlung oder Äußerung in einem jeweiligen Kontext (Zusammenhang, Umfeld) stattfindet und auch nur in diesem verstanden werden kann. So sind zum Beispiel die Beschreibungen von Gesetzmäßigkeiten, die menschliches Verhalten zu prognostizieren versuchen (vgl. Prognose unter sozialwissenschaftlichem Aspekt und Prognose (Psychologie)), stets kontextspezifisch. Die strenge Auslegung des Kontextualismus impliziert darüber hinaus, dass selbst fundamentale Konzepte wie Wahrheit möglicherweise nur kontext-spezifisch seien. Einige Philosophen behaupten, dass diese Ansicht zum Relativismus führt.

Im Bereich der Ethik ist Kontextualismus am engsten verbunden mit ethischem Partikularismus (Situationsethik) und ethischem Relativismus. In der Erkenntnistheorie stellt Kontextualismus einen Versuch dar, das Problem des Skeptizismus zu beantworten. Der Skeptiker bestreitet die schiere Möglichkeit von Erkenntnis und begründet dies mit dem Hinweis darauf, dass viele Sachverhalte (states of affairs) mit irgendwelchen Ansichten und deren Begründungen konsistent sind, während diese Ansichten an sich doch falsch sind. Demgegenüber blendet der Kontextualist bestimmte Seinszustände (states of being) in der Diskussion über Erkenntnis als hierfür nicht relevant aus.

Weblinks

 Keith de Rose: A Brief History of Contextualism (Paper-Draft zum Thema Kontextualismus in der Epistemologie)

Wissenschaftstheorie
Soziologische Theorie
Ethische Theorie
Erkenntnistheorie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The Vixen Focal Reducer for the ED81S, ED103S, & ED115S telescopes is a high-quality reducer for imaging use, designed to shorten the effective focal length of your refractor. Shortening the scope's effective focal length quickens exposures and widens the field of view.
To use this focal reducer, you'll need both the Vixen #3878 Direct Wide Photo Adapter and a camera-specific T-mount for your SLR camera. The outer portion of the T-mount is removed, and the remaining element of the T-mount affixes to the Direct Wide Photo Adapter. You then attach both pieces on to your SLR like a lens, and on the other side of the Direct Wide Photo Adapter you screw in this focal reducer. Together your SLR + T-Mount + Direct Wide Photo Adapter + focal reducer thread in to the rear of the focuser barrel upon the refractor.
What is the back focus distance of this reducer?
With the focal reducer, it is 63.5mm.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Watch any sci-fi program and you'll see people routinely enter spaceships, high-security zones and cyber infrastructures with the blink of a retina or the press of a palm. Are we moving toward a time in which passwords have expired once and for all and biometrics rule?
Not so fast, says Mike Benz, Vice President of Information Technology at Kraus-Anderson.
Benz was one of five top Minnesota IT leaders who took the stage for the Predictions Panel during the Secure CISO seminar March 8, 2018 at the Radisson Blu Hotel in Minneapolis, forecasting advances in cloud, mobile, applications, and cyber security.
The by-invitation only Secure CISO conference included over 150 of Minnesota's brightest cyber security minds, including Chief Information Security Officers from giants Mayo Clinic, Ameriprise and UnitedHealth Group; all collaborating the mitigate the existential threats to information technology. Benz fills us in on some of the thinking behind his forecast.
Q: What was your prediction for the panel?
MIKE BENZ: My prediction to the group was that passwords will soon become obsolete as the primary way of validating our identity. In the very near future, all personal and business application passwords will be augmented with some second factor of authentication, to prove that the person signing on is really who they claim they are.
Q: What kind of second factor authentication do you foresee?
MIKE BENZ: The additional technology will be a biometric such as the pace of your keystrokes, voiceprint, retinal scan, or fingerprint; or it could be tied to a changing login code on your iPhone, an ID badge or another accessory.
Q: Why is this additional layer of security necessary?
MIKE BENZ: Human nature. Passwords are very easily shared, either accidentally or intentionally, and people still don't realize the risk exposure. Many employees willingly share their passwords with others, write them on a piece of paper beside their computer, or stick them to the bottom of their keyboard. You can buy password "vaults" that are no more than a paper address book. Many people use the same password for business and personal accounts, resulting in one key that unlocks dozens of doors. This laxity exposes companies and individuals, to all manner of risk, from unauthorized access to emails, bank accounts, and competitive pricing secrets; to identity theft. Most people don't like the inconvenience of passwords, but don't stop to consider the enormous inconvenience of having their bank accounts wiped out, their identity stolen, or their company bankrupted due to a major cyber breach.
Q: Are there any drawbacks to multi-factor authentication?
MIKE BENZ: The trick is to balance security with convenience. The most convenient approach is to allow everyone full access to all information, without any gatekeepers or filters; and the most secure setup is to block everyone from accessing anything. However, the most practical solution is a low-friction hybrid; for example a new protocol that may take 10 seconds more to log in, but will reduce the risk of impersonation from 1-in-100 to 1-in 10,000. Nothing is absolutely bullet proof, but it is our responsibility to reduce that risk to an acceptable level.
Q: What industries are leading the charge in moving beyond simple passwords to multi-factor authentication? Who are the holdouts and why?
MIKE BENZ: Most banks, hospitals, and retailers have added a second factor of authentication long ago, because it was mandated by security compliance standards such as GLBA, HIPAA, or PCI. Conversely, the industries that have been slower to adopt are those that aren't bound by compliance mandates.
Q: Where does Construction fall in that spectrum?
MIKE BENZ: Many construction companies are privately held and are not typically governed by compliance mandates. They have been slower to adopt increased security measures. I often hear that we don't have information that would make us a target for thieves. Although, we've all heard of ransomware, where thieves lockup your systems until you pay a hefty ransom. What would happen if our computers were locked up for a week or if everything were erased? I contend that we're not so much in the construction business, as we are in the communication, information, and risk management business. We coordinate all the subcontractors who build the buildings, the architects, and the owners. And if we lose our ability to communicate, what value do we offer to our marketplace? If we can't effectively coordinate the concrete sub with the excavator, perhaps someone else will.
Q: What was closing your message to individuals and organizations at the Secure CISO event?
MIKE BENZ: Passwords were adequate when computers were housed onsite and didn't connect to anyone outside the building. Now, every company, computer, and mobile device is networked to the rest of the world. Passwords give us a false sense of security. If we value our identity and our ability to communicate, every person and organization needs to adopt more effective authentication strategies.


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text:
Q: Django testing error installing fixture- no such table Strange error after running "python manage.py test"
django.db.utils.OperationalError: Problem installing fixture
'/home/voxa/django/test_test/resume/fixtures/initial_data.json': Could not load
resume.Person(pk=1): no such table: resume_person

But i've used the same fixtures with "python manage.py loaddata initial_data.json"
UPD:
tests.py
from django.test import TestCase
from django.test import Client

from resume.models import Person

class ResumeTest(TestCase):

    def test_model(self):
        bio = Person(first_name="Homer", last_name="Simpson", birth_date="04.02.1978", email="mail@gmail.com", jabber="jabber@jabbim.com", skype="skype", other_contacts="tel: +380975322155", bio="Was born...")

    def test_index(self):
        client = Client()
        response = client.get('/')
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertContains(response, "Volodymyr")

A: If you're using migrations, your initial_data.json is loaded after every migration. If you want to load a fixture in your tests, do this:
class ResumeTest(TestCase):
    fixtures = ['my_data']
    ...

See Official django documentation.
Additionally, rename your 'initial_data.json' to 'my_data.json' to avoid it being loaded after every migration, which is what is probably causing your tests to fail.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home Crop News Chr. Hansen and UPL announce a long-term collaboration to develop and commercialize...
Chr. Hansen and UPL announce a long-term collaboration to develop and commercialize microbial solutions for sustainable agriculture
Chr. Hansen is joining forces with global agricultural solutions provider UPL in a unique partnership to strengthen the existing portfolio of microbial products and provide farmers with sustainable choices beyond conventional agricultural products.
Biological solutions are becoming more and more in demand as the agriculture industry faces challenges such as the growing resistance to chemicals and an increasingly challenging regulatory environment. Developing biostimulants and biopesticides is an important step in providing sustainable crop protection while increasing farmers' yield and productivity.
Under the terms of the partnership, Chr. Hansen will develop biological products based on their microbial capabilities and UPL will register and commercialize these products via its extensive global distribution network.
According to Vicente Gongora, chief marketing officer at UPL Ltd., "Biosolutions are a core pillar of our global purpose and work to reimagine sustainability – for food systems, for farmers, and for our environment. Building on the launch of NPP [Natural Plant Protection – a new global business unit] earlier in the year, we are proud to partner with Chr. Hansen to further expand our portfolio of products and technologies – and to offer new and sustainable solutions for more farming communities.
Consolidating our distribution networks and R&D facilities alongside Chr. Hansen's unique microbial experience and expertise presents a powerful opportunity to change the game for farmers and for sustainable agriculture globally. We look forward to sharing more news on the biological solutions that we are developing for the future, and we are excited about the legacy we will build together."
"UPL is a significant distributor of biosolutions worldwide," says Kim Müller Christensen, vice president of Plant Health at Chr. Hansen. "Combining that with Chr. Hansen's significant innovations in research and development, as well as our unique microbial capabilities and ability to breed our own bacteria, will mean better, targeted products that can go to market faster. The partnership is an important step in our 2025 strategy of growing a better world naturally."
In the best interests of farmers
The Chr. Hansen-UPL partnership has already identified several projects relevant to farmers globally and aims to develop a product pipeline for most major crops that will enable farmers to fight crop diseases and increase their yields. The companies expect the first registrations by the end of 2022.
"In essence the collaboration aims to establish a product pipeline that has the best interests of the famers at heart," says Kim Müller Christensen.
About UPL
UPL Ltd. (NSE: UPL & BSE: 512070) is a global provider of sustainable agriculture products & solutions, with annual revenue exceeding $5 billion. We are a purpose-led company. Through OpenAg, UPL is focused on facilitating progress for the entire agricultural value chain. We are building a network that redefines the way an entire industry thinks and works – open to fresh ideas, innovative ways and new answers as we strive towards our mission to make every single food product more sustainable.
As one of the largest agriculture solutions companies worldwide, our robust portfolio consists of biologicals and traditional crop protection solutions with more than 13,600 registrations. We are present in more than 130 countries, represented by more than 10,000 colleagues globally. For more information about our integrated portfolio of solutions across the food value chain including seeds, post-harvest, as well as physical and digital services, please visit upl-ltd.com.
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The ALW Team's main focus is you, by providing quality service, from quality manufactures so you receive nothing but the best quality product. Our goal is to always provide the best solution to all of your commercial, healthcare, education and dormitory furniture needs. We're happy to help you in Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina & South Carolina.
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Restaurateur Larry Mindel and Chef Peter McNee are opening Convivo restaurant and bar this spring on the ground floor of the historic Santa Barbara Inn, which is currently being fully remodeled and scheduled to open at the same time.
His menu will feature cicchetti (small plates served in bite size portions), shareable antipasti, housemade pasta, wood-fired pizza and Santa Barbara's bounty of seafood and meats roasted over a wood fire. Many dishes are served family style and everything can be shared.
A full bar featuring craft cocktails and local brewers will anchor the restaurant. A brick outdoor patio offers al fresco dining with a view of the Channel Islands. An extensive wine list–including wines on tap–will draw primarily from the Santa Barbara AVA.
While attending culinary school in San Francisco, McNee worked at famed Stars and later at Tra Vigne in Napa Valley. Not satisfied with his stateside teachings, he embarked on a yearlong culinary pilgrimage to Italy to cook with the "nonna." While living with host families, cooking and traveling throughout the country, he fell in love with Italian food and culture.
Returning to the Bay Area, he was drawn to iconic restaurateur Larry Mindel, the founder of Il Fornaio restaurants, and his shared passion for Italy. As Executive Chef at Poggio, McNee and owner Mindel formed a lasting friendship and partnership.
Santa Barbara Inn owner Richard Gunner and Mindel opened an Il Fornaio restaurant together some 20 years ago at the Pine Inn in Carmel. Chef McNee was Mindel's one and only choice to helm the kitchen at Convivo. Mindel and McNee envision Convivo as a gathering place where fellow Santa Barbarians and guests from around the world can do just that – come together to catch up on life, grab a drink and share a meal while watching the sunset.
Located just steps from the ocean, Convivo will serve breakfast, lunch and dinner at the Santa Barbara Inn (901 E. Cabrillo Blvd.), and will provide catering services for its newly renovated banquet room. Check back for updates on the restaurant's exact opening date.


text:
Santa Olaja de la Vega es una localidad y también una pedanía del municipio de Villaluenga de la Vega en la provincia de Palencia (España).

Geografía
Enclavada en la comarca natural Vega-Valdavia, con centro en Saldaña.

Actividades económicas de localidad: agricultura, ganadería, turismo rural, industria agroalimentaria. Cuenta con el Museo Etnográfico "La Calceta".

Topónimo
El nombre de la localidad, Santa Olaja, significa "Santa Olalla o Eulalia". Existen otras dos localidades del mismo nombre en las provincias de León y Burgos.

Demografía
Evolución de la población en el siglo XXI
{{Gráfica de evolución|tipo=demográfica|anchura=750|color_21=blue|nombre=Santa Olaja de la Vega |2000|92|2001|103|2002|102|2003|103|2004|106|2005|91|2006|95|2007|82|2008|89|2009|90|2010|89|2011|90|2012|90|2013|96|2014|95|2015|93|2016|86|2017|97|2018|98|2019|98|2020|102|notas=}}

Historia
A la caída del Antiguo Régimen la localidad se constituye en municipio constitucional que en el censo de 1842 contaba con 18 hogares y 94 vecinos, para posteriormente integrarse en Villaluenga de la Vega.

Referencias

Entidades locales menores de la provincia de Palencia
Localidades de Villaluenga de la Vega
Municipios desaparecidos de la provincia de Palencia
Vega-Valdavia
Localidades de la provincia de Palencia


HARARE: The Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation(ZBC) has been granted broadcast rights for the election petition by MDC Alliance leader Nelson Chamisa, which goes before the Constitutional Court on Wednesday, August 22.
In a letter written to ZBC by the JSC secretary Mr Walter Chikwana, the national broadcaster has also been given the capacity to distribute the live signal feed to other broadcasters who may be interested in covering the court proceedings live.
The Constitutional Court hearing will take place on Wednesday the 22nd of August.


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text:
PETER E. BRAZILL vs. GEORGE W. GREEN & another.
March 2, 1920 - May 22, 1920
Present: RUGG, C. J., BRALEY, CROSBY, CARROLL, & JENNEY, JJ.
Execution. Evidence, Presumptions and burden of proof. Recognizance. Contract, Performance and breach. Assignment. Practice, Civil, Parties.
Upon an execution, issued upon a judgment in an action of tort, commanding the officer, "of the goods, chattels or lands of the said judgment debtor, within your precinct, you cause to be paid and satisfied" the amount payable thereunder, and "for want of goods and chattels, or lands of the said judgment debtor, to be by him shown unto you, or found within your precinct. . . . We command you to take the body of the said judgment debtor . . ." the officer may arrest the judgment debtor without first demanding payment or searching for property on which to levy the execution.
Where, at the trial of an action upon a recognizance entered into by a judgment debtor arrested on an execution issued to enforce a judgment in an action of tort, the plaintiff introduced evidence of the judgment, the execution, the return of the officer making the arrest and the certificate of a master in chancery before whom the recognizance was entered into, and rested and no further evidence was admitted, a verdict for the defendants should have been ordered upon their motion, no breach of the recognizance being shown.
The mere fact that, after the entry of a judgment in an action of tort and the issuance of an execution for its enforcement, the judgment creditor by an instrument in writing and under seal assigned to a third person "all and whatever sum or sums of money now due and coming due to" him on the judgment, "with power to collect the same in my name and as my attorney, hereunto duly authorized to his own use," the instrument also providing that the assignor was to be saved harmless from all expense in the matter, is no defence to an action brought
in the name of the judgment creditor upon a recognizance, entered into by the judgment debtor and a surety when, after the assignment was made, the debtor was arrested upon the execution, it being necessary that the recognizance be based on the record of the judgment and it notbeing necessary for the assignee to bring the action thereon in his own name.
CONTRACT on a recognizance in the sum of $300 entered into by the defendant George W. Green as principal and the defendant John J. McCarthy as surety under R. L. c. 168, § 30. Writ in the Municipal Court of the City of Boston dated November 2, 1918.
Upon removal to the Superior Court the action was tried before Morton, J. The plaintiff introduced evidence of a judgment in tort in his favor against the defendant Green, and the issuance of an execution thereon for $151.24, damages, and $42.42, costs of suit. Subject to exceptions by the defendants, he was allowed to introduce in evidence the execution which issued on the judgment, the officer's return, showing that the defendant Green was arrested and taken before a master in chancery, where he recognized with surety for his appearance within thirty days before some court having jurisdiction to examine him as a poor debtor, and the certificate of the master in chancery. The plaintiff then rested. The defendants offered evidence showing that after the date of the judgment and before the arrest of the judgment debtor the plaintiff had assigned the judgment to one Milton by an instrument in writing and under seal reciting that, for a consideration of $2, the plaintiff did "sell, assign, and transfer to said Henry S. Milton the judgment against George W. Green entered in the Superior Court for the County of Suffolk on August 29, 1918, all and whatever sum or sums of money now due and coming due to me from George W. Green on the judgment aforesaid of said Boston to have and to hold the same to the said Henry S. Milton with power to collect the same in my name and as my attorney, hereunto duly authorized to his own use. It is expressly understood, however, that I the said Brazill are forever to be kept and saved harmless by the said Milton from all cost or charge hereafter in any way or manner, for and from the expense of the collection of the sum and sums hereby sold and assigned." The evidence was excluded.
At the close of the evidence, the defendants moved that a
verdiet be ordered in their favor. The motion was denied. They then asked for the following rulings:
"1. That unless the plaintiff, Peter E. Brazill, was the owner of the judgment and execution at the time of the giving of the recognizance, he cannot recover in this action.
"2. That when a judgment has been sold and assigned and an arrest made on an execution issued on said judgment after said sale and assignment, the recognizance given to release the debtor must run to the assignee, or if to the assignor, it must be expressed for the use and benefit of the assignee.
"3. That no person foreign to a record can recover thereunder.
"4. That any suit on a record no evidence can be offered to alter, change or amend the record.
"5. That on all the evidence the defendants are entitled to a verdict."
The rulings were refused. The judge ordered a verdict for the plaintiff in the penal sum of the recognizance; and the defendants alleged exceptions.
D. B. Beard, for the defendant Green.
J. L. Sheehan, for the defendant McCarthy.
H. S. Milton, for the plaintiff, submitted the case without argument or brief.
JENNEY, J. In this action on a recognizance entered into by George W. Green as principal and John J. McCarthy as surety, under R. L. c. 168, § 30, the defendants claim that the verdict ordered for the plaintiff ought not to stand. They base their objections thereto on the officer's return on the execution hereinafter referred to, on the absence of evidence of any breach of the recognizance, and on the exclusion of evidence relating to the interest of the plaintiff in the proceedings in which the recognizance was given.
The exception to the admission of the execution, of the officer's return thereon, and of the certificate of the master in chancery as to the recognizance is not argued, and is considered as waived. See concerning the questions involved in the admission of this evidence, Peck v. Emery, 1 Allen 463; Blake v. Mahan, 2 Allen 75; Damon v. Carrol, 163 Mass. 404; Bent v. Stone, 184 Mass. 92; Warburton v. Gourse, 193 Mass. 203.
1. It is contended that the officer's return shows no legal arrest
of the defendant Green, and that the recognizance is void for that reason. The execution was issued in an action of tort; therefore no preliminary affidavit and certificate were necessary. R. L. c. 168, § 17. The execution, which is in the usual form, commands the officer, "of the goods, chattels, or lands of the said judgment debtor, within your precinct, you cause to be paid and satisfied" the amount payable thereunder, and "for want of goods and chattels, or lands of the said judgment debtor, to be by him shown unto you, or found within your precinct. . . . We command you to take the body of the said judgment debtor. . . ." The officer's return does not show any demand for payment on Green or any failure on his part to satisfy the execution or expose "goods, chattels, or lands" to be applied in payment thereof. An officer, having in his hands an execution authorizing the arrest of a judgment debtor, is not obliged before making an arrest thereon to demand payment, or to search for property on which to levy the execution. It is provided in R. L. c. 177, § 28: "If an execution is in the alternative, so that it may be lawfully served in any of two or more ways, the creditor or his attorney may require the officer to serve it in any of said ways; and the officer shall conform to such directions if it is in his power." In Dooley v. Cotton, 3 Gray 496, at page 497, it was said: "That our process of writ of execution being in the alternative, to take either goods and chattels, or lands, or the body of the debtor, either of the three modes may be selected by the creditor, or by the sheriff, with the privity or subsequent assent of the creditor, has been long sanctioned by practice, and good authority. Lyman v. Lyman, 11 Mass. 317. Woodward v. Hopkins, 2 Gray 210, 213. It seems also to be sanctioned by the express provisions of the Rev. Sts. c. 97, § 12." In Webber v. Davis, 5 Allen 393, at page 397, this court said: "The defendants objected that the officer's return on the execution did not state that he had made any search for the goods, chattels and lands of Davis within his precinct, or that he was directed to arrest the body of Davis. No authority is cited in support of this objection, and the want of such search, or of directions from the plaintiff, could not make the arrest illegal. An execution had been put into his hands, having upon it a certificate such as the statute requires to authorize the arrest of the defendant, and that was sufficient." See also Hoar v. Tilden, 178 Mass. 157.
The only intimation to the contrary is found in O'Brien v. Annis, 120 Mass. 143, where the question involved was whether a constable had so far proceeded in the service of an execution as to justify him in continuing to act thereunder after his term of office had expired, and where at page 145 it was said: "The execution delivered to him was only to be served by arrest of the person for want of goods, effects or credits to be exhibited by the trustees, and for want of property of the principal defendant which he could find." The statute, and the cases from which quotations have been made, were not referred to, and the broad language used cannot be construed as an attempt to overrule the cases or limit the statute. The case is authority for the proposition that a demand on a trustee named in an execution, and a diligent search for goods and effects of the principal defendant are a commencement of its service. Even if not necessary, such proceedings were proper, and such a demand on a trustee is necessary in order to protect fully the rights of a judgment creditor. R. L. c. 189, §§ 40, 41. See Swan v. Justices of the Superior Court, 222 Mass. 542, 545.
2. A verdict should have been ordered for the defendants, because there was no evidence of any breach of the recognizance. Damon v. Carrol, supra. Temple v. Phelps, 193 Mass. 297, 302. See R. L. c. 173, § 6, cl. 11.
3. The defendants offered to prove that, after the execution had been issued against Green and in favor of Brazill, but before the arrest of Green thereon, the plaintiff had executed a written assignment of the judgment to Henry S. Milton. There was no offer of proof that Brazill was acting otherwise than for the benefit of his assignee. The evidence was properly excluded, because if admitted it did not constitute a defence. The judgment, although not assignable at common law, could be transferred in equity. Dunn v. Snell, 15 Mass. 481. Norton v. Piscataqua Fire & Marine Ins. Co. 111 Mass. 532. Baker v. Wood, 157 U. S. 212. Hayes v. Rich, 101 Maine, 314. It has been held under a statute similar to R. L. c. 173, § 4, that a judgment can be transferred by written assignment so that an action thereon may be brought in the name of the assignee. Wood v. Decoster, 66 Maine, 542. Ware v. Bucksport & Bangor Railroad, 69 Maine, 97. The assignment offered in evidence, having been made after the recovery of judgment and
the issuance of the execution, did not substitute the assignee as the judgment creditor, and proceedings upon the execution necessarily continued in the name of the assignor who was still a party of record. When after the arrest, a recognizance was given, it was of necessity based on the record. An action thereon can be maintained in the name of the judgment creditor for the benefit of the assignee of the judgment. The recognizance took the place of the body of the defendant Green, and the beneficial interest therein passed without any formal transfer as an incident to the judgment; but there being no written assignment of the recognizance, the assignee of the judgment was not within R. L. c. 173, § 4. Rogers v. Abbot, 206 Mass. 270. It was not necessary to bring the action for the benefit of the assignee. Moore v. Spiegel, 143 Mass. 413. Kelly v. Greany, 216 Mass. 296. The extended terms of a recognizance taken under R. L. c. 168, §§ 29, 30, closely follow the recitals in an execution, and such recognizance properly runs to the judgment creditor. Commonwealth v. Cutter, 156 Mass. 52. Bolen v. Crosby, 49 N. Y. 183.
Although the exception of the defendants to the refusal to allow their motion for the direction of a verdict must be sustained, because there was no evidence of a breach of the recognizance, the other questions argued by the defendants have been considered, as they may arise in the course of another trial of this action.
Exceptions sustained.


Strategy and sell transportation and accommodations for travel agency clients. Ideal for Liberty Travel is ideal for travelers in search of a customized travel packages, insider details about destinations and for price range-conscious travelers. Dependability — Job demands being reliable, responsible, and dependable, and fulfilling obligations. You could also move into other roles in the travel sector, like tour operating, or digital and legal solutions.
The Job Outlook tab describes the elements that affect employment growth or decline in the occupation, and in some instances, describes the partnership amongst the number of job seekers and the number of job openings. Agents may possibly face tension for the duration of travel emergencies or unanticipated schedule changes.
Best for Fox Planet Travel is very best for vacationers, families and corporate travelers who want the assurance of a smooth trip. Travel Agents Have Prices That You Never – Travel agents are privy to special flight prices, specific hotel and cruise cabin rates that buyers will never ever uncover on-line themselves. InteleTravel delivers its agents the highest travel companion commissions in the sector.
Some travel agencies also deal with the detailed expense report paperwork needed by the accounting departments of most organizations. Plan, describe, arrange, and sell itinerary tour packages and promotional travel incentives supplied by various travel carriers. Location-certain research or specialization: Some agents with certification from The Travel Institute are trained in area-specific bookings whilst other individuals charge for time spent researching destinations. Travel agents offer advice on destinations, plan trip itineraries, and make travel arrangements for customers. Hot Technologies — a technology requirement frequently incorporated in employer job postings.
Ask the travel agency to arrange the fine points of the group's trip in addition to handling the larger details. So if we get a get in touch with and there is somebody who speaks Spanish, or Portuguese, we can get another agent who can help. Itemization of charges and charges: Even though there is no law requiring travel agencies to give an itemized breakdown of expenses and fees, buyers can request this data to make certain charges are affordable. Travel agents with limited knowledge can turn out to be a Certified Travel Associate (CTA) following completing a series of classes and exams. Certified travel business executive (CTIE): A CTIE is a travel market professional who has management instruction within the travel agency. Audley Travel has presented custom-created trips primarily based on client input since opening their doors in 1996.


There are a lot of used Dodge trucks for sale that has considered to be one of the best utility vehicles on the market today. Many people believe this to be true because of the HVAC system these name brand of pickups have built into them. Just about every single vehicle this company makes has a very good ventilation system built into it. No matter if you are looking for a car, truck, Suv or even a minivan, you will find a great working air conditioning and heating unit in each of them.
When a construction company is buying a utility vehicle to help them complete a job they want something solid and dependable. This is another huge reason that this particular name brand of vehicle is sought after by so many general contracting and heating and cooling companies.
The vehicles that Dodge produces has proven to their customers time and time again that it can stand up to the test of time. With the reputation that they have built for themselves, they will surely remain one of the most popular vehicles for years to come.
The Dodge Ram is personally one of my favorite pick up trucks. I also like Chevy trucks as well.
I would love to hear all of the other truck owners favorite name brand of truck or Suv.


text:
What coins are worth money?
How much is a gold bar worth in 2000
At the end of 2021, one troy ounce of fine gold was worth 1805.8. In 2000, the price of gold was the lowest since 1990, and a troy ounce of gold was worth $274.5 a year.
Is gold worth $2000 an ounce
The price of gold has hit $2,000 a troy ounce since August 2020 on Monday, as Russia stepped up its bombing of Ukraine. Investors are flocking to gold as the Ukrainian crisis deepens, and Goldman Sachs has said it is "the key currency of the last few days." beach resort.
What coins are worth money
Coin Artist closed at approximately $269 with a market cap of $582,804.84. The artist's 00 coin was traded on the stock exchange on the last day. Currently, a Coin Artist gold coin can be purchased for $0.
Which Sacagawea coins are valuable
Sacagawea dollar coins, unique to the Cheerios variant, are among the most popular U.S. commemorative coins among numismatists. According to the specific values ??in the table, the price has increased over the past 4 years (2017-2020) The MS68 Sacagawea 2000 P Cheerios Dollar brand has increased slightly.
What is the most valuable coin
And the mockery of Macron and the EU politicians over the AstraZeneca vaccine "killed hundreds and thousands"
British homes are eclipsed by huge shipping boxes from China – BILD
"Don't insult any of our intellects!" An angry priest attacks Johnson out of irresponsibility. Cruel Puppy Punishment – How Long Can Clients Be in Jail? What is the maximum punishment?
See also What is pre-1933 gold?
How much is the Sacagawea coin worth
Sacagawea Coin Values ??Uncirculated Sacagawea dollar coins cost between $2 and $3, while proofs sell for $10 to $15. Goodacre 2003 Sacagawea coins were received in a very small size (5000 coins) and are currently worth $600. The 2001-S and 2002-S proof Sacagawea dollar coins are worth $50 and $25 respectively.
What is Goldman Sachs Gold ETF?
What is Goldman Sachs Physical gold ETF?
Will gold price go down in 2022?
What is gold manipulation?
What is the silver price forecast for December 2021?
Is Goldman Sachs interview tough?
How many gold are in the world?
What is the cheapest way to invest in gold?


text:
package org.motechproject.mobile.core.model;

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * Holds IncomingMessageSession information for data storage and manipulation
 * Represents a Session of {@link org.motechproject.mobile.core.model.IncomingMessage }
 * and its response {@link org.motechproject.mobile.core.model.IncomingMessageResponse }
 *
 * Date: Dec 14, 2009
 * @author Joseph Djomeda (joseph@dreamoval.com)
 */
public interface IncomingMessageSession {

    /*
     *
     * @param id the id to set
     */
    public void setId(Long id);

    /*
     *
     * @return id to get
     */
    public Long getId();

    /*
     * @return the dateStarted
     */
    public Date getDateStarted();

    /*
     * @return the dateEnded
     */
    public Date getDateEnded();

    /*
     * @return the formCode
     */
    public String getFormCode();

    /*
     * @return the lastActivity
     */
    public Date getLastActivity();

    /*
     * @return the requesterPhone
     */
    public String getRequesterPhone();

    /*
     * @return the incomingMessages
     */
    public List<IncomingMessage> getIncomingMessages();

    /*
     * @return the messageSessionStatus
     */
    public IncMessageSessionStatus getMessageSessionStatus();

    /*
     * @param dateStarted the dateCreated to set
     */
    public void setDateStarted(Date dateStarted);

    /*
     * @param dateEnded the dateEnded to set
     */
    public void setDateEnded(Date dateEnded);

    /*
     * @param formCode the formCode to set
     */
    public void setFormCode(String formCode);

    /*
     * @param lastActivity the lastActivity to set
     */
    public void setLastActivity(Date lastActivity);

    /*
     * @param requesterPhone the requesterPhone to set
     */
    public void setRequesterPhone(String requesterPhone);

    /*
     * @param incomingMessages the incomingMessages to set
     */
    public void setIncomingMessages(List<IncomingMessage> incomingMessages);

    /*
     * @param messageSessionStatus the messageSessionStatus to set
     */
    public void setMessageSessionStatus(IncMessageSessionStatus messageSessionStatus);

    /*
     * Helper Method to add IncomingMessage to IncomingMessageSession
     * @param msg the IncomingMessage to add
     */
    public void addIncomingMessage(IncomingMessage msg);

    /*
     * Helper method to remove IncomingMessage from IncomingMessageSession
     * @param msg the IncomingMessage to add
     */
    public void removeIncomingMessage(IncomingMessage msg);

    /*
     * Helper method to display string value of all properties of the object
     * @return formated string value of all properties
     */
    @Override
    public String toString();

    /*
     * @return the version
     */
    int getVersion();

    /*
     * @param version the version to set
     */
    void setVersion(int version);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Meet This Duo Vipul Jain a Serial Entrepreneur and Vikas Shirvastav, How they are creating a unique learning experience with domain experts at "Ctrlaltlearn"
We started this journey of Ctrlaltlearn in the month of July 2017. When myself (Vipul Jain ) along with Vikas Shirvastav thought about this idea of bringing structure and organization the Non-tech part of the business, which is scattered. Same time, domain expert's have there own struggles in marketing their capabilities, even they are good in content and teaching.
As a serial entrepreneur & Digital Marketing evangelist, Vipul has over 14+ years' expertise in mobile marketing, Campaign management, and marketing operations. Established two e-commerce stores in India. Co-founder and Chief Marketing Officer at Bidstalk. Established marketing channels for Bidstalk, a B2B mobile advertising system that offers a transparent and holistic real-time bidding platform. Acquired by Applift ( German Entity ) in Year, 2015.
Vikas is having more than 13+ years of experience in consulting, operations, project management, and startups. MBA from S.P. Jain Institute of Management & Research, Mumbai and B.E. Marne from MERI (cracked IIT JEE in 1998). A wide range of experience which includes hands-on work in the shipping industry to consulting on process improvement to global majors. Rich globetrotting experience, Vikas has traveled to more than 15 countries and worked with people from multiple nationalities.
We are aiming for investment, but our focus will be on profitability from day one and bring a value to the educational system on the non-tech side of it.
" Major challenges will be uncharted territories, which is never experienced by any educational start-up till date. Secondly, to build an online & offline presence simultaneously is another challenge " Says the Co-Founder Mr Vipul Jain.
We are planning to provide our offerings across India for this year and start operations across PAN India Locations. Same time, looking forward to an investor who can not only bring funds but can bring expertise, experience, and profile into the business.


So, I've noticed some weird stuff on my face. It's basically lots of tiny whiteheads ( I don't know if this is their correct name but they are White so yeah), they look like blackheads but they are white.
Well, what bothers me is that I think some of them are turning into red and noticeable zits, some of them small and a little red and others bigger and more noticeable. A small part of them become loose and they easily come off without leaving any mark or redness but the majority gets red.
Ugh, I hate It, they are so many and mostly on my cheeks.
I'm on 30mg of accutane right now (I've been on accutane for almost 6 months now but It's been only a month since my dermatologist increased my dose to 30 mg) so I don't know if this has anything to do with It... Maybe accutane is pushing them out? I honestly don't know, I cant find any relevant information about these things.
They kind of look like this but they are on my cheeks.
If You could give me some information about these things I would really aprecciate It... What may be causing them? I wear makeup everyday on weekdays but I remove It as soon as I get home (2pm).
im not an expert but maybe you need to research exfoliating?


I was bitten by the videogame bug way back 1981 on the Atari 2600 after having played Space Invaders and have not really looked back since.
Due to this I have a soft spot for Retro Gaming and you can catch me many a time making videos of the all time classics and not so classics !!! Anyone who knows me, knows I will play anything no matter how bad!!!
I've always being a completionist even before achievements were a twinkling in Microsoft's eye so when they came along they were right up my street. I'm currently ranked 33 on True Achievements for gamer score and am fast approaching the 700k mark.
So thanks for taking the time to get to know me a little, I shall catch you all soon!!


If I've said it once, I've said it a thousand times: characters are the beating heart of every good story. Good characters, more often than not, make for a good story. That means you need to write a character with strong goals, strong motives and a clear problem to overcome. We know this. Nevertheless, it also goes without saying that your characters must all have a physical appearance, which you can describe to the reader (unless, of course, you're writing some highly ambitious piece of supernatural fiction where all your characters are non-corporeal beings who never interact with physical reality as we know it).
Let me tell you right now, there's an art to describing characters. Do it right and your audience will have such a vivid image in their minds that they'll swear they've actually met your character. Do it wrong and you might just produce one of the most pedestrian scenes in your entire story. Nothing drags the pace of a narrative down quite like a long winded description of Jimmy's hair colour, eye colour and whatever unremarkable clothes he might be wearing. I say it's better to have no physical description than a bad one.
A huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders; and he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. His arms did not swing at his sides, but hung loosely and only moved because the heavy hands were pendula.
(John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men).
If you've read Of Mice and Men, you'll know there are two essential things to know about Lennie Small: 1) he's a large and strong man and 2) he has a childlike mind. These two facts form the basis for his entire plotline from start to finish. Is it any surprise, then, that Steinbeck's description emphasises these qualities? Just look at the adjectives/adverbs: 'huge', 'large', 'wide', 'heavily', 'heavy'. All these words signify bigness. Notice, incidentally, that Steinbeck never says 'tall', nor does he give a specific height. After all, Steinbeck's purpose is to emphasise how physically imposing Lennie is but not all tall people are imposing. Whether Lennie is tall or not is unimportant. What matters is that he is huge.
Similarly words like 'shapeless', 'pale' and 'hung loosely', used to describe his face, eyes and body language all have a certain vacant quality to them. The bear metaphor is especially powerful, as bears are animals which are known to be physically imposing but not frightfully intellectual. Nothing in this description is superfluous. It tells us everything we need to know about Lennie. We can imagine unimportant details like his hair colour for ourselves.
Another important thing to consider is how subjective/objective your word choice is. Objective language sticks to the facts. For example: 'Johnny had brown eyes'. Subjective language is based on one's personal impressions: 'Johnny had eyes of the richest chocolate'. Or alternatively, 'Johnny had eyes like a pair of dirty brown pebbles'. Striking the right subjective/objective balance can be hard and will be largely dependent on your narrative POV. As a rule, First Person and Third Person (Limited) narratives can and should include a generous dose of subjective language, since we are being given the personal impressions of a particular character. We want to know whether or not the narrator is attracted to or repelled by the character in question. Third Person (Omniscient), on the other hand, should be more reserved with its use of subjective language. But that's only a guideline.
One last tip: use vivid but precise language. Consider again Steinbeck's description of Lennie. The word 'pendula', used to describe the movements of Lennie's arms, creates a very sharp image in the reader's mind. After all, we've all seen the lazy, mindless but unceasing swing of a pendulum that hangs from a clock, powered by nothing but simple physics. We can imagine that motion so clearly that it is easy to picture Lennie's arms as they swing in a way that more bland language might not have been able to convey. Beware, however. Don't let clever sounding words get in the way of a description which is also precise. Steinbeck is a master of description not only because of the vivid imagery he employs, but also because the imagery is so very appropriate. If simple language creates desired effect, use it. Don't bamboozle your reader with peripheral unnecessary purple prose, especially not if it is less precise than simple language. You will lose your reader's attention if you do. Instead, aim to use words and metaphors which convey an accurate and vivid image in the most direct way possible.
Remember, your reader doesn't really care what your character looks like. They care about who your character is. So when you describe your character's looks, cut to the chase. Keep it snappy, keep it sharp and most importantly of all, keep it relevant.
We're all familiar with some of the traditional character types you find in most fiction: protagonists, antagonists, love interests and so forth. But there is another common type of character out there; one which can sometimes be harder to define, though we know them when we see them (intuitively at least). I am talking about foils.
A person or thing that contrasts with and so emphasizes and enhances the qualities of another.
In fiction, therefore, a foil is a character (or sometimes an object or idea) who highlights the traits of another character (usually the protagonist) by contrasting with them. But apart from that, these characters can play just about any role in your story you like. They can even (and often do) fulfil other key roles in your story, such the main antagonist or love interest (actually, as an aside, I often think love interests make great foils; opposites do so often attract, especially in fiction).
There's a lot of good reasons to include a foil in your story. They can be an excellent tool for emphasising qualities in your protagonist which you might wish to draw out without stating explicitly. They can also go horribly wrong if executed poorly or needlessly.
No character should exist solely for the benefit of another.
No one wants to only be a sidekick.
Yes, a foil character must, by definition, contrast with another, but if that's their only function in your story, watch out! All people in real life have their own motives, goals and problems and so should your characters. A good story can get along just fine without a foil character, but a character who serves as a foil and nothing else will be nothing but a burden on your narrative. At best they will read like a two-dimensional sidekick.
I would therefore strongly advise against sitting down to 'write a foil character'. Figure out who the main players are in your story first. Ask yourself what they all want, what's preventing them from getting it and why they are necessary for your story. You may well find that your story will benefit from having a foil and it will probably become pretty obvious who should assume that role once you've finished most of your planning.
Take Star Wars for instance. Power and its ability to corrupt is a central theme in these movies. Every Jedi, trained in the Force, faces the temptation to be seduced and corrupted by their power. In the original trilogy, the protagonist, Luke Skywalker, faces this very issue in the form of his foil and antagonist, Darth Vader. Both of these characters come from humble backgrounds, both were trained by Jedi Masters and became powerful Jedi themselves. Yet only Darth Vader was seduced by the Dark Side; Luke resists the same temptation and his life takes a completely different path. Cosmetic contrasts such as differently coloured lightsabres also add to the effect.
Darth Vader works as a foil for Luke, because it feeds right in to one of the story's key themes and draws out Luke's inner struggles against the Dark Side. Indeed, Darth Vader serves very much as a personification of Luke's inner struggles. He represents the course of life Luke can but must not choose.
Darth Vader: You've only begun to discover your power. Join me and I will complete your training! With our combined strength, we can end this destructive conflict and bring order to the galaxy.
Darth Vader: It is your destiny. Join me, and together, we can rule the galaxy as father and son!
Of course, not all foils are antagonists. They don't even need to be central characters (I've even heard it argued that they really shouldn't be, though I don't personally agree with that). All a character really needs to be a foil is to draw out your protagonist's key traits by contrasting with them. But for my money, a good foil should be a fully-fledged secondary character, antagonist, love-interest, etc. in their own right first and a foil second. Perhaps a better way to think of it is to say that a foil is not so much a character type as it is a literary technique; one which just happens to often be associated with one character in particular.
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Sometimes, I just can't say it better than my fellow bloggers, and since it's been a while since I've compiled a 'list of things I like' kind of post (in fact, I don't think I've done it since the very first post I ever wrote for Penstricken; sigh) I decided that it was about time I did another one. And what better thing to list than some of the best story-writing related posts from other blog sites that I have found particularly useful or insightful in recent weeks.
In reality, there's dozens of writing and fiction related blogs I like to read on a regular basis and there have been numerous posts I've read lately that I could include in this list. I could not even begin to list them all. This is just a selection of some that I have recently come across (not necessarily ones that were written recently) which proved invaluable to me.
C.S. Wilde – Free Basic Scene Planner (especially handy for 'pantsers' like me who are working hard to become 'planners').
Rachel Poli – Why Fan Fiction is Important to Me (I had to include this, because to be frank, fan fiction was pretty much where I also started writing and I have a sneaking suspicion that a great number of writers today can probably relate to this refreshingly unashamed, reflective little post).
Larry Kahaner – How To Screw Up Your Novel: The Series Cheat (because I want to poke novelists who do this in the eye with a chopstick, too).
Tobias Mastgrave – World Building Part 5: How To Build a People Group – Custom and Tradition (this post deals with one of the most important aspects of world building and is full of really insightful points that most people over look. Yes, I know it's a couple of years old now but I don't care; it's got some important stuff in it. Essential reading for the speculative fiction author).
Kristen Twardowski – The Curse of Rewrites: How Many is Too Many? (useful insights for those of us who suffer from perfectionism).
Jean M. Cogdell – Are your adjectives in the right order? (by all accounts, this is more of a language related post, rather than a fiction specific one, but I think it is especially useful for us writers).
Bridget McNulty – Novel plot mistakes: 7 don'ts for how to plot a novel (actually, there are about a hundred posts on NowNovel's blog that I could have linked to. The blog at that site is just one of the really useful services they offer to novelists, no matter what their level of experience. I just keep coming back and reading this site again and again… but this was the one I read the most recently about how not to plot your novel).
K.M. Weiland – The #1 Key to Relatable Characters: Backstory (remember that post I did recently about writing a backstory for your protagonist? Well… forget it. This one by K.M. Weiland is better).
Have you ever had a really great idea for a story that somehow seemed to die a little more with each word you tried to write? Ever had a thrilling plot with no obvious holes in it that you just couldn't seem to get off the ground? Perhaps, in addition to your thrilling and seamless plot, you also constructed a world so detailed, so complex and so marvellous that it would give Terry Pratchett and J.R.R Tolkien a run for their money; an antagonist whose diabolical scheme is sure to keep the reader on the edge of their seats; you've even managed to weave in a romantic subplot (which admittedly still seems a little half-baked, but it's showing real potential)… and yet still, you just can't seem to really ignite all that hard work into a half decent manuscript.
If any of this sounds familiar, there's a good chance that your story is suffering from a chronic case of what I have dubbed Phantom Protagonist Syndrome (PPS). PPS is a condition which occurs in stories where the protagonist (that is, the main character) has not fully developed into a believable person but is only 'half there'. Other symptoms of PPS may include excessive backstory in your manuscript (especially in the opening pages) giving complex details of the social, economic and political situation for the last thousand years of your fiction world; numerous failed attempts to audition your protagonist; feelings of despair and frustration (in the author) and an overwhelming urge on the part of the author to delete the whole story and work on another project (knitting, or some other non-literary pursuit). Symptoms of PPS usually become apparent in the mid-late planning stage of development (although it has been documented at all stages, including several untreated cases in published works) and typically affects almost every other part of the story.
'Is it serious!?' I hear you cry.
Why, yes it is. Terminal, in fact. Remember, your protagonist is the driving force behind your story. Think about the busiest place you know; your office, your living room or your kid's school playground. What do you think happens when there is nobody there?
That's right. Nothing happens. The same is true in fiction. No protagonist, no story. Your story hangs on your protagonist's every thought (because this affects what he does) and his every action (because this affects what actually happens), so the more he seems like a real person, the better.
Religion (be specific about this. Even atheists believe something to be true; for instance, they might believe religion is the scourge of humanity to be actively opposed or they might have a more 'live and let live' approach to religion, while still rejecting it for themselves. When answering the question of your character's religious beliefs, be sure to know what he believes, rather than simply what he does not believe).
A list of likes, dislikes, hopes and fears.
If any of these are missing or incomplete then your character is still a mere phantom, not a fully formed person. I'm very sorry, but it's PPS.
If, however, you're satisfied that you've got all the basics in place, then we need to perform a more invasive test on your protagonist. We need to get right inside his mind and find out what our protagonist's motivation, goals, conflict and epiphany will be. These not only add substance to your protagonist, but they also form the backbone of your plot. Each of these four things follow on, one from the other: motivation influences goals, goals determine the conflict, which in turn determines what the outcome of your story will be and, consequently, what your protagonist will learn (the epiphany).
For instance, Johnny swears by his morning cup of coffee to get him through the day. He's often late for work and his boss has told him if he is late one more time, he'll get the sack. One morning, Johnny wakes up and – oh no! – his bus leaves in ten minutes! He quickly decides not to have the cup of coffee he swears by but jumps into the first set of clothes he can find and runs to the bus stop. He makes it to work just in time where he does such a good days work that he gets a promotion. And I did it all without a single drop of coffee, he reflects on his way home.
To this end, he aims to drink a cup of coffee and get to work on time. He believes both are needed to satisfy his motives.
Time (an abstract sort of antagonist, if you like) has conspired to make him lose his job by forcing him to choose between his two goals.
Having got to work on time, he realises he can live without coffee after all.
Johnny had two goals in this story: to have his morning cup of coffee and to get to work on time. His motivation, however, is to hold down his job and this determines his every action, including his decision to abandon one goal in favour of another. A common cause of PPS is giving your protagonist plenty of goals (i.e., get to the bus stop at all costs) but no motivation. Johnny would never have reacted in such haste if he wasn't motivated to keep his job. He might not even have bothered about the coffee. He would have stayed in bed and learned nothing. How much more unlikely is it that your protagonist is going to try to assassinate Hitler or propose to his friend's sister unless they are motivated? Johnny had goals because he was motivated. Conflict arose because the 'antagonist' (time, in this case) forced him to choose between his two goals. The choice he made, based on his motivation, determined the outcome of the story and, in the end, taught him a valuable lesson that made him a better person (but why not click here for the alternate ending?).
That, dear reader, is a character driven story and the most powerful vaccination I know against PPS.
Since we talked about creating the perfect bad guy last week, I thought it seemed only meet that we should have a think about the character who (some might say) is the most important in any story: the protagonist.
Traditionally, the protagonist is the 'hero' and the 'good guy'. Indiana Jones, Miss Marple, Romeo, Luke Skywalker, Sherlock Holmes, Matilda, Harry Potter, Jane Eyre, Frodo Baggins, The Doctor and James Bond are just some examples of famous protagonists who defeat the bad guy, save the day, get the girl (or boy!) and generally overcome whatever obstacles the author feels like putting between them and their ultimate goal. Some stories, like A Song of Ice and Fire, follow the adventures of multiple protagonists at once. In many respects, this is slightly truer to life than the tradition of having only one protagonist, since there are no true protagonists in life (though we might all feel like we ourselves are the protagonist!) but it also makes for a far more complicated story. There's nothing wrong with that, but it's something to bear in mind if you want to go down the route of interweaving the lives of multiple protagonists!
Whether you want to create one protagonist or one million, one of the first things you would be wise to do is to shelf any notions you might have about the protagonist being the 'good guy'. Unless you're writing a morality play, all of your characters ought to be a little bit flawed – including your hero. In fact, it's all the more important that your protagonist is a little flawed (even in a morality play), because your reader absolutely must be able to sympathise with them so that they can come to care about what happens to them. For example, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress has a lot in common with a morality play in that it's a highly allegorical work of religious fiction following the journey of a man called Christian making his way from the City of Destruction (this world) to Celestial City (heaven). One might expect the hero of such a work to be insufferably righteous but he is not. He is constantly waylaid, tricked and misled by various obstacles and antagonists such as the Slough of Despond, Mr Worldly Wiseman and the Giant of Despair who imprisons him in Doubting Castle. The reason Christian works as a character is because, despite his good intentions, he represents human frailty and fallibility. Bunyan's intended audience can relate to this character. Therefore, they care about what happens to him because if he can achieve his goal despite his flaws, there is hope that the reader will also achieve their own goals in life. This goes for all stories, regardless of whether or not they have a religious or ethical moral like in The Pilgrim's Progress.
Like your antagonist, your protagonist needs a goal; something he is trying to achieve. There is no point in creating a protagonist the reader can relate to if that character doesn't have some goal that both he and the reader badly want him to achieve. More than any other character, the protagonist's goal will be the beating heart of your story. If Frodo had just went out for wander instead of specifically trying to get to Mordor to destroy the ring, there would have been no story. Even silly stories, such as Mr Bean's Holiday are absolutely defined by the protagonist's single-minded and relentless urge to make it to the beach. Without a goal and a few obstacles which stand in between your protagonist and the goal, there is not much of a story, no matter how interesting and lifelike your protagonist is. If Sherlock Holmes had just pottered about using his gift to impress the other characters by telling them what they all had for their breakfast a week ago, he would not have become one of the most iconic characters in the history of mystery fiction. Sherlock Holmes needs a mystery to solve or the reader will lose interest in him (in fact, many of the Sherlock Holmes stories open with Holmes despairing of how boring his life becomes when he is between mysteries). Even if you take the interesting step of making your protagonist the bad guy (always good fun), he still needs a goal, though you might want to think twice before allowing him to fully achieve it. It's probably better that he either dies in the attempt or else learns the error of his ways and repents, but that's just my opinion.
Intricately tied into the protagonist's goals are his obstacles. What's stopping him achieving his goal? Perhaps another character in particular opposes his goals (that's your antagonist, by the way) and is actively trying to hinder him. For example, in The Count of Monte Christo, the protagonist hopes to marry a particular woman and is opposed by a rival for her affections. This forms the basis for the whole plot. In Star Trek: Voyager, the protagonists are trying to make the impossibly long 70,000 light-year journey back to Earth. No one antagonist directly opposes this goal, but the sheer distance they have to travel makes it seem impossible for them to get home. Your protagonist's obstacles might even take the form of internal conflicts, such as disease, self-doubt or cowardice. Indeed, you would be quite wise to include a few internal conflicts to give your protagonist a bit of believability. A protagonist who is brave, selfless, confident and strong can quickly become two-dimensional, no matter what his goals are and who opposes him.
I've got be honest, I find protagonists some of the most difficult characters to create. I also tend to find them less compelling than the antagonist in a lot of stories. Let's be honest: Darth Vader is cooler than Luke Skywalker. There's something really fun about booing and hissing at the bad guy, but no one wants him to win. It's the protagonist we always hope and expect will win, because he or she is the one we have been following the most closely and have come to care about. Therefore, the perfect protagonist will be imperfect so we can relate to him, with good intentions that we hope he will eventually realise and a few demons to overcome. Who cares that Darth Vader is cooler than Luke Skywalker? We never truly relate to Vader or believe in his goals. We do relate to Skywalker and his goals in a way which means we will always be rooting for the good guy to win.


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