In a large skillet, cook sausage over medium heat until no longer pink; drain. In a large bowl, combine the soup, milk, onion, salt and pepper. In an ungreased 11-in. x 7-in. baking dish, layer half the potatoes, soup mixture and sausage; repeat layers.
Cover and bake at 350°F for 1-1/2 hours or until the potatoes are tender. Uncover and sprinkle with cheese. Bake 5 minutes longer or until cheese is melted.
Save by using Cooking Onions and Serve with Simply Potatoes Mashed Potatoes.
Cook ground beef until brown. Add can of spaghetti sauce and stir until well mixed. Add pinch of parsley, basil, oregano and pepper. Stir well until thoroughly mixed. Shred cheese.
Begin to prepare lasagna by placing noodles on the bottom of pan, then sauce, then cheese. Repeat until desired (or until ingredients run out).
Top layer should be the sauce with cheese on top. Place foil over baking dish. Bake in oven at 375°F for 40 minutes.
Save by using Barilla Oven Ready Lasagna and Serve with Fresh Baked Italian Bread.
Stir together drained tomatoes, cheese and basil in a medium bowl; set aside.
Combine canned tomato sauce and garlic in large skillet and add prepared chicken. Bring sauce to a boil over medium-high heat. Reduce heat to medium-low, cover and cook for 15 minutes or until chicken is no longer pink in center (internal temperature of 165°F). Top with croutons just before serving.
Save by using Hunt's Tomatoes and Serve with Fresh Express Iceberg Garden.
Grind up corn flakes into crumbs. Mix Parmesan cheese, salt, pepper in with the corn flake crumbs. Baste the tilapia fillets (both sides) with Ranch dressing. Coat fish with the crumb mix evenly.
Save by using Kraft Salad Dressing and Serve with Hanover 10-12 oz Purple Line Vegetables.


Whether you're venturing near or far, to colder Irish weather or warmer horizons, planning ahead is essential to having a successful trip.
Airplane germs: The air in airplanes is not as yucky as we might think. Filters capture 99.9 percent of germ particles. However, the dry air can make your nose and throat itchy, and there's no stopping your fellow travelers from boarding a plane while sick and proceeding to sneeze and cough in your space. Arm yourself with items like a regulation-sized saline nasal spray and antibacterial wipes to keep from getting sick before you even reach your destination.
Consider travel insurance: Serious injuries or illnesses while uninsured can have dire financial consequences. If you're traveling domestically, find out whether your health insurance is accepted at nearby medical centers. If you're traveling abroad, it may be worth planning for the unpredictable by looking into travel health and evacuation insurance. Health insurance will cover basic medical costs, while evacuation insurance would cover emergency situations that require leaving the region to get the necessary medical care.
Keep necessary medications on hand: Lost or delayed luggage is more than just an annoyance if they contain necessary medications. Don't play traveler's roulette with your medications. Keep them in your handbag or carry-on throughout your trip.
Most importantly have fun: Enjoy your well earned vacation time!!


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Do Not Call Register Act 2006
Act No. 88 of 2006 as amended, taking into account amendments up to Territories Legislation Amendment Act 2016
An Act to establish a Do Not Call Register, and for other purposes
Administered by: Communications and the Arts
Territories Legislation Amendment Act 2016 - C2016A00033
sch 5 (items 38-40)
Registered 08 Jul 2016

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Data for equilibrium and kinetics of the absorbate is necessary to evaluate whether the porous material can act as an absorbent for a specific separation problem. SINTEF has infrastructure for determination of equilibrium data (isotherms) from 77K to 400K, and from vacuum to 100 atm. Sorption kinetics is determined by pulse or breakthrough experiments and modelling. In addition, we have fully automated reactor systems that can carry out multicycle absorption/regeneration experiments using real gas mixtures.
SINTEF has extensive experience in assessing the usefulness of a specific adsorbent to a specific separation purpose based on equilibrium data. In addition, the full data set for an adsorbent is used to model a particular separation process. Simulations may secondly provide information on the separation efficiency of the process (yield and purity of exit gases in the process). Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and temperature swing adsorption (TSA) are typical examples of cyclic separation processes. Model optimization of the sequence used to obtain a continuous process in multi-column PSA processes, is essential.
SINTEF also has extensive experience in the design and structure of the test apparatus. This is essential for model validation. We have a completely automated lab-scale 4-column PSA (PCSA) for low-temperature separation while a similar continuous reactor for TSA wild be available during 2017.


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Now playing Buses And Trains, Bachelor Girl
SIX The Musical Gives Henry VIII's Wives A Mic And The Opera House Stage
By Brynn Davies August 7, 2019
Laugh your head off!
An all-female musical about Henry VIII's beheaded/besmirched wives? Where do we sign up?!
The critically acclaimed West End smash hit SIX The Musical is heading across the pond for a run of dates at the Sydney Opera House this summer.
A hilariously witty satire, the pop-driven musical turns the story of Britain's notorious Tudor King and his six wives on its head, by passing the mic over to his Queens.
Hear from Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anna of Cleves, Katherine Howardand Catherine Parr through original pop numbers backed by an all-female band.
The premise of the show positions all the wives as members of a pop band who are battling it out to decide which one should be the lead singer.
Whoever had the worst time with old mate Henry wins the honour of being the star.
It's a bit of Spice Girls, a bit of X-Factor and a bit of Drunk History in one, fabulously fierce musical comedy.
Created by 24-year-old Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss who co-wrote the book, lyrics and music while at Cambridge, the global smash-hit soundtrack has since gathered over 300,000 daily streams.
The sassy production has delighted audiences from the Edinburgh Fringe to London's West End, throughout USA, Canada and soon a full UK tour and a Broadway opening.
The cast for the local production of SIX is yet to be announced, however, highly respected Australian producers Louise Withers, Michael Coppel and Linda Bewick will present the Australian premiere.
Tickets go on sale on Monday 12 August, 9am AEST - click here for more info.


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Dec 28, 2022, 09:08am EST
Europe Is Lagging Behind In Developing Large AI Models
Sep 8, 2022, 08:00am EDT
Deepfakes - The Danger Of Artificial Intelligence That We Will Learn To Manage Better
Overview Of How To Create Deepfakes - It's Scarily Simple
Ukrainian Startups Showing Resilience In A Time Of War
Apr 3, 2022, 07:24am EDT
Worried That Your Phone Is Spying On You? Try A Different OS
May 6, 2021, 06:30am EDT
Get Vaccinated? How Trust In Institutions Determines COVID Vaccination Rates In The EU
Feb 9, 2021, 08:23am EST
Clubhouse's Future Depends On Data - How To Build A TikTok Like Algorithm
President Biden Is Man, Woman And 40 Years Old - Why We Need Algorithmic Transparency
ForbesInnovationSustainability
No Doubt It's A Climate-Change Drought, Scientists Say
Jeff McMahon
From Chicago, I write about climate change, green technology, energy.
Jan 1, 2015, 09:00am EST |
It was raining in San Francisco on the damp December morning that three scientists gathered at the offices of Climate Nexus to hold a press conference about the drought. It had been raining regularly for more than a week, in fact, and Stanford University had just recorded its rainiest day ever on campus.
These three drought experts had gathered to swim upstream against all that rain and evaporate any false optimism it might be washing into California.
"I'm happy to be here and see some rain here in San Francisco," said Jonathan Overpeck, who had flown in from Tucson, where he is a founding codirector of the Institute of the Environment at the University of Arizona. "Of course everyone knows California's drought has been for three years, rain so far has been helpful, there's a snowpack in the Sierra Nevada's that is about 50 percent of normal thanks to recent precipitation, but that hasn't stopped the drought. The drought is still going to be the story at the end of the year, I think.
"To frame the drought we should be mentioning that much of the southwest and west has been in drought now for nearly 15 years, since 1999. This is important for California because a big part of that story is the Colorado River. The major storage, the biggest reservoirs in the United States are only half full now, and precipitation this winter has been lower than average there."
The scientists had gathered in part because a recent study from NOAA has been interpreted to suggest the drought derives from the natural variability of the climate. But these three scientists say that interpretation derives from NOAA's focus on only one aspect of the drought—mean rainfall. When you look at the drought as an extreme event, they said, and when you look at its probability of recurring, and when you look at not only rainfall but also temperature and evaporation, there's no doubt what's behind the drought.
"One of the things that is certainly making it worse is climate change," Overpeck said. "If we really want to tackle the water problem in the west we need to tackle the climate change problem."
Overpeck and Stanford Professor Noah Diffenbaugh said the NOAA study is sound but does not consider all of the factors that reveal the influence of anthropogenic climate change.
"I agree that all of these studies that in some cases appear at first glance to be conflicting are good science, but they all have their own focus. But one of the reasons we're doing this press event today is that we're trying to give you the big picture."
To see the big picture, one has to look beyond mean rainfall, at other places climate signals may be recorded, the scientists said. For example, high temperatures worsen droughts by causing moisture to evaporate more quickly.
"If you're a betting person you can bet your car, you can bet your house that over time in the future it's gonna get hotter and hotter until we curb the emissions of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere, you can bet as much as you want on that," Overpeck said.
When higher temperatures reduce soil moisture, vegetation suffers. So vegetation is another place to look for climate signals.
California blue oaks are some of the most climate-sensitive trees on earth. Scientists from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute recently published results of an analysis of blue oak tree rings, said Valerie Trouet, a tree-ring scientist from the University of Arizona, that reveals the unusual nature of the current drought.
"What my colleagues did is use the record derived from the Blue Oaks to reconstruct drought and precipitation independently over the past 800-1,200 years," Trouet said. "What they found is that when you look at drought as Jonathan described earlier, the current drought that California's in now is the most severe drought that we've witnessed over the last 1,200 years. There has been no drought that's been as severe as this in the record."
That tree-ring study also reveals how long severe droughts usually last in California. Almost half lasted four years or longer, and some lasted nine years, Overpeck said, compared to three years for the current drought. But droughts in the Colorado River Basin can last much longer—as long as 50 years.
That makes it difficult to anticipate that relief will fall from the sky.
"That's important to not just the greater southwest and Arizona where I'm from, but California's one of the largest users of Colorado River water, so we have to keep in mind, as temperatures go up, that these droughts could go on and on, and the unprecedented severity would go on."


Sharing Holy Week services this week with our friends at Calvary United Methodist is such a blessing! At their church on Good Friday, we considered what it means to be stray sheep and to have the Lamb of God take the sins of the world upon himself. Thank you, Savior, for your gracious sacrifice!


ReliaBills is a web-based billing and invoicing accounting system that is suitable for companies with an annual revenue up to $100 million. The system is available to the following industries: advertising, construction, consulting, education, maintenance, marketing services, media, non-profit, property management, and software/technology.
The system provides users with a step by step to-do list in order to complete and send professional invoices. Users can add or import an unlimited number of customers to the system. Customizable fields assist users in keeping track of pet names, case numbers, or other specified fields relating to the business. There is no maximum on the number of invoices created and sent by a company.
The Virtual Terminal allows users to accept payments from emails, over the phone, or in person. Automated messages inform customers when a payment is due, when a card has expired, or when late fees have been accrued.
Mike from Liquid Medical Office, Inc.
We have a small company and had struggled with an old version of Quick Books that was totally inflexible for our company's unique requirements and business model. I tried one other "highly rated" billing software for a week and could not get comfortable with it and the support was not good either. I started over and signed up with ReliaBills and used their introductory video to get started. I set up my accounts and then had a few questions so I reached out to customer support and IMMEDIATELY received responses and even personally generated videos to deal with my specific area of concern. For the first several months there were growing pains, to be expected, but the support was unbelievable and they always got to the heart of my issues with solutions and helped me grow in my understanding of the software. They are, in my experience, utterly without peer when it comes to customer support and HAVE told many friends and associates about them. On top of all that, in less than one year the number of delinquent invoices has been dramatically reduced to the point where it's rare to have any unpaid invoice that is older than 45 days. THEY ARE THE BEST VENDOR I'VE EVER DONE BUSINESS WITH!
Honestly, I can't think of anything and I've been with Reliabills for a year now.
I deal with a lot of clients most of whom pay small monthly fees. Using Reliabills to handle the details has been a real savings of time, energy and concern. And this added service doesn't push their price out of bounds. It's still a very reasonable and reliable platform.
The automated email communications that come with the platform makes following up with clients on the whole accounting piece very easy. I would also say that the support is among the best I've experienced. Quick responses, hand-holding when needed and they don't make you feel like you're a burden.
I would like to be able to have multiple variations on Welcome letters, etc. because I have different types of clients for different products or services and rather than customizing it each time, it would be nice if you could do it once and have the option to save it with a different name and then when you create a new client record you choose what type of client they are.
I absolutely LOVE ReliaBills and highly recommend it all my clients and colleagues. The ease of use of the system and automation to remind clients to pay, not to mention making it easy to pay, really helps me run my business while not getting bogged down with chasing open invoices.
Reliabills has helped us transform our AR process into something that was very time consuming and manual to something that merely requires monitoring and has supplied us with reports and support that we never had. The support team is extremely helpful and thorough.
User friendly and the support staff is top notch, available all the time and quick to respond. The email communicator schedule makes it easy to keep in contact with accounts with very little maintenance. Software is easy to navigate and allows users to get to places different ways without having to go back.
The invoice format that contains the statement info seems to be a little confusing to customers. We have seen some over payments or duplicate payments.
ReliaBills always has our back!!
Their crew is awesome to work for. They take care of any issue that arises in most cases same day!
Makes our invoicing for our company quick and easy!
Having to create a different platform for multiple companies to accommodate the late fee structure and accepting credit cards for only certain invoices.
Reliabills is a great tool.
Easy to set up and manage. Professional delivery. Once a customer is set up there is very little I need to remember to do because it is all automated.
The fact that when issues are refunded they are not reflected in the invoice. This can be confusing for clients and make reconciling and year end statements challenging.
The ease of use of the online platform. It is super easy to navigate through the menus and accept payment.
I would like the ability to accept payments from a parent company for multiple accounts at the same time.
WONDERFUL, EXCELLENT, HAS MADE MY JOB SO MUCH EASIER!!!
Highly recommend, particularly for any business that relies heavily on recurring monthly invoices.
Ease of use. Set it and forget it. As a small business owner with way too many things to do, it's super helpful to be able to schedule recurring invoices and just get paid automatically. I used to cost myself money by forgetting to send things out, struggle to collect, or any other number of complications. Now, super easy.
Very little to not like. As far as I know there's no point-of-service functionality (I confess I haven't looked all that hard). Not a huge deal for me, but it could be helpful.
Cleaned up collections, streamlined billing, and make recurring invoicing a breeze for our subscription based business.
- Supports snail mailing along with emailing, critical in the collections processes.


In June 2103, Twitter updated their API and Virb needed to make the necessary adjustments to properly authenticate the Twitter Widget. If you are not seeing the Twitter Widget display on your site, you will need to re-authenticate the widget or re-create it.
1. From the Virb Admin, go to the Widgets Tab.
2. Click on your Twitter Widget to edit it.
3. Click on the 'Connect to Twitter' button.
4. Log in to your Twitter account and click on "Authorize App". If you are already logged into Twitter, you can just click on "Authorize App".
That's it! You now have an authorized Twitter Widget on your site.
2. Click on the Red x next to the Twitter Widget.
3. Click on the "New Widget" button.
4. Select Twitter from the Widget Select menu.
5. Name the Widget and click on the 'Connect to Twitter' button.
6. Log in to your Twitter account and click on 'Authorize App'. If you are already logged into Twitter, you can just click on 'Authorize App'.


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Europe slides on virus concerns, as Bank of England leans to the dark side on rates
CHIEF MARKET ANALYST
Markets in Europe have come under pressure today, though they are off their lows, as concerns about the economic outlook, and the timing of a vaccine contribute to a prevailing sense of renewed uncertainty, as the World Health Organisation warns about an alarming rise in coronavirus cases across Europe. The WHO's regional director for Europe expressed concern that weekly cases are now exceeding those when the pandemic peaked in March, and that the increase is a wake-up call for governments all over.
Targeted lockdowns and localised curfews appear to be becoming more commonplace, with the attendant risks they are likely to have on the resilience of the recovery we've seen in the wake of the recent easing of lockdown restrictions.
European car makers have slipped back after car sales for August in Europe showed a 17% fall, following on from a 3% decline in July, with Volkswagen and Renault leading the decliners.
Banks are also under pressure despite the European Central Bank easing European banks requirements when it comes to their leverage ratios, until June next year, as concerns about the economic outlook continue to intensify.
The talk of negative rates in the UK has also seen the likes of NatWest Group, Barclays and HSBC slip towards the bottom of the FTSE100, with NatWest shares slipping to their lowest levels since May.
All across Europe we are seeing rising infection rates with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control expressing concern about the continued rise in infection rates, with Spain leading the way. While this is undoubtedly causing a lot of anxiety, as infections hit record highs, it also needs to be set in the context that a lot more tests are being conducted now than was the case six months ago. Hospitalisations and deaths are still at a fairly low rate, though they are starting to rise again.
Having seen decent trading updates from the likes of H&M and Inditex earlier this week, expectations were high that Next would be able to follow suit when they reported on their latest first half numbers today, and they haven't disappointed, with the shares rising to the top of the FTSE100.
Today's update has seen the business report a first half profit before tax of £9m, with full price sales down 33% on a year ago. Total H1 revenues did fall a little short at £1.36bn, with consensus expectations for about £1.57bn.
The company also updated its guidance for the full year, saying that profit before tax is now expected to come in at £300m up from the guidance that was issued in July of £195m, though the decision was also taken not to reinstate the dividend with the economic outlook still so uncertain.
Trainline.com has also reported on its latest H1 numbers which has seen revenues decimated by the various shutdowns, and lower footfall as a result of the lockdown of the UK economy In Q1 group net ticket sales declined £79m, equivalent to 9% of the total from the same period in 2019.
In Q2 this improved to 30% with revenue of £280m, and a total of £359m for the first half. While these numbers are dire, they are certainly better than expected and have helped to push the shares higher on the day.
US markets have opened sharply lower, with tech stocks leading the losses, along with travel and leisure stocks, after the WHO expressed concern about rising infection rates in Europe. The Nasdaq and S&P500 are both on the cusp of testing support at this month's lows, with the key level on the S&P500 at 3,300.
The latest US weekly jobless claims came in at 860k, a modest improvement on last weeks adjusted 893k, while housing starts for August declined 5.1%.
Facebook shares, which came under pressure as a result of reports it was facing an antitrust investigation from the Federal Trade Commission, have fallen further today, as the broader tech sell-off continues.
Snowflake shares have also slipped back as the euphoria of yesterday's gains starts to dissipate, and some semblance of reality starts to take over.
The pound has come under pressure after the Bank of England kept the door open to negative rates by saying that they are consulting with regulators on how to make them work.
This flies in the face of all the evidence that that we already have about negative rates, and comes across as utterly incomprehensible. The SNB, BoJ and ECB have all tried negative rates, and all have failed, with increasing evidence that they actually do more harm than good. The Swedish Riksbank actually abandoned them due to their being counterproductive. It beggars belief that the Bank of England is looking at an approach that could well inflict more harm than good on the banking and ergo the financial system. As a result we've seen the pound slip sharply, along with yields. Some have argued that this narrative is merely a way to keep their policy options open, but why would you go to all the trouble of consulting, if you're not intent on trying to implement such a move.
All of this talk of negative rates, rather overshadowed the fact that the Bank improved its outlook for UK GDP. Talk about mixing your messaging.
The US dollar has found some support today in the wake of last nights Fed decision, though this may have more to do with the fact that equity markets are predominantly in risk off mode today, with the greenback reaping the benefit of some safe haven buying.
The Japanese yen has also benefitted from a bit of a safe haven bias hitting its highest levels since July.
The slightly firmer US dollar has seen gold prices slide back a touch after they hit a one week high yesterday, while silver prices have also come under pressure as the greenback makes advances across the board.
Crude oil prices have started to look a little on the soft side, after gaining quite strongly in the last couple of days on the back of supply concerns caused by production disruptions as a result of Hurricane Sally. With prices near one week highs, concerns about the demand outlook have re-emerged prompting a little bit of profit taking, ahead of today's OPEC+ meeting where there is likely to be discussion over the current level of production quotas.
UK-EU trade deal uncertainty no barrier to further FTSE gains
The FTSE 100 had another strong day yesterday, outperforming its European counterparts as optimism over vaccine approval and a Brexit deal gave UK assets a lift.
Airbnb IPO finally set to take flight
Markets muted as US jobs report in focus
USD continues to wobble ahead of NFP
The travel app will make its market debut on 9 December. What will the initial Airbnb share price be? Read our Airbnb IPO preview
It was a mixed bag for European equity markets yesterday as the FTSE 100 closed modestly higher while the indices in mainland Europe posted losses.
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The set of journals have been ranked based on their SJR and divided into 4 equal groups, four quartiles. Formally, and with regards to other forms of therapies like saw palmetto, NCCAM considers studies finding that a supplement does no higher than a placebo to be evidence that it does not work." However NCCAM has failed to apply the same commonplace to acupuncture, and continues to spend vast sums of money to show time and again that acupuncture can not do higher than placebos.
Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of acupuncture often include stimulating verum acupoints and nearby so-referred to as sham" acupoints. Patients additionally report feeling much less stress and nervousness and an increased feeling of wellbeing when incorporating medical acupuncture into their fertility program. Our discovering of restricted, at greatest, analgesic effects of acupuncture corresponds with the seven Cochrane critiques 36 on acupuncture for various forms of pain, which all concluded that no clear proof existed of an analgesic effect of acupuncture.
In fact, they're so underwhelming that beating them by a bit bit is nothing for acupuncture to brag about. This article explains how a mare which had an infection in her ankle was treated by a vet at Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medication at Virginia Tech with a combination of acupuncture and traditional therapy. There have been a number of studies looking into the validity and benefits of acupuncture as an accepted form of medical follow.


5-Mil Copper - Solid Copper Shield. Provides added electrical protection.
802.14 - IEEE's Cable TV MAC and PHY Protocol Working Group.
A - a symbol designation for ampere.
ABR - Available Bit Rate.
Abrasion Resistance - Ability of a wire, cable or material to resist surface wear.
Abrasion Stripper - More accurately described as "buffing stripper", which is a motorized device for removing flat cable insulation by means of one or two buffing wheels that melt the insulation and brush it away from the conductors.
Accelerated Aging - A test that simulates long time environmental conditions in a relatively short time.
ACR - The difference between attenuation and crosstalk, measured in dB, at a given frequency (acronym for Attenuation Crosstalk Ratio). Important characteristic in networking transmission to assure that signal sent down a twisted pair is stronger at the receiving end of the cable than are any interference signals imposed on that same pair by crosstalk from other pairs.
Ace Wire and Cable Co., Inc. - Master stocking distributor of wire, cable and connectivity products for: voice, data, video, power, building wire, security, and fire alarm.
Air Core -Cables that are not gel filled.
Air-Gap Dielectric - A coaxial design in which a monofilament of plastic holds the center conductor in place allowing the remainder of the dielectric to be air. Typical velocities of up to 84% can be achieved in this design.
Alloy - A combination of two or more different polymers/metals. Usually combined to make use of different properties of each polymer metal.
Alpeth - Coated Aluminum Polyethylene. Basic sheath.
Alternating Current (AC) - Electric Current that alternates or reverses polarity continuously. The number of alternations per second are described as cycles, (hertz or Hz).
Ambient - Conditions existing at a test or operating location prior to energizing equipment (e.g.: ambient temperature).
American Wire Gauge (AWG) - A standard for expressing wire diameter. As the AWG number gets smaller, the wire diameter gets larger.
Ampacity - Current handling capability. The maximum current a conductor can carry without being heated beyond a safe limit.
Ampere - A standard unit of current. Defined as the amount of current that flows when one volt of emf is applied across one ohm of resistance. An ampere of current is produced by one coulomb of charge passing a point in one second.
Amplitude - The Maximum value of a varying wave form.
Analog - Representation of data by continuously variable quantities.
Analog Signal - An electrical signal which varies continuously, not having discrete values. Analog signals are copies or representations of other waves in nature. An analog audio signal, for instance, is a representation of the pressure waves which make up audible sound.
Anneal - To soften and relieve strains in any solid material, such as metal or glass, by heating to just below its melting point and then slowly cooling it. Annealing generally lowers the tensile strength of the material, while improving its flex life and flexibility.
ASP - Aluminum Steel Polyethylene. Provides mechanical and electrical protection.
ASTM - The American Society for Testing and Materials, a standards organization which suggests test methods, definitions and practices.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode - The SONET standard for a packet switching technique which uses packets of a fixed length.
ATM - The SONET standard for a packet switching technique which uses packets of a fixed length. Asynchronous Transfer Mode.
Attenuation - The decrease in magnitude of a signal as it travels through any transmitting medium, such as a cable or circuitry. Attenuation is measured as the logarithm of a ratio. It is expressed in decibels or dB.
Audio - A term used to describe sounds within the range of human hearing. Also used to describe devices which are designed to operate within this range (20 Hz to 20 kHz).
Audio Frequency - Frequencies within the range of human hearing: approximately 20 to 20,000 Hz.
AWG - American Wire Gage. A wire diameter specification. The smaller the AWG number, the larger the wire diameter.
AWM - Appliance Wiring Material.
Backbone - The cable used to connect all systems of a multi-level distributed system to an intermediate system.
Backshell - Metal housing providing continuity of shield through IDC connectors.
Balanced Line - A cable having two identical conductors which carry voltages opposite in polarity and equal in magnitude with respect to ground, suitable for differential signal transmission.
provide impedance transformation, as 300 ohm balanced to 75 ohm unbalanced.
Bandwidth - The difference between the upper and lower limits of a given band of frequencies. Expressed in Hertz. The range of frequencies that a transmitted communications signal occupies or that a receiving system can accept. For example, it takes more bandwidth to download a photograph in a second than to download a page of text. Virtual reality and three-dimensional audio/visual presentations require even more.
Baud - Unit of data transmission speed meaning bits per second (500 baud=500 bits per second).
Bel - A unit that represents the logarithm of the ratio of two levels. The number of bels is equal to the logarithm sub 10 of P sub 1/P sub 2):2 logarithm sub 10 (E sub 1/E sub 2); and 2 logarithm sub 10 (I sub 1/I sub 2). See dB.
Bend Loss - A form of increased attenuation caused by (a) having an optical fiber curved around a restrictive radius of curvature or (b) microbends caused by minute distortions in the fiber imposed by externally induced perturbations.
Binder - A tape or thread used for holding assembled cable components in place.
Bit - One binary digit.
Bit Error Rate - The number of errors occurring in a system per second. Typically less than 10e-12.
Bits Per Second - The number of binary bits that can be transmitted per second - I.e. Mbps (Mega - millions), Gbps (Giga - billions).
BNC - Abbreviation for "Bayonet Neil Concelman". A coaxial cable connector used extensively in video and R. F. applications and named for its inventor.
Bonded Steel is bonded to polyethylene with a copolymer adhesive All STALPETH and some ASP cables are bonded. Provides extra strength to jacket, primarily used in underground applications.
Bonded ASP - Aluminum Steel Polyethylene where the steel is bonded to polyethylene for strength. Filled cables for use in ducts.
Booster - A device or amplifier inserted into a line or cable to increase the voltage. Transformers may be employed to boost ac voltages. The term booster is also applied to antenna preamplifiers.
BPS - The number of binary bits that can be transmitted per second - I.e. Mbps (Mega - millions), Gbps (Giga - billions).
BPSK Bi - Phase Shift Keying.
Braid - A group of textile or metallic filaments interwoven to form a tubular flexible structure which may be applied over one or more wires, or flattened to form a strap.
Braid Angle - The angle between a strand of wire in a braid shield and the axis of the cable it is wound around.
Breakdown Voltage - The voltage at which the insulation between two conductors will fail and allow electricity to conduct or 'arc'.
Breakout - The point at which a conductor or conductors are separated from a multi-conductor cable to complete circuits at various points along the main cable.
BRI - Basic Rate Interface ISDN.
Broadband - The technique used to multiplex multiple networks on a single cable without interfering with each other. Technologies that allow you to transmit or receive higher volumes of data at higher speeds.
Buffer - A protective coating over an optical fiber.
Buffing Stripper - A motorized device for removing flat cable insulation by means of one or two buffing wheels that melt the insulation and brush it away from the conductors. Also called Abrasion Stripper.
Butyl Rubber - A synthetic rubber with good electrical insulating properties.
Byte - A group of adjacent binary digits (8 bits).
Cable - A group of individually insulated conductors twisted helically.
Cable Modem - A device that enables you to hook up your PC to a local cable TV line and receive data at much faster rates than telephone modems and ISDN lines. A strong competitor to DSL telephone service.
Cabling - The grouping or twisting together of two or more insulated conductors to form a cable.
CACSP - Coated Aluminum, Coated Steel, Polyethylene. Provides additional strength and protection.
Canadian Electrical Code (CEC) - Canadian version of the US National Electrical Code (NEC).
CAP - Carrierless Amplitude Phase Modulation.
Capacitance - The ability of a dielectric material between conductors to store energy when a difference of potential exists between the conductors. The unit of measurement is the farad. Cable capacitance is usually measured in picofarads (pF).
Capacitive Crosstalk - Cable crosstalk or interference resulting from the coupling of the electrostatic field of one conductor upon one or more others.
Capacitive Reactance - The opposition to alternating current due to the capacitance of a capacitor, cable, or circuit. It is measured in ohms and is equal to 1/6.28fC where f is the frequency in Hz and C is the capacitance in farads.
Capacitor - Two conducting surfaces separated by a dielectric material. The capacitance is determined by the area of the surfaces, type of dielectric, and spacing between the conducting surfaces.
Carrier Strip - Also referred to as substrate. A film that is on one side of a laminated flat cable.
CASPIC - Coated Aluminum, Coated Steel.
Category - Rating of a cable established by TIA/EIA to indicate the level of electrical performance.
CATV - Abbreviation for Community Antenna Television. Cable TV.
CBR - Constant Bit Rate.
Center-to-Center Distance - Pitch. Nominal distance from center-to-center of adjacent conductors within a cable. When conductors are flat, pitch is usually measured from the reference edge of a conductor to the reference edge of the adjacent conductor.
Channel - The horizontal cable including the workstation outlet and patch panel in the telecommunications closet plus a maximum combined length of up to ten meters of patch cable at each end (maximum length of 100 meters).
Characteristic Impedance - In a transmission cable of infinite length, the ratio of the applied voltage to the resultant current at the point the voltage is applied. Or the impedance which makes a transmission cable seem infinitely long, when connected across the cable's output terminals.
Chrominance Signal - The portion of a composite video signal that contains the color information.
Circuit - A system of conducting media designed to pass an electric current.
Circular Mil - The area of a circle one one-thousandth of an inch (.001") in diameter. By knowing the circular mil area of various conductors, they can be used to determine what conductivity and gage size various combinations will produce.
Cladding - A low refractive index material that surrounds the core of an optical fiber causing the transmitted light to travel down the core and protects against surface contaminant scattering. A layer of metal applied over another. Cladding is often chosen to improve conductivity or to resist corrosion.
Coaxial Cable - A cylindrical transmission line comprised of a conductor centered inside a metallic tube or shield, separated by a dielectric material, and usually covered by an insulating jacket. The kind of cable that links your cable TV provider to your home or office. Also sometimes used by telephone companies from their telephone poles to their customers, and by businesses for local area networks. Because of its high bandwidth, you can simultaneously receive hundreds of channels from coaxial cable.
Coil Effect - The inductive effect exhibited by a spiral-wrapped shield, especially above audio frequencies.
Color Code - A system of different colors or stripes used to identify components of cables such as individual conductors or groups of conductors.
Component Video - The unencoded output of a camera, video tape recorder, etc., whereby each red, green, and blue signal is transmitted down a separate cable. Component video systems most commonly use bundled coax as a transmission medium.
Composite Cable - Cable having conductors with two or more AWG sizes or more than one cable type.
Composite Video - The encoded output of a camera, video tape recorder, etc., whereby the red, green, blue, horizontal and vertical sync are transmitted simultaneously down one cable.
Concentric Stranding - A group of uninsulated wires twisted together and containing a center core with subsequent layers spirally wrapped around the core with alternating lay directions to form a single conductor.
Conductivity - The ability of a material to allow electrons to flow, measured by the current per unit of voltage applied. It is the reciprocal of resistivity.
Conductor - A substance, usually metal, used to transfer electrical energy from point to point.
Conduit - A tube of metal or plastic through which wire or cable can be run. Used to protect the wire or cable and, in the case of metal conduit, make it fireproof.
Connector - A device designed to allow electrical flow from one wire or cable to a device on another cable. A connector will allow interruption of the circuit or the transfer to another circuit without any cutting of wire or cable or other preparation.
Copperweld - Trademark of Copperweld Steel Co. for copper-clad steel conductor.
Cord - A very flexible insulated cable.
Core - The light conducting central portion of an optical fiber with a refractive index higher than that of the cladding. The center of a cable construction. Most often applies to a coaxial cable, where the core is the center conductor and the dielectric material applied to it.
Coupling - The transfer of energy (without direct electrical contact) between two or more cables or components of a circuit.
Coverage - How well a metal shield covers the underlying surface. Measured in percent.
CPE - Chlorinated polyethylene can be used as either a thermoplastic or thermoset. It is a tough chemical and oil-resistant material and makes an excellent jacket for industrial control cable. As a thermoset, it can be used as an oil resistant cord jacket. Other outstanding properties include low water absorption and superior crush resistance, which are important attributes in industrial control applications.
CPS - Abbreviation for cycles per second or Hertz.
Crosstalk - A type of interference caused by audio frequencies from one pair being coupled into adjacent pairs.
The term is also used to describe coupling at higher frequencies.
CSA - Abbreviation for Canadian Standards Association, the Canadian version of the Underwriters Laboratories.
CSMA/D - Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection.
Current Carrying Capacity - The maximum current a conductor can carry without being heated beyond a safe limit (ampacity).
Current Loop - A two wire transmit/receive interface.
Current, Direct (dc) - Electrical current whose electrons flow in one direction only. It maybe constant or pulsating as long as its movement is in the same direction.
Cut-through Resistance - A test to determine the ability of a material to withstand the application of blades or sharp edges without being cut.
D1 - A component digital video recording format that conforms to the CCIR-601 standard. Records on 19 mm magnetic tape. (Often used incorrectly to indicate component digital video).
D2 - A composite digital video recording format. Records on 19 mm magnetic tape.
D3 - A composite digital video recording format. Records on 1/2" magnetic tape.
Daisy Chain - A cable assembly with three or more termination areas.
DBS - Direct Broadcast Satellite.
Decibel (dB) - A decibel is one-tenth of a bel and is equal to 10 times the logarithm of the power ratio, 20 times the log of the voltage ratio, or 20 times the log of the current ratio. Decibels are also used to express acoustic power, such as the apparent level of a sound. The decibel can express an actual level only when comparing with some definite reference level that is assumed to be zero dB.
Delay Line - A transmission line or equivalent device designed to delay a wave or signal for a specific length of time.
DEPIC - Dual Expanded Plastic Insulated Conductor (Foam Skin). Decreases outside diameter of cable.
Derating Factor - A multiplier used to reduce the current carrying capacity of conductors in more adverse environments.
DES - Data Encryption Standard.
Dielectric - An insulating (non-conducting) medium when used in a signal-carrying design.
Dielectric Constant - Also called permittivity. That property of a dielectric which determines the amount of electrostatic energy that can be stored by the material when a given voltage is applied to it. Actually, the ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor using the dielectric to the capacitance of an identical capacitor using a vacuum (which has a Dielectric Constant of 1) as a dielectric. A number which indicates the quality of a material to resist holding an electrical charge when placed between two conductors.
Dielectric Loss - The power dissipated in a dielectric as the result of the friction produced by molecular motion when an alternating electric field is applied.
Dielectric Strength - The voltage an insulation can withstand before it breaks down. Usually expressed as 'volts per mil'.
Dielectric Withstand Voltage - The voltage that an insulating material can withstand before breakdown occurs.
Dispersion - The cause of bandwidth limitations in an optical fiber. Dispersion causes a broadening of input pulses along the length of the fiber. Two major types are (a) mode dispersion caused by differential optical path lengths in a multimode fiber, and (b) material dispersion caused by a differential delay of various wavelengths of light in a wave guide material.
Distortion - Any undesired change in a wave form or signal.
Distribution Cables - In a CATV system, the transmission cable between the distribution amplifier and the drop cable.
Disturbed Conductor - A conductor that receives energy generated by the field of another conductor or an external source. e.g. the quiet line.
DOCSIS - Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification.
Drain Wire - A non-insulated wire in contact with parts of a cable, usually the shield, and used in the termination to that shield and as a ground connection.
Drop Cable - In a CATV system, the transmission cable from the distribution cable to a dwelling.
DSL - Digital Subscriber Line. A technology for bringing high-bandwidth information to homes and small businesses over ordinary copper telephone lines. A DSL line can carry both data and voice signals, with the data part of the line remaining continuously connected. Currently competes with the cable modem in bringing broadband services to homes and small businesses.
DVB - Digital Video Broadcast.
E - Voltage (electromotive force).
EFP - Abbreviation for Electronic Field Production. Video production for commercials, television shows and other non-news purposes done outside the studio.
EIA - Electronic Industries Association (formerly RMA or RETMA).
Elastomer - Any material that will return to its original dimensions after being stretched or distorted.
Electron Volt - A measure of the energy gained by an electron falling through an electric field produced by one volt.
Electrostatic - Pertaining to static electricity, or electricity at rest. An electric charge, for example.
ELFEXT - Equal level Far End Crosstalk (dB) - A subtraction of attenuation from FEXT. By subtracting the attenuation, ELFEXT negates the effects of attenuation on the interference as it propagates down the cable, thus bringing it to an "equal level".
Elongation - The increase in length of a wire or cable cause by longitudinal tension.
EMI - Abbreviation for electromagnetic interference.
Energy - The capability of doing work.
Energy Dissipation - Loss of energy from a system due to the conversion of work energy into an undesirable form usually heat. Dissipation of electrical energy occurs when current flows through a resistance.
ENG - Abbreviation for Electronic News Gathering.
EPDM - Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber. A chemically cross-linked elastomer with good electrical insulating properties and excellent flexibility at high and low temperatures. It has good insulation resistance and dielectric strength, as well as excellent abrasion resistance and mechanical properties. EPDM has better cut-through resistance than Silicone rubber, which it replaces in some applications.
EPR - Ethylene-propylene copolymer rubber. A material with good electrical insulating properties.
ETP - Abbreviation for a copper refining process called Electrolytic Tough Pitch. This process produces a conductor that is 99.95% pure copper resulting in high conductivity.
Expanded Polyethylene - Expanded or "foam" polyethylene, consists of individual closed cells of inert gas suspended in a polyethylene medium, resulting in a desirable reduction of the dielectric constant.
Extruded Cable - Conductors are simultaneously insulated and the cable is formed by a continuous extrusion process.
FAS - Fire Alarm and Signal Cable, CSA (Canadian Standards Association) Cable Designation.
FCFC - Abbreviation for flat conductor flat cable.
FDDI - Fiber Data Distribution Interface.
FEC - Forward Error Correction.
Feedback - Energy that is extracted from a high-level point in a circuit and applied to a lower level. Positive feedback reduces the stability of a device and is used to increase the sensitivity or produce oscillation in a system. Negative feedback, also called inverse feedback, increases the stability of a system as the feedback improves stability and fidelity.
Feeder Cable - In a CATV system, the transmission cable from the head end (signal pickup) to the trunk amplifier. Also called a trunk cable.
FEP - Fluorinated ethylene-propylene. A thermo-plastic material with good electrical insulating properties and chemical and heat resistance.
FEXT - Far End Crosstalk (dB) - Crosstalk induced on the pairs, measured at the "far" end of the cable.
Fiber - A single, separate optical transmission element characterized by core and cladding.
Fiber Optics - Light transmission through optical fibers for communication and signaling. A technology that transmits information as light pulses along a glass or plastic fiber. Optical fiber carries much more information than conventional copper wire and is generally not subject to interference. Most telephone company long-distance lines are optical fiber.
Fiber to the home (FTTH) - A technology that provides voice, data and video services from the phone company's branch office to local customers over an all-fiber optic link. Still in its infancy, FTTH technology is substantially more expensive and labor-intensive to install and maintain than competing technologies.
Filled - Cables that are gel filled.
Fillers - Nonconducting components cabled with the insulated conductors or optical fibers to impart roundness, flexibility, tensile strength, or a combination of all three, to the cable.
Flame Resistance - The ability of a material not to fuel a flame once the source of heat is removed.
Flat Cable - Also referred to as planar and/or ribbon cable. Any cable with two or more parallel conductors in the same plane encapsulated by insulating material.
Flat Conductor - A conductor with a width-to-thickness ratio or arbitrarily 5 to 1 or greater.
Flat Conductor Cable - A flat cable with a plurality of flat conductors.
Flexibility - The ability of a cable to bend in a short radius. The ability of a cable to lay flat or conform to a surface as with microphone cables.
Floating - Referring to a circuit which has no connection to ground.
Fluorocopolymer - Generic term for PVDF.
Foam Polyethylene - Expanded or "foam" polyethylene, consists of individual closed cells of inert gas suspended in a polyethylene medium, resulting in a desirable reduction of the dielectric constant.
FR-TPE - FR-TPE, flame retarded thermoplastic elastomer, is a rubber-like plastic that has properties similar to rubber yet is processed as a thermoplastic. It is used as the insulation and jacket in an all TPE construction which meets UL 13 and 1277 industrial cable requirements. It has good electrical properties, abrasion resistance, colorability and flame retardancy. This compound is ideal for cold weather applications.
FREP - Flame retardant ethylene propylene is a special flame retardant version of EPDM rubber. It is designed for use as an industrial control insulation and has excellent electrical, deformation resistance, and also meets the flame retardant needs of industrial control cables.
Frequency - The number of times a periodic action occurs in one second. Measured in Hertz.
Frequency, Power - Normally, the 50 or 60 hertz power available in residential areas.
FSK - Frequency Shift Key.
Gage - The physical diameter of a wire. A standard for expressing wire diameter. As the AWG number gets smaller, the wire diameter gets larger.
Gain - The increase of voltage, current, or power over a standard or previous reading. Usually expressed in decibels.
Gigahertz (GHz) - A unit of frequency equal to one billion hertz.
Ground - An electrical connection between a circuit and the earth. Also refers to a conductor connected to earth. In some instances, can refer to a central metallic point designated as having "zero" potential.
Ground Conductor - A conductor in a transmission cable or line that is grounded.
Ground Potential - The potential of the earth. A circuit, terminal, or chassis is said to be at ground potential when it is used as a reference point for other potentials in the system.
Harness - A flat cable or group of cables, usually with many breakouts with the wire ends prepared for termination or terminated to connectors and ready to install.
HDSL - High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line.
Headroom - The amount by which a cable ACR exceeds 10 dB. The TIA/EIA 568B standard states a minimum of 10 dB of ACR is required for Category 5 certification.
Hertz (Hz) - The number of changes in polarity which a signal makes in one second. An indication of frequency. Replaces cycles-per-second.
Heterogeneous Insulation - A cable insulating system composed of two or more layers of different insulating materials.
High Frequency - The band from 3 to 30 MHz in the radio spectrum, as designated by the Federal Communications Commission.
Homogeneous Insulation - A complete cable insulation structure whose components cannot be identified as layers of different materials.
Hook-Up Wire - Single conductor wire with various types of insulation.
Horizontal Cable - Cable used to go between the workstation outlet and the telecommunications closet.
HSCDS - High-Speed Cable Data Service.
p>[^>]* - Hypertext Markup Language.
HTTP - Hypertext Transmission Protocol.
p>[^>]* -Symbol used to designate current.
I/O Interconnection - Input/Output interface to the "outside world."
IDSL - ISDN Digital Subscriber Line.
IFB - Abbreviation for Interrupted Feed Back, a monitoring scheme often used in television where the feed of program audio can be interrupted with directions, cues or other information.
Insertion Loss - A measure of the attenuation of a cable or component by determining the output of a system before and after the device is inserted into the system.
Insulation - A material having good dielectric properties which is used to separate close electrical components, such as cable conductors and circuit components.
Interface - The region where two systems or a major and a minor system meet and interact with each other.
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network. An alternative to telephone modems that allows digital transmission over ordinary telephone copper wire and other media. Home and business users can get highly graphic Web pages more quickly through ISDN adapters than through dial-up connections.
Jacket - Pertaining to wire and cable, the outer protective covering (may also provide additional insulation).
Jumper - A short length of conductor or flat cable used to make a connection between terminals or around a break in a circuit, or between circuit boards.
kV - Kilovolt (1000 volts).
Laminated Cable - Insulated or uninsulated wires which are encapsulated by two sheets of laminate material to maintain a predetermined pitch.
LAN - A data network connecting any number of users, intended to serve a small area. Local Area Network. A group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line and typically share the resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area.
Laser - A coherent source of light with a narrow beam and a narrow spectral bandwidth (about 2nm).
Lay - The length measured along the axis of a wire or cable required for a single strand (in stranded wire) or conductor (in cable) to make one complete turn about the axis of the conductor or cable. In a twisted pair cable, the lay length is the distance it takes for the two wires to completely twist around each other.
Lay Direction - The direction of the progressing spiral twist in a cable while looking along the axis of the cable away from the observer. The lay direction can be either "left" or "right".
Lead Dress - The placement or routing of wiring and component leads in an electrical circuit.
Lead-in - The cable that provides the path for r-f energy between the antenna and the receiver or transmitter.
LEC - Local Exchange Carrier.
Line Drop - A voltage loss occurring between any two points in a power or transmission line. Such loss, or drop, is due to the resistance, reactance, or leakage of the line.
Line Equalizer - A reactance (inductance and/or capacitance) connected in series with a transmission line to alter the frequency-response characteristics of the line.
Line Level - Refers to the output voltage level of a piece of electronic equipment. Usually expressed in decibels (e.g.. 0dBv).
Link - The horizontal cable including the workstation outlet and patch panel in the telecommunications closet plus two meters of cable at each end for testing.
Loaded Line - A transmission line that has lumped elements (inductance or capacitance) added at uniformly spaced intervals. Loading is used to provide a given set of characteristics to a transmission line.
Loading - A transmission line that has lumped elements (inductance or capacitance) added at uniformly spaced intervals. Loading is used to provide a given set of characteristics to a transmission line.
Local Area Network - A data network connecting any number of users, intended to serve a small area.
Long-wire Antenna - Any conductor length in excess of one-half of a wavelength. In a residential television installation, a horizontal run or unshielded lead-in will act as a long-wire antenna and introduce additional signal on top of the regular antenna signal causing ghosts.
Loss - Energy or signal lost without accomplishing useful work.
Low Frequency - A band of frequencies extending form 30 to 300 kHz in the radio spectrum, designated by the Federal Communications Commission.
Luminance Signal - The portion of the composite video signal that represents the brightness or the black and white information.
MAC - Media Access Control (layer of OSI Reference Model).
MAN - A data network intended to serve the area of a city or an area of similar size.
Manufacturing Automation Protocol - A manufacturing automation protocol based on IEEE 802.4 standards.
MAP - A manufacturing automation protocol based on IEEE 802.4 standards.
Margin - Distance between reference edge of cable and nearest edge of first conductor or center of first conductor.
Mass-Termination - The process of simultaneously terminating all conductors in a single operation.
Matte Finish PVC - A special formulation of PVC which very closely looks and feels like rubber.
MATV - Abbreviation for Master Antenna Television.
Mbps - Mega bits per second - the number of bits, in millions, transmitted per second.
Mega - Prefix meaning million.
Megahertz (MHz) - Unit of frequency equal to one million hertz (one million hertz per second).
Metropolitan Area Network - A data network intended to serve the area of a city or an area of similar size.
mFd - Microfarad (one-millionth of a farad).
Micro - Prefix meaning one-millionth.
Micron - Millionth of a meter.
Mil - A unit of length equal to one thousandth of an inch (.001").
MMDS - Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service.
Mode - A single electromagnetic wave traveling in an optical fiber.
Modem - Device that converts signals in one form to another form compatible with another kind of equipment.
Modulation - Altering the characteristics of a carrier wave to convey information. Modulation techniques include amplitude frequency, phase, plus many other forms of on-off digital coding.
Molded Cable - Cable assemblies with molded connectors on one or both ends.
Mono Filament - A single strand filament as opposed to a braided or twisted filament.
MSO - Multiple System Operator.
MTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
Multi-Conductor Cable - Cable with more than one conductor.
Multiplex - A technique for putting two or more signals into a single channel.
Mutual Capacitance - Capacitance between two conductors when all other conductors are connected together and grounded.
mV - Millivolt (one-thousandth of a volt).
mW - Milliwatt (one-thousandth of a watt).
Nanometer (nm) - One billionth of a meter.
Nanosecond - One billionth of a second.
National Electrical Code (NEC) - A publication of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) which outlines requirements for electrical wiring and building construction. Also called the NEC.
NEC - A publication of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) which outlines requirements for electrical wiring and building construction. Also called the NEC.
Neoprene - A synthetic rubber with good resistance to oil, chemical, and flame. Also called polychloroprene.
Network - A network is a method of data communications between computers.
NEXT - Near end Crosstalk (dB) - Crosstalk induced on the pairs, measured at the end "near" the transmitter.
Nibble - One half byte (4 bits).
Noise - In a cable or circuit, any extraneous signal which tends to interfere with the signal normally present in or passing through the system.
Non-Paired Cable - Cable with two or more cabled conductors that are not in a paired configuration.
Non-Plenum - Area that a cable can be installed in a building that is not used for air return.
Numerical Aperture (NA) - A measure of the angular acceptance for a fiber. It is approximately the sine of the half-angle of the acceptance cone.
OFHC - Abbreviation for oxygen-free, high conductivity copper. It has 99.95% minimum copper content and an average annealed conductivity of 101% compared to standard copper.
Ohm - The unit of electrical resistance. The value of resistance through which a potential difference of one volt will maintain a current of one ampere.
Optical Waveguide Fiber - A transparent filament of high refractive index core and low refractive index cladding that transmits light.
OSI - Open System Interconnect (Model for networking protocols).
Output - The useful power or signal delivered by a circuit or device.
Paired Cable - Cable with conductors cabled in groups of two.
Parallel Circuit - A circuit in which the identical voltage is presented to all components, with current dividing among the components according to the resistances or the impedances of the components.
Parallel Digital - Digital information that is transmitted in parallel form. Often used informally to refer to parallel digital television signals.
Patchcord - A flexible piece of cable terminated at both ends with plugs. Used for interconnecting circuits on a patchboard.
Phase Shift - A change in the phase relationship between two alternating quantities.
multiplication of carriers in the junction region. The advantage in using an APD is its higher signal-to-noise ratio, especially at high bit rates.
Physical Layer - The actual portion of a network that is used to physically connect computers of a network and over which the data is transmitted - the cable.
PIC - Plastic Insulated Conductor. Provides strong insulation.
Plug - A male housing with male or female contacts.
Point-to-Point Wiring - Wiring that consists of continuous conductors terminated at each end to circuit destination.
Polarization - The orientation of a flat cable or a rectangular connector. e.g., for gray flat cable, the colored edge indicating the number one conductor.
Polyethylene - A thermoplastic material having excellent electrical properties. Low dielectric constant, a stable dielectric constant over all frequencies, very high insulation resistance. In terms of flexibility, polyethylene can be rated stiff to very hard, depending on molecular weight and density - low density being the most flexible and the high-density, high-molecular weight formulation being very hard. Moisture resistance is rated excellent.
Polypropylene - A thermoplastic similar to polyethylene but stiffer and having a higher softening point (temperature). This material is primarily used as an insulation material. Typically, it is harder than polyethylene. This makes it suitable for thin wall insulations. The dielectric constant is 2.25 for solid and 1.55 for cellular designs.
Polyurethane (PUR) - Broad class of polymers noted for good abrasion and solvent resistance. Can be in solid or cellular form. This thermoplastic material is used primarily as a cable jacket material. It has excellent oxidation, oil, and ozone resistance. Some formulations also have good flame resistance. It is a hard material with excellent abrasion resistance. It has outstanding "memory" properties, making it an ideal jacket material for retractile cords.
Polyvinyl chloride - A general purpose thermoplastic used for wire and cable insulation and jackets.
Portable Cordage - Cable with two or more twisted conductors for flexible applications. Also called flexible cord.
POTS - Plain Old Telephone Service.
Power - The amount of work per unit of time. Usually expressed in watts and equal to the formula for power in watts. (I to the second power times R).
Power Loss - The difference between the total power delivered to a circuit, cable, or device and the power delivered by that device to a load.
Power Ratio - The ratio of power appearing at the load to the input power. Expressed in dB.
Precision Video - Video coaxial cables having very tight electrical tolerances in impedance, velocity of propagation, attenuation and structural return loss. Used in high quality applications such as live broadcast in network studios and pre- or post-production facilities.
Premise Cabling - Refers to the entire cabling system used for voice, data, video and power on a user's premise. For Local Area Networks, the cabling of choice includes unshielded twisted pairs (UTP), fiber optic and coaxial cables. Of these, the UTP market is the largest, with greatest demand for cables with four pairs that meet certain standards of performance, such as Category 5 and Category 5e.
PRI - Primary Rate Interface ISDN.
Propagation Delay - Time required for a signal to pass from the input to the output of a device.
Pseudo Random NRZ - A wave form of binary signals that may be used in a computer system. It is called NRZ, Non-Return to Zero, because the voltage does not return to zero.
Putup - Packaging of finished wire or cable.
PVC - Polyvinyl chloride. Sometimes referred to as vinyl. Fire resistant.
Quad - A four conductor cable. Also called "star quad".
R - Symbol for resistance.
Radio Frequency (RF) - Radio-frequency. Usually considered to be frequencies ranging from 1 MHz to 3GHz. Used to transmit information from point to point over the airwaves or down coaxial cable.
RDC - Regional Data Center.
Receiver - An electronic package that converts light energy to electrical energy in a fiber optic system.
Receptacle - A female housing with male or female contacts.
Reference Edge - Edge of cable or conductor from which measurements are made. Sometimes indicated by a thread, identification stripe, or printing. Conductors are usually identified by their sequential position from the reference edge, with number one conductor closest to this edge.
Reflection - The change in direction (or return) of waves striking a surface. For example, electromagnetic energy reflections can occur at an impedance mismatch in a transmission line, causing standing waves.
Repeater - A receiver and transmitter combination used to regenerate an attenuated signal.
Resistance - In dc circuits, the opposition a material offers to current flow, measured in ohms. In ac circuits, resistance is the real component of impedance, and may be higher than the value measured at dc.
RG/U - "RG" is the abbreviation for "radio guide," a military designation for a coaxial cable, and "U" stands for "universal."
Ribbon Cable - A flat cable made with parallel round conductors in the same plane. Also referred to as planar and/or flat cable. Any cable with two or more parallel conductors in the same plane encapsulated by insulating material.
Ringing Out - The process of locating or identifying specific conductor paths by means of passing a current through selected conductors.
RJ-45 - Modular telecommunications connector.
Round Conductor Flat Cable (RCFC) - A cable made with parallel round conductors in the same plane.
Routing - The path followed by a cable or conductor.
Rubber (Wire Insulation) - A general term used to describe wire insulations made of thermosetting elastomers, such as natural or synthetic rubbers, neoprene, Hypalon, butyl rubber, and others.
SDSL - Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line.
Separator - Pertaining to wire and cable, a layer of insulating material such as textile, paper, Mylar, etc., which is placed between a conductor and it s dielectric, between a cable jacket and the components it covers, or between various components of a multiple-conductor cable. It can be utilized to improve stripping qualities, flexibility, or can offer additional mechanical or electrical protection to the components it separates.
Sheath - Pertaining to wire and cable, the outer protective covering (may also provide additional insulation).
Shield - A tape, serve or braid (usually copper, aluminum, or other conductive material) placed around or between electric circuits or cables or their components, to prevent signal leakage or interference.
Shield Coverage - The optical percentage of a cable actually covered by shielding material.
Shield Percentage - The percentage of physical area of a circuit or cable actually covered by shielding material.
Shielded Armored - Types of Shield: Aluminum, Aluminum/Steel, Gopher, and Copper. Cables that require some sort of shield.
Signal Conductor - A conductor in a transmission cable or line that carries electrical signals.
Single Mode Fiber - A fiber wave guide in which only one mode will propagate. The fiber has a very small core diameter of approximately 8 micro meters. It permits signal transmission at extremely high bandwidths and is generally used with laser diodes.
Single-ended - Unbalanced, such as grounding one side of a circuit or transmission line.
Skew Rays - A ray that does not intersect the fiber axis. Generally, a light ray that enters the fiber core at a very high angle.
Snake Cable - A name given to individually shielded or individually shielded and jacketed, multi-pair audio cables. Used in the connection of multi-channel line level audio equipment. SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol.
SNR - Signal to Noise Ration. Commonly used interchangeably with ACR - the difference between attenuation and crosstalk, measured in dB, at a given frequency (acronym for Attenuation Crosstalk Ratio). Important characteristic in networking transmission to assure that signal sent down a twisted pair is stronger at the receiving end of the cable than are any interference signals imposed on that same pair by crosstalk from other pairs.
SONET - Synchronous Optical Network.
Source - The device (usually LED or laser) used to convert an electrical information-carrying signal into a corresponding optical signal for transmission by an optical wave guide.
Spacing - The distance between the centers of two adjacent conductors. Pitch.
Span - The distance between the center of the first conductor and the center of the last conductor in a flat cable.
Spectral Bandwidth - The difference between wavelengths at which the radiant intensity of illumination is half its peak intensity.
Splitter - A device that divides a high bandwidth signal into two or more lower bandwidth signals, each carrying a selected frequency range. Users connected to a DSL line, for example, may have a splitter installed at their home or business to divide the incoming signal into low frequencies to send to their phone and high frequencies for data to the computer.
Standing Wave - The stationary pattern of waves produced by two waves of the same frequency traveling in opposite directions on the same transmission line. The existence of voltage and current maxima and minima along a transmission line is a result of reflected energy from an impedance mismatch.
Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) - A ratio of the maximum amplitude to the minimum amplitude of a standing wave stated in current or voltage amplitudes.
Star Quad - Term given to 4-conductor microphone cables where the conductors are spiraled together. Which, when connected in an "x" configuration, greatly increases common mode noise rejection.
Stay Cord - A component of a cable, usually of high tensile strength, used to anchor the cable ends at their points of termination and keep any pull on the cable from being transferred to the electrical conductors.
Step Insulated - Process of applying insulation in two layers. Typically used in shielded networking cables such that the outer layer of insulation can be removed and remaining conductor and insulation can be terminated in a RJ-45 type connector.
Step-index Fiber - An optical fiber in which the core is of a uniform refractive index with a sharp decrease in the index of refraction at the core/cladding interface. STP - Shielded Twisted Pair(s).
Stranded Conductor - A conductor composed of groups of uninsulated wires.
Strip - To remove insulation from a cable or wire.
Stripping Groove - The controlled thinning of the lamination between two conductors in a flat cable to allow easy hand separation. Tear feature.
Structural Return Loss (SRL) - The magnitude of internal cable reflections, measured in dB.
TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
Tear Feature - The controlled thinning of the lamination between two conductors in a flat cable to allow easy hand separation.
Teflon (R) - DuPont Company trademark for fluorocarbon resins. (FEP - Fluorinated ethylene-propylene. A thermo-plastic material with good electrical insulating properties and chemical and heat resistance.). (TFE - Tetrafluoroethylene. A thermoplastic material with good electrical insulating properties and chemical and heat resistance.). It is not suitable where subjected to nuclear radiation and does not have good high voltage characteristics. FEP Teflon is extrudable in a manner similar to PVC and polyethylene. This means that long wire and cable lengths are available. TFE Teflon is extrudable in a hydraulic ram type process. Lengths are limited due to amount of material in the ram, thickness of the insulation, and preform size. TFE must be extruded over a silver- or nickel-coated wire. The cost of Teflon is approximately 8 to 10 times more per pound than PVC compounds.
Tefzel - Fluorocopolymer thermoplastic material has excellent electrical properties, heat resistance, chemical resistance, toughness, radiation resistance, and flame resistance.
Temperature Rating - The maximum temperature at which the insulating material may be used in continuous operation without change of its basic properties.
Tensile Strength - The pull stress required to break a bare wire.
TFE - Tetrafluoroethylene. A thermoplastic material with good electrical insulating properties and chemical and heat resistance.
Thermoplastic - A material which will soften, flow, or distort appreciably when subjected to sufficient heat and pressure. Examples are polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene.
Thermosetting - A material which will not soften, flow, or distort appreciably when subjected to heat and pressure. Vulcanizable. Examples are rubber and neoprene.
TIA - Telecommunications Industry Association. Body which authored the TIA/EIA 568A "Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standard" in conjunction with EIA.
TIA-EIA 568A - "Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standard defines a generic telecommunications wiring system for commercial buildings that will support a multi-product, multi-vendor environment. It also provides direction for the design of telecommunications products for commercial enterprises.
Tinsel - A type of electrical conductor comprised of a number of tiny threads, each thread having a fine, flat ribbon of copper or other metal closely spiraled about it. Used for small size cables requiring limpness and extra-long flex life.
Topcoated Wire - Conductor produced by applying a layer of tin over a stranded bare copper conductor holding the strands together allowing easier soldering and preventing the fraying of strands.
TP-PMD - Twisted Pair-Physical Medium Dependent.
Transfer Impedance - For a specified cable length, transfer impedance relates to a current on one surface of a shield to the voltage drop generated by this current on the opposite surface of the shield. Transfer impedance is used to determine shield effectiveness against both ingress and egress of interfering signals. Cable shields are normally designed to reduce the transfer of interference - hence, shields with lower transfer impedance are more effective than shields with higher transfer impedance.
Transmission Line - An arrangement of two or more conductors, a coaxial cable, or a waveguide used to transfer signal energy from one location to another. Transmission Line Cable - Two or more conductors placed within a dielectric material in such a way as to control the electrical characteristics.Transmitter - The electronic package that converts electrical energy to light energy in a fiber optic system.
Triad Cable - Cable with three twisted conductors.
Triaxial Cable - A cable construction having a conductor, and two isolated braid shields, all insulated from each other.
Triboelectric Noise - Noise generated in a shielded cable due to variations in capacitance between the shield and conductors as the cable is flexed.
Trunk Cable - In a CATV system, the transmission cable from the head end (signal pickup) to the trunk amplifier. Also called a feeder cable.
Twin-lead - A transmission line having two parallel conductors separated by insulating material. Line impedance is determined by the diameter and spacing of the conductors and the insulating material and is usually 300 ohms for television receiving antennas.
Twinax Cable - Cable with two twisted conductors with established electrical properties (one pair=twinax).
Twisted Pair - Two lengths of insulated conductors twisted together. the traditional method for connecting home and many business computers to the telephone company. Gets its name because two insulated copper wires are twisted together, both of which are needed for each connection. In commercial environments, performance of data transmission can be improved by adding a composite tape to the wire. This is known as shielded twisted pair.
Two pair premise wiring - Refers to the two pairs of voice grade (low bandwidth) twisted pair wire installed in most homes since the 1950s. The extra pair makes it possible for you to add another line when you need it.
UL - Abbreviation for Underwriters Laboratories, a nonprofit organization which tests and verifies construction and performance of electronic parts and equipment, including wire and cable.
UM - Unsoldered Mechanical Protection - Additional steel and polyethylene over inner polyethylene jacket. Provides additional mechanical protection.
Unbalanced Line - A transmission line in which voltages on the two conductors are unequal with respect to ground. A coaxial cable is a common type of unbalanced line.
UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pair(s).
VA - Volt-ampere. A designation of power in terms of voltage and current.
VC/MTM Variable Constellation/Multi - Tone Modulation. VDSL - Vary high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line. Velocity of Propagation (VP) - The transmission speed of electrical energy in a length of cable compared to speed of light in free space. Usually expressed as a percentage.
VLF - Abbreviation for very low frequency, 10 to 30 kHz.
Volt - A unit of electromotive force.
Voltage - Electrical potential of electromotive force expressed in volts.
Voltage Rating - The highest voltage that may be continuously applied to a cable construction in conformance with standards or specifications.
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) - The ratio of the transferring signal voltage as compared to reflected signal voltage measured along the length of a transmission line.
VSWR - Abbreviation for voltage standing wave ratio.VW-1 - A flammability rating established by Underwriters Laboratories for wires and cables that pass a specially designed vertical flame test, formerly designed FR-1.
Wall Thickness - The thickness of an insulation or jacket.
Wave Form - A graphical representation of a varying quantity. Usually, time is represented on the horizontal axis, and the current or voltage value is represented on the vertical axis.
Wavelength - The distance between positive peaks of a signal. As the frequency increases, and waves get closer together, the wavelength decreases.
Wire - A conductor, either bare or insulated.
X - Symbol for reactance.
XLPE - Crosslinked polyethylene is a thermoset and is crosslinked by radiation, thermally, or by moisture. XLPE offers a wide range of operating temperatures, excellent deformation, abrasion, and flame resistance. XLPE can be formulated with halogenated or non-halogenated flame retardant packages. Some grades are also rated XHHW-2 which offers excellent wet electrical properties.
XLR - A multi-pin audio Connector (typically 3 pins) used in microphone, line level and snake cable connections.
XPE-PVC Expanded Polyethylene - Polyvinyl Chloride. Fire retardant.


text:
Front Page July 6, 2010 <July 6, 2010
Changes likely for Ash Street project
Hillsboro City Administrator Larry Paine received informal direction from the city council during a work session last Tuesday to begin planning for a major change in the Ash Street renovation project.
The primary purpose of the work session was talk about the 2011 budget. But Paine started the meeting with a request for feedback about the street project.
Paine reported that a federal project inspector had been on site and expressed his dissatisfaction with the project design. Specifically, he said it was not wise to replace the old concrete in some portions of the old concrete street between First and Third streets, and cover the remaining sections with a 3-inch asphalt overlay, according to Paine.
The inspector said the area with the overlay likely would not last seven years before the old concrete sections beneath it would shift and ruin the driving surface.
Paine said the inspector recommended the city remove all the old concrete and replace it either with 8 inches of new concrete with an additional cost of $125,000, or 10 inches of full-depth asphalt for an additional cost of $107,000.
Paine said the project was at a standstill until that decision is made. Because the council was meeting in a work session, it could not make a binding decision, by state statute. Instead, Paine asked members to give him ?some direction? on the matter.
Paine said the city did not have an additional $125,000 or $107,000 in its current operating budget to pay for the new plan. But the city could designate adequate funding through a bond project for streets scheduled to be paid off this year.
The council voiced consensus that while replacing all of the old concrete with new concrete would be the more expensive option, it would result in a much longer lasting street.
Paine agreed with their assessment and said ?the community wants to see a street project well done.?
Councilor Bob Watson asked how the original ?patch plan? had been developed in the first place.
Paine said the city had developed the plan several years ago when it appeared the city would have to pay for the entire project. Even with its more inexpensive approach, Paine said the council decided it could not afford to proceed with the project at that time.
When the Obama administration launched the American Recovery and Restoration Act in early 2009, the city submitted its existing plan as a ?shovel-ready? project, as the administration had requested.
Hearing the council?s encouragement, Paine said he would begin preliminary work to take the project in the new direction.
The Ash Street project was listed on the council?s agenda for its regular July 9 meeting. The revised plan likely will be formally approved at that meeting.
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text:
Q: How do I enforce e.g. a numeric constraint using DataAnnotations? I'm trying to utilize model state to validate requests to my WebAPI, but I'm having some trouble with how to control the error messages for some properties. For example, given the following model
public class Stuff {

    [Range(0, Double.PositiveInfinity)]
    public double? SomeProp { get; set; }

}

(and some infrastructure defined at the bottom of the post) a request with a payload such as { someProp: "1.2" } will model bind correctly - and negative or missing values will give errors - but if I enter something that isn't a valid number (e.g. { someProp: "hello" }) the model state has an error such as

Error converting value "hello" to type 'System.Nullable`1[System.Double]'. Path 'someStuff', line 1, position 41.

(I guess the position is in the JSON object, here cut from a larger request, so don't mind the exact numbers...). For another property, which isn't nullable but instead has a [Required] attribute, the error message about a missing required property is included in the model state dict in addition to the above message.
I do understand why "hello" cannot be bound to a double? (or double), but regardless of constraints I set in attributes, it seems that the value has to be model bound before they are even checked, and if model binding fails I both get that not-so-friendly message above, as well as all other errors that apply when the value is unset. The only constraint I've been able to apply before attempting to bind the value is a Regex, but if that fails I get a similarly user-unfriendly message like

The field SomeProp must match the regular expression '<my regex>'.

Is there a way to work around this, so that I can give the user a better error message when entering something non-numeric into a textbox that should specify a numeric value?
Footnotes: my validation infrastructure
[HttpPost]
[Validate]
public IHttpActionResult Validate(Stuff stuff) {
    return Ok();
}

where the Validate attribute is defined like this:
public class ValidationAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute
{
    public override void OnActionExecuting(HttpActionContext actionContext)
    {
        if (!actionContext.ModelState.IsValid)
        {
            actionContext.Response = actionContext.Request
                .CreateErrorResponse(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, actionContext.ModelState);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Childs Custom Guitar Company was started in 2002 by myself, Mark J. Childs. I have been a collector of guitars and have played in bands for many years. I have a great passion for playing, collecting and now building guitars. I have also been selling "Solar Etched" art (which is burned into wood by using the sun's rays and magnifying glasses) since the seventies and I am now applying this type of art to guitars also.
These are custom finished guitars made from top quality parts. The bodies are etched, stained and a durable waterborne lacquer finish is applied. This process takes over 100 hours and sometimes much more to complete depending on the design. The guitars will be posted on the Guitar Gallery page as they become available. Thank you for looking and come back again. Please email any comments or questions about pricing and shipping to mark@childsguitars.com or childsguitars@aol.com. Search Childs Custom Guitars on Facebook.


When it comes to the opioid epidemic, there are lots of dangerous "solutions" that amount to little more than doubling down on the failed war on drugs. A public health crisis deserves a public health solution.
Needle exchange programs are one of the most effective interventions for people with serious drug use and addictions. They reach active users and serve as an entry point into substance abuse detox, treatment and HIV testing. Unfortunately, in Massachusetts, these programs are restricted by outdated laws rooted in stigma—the very stigma against drug users that has contributed to the explosion of the opioid crisis.
With your help, we can lift the commonwealth's outdated, arbitrary cap on life-saving needle exchange programs.
Recently, the Massachusetts Senate adopted a budget amendment to allow greater access to needle exchange programs across Massachusetts, but we need to make sure that provision is in the final budget that is signed by the governor.
Please ask your legislators to support allowing the Department of Public Health to establish needle exchange programs when and where they are needed most.
You can be part of the solution: ensure that solutions are based on sound public health practices, not further misguided criminalization, by contacting your lawmakers.


A Schumer Box is an easy-to-read table or "box" that discloses the rates, fees, terms and conditions of a credit card agreement as required under the federal Truth in Lending Act (TILA). It requires that all credit card companies use the same standardized format to disclose certain aspects of a credit card agreement so consumers can easily understand and compare rates and fees associated with a credit card. The Schumer Box requires credit card companies to print long-term rate information in 18-point type or greater and remaining terms in at least 12-point type.
The Schumer Box is named after Charles Schumer, the New York congressman (now senator) responsible for the legislation requiring credit card terms to be presented in a standardized, easy-to-read format for consumers. Although the Schumer Box legislation was enacted in 1988, it did not take effect until 2000. The main reason the Schumer Box was created was to simplify credit card terms and help consumers easily understand and compare rates and fees associated with credit card offers.
Before applying for a credit card, make sure you read the Schumer Box carefully — as well as what's outside the box, in the fine print. Pay close attention to promotional and regular APRs, finance charges, minimum payments, annual fees and how your outstanding balance will be calculated. When shopping for a credit card, it pays to know all of the facts up front — before you apply. It's also a good idea to check your credit before comparing credit cards, so you know what cards you're most likely to qualify for and if there are any errors on your credit report you want to fix before applying for new credit. You can see a free snapshot of your credit report and two credit scores on Credit.com.
Other APRs: interest rates for balance transfers, cash advances, default, etc.
Variable rate information (if applicable): how your interest rate can (and will) change.
Finance charges: the minimum amount charged if a balance is carried over month to month.
Other fees — foreign transaction fees, balance transfers, cash advances, late payments, etc.
This article has been updated. It was originally published August 1, 2012.


text:
Industry News >
Aircraft interiors - Equipment for pilots >
On Air Dining Launches Dry Cleaning and Laundry Arm
On Air Dining
Farnborough, UK
Business aviation catering specialist On Air Dining today launched On Air Dry Cleaning & Laundry following a successful trial with several longstanding customers. Initial service will be offered at On Air Dining's bases at Farnborough and Stansted airports, with service expected to be extended to all London-area airports in the first quarter.
On Air said the new division offers seamless service alongside its catering business since laundry collection is simple, billing is included in the catering invoice, and items are delivered directly to the aircraft with catering.
The company has invested nearly £200,000 ($226,200) in dry cleaning and laundry equipment and brought in a team of industry veterans with more than 50 years of experience to manage the new 24/7 division. In addition, the On Air team worked with business aviation flight attendants to ensure the dry cleaning and laundry service, packaging, and delivery is tailored for the private aviation sector.
"I'm excited to launch this new arm of our company that builds on my long-term vision of being a world-class, single-source provider of ancillary in-flight services to our customers," said On Air CEO Daniel Hulme. "With this strategic in-house addition, On Air Dining is a trusted, single-source vendor for catering, laundry, concierge services, floral, and dry stores."
On Air Dining's new dry cleaning and laundry division makes the company a single-source provider of ancillary in-flight services for private aircraft operators in the London area. All laundered items are delivered directly to the aircraft with catering. (Photo: On Air Dining)