text:
Q: Как сделать чтобы при выборе значения QCombobox, который создается в таблице QTableWidget без указания имени по итерации срабатывал метод Я пытаюсь понять, как сделать так, чтобы при выборе QCombobox, который создается без явного указания имени по нажатию кнопки в таблице QTableWidget срабатывал какой-нибудь метод.
Внизу приведен пример создания таблицы с QCombobox в QTableWidget, по нажатию кнопки добавляются строки.
При выборе значения пользователем значения в QCombobox, хочу чтобы срабатывал метод "show_message()", который показывает сообщение, какой QCombobox сработал и вывести его значение «Продано» или «В наличии» внутри сообщения, а так же знать в какой строке выбран QCombobox.
import sys
from PyQt5 import QtWidgets
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QVBoxLayout, QMessageBox

class MyWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
  def __init__(self, parent=None):
    super().__init__()
    self.centralWidget = QWidget()
    self.setCentralWidget(self.centralWidget)
    self.row_count = 1
    self.table_index = 0

    self.tableWidget = QtWidgets.QTableWidget()
    self.tableWidget.setRowCount(0)
    self.tableWidget.setColumnCount(2)

    self.button = QtWidgets.QPushButton('Добавить строки таблицы')
    self.button_1 = QtWidgets.QPushButton('Вывести значение ячейки')

    self.layout = QVBoxLayout(self.centralWidget)
    self.layout.addWidget(self.tableWidget)
    self.layout.addWidget(self.button)
    self.layout.addWidget(self.button_1)

    self.button.clicked.connect(self.add_cells)

    self.button_1.clicked.connect(self.show_message)

def add_cells(self):  # метод для добавления строки и ячеек
    self.tableWidget.setRowCount(self.row_count)
    self.tableWidget.setItem(self.table_index, 0,
                             QtWidgets.QTableWidgetItem('Nokia'))

    combobox = QtWidgets.QComboBox()  # Создаю combobox
    combobox.addItem('Продано')
    combobox.addItem('В наличии')

    self.tableWidget.setCellWidget(self.table_index, 1, combobox)  # Добавляю строки по итерации
    self.row_count += 1
    self.table_index += 1

def show_message(self):
    msg = QMessageBox()
    msg.setWindowTitle('Выбран вариант Combobox')
    msg.setText('Вы выбрали значение "ТЕКСТ QCombobox (Продано или В наличии"')
    msg.setInformativeText('Вы выбрали QCombobox в строке "Номер строки"')
    msg.exec_()

if __name__ == '__main__':
   app = QApplication(sys.argv)
   w = MyWindow()
   w.show()
   sys.exit(app.exec_())

A:
void QComboBox::textActivated(const QString &text)
Этот сигнал отправляется, когда пользователь выбирает элемент в поле со списком.
Текст элемента передается.
Обратите внимание, что этот сигнал отправляется, даже если выбор не изменен.
Если вам нужно знать, когда выбор действительно изменится,
используйте сигнал currentIndexChanged() или currentTextChanged().
Эта функция была введена в Qt 5.14.

Я не проверял логику вашего приложения, а добавил только сигнал и слот.
import sys
from PyQt5 import QtWidgets
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, \
    QVBoxLayout, QMessageBox

class MyWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        super().__init__()
        self.centralWidget = QWidget()
        self.setCentralWidget(self.centralWidget)
        self.row_count = 1
        self.table_index = 0

        self.tableWidget = QtWidgets.QTableWidget()
        self.tableWidget.setRowCount(0)
        self.tableWidget.setColumnCount(2)

        self.button = QtWidgets.QPushButton('Добавить строки таблицы')
        self.button_1 = QtWidgets.QPushButton('Вывести значение ячейки')

        self.layout = QVBoxLayout(self.centralWidget)
        self.layout.addWidget(self.tableWidget)
        self.layout.addWidget(self.button)
#        self.layout.addWidget(self.button_1)

        self.button.clicked.connect(self.add_cells)
#        self.button_1.clicked.connect(self.show_message)

    def add_cells(self):
        row = self.tableWidget.rowCount()                           # +++

        self.tableWidget.setRowCount(self.row_count)
        self.tableWidget.setItem(
            self.table_index,
            0,
            QtWidgets.QTableWidgetItem(f'Nokia {self.table_index}')
        )

        combobox = QtWidgets.QComboBox()
        combobox.addItem('Продано')
        combobox.addItem('В наличии')
# +++ vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
        combobox.textActivated.connect(
            lambda text, row=row, cb=combobox :
                   self.current_text(text, row, cb))
# +++ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        self.tableWidget.setCellWidget(self.table_index, 1, combobox)
        self.row_count += 1
        self.table_index += 1

    '''
    def show_message(self):
        msg = QMessageBox()
        msg.setWindowTitle('Выбран вариант Combobox')
        msg.setText('Вы выбрали значение "ТЕКСТ QCombobox (Продано или В наличии"')
        msg.setInformativeText('Вы выбрали QCombobox в строке "Номер строки"')
        msg.exec_()
    '''

# +++ vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
    def current_text(self, text, row, cb):
        msg = QMessageBox()
        msg.setWindowTitle('Выбран вариант Combobox')
        msg.setText(f'Вы выбрали значение: {text}')
        msg.setInformativeText(f'Вы выбрали QCombobox в строке: {row}')
        msg.exec_()
# +++ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

if __name__ == '__main__':
   app = QApplication(sys.argv)
   w = MyWindow()
   w.show()
   sys.exit(app.exec_())


text:
BFCSA
Denise Brailey
BFSCA Blog
Create a Blog Account
Types Of Scams
Losses Registry
Homes Lost
Members' Stories
Bankwest Class Action
Storm Financial Class Action
Provident Capital Class Action
Financial Counsellors
Money Choice Victims
Banksia Victims
LM Investments Victims
Poster - Australian Mortgage Scandal
Letter - PM and Treasurer
Graham Macaulay Library
New Memberships
GLOBAL SUB-PRIME CRISIS
BANKILEAKS
Click on our Secret Library of Evidence ------>
BANKILEAKS Secret Library
Loan Application Forms (LAF's)
Bank Emails to Brokers
Then Click on 'VIEW NOTEBOOK'
DISTRESS SOS
What BFCSA Does...
BFCSA investigates fraud involving lenders, spruikers and financial planners worldwide. Full Doc, Low Doc, No Doc loans, Lines of Credit and Buffer loans appear to be normal profit making financial products, however, these loans are set to implode within seven years. For the past two decades, Ms Brailey, President of BFCSA (Inc), has been a tireless campaigner, championing the cause of older and low income people around the Globe who have fallen victim to banking and finance scams. She has found that people of all ages are being targeted by Bankers offering faulty lending products. BFCSA warn that anyone who has signed up for one of these financial products, is in grave danger of losing their home.
Whistleblowers' Corner!
To all mortgage brokers, BDMs and loan approval officers!
Pls Call Denise: 0401 642 344
"Confidentiality is assured."
Lighten your load today and "Laugh all the way to the bank!"
Led by award-winning consumer advocate Denise Brailey, BFCSA (Inc) are a group of people who are concerned about the appalling growth of Loan Fraud around the world. BFCSA (Inc) is a not for profit organisation in the spirit of global community concern and justice.
Click on the Cluster Map.
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BFCSA: Liberal and Labor own the Australian Mortgage & Banking Scandal as it crossed the political divide.
Posted by	Denise on	 Saturday, 23 November 2013 in Consumers Fight Back
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Political Parties will find no currency in either trying to avoid the Mortgage Elephant in the room or continue to bury the bodies. The Low Doc Loan Scandal which eeked into the Full Doc Loans with identical toxicity, could envelope every Australian in some form.
The amount of toxicity in these 30 year loans, set to implode within 4 - 6 years, is an unknown quantity. Yet every loan we have viewed has fraud and/or forgery starring us in the face: "not one clean loan." Collectively, members have been able to piece together the mechanics of this dreadful situation. Both major political parties have been hiding our sub prime problem for far too long and knowingly offering no protection to consumers. That abysmal strategy to protect the banks at the expense of ordinary Mums and Dads will costs this nation dearly on many levels.
The evidence is clear: ASIC warned Treasury with a NSW CCLS Report commissioned by ASIC in 2003. Some Politicians from that era have long gone, yet others will remember and became part of the problem of cover up rather than a part of the solution. It is not my intention to name anyone. What purpose would that serve in a blame game. ASIC decided long ago, taking on the Banks would be a losing career changing battle and their jobs were more important than saving consumers.
Everyone knew the elephant was in the room but no-one had the courage to tell consumers: DO NOT TRUST OUR BANKS FOR ONE SECOND!
Instead the political response was to head towards the next election and say nothing. Well, that was predictable. But what to do now? The problem is, that by ignoring the earlier warning signs in 1996, we allowed the toxic mortgages to be sold and resold and sold again. The DEBT BUBBLE infected the PROPERTY BUBBLE and to some extent the Share Market.................well you know the rest. Last year on 8th August 2012, I warned Federal Parliament: "The Government cannot, ought not to profit from a fraud." Government responded and shortly after sold off the remaining Residential Mortgage Backed Securities ("RMBS") packages they had purchased with tax payer's money. The Treasurer's response being "it was one of the most profitable policies we had....." Hmmmmm, I am sure it was and that's the problem. To cover up on a FRAUD perpetrated on ordinary citizens, Mums and Dads, the backbone of this country......is one thing. To PROFIT FROM THAT FRAUD is disgraceful.
Did the Office of Prime Minister know at that time? We will never be told the truth. Its hard to believe, but perhaps the Banks captured ASIC for the past 14 years and although briefing Treasury every month, they omitted the best bits: "we are allowing overpaid Bankers to continue creating massive sub prime lending bubble." Our Banks boasted to the world: "we are the most profitable in the world." American fund managers rang me: "You guys were doing the same things as us.........we just could not figure it out......I travelled to Australia three times to unravel what you were doing....."
For the first time in OUR HISTORY, the Federal Corporate Cop ASIC, will be placed under the Senators' microscope. This will lead the country to a ROYAL COMMISSION into our disgraceful Banking System which is close to 50% owned by the Americans.
Our Children need to be armed to protect themselves from the scourge of the banking sector. Finance and Politics is taught in Universities, yet the most important educational skills we could arm our children with is the value of money and how it relates to political life.
Politics is not a dirty word. Its how we conduct ourselves in the marketplace. Politics affects everything we do, yet only 5% of the privileged set are taught even the basic rudiments of Politics as a subject. Politics and Finance are intertwined and we could easily become a third world country if 95% of our people are not taught these basic of skills in protecting their own financial future and well being.
Learning how to manage money should be top of the curriculum. Its no use someone winning a lottery and then having to be taught, that which ought to have been taught in Primary and High Schools. The biggest thing: to be taught NEVER EVER TRUST BANKERS AND MONEY LENDERS. Jesus understood that one very well 2000 years ago.
The history of banking and finance is equally important in the formative years.
ASIC handing out so called"educate consumer" brochures is unintelligent and stupid. That's like asking Al Capone and Charles Ponzi fans to "spread the word, but give them no secrets!"
Now whomsoever is in Federal Government the next ten years will be in for a bumpy ride!!! Because no-one bothered to dig deep into the looming sub prime BANKING SCANDAL that enveloped every democratic country. If they were briefed in 1996, no-one will be willing to admit what they knew and when. One thing is certain.......over 100,000 families have been infected and all of those people losing their homes.....will augment badly on every citizen and its leaders.
I am sure we are all in for a lesson on "how not to handle a crisis!" We have been in practice for 17 years. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Last modified	on	 Saturday, 23 November 2013
Tagged in: Australian Bank Fraud Australian Low Doc Scandal Australian Parliament Australian Public Service Australian Sub Prime Lending
BFCSA: David Murray justifies a CBA $7 million pa...
BFCSA: Bank Computer Fraud Engineered by the Lend...
BFCSA: Australian Bank Engineers Manufacture Faulty Products then Rewarded Mega Bonuses - Corruption Exposed May 19
BFCSA: Australian Sub Prime Liar Loans Scandal caused by a corrupt ASIC - Corrupt Regulators May 31
BFCSA: Senate Submission Weekend. Make this your top priority - Australian Securities & Investment Commission Jul 26
Leaders debate on Sky: Q: Will you promise to Jail the Bankers re 000's of Australians caught in Toxic SUB PRIME Mortgage Lending Crisis? - POLITICS & PARLIAMENT Aug 07
BFCSA: Exposing the Greatest most Dastardly Bank Scandal in Australia's History: - BANKSTERS Nov 16
doyla66 Sunday, 24 November 2013
Caveat Emptor bites the dust - ASIC take notes and weep!
How could ordinary consumers know what they were getting into? Basically, they couldn't.
In order to ask the right questions to find out what you need to know, you already need a basic understanding of the issue.
You would also need to have a slight suspicion about the product.
They you would need to be able to find the right person to ask.
And of course you would need the education to be able to understand the answer, if you were fortunate enough to navigate all of the above successfully and get straight answers.
But this was not possible for the vast majority of Australian Mums and Dads.
The Khoshaba Principle reflects this fact in Law.
Thus in the absence of education and access to the essential knowledge about your mortgage, a complex financial derivative product, you were at the mercy of those who did know: The Banks.
The Banking and Finance Industry has gotten by on their "sins of omission" for years. So you only get part of the information anyway.
What is even more disgraceful is that ASIC and Politicians allowed them to get away with some pretty atrocious abusive treatment of decent ordinary Australians.
The missing information hidden, another world, behind closed doors: backroom clevah stuff which was not generally known to the public - where the unholy deal makers and traders plied their illegal and amoral trade.
Denise Brailey and BFCSA ripped away the veil of secrecy and laid bare the long held secrets of Banking and those who wielded power over the rest of us.
What's more this knowledge has been made available to the public, right around the world.
We strongly recommend that you use the search engine on this site and discover the truth about YOUR mortgage and Lender.
For insiders edge on the rest of the story, as we crack the Codes together, and how to get your mortgage issues sorted out, join the BFCSA now.
We're winning
doyla66 Wednesday, 18 December 2013
Thank god for BFCSA
For bringing all this to my attention! Editor: Thanks Gfs, that's not what banks are saying!
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
extern crate rand;
extern crate nadezhda;

use std::collections::HashMap;
use nadezhda::grammar::Program;

trait Length {
    fn length(&self) -> i32;
}

impl Length for Program {
    fn length(&self) -> i32 {
        1 + match *self {
            Program::Forward(ref contained_program) => {
                contained_program.length()
            },
            Program::Backward(ref contained_program) => {
                contained_program.length()
            },
            Program::Stop => 0

        }
    }
}

fn main() {
    let mut length_frequency = HashMap::new();
    let number_of_loops = 10_000;
    for _ in 0..number_of_loops {
        let program: Program = rand::random();
        let length = program.length();

        let count = match length_frequency.get(&length) {
            Some(last_value) => last_value + 1,
            None => 1
        };
        length_frequency.insert(length, count);
    }

    let mut lengths: Vec<&i32> = length_frequency.keys().collect();
    lengths.sort();
    let mut weighted_sum = 0;
    for length in lengths {
        let frequency = length_frequency.get(length).unwrap();
        weighted_sum += length * frequency;
        println!("{}: {}", length, frequency );
    }
    println!("averge {}", (weighted_sum as f32) / (number_of_loops as f32));
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Montex have released a Maxi Mask set for the excellent Hobby Boss 1/32 F-84E Thunderjet [kit no 83207]. Included are masks for both the inside and outside of the canopy, national insignia codes and tail stripes. Markings are for two USAF aircraft.
-F-84E "SANDY" 9th FBS, 49th FBW, Korea 1951.
-5 x set of grey masks with national insignia, markings and canopy.
-4 x masks for background colour of the smaller codes.
-1 x set of masks for the interior of the canopy.
Numerous stripes for the tail decoration.
-1 x set of masks for the green house framework of the canopy.
-1x set of masks for the canopy frame.
The vinyl mask material have a completely different feel and look to masks made from Kabuki tape . Before you apply the masks get a feel for them first by using the masks for the title of the subject. The backing paper overlaps the masks themselves slightly. Use a sharp knife in the corner of the sheet to separate the two layers and carefully peel away the backing with your fingers. It occurs to me it might be possible to use the positive and negative parts of the mask to double the number of markings you can use, if you are careful. Follow the on-line instructions to help with placement and using multi part masks.
Montex are expanding their range of masks to help you to create a more authentic finish to your model. Although they will take a little more work and time compared to applying decals, I am sure they will be well worth it. Take a look at the finished models on the Montex website. Really looking forward to using these masks on my next build. Very nicely done Montex.


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text:
Q: How to build zeppelin 0.8.0 with spark 2.3.2 inbuilt I want build zeppelin 0.8.0 with spark 2.3.2 inbuilt and run it against the same version of spark running not locally without setting SPARK_HOME so that I do not require to have a SPARK installation in the zeppelin node. I have tried the build options given in the document https://zeppelin.apache.org/docs/0.8.0/setup/basics/how_to_build.html but it fails the build trying to build for scala 2.10.
Is this even possible with the 0.8.0 version?
So you can build the 0.8.1-snapshot with spark 2.3.2. But however you cannot connect to an external spark node using the inbuilt spark binaries without giving a seperate spark installation using SPARK_HOME.

A: You can merge code from this pull request and then the spark-2.3 profile will build with spark 2.3.2 and won't fail with scala 2.10 error.
Or wait for 0.8.1 (first candidate was tagged today!)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This practice area handles the drafting and updating of monographic works and collective works on tax law, and the drafting of articles for publication in tax and national periodicals and national newspapers and magazines (e.g. Il Secolo XIX, ItaliaOggi).
In particular, the firm is very active in the area of professional journalism, collaborating at the national level with the most important publishers in the sector (in particular, Il Sole 24 Ore, Eutekne and Italia Oggi).
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text:
Posted inPolitics and Movements: International, Politics and Movements: US
The Three Remaining 'Cuban 5' Go Home
by Michael Ratner December 17, 2014 September 23, 2020
In a historic move bypassing congress, President Obama restores diplomatic relations with Cuba, and in a simultaneous telecast President Raul Castro hails the decision but reminds us that the blockade is still in place, says Michael Ratner of the Center for Constitutional Rights
SHARMINI PERIES, EXEC. PRODUCER, TRNN: Michael, thank you so much for joining us on such short notice.
MICHAEL RATNER, PRESIDENT EMERITUS, CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS: I'm glad to be with you, Sharmini, and of course The Real News as well.
PERIES: And let me get your take on President Obama's announcement about Cuba and President Raúl's response.
RATNER: You know, I was thrilled with parts of what's going on right now. The first thing I got was a Twitter feed saying the Cuban Three are going to be freed. And of course that was very exciting to me. They were part of a group called the Cuban Five. They were Cubans who had been sent into the United States, really, to be able to try and stop activities that were being done by the right-wing Cuban community against Cuba, from bombings to everything else. They were trying to give intelligence to the Cubans about that. They got caught, and rather than what would happen normally, being sent back to Cuba, etc., exchange, they got convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage, although they didn't do anything like that, conspiracy to commit murder as well, because they were trying to stop flights from a group called Brothers to the Rescue, a right-wing Cuban group from Miami invading Cuban airspace, etc. They were serving a very long time. Three remained in jail, and one of them for life.
And good friends of mine, as well as my office, had been working on that case for years–Lenny Weinglass, who died recently, but while working on that case; Martin Garbus; and others.
And when I saw that news, that they had been freed, I thought, oh my gosh, what a great and important victory for those three people and for the Cuban people.
You saw at the same time a man named Alan Gross was let out of Cuban prison after serving five years. He'd been an American convicted for 15 years for basically working for AID, the Agency for International Development, and trying to subvert, really, the Cuban government by handing out, giving out communications systems so that people could communicate, really, in terms of fomenting, really, dissent–not dissent, but overthrow, perhaps, eventually of the Cuban government, or certainly giving them lots of trouble. There was no doubt he was a spy. At first they claimed he wasn't. The Cuban and the American governments claimed it wasn't an exchange. In fact, of course, it obviously was. But that just set up or was part of what a broader picture of really the beginning of the breaking down of the blockade, the embargo, and the isolation of Cuba. And that's very important.
Since I've been a kid, there's been a blockade, an embargo, and no diplomatic relations with Cuba, from 1960 on, the severe blockade of no financial transactions, etc. From 1962, my office and others have spent years to bring the Venceremos Brigade, to go into Cuba, to representing travelers to try and break that blockade.
And it looks like we're seeing at the beginning of that the first thing that's going to happen is there are going to be diplomatic relationships established. Right now they've been going through the Swiss Embassy. That means there'll be an ambassador to Cuba, an ambassador to the United States–a very, very big step.
Obama, in his talks, said he was going to lift some of the more severe financial controls, which have to do with remittances to the Cubans, broader categories for travel, things like that. Part of them, of course, from the U.S. point of view, are ways of undermining the Cuban progressive socialist communist system, trying to give independent money to be able to do that. Part of them, of course, are needed money because the blockade has really without question really damaged the economy of Cuba. So Obama did say this is a failed policy, it hasn't worked. And for us, the United States, us being him referring to the United States and for us to be–the U.S. be able to work with the rest of Latin America, we can't keep isolating Cuba. So after 64 years, the United States finally, finally begins to bend a bit.
Raúl Castro's speech was quite interesting itself. It talk about the diplomatic relations being eased and happening. It went after Obama again in the United States for continuing the blockade.
Now, the blockade has some issues, because the most severe part of the blockade was passed by our Congress, and the president doesn't have the authority alone to overrule that. It's called the Helms-Burton law. Lots of other laws involved.
But as Raúl Castro said, president of Cuba, there is a lot more Obama could do, even within that framework. And so he's pushing Obama really to modify and end that blockade in a more full way, which Obama does have the ability to do. I think that's a strong point and it should not be lost on people. This is only a very small step toward ending the economic isolation of Cuba, which has really hurt the people and citizens of Cuba.
The third thing Raúl said which is very important is our revolution continues. It's continued for this period of time. And this change in U.S. policy will not make us step back from the revolution. So you can't read Obama's speech without also having to read or listen to what Raúl said.
But look it, for all of us, the freeing of the Cuban Five, which a lot of us have worked on for years, and not just the humane situation [incompr.] but what it represents and the Cuban efforts to stop the terrorism that has been going on against that island for years, the thousands killed from the Bay of Pigs on, that we hope is now coming to an end, and the people who were trying to stop that are being released. That's important. Diplomatic relations are important.
And the fact that I think part of this–and I'm sure, Sharmini, that the people at The Real News, etc., are very aware of this, because of–I know you, your work in Latin America, and others'. Latin America is no longer the place it was at the time of the Cuban revolution or after. It doesn't have the military governments it had, the repressive states. In fact, it has a number of progressive governments in Bolivia, in Venezuela, in Brazil, arguably in Argentina, in Uruguay. And so Latin America is no longer really just a play toy or the back yard of the United States, and perhaps looking at not just the Cuban resistance to what the U.S. did and its survival, but looking at the changes of Latin America. And the U.S. can't any longer really function in this part of the hemisphere, in this hemisphere, as if it simply owns the whole sea, because we've had significant changes. And the changes in Cuba and the U.S. changes have to be seen in that light, that they've been forced on the United States.
PERIES: Right. Thank you so much for joining us, Michael.
RATNER: And thank you for having me, Sharmini, and my best of my friends on this historic day at The Real News.
PERIES: And thank you for joining us on The Real News Network.
Michael Ratner
Michael Ratner is President Emeritus of the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) in New York and Chair of the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights in Berlin. He is currently a legal adviser to Wikileaks and Julian Assange. He and CCR brought the first case challenging the Guantanamo detentions and continue in their efforts to close Guantanamo. He taught at Yale Law School, and Columbia Law School, and was President of the National Lawyers Guild. His current books include Hell No: Your Right to Dissent in the Twenty-First Century America, and Who Killed Che? How the CIA Got Away With Murder.
NOTE: Mr. Ratner speaks on his own behalf and not for any organization with which he is affiliated.
More by Michael Ratner


I have a new Employment Law role for a newly qualified Solicitor with a growing Warwickshire practice.
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You will be around the NQ level in terms of experience, having sat a full 6 months seat in Employment Law, ideally gaining exposure to both sides of the Employment Law coin. The department is busy but offers full training and supervision so you will be expected to manage your own caseload of work, contribute to marketing and business development activities and work towards the team financial targets.
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For an initial confidential chat please contact Andrew Cookson on 0121 609 1069 or apply via the link enclosing your current CV.


Usha has worked in the water space for almost two decades, both as an investor and financier as well as a policy advocate. Currently at Blackstone Infrastructure Group, she worked on bringing commercial capital at scale into the water sector to finance the investment needed for water access and security.
She has also served on a Boards of IFC investee and partner companies and has chaired a number of WASH and sustainability related councils of the World Economic Forum.
Usha brings a hands-on experience of bringing together finance, innovation, infrastructure and governance to create solutions in the WASH sector. She established and built the IFC's global water and waste business to a portfolio of close to $4 billion.
During her time at the IFC & World Bank, Usha founded the 2030 Water Resources Group, a public-private-civil society partnership created to work with governments in addressing their water needs. WRG was founded on the principles of linking water security to economic growth and involving all stakeholders in creating solutions.
As an Indian by birth and a graduate of Delhi University followed by an MA at Columbia, she juggles her life between New York and Washington DC and brings a unique perspective and skill set to Water Unite.


Nestled in the heart of Kentucky's Outer Bluegrass region, Cedarmore rests on 600 acres of rolling hills and beautiful woodlands that showcase the glory of God's creation to all who visit. Cedarmore exudes real Kentucky beauty that can be seen as guests enjoy the surrounding forests, daily see wildlife, and get serenaded by the sounds of a crackling campfire under glorious starry night skies.
We exist to proclaim the Gospel and to see God transform lives, grow leaders, and partner with the church to the glory of Christ. Specifically, we want to see students and kids find true joy in an abiding relationship with their heavenly Father and Creator. We strive to do that by coming alongside the local church every summer through camp to focus on Biblical teaching, discipling relationships, and to encourage a worshipful focus in all areas of life. At Cedarmore, which is conveniently located between Louisville and Lexington, it is our prayer that your student will enjoy all of the fellowship, activities, and fun we have to offer. We promise that every student will hear the Gospel proclaimed, experience robust biblical teaching, and participate in Christ-centered worship—every single day. Our prayer is that he or she will walk away with a lasting joy in the Lord.
Hang on tight while you soar over 100 feet in the air at over 40 mph!
Show your style & skillz—Jump, bounce, flip, swing, or slide.
Cedarview Cabins are all located up the hill from Williams-Wallace lodge in the central part of Cedarmore's property. Spruce, Pine & Cedar sleep 32 each. Each cabin features two main bunk rooms and a shared bathroom.
These are perfect for larger groups looking to create opportunities for fellowship and staying close to one another. Each cabin features two main bunk rooms with a shared bathroom for each side, a small common area, and a front porch equipped with lounge chairs aimed to take in the real Kentucky beauty that surrounds Cedarmore. Fields sleeps 40 (20 each side) and Cedarview sleeps 44 (22 each side).
Boone Lodge is focused on affordability, comfort, and convenience. It is a main-point on Cedarmore's campus, near the Dining Hall and the Worship Center. This motel-style accommodation is perfect for groups of all sizes. Each room has a private bathroom and sleeps 6-8.
Gleason Lodge is tucked away off our main road, providing our guests with privacy and a great atmosphere. Its 9 rooms sleep 8 each, giving it a maximum capacity of 72. This single-group lodge has 9 rooms surrounding a center common area with a kitchenette. This lodge is designed around unity. Whether you are in the common area or out on the porch, Gleason offers a great opportunity for your group to fellowship and grow closer together. Each room sleeps 8 and has a private bathroom.
Williams-Wallace Lodge stands in the center of campus with a maximum capacity of 148 with rooms sleeping 6-8. Each floor contains 4 or 6 bunks and a private bathroom. Each floor of the lodge also features a common room with couches, tables, and chairs as well as a kitchenette. The back deck of the lodge overlooks some of the property's most beautiful surroundings and is a great place to gather, fellowship and take in the peaceful scenery.
Chad preaches God's Word through story telling, media, and visual experience. As a result, the Scripture is clearly presented in order for people of all ages to examine and apply Biblical truth to their everyday walks of life. As someone not simply called to speak, Chad believes in the importance of relationship and seeks to get to know people when he is away from the stage. Ultimately, Chad hopes to see people moved into a deeper relationship with Christ. In turn, they will live lives of action that impact their world.
Chad is originally from Chattanooga, TN. He is a graduate of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga where he received a degree in Secondary Education. Following college, he attended Southwestern Seminary in Fort Worth, TX where he received a Masters of Divinity. After graduating seminary, God called Chad to a life of itinerant ministry.
Chad and his wife, Hope, live in Lake Jackson, TX with their sons (Shepherd,Charlie, and Alder) and daughter (Magnolia Bea). He is an avid reader and infrequent visitor to the gym. He serves as Teaching Pastor at Grace Bible Church in Clute, TX.
John Nix is a high-energy, engaging, and humorous expository preacher. He preaches the Gospel of Jesus Christ in a way that is understandable. John calls people to repentance and faith as he challenges his audience to set God as their highest value, discover the truth of scripture, and respond in obedience as God speaks. John is a nationally sought-after preacher and international conference speaker that ministers to thousands each year.
John and his wife Allison along with their three children Sarah, Sydney, and Simeon make their home in Collierville, Tennessee.
Dr. Hershael W. York is the Senior Pastor of the Buck Run Baptist Church in Frankfort, Kentucky and the Victor and Louise Lester Professor of Christian Preaching at The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville. Dr. York is co-author with Bert Decker of Speaking with Bold Assurance, a book that guides Christians in effective communication, and Preaching with Bold Assurance. Preaching Today has included him among North America's most effective preachers. His articles have appeared in many journals and magazines, and he is a popular conference speaker in the US, Europe, Asia, and South America.
Kevin is a native of Louisville, Kentucky and serves as an Assistant Professor of Teacher Education at Boyce College. Jones's longing is to see Christian teachers and leaders impact the lives of students nationally and internationally, teaching, and leading to the glory of God. He and his high school sweetheart, Demica, have three children: Kennedi, Kevin Jr, and Karsynn.
Charlie George and his wife Courtney currently have three kids; Aubrey, CJ, River & one more on the way. They live in Thompsons Station, Tn, a suburb of Nashville, where Charlie serves as the Student Director of The Bridge Church. Charlie has an intense desire to preach the exciting truths of the Gospel and longs to see students transformed and renewed by the amazing grace of Jesus.
Brandon Hiltibidal is a former church planter and multi-site pastor. He is now part of the Groups Ministry Team at LifeWay Christian Resources and an elder at The Bridge Church in Spring Hill, Tennessee. He and his wife Scarlet are raising three little girls, eight chickens, a donkey, and a dog.
Nic is originally from North Carolina. He attended Appalachian State and holds a Masters in Christian Education from Dallas Baptist University. He is passionate about helping families grow to know God and follow Jesus. He loves reading everything John Piper, running and a good flat white coffee with coconut milk. He is happily married to Susan and a proud dad to Lillie Cate, Nora Blake and Simon.
Vince has served on the Hurstbourne Baptist Church staff since February 2010 and currently serves as Family Pastor. He grew up in Verbena, AL and married his high school sweetheart, Teresa. He is the proud father of Caleb and Olivia. He has earned a BS from Troy State University, an MBA from the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and a Master of Divinity from The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary.
Jared Kennedy is husband to Megan and father to Rachael, Lucy, and Elisabeth. He serves as pastor of families at Sojourn Community Church—Midtown in Louisville, Kentucky, as children's and family ministry strategist for the Sojourn Network, and as an adjunct professor at Boyce College. He is author of The Beginner's Gospel Story Bible, co-author of the PROOF Pirates and Clap Your Hands, Stomp Your Feet Vacation Bible School curriculums. He blogs regularly at www.gospelcenteredfamily.com.
Yes. Life jackets are required at all times. We ask that all students and adults dress modestly. For females and males, shorts need to be longer than fingertips when arm is extended down the side of leg. We do not allow spaghetti strap tank tops, any tops where undergarments can be seen, or any shirts with the sides cut out. Swimsuits must be one piece, no exceptions. For females, shorts must be worn over swimsuits at all times, even in the water. For both males and females, shirts must be worn at all times when walking to and from the lake/pool.
We provide basic First Aid supplies and a First Aid Coordinator. More serious injuries can visit Frankfort, KY for medical help.
For a list of items to bring, visit our 2019 Packing List. We expect the items will be nearly the same for the next year, but we will have an updated version on March 15th, 2019.


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River Shalbourne
You are in [Places] [River Shalbourne]
[This article was sent by Dr Jimmy Whittaker, April 2020.]
Hungerford's Secret River
If you drive down Smitham Bridge Road, you'll come to a small bridge over a narrow stream. Looking northwards from this vantage point, you will see another bridge, a footbridge which leads to a children's playground.
In the early 1960s, I used to fish this stream for brown trout with Paul Richens, a.k.a. Mousey, and Andy Robinson from Moore's Place. Paul's family lived in a bungalow close to the stream and his dad Arthur farmed the land which runs parallel to the stream up to the boundary of Beacon Farm. There were only two places that were fishable, and these were the two bends where the current had etched deeper channels. In those days we used small fibre glass rods with Mepps spinners. All the trout we caught were small and were safely returned to the wild. A couple of years later, I found a wider, deeper section on the road to Stype. Once again, this fishing spot only produced small brownies.
This stream today is known as the Shalbourne Brook but historically was called Shalbourne Stream but known as the River Shalbourne by the Environmental Agency.
The Agency has installed a monitoring station at Smitham Bridge Road, just behind the entrance to the Hungerford Industrial Estate. It consists of an electronic gauge which measures water levels every 15 minutes, the purpose of which is to act as part of a flood warning system. Normal levels of the "Shalbourne" are between 0.04 and 0.60m. When the water level exceeds 0.6m minor flooding is possible. However, on 3rd June 2008, it reached 1.08m. Incidentally there is also a monitoring station on the bank of the River Dun behind Cobbler's lock and since monitoring began, for 90% of the time the levels of the Dun have been between 0.05 and 0.2m with a record level of 0.31m on 1st January 2003.
The Shalbourne Stream is a tributary of the River Dun which in turn is a tributary of the River Kennet. It rises from a spring-fed source in the Upper Greensand and flows for 6 km across the Upper Chalk in a northerly direction through agricultural land towards Hungerford. In simple terms Greensand and Upper Chalk are certain types of limestone strata associated with Southern and Eastern England.
Gauged flows for the Shalbourne between 1997 and 2000 show a mean winter flow of 24 ML/D (million litres per day) and a mean summer flow of 12 ML/D. Both the Shalbourne and the Dun are chalk streams as mentioned above. The Dun flows through Freeman's Marsh, an SSSI, before joining the Kennet, itself a river SSSI, at Denford. It is abstracted by Berkshire Trout Farm immediately upstream of its confluence with the River Kennet.
The Kennet and Avon Canal was built in the late eighteenth century and its route cut across the Shalbourne Brook a short distance upstream of its confluence with the Dun. If you walk on the canal path from the swing bridge behind the church towards Marsh Lock, you will see the property known as The Orchard with Shalbourne on the left , and the Dun on the right. The Orchard is accessed via Marsh Lane. These two watercourses used to be connected by a brick culvert built under the canal close to the swing bridge behind the church. This connection was later disrupted when the entire flow of the Shalbourne was diverted into the canal at a point about 150m west of the culvert. This was done to provide additional water for navigation on the canal. A fixed crest overspill weir positioned opposite the newly-created confluence enabled surplus canal water to drain into the River Dun via a ditch. The complex interconnections between natural watercourses and the Kennet and Avon Canal in the Hungerford area have been the subject of debate since the canal reopened in 1990. The canal is an important recreational and ecological resource in its own right, but its connection with the Dun leads to silting of gravels and epiphytic growth on aquatic plants.
The 1998 Hungerford Fish Mortality:
On the 4th March 1998 almost seven kilometres of the canal, together with the River Dun and the Berkshire Trout Farm, were polluted by toxins caused by algal growth in the canal. This algal growth in turn stemmed from unusual environmental conditions, resulting in the destruction of 150 tons of fish. At the time, this was the largest fish kill incident that the Environmental Agency had had to deal with. In essence, toxic water from the canal had passed over the overspill into the River Dun, aided by the flow from the Shalbourne. A key recommendation of the technical investigation into the fish kill was the reduction of water transfer from the canal to the Dun, to help ensure future similar incidents would be contained within the canal, thus protecting the natural watercourses of Hungerford's rivers: the Shalbourne, the Dun and the Kennet. Follow this for more on the 1998 Hungerford Fish Mortality.
The diversion of the River Shalbourne:
The solution to the problem was to divert the River Shalbourne into the original culvert and this was achieved by creating a new channel. This was quite an engineering problem since the canal had to be isolated from both of the rivers. The project was completed on 20th March, 2000. Feedback from partner organisations and the local community has since been very positive. The Hungerford Fishery reported an immediate and dramatic improvement in flow and water clarity of the Dun leading to vigorous growth of plant life.
David Susmann, the original owner of Hungerford Marsh who used to live in Mill Hatch in Bridge Street, was an enthusiastic supporter of the River Shalbourne project and, with English Nature's consent, agreed to let the discharge side of the culvert run over a part of Hungerford Marsh into the River Dun. In 2015, the Town and Manor of Hungerford purchased the 28 acres of Hungerford Marsh and is now designated as Hungerford Marsh Nature Reserve which is managed by Berks, Bucks and Oxon Wildlife Trust (BBOWT). Although this culvert has improved water quality to a certain extent, the water quality status is still poor due to poor nutrient management, sewerage discharge and land drainage. The culvert itself is still an obstacle to fish migration.
I last fished the Shalbourne Brook in 2006 and caught two small brownies just behind the entrance to the Hungerford Industrial Estate. This excitement was marred by the presence of a couple of discarded shopping trolleys that I removed and dumped in someone else's skip on the estate.
On a passing note, in a recent conversation with local "countryman" Rod Smith, I have since learnt that very few fish now remain in the Shalbourne due to predation by mink, herons, cormorants and possibly otters.
(All images by Dr Jimmry Whittaker)
Diversion of Ri...
River Shalbourn...
Shalbourne Broo...
Smitham BridgeR...
- 1988 Hungerford Fish Mortality
Last Updated: 17 April 2020


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LADBROKES SPORTS BETTING REVIEW
Website: http://www.ladbrokes.com
License: Gibraltar, UK
Excellent promotions range
Live football streaming
UK & international racing
Founded in 1886, Ladbrokes is one of the oldest sports books in the UK and London. With over 100 years of experience and one of the world's biggest betting companies, Ladbrokes knows how to deliver a top-rated UK sports betting experience.
Ladbrokes sports betting online started in 2000, also making it one of the oldest online bookies. In addition to sports betting, the company also offers other gambling entertainment, including casino, slots, live casino, bingo, poker, lottos and virtual.
Beyond being Britain's biggest bookmaker, after it acquired Gala Coral Group in 2015, Ladbrokes offers single account functionality for all its online, mobile and retail products in the United Kingdom and offers over 24,000 online betting options, over 26 sports markets and an odds level up to 97.63%.
This, coupled by a variety of ongoing promotions as well as a great welcome offer, suggests that Ladbrokes certainly knows a thing or two about how to provide its punters with a diverse and dynamic betting experience offline, online and via mobile.
That said, we weren't just going to take other punters' words for it. We've put this bookie's online sports offering to the test and have created this honest Ladbrokes review to help you decide if this is the bookie for you.
Ladbrokes Sports Sign Up Offer
The Ladbrokes new customer offer gets you £30 in Free Bets when you sign up and place a £10 on sports. We found this new member bonus very easy to claim and were able to get our free bets in a matter of minutes.
Ladbrokes New Customer Offer
Get £/€20 in Free Bets! Register as a new customer at Ladbrokes and place cumulative qualifying stakes to a total of £/€5 win or £/€5...Show More
Get £/€20 in Free Bets! Register as a new customer at Ladbrokes and place cumulative qualifying stakes to a total of £/€5 win or £/€5 each-way at odds totalling 1/2 or greater. You will be credited with 4 x £/€5 Free Bets to use immediately. Once your Free Bets have been credited you will have 7 days to use them before they expire. PayPal and certain deposit types and bet types excluded. Minimum £/€5 bet within 14 days of account registration at minimum odds 1/2 = 4 x £/€5 Free Bets. Free Bets valid for 7 days on any sports. Stake not returned. Restrictions apply. 18+, full T&Cs apply. Show Less
Here's how to claim the Ladbrokes sign up offer:
Register a new Ladbrokes account online or via mobile.
Use the Ladbrokes promotion code G30.
Place a qualifying bet of at least £10 .
You'll immediately be credited with 3 x £10 Free Bets to use.
That being said, as is the case with any gambling promotion, it's important that you know the Ladbrokes free bet terms for UK customers. Some of the more notable stipulations linked to this joining offer include:
The promotion is available to UK & Republic of Ireland residents aged 18 years of age or older, opening a new online or mobile account.
The promotion is not available to individuals who open accounts and deposit funds using Moneybookers, PayPal, Neteller, Skrill or Paysafecard.
You need to use the correct Ladbrokes free bet code linked to this offer (G30).
You have seven days to use your Free Bets once they have been credited.
Bets wagered on Tote or Pools does not count as a qualifying bet.
The Free Bet must be used within seven days of it being credited or it will expire.
Free Bets cannot be redeemed for cash nor can you "Cash Out" your free bets.
Be sure to read the full terms and conditions.
Due to how fast and simple it is to claim this new offer and that it gives you £30 in free bets with as little as a £10 bet, it's a great way to start out your experience at Ladbrokes without having to deposit much to get a good taste.
Ladbrokes Betting Ongoing Promotions (Last Updated: January 2022)
Beyond the Ladbrokes sign up offer, the bookie is well known for offering a variety of ongoing promotions, including those specific to sports and racing. You'll find that there are multiple ways to enhance your Ladbrokes sports betting experience if you're the type of punter who prefers benefiting from all the extras. Here is a selection of the current promotions for existing customers:
Ladbrokes 5-A-Side
Ladbrokes lets you be the boss with its 5-A-Side! Pick your formation. Select your players. Choose your stats. Build your team. Place your bet. Choose a game from Ladbrokes' upcoming highlights and play 5-A-Side on the biggest leagues across Europe, including the English Premier League, Spanish La Liga, German Bundesliga, French Ligue 1, and Italian Serie A. 18+, full T&Cs apply.
Ladbrokes Best Odds Guaranteed - Greyhounds
Get the best odds guaranteed on all UK & Irish Greyhound races. Take the price (early prices, board prices, singles and multiples) and if the starting price returns bigger, you'll be paid out at the bigger SP. Bet type restrictions apply. Offer cap £50,000 per customer per day. Bets placed after the off do not qualify. If Rule 4 applies Ladbrokes will pay best odds after rule 4 deductions. 18+, full T&Cs apply.
Ladbrokes Best Odds Guaranteed - Horse Racing
Get the best odds guaranteed on all UK & Irish horse races. Take the price (early prices, board prices and multiples) and if the starting price returns bigger, you'll be paid out at the bigger SP. Bet type restrictions apply. Offer cap £50,000 per customer per day. Bets placed after the off do not qualify. If Rule 4 applies Ladbrokes will pay best odds after rule 4 deductions. 18+, full T&Cs apply.
Ladbrokes Extra Place Races
Ladbrokes makes it easy for you to score extra places on selected horse racing meetings every day. Applies to best placed on selected races from 15:00 the day before the race. Minimum runner stipulations apply. 18+, full T&Cs apply.
Ladbrokes Bag Yourself the Best Acca
Boost, insure, track and edit your accas with Ladbrokes. Plus, if one team lets you down on 5+ Match Result, Both Teams to Score, Match Result and Both Teams to Score, Correct Score and Total Goals Over/Under accas, load up your footy accas and get Money Back as a Free Bet up to £10. Acca Insurance: Min selection odds 1/10. Acca odds 3/1. Pre-match straight line accas only. 1 free bet up to £10 per customer, per day, credited within 24 hours and valid of 7 days. Stake not returned. Odds Boost: select on account. Up to £50 at boosted odds. Minimum 1 boost per day. Comparison accurate of 4//4/2018. 18+, T&Cs apply.
Ladbrokes #GetAPrice
Request a price on an array of football markets, including Premier League, La Liga, Bundesliga and more, by Tweeting @Ladbrokes #GetAPrice. If the #GetAPrice market you request does not yet exist, Ladbrokes will do its best to create one for you. Cannot be combined with other bets. Max payout £25k. 18+, full T&Cs apply.
Ladbrokes Odds Boost
Boost the odds of your Horse Racing bets or on the bets of the sport of your choosing, every day, with Odds Boost. Max boost limits apply. Some deposit types, markets and bet types excluded. 18+, T&Cs apply.
Price Boosts & Super Price Boosts
Get bigger odds on your bet at Ladbrokes. Enhanced prices across a variety of events and markets give you a chance to net bigger winnings. You can also head to your chosen event and find a price boost there, too. 18+, T&Cs apply.
Ladbrokes 1-2-Free
If you manage to correctly predict the scores of three selected Premier League games on either the Ladbrokes Sports Betting app or Ladbrokes Mobile Web, you can score yourself £100 cash. Two correct scores will land you a £5 Free Bet. One correct score will get you £1 Free Bet. Entries available until first kick-off in the first match. Free Bets credited within 24 hours of final fixture and are valid for 7 days, stake not returned. Promotion available weekly to qualifying customers. Payment method restrictions apply. 18+, full T&Cs apply.
Get £/€20 in Free Bets! Register as a new customer at Ladbrokes and place cumulative qualifying stakes to a total of £/€5 win or £/€5 each-way at odds totalling 1/2 or greater. You will be credited with 4 x £/€5 Free Bets to use immediately. Once your Free Bets have been credited you will have 7 days to use them before they expire. PayPal and certain deposit types and bet types excluded. Minimum £/€5 bet within 14 days of account registration at minimum odds 1/2 = 4 x £/€5 Free Bets. Free Bets valid for 7 days on any sports. Stake not returned. Restrictions apply. 18+, full T&Cs apply.
Odds Boost
Another promotion we liked was Odds Boost. This is a daily free odds boost on the sport of your choice. By using this offer, you increase the odds of your online, mobile or telephone bets by adding selections to your betslip and getting a boost. A minimum of one Odds Boost token will be applied to each account daily and only the first £50 of stakes are struck at the boosted price. You do not need a bonus code to take part (terms and conditions apply).
Best Odds Guaranteed – Horse Racing
If you want to make the most of Ladbrokes horse racing, you'll want to make sure you take advantage of the Best Odds Guaranteed on all UK and Irish horse races. You don't need a promo code to benefit from this offer, which is available daily. Simply take the price (e.g. board prices, early prices, singles, multiples) and if the SP returns greater, Ladbrokes will pay you out at the bigger price (terms and conditions apply).
Best Odds Guaranteed – Greyhounds
If you're a greyhounds racing punter, this is a fantastic offer you won't want to miss! Greyhounds BOG is available to new and existing customers on all UK and Irish greyhound races. Take the price – this includes early prices, board prices, singles and multiples – and if the SP returns greater, Ladbrokes will payout at the bigger price (terms and conditions apply).
Extra Place Races
Ladbrokes offer place terms in line with industry standards. The number of payout places depends on the number of runners and type of race. Each way bets are settled at one half, quarter and fifth for two, three or four horses. Some bookmakers offer extra places on high profile Saturday races but Ladbrokes offer extra places on a daily basis. For example in a race for which the place terms are one fifth the odds for the first three Ladbrokes offer an extra place at the same odds proportion. However, standard terms apply if there are non-runners which result in 11 or fewer horse taking part in the race. Generally, there are two extra place races each day.
#GETAPRICE
At any time, Ladbrokes welcomes you to Tweet #GetAPrice to request a price on any match. It doesn't matter if it's the Premier League, La Liga, Champions League, or Serie A, you can inquire into a host of popular In-Play and pre-match markets, including (but not limited to) Match Results, Shots On Goal, Tackles, Total Match Corners, etc. Plus, if you fancy a bet on markets other than football, you'll also find #GetAPrice applies to Cricket, Darts, NFL, and Snooker markets (terms and conditions apply).
Ladbrokes Grid
No matter which Ladbrokes sports market it is that you favour, the Ladbrokes Grid is the reward system in which punters can win prizes including restaurant and cinema vouchers, holidays, gadgets and tickets to sporting events. Meanwhile, those with a Grid Card can also use it to play machines in Ladbrokes high street stores, as well as checking the status of accumulator bets and deposit and withdraw funds. Ladbrokes customers must apply for their Grid Card, which can then be linked to online accounts.
Those looking to start the application process must follow these simple steps:
Enter the Ladbrokes website or mobile app.
Log in to your Ladbrokes account.
Select the main menu.
Click on "The Grid".
Select "Join Now".
Receive your 12-digit Grid Card number.
1-2-Free – Correctly predict the scores of three selected football matches on either the Ladbrokes Sports Betting app or Ladbrokes Mobile Web, with up to £100 in cash being up for grabs through this generous free to play promotion.
Ladbrokes Markets And Betting Options
Ladbrokes' biggest markets are arguably football and horse racing. That said, the bookie covers a large variety of sports that include both traditional and niche sports. There's great North American sports coverage as well as greyhounds, darts, cricket, golf, rugby, tennis, volleyball, MMA, eSports, politics, award options, and beyond.
Aside from the markets, there are thousands of betting options available. Even the more niche markets give you plenty of betting choice. For instance, when we tested Ladbrokes, a match from the Australian A-League had over 170 bets available.
On the whole, we feel that Ladbrokes' diverse range of markets and betting options offers something for everyone, whether you're a casual punter looking to bet on your favourite football team or a more avid punter seeking a more diverse experience. Here is more information about the three of the most popular betting sports with Ladbrokes: football, horse racing and tennis.
Ladbrokes Football Betting
Football is by far the most popular online betting sport in the world and that status is reflected in its position on the main Ladbrokes sports menu. In fact it appears first in this menu under two headings: football and football coupons. In clicking on the football option customers are taken to a specific page on which Ladbrokes football betting appears under the headings of Today's Football, Tomorrow's Football and Future Football.
Customers with Ladbrokes can bet on a wide range of countries, leagues, matches and markets. There is a comprehensive pre-match and in-play service for the sport. Ladbrokes offers football betting odds on the main domestic leagues in Europe and many other leagues from different parts of the world.
The most popular betting league in the world is the English Premier League and fixtures are viewed in huge numbers around the world. Ladbrokes shows the three way match odds for each fixture in the Premier League and there is a link to the related markets which total up to 175. These additional markets are displayed under the headings of:
Team Goals
Ladbrokes three way football markets have a built in profit margin of 5% which is average and standard for the UK brands. Customers can bet on the outright winners of leagues and Cups and odds are updated after each round of matches. There are also special bets related to managers and scorers.
Ladbrokes Horse Racing Betting
Ladbrokes have betting offices in many towns and cities in the UK and the core betting sport is horse racing. Despite the growth of virtual racing, numbers games and Fixed odds Betting Terminals most bets are still taken on horse racing. Ladbrokes online customers expect a good racing product and the operator delivers in this respect. Horse racing appears on the main sports menu independent of the A-Z list of sports and only after football and football coupons.
Clicking this option takes customers to the Ladbrokes horse racing page on which the next races and race cards are displayed. Ladbrokes offers odds for race meetings in Britain and Ireland, France, the United States, Australia and India. For each race bettors can take the current odds for a selection or the Starting Price. Ladbrokes offers Best Odds Guaranteed for all meetings in Britain and Ireland. Customers can bet in ante post markets for major upcoming races and in some cases they offer non-runner/no bet.
Ladbrokes Tennis Betting
There has been a massive growth in tennis betting over the last 15 years. It is one sport in which more bets are placed in-play than before the match starts. The sport lends itself to live betting because of the fluctuations in the score and the odds for a match winner. Ladbrokes offers odds on the main tours and some of the more obscure. Outright betting is available for the upcoming Grand Slam tournaments and major team tournaments. Tennis betting is organised under the headings of Today's Tennis, Tomorrow's Tennis and Future Tennis.
The two way match winner market is displayed with a link to related markets which total up to 36. These tennis markets are displayed under the following headings:
Match Specials
Match markets have a built in margin of 5% which is about average for the industry. Ladbrokes offers a comprehensive tennis betting product with a range of matches and markets covered for many tournaments from the ATP and WTA Tours and other tours further down the pyramid. Tennis betting is available for men's and women's singles and doubles matches.
Ladbrokes Golf Betting
The potential rewards of picking the winner of the Masters or US Open has meant that betting on golf has become hugely popular over recent years, with the increase in Ladbrokes golf markets certainly demonstrating this. Punters are able to place bets on markets including outright tournament winner, top 10 finish and even the country in which the winning player will come from, options which are also available when it comes to Ladbrokes live betting. While golf is not a sport that is available to stream live at Ladbrokes, the odds offered by the bookmaker certainly make it appealing to customers, with the likes of Rory McIlroy, Dustin Johnson and Ko Jin-young regularly being backed.
Ladbrokes Politics Betting
Due to the ever-changing political landscape in countries across the globe, it perhaps comes as little surprise that punters are now demanding the opportunity to bet on events such as presidential elections and referendums. Brexit odds at Ladbrokes were among the most competitive around, while the US Presidential and senate elections are expected to attract significant interest too. Ladbrokes also has a complete section dedicated to Donald Trump, with their customers being able to bet on when he will be replaced as president and the possibility of him being removed from office due to impeachment. Other Politics betting bookies >>
Mobile Betting Options & Apps
If you prefer a mobile sports betting experience, Ladbrokes is happy to accommodate you, regardless of whether you want to access its sports offering via the Ladbrokes mobile site or conveniently through the Ladbrokes mobile app, which is available for both iOS and Android.
We tried out both the mobile-compatible website and the Ladbrokes app for iPhone. We have to say that while the web version offered an experience similar to its online counterpart – clean, easy-to-navigate, well laid out – overall, the Ladbrokes sports betting app experience was superior.
Via the app, we were granted fast and easy access to the extensive sports book and were impressed with how simple it was to navigate the Ladbrokes sportsbook app. The user-friendly app makes it a snap to gain quick access to features like the #GetAPrice feature, the in-play section, live streams and a variety of other options.
As for the Ladbrokes app for UK users, you can get it on Google Play. There is also a dedicated Ladbrokes Exchange app and a dedicated Windows Phone app as well.
Ladbrokes Bookmaker Features
It doesn't matter if you're using the Ladbrokes bet app or are enjoying the traditional online experience, Ladbrokes invites UK punters to enjoy its many different features across its multiple platforms.
Ladbrokes In-Play Betting
Right off the top, one of the first things we noticed was that this bookie has a stellar in-play service. During our time spent at Ladbrokes for the purpose of this review, there were plenty of in-play services offered for football, tennis, volleyball, rugby, cricket, basketball, golf, and even eSports. More sports than these are covered as well, what's available simply depends on what's going on at the time.
For some events there is more in-play betting than pre-match betting. Bookmakers like Ladbrokes advertise during commercial breaks but there are now restrictions on when these adverts can appear and a 9pm watershed is in place. Ladbrokes offer event specific odds boosts and super price value for selected events, which are usually for football. The matches selected are often live on television and certainly offered as an in-play betting event.
The odds surrounding Ladbrokes' in-play betting markets are updated on a regular basis, based on what is taking place on the pitch, court, course or track, with those who know what they are doing being able to take advantage of some hugely rewarding prices. Events from the world of football, tennis and basketball feature heavily on a daily basis, with the number of live betting markets in which Ladbrokes offer increasing at a rapid rate. Punters can bet on a team to score a late winner in a Premier League football match, which player will win a deciding fifth set at Wimbledon or whether the New York Knicks will outscore their NBA opponent in the fourth quarter. However, it is worth noting that not all of the pre-match markets that were available will then be available when it comes to in-play betting, while betting limits may also differ.
You also have access to live streams, including on the Ladbrokes online betting app. Clicking on live streaming will provide you with all the current live action events and you can easily filter through your options and see how many live in play markets there are on any event. Many in-play events can be viewed as a live stream. Betting turnover increases for an event when bettors can see live pictures. Once you have logged on and placed a bet there is a huge range of live streamed events available for viewing. Ladbrokes live streaming service compliments the in-play service for several sports.
Cash Out Your Bet
There is a Ladbrokes cash out feature, which gets a thumbs up from us. As you might know, this particular feature, when available, allows you to get a return on your bet before the end of a match, giving you the control to consolidate your bets and even lower your risk. Cash out is available for a variety of sports markets, including football, snooker, cricket, live markets and even accumulators.
The number of Ladbrokes sports and in-play events for which cash out is available is increasing all the time. Bets can be cashed out before expiry to guarantee a profit or minimise a loss. Cashing out a bet with Ladbrokes is akin to laying a selection after backing it before the match began. Ladbrokes calculates the guaranteed return based on the odds when the bet was placed, the current odds and the stake. The return depends on how the odds have moved after a significant event such as a goal. Odds can move against the bettor when the opposite of a prediction takes place.
At present, only a full cash out option is available to punters, unlike some other betting sites, which offer the opportunity to partially cash out active bets. For those wondering why the cash out feature is not available to them at a particular time, it will be because the bet contains markets that are ineligible, one or more of the markets involved has been suspended, the cash out value would have been equal to £0 or the number of picks on an accumulator bet totals more than 14. The Ladbrokes cash out feature is simple to use, with the following steps having to be taken by punters:
Access the "My Bets" section.
Click on the "Open Bets" tab.
If the feature is available, a "Cash Out" button will be visible underneath your bet selections.
Click on this button to confirm your wish to cash out this particular bet.
One of the new developments in online betting is personalised bets. Customers can choose from a variety of events in a football match in an accumulator bet. The options cannot be combined in regular betting and Ladbrokes gives a price on request. Some of the events are related which means Ladbrokes will not offer the full combined odds but make an adjustment to take into account the related contingencies of bets created by #GetaPrice. Ladbrokes is a big supporter of football, and you'll not only find a variety of football-related promotions, but also handy features like #GetAPrice.
This lets you ask Ladbrokes to price up a wager that you crated. You can choose from a variety of selections (e.g. a player making assists, match outcome, goalscorer, etc.), making your bets unique and fun.
Finally, Ladbrokes has a Betting Exchange service. This is a peer-to-peer betting format that offers a new range of markets and odds. The reason is that with the exchange service, you're betting against other punters. It's certainly worth looking into if you're seeking something different from the average sports betting experience. The market leaders in exchange betting are Betfair. The key to an efficient betting exchange is liquidity in a market.
The more money there is in a market the better the chance of getting bets matched or partially matched. The Ladbrokes betting exchange is fine for liquidity for the main markets but some of the lesser markets lack money being traded and this makes for fewer backers and layers and the exchange model can fail. Ladbrokes attract enough money to their exchange to allow it to function and most markets have enough liquidity for trading by backers and layers.
Most Popular Ladbrokes Bets
Ladbrokes Premier League Betting 2020
While the Premier League title for 2019/20 already looks to have been wrapped up, there are still plenty of bets to be placed on the English top-flight, with the season ending in May. Ladbrokes regularly offer promotions surrounding the Premier League, whether it be their enhanced odds, best acca or 1-2-Free offers. Ladbrokes odds surrounding the Premier League are also regularly among the best around, with punter being able to bet on the winner of individual matches, which teams will be relegated, who will finish inside the top 4 and even which player will finish as top goalscorer.
Ladbrokes Grand National 2020
The Grand National will take place on Saturday 4th April, with the race at Aintree being widely regarded as one of the biggest meetings of the year. Having first been ran in 1839, the race takes place over a distance of over 4 miles, with Tiger Roll having won having now come out on top two years in a row. The Grand National is perhaps the biggest day of the year for bookmakers, with Ladbrokes offering best odds guaranteed on the event. Ante-post odds are already available, with prices fluctuating based on the form of potential runners and riders.
Ladbrokes Cheltenham Festival 2020
The Cheltenham Festival is a four-day horse racing event that attracts global interest, with punters betting on races such as the Gold Cup, Champion Hurdle and Queen Mother Champion Chase. Ladbrokes are likely to offer a series of promotions surrounding the festival, which could potentially include non-runner no bet, faller insurance and best odds guaranteed offers. The 2020 Cheltenham Festival takes place from Tuesday 10th to Friday 13th March, with Ladbrokes already having delivered odds on the potential runners and riders.
Ladbrokes Euro 2020
After England reached the 2018 World Cup semi-finals, Euro 2020 is set to be bigger than ever for the Three Lions, as well as the other footballing heavyweights around Europe. The tournament will take place across 12 cities for the first time in history, with the first match being held at the Stadio Olimpico on the 12th June, before Wembley Stadium stages the final one month later. Ladbrokes will offer punters the chance to bet on each and every match during the competition, as well as who will win Euro 2020 outright.
Ladbrokes Tokyo Olympics 2020
The 2020 Olympic Games will take place in Tokyo this summer, with athletes from around the world coming together for two weeks in July and August in the hope of getting their hands on a medal. Whether it be betting on the 100m final, triple jump or the new addition of skateboarding, Ladbrokes are a bookmaker that always take the Olympics seriously, providing a large number of both ante-post and in-play markets. Meanwhile, Ladbrokes are also likely to introduce some Olympic-specific promotions, helping punters to maximise their winnings and minimise losses.
Opening An Account With Ladbrokes
The procedure to open an account with Ladbrokes and then make an initial deposit and begin betting is quick and easy. Ladbrokes advertise extensively in the racing Press and on television so may attract potential new customers who wish to open an account on impulse. It may be that they are attracted by a specific betting offer so it is important there is a seamless operation to open an account, fund the account with cash and place the bet. These three basic procedures meet the requirement for a quick and easy journey from considering Ladbrokes through to placing a bet.
Potential new customers must visit the Ladbrokes Home Page to register a betting account. Existing customers login to their account by entering a unique combination of a Password and Username which is specified as part of the account opening procedure.
New customers click on the JOIN NOW button which takes the user to the registration screens. There are three elements to the registration process and at each stake some fields must be populated. New customers must enter personal, contact and account information including a username and password. Once these details have been recorded new customers click OPEN ACCOUNT.
When a customer logs in the current account balance is displayed. If this is £0.00 betting is not allowed and can only begin once the account has been funded. In order to make a deposit customers click the DEPOSIT button on the Ladbrokes Home Page. At the time of betting the recently used deposit method is displayed. The minimum deposit is by default £5 and the maximum deposit is £1,000. Once the amount has been entered customers click DEPOSIT. Funds are transferred immediately and most banking methods are free of charge. Once the funds have been cleared the new balance is displayed and betting can begin. The account balance will also be updated in line with the new customer offer.
If a bank card is involved in the deposit the card must be authenticated which takes a few seconds. Betting begins by navigating to a sport, event, market and selection. Once an option has been selected the Betslip appears. As more selections are added the betting options are displayed.
For example if two selections appear on the slip customers are prompted to choose singles or a double. Multiple, combination and system bets are accepted. When the stake is entered the Betslip shows the total potential returns. Customers then click PLACE BET and there is a message to indicate that the bet has been placed successfully. The account balance is updated to reflect the amount staked.
Banking Options And Withdrawal Terms
Ladbrokes payment methods cover a wide range of banking solutions for both deposit and withdrawal options. Debit cards, eWallets, prepaid cards and bank transfers are among your choices. More specifically, you can make a Ladbrokes deposit with Skrill, PayPal, Apple Pay, Paysafecard, Neteller, etc. The minimum deposit amount is between £5 and £10 and most deposits occur instantly.
As for withdrawals, with the exception of a few payment methods, such as Paysafecard and a few bank transfer options, most of the methods you can use to make deposits can also be used for making withdrawals. Ladbrokes withdrawal times vary from one payment method to the next, and can take as little as 6 hours to several business days. In regard to Ladbrokes maximum payout, this can depend on a player's status and varies among payment methods. If knowing the maximum payout is important to you, we recommend getting in touch with customer support.
Ladbrokes customer support is available 24/7 in some shape or form. There are multiple ways for you to get in touch with the team at Ladbrokes. You can send them a private message on Twitter, get in touch via the Ladbrokes live chat function, email them or telephone. There is also an extensive FAQ that provides you with lots of answers to commonly asked questions.
We personally used the Twitter, live chat, email and FAQ options. In our experience, they were quick to respond (live chat and twitter being the fastest), were friendly and seemed knowledgeable. As for the FAQ, our curiosities regarding how to use a free bet token were adequately satisfied with not only a thorough written explanation but also screencaps, which helped to perfectly illustrate the instructions.
Ladbrokes Safety & Trustworthiness
Ladbrokes is operated by Ladbrokes International PLC, while they are licensed by the British Gambling Commission, one of the most respected authorities in the industry today. As well as this, they also hold a valid license from the Government of Gibraltar, allowing them to operate in various other regions across the globe. This means that punters can rest assured that they have already passed a number of tests when it comes to reliability and trustworthiness, with the bookmaker also having a variety of security measures in place, including 128-bit SSL encryption technology. Meanwhile, in order to help promote responsible gambling, Ladbrokes are associated with organisations including Gambleaware, GamCare and Gambling Therapy.
Ladbrokes Company Details
History has it that Ladbrokes was first established way back in 1886 by Messrs, Schwind and Pennington as commission agents for horses trained at Ladbroke Hall in Warwickshire. The company became known as Ladbrokes in 1902 when Arthur Bendir joined the partnership and the company moved to London.
Throughout the 20th century, Ladbrokes had its fair share of ups and downs from entertaining the British aristocracy to suffering steady decline following World War II. In the year 2000, Ladbrokes entered the online gambling realm and in 2015 acquired Gala Coral Group. The acquisition resulted in Ladbrokes becoming Ladbrokes Coral and Britain's largest bookmaker, with more than 4,000 betting shops and 30,000 employees.
Ladbrokes has also been a sponsor of football teams and currently Ladbrokes Coral is a principle sponsor for the top four divisions of Scottish football, in the Scottish Professional Football League.
In 2017, Ladbrokes was purchased by GVC Holdings.
Ladbrokes Review Summary
After fully analyzing the Ladbrokes sports betting offering, we've come to the conclusion that this bookie is worthy of the praise it has received as being one of the UK's top bookmakers. Not only is Ladbrokes a famous, old and trusted brand, it offers plenty of brilliant features from in-play betting and live streaming to a betting exchange.
Its top quality online and mobile betting experience covers a vast array of markets and betting options and there are a wealth of promotions, giving you the option of making your experience as entertaining, thrilling or diverse as you want.
While it is surprising that Ladbrokes is lacking in the major league sports sponsorship department, which is odd for such a recognisable brand, it delivers a solid betting service to UK punters – new or experienced.
What did you think of our Ladbrokes review? Does Ladbrokes sound like the right bookie for you? If so, be sure to claim your free bets when you sign up!


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What is epilepsy?
What Causes Epilepsy?
Epilepsy is a disorder with many possible causes. Anything that disturbs the normal pattern of neuron activity -- from illness to brain damage to abnormal brain development -- can lead to seizures.
Epilepsy may develop because of an abnormality in brain wiring, an imbalance of nerve signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters, or some combination of these factors. Researchers believe that some people with epilepsy have an abnormally high level of excitatory neurotransmitters that increase neuronal activity, while others have an abnormally low level of inhibitory neurotransmitters that decrease neuronal activity in the brain. Either situation can result in too much neuronal activity and cause epilepsy. One of the most-studied neurotransmitters that plays a role in epilepsy is GABA, or gamma-aminobutyric acid, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Research on GABA has led to drugs that alter the amount of this neurotransmitter in the brain or change how the brain responds to it. Researchers also are studying excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate.
In some cases, the brain's attempts to repair itself after a head injury, stroke, or other problem may inadvertently generate abnormal nerve connections that lead to epilepsy. Abnormalities in brain wiring that occur during brain development also may disturb neuronal activity and lead to epilepsy.
Research has shown that the cell membrane that surrounds each neuron plays an important role in epilepsy. Cell membranes are crucial for a neuron to generate electrical impulses. For this reason, researchers are studying details of the membrane structure, how molecules move in and out of membranes, and how the cell nourishes and repairs the membrane. A disruption in any of these processes may lead to epilepsy. Studies in animals have shown that, because the brain continually adapts to changes in stimuli, a small change in neuronal activity, if repeated, may eventually lead to full-blown epilepsy. Researchers are investigating whether this phenomenon, called kindling, may also occur in humans.
In some cases, epilepsy may result from changes in non-neuronal brain cells called glia. These cells regulate concentrations of chemicals in the brain that can affect neuronal signaling.
About half of all seizures have no known cause. However, in other cases, the seizures are clearly linked to infection, trauma, or other identifiable problems.
Research suggests that genetic abnormalities may be some of the most important factors contributing to epilepsy. Some types of epilepsy have been traced to an abnormality in a specific gene. Many other types of epilepsy tend to run in families, which suggests that genes influence epilepsy. Some researchers estimate that more than 500 genes could play a role in this disorder. However, it is increasingly clear that, for many forms of epilepsy, genetic abnormalities play only a partial role, perhaps by increasing a person's susceptibility to seizures that are triggered by an environmental factor.
Several types of epilepsy have now been linked to defective genes for ion channels, the "gates" that control the flow of ions in and out of cells and regulate neuron signaling. Another gene, which is missing in people with progressive myoclonus epilepsy, codes for a protein called cystatin B. This protein regulates enzymes that break down other proteins. Another gene, which is altered in a severe form of epilepsy called LaFora's disease, has been linked to a gene that helps to break down carbohydrates.
While abnormal genes sometimes cause epilepsy, they also may influence the disorder in subtler ways. For example, one study showed that many people with epilepsy have an abnormally active version of a gene that increases resistance to drugs. This may help explain why anticonvulsant drugs do not work for some people. Genes also may control other aspects of the body's response to medications and each person's susceptibility to seizures, or seizure threshold. Abnormalities in the genes that control neuronal migration -- a critical step in brain development -- can lead to areas of misplaced or abnormally formed neurons, or dysplasia, in the brain that can cause epilepsy. In some cases, genes may contribute to development of epilepsy even in people with no family history of the disorder. These people may have a newly developed abnormality, or mutation, in an epilepsy-related gene.
Other Disorders
In many cases, epilepsy develops as a result of brain damage from other disorders. For example, brain tumors, alcoholism, and Alzheimer's disease frequently lead to epilepsy because they alter the normal workings of the brain. Strokes, heart attacks, and other conditions that deprive the brain of oxygen also can cause epilepsy in some cases. About 32 percent of all cases of newly developed epilepsy in elderly people appears to be due to cerebrovascular disease, which reduces the supply of oxygen to brain cells. Meningitis, AIDS, viral encephalitis, and other infectious diseases can lead to epilepsy, as can hydrocephalus -- a condition in which excess fluid builds up in the brain. Epilepsy also can result from intolerance to wheat gluten (also known as celiac disease), or from a parasitic infection of the brain called neurocysticercosis. Seizures may stop once these disorders are treated successfully. However, the odds of becoming seizure-free after the primary disorder is treated are uncertain and vary depending on the type of disorder, the brain region that is affected, and how much brain damage occurred prior to treatment.
Epilepsy is associated with a variety of developmental and metabolic disorders, including cerebral palsy, neurofibromatosis, pyruvate dependency, tuberous sclerosis, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, and autism. Epilepsy is just one of a set of symptoms commonly found in people with these disorders.
In some cases, head injury can lead to seizures or epilepsy. Safety measures such as wearing seat belts in cars and using helmets when riding a motorcycle or playing competitive sports can protect people from epilepsy and other problems that result from head injury.
Prenatal Injury and Developmental Problems
The developing brain is susceptible to many kinds of injury. Maternal infections, poor nutrition, and oxygen deficiencies are just some of the conditions that may take a toll on the brain of a developing baby. These conditions may lead to cerebral palsy, which often is associated with epilepsy, or they may cause epilepsy that is unrelated to any other disorders. About 20 percent of seizures in children are due to cerebral palsy or other neurological abnormalities. Abnormalities in genes that control development also may contribute to epilepsy. Advanced brain imaging has revealed that some cases of epilepsy that occur with no obvious cause may be associated with areas of dysplasia in the brain that probably develop before birth.
Seizures can result from exposure to lead, carbon monoxide, and many other poisons. They also can result from exposure to street drugs and from overdoses of antidepressants and other medications.
Seizures are often triggered by factors such as lack of sleep, alcohol consumption, stress, or hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle. These seizure triggers do not cause epilepsy but can provoke first seizures or cause breakthrough seizures in people who otherwise experience good seizure control with their medication. Sleep deprivation in particular is a universal and powerful trigger of seizures. For this reason, people with epilepsy should make sure to get enough sleep and should try to stay on a regular sleep schedule as much as possible. For some people, light flashing at a certain speed or the flicker of a computer monitor can trigger a seizure; this problem is called photosensitive epilepsy. Smoking cigarettes also can trigger seizures. The nicotine in cigarettes acts on receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain, which increases neuronal firing. Seizures are not triggered by sexual activity except in very rare instances
Can Epilepsy be Prevented?
Many cases of epilepsy can be prevented by wearing seatbelts and bicycle helmets, putting children in car seats, and other measures that prevent head injury and other trauma. Prescribing medication after first or second seizures or febrile seizures also may help prevent epilepsy in some cases. Good prenatal care, including treatment of high blood pressure and infections during pregnancy, can prevent brain damage in the developing baby that may lead to epilepsy and other neurological problems later. Treating cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, infections, and other disorders that can affect the brain during adulthood and aging also may prevent many cases of epilepsy. Finally, identifying the genes for many neurological disorders can provide opportunities for genetic screening and prenatal diagnosis that may ultimately prevent many cases of epilepsy.
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Cyber attacks have risen to the top of the list of threats for UK banks according to Bank of England's director of financial stability, Andrew Haldane, but understanding and management of the risk is still at an "early stage".
Speaking at a Treasury select committee last week, Haldane said that during recent meetings with the five top banks in the UK, four of the banks had claimed that the threat of cyber attack now present a major threat to their stability - more so than even the eurozone crisis.
However Haldane said that despite the awareness among leading banks, there was still a way to go in terms of fully understanding the risk presented.
"Four of the five identified cyber risk as having risen to the top of their list, which I thought was very interesting," Haldane said. "What was just as interesting was that the fifth firm didn't have it on their list."
"They now do, which is the source of some reassurance, but it made me think that understanding and management of this risk was still at a somewhat early stage."
Haldane added that there is a need for more action by both the Bank of England's Financial Policy Committee and the government to ensure that the financial sector is prepared the "ever-evolving" cyber threat.
"You could see why the financial sector would be a particularly good target for someone wanting to wreak havoc through a cyber route," Haldane said. "So I very much hope the FPC and wider government - as I think this has to be the wider government - would take a close look and a deep dive into the state of preparedness of the financial sector for such threats, which of course are ever-evolving. The cyber risk is one that is difficult to keep up with because it is moving at such pace over the past six to twelve months."
Symantec's UK security CTO, Sian John, warned that despite efforts on the part of both the banks and the government to prepare for attacks, more can be done to protect against the wide range of threat types.
"In 2012, financial companies and public sector institutions were the UK's most attacked businesses and organisations," John said. "Although banks continue to invest in new security technology this shows just how crucial it is for them to be ahead of the curve."
"Eighteen months ago, British banks took part in a cyber attack exercise to see how they would cope with a collapse of their telecoms, internet and other business-critical systems. With the continued threat of financial Trojans - which steal banking details - and ever more sophisticated attacks by cybercriminals, there may be cause for banks to test their systems again to ensure they are fit for purpose."
Banks in the UK have come under attack from organised cyber criminals in increasingly sophisticated attacks, however there is also the threat of state sponsored attacks. Countries including Iran and China have been accused by the US of orchestrating attacks against the financial sector in recent months.
Last month reports emerged of a significant attack against a financial exchange firm. The 167 Gbps attack was described as the largest ever targeted at a fiancial sector organisation according to security firm Prolexic.


A host of diecast model cars, helmets and racing gear, car-themed posters and various other forms of automobilia are on display at APC Driving at 19 Halls Road in Old Lyme.
For car enthusiasts Brent Thompson of Old Lyme and Christopher Robson of Hebron, who opened the driver education school, a passion for driving runs deep.
The two said they now are applying that enthusiasm to take an engaging and relevant approach to teaching students how to drive — with the goal of helping people learn to drive safely and be prepared for the realities of the road.
Thompson, with a background in sales and marketing, also has a lifelong love of cars, his uncle having run an auto museum in the Midwest. Thompson, who has a competition license with the Sports Car Club of America, has done recreational race car driving and understands what it takes to be safe.
Their answer was to become licensed and certified driving instructors and open a driving school that focuses on the needs of the individual learning to drive, Thompson said. He said that while there are many great driving schools out there, APC Driving offers a boutique environment in which students really participate and classes are small.
Thompson said they are concerned about the high fatality rate among teenage drivers and want to do what they can to mitigate that.
Rather than use out-of-date driving videos, the two scoured the internet for relevant teaching materials and eventually plan to produce their own videos and anticipate rolling out an app.
"We wanted to bring drivers ed into the 21st century," said Robson, chief driving instructor.
Robson said their approach is about ensuring students are trained and retaining information. While instructors cover all the specific drivers education aspects required by the state, they are not simply taking a textbook approach, but are presenting their life experiences in a captivating way that draws students' interest.
"We need to educate the student on the realities of driving, not the textbook of driving," Robson said.
Thompson and Robson said that while there are driving principles that can be transferred from the racetrack to the real world, the two stressed that they are different and they keep racing on the track, not the street.
They have developed a trademarked approach "S.A.F.E. Behind the Wheel," which stands for Situational Awareness Facilitates Excellence.
Robson emphasizes that students have to be comfortable, both physically and mentally, and be excited to drive and want to do it. In individualized driving lessons, he connects driving with whatever the student is passionate about, such as sports, or music.
"This guy is unbelievable with kids behind the wheel," Thompson said of Robson.
According to a release, APC Driving offers required drivers ed courses as well as specialized classes for additional instruction on specific topics, such as parking, city driving or extra driving time. The school also offers programs for senior drivers and for people who want lessons in the latest car technologies, and for people wanting help on how to pick a new car.


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Jun 19, 2019; Washington, D.C., USA; New York City... more
Jun 19, 2019; Washington, D.C., USA; New York City FC defender Sebastien Ibeagha (33) leaps to head the ball on D.C. United goalkeeper Chris Seitz (1) as D.C. United defender Jalen Robinson (20) defends in the second half of a round of sixteen match in the 2019 U.S. Open Cup at Audi Field. NYC FC won 2-1. Mandatory Credit: Geoff Burke-USA TODAY Sports