text:
Keywords Algae Brazil Bryophytes China Compositae Eudicots Fungi India Monocots Neotropics Pteridophytes Taxonomy endemic endemism lectotype morphology new species nomenclature phylogeny taxonomy typification
Sırrı Yüzbaşıoğlu
1Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, İstanbul University, 34116, İstanbul, Turkey
Neriman Özhatay
Biotaxa
Home > Vol 174, No 5 >	Yüzbaşıoğlu
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.174.5.4
A new subspecies of Crocus pestalozzae (Iridaceae) from Turkey
Sırrı Yüzbaşıoğlu, Neriman Özhatay
C. pestalozzae subsp. violaceus is described as a new subspecies from northwest Anatolia. The new taxa differs from subsp. pestalozzae by its flower colour, leaf and flower size, kartotype, habitat and growing elevation. Diagnostic characters, a full description, and detailed illustrations are presented. Also photograps of metephase plate, karyotypes and idiograms of two subsp. of C. pestalozzae are given. The geographical distribution of the subspecies is mapped. IUCN threatened category and observations on the population are noted.
Crocus, endemic, karyotype, taxonomy, Turkey
PDF/A (4.95 MB)
Boissier, E. (1854) Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum 1(13). Leipzig, 74 pp.
Brighton, A.C., Mathew, B. & Marchant, C.J. (1973) Chromosome counts in the genus Crocus (Iridaceae). Kew Bulletin: 451–464.
Candan, F. & Özhatay, N. (2013) Crocus chrysanthus s. lato (Iridaceae) in Turkey. Annales Botanici Fennici 50: 423–430.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5735/085.050.0610
Erol, O., Can, L. & Şık, L. (2012) Crocus demirizianus sp. nov. from northwestern Turkey. Nordic Journal of Botany 30: 665–667.
Gay, J. (1831) Nouvelles espéces de Crocus. Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Geologie 25: 319–321.
Harpke, D., Meng, S., Rutten, T., Kerndorff, H. & Blattner, F.R. (2013) Phylogeny of Crocus (Iridaceae) based on one chloroplast and two nuclear loci: ancient hybridization and chromosome number evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66: 617–627.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.007
IUCN Species Survival Commission. (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Approved by the 51st Meeting of the IUCN Council, Version 3.1. Gland: IUCN.
Kandemir, N. (2009) Morphology, anatomy and ecology of critically endangered endemic Crocus pestalozzae Boiss. (Iridaceae) in northwest Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 38: 127–132.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5136
Kandemir, N. (2011) Comparative leaf anatomy of some endemic Crocus L. taxa from Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 40: 155–162.
Kerndorff, H., Pasche, E., Blattner, F.R. & Harpke, D. (2013a) Fourteen new species of Crocus (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae) from west, south-west and south-central Turkey. Stapfia 99: 145–158.
Kerndorff, H., Pasche, E., Blattner, F.R. & Harpke, D. (2013b) A new species of Crocus (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae) from Turkey. Stapfia 99: 141–144.
Kerndorff, H., Pasche, E., Blattner, F.R. & Harpke, D. (2013c) Crocus biflorus Miller (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae) in Anatolia – Part IV. Stapfia 99: 159–186.
Levan, A., Fredga, K. & Sandberg, A.A. (1964) Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. Hereditas 52: 201–220.
Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum. Laurentii, Stockholm. 560 pp.
Mathew, B. (1982) The Crocus. A revision of the genus Crocus. Batsford, London, 127 pp.
Mathew, B. (1984) Crocus L. In: Davis, P.H. (Ed.) Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands 8. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 413–438.
Mathew, B. (1988) Crocus L. In: Davis, P.H. (Ed.) Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands 10, suppl. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, p. 288.
Mathew, B. (2000) Crocus L. In: Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T. & Canbaşer, K.H. (Eds.) Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands 11, suppl. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 271–274.
Peruzzi, L. & Carta, A. (2011) Crocus ilvensis sp. nov. (sect. Crocus, Iridaceae), endemic to Elba Island (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy). Nordic Journal of Botany 29: 6–13.
Peruzzi, L., Carta, A. & Garbari, F. (2013) Lectotypification of the name Crocus sativus var. vernus L. (Iridaceae) and its consequences within the ser. Verni. Taxon 62: 1037–1040.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/625.7
Peruzzi, L. & Eroğlu, H.E. (2013). Karyotype asymmetry: again, how to measure and what to measure? Comparative Cytogenetics 7: 1–9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v7i1.4431
Ruksans, J. (2013) Seven new crocuses from the Balkans and Turkey. The alpine garden society 1–27.
Yıldırım, H. & Erol, O. (2013) Crocus yakarianus sp. nov. from eastern Turkey. Nordic Journal of Botany 31: 426–429.
Yüzbaşıoğlu, S. (2012) Crocus L. In: Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M.T. (Eds.) Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, İstanbul, pp. 530–535.
Zuo, L. & Yuan, Q. (2011) The difference between the heterogeneity of the centromeric index and intrachromosomal asymmetry. Plant Systematics and Evolution 297: 141–145.
ISSN 1179-3155 (print); ISSN 1179-3163 (online)
Published by Magnolia Press, Auckland, New Zealand


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In recent years, vibrant colors have taken hold in fashion and living space concepts alike. Bright colors provide a refreshing modify of pace from the neutrals and earth tons of years previous, and they give property owners a inventive way to express their character with every piece of furniture. The important to this unconventional embrace of modern contrasts is to make confident that the pops of colour are rare, giving them the capability to stand out instantly upon getting into the area. One of the best approaches to attain an ideal contrast is to set the brightly colored furniture pieces against neutral, or darker, walls and floors. This maximizes the exciting effect of this unconventional living area decor choice.
Either spot flowers of your selection into a red vase or place an assortment of red flowers, such as roses or tulips into a white or glass vase. Alternatively, contemplate filling a aesthetically pleasing bowl with red apples, which can then be utilized as a center piece for your coffee table, or your dining table if you have an open plan living and dining area.
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text:
Q: How do I run two threads in Ruby at the same time? Is there some way to run 2 threads at the same time?
I want to have my app run its current function and then bring up another thread running another function, that can change variables in the first thread.

A: http://ruby-doc.org/core/classes/Thread.html
x = 2
Thread.new do
    x = 3
end
x = 4

For true concurrency having more then 2 cores or 2 processors is required - but it may not work if implementation is single-threaded (such as the MRI).

A: First, I'm gonna answer your question:
thread_1 = Thread.new do
    #do something here
end

thread_2 = Thread.new do
   #do something here
end

thread_1.join
thread_2.join(timeout_in_seconds)

Thread#join makes the main thread to wait until the joined thread finishes. If you specify a timeout in seconds, Ruby will close the thread after that timeout is reached.
Now, the truth, there's no real concurrency in ruby 1.8 with the Matz Ruby Interpreter (MRI) and there's no real concurrency with only one processor though. According to this page:

However, as part of this runtime, the interpreter also instantiates an instance of a Global Interpreter Lock (or more affectionately known as GIL), which is the culprit of our lack of concurrency

Read the article itself for more information.
The MRI tries to cheat you using what's called Green Threads, which means that the Ruby interpreter takes care of everything to do with threads, not the OS, the other kind of threads, the ones really concurrent are called native threads and Ruby 1.9 support them through YARV but it doesn't mean that every Ruby thread runs in parallel because YARV has  global VM lock (global interpreter lock or GIL) so concurrency is a myth in ruby and it'll be for a long time.

A: If you want to run two threads at the same time, the entire execution stack has to be capable of doing that. Let's start at the top:

*

*Ruby itself is capable of running two threads at the same time, no problem there. However, Ruby is just a programming language, i.e. just a bunch of rules. In order to run your program, you need a Ruby implementation. Unfortunately, many popular Ruby implementations are not capable of running multiple threads at the same time, including MRI, YARV and Rubinius. In fact, the only production-ready Ruby implementation which can run threads simultaneously is JRuby. (IronRuby too, but that is technically not yet production-ready although the final 1.0 release is probably only days away.)

*But JRuby (and IronRuby) don't actually implement threads themselves, they just use the underlying platform's threads. I.e. JRuby maps Ruby threads to JVM threads and IronRuby maps them to CLI threads. So, the underlying platform has to be able to run threads in parallel, too.

*Again: both the JVM and the CLI are in principle capable of running threads in parallel, but the JVM and the CLI are just specifications, they are just pieces of paper. In order to run your code, you need an implementation of those specifications, and not all of them do support truly concurrent threads.

*Even if your platform implementation supports truly concurrent threads, they might themselves delegate their threading implementation to the underlying OS, just like JRuby delegates to the JVM. .NET, Mono, HotSpot and JRockit for example (which are the most popular implementations of the CLI and the JVM respectively) use native OS threads for their platform threads. So, obviously, the OS has to be able to run threads in parallel. And again: not all of them are.

*And, of course, all the parallelism in the OS doesn't help if you only have one CPU. If you want two threads to run at the same time, you need either two CPUs, two cores or two simultaneous hardware threads.

A: http://ruby-doc.org/core/classes/Thread.html
Remember that only in JRuby threads are truly parallel (other interpreters implement GIL). From here:
# mutexsyncex.rb
require 'thread'  # For Mutex class in Ruby 1.8

# A BankAccount has a name, a checking amount, and a savings amount
class BankAccount
  def initialize(name, checking, savings)
    @name,@checking,@savings = name,checking,savings
    @lock = Mutex.new  # For thread safety
  end

  # Lock account and transfer money from savings to checking
  def transfer_from_savings(x)
    @lock.synchronize {
      @savings -= x
      @checking += x
    }
  end

  # Lock account and report current balances
  def report
    @lock.synchronize {
      "#@name\nChecking: #@checking\nSavings: #@savings"
    }
  end
end

ba = BankAccount.new('me', 1, 400)

ba.transfer_from_savings(10);
puts ba.report

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text:
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text:
Beim Methodenstreit in der Gehörlosenpädagogik geht es um die Frage, ob die in der Schule anzuwendende bzw. zweckmäßigste Methode der Sprach- und Wissensvermittlung lautsprachorientiert oder gebärdenorientiert sein soll. Seit den 1980er Jahren gilt die Gebärdensprache als vollwertige Sprache und dient zur Definition der kulturellen Zugehörigkeit.

Geschichte

Um die Sprache der Gehörlosen hat sich in Europa und in den USA ein Streit entwickelt, der in einem historischen Kontext gesehen werden muss. Historisch ist dieser Streit besonders als Methodenstreit bekanntgeworden, weil er vorrangig unter dem Aspekt der anzuwendenden pädagogischen Methodik gesehen wurde. Die auditiv-verbale Methode war lautsprachlich orientiert, die "französische" Methode benutzte dagegen die Gebärdensprache. Der Methodenstreit war damit auch ein Sprachenstreit.

Als Ursprung des Zwistes wird oft der Mailänder Kongress von 1880 angesehen – tatsächlich aber entstand der Sprachenstreit schon um 1770, als Samuel Heinicke in Deutschland und der Abbé de l'Epée in Frankreich mit jeweils unterschiedlichem Ansatz gehörlosen Kindern schulische Bildung zuteilwerden ließen.

Der Mailänder Kongress wurde zum Umbruch einer bis dahin unentschiedenen Entwicklung. Auf diesem Kongress entschieden sich die damaligen führenden Pädagogen, alle Gehörlosen lautsprachlich zu schulen, nämlich mit der sogenannten oralen Methode. Bei dieser Methode wird der Gehörlose trainiert, zu artikulieren und von den Lippen zu lesen. Dies empfanden die Gehörlosen als unterdrückend, nicht zuletzt weil ihnen dabei beispielsweise auch die Hände hinter den Rücken gebunden und Prügelstrafen verabreicht wurden, um die Gebärdensprache zu unterdrücken. Heute kritisieren praktisch alle Fachleute den Entscheid von 1880, insbesondere die Nötigung, die Hände hinter den Rücken zu binden.

Medizinisch-technische Entwicklung
Fortentwicklungen der Medizin und der Technik förderten den Trend zur oralen Methode. Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden die ersten Hörgeräte erfunden, die allerdings weit davon entfernt waren, Gehörlosen eine Hilfe darzustellen. Zu dieser Zeit waren diese Geräte nur den Schwerhörigen eine Hilfe.

In den 1950er Jahren wurde schließlich in den USA und Kanada die so genannte auditiv-verbale Methode entwickelt, bei der Gehörlose nicht mehr nur artikulieren und Lippenablesen lernen, sondern vor allem das Gehör trainieren und der Input als Informationseingang des Sprachverstehens im Zentrum steht. Die wichtigsten Vertreter der auditiv-verbalen Erziehung sind Warren Estabrooks (Kanada) und Susann Schmid-Giovannini (Schweiz).

Doch erst mit der Entwicklung des Computerchips in den 1970er Jahren wurde es erstmals wirklich möglich, den Gehörlosen nicht nur akustische Reize erleben zu lassen, sondern auch wenigstens zu einem bruchstückhaften Verstehen der gesprochenen Sprache zu verhelfen. Der Durchbruch gelang erst Ende der 1970er Jahre, als die Hörgeräte sehr stark an Verstärkung gewannen und miniaturisiert wurden. So kann erst seit Anfang der 1980er Jahre von einer echten auditiv-verbalen Therapie gesprochen werden. Als schließlich das Cochleaimplantat  Mitte der 1990er Jahre sich auch bei Kindern etablierte, wurde die auditiv-verbale Methode bereits um einiges vereinfacht, auch wenn nach wie vor viel Aufwand für die Erlangung der Lautsprache zu erbringen ist.

Gehörlosenkultur

Seit Anfang der 1980er Jahre beruft sich ein Teil der Gehörlosen auf die Gebärdensprache im Sinne einer vollwertigen Sprache als Definition ihrer kulturellen Angehörigkeit. Diese Gehörlosen fühlen sich in der Regel nicht in die hörende Welt integriert und erleben die hörende Gesellschaft als Isolation. Relevant ist hier auch, dass sich nach den ersten Forschungen durch William Stokoe 1955 in den USA um 1980 auch in Deutschland die Erkenntnis durchsetzte, dass Gebärdensprache ein eigenständiges und vollwertiges Sprachsystem ist, auf dessen Entwicklung die gebärdenden Gehörlosen stolz sein konnten. Daher benutzt ein Teil der Gehörlosen bevorzugt die Gebärdensprache, die ja visuell wahrgenommen werden kann. Die älteren gehörlosen Personen sind vorrangig auf die Gebärdensprache angewiesen, da ihr auditorisches System sich nie entwickeln konnte – diese Entwicklung wird im 7. Lebensjahr fast gänzlich eingestellt.

Gehörlose, vor allem jene, die um oder nach 1980 geboren wurden, profitieren von einem psychosozialen günstigen Umfeld und von technischen und pädagogischen Entwicklungen.

Ein Teil der Gehörlosen fühlt sich in der hörenden Gesellschaft integriert. Diese Personen kommunizieren am liebsten in der Lautsprache, denn sie beherrschen meistens die Gebärdensprache nicht. Dass alle Gehörlosen die Gebärdensprache beherrschen, ist daher nicht zutreffend. Aus diesen jungen Erwachsenen ist dann auch während der 1990er Jahre eine Bewegung der lautsprachlichen Kommunikation entstanden, die im deutschsprachigen Raum in die Gründung der Selbsthilfeorganisation Lautsprachlich Kommunizierende Hörgeschädigte Schweiz (LKH Schweiz) (1994) – nach Umbenennung seit 2015 lkh.ch, Lautsprachlich Kommunizierende Hörbeeinträchtigte – und des Fördervereins LKHD – Lautsprachlich Kommunizierende Hörgeschädigte Deutschlands e. V. (2000) mündeten.

Auf der anderen Seite gibt es gehörlose Menschen, die schon von Kindheit her Kontakt zu anderen gehörlosen Menschen haben. Diese kommunizieren untereinander von früher Kindheit an meist in einer Gebärdensprache, ohne dass dies willentlich gefördert werden muss. Diese lernen dank der technischen Hilfsmittel und entsprechender Pädagogik die Lautsprache und setzen sie im Verkehr mit hörenden Menschen ein. Dies ist der Weg, für den sich Gehörlosenverbände heute einsetzen: Kinder sollen zweisprachig (bilingual) geschult werden. Gehörlose Menschen, die mit dieser Methode aufgewachsen sind, distanzieren sich meist von der Bewegung der lautsprachlich kommunizierenden Hörgeschädigten; primär deshalb, da diese Verbände eine ablehnende Haltung zu Gebärdensprachen haben.

Spätertaubte erleben den Ausfall des für die Kommunikation wichtigen Sinnesorganes in der Regel als Schock. Meistens erfolgt die Verarbeitung der Ertaubung in 3 Phasen: Zuerst der Schock und die Trauer über den Verlust, dann Resignation und Isolation, manchmal mit Schamgefühlen einhergehend, dann schließlich die Öffnung, die in der Regel bei einer geeigneten medizinischen Indikation, mit dem Entscheid zur Nutzung technischer Hilfsmittel wie dem Hörgerät oder dem Cochlea-Implantat einhergeht.

Da taube, ertaubte und manche – nicht alle – gehörlosen Personen durch ihre Kommunikationsbehinderung in der Mehrheitsgesellschaft häufig isoliert sind, werden in allen drei Gruppen soziale Kontakte bevorzugt innerhalb der Gemeinschaft von Gehörlosen gesucht und gepflegt.

Literatur
 Johannes Heidsiek (1855–1942): Der Taubstumme und seine Sprache. 1889.
 Johannes Heidsiek: Ein Notschrei der Taubstummen. 1891.
 Benno Caramore: Die Gebärdensprache in der schweizerischen Gehörlosenpädagogik des 19. Jahrhunderts. Signum Verlag, Hamburg 1990, ISBN 3-927731-06-4.
 R. Fischer, H. Lane (Hrsg.): Blick zurück. Ein Reader zur Geschichte von Gehörlosengemeinschaften und ihren Gebärdensprachen. Signum Verlag, Hamburg 1993.
 Ulrich Möbius: Aspekte der "Deaf history"-Forschung. In: Das Zeichen. 6, 22, 1992, S. 388–401 und 7, 23, 1993, S. 5–13.
 Paddy Ladd: Was ist deafhood? Gehörlosenkultur im Aufbruch. (= International studies on sign language and the communication of the deaf. 48). Signum, Seedorf 2008, ISBN 978-3-936675-18-4.
 Fabienne Hohl: Gehörlosenkultur. Gebärdensprachliche Gemeinschaften und die Folgen. Verein zur Unterstützung der Gebärdensprache der Gehörlosen (VUGS), Zürich 2004.
 P. Schumann: Geschichte des Taubstummenwesens. Verlag Diesterweg, Frankfurt am Main 1940.
 Elisabeth Calcagnini Stillhard: Das Cochlear-Implant. Eine Herausforderung für die Hörgeschädigtenpädagogik. Edition SZH/SPC, Luzern 1994, ISBN 3-908263-03-4.

Weblinks
 Doris Hackl: Gebärdensprachliche versus lautsprachliche Erziehung von Gehörlosen: Konsequenzen im Hinblick auf die berufliche Integration. Universität Wien, 2009.
 Gertrud Wyrsch-Ineichen: Der Taubstummenlehrer Jakob Anton Weidmann (1784–1853). (= Mitteilungen des historischen Vereins des Kantons Schwyz. Band 72). 1980. (PDF; 17,9 MB)

Einzelnachweise

Gehörlosigkeit
Gebärdensprache

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tuberous Sclerosis: A Rare Cause of Benign Tumors
More in Cancer
Encourage a Screening
More Cancer Types
Naveed Saleh, MD, MS
Naveed Saleh, MD, MS, is a medical writer and editor covering new treatments and trending health news.
Medically reviewed by Shaheen Lakhan, MD, PhD on January 06, 2020
Shaheen Lakhan, MD, PhD, is an award-winning, board-certified physician-scientist and clinical development specialist.
Shaheen Lakhan, MD, PhD
What 'Tuberous Sclerosis' Means
Tuberous sclerosis (aka tuberous sclerosis complex) is a rare genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in various organ systems, including the brain, kidneys, heart, lungs, eyes, liver, pancreas, and skin. These tumors can result in developmental delay, seizures, kidney disease and more; however, prognosis ultimately depends on the extent of tumor dissemination or spread. Ultimately, many with the condition go on to live healthy lives.
With tuberous sclerosis, tubers or potato-like tumors grow in the brain. These growths eventually become calcified, hardened, and sclerotic. Tuberous sclerosis was discovered more than 100 years ago by a French physician and was once known by two other names: epiloia or Bourneville's disease.
Because tuberous sclerosis is pretty rare, it's hard to pin down its true frequency. It's estimated that this disease affects between 25,000 and 40,000 Americans and between one and two million people worldwide.
Tuberous sclerosis can be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. With autosomal dominant diseases, only one parent needs to have a copy of the mutated gene to pass the illness down to a son or daughter. Alternatively—and more commonly—tuberous sclerosis can stem from a spontaneous or sporadic mutation in the affected individual, with neither parent carrying the gene mutation responsible for causing tuberous sclerosis.
Tuberous sclerosis is caused by a gene mutation in either TSC1 or TSC2, which encodes hamartin or tuberin, respectively. (TSC1 is located on chromosome 9, and TSC2 is located on chromosome 16.) Furthermore, because the TSC1 gene is next to the PKD1 gene—thus increasing the likelihood of both genes getting affected—many people who inherit tuberous sclerosis also inherit autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Like tuberous sclerosis, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease causes tumors to grow in the kidneys.
In terms of mechanics, TSC1 and TSC2 do their damage by coding for hamartin or tuberin that ends up clumping into a protein complex. This protein complex deposits at the base of cilia and interferes with intracellular signaling, which is mediated by the enzyme (protein kinase) mTOR. By interfering with mTOR, cell division, replication and growth are affected, and abnormal growth of tumors results. Interestingly, scientists are currently trying to develop mTOR inhibitors that could be used as therapy for tuberous sclerosis.
Tuberous sclerosis is a complex and thus manifests as symptoms involving various organ systems. Let's take a look at effects on four specific organ systems: the brain, the kidneys, the skin, and the heart.
Brain involvement: Tuberous sclerosis causes three types of tumors in the brain: (1) cortical tubers, which typically occur on the surface of the brain but can develop deeper in the brain; (2) supependymal nodules, which occur in the ventricles; and (3) supependymal giant-cell astroytomas, which stem from supependymal nodules and block the flow of fluid in the brain, thus resulting in a build-up in brain pressure leading to headaches and blurred vision.
Brain pathology secondary to tuberous sclerosis typically is the most damaging consequence of this disease. Seizures and developmental delays are common among those with this illness.
Kidney involvement: Very rarely does tuberous sclerosis result in chronic kidney disease and kidney failure; on urinalysis, urine sediment is often unremarkable and proteinuria (levels of protein in the urine) is mild to minimal. (People with more severe kidney disease can "spill" or lose protein in the urine.)
Instead, kidney signs and possible symptoms in those with tuberous sclerosis involve the growth of tumors called angiomyolipomas. These tumors occur in both kidneys (bilateral) and are usually benign, although if they get big enough (greater than 4 centimeters in diameter), they can bleed and will need to be surgically removed.
Of note, unlike polycystic kidney disease, tuberous sclerosis can increase the risk of developing renal cell carcinoma (AKA kidney cancer). People with tuberous sclerosis should be regularly screened using diagnostic imaging to check for the development of kidney cancer.
Skin involvement: Nearly all people with tuberous sclerosis present with skin manifestations of the disease. These lesions include the following:
hypomelanotic macules ("ash leaf spots" which are patches on the skin that lack pigment and thus are lighter than surrounding skin)
shagreen patch (focal leathery thickening of the skin)
"confetti" lesions
fibrous facial plaque
facial angiofibromas
ungual fibromas
adenoma sebaceum
Although these skin lesions are benign, or noncancerous, they can result in disfigurement, which is why they can be surgically removed.
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.
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DermNet / CC BY-NC-ND
Heart involvement: Infants born with tuberous sclerosis often present with heart tumors called rhabdomyomas. In most infants, these tumors don't cause any problems and shrink with age. However, if the tumors get big enough, they can block circulation.
There is no specific cure for tuberous sclerosis. Instead, this complex is treated symptomatically. For instance, antiepileptic medications can be given to treat seizures. Surgery can also be performed to remove tumors from the skin, brain, and so forth.
Researchers are exploring novel ways to treat tuberous sclerosis. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke:
"Research studies run the gamut from very basic scientific investigation to clinical translational research. For example, some investigators are trying to identify all the protein components that are in the same 'signaling pathway' in which the TSC1 and TSC2 protein products and the mTOR protein are involved. Other studies are focused on understanding in detail how the disease develops, both in animal models and in patients, to better define new ways of controlling or preventing the development of the disease. Finally, clinical trials of rapamycin are underway (with NINDS and NCI support) to rigorously test the potential benefit of this compound for some of the tumors that are problematic in TSC patients."
If you or a loved one is diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis, please know that the prognosis or long-term outlook for this condition is highly variable. Although some infants with this condition face lifelong seizures and severe mental retardation, others go on to live otherwise healthy lives. Prognosis ultimately depends on the extent of tumor dissemination or spread. Nevertheless, people with this condition should be closely monitored for complications because there is always the threat that a brain or kidney tumor could become serious and life-threatening.
Limiting processed foods and red meats can help ward off cancer risk. These recipes focus on antioxidant-rich foods to better protect you and your loved ones. Sign up and get your guide!
Darling TN. Chapter 140. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. In: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, Wolff K. eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 8e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
Kemp WL, Burns DK, Brown TG. Chapter 6. Genetic Disorders. In: Kemp WL, Burns DK, Brown TG. eds. Pathology: The Big Picture. New York, NY.
Tuberous Sclerosis Fact Sheet. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. http://www.ninds.nih.gov
Zhou J, Pollak MR. Polycystic Kidney Disease and Other Inherited Disorders of Tubule Growth and Development. In: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015.
Tuberous Sclerosis Raises the Risk of Autism
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Medically reviewed by Anita C. Chandrasekaran, MD, MPH


9 Extender Side Bars for Scroll Frames  - $22.00 : Yarn Tree, Your wholesale source for cross stitch supplies.
Item 2657. 9" Side Extender Bars. The two extender bars are what hold the scroll rods a set distance apart and create the sides of the scroll frame. Extra knobs, scroll rods, and extender bars let you create a custom scroll frame, or to add to your existing set. Sold as a pair.


I visited dog and cat shows and photographed several pet owners with their pets. I asked the owners to hold their pet in front of their face in order to create a new silhouette out of the two.
The series was published in the Dierendag (World Animal Day) special of Volkskrant Magazine.
I'm also in the series with my cat Zaza, a grey Nebelung cat.


decisions about your treatment with OPDIVO or OPDIVO + YERVOY.
Here's a quick look at the treatment schedule—including the flexible option of every 2 weeks or every 4 weeks.
Your doctor will decide how many treatments are right for you. You may be on treatment until the cancer grows or you have unacceptable side effects.


text:
Luann de Lesseps: Let's Talk About Bethenny's Hair
June 1, 2016, 9:51 PM ET
Luann says Bethenny is a hypocrite for accusing her of sleeping with married men.
By Luann de Lesseps
Bethenny Frankel Calls out the Countess
Dorinda invited us to the Berkshires for a holiday slumber party, but it turned out to be a holiday "slaughter" party for me. From the get-go, Bethenny decided that I was her prey and she was going to kill me with words. Obviously she's been harboring a lot of anger towards me. I was surprised as I spent a lot of time with her over the summer, and she never shared her feelings with me. In fact, we talked about it at the beginning of the season, and she's still holding a grudge. Her friend that supposedly saw Tom and I reconnecting at the Mark Hotel made up that I said, "I'm next" in regards to his dating Ramona. At that time, I didn't know that Tom had casually dated Ramona. Tom and I were both single at the time and dating.
I knew immediately after meeting Tom that this was going to be a long-lasting relationship. I didn't feel that I had to ask Ramona's permission to date Tom as they obviously were not dating. We've been inseparable since we met, and that was before Thanksgiving. So all of these accusations that I'm dating married men are slanderous and not true. The truth is that I was only dating single, available men, and Bethenny is a hypocrite for calling me out for dating married men. This article came out in February?
Let's talk about Bethenny's hair. Come on! Really? It looks exactly like mine. I'm flattered that she likes my style.
I think that hostesses have a responsibility to manage their guests, so when I talked to Jules on Dorinda's front porch, I was still reeling from my encounter with Bethenny. I realize now that she was distracted with her father's health issues and that I should have been more empathetic to what was going on with her instead of focusing on me, but I was under attack. She's right, fighting with Bethenny is not life and death, it's optional!
When I'm wrong, I admit it, and I sent Carole a text re-apologizing for things I've said in the past. To Bethenny, I sent a text saying I was sorry if I miscommunicated my role in naming her brand. I was there with her at the time and that is all I was saying. As for Carole, I don't know what else I can do if she doesn't accept my apology. I was ready to move on, and I was trying to salvage what was left of the weekend.
Do Not Talk about Dorinda Medley's Birthday Cake
Dorinda put a lot of effort into our slumber party. She decorated and cooked up a storm for us. I didn't mean to insult the birthday cake made by her mother. I love my family's traditions and think it's very sweet that her mother makes her a homemade birthday cake each year. Had I known the back-story on the cake, I would have never have kidded her about it. Mothers are sacred even in Housewives territory. Amen.
Until next week, I'm in Minneapolis working on The Countess Collection. Catch my live show on Evine tomorrow, June 2nd, 12 to 2 EST.You can also shop my fashion line here.
Join me on Facebook – http://facebook.com/countessluanndelesseps
Follow me on Twitter and Instagram - @CountessLuann
Go to my website – http://www.countessluann.com
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Lighting is one of the most crucial considerations you can make in your workspace, but getting the balance right can be very tricky. In fact, there may be times throughout the day where you may need to adjust it, depending on the lighting outside. Too much lighting can lead to a sense of fatigue and can be a strain on the eyes, while darkness can cause a slump in mood or morale. Try to experiment with a variety of lamps and always try to incorporate natural light from outside when possible.
Allowing documents or other bits of paper to pile up on the desk can prove to be very distracting when there are important tasks at hand, which is why a few minutes should be set aside each morning to cast away the clutter. One great way to drastically reduce the amount of clutter in the workplace is to encourage all workers to save important files on cloud sharing platforms such as Google Drive, as this is far more secure and saves a lot of time.
A research team from the University of Exeter found that having a few plants around the office can increase productivity levels by up to 15%. Even the blandest of office spaces are injected with a sense of life when a couple of plants are introduced, and they can also help to foster creativity. The workplace can often be a stressful environment, and there are many studies that show plants have a calming effect on workers and can even help with anxiety.
Colour schemes can have a profound effect on the human psyche, which is why you want to select the right hues to create a productive and positive atmosphere. The colour blue is said to the most impactful for productivity, as it has a soothing quality that can lower the blood pressure during moments of high pressure. Blue also promotes dialogue and trust between other members of staff, but too much of it can invoke feelings of sadness. The best bet is to not solely rely on one colour, and try to use a combination of light and airy tones.
Whether your business is located in an office building or you work from home, surroundings are crucial to how the mind functions throughout the day. The quality of air and scent in a work environment are also massively important for productivity, and there are also times when a change of scenery can help to inspire new ideas.
Over to you now. How have you gone about creating a workspace to encourage productivity? Share any thoughts in the comments below.


SMART INNO is a project co-funded by the European Union through the "IPA Adriatic Cross-border Cooperation Programme 2007-2013" in the framework of first call for strategic projects.
Overall objective of SMART INNO project is to develop a smart networking system for monitoring and fostering research & innovation capacity in SMEs. Thanks to this smart network the project aims at increasing competitiveness, and support SMEs sustainable growth through the use of financial instruments and coaching schemes on improving investment capability, with emphasis on cross-border cooperation across the Adriatic.
A cross-border business ecosystem in the Adriatic area, supporting energy, bioeconomy and well-beingSMEsto innovate, network and grow.
Platform for trans-Academic Cooperation in Innovation.


Previous message: Erin Noonan: "MD a cheap shot"
Maybe in reply to: Platt Holden: "MD Unofficial Rorty Dictionary"
Next in thread: Matt the Enraged Endorphin: "Re: MD Unofficial Rorty Dictionary"
thinkers who have value diversity.
Ahistorical is right on the money.
the cat is black, then it is mine. If the cat is mine, then it is black."
count me in. But otherwise...?
argue that all anything has is descriptions, which can change.
Rorty, but the effect is to come out on a better position then they did.
I think the only way I've used it is as a synonym for diversity, as in "many."
following of Davidson in the definition of a metaphor: an unfamiliar noise.
one. I think the way I use sensitive is more like "empathic."
i.e. attempting to show disdain for solidarity.
know they do for me sometimes).


text:
Kazakhstan: Russia-led coalition forces ready to withdraw
Russian Defense Ministry says troops from Russia-led security coalition are preparing to withdraw from Kazakhstan
go throughAssociated Press
MOSCOW – Troops from the Russian-led security coalition are preparing to withdraw from Kazakhstan on Thursday, the Russian Defense Ministry said. The withdrawal comes a week after they were deployed to the former Soviet country at the behest of the former Soviet president, who was seeking to quell mass protests with extreme violence.
Demonstrations began on January 2 in western Kazakhstan, where residents were angry at a sharp rise in fuel prices and quickly spread across the country, turning violent within days. Protesters stormed government buildings and set them on fire, killing dozens in clashes with the country's security forces.
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev blamed foreign-backed "terrorists" for the unrest and asked for assistance from the Collective Security Treaty Organization, a Russian-led military alliance of six former Soviet states. The group sent more than 2,000 soldiers to Kazakhstan last week. On Tuesday, Tokayev declared their mission complete and said they would begin their evacuation on Thursday.
The Russian Defense Ministry said on Thursday that troops in Kazakhstan were preparing to transport equipment and hand over state institutions they guard to local troops.
In Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city hardest hit by the unrest, the airport resumed operations on Thursday morning after it was stormed and briefly occupied by protesters a week earlier. Russia's Interfax news agency also reported that security forces had cleared the square in front of the city hall, which was heavily attacked and set on fire, and opened to pedestrians and cars.
Authorities in Almaty reported Thursday that nearly 2,000 more people had been detained on suspicion of involvement in rioting and looting.
Categories Health Tips Tags coalition, forces, General news, Government and politics, Government of Kazakhstan, International agreement, International relations, Kazakhstan, Military and defense, politics and civil unrest, Protests and demonstrations, ready, Russialed, Russian government, treaty, troop withdrawal, War and unrest, withdraw Post navigation
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Of all the recipes we've tried from The Twelve Best Foods cookbook for our Best of 2011 Challenge, I think this one stands in first place. Okay, wait. I just remembered sweet potato butter, warm avocado salad, and last month's chocolate chile nuts. Overall the book has been a raging success...but this recipe for BBQ Collard Greens with Edamame definitely belongs near the top!
To be honest, I was a little surprised that soy made the list. There are a lot of other foods I'd probably place before soy, but I'm not the author and so I went with it anyway. Though I like tofu and actually order it out in Asian restaurants quite frequently, it's not something I've yet attempted in my own kitchen. Though the book had a few tofu recipes, I took a different direction with the soy and selected a recipe with shelled edamame.
We love edamame, having discovered it at a sushi restaurant years ago. We also love collard greens, occasionally picking up a batch to make with eggs on weekend mornings. The combination?! With bacon, onion, and BBQ sauce?! Delightful! You almost forget you're eating something so healthy! Adding edamame to my greens might be the new standard...both Ryan and I absolutely loved this side dish. Pair it with eggs or, as the book suggested, mix it up with some beans and rice for a complete meal.
Two Years Ago: A glimpse into Ryan's Thanksgiving proposal!
1. Place the collard greens in a medium saucepan. Add 1/3 cup water, cover, and cook for 6 minutes over medium-high heat.
2. Add edamame, onion, and green pepper. Cover and cook for an additional 8 minutes.
3. Remove from heat. Stir in BBQ sauce and top with bacon. Serve immediately.


Part of it, anyway. Today marks the two year anniversary of the passage of the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, where the Bush-era tax cuts, originally set to expire two years ago, were extended until the end of this year. This extension is part of a trend of temporary tax provisions – temporary tax cuts, temporary payroll tax holidays, temporary AMT patches – all of which signify Congress's willingness to cut taxes without admitting to the true budget cost of such policies or enacting corresponding spending reductions.
Given that the compromise two years ago was widely viewed as a down-to-the-wire finish, it's particularly worrying that there are still no signs of a deal this year. If there's no deal, tax rates will go up for everyone next year when the Bush tax cuts expire, and people will see their paychecks immediately shrink when the payroll tax holiday expires and federal income tax withholding increases. Then, next April, millions of families will get hit with a large and unexpected tax hike – because the AMT hasn't been patched for this year. Finally, the top estate tax rate will rise to 55%, and the estate tax exemption will shrink from over $5 million back down to $1 million.
Two years ago, Congress finished with only 14 days to spare; this year we're 14 days out and can't see the finish line.


Many firms who operate as fiduciaries and share our commitment to serving clients have joined Mercer Advisors. By becoming a part of the Mercer Advisors team, you gain access to a firm with national presence and scale, and complete back office support so you can focus on client needs. Advisory firms who join Mercer Advisors share a common vision of working with clients to help them live enriched lives and gain clarity on their paths to economic freedom.
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text:
Sofia è un comune della Moldavia situato nel distretto di Drochia di 4.823 abitanti al censimento del 2004

Note

Altri progetti

Comuni del distretto di Drochia


text:
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Radio Botanical is at it again!
Join Miranda and Lucas as they explore the history, geography, traditional knowledge, current medical research on medicinal plants from around the world AND discuss how you can harness the power of plant medicines in your own life. This time we're standing in awe of the wonderous (and STRONG SMELLING) Polynesian marvel – the Noni Fruit.
Aerial View of Waikiki Beach and Honolulu. 1946.
Just think, Hawaii wasn't even a state yet.
The Noni fruit may have originated in Southern Asia, but when Polynesian navigators brought it to Hawaii about 2000 years ago, they adopted it as both a medicine and a complex cultural icon.
Today we are discussing Morinda Citrifolia, or Noni, a plant in the coffee family (Rubiaceae). It's also known as Beach Mulberry, Vomit Fruit, and Cheese Fruit. Is it a mulberry? Is it a cheese? Will it make you sick?
Well, if you disguise the taste in a quality botanical formula or learn to love the juice (ask your local Hawaiian kupunawahine or grandmother to tell you how to make this happen), you may find yourself healthier than you've ever been.
Tune in to find out:
What is a "canoe plant" and why was Noni perfect for the job?
How is Noni traditionally used by indigenous Hawaiians?
How could Noni compounds possibly be an antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-tumor, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic all at the same time?
What does "Kahuna" really mean & what does it have to do with noni fruit?
Why is Noni grown at Hindu temples in India?
Is "iridoid" is just another word for "annoying" and if not, WHAT IS IT?
Plus, find out what we know about Noni fruit's (Morinda citrifolia) benefits from the latest and greatest scientific research studies!
Warning, we sing. Briefly. We apologize.
Clarification: The Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is native to several continents, including Africa. However, most Americans have never eaten true yam in the U.S. Generally what we label "yam" is actually a Latin American sweet potato.
Hawaiians with Outriggers on Beach c. 1922.
Ingenious technology that helped the Polynesians become the most brilliant navigators of all time.
Listen to Episode 4!
so how can you harness the benefits of Noni?
Noni is a key ingredient in both Paracleanse and B-Cleanse, two of the most important botanical formulas in our Gut Wellness Program. If you are dealing with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms and want to follow our Gut Wellness Program under the supervision of your practitioner, no worries! Our program handbook will be published on our site within the next 2-3 weeks. You (or your practitioner) can purchase Paracleanse here and B-Cleanse here.
I also recommended Dentalcidin broad spectrum botanical toothpaste – which contains Noni as one of the primary ingredients. It "can assist in removing biofilms and plaque, and is an excellent way to promote and maintain healthy teeth and gums." It also contains other powerful antimicrobials and analgesics such as Bilberry extract, Milk Thistle, Echinacea, Goldenseal, Shiitake, White Willow, Garlic, Grapeseed extract, Black Walnut Raspberry, Gentian, Tea Tree oil, Galbanum oil, Lavender oil, and Oregano oil. I use it every day obsessively! You can buy Dentalcidin here.
Remember, when you purchase through our affiliate links, you are supporting the educational mission of the Global Wellness Lab (and taking advantage of years of our personal experience with specific formulas and nutraceutical companies).
Chain of Craters Road, Volcano, Hawaii County, HI. 1998.
Can't see any Noni growing here in this new lava field, but as we discussed, it could if it wanted to!
Check out some examples of noni growing out of lava cracks via the University of Hawaii. ⇒
Learn more about the Polynesian Navigation techniques we discussed!
Miranda's science-y resources:
Abou Assi R, et al. Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A comprehensive review on its industrial uses, pharmacological activities, and clinical trials. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2017;10(5):691-707. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.018
Ali M, et al. Health Benefits of Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A Review. Phcogj. 2016;8(4):321-334. doi:10.5530/pj.2016.4.4
Almeida ÉS, et al. Properties and Applications of Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A Review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2019;18(4):883-909. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12456
Barreto RSS, et al. A Systematic Review of the Wound-Healing Effects of Monoterpenes and Iridoid Derivatives. Molecules. 2014;19(1):846-862. doi:10.3390/molecules19010846
Chiang L-C, et al. Immunomodulatory Activities of Flavonoids, Monoterpenoids, Triterpenoids, Iridoid Glycosides and Phenolic Compounds of Plantago Species. Planta medica. 2003;69:600-604. doi:10.1055/s-2003-41113
Coutinho de Sousa B, et al. Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Fruit Juice Reduces Inflammatory Cytokines Expression and Contributes to the Maintenance of Intestinal Mucosal Integrity in DSS Experimental Colitis. Mediators of Inflammation. 2017;2017:1-10. doi:10.1155/2017/6567432
Dixon AR, et al. Ferment This: The Transformation of Noni, a Traditional Polynesian Medicine (Morinda citrifolia, Rubiaceae). Economic Botany. 1999;53(1):51-68.
Selvam P, et al. Antimicrobial Activity of Fruit Extracts of Morinda citrifolia. :4.
West B, et al. The Potential Health Benefits of Noni Juice: A Review of Human Intervention Studies. Foods. 2018;7(4):58. doi:10.3390/foods7040058
京子石黒, et al. Studies on Iridoid-Related Compounds. IV. : Antitumor Activity of Iridoid Aglycones. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1986;34(6):2375-2379. doi:10.1248/cpb.34.2375
Lucas' "semi-stantiated" resources:
Noni (Canoe Plants)
Noni (Wildlife of Hawaii)
Noni Botany (University of Hawaii)
Noni History and Uses (California Academy of Health)
Traditional Uses of Noni (Noni Research)
Healing Noni (Hawaii Nola)
Noni (Top Tropicals
Noni Juice Ayurveda Supplement (Dr. Brahma)
Noni the Vomit Fruit or Cheese Fruit (Atlas Obscura)
Header Image Source: Creative Commons License Wikimedia Author, ZSM.
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We communicate, educate, & empower with information about health issues and options. All content on the Global Wellness Lab is for educational purposes & does not constitute medical advice or diagnosis. Always consult your physician before starting a new health strategy.


Temperance is defined as moderation or voluntary self-restraint. It is typically described in terms of what an individual voluntarily refrains from doing. This includes restraint from retaliation in the form of non-violence and forgiveness, restraint from arrogance in the form of humility and modesty, restraint from excesses such as splurging now in the form of prudence, and restraint from excessive anger or craving for something in the form of calmness and self-control.
Temperance has been described as a virtue by religious thinkers, philosophers, and more recently, psychologists, particularly in the positive psychology movement. In classical iconography, the virtue is often depicted as a woman holding two vessels transferring water from one to another. It was one of the cardinal virtues in western thought found in Greek philosophy and Christianity, as well as eastern traditions such as Buddhism and Hinduism.
Temperance is one of the six virtues in the positive psychology classification, included with wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, and transcendence. It is generally characterized as the control over excess, and expressed through characteristics such as chastity, modesty, humility, prudence, self-regulation, forgiveness and mercy; each of these involves restraining an excess of some impulse, such as sexual desire, vanity, or anger.
Themes of temperance can be seen across cultures and time, as illustrated here.
Temperance is an essential part of the Eightfold Path. The third and fifth of the five precepts (pañca-sila) reflect values of temperance: "misconduct concerning sense pleasures" and drunkenness are to be avoided.
The concept of dama (Sanskrit: दम) in Hinduism is equivalent to temperance. It is sometimes written as damah (Sanskrit: दमः). The word dama, and Sanskrit derivative words based on it, connote the concepts of self-control and self-restraint. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, in verse 5.2.3, states that three characteristics of a good, developed person are self-restraint (damah), compassion and love for all sentinent life (daya), and charity (daana). In Hinduism literature dedicated to yoga, self-restraint is expounded with the concept of yamas (Sanskrit: यम). According to ṣaṭsampad, self-restraint (dama) is one of the six cardinal virtues.
The list of virtues that constitute a moral life evolve in vedas and upanishads. Over time, new virtues were conceptualized and added, some replaced, others merged. For example, Manusamhita initially listed ten virtues necessary for a human being to live a dharmic (moral) life: Dhriti (courage), Kshama (forgiveness), Dama (temperance), Asteya (Non-covetousness/Non-stealing), Saucha (purity), Indriyani-graha (control of senses), dhi (reflective prudence), vidya (wisdom), satyam (truthfulness), akrodha (free from anger). In later verses this list was reduced to five virtues by the same scholar, by merging and creating a more broader concept. The shorter list of virtues became: Ahimsa (Non-violence), Dama (temperance), Asteya (Non-covetousness/Non-stealing), Saucha (purity), Satyam (truthfulness). This trend of evolving concepts continue in classical Sanskrit literature, Dama with Ahimsa and few other virtues present in the evolving list of virtues necessary for a moral life (dharma).
Five types of self-restraints are considered essential for a moral and ethical life in Hindu philosophy: one must refrain from any violence that causes injury to others, refrain from starting or propagating deceit and falsehood, refrain from theft of other's property, refrain from sexually cheating on one's partner, and refrain from avarice. The scope of self-restraint includes one's action, the words one speaks or writes, and in one's thoughts. The necessity for temperance is explained as preventing bad karma which sooner or later haunts and returns to the unrestrained. The theological need for self-restraint is also explained as reigning in the damaging effect of one's action on others, as hurting another is hurting oneself because all life is one.
The Greek definition of temperance translates to "moderation in action, thought, or feeling; restraint." Temperance is a major Athenian virtue, as advocated by Plato; self-restraint (sôphrosune) is one of his four core virtues of the ideal city, and echoed by Aristotle. According to Aristotle, "temperance is a mean with regard to pleasures". In "Charmides," one of Plato's early dialogues, the one who possessed 'sophrosune' is defined in four ways: (1) one who has quietness, (2) one who has modesty, (3) one who does his own business, and (4) one who knows himself. Plato quickly dismisses the three first definitions and argues against (4) that if 'sophrosune' would have been only the property of knowing what one knows or not, then it would be useless without knowledge about other matters.
In the Judeo-Christian tradition, temperance is prolific. The Old Testament emphasizes temperance as a core virtue, as evidenced in both Solomon's Book of Proverbs and in the Ten Commandments, with its admonitions against adultery and covetousness. The New Testament does so as well, with forgiveness being central to theology and self-control being one of the Fruits of the Spirit. With regard to Christian theology, the word temperance is used by the King James Version in Galatians 5:23 for the Greek word ἐγκρατεία (enkrateia), which means self-control or discipline (Strong's Concordance, 1466). Thomas Aquinas promoted Plato's original virtues in addition to several others.
Within the Christian church Temperance is a virtue akin to self-control. It is applied to all areas of life. It can especially be viewed in practice among sects like the Amish, Old Order Mennonites, and Conservative Mennonites. In the Christian religion, temperance is a virtue that moderates attraction and desire for pleasure and "provides balance in the use of created goods". St. Thomas calls it a "disposition of the mind which binds the passions,". Temperance is believed to combat the sin of gluttony. Temperance is commonly broken down into four main strengths: forgiveness, humility, prudence, and self-regulation.
Values of temperance are still advocated by more modern sources such as the Boy Scouts, William Bennett, and Ben Franklin  Philosophy has contributed a number of lessons to the study of traits, particularly in its study of injunctions and its listing and organizing of virtues.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Temperance.
↑ Green, Joel (2011). Dictionary of scripture and ethics. Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Academic. p. 769. ISBN 978-0-8010-3406-0.
1 2 Schwarzer, Ralf (2012). Personality, human development, and culture : international perspectives on psychological science. Hove: Psychology. pp. 127–129. ISBN 978-0-415-65080-9.
↑ Peterson, Christopher (2004). Character strengths and virtues a handbook and classification. Washington, DC New York: American Psychological Association Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516701-6.
↑ Harvey, P. (1990). An introduction to Buddhism: Teaching, history and practices. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
↑ Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Translator: S Madhavananda, page 816, For discussion: pages 814-821; Quote - "तदेतत्त्रयँ शिक्षेद् दमं दानं दयामिति", translation: Learn three cardinal virtues - temperance, charity and compassion for all life."
↑ Gupta, B. (2006). BHAGAVAD GĪTĀ AS DUTY AND VIRTUE ETHICS. Journal of Religious Ethics, 34(3), 373-395.
↑ Bailey, G. (1983). Puranic notes: reflections on the myth of sukesin. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 6(2), 46-61.
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↑ Peterson & Seligman 2004, M.E.P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.