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JP5452381B2 - Liquid crystal display element, liquid crystal display element manufacturing method, and driving method - Google Patents
Liquid crystal display element, liquid crystal display element manufacturing method, and driving method Download PDF
JP5452381B2
JP5452381B2 JP2010133596A JP2010133596A JP5452381B2 JP 5452381 B2 JP5452381 B2 JP 5452381B2 JP 2010133596 A JP2010133596 A JP 2010133596A JP 2010133596 A JP2010133596 A JP 2010133596A JP 5452381 B2 JP5452381 B2 JP 5452381B2
crystal layer
crystal display
JP2011257664A (en
康夫 都甲
竜平 高橋
泰樹 高橋
スタンレー電気株式会社
2010-06-11 Application filed by スタンレー電気株式会社 filed Critical スタンレー電気株式会社
2010-11-10 Priority claimed from TW099138665A external-priority patent/TWI516845B/en
2014-03-26 Publication of JP5452381B2 publication Critical patent/JP5452381B2/en
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display element, a method for manufacturing the liquid crystal display element, and a driving method.
By the relationship between the chiral agent and the twist direction of the nematic liquid crystal, the swirl direction of the liquid crystal molecules (first swirl direction) regulated by the combination of the orientation treatment directions applied to the pair of transparent electrode substrates sandwiching the liquid crystal layer An invention of a liquid crystal display element in which liquid crystal molecules are twisted and aligned in the reverse direction (second turning direction) (spray twist alignment) has been disclosed (for example, see Patent Document 1).
In Patent Document 1, as a method of twisting and aligning nematic liquid crystal in the second turning direction, first, a small amount of a chiral agent having a turning property opposite to the first turning direction is added to the nematic liquid crystal.
As another method for twisting and aligning nematic liquid crystal in the second turning direction, it has been proposed to adjust the crossing angle of the alignment direction of the substrate, which is normally set to 90 °. The adjustment at this time is performed so that the crossing angle between the two substrates corresponding to the turning angle in the first turning direction is 91 ° to 100 °, thereby making each liquid crystal molecule twist and align in the first turning direction. In the case of twisted orientation in the second swivel direction, an energy-stable orientation state is obtained, and a desired twisted orientation can be obtained.
In addition, it has been proposed that the nematic liquid crystal is twisted and aligned in the second turning direction, and the surface treatment of both substrates is performed so that the pretilt angles of the liquid crystal molecules are different from each other. One substrate is subjected to surface treatment so as to have a predetermined pretilt angle, and the other substrate is subjected to surface treatment so as to have a pretilt angle that is larger or smaller than the predetermined pretilt angle. The occurrence of disclination due to inadequate orientation can be prevented, and thereby a liquid crystal display device with higher display quality can be obtained. The pretilt angle is an angle indicating the inclination of each liquid crystal molecule on the opposing surfaces of the transparent substrates with respect to the opposing surfaces in a state before a voltage is applied between the transparent substrates.
In the liquid crystal display element described in Patent Document 1, the alignment state in which the liquid crystal molecules are twisted in the first turning direction is unstable. By applying a high voltage, it is possible to obtain an alignment state that is twisted in the first rotation direction, but as time passes, the liquid crystal molecules transition to an alignment state that is twisted in the second rotation direction.
A liquid crystal display that increases the distortion in the liquid crystal layer and greatly reduces the driving voltage by adding the chiral agent that rotates the liquid crystal molecules in the second rotation direction while aligning the liquid crystal molecules in the first rotation direction. The invention of the element is known (for example, see Patent Document 2).
Also in the liquid crystal element described in Patent Document 2, the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules twisted in the second rotation direction is stable, and the alignment state twisted in the second rotation direction is changed to the alignment state twisted in the first rotation direction. A few seconds after the application of the voltage to be transferred is stopped, the state re-transfers to the original alignment state (an alignment state twisted in the second turning direction). When driving the liquid crystal element in an orientation state twisted in the second turning direction, a high driving voltage is required.
In a reverse twisted nematic (RTN) type liquid crystal display device as described in Patent Documents 1 and 2, generally, an alignment state in which liquid crystal molecules are twisted in a first rotation direction (reverse twist alignment state). ) And an orientation state twisted in the second turning direction (spray twist orientation state), there is no significant difference in appearance display state (light transmittance), and it is difficult to obtain a high contrast ratio even if bistability is given.
Japanese Patent No. 2510150 JP 2007-293278 A
An object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal display element with high display quality.
Moreover, it is providing the manufacturing method of a liquid crystal display element with high display quality.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for driving a liquid crystal display element that can reduce power consumption.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a liquid crystal display element includes a first electrode and a first alignment film that is aligned so that a pretilt angle of 40 ° to 65 ° is expressed. A second substrate comprising a substrate, a second electrode disposed in parallel with the first substrate, and a second alignment film that is aligned so that a pretilt angle of not less than 1 ° and not more than 15 ° is expressed. And a liquid crystal layer that is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, includes a chiral agent, and is twist-aligned, and the liquid crystal layer does not include the chiral agent. When the swirl direction in which the liquid crystal molecules are twisted is the first swirl direction, the chiral agent gives the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer a swirlability in the second swirl direction opposite to the first swirl direction, A voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer between the first electrode and the second electrode. It is possible to generate an electric field in the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a first substrate including a first electrode and a first alignment film that has been subjected to an alignment treatment so that a pretilt angle of 40 ° to 65 ° is expressed. And a second substrate comprising a second electrode and a second alignment film that is aligned so as to exhibit a pretilt angle of 1 ° or more and 15 ° or less, disposed opposite to and parallel to the first substrate. And a liquid crystal layer that is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, includes a chiral agent, and is twist-aligned, and the liquid crystal layer does not include the chiral agent, When the swirl direction in which molecules are twisted is the first swirl direction, the chiral agent gives the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer a swirlability in a second swirl direction opposite to the first swirl direction, and the liquid crystal layer The liquid is applied by applying a voltage to the first electrode and the second electrode. A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device it is possible to cause the thickness direction of the electric field of the layer, the first alignment layer is formed of a polyimide alignment film material which lower the side chain density, at 180 ° C. A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display element is provided, which is rubbed with an indentation of 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm after firing .
According to another aspect of the present invention, a first substrate including a first electrode and a first alignment film that has been subjected to an alignment treatment so that a pretilt angle of 40 ° to 65 ° is expressed. And a second substrate comprising a second electrode and a second alignment film that is aligned so as to exhibit a pretilt angle of 1 ° or more and 15 ° or less, disposed opposite to and parallel to the first substrate. And a liquid crystal layer that is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, includes a chiral agent, and is twist-aligned, and the liquid crystal layer does not include the chiral agent, When the swirl direction in which molecules are twisted is the first swirl direction, the chiral agent gives the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer a swirlability in a second swirl direction opposite to the first swirl direction, and the liquid crystal layer The liquid is applied by applying a voltage to the first electrode and the second electrode. The method of driving a liquid crystal display device it is possible to cause the thickness direction of the electric field of the layer, the liquid crystal display device performs a dot matrix display, switching to black display from a white display for each line, the memory There is provided a method of driving a liquid crystal display element that is performed by line-sequential driving utilizing the property .
According to the present invention, a liquid crystal display element with high display quality can be provided.
In addition, according to the present invention, a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display element with high display quality can be provided.
Furthermore, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a method for driving a liquid crystal display element capable of reducing power consumption.
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one pixel in a liquid crystal display element 100 according to an embodiment. It is the schematic plan view and sectional drawing which show the orientation state of the liquid crystal molecule in the liquid crystal layer 3 by an Example. It is a flowchart which shows the manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display element by an Example. It is a table | surface which shows the visual observation result of the display state of the cell preparation conditions of a liquid crystal display element. Cell production conditions No. It is a graph which shows the voltage-light transmittance characteristic of the liquid crystal display element by the Example created by 1-3. Cell production conditions No. 4 is a table showing results of visually observing a holding time in a black display state by changing the amount of addition of a chiral agent in the liquid crystal display element according to 3;
The twist direction of the liquid crystal molecules (first rotation direction) determined by the combination of the alignment treatment direction and the pretilt angle of the pair of alignment films, and the twist direction of the liquid crystal molecules (second rotation direction) induced by the optically active substance (chiral agent) For example, by applying a physical action to the liquid crystal layer so that the liquid crystal molecules are twisted in each direction (reverse twist (uniform twist) The liquid crystal display element in which the alignment state and the spray twist alignment state in the second turning direction) can be realized interchangeably is called a reverse twisted nematic (RTN) type liquid crystal display element. The first turning direction is a turning direction in which liquid crystal molecules are twisted when no optically active substance (chiral agent) is added to the liquid crystal layer.
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view in one pixel of a liquid crystal display element 100 according to an embodiment. The liquid crystal display element 100 according to the embodiment includes an upper substrate 1, a lower substrate 2, and a twisted nematic liquid crystal layer 3 sandwiched between the substrates 1 and 2, which are opposed to each other in parallel.
The upper substrate 1 includes an upper transparent substrate 12, a transparent electrode 13 formed on the upper transparent substrate 12, and an upper alignment film 14 formed on the transparent electrode 13. The lower substrate 2 includes a lower transparent substrate 22, a transparent electrode 23 formed on the lower transparent substrate 22, and a lower alignment film 24 formed on the transparent electrode 23.
The upper and lower transparent substrates 12 and 22 are made of glass, for example. The transparent electrodes 13 and 23 are made of a transparent conductive material such as ITO, for example.
The liquid crystal layer 3 is disposed between the upper alignment film 14 of the upper substrate 1 and the lower alignment film 24 of the lower substrate 2.
The upper and lower alignment films 14 and 24 are subjected to alignment treatment by rubbing. The alignment treatment directions of the upper alignment film 14 and the lower alignment film 24 are orthogonal to each other when viewed from the viewing direction of the upper and lower substrates 1 and 2.
A chiral agent is added to the liquid crystal material forming the liquid crystal layer 15. The alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules generated under the influence of the chiral agent is a splay twisted in the left twist direction along the direction from the upper substrate 1 to the lower substrate 2 when viewed from the normal direction of the upper substrate 1. Twisted orientation.
FIG. 2A is a schematic plan view showing the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules 3a in the liquid crystal layer 3 in the spray twist alignment state. The state seen from the visual recognition direction of the upper board | substrate 1 is shown.
FIG. 2B is a schematic view when the liquid crystal layer 3 is viewed from the front (direction A1 in FIG. 2A) when the liquid crystal molecules 3a in the liquid crystal layer 3 according to the embodiment are in the spray twist alignment state. It is sectional drawing.
FIG. 2C is a schematic view when the liquid crystal layer 3 is viewed from the side (A2 direction in FIG. 2A) when the liquid crystal molecules 3a in the liquid crystal layer 3 according to the embodiment are in the spray twist alignment state. It is sectional drawing.
FIG. 2D is a schematic plan view showing the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules 3a in the liquid crystal layer 3 in a uniform twist (reverse twist) alignment state. The state seen from the visual recognition direction of the upper board | substrate 1 is shown.
2E shows the liquid crystal layer 3 viewed from the front (A1 direction in FIG. 2D) when the liquid crystal molecules 3a in the liquid crystal layer 3 according to the embodiment are in a uniform twist (reverse twist) alignment state. FIG.
2F shows the liquid crystal layer 3 viewed from the side (A2 direction in FIG. 2D) when the liquid crystal molecules 3a in the liquid crystal layer 3 according to the embodiment are in a uniform twist (reverse twist) alignment state. FIG.
The twist direction of the liquid crystal molecules 3a in the liquid crystal cell completed state was a spray twist alignment state in which the twist RD1 is the same as the twist direction by the chiral agent as shown in FIGS.
As shown in FIGS. 2 (A) to 2 (C), the spray twist alignment state means that the pretilt angles at the interface with both alignment films 14 and 24 sandwiching the liquid crystal layer 3 are equal and the pretilt angles at both interfaces are equal. In this case, the polar angle of the liquid crystal molecules 3a changes to 0 in the region near the middle of the liquid crystal layer, and the orientation direction of the liquid crystal molecules is as shown in FIG. As shown in (C), the splay alignment distributed in a fan shape and the twist alignment in which the liquid crystal molecules are twisted 90 degrees in the horizontal direction between the upper and lower substrates are combined.
As shown in FIGS. 2D to 2F, the reverse twist (uniform twist) orientation state is an orientation state twisted in the direction RD2 opposite to the spray twist orientation state shown in FIGS. 2A to 2C. It is.
When the rubbing direction of the upper alignment film 14 is the first direction OD1, and the rubbing direction of the lower alignment film 24 is the second direction OD2, the second direction OD2 is the first direction as viewed from the viewing direction of the upper substrate 1. The direction is 90 ° counterclockwise with respect to the direction OD1. As shown in FIG. 2D, the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer 3 defined by the combination of the alignment treatment direction of the upper and lower substrates 1 and 2 and the pretilt angle is from the normal direction of the upper substrate 1. As seen, the uniform twist (reverse twist) orientation is twisted 90 degrees in the right direction (second turning direction) RD2.
Returning to FIG. 1, the drive power supply 20 is electrically connected to the upper and lower transparent electrodes 13 and 23. A voltage can be applied to the electrodes 13 and 23 by the drive power supply 20. For example, by applying an AC voltage equal to or higher than the threshold voltage between the electrodes 13 and 23, the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules can be transferred from the spray twist alignment to the uniform twist (reverse twist) alignment.
An upper polarizing plate 11 and a lower polarizing plate 21 are disposed on the surface of each of the upper substrate 1 and the lower substrate 2 opposite to the liquid crystal layer 3. Both polarizing plates 11 and 21 are arranged in a crossed Nicol manner so that the light transmission axis is parallel to the rubbing direction of the upper and lower substrates 1 and 2. The liquid crystal display element 100 according to the embodiment is a normally white type liquid crystal display element.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method for manufacturing the liquid crystal display element 100 according to the embodiment. The inventors of the present application first manufactured the liquid crystal display element 100 according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 according to the flowchart shown in FIG. 1 under a plurality of conditions, and the firing conditions of the alignment film and the indentation in the rubbing process for realizing good display. The amount was considered. Hereinafter, a method for manufacturing the liquid crystal display element 100 according to the embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS.
A transparent substrate 12, on which a transparent electrode 13, for example, an ITO (indium tin oxide) electrode 13 is formed, is prepared, and a transparent electrode 23, for example, a transparent substrate 22, on which an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode 23 is formed (step) S101). Here, a test cell having parallel plate type electrodes was used, and the two transparent substrates 12 and 22 were washed and dried (step S102).
An alignment film material is applied on the transparent substrates 12 and 22 so as to cover the ITO electrodes 13 and 23 (step S103). The alignment film material was applied by spin coating. You may perform using flexographic printing or inkjet printing.
For one substrate 12 of the pair of transparent substrates 12 and 22, the side chain density of the polyimide alignment film material usually used for forming the vertical alignment film is lowered, and the alignment film (alignment film on the ultra-high pretilt side) is used. ) 14 materials. For the other substrate 22, a polyimide film having a relatively high pretilt angle, which is usually used as an alignment film for super twisted nematic (STN), is used as an alignment film (alignment film on the high pretilt side) 24. Used as material. The alignment film material was applied so that the alignment films 14 and 24 had a thickness of 500 to 800 mm. Temporary baking (step S104) and main baking (step S105) of the transparent substrates 12 and 22 coated with the alignment film material are performed. The main baking was performed under two conditions of 180 ° C. and 220 ° C. Thus, alignment films 14 and 24 covering the ITO electrodes 13 and 23 were formed (steps S103 to S105).
Next, a rubbing process (alignment process) is performed on each of the alignment films 14 and 24 (step S106). The rubbing process is a process of rotating a cylindrical roll wound with a cloth at a high speed and rubbing on the alignment film, whereby the liquid crystal molecules in contact with the substrate can be aligned (aligned) in one direction. The rubbing treatment was performed by changing the pressing amount to 0 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, and 0.8 mm. The rubbing process was performed so that the twist angle of the liquid crystal display element 100 was 90 °.
Next, in order to keep the thickness (inter-substrate distance) of the liquid crystal cell constant, a gap control material is sprayed on one transparent substrate surface by, for example, a dry spraying method (step S107). A plastic ball having a particle diameter of 4 μm was used as the gap control material.
A sealant is printed on the other transparent substrate surface to form a main seal pattern (step S108). For example, a thermosetting sealing material containing glass fiber having a particle diameter of 4 μm is printed by a screen printing method. A sealing material can also be applied using a dispenser. Further, instead of thermosetting, a photo-curing sealing material or a light / heat combined curing type sealing material may be used.
The transparent substrates 12 and 22 are overlaid (step S109). Two transparent substrates are overlapped at a predetermined position to form a cell, and heat treatment is performed in a pressed state to cure the sealing material. For example, the sealing material is thermally cured using a hot press method. An empty cell is thus produced.
For example, nematic liquid crystal is injected into the empty cell by vacuum injection (step S110). A chiral agent was added to the liquid crystal. CB15 manufactured by Merck & Co., Inc. was used as the chiral agent. The addition amount of the chiral agent was adjusted so that d / p was 0.4 when the chiral pitch was p and the thickness (cell thickness) of the liquid crystal layer was d. Further, as will be described later, with respect to the liquid crystal cell preparation conditions with good visual observation results, experiments were performed with the addition amount of the chiral agent varied from d / p = 0.04 to 1.0.
Next, the liquid crystal injection port is sealed with, for example, an ultraviolet (UV) curing type end seal material (step S111), and the cell is heated to a temperature higher than the phase transition temperature of the liquid crystal in order to adjust the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules (step S112). ). Then, it breaks along the crack | wound attached to the transparent substrate with a scriber device, and divides it into individual cells. Chamfering (step S113) and cleaning (step S114) are performed on the subdivided cells.
Finally, polarizing plates 11 and 21 are attached to the surfaces of the two transparent substrates 12 and 22 opposite to the liquid crystal layer 3 (step S115). The two polarizing plates 11 and 21 were arranged in crossed Nicols so that the direction of the transmission axis and the rubbing direction were parallel. The two polarizing plates 11 and 21 can also be arranged so that the direction of the transmission axis and the rubbing direction are orthogonal to each other. A driving power source 20 was connected between the ITO electrodes 13 and 23 of the transparent substrates 12 and 22.
4 shows representative examples (No. 1 to No. 8) of cell production conditions (combination of firing temperature during alignment film formation and indentation amount during rubbing treatment) of the liquid crystal display device produced by the production method shown in FIG. ) And a visual observation result of the display state. In addition, although this inventor produced the liquid crystal display element also on the cell preparation conditions other than shown to this figure, all were not able to obtain black display as a result.
When the liquid crystal display element is completed, it is in an orientation state (spray twist orientation state) twisted in the second turning direction. At this time, a twisted nematic (TN) -LCD having a crossed Nicol arrangement is obtained. 1-No. The liquid crystal display element manufactured under any of the cell manufacturing conditions of No. 8 has a bright white display. By applying a voltage equal to or higher than the saturation voltage to this liquid crystal display element (by applying an AC voltage equal to or higher than the threshold voltage between the electrodes 13 and 23 in FIG. 1), the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules changes from the spray twist alignment to the reverse twist alignment. To metastasize.
No. in the table. 1 (the firing temperature of the ultra-high pretilt alignment film 14 is 180 ° C., the indentation amount is 0.8 mm during the rubbing treatment, the firing temperature is 220 ° C. of the high pretilt orientation film 24, and the indentation amount is 0.8 mm during the rubbing treatment. In the liquid crystal display device manufactured in (1), it was observed that a thin black display remained for about 5 minutes in the OFF state after the transition to the reverse twist alignment.
No. in the table. 2 (the firing temperature of the alignment film 14 on the ultra-high pretilt side is 180 ° C., the indentation amount is 0.6 mm during the rubbing treatment, the firing temperature is 220 ° C. on the orientation film 24 on the high pretilt side, and the indentation amount is 0.8 mm during the rubbing treatment. ) Produced in No.), No. No. 3 liquid crystal display element manufactured under the conditions of No. 3 (the firing temperature of the alignment film 14 on the ultra-high pretilt side is 180 ° C., the amount of pushing during rubbing is 0.4 mm, and the high pretilt side is the same as No. 2). 7 (the baking temperature of the ultra-high pretilt alignment film 14 is 180 ° C., the indentation amount is 0.4 mm during the rubbing process, the baking temperature is 220 ° C. of the alignment film 24 on the high pretilt side, and the indentation amount is 0.4 mm during the rubbing process. After the transition to reverse twist alignment, the liquid crystal display device produced in (1) showed a black display with a relatively dark transmission state, although no voltage was applied (OFF state). That is, when the baking condition of the alignment film 14 on the ultra high pretilt side is 180 degrees and the indentation amount in the rubbing process is 0.4 mm or 0.6 mm, the manufactured liquid crystal display element has a relatively dark transmission state of black. Displayed.
Note that, when the rubbing treatment of the alignment film 24 on the high pretilt side was performed, the amount of pushing was 0.8 mm. No. 3 and the high pretilt-side alignment film 24 were pushed in a rubbing amount of 0.4 mm. Since the observation results (the visual observation state and the time during which the black display is maintained (15 minutes under these conditions)) do not change with the liquid crystal display element 7, the production conditions for the alignment film 24 on the high pretilt side are as follows: It is considered that there is not so much dependency.
Further, when the rubbing treatment of the alignment film 14 on the ultra-high pretilt side was performed, the pushing amount was 0.6 mm. In the liquid crystal display element 2, the black display is maintained for 5 minutes. Therefore, when the push amount during the rubbing process of the alignment film 14 on the ultra-high pretilt side is increased, the black display is maintained. It is thought to decrease.
Condition No. 1 that obtained the above relatively dark black display. When the pretilt angle of the alignment film 14 on the ultra-high pretilt side at 2 was measured by a spectroscopic ellipso method, it was found that the pretilt angle was about 45 degrees. No. 3 and no. When the pretilt angle of the alignment film 14 on the ultrahigh pretilt side at 7 was measured by a spectroscopic ellipso method, it was found that a pretilt angle of about 61 degrees was exhibited.
No. in the table. 4-6 conditions (the firing temperature of the alignment film 14 on the ultra-high pretilt side is 220 ° C., the indentation amounts during the rubbing process are 0.2 mm, 0.0 mm, 0.2 mm, and the alignment film 24 on the high pretilt side is all the firing temperature. A liquid crystal display device manufactured at 220 ° C. and a push-in amount of 0.4 mm during rubbing) In the case of the liquid crystal display device manufactured under the conditions of 8 (the firing temperature of the alignment film 14 on the ultra-high pretilt side is 220 ° C., the push amount during rubbing is 0.4 mm, and the high pretilt side is the same as Nos. 4 to 6) In the OFF state after the transition to the orientation, the above condition No. 2, no. 3 and no. A relatively dark black display such as 7 was not reached and the light blue display was held for 5 minutes.
Condition No. indicating the above light blue display. 4-6 and no. When the pretilt angle of the alignment film 14 on the ultrahigh pretilt side at 8 was measured by a spectroscopic ellipso method, it was found that the pretilt angle was about 35 degrees.
From the above, in order to obtain a liquid crystal display element showing a relatively dark black display in the OFF state after the transition to the reverse twist alignment, the pretilt angle of the alignment film 14 on the ultra high pretilt side is approximately 40 degrees or more and 65. It is considered necessary to be in the range of less than or equal to the degree. When the pretilt angle of the alignment film 24 on the high pretilt side was measured, it was found that the pretilt angle was about 8 to 12 degrees. Therefore, the pretilt angle of the alignment film 24 on the high pretilt side needs to be 20 degrees or less, preferably 1 to 15 degrees, and more preferably about 10 degrees.
FIG. 5 shows the condition No. in the table shown in FIG. 1 to 3 (the firing temperature of the alignment film 14 on the ultra-high pretilt side is 180 ° C., the indentation amounts during the rubbing treatment are 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, and 0.8 mm, respectively, and the alignment film 24 on the high pretilt side is all fired. It is a graph which shows the voltage-light transmittance characteristic of the liquid crystal display element by the Example produced by the temperature 220 degreeC and the push amount 0.8mm at the time of a rubbing process. The horizontal axis of each graph indicates the applied voltage in the unit "V", and the vertical axis indicates the light transmittance in the unit "%". A curve indicated by a solid line represents a voltage-light transmittance characteristic in a reverse twist alignment state, and a curve indicated by a broken line represents that in a spray twist alignment state. Shown are electro-optical characteristics when a voltage is applied between the upper and lower electrodes 13 and 23 to generate a longitudinal electric field in each orientation state. In addition, LCD5200 which is a liquid crystal element electro-optical characteristic measuring apparatus made from Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd. was used for the measurement.
The indentation amount during the rubbing treatment of the alignment film 14 on the ultra-high pretilt side is 0.8 mm. The liquid crystal display element according to 1 shows a relatively high threshold value at the time of spray twist alignment (rise) and lowers the threshold value at the time of reverse twist alignment (fall), but shows a transmittance of about 20% at an OFF voltage (0 V). I understand that. This result is the same as the result often found in the RTN liquid crystal display element according to the prior art.
The indentation amount during rubbing treatment of the alignment film 14 on the ultra high pretilt side is 0.6 mm. No. 2 in the table shown in FIG. In the liquid crystal display element according to No. 3, during spray twist alignment (rise), No. 3 The liquid crystal display element under the condition 1 (the same characteristic as the conventional RTN liquid crystal display element) exhibits the same characteristics. However, it can be seen that during reverse twist orientation (falling), an extremely low transmittance is exhibited at an OFF voltage (0 V). Specifically, the condition No. in the table shown in FIG. In the liquid crystal display element according to 2, the transmittance at an OFF voltage (0 V) was 1.2%, the ON transmittance was 20%, and the contrast ratio was 17. Condition No. in the table shown in FIG. In the liquid crystal display element according to No. 3, the transmittance at an OFF voltage (0 V) was 2.4%, the ON transmittance was 17.8%, and the contrast ratio was 7.4. From this result, as the display performance, the condition No. in the table shown in FIG. It can be seen that the liquid crystal display element according to 2 is more excellent.
Thus, the condition No. in the table shown in FIG. It can be seen that in the liquid crystal display elements of No. 2 and No. 3, the light transmittances in both alignment states when no voltage is applied are greatly different, and display with a high contrast ratio is possible. The liquid crystal display element according to the embodiment is a liquid crystal display element that can easily realize a high-quality display having a high contrast ratio and stable in both the white display state and the black display state. The black display is dark and easy to display clearly.
In addition, condition No. of the table | surface shown in FIG. For the liquid crystal display element according to No. 7, voltage-light transmittance characteristics were not measured. However, as described above, it is considered that the manufacturing conditions of the alignment film 24 on the high pretilt side are not so dependent. From condition No. The liquid crystal display element according to No. 7 is also subject to condition no. 2 and no. It is estimated that the same voltage-light transmittance characteristic as that of the liquid crystal display element according to 3 is exhibited.
Condition No. in the table shown in FIG. 2 and no. The reason why the liquid crystal display element according to 3 has a characteristic of displaying a relatively dark black display in the OFF state (the transmittance at the OFF voltage is very low) is unknown, but the RTN liquid crystal display element is not The threshold value at the time of falling (reverse twist arrangement state) has a property of being lower than the threshold value at the time of rising (spray twist arrangement state), and such a display is realized because the threshold value is lower than 0 V due to special conditions. Guessed.
In general, in the reverse twist alignment state, a large distortion is generated in the liquid crystal layer due to the pretilt angle given by the alignment treatment of the substrate and the twisting force given by the chiral agent, and even when no voltage is applied due to this distortion. The liquid crystal molecules near the center in the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer are considered to be inclined with respect to the substrate plane. In an RTN liquid crystal display element having a high pretilt angle of 20 ° or more, it is presumed that the tilt angle of liquid crystal molecules near the center in the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer is very large and rises almost perpendicularly to the substrate. For this reason, it is considered that a relatively dark black display can be obtained even when no voltage is applied. In general, in the reverse twist arrangement state, the inclination angle in the bulk is higher than the pretilt angle at the interface with the substrate. This has also been confirmed by liquid crystal molecular alignment simulation based on continuum theory.
Focusing on the characteristics at the time of spray twist alignment (rise) in FIG. 5, it can be seen that the threshold value decreases as the push amount during the rubbing treatment of the alignment film 14 on the ultra-high pretilt side decreases.
In spray twist alignment, when the pretilt angles of both interfaces are equal, the tilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules near the center of the liquid crystal layer is parallel to the substrate plane. In contrast, in this embodiment, different pretilt angles are given to the interface between the alignment film 14 and the liquid crystal layer 3 and the interface between the alignment film 24 and the liquid crystal layer 3, so that the difference in pretilt angle given at both interfaces is large. It is considered that the inclination angle of the liquid crystal molecules near the center of the liquid crystal layer 3 increases and the threshold value tends to decrease.
Since the alignment processing conditions of the alignment film 24 on the high pretilt side of the liquid crystal display element shown in FIG. 5 are the same, the ultrahigh pretilt is reduced as the amount of pressing during the rubbing process of the alignment film 14 on the ultrahigh pretilt side is reduced. It is estimated that the pretilt angle at the interface between the alignment film 14 on the side and the liquid crystal layer 3 is high, and as a result, the threshold value is low.
In addition, as is apparent from the table shown in FIG. 4, in terms of the retention time in the black display state, the push amount during the rubbing treatment of the alignment film 14 on the ultra-high pretilt side was about 5 minutes when 0.6 mm. However, when the push-in amount is 0.4 mm, it is as long as about 15 minutes. From this, it can be seen that a higher pretilt angle at the interface between the alignment film 14 on the ultra-high pretilt side and the liquid crystal layer 3 is advantageous in terms of holding time.
6 shows the cell production condition No. 1 in which the visual observation result shown in the table of FIG. 3 (the baking temperature of the ultra-high pretilt side alignment film 14 is 180 ° C., the indentation amount is 0.4 mm during the rubbing process, the baking temperature is 220 ° C. of the alignment film 24 on the high pretilt side, and the indentation amount is 0.8 mm during the rubbing process). It is a table | surface which shows the result of having observed the retention time of the black display state visually, changing the addition amount of a chiral agent about a liquid crystal display element. When the chiral pitch p and the liquid crystal layer thickness (cell thickness) d are used, the amount of the chiral agent added is changed so that d / p is 0.040 to 1.000.
When d / p is in the range of 0.125 to 0.5, when the liquid crystal display element is completed, it becomes a spray twist alignment state, and when a voltage higher than the saturation voltage is applied, a relatively dark black display in the reverse twist alignment is observed. It was done.
When d / p is less than 0.125, the liquid crystal display element is already in a relatively dark black display state with reverse twist alignment, and cannot transition to the spray twist alignment state. It was.
Even if d / p is 0.125 or more, within the range of 0.125 to 0.154, when the liquid crystal display element is completed, it is already in a relatively dark black display state with reverse twist alignment. Some of them were also mixed. Therefore, the range of 0.125 to 0.154 is considered to be the lower limit for the bistable display.
On the other hand, when d / p is larger than 0.5, another twisted state (perhaps 270 degrees twisted) is obtained, and the transition to the reverse twist orientation state cannot be made.
In addition, the retention time in the reverse twist orientation state varied, but a tendency was seen that the smaller the d / p, the longer. Therefore, it is considered that d / p as small as possible is preferable in the range in which bistable display is performed (in the table of FIG. 6, d / p is higher than 0.154 and 0.5 or lower). Therefore, from the table of FIG. 6, it is considered that d / p is about 0.167 to 0.182, and in this case, the reverse twist alignment state is maintained for about 20 minutes. As d / p is changed from 0.2 to 0.5, the holding time is gradually shortened from 15 minutes to 5 minutes. Therefore, the holding time is controlled to some extent by changing d / p. I understand that I can do it.
When the liquid crystal display element according to this embodiment is applied to a display, it can be driven using memory. For example, assuming dot-matrix display, it is only necessary to rewrite the display for each line, so that no voltage is applied to pixels that want to display white, and a voltage higher than the saturation voltage is applied to pixels that want to display black. Good.
Various methods can be considered for driving, but as an example, in the case of XY electrode matrix display, one line (for example, X1 line) with an X electrode has a rectangular wave (for example, about 1.5 V) about the threshold voltage. Is applied to the Y electrodes (Y1 to Yn) orthogonal to the rectangular wave of the threshold voltage synchronized with the rectangular wave applied to the X electrode or shifted by a half cycle (for example, about 1.5V, 150 Hz) ) Is applied. In the pixel in which the waveform synchronized with the waveform applied to the X1 line is applied to the Y line, the display is not changed because the voltage is effectively not applied. Since the voltage applied to the Y line with a waveform shifted from the waveform applied to the X1 line to the Y line is effectively applied with a voltage of about 3 V, the reverse twist orientation is changed from the spray twist orientation state by a voltage higher than the saturation voltage. Transition to the state, the white display changes to black display. A rectangular wave of about the threshold voltage (for example, about 1.5 V and 150 Hz) is applied to the line-shaped pixels other than the X1 line that is not selected, but the alignment state is not a voltage that changes the alignment state. It does not change. A matrix display can be performed by sequentially driving the X1 line to another line.
The display rewritten by the driving method as described above can be held without applying a voltage for about 5 to 20 minutes. When rewriting this display, wait for the holding time (about 5 to 20 minutes) or reset all the pixels to the spray twist alignment state by applying heat above the liquid crystal phase transition temperature to the liquid crystal display element. Can do. Thereafter, it becomes possible to rewrite sequentially.
Further, when it is desired to positively return from the reverse twist alignment state to the spray twist alignment state, it is effective to form an electrode to which a lateral electric field is applied. For example, when line-shaped electrodes whose positions are shifted in plan are arranged on the upper substrate side and the lower substrate side, an oblique electric field can be applied to the liquid crystal layer by applying a voltage between the electrodes. Even with this simple electrode arrangement, it is possible to transition from the spray twist orientation to the reverse twist orientation by decreasing the voltage with an inclination (or stepwise), and by reducing the voltage sharply (in a pulse shape). The present inventors have confirmed through experiments that the reverse twist orientation can be positively returned to the spray twist orientation.
As another example of the configuration and the manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display element having the electrode to which the lateral electric field is applied, the description in paragraphs [0055] to [0088] in the specification of Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-071497 by the same inventor as the present application. refer. For the driving method, refer to the description in paragraphs [0089] to [0105] of the application.
As described above, according to the embodiment of the present invention, a bistable display in a white display state and a black display state with high contrast can be easily realized. At the same time, it has relatively good visual characteristics like a general TN-LCD. In addition, when viewing angle compensation is performed, an inexpensive optical compensation film can be used like a general TN-LCD.
Further, according to the embodiment of the present invention, no power is required except when the display is rewritten, so that ultra-low power consumption driving is possible. In particular, when applied to a reflective display, it is considered that the advantage of driving with ultra-low power consumption is great. In addition, when the holding time is short, it is necessary to apply a voltage periodically, but in the present embodiment, it is only necessary to apply a voltage once every few minutes (5 to 20 minutes), whereas it was necessary at any time in the past. Therefore, power consumption can be dramatically reduced.
In addition, since a driving method (line sequential rewriting method or the like) using a memory property can be applied, a large-capacity dot matrix display can be performed by a simple matrix display without using an expensive TFT or the like.
The manufacturing process according to the above-described embodiment is basically the same as the manufacturing process of a general TN-LCD. The difference is that the alignment film material is different for the upper and lower substrates, the rubbing conditions (control of the push-in amount), and the firing conditions for the alignment films are different for the upper and lower substrates (however, The set temperature condition is within a range used in a general TN-LCD manufacturing process). Accordingly, there are few factors that increase the cost in the manufacturing process, and it is possible to manufacture at a low cost as in the case of a general TN-LCD.
As mentioned above, although this invention was demonstrated along the Example, this invention is not limited to these.
For example, in the embodiments, the polarizing plates are arranged in crossed Nicols to obtain a normally white display liquid crystal display element, but the polarizing plates may be arranged in parallel Nicols to form a normally black display liquid crystal display element. However, it would be easier to achieve a display with a high contrast ratio if it is normally white. In the case of normally white display, in order to obtain good black display, the angle formed by the transmission axis directions of the upper and lower polarizing plates 11 and 21 is preferably about 90 °.
In the embodiment, since the upper and lower polarizing plates 11 and 21 are of a type having a relatively low light transmittance, for example, as shown in FIG. 5, the light transmittance of white display (spray twist arrangement state) is 20%. However, if a type having a relatively high light transmittance is used, the light transmittance of white display can be set to about 30% to 35%, for example.
In the embodiment, the twist angle is 90 °, but other angles may be used. In that case, it is necessary to adjust the retardation value in the liquid crystal layer in order to increase the brightness in white display.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other various modifications, improvements, combinations, and the like are possible.
It can be used for all liquid crystal display elements, for example, all liquid crystal display elements that perform simple matrix driving. Further, it can be used for a liquid crystal display element that requires low power consumption, wide viewing angle characteristics, low price, and the like.
From the point of having memory properties, it can be preferably applied to reflective, transmissive, and projection displays, such as the display surface of information equipment (personal computer, portable information terminal, etc.) that does not require frequent rewriting, for example, with low power consumption. is there. Further, it can be used for information display surfaces of magnetically recorded or electrically recorded cards, toys for children, electronic paper, and the like.
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Upper substrate 2 Lower substrate 3 Liquid crystal layer 11 Upper polarizing plate 12 Upper transparent substrate 13 Upper ITO electrode 14 Upper alignment film 21 Lower polarizing plate 22 Lower transparent substrate 23 Lower ITO electrode 24 Lower alignment film 20 Drive power supply
A first substrate comprising: a first electrode; and a first alignment film that has been subjected to an alignment treatment so as to express a pretilt angle of 40 ° to 65 °;
A second substrate that is disposed in parallel with the first substrate, and includes a second electrode and a second alignment film that is aligned so that a pretilt angle of 1 ° or more and 15 ° or less appears. ,
A liquid crystal layer that is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, includes a chiral agent, and has a twist alignment;
In the case where the liquid crystal layer does not contain the chiral agent, when the turning direction in which the liquid crystal molecules are twisted is the first turning direction, the chiral agent is in the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer opposite to the first turning direction. Giving the ability to turn in the second turning direction,
A liquid crystal display element capable of generating an electric field in the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer by applying a voltage to the liquid crystal layer between the first electrode and the second electrode.
The amount of the chiral agent added to the liquid crystal layer is adjusted so that d / p is 0.125 or more and 0.5 or less when the chiral pitch is p and the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is d. The liquid crystal display element according to claim 1.
A first substrate comprising a first electrode and a first alignment film that has been subjected to an alignment treatment so as to develop a pretilt angle of 40 ° or more and 65 ° or less, and is disposed opposite to and parallel to the first substrate. , A second substrate comprising a second electrode and a second alignment film that has been subjected to an alignment treatment so that a pretilt angle of 1 ° or more and 15 ° or less is developed, the first substrate, and the second substrate A liquid crystal layer that is disposed between the substrate and includes a chiral agent and twist-aligns the liquid crystal layer, and when the liquid crystal layer does not include the chiral agent, a swirl direction in which liquid crystal molecules are twisted is defined as a first swirl direction. In this case, the chiral agent gives the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer a turning property in a second turning direction opposite to the first turning direction, and the liquid crystal layer has the first electrode and the second electrode. An electric field in the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer is generated by applying a voltage to the electrodes of A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device is possible bets are
The first alignment film is formed of a polyimide alignment film material having a low side chain density, and is baked at 180 ° C. and then rubbed with an indentation amount of 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm. Production method.
The liquid crystal layer is formed by adding the chiral agent so that d / p is 0.125 or more and 0.5 or less, where p is the chiral pitch of the chiral agent and d is the thickness of the liquid crystal layer. The manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display element of Claim 3 to do.
A first substrate comprising a first electrode and a first alignment film that has been subjected to an alignment treatment so as to develop a pretilt angle of 40 ° or more and 65 ° or less, and is disposed opposite to and parallel to the first substrate. , A second substrate comprising a second electrode and a second alignment film that has been subjected to an alignment treatment so that a pretilt angle of 1 ° or more and 15 ° or less is developed, the first substrate, and the second substrate A liquid crystal layer that is disposed between the substrate and includes a chiral agent and twist-aligns the liquid crystal layer, and when the liquid crystal layer does not include the chiral agent, a swirl direction in which liquid crystal molecules are twisted is defined as a first swirl direction. In this case, the chiral agent gives the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer a turning property in a second turning direction opposite to the first turning direction, and the liquid crystal layer has the first electrode and the second electrode. An electric field in the thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer is generated by applying a voltage to the electrodes of The method of driving a liquid crystal display device is possible bets are
The liquid crystal display element performs dot matrix display,
A method for driving a liquid crystal display element, in which switching from white display to black display is performed for each line by line-sequential driving using memory.
JP2010133596A 2010-06-11 2010-06-11 Liquid crystal display element, liquid crystal display element manufacturing method, and driving method Active JP5452381B2 (en)
JP2010133596A JP5452381B2 (en) 2010-06-11 2010-06-11 Liquid crystal display element, liquid crystal display element manufacturing method, and driving method
TW099138665A TWI516845B (en) 2009-11-17 2010-11-10 A liquid crystal element, and a liquid crystal display device
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JP2010133596A Active JP5452381B2 (en) 2010-06-11 2010-06-11 Liquid crystal display element, liquid crystal display element manufacturing method, and driving method
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GREAT LIVES #232. This Week: Mama June Boo Boo
Mama June Boo Boo was born in Barnsley in Yorkshire at a very young age.
She weighed just six ounces at birth, but quickly piled on the pounds, tipping the scales at an astonishing thirty-seven stone four pounds just hours later after eating sixteen Krispy Kreme donuts washed down with twelve pints of heavy in the hospital canteen.
She recounts that her early years in Yorkshire were the happiest days of her life and that she often earned in excess of fifteen pounds a week as a coalminer and part-time county executioner.
In 1980, Mama met and married a slave boss from Montgomery Alabama who was on holiday in nearby Skegness.
She subsequently moved to the USA where she gave birth to eighteen illiterate children in six months, including her world famous daughter, Honey Boo Boo, who became a deep-sea trawler skipper and governor of the state pen at the age of three.
In 2004, Mama had ballooned to a colossal ninety-five stone but shed the pounds rapidly after being almost fatally harpooned while on holiday in Tampa
She now tips the scales at a healthy eighty-five stone and thirteen pounds and was recently voted Poorly-Educated Slimmer Of The Month by the Manchester Guardian.
She is currently much sought after as a model and after dinner speaker with a fanbase right across the world, including defeated US President Donald Trump, who once tweeted that she was, 'a fine-looking woman who has been a bigly influence on my life. So fine, so fine. Tremendous'
She has now retired from public life and lives quietly on an urban farm in Mudchute in East London, where she can often be seen giving children rides on her back in the school holidays and engaging in late-night heavy petting sessions with local shopkeepers of both sexes.
From our showbiz and inbreeding correspondent
We are a small, but perfectly formed band of satirists and smudge artists. We neither drink nor smoke. Nor indeed, do we use profanity or indulge in the sinful pleasures of the flesh. Now if you'll excuse me I need to get down the pub before closing time for a few pints and half an ounce of Golden Virginia. Hopefully, I'll have enough cash left to visit the local rub 'n' tug shop later for a massage and a rattling good bunk up with a painted floozie. All The Best. Danny SoZ. Editor-in-chief
food and drink, funny, humour, showbiz
barnsley, Danny Soz, showbiz, The Whitechapel Whelk
17 thoughts on "GREAT LIVES #232. This Week: Mama June Boo Boo"
I'm taking the kids to Mudchute Farm in the new year. It's on the Docklands Light Railway route. I'm hoping to see Mama June and pet her.
We all are, mate.
Reblogged this on SOZ SATIRE.
masercot
Without people like her, people like you would have nothing to do…
Yes, but we'd be able to concentrate on our string of rub 'n' tug bars in Thrawl Street
I absolutely count on these reports to keep up my spirits. I definitely have an inquiring mind.
We do too. Mainly about how come, in a country with so many guns, nobody's blown Trumps head off yet.
Nasty thought even for you.
'Nasty'? I prefer 'delicious' 😀
Works too.
Are you a Trump supporter, John?. We are here at The Whelk. We think that he will get a second term and will renew his efforts to make America great again. The election was clearly rigged and we can only hope that justice will prevail and that President Trump will once again take up his rightful place in the Oval Office
Sorry no, but not a Biden supporter either. I'm still in mourning since The Arnold decided not to run. Good luck with your Proud Boy stance.
I'm proud to be a Proud Boy, John. We all are. We won't rest until President Trump is declared the rightful winner and the Confederate flag can once again be flown with pride atop our homes.
Arnie is a proud Republican but too much of a socialist for our taste. He needs to learn that white is right!
Touch Of Cinnamon
If I'd have had to work for that fat orange **** it would have been like a game of Cluedo in the Whitehouse! 😀
Reported and blocked for un-American rhetoric. President Trump is a great man and when the historians recall his tenure in office they will do so with tears in their eyes.
The contributors to this thread are a mite too uppity in my view. As a Grand Wizard of the Whitechapel & Aldgate KKK I demand that you tone down the uppityness or me and the boys will hang you all from the nearest willow tree.
That is all at this time.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This compact, portable official Samsung adapter allows you to charge and sync your USB-C smartphone using a standard Micro USB cable. This is an identical adapter that you get in a Samsung Galaxy S8 Plus box. Comes in an individual retail packaging.
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Convert your existing Micro USB cables and connectors to USB-C (USB Type-C) with the Samsung Micro USB to USB-C Adapter. Ensure your collection of Micro USB cables are compatible with the latest USB-C devices, including the Samsung Galaxy S8 Plus.
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Oxford english hindi dictionary pdf files that you can download free of. English Hindi Dictionary is a good The word Urdu.English Hindi Dictionary is a kind... Fast downloads of the latest free 2,00,000 word database. Switch between Hindi to English & English yet for version 2.0 of Sheels Hindi to English Dictionary.
Fast downloads of the latest free 2,00,000 word database. Switch between Hindi to English & English yet for version 2.0 of Sheels Hindi to English Dictionary.
Definition of download Definition of download in English: 'The offer also includes a free modem, free connection and no download restrictions.


text:
July 17, 2020 by austinshinn
Review: Preacher Book 1 by Garth Ennis and Steve Dillon
So… Time to stare down Garth Ennis.
This is not something I do lightly. Ennis is a revered legend. And I'm not saying he's a cult figure. No, his works are deeply admired. And some of them deserve it. His Punisher run is brilliant. I won't dispute that. Born especially is a powerful, profound work about a dark soul with no chance of hope.
But his other works? They're so staggeringly awful I feel like I'm being lied to by the comic audience. The Boys is a rancid piece of stool that uses all its grotesquery for an attack on superheroes of all things. The lesser known Where Monsters Dwell is profoundly homophobic. Then there's this.
Preacher Book 1, comprising issues 1-12, is a deeply frustrating book. It's equal parts extremely strong ideas that deserve fleshing out and the kind of edgelord bullshit that jackass wouldn't stoop to. Ennis is utterly incapable of staying out of his own way and it's astonishing to see. He sits right on the edge of a really great work and destroys it.
The premise is a good one. Jesse Custer, a preacher without faith, becomes possessed by Genesis, a demon/angel hybrid who gives him The Word of God, the power to control people. With his ex-girlfriend and a vampire, he sets out to find God himself who it turns out has been absent since Genesis was born. Oh and there's a group of angels who've sent an immortal killer to get Genesis back.
That? That is a hell of a concept for a book. Sure there's a fatal flaw in the premise but that is a great idea. Christian mythology is a rich vein to tap. Neil Gaiman dabbles in it often in his art as did John Milton and even the legendarily devout CS Lewis. The concept of a man on a quest to make God answer for his absence is a great one. Credit due: this is on Ennis who crafted a genius hook.
And I like most of the characters. I like the kind of a hitwoman Tulip. I love Cassidy, the vampire who would've obviously been stolen for Spike were this not contemporaneous with Buffy. I love the angels. I could in theory go with Jesse.
So why does he do everything he does in this book?
OK, I'm going to start with the plot issues. First, the fatal flaw. Jesse has lost his faith. OK, that could be interesting. Except we learn fast in this book he never had it. He was abused by his grandmother into joining the ministry. You have to start with your character in a place other than where they have to end up. This is a nihilistic book. We know Jesse won't believe in God at the end even if he knows he exists, if you catch my drift. There is no arc here.
He also doesn't immediately get to the plot. As soon as the book starts we have a weird side trip into a serial killer story that adds nothing. Why? It suggests he didn't pace this well. This book ran roughly as long as Y: The Last Man and that began as and stayed a sprint.
And then there's the profanity. Look, I worship George Carlin, who shares this book's hatred of religion and love of swearing. Carlin was a titan. But Garth Ennis? You're not George Carlin. Good lord, he crams every single f-bomb he can into every sentence. And there's no power to it. Look at how Edgar Wright and Kevin Smith both fire them off incessantly but each one is a punch. Here it's just a droning slog and it looks sad.
He's also got the most stereotyped view of everything. I'll let him have Cassidy's constant speech like the Lucky Charms mascot with coprolalia because he is in fact Irish himself. But the view of the south? This is a major work and it's no less comical than the Family Guy episode set here. It's sad.
But y'all came for the shock value. Like the guy who has sex with a chicken. The kid with one eye whose parents were siblings and he plans on marrying his sister. The homophobic cop who wears a gimp suit and gets beat up because he's gay. A drop of the good old N-word! Gross naked old people. The constant gore with no purpose.
None of this is funny. In fact you might recognize every single joke up there from juvenile comedies. This is a book by a little boy trying to shock you. And it's not good. It's sad honestly. It feels like someone who knows that this stuff can work but not the right dosage.
Steve Dillon's art is as usual great. Given that Ennis was literally his best man at his wedding I can't fault the collaboration. They were a hell of a team.
I'm frustrated by this book. The makings of a good book are here but not the actual book. However, this is the first in a series. So after I review Firefly and Serenity–I can already assure y'all I love those WAY more–I'm coming back. And I'm gonna see this series through to the end.
It's gonna be a journey.
Previous Review: Secret Empire by Nick Spencer
Next The Perfection of the Lost Cause of Firefly


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When you're looking to change out your rest room vainness, attempt to discover a dresser at an auction or flea market that has good bones" and high it with piece of marble to create a novel vainness – this could cost a lot lower than some ready-made vanities if you discover a piece of furniture at an ideal value. After I turned on the new tap within the bathe? What do you suppose? That is right, the hot faucet gave cold water and the chilly tape gave… You guessed it: Sizzling water. Polished stones may also be utilized in splashback areas. Tiles with shell themes can be found, but why not use actual shells as a substitute!


SmallWorld is a public domain Smalltalk interpreter written entirely in Java. It is based on the Little Smalltalk system, which was the first Smalltalk interpreter written outside of Xerox Parc, back in 1984. (Which means I've been working on this program for over twenty years!).
The source directory. You should grab the tar file and unbundle it, then compile the java files. Or you can just grab the class files. Or you can just grab the jar file and the initial image.
If you have Java Web Start, you can launch the Small World Application directly from this web page. (that is, it should work, when I succeed in getting our support people to install JWS. Until then, no luck).
The driver for Small World is both an application and an applet. If your browser supports swing applets you can run Small World directly from your browser. Just click the class browser button in the window below and you are on your way. There are drawbacks - while you can create and execute Small World programs, you won't be able to save them :-) To really create new programs you will have to download the system.
Sorry, your browser doesn't appear to support applets.


text:
Le district de Guangling (广陵区 ; pinyin : Guǎnglíng Qū) est une subdivision administrative de la province du Jiangsu en Chine. Il est placé sous la juridiction de la ville-préfecture de Yangzhou.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

  Site gouvernemental

Guangling
Yangzhou

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
The Perfect Life
By: Jim O'Brien
A man once came to Jesus in a respectful and even worshipful attitude to ask what good thing he could do to inherit eternal life.
He had great wealth so he may have expected advice on starting a philanthropic project. The Bible says he was a ruler so he was probably gifted with wisdom and therefore possessed confidence that his talent could be used to start a life changing project, build a cathedral, or leave a legacy that would continue beyond his life on earth.
We know he was a righteous man because he had disciplined himself to keep the law from the time he was a child. Then an amazing thing happened-scripture says that Jesus looked at him and loved him. (Mark 10:21) We're left with the impression that it was not the habit of Jesus to look for evil in men but rather, the judge of all mankind, could be moved by the virtue of a rich young man.
There was a degree of humility in him because he was modest enough to seek advice from Jesus. Because he asked, Jesus looked at him and responded, "One thing you lack: Go your way, sell whatever you have and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, take up the cross, and follow Me."
And then one of the saddest things ever recorded in the Bible happened. The young man walked away from Jesus. He was standing face to face with the Messiah and God offered him one of the greatest rewards any human has ever been offered-and he turned it down because he could not give up his wealth.
Even the disciples wanted to know, "who then can be saved?" (Matthew 19:25).
By the standards of man, he had lived a perfect life. He was born to a wealthy family, lived a moral life, worked hard, earned respect from his peers, achieved success and now he was standing before Jesus. By all measurement he was head and shoulders above the disciples. They were unlearned fishermen, a tax collector, itinerant carpenters, scruffy around the collar while this man seemed flawless.
This incident came to mind once when Donna and I visited the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island in Michigan. There is an herb garden next to the hotel dedicated to the deceased former owner; a poem had been found among his belongings and was engraved on a brass plaque at the end of the garden. I don't normally wander through herb gardens and I'm not necessarily impressed by poems on brass plaques. So I was surprised that this one caught my attention enough to make a lasting impression.
Part of the poem read, "Life doesn't have to be perfect to be precious." The irony was that I was standing next to one of the finest hotels in the world where everything SEEMED perfect. Yet the owner of the hotel had written a poem testifying to the wonder of life when it isn't perfect.
Maybe that's what Jesus was driving at. He chose men who were willing to give up everything, even though their "everything" amounted to far less than the rich young ruler. Like the widow who gave two mites, it was all she had.
Most of the time life isn't perfect on the outside. That isn't a requirement for it to be precious.
Jim O'Brien
Pastor, Church of God Cincinnati
You can contact Jim O'Brien by:
Email: jimobri@gmail.com
www.cogcincinnati.org
Return to ICOG Newsletter Page


Which volume of our Bach series' Pedagogical Works should you buy?
Many customers have asked about the difference between our Bach series' The Complete Organ Works, Pedagogical Works, Volume 1A (WL500020) and Volume 1B (WL500021).
If you are a teacher, student, or don't have a good historical edition of these works, you will probably find Volume 1B more useful. Among its features are (1) harmonizations of all the chorales based on period figured bass settings, (2) text translations, and (3) historic ornament tables and (4) the three ornamented chorales with a fourth staff showing only the chorale notes. If you are more interested in the history/musicology of the works or already have an edition with the four items listed above, Volume 1A has (1) nine Orgel-Büchlein variants, (2) C.P.E. Bach's arrangement of "Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ," and (3) the chart of Bach's planned Orgel-Büchlein album.
Don't forget that both 1A and 1B include the Eight Short Preludes and Fugues, Pedal Exercitium, and the Orgel-Büchlein. Both have an extensive forward and are edited by George Stauffer.


Siwenna is a planet prominent in Foundation and Foundation and Empire.
It was capital of the Normannic Sector of the Galactic Empire, and once one of its richest planets. Shortly after 100 F.E., Wiscard, the viceroy of Siwenna, rebelled. Most of the subjects remained loyal to the Empire, and overthrew Wiscard, led by Patrician Onum Barr. The Imperial Admiral dispatched to Siwenna was angered at this, because it robbed him of his glory. So, he put most of the population of Siwenna under the atom blast, charging them with the crime of rebelling against an Imperial viceroy (Wiscard). Much of its population was killed, and Barr himself lost five sons and a daughter; only his sixth son, Ducem Barr, survived.
Because of the rampant destruction on Siwenna, the Admiral set himself up as viceroy, but moved the capital of the Normannic Sector to Orsha II. Between this time and its conquest by Bel Riose in 200 F.E., Siwenna rebelled five times, eventually becoming independent. When the campaign led by Riose against the Foundation ended, the Siwenna province transferred to the Foundation, the first Imperial province to pass directly from the Empire to the Foundation.
After the beginning of the Foundation Era, Siwenna began to run downhill. 'The physical resources of twenty-five first rank planets take a long time to use up. Compared to the wealth of the last century, though, we have gone a long way downhill—and there is no sign of turning, not yet,' –Onum Barr, to Hober Mallow, 150 F.E. About 50 years before, Stanel VI died, ending a reign under which Siwenna came close to achieving its ancient prosperity.
Consistent with the Roman Empire-Galactic Empire parallelism of the Foundation trilogy, the planet's name may be intended to evoke Ravenna, the city which was the seat of Byzantine hegemony in Italy in the 5th century B.C.


I don't really a strong interest in actual ghost stories, but you may notice that two of my published pieces have the word "ghost" in their titles, another is ostensibly about a haunted yard, and another is about a guy who thinks he is a ghost. This is because these were all elements of the stalled-out novel that I've been trying to write for over a decade, wherein it was a plot point that the narrator comes into contact with a bunch of "ghost stories" that don't have any actual ghosts in them (spoiler alert). When it became clear that this novel was going nowhere, I broke out all of the these "ghost" bits that could stand on their own, rewrote them as short stories, and started submitting them separately.


text:
Futuristic designers want to create a 'Cosmic Messenger' for communication with aliens
Cosmic Messenger, a futuristic concept designed by Lera Moiseeva. (Images via Lera Moiseeva)
CommunicationsConsumer
By Editorial Team Last updated Dec 13, 2017
We may not even be sure that there is existing life on other planets, but Russian designers Luca Nichetto and Lera Moiseeva have created a conceptual Cosmic Messenger that would allow Earthlings to send messages into space.
Moiseeva's idea was inspired by her family of space engineers, where she gained a great interest in the solar system and cosmos.
The Cosmic Messenger would act as a form of communication to space in which an audio message could be recorded and sent beyond the Earth.
Moiseeva wants you to think of the concept as a modern-day "message in a bottle." Instead of throwing your bottle into the ocean, the recorded message would shoot out into infinity.
The Cosmic Messenger device would come equipped with speakers that play back the audio message that a person wants to be sent. The bottle's entire voyage would be recorded by a 360 degree camera that would send video signals to Earth so that the user feels like they are actually travelling to space along with the bottle.
Seems far out? Don't underestimate the power of technology!
This guy resorts to crowdfunding to get his crashed Ferrari 458 Speciale fixed
First TI brushed DC gate driver with adjustable current drive capability for scalable designs
The U.S. Department of Justice Sues Google
Soft Robots for Agility


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text:
Q: In React 18, is useEffect's function guaranteed to run AFTER a Suspense promise completes? I have a simple master-detail scenario where on the left side, I load a list of cities using useSwr with a REST service, then on the right side I have a city detail windows that also uses useSwr to load a single city (either from clicked on left, or first load).
In the code below, I'm calling the useEffect function, and then using the data retrieved from useSwr in a state setting call (setSelectedCityId).
This works, and there has always been data associated with the cities array, but I'm wondering if it is guaranteed that useEffect's function will run AFTER the Suspense promise is completed (like it seems to be).
Here is my simple code:
import { Suspense, useEffect, useState, useTransition } from "react";
import useSwr from "swr";

const fetcher = (...args) => fetch(...args).then((res) => res.json());

function CityDetailFallback() {
  return
Loading (CityDetail)
;
}

function CityDetail({ selectedCityId }) {

  function CityDetailUI({ selectedCityId }) {
    const { data: city } = useSwr(
      selectedCityId
        ? `http://localhost:3000/api/city/${selectedCityId}`
        : null,
      fetcher,
      {
        suspense: true,
      }
    );

    if (!city) {
      return
loading city...

    }

    return (

{JSON.stringify(city)}

    );
  }

  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<CityDetailFallback />}>
      <CityDetailUI selectedCityId={selectedCityId}></CityDetailUI>
    </Suspense>
  );
}

function CityList({
  setSelectedCityId
}) {
  //
  const { data: cities } = useSwr("http://localhost:3000/api/city", fetcher, {
    suspense: true,
  });

  useEffect(() => {
    setSelectedCityId(cities[0].id);
  }, []);

  return (

      {cities.map((city) => {
        return (

            <button
              onClick={(e) => {
                setSelectedCityId(city.id);
              }}
            >
              {city.city}
            </button>

        );
      })}

  );
}

export default function App() {
  const [selectedCityId, setSelectedCityId] = useState();

  return (

      Site Root

      <Suspense fallback={
Loading...
}>

            CITY LIST

            <CityList
              setSelectedCityId={setSelectedCityId}
              selectedCityId={selectedCityId}
            />

              CITY DETAIL (TOP ROW SELECTED AUTOMATICALLY)

              <CityDetail selectedCityId={selectedCityId} />

      </Suspense>

  );
}

Note: I can't create a code sandbox because of a current bug in useSwr around suspense.  https://github.com/vercel/swr/issues/1906  I'm testing currently with Create React App and using a dummy api endpoint for the REST calls.  sorry :(

A: Yes, in React 18 useEffect always runs when the tree is consistent. So effects fire only after the tree is ready and not suspended.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: seeking combinations (strstr) of letters in external file I have a task to make smth like t9 like it was in old phones (number can also mean some combination of letters). For example, if user run it this way ./t9search 23 < list.txt, program should return numbers which has this combination of digits or letters that corresponds to them (in this case a,b,c and d,e,f). It's also forbidden to work with dynamic memory(malloc, free) and functions with algorithms (qsort, lsearch etc). Format of information in file is "name\n number\n name\n number\n...".
The loop doesn't work correctly but I can't find a mistake. The program should return {Name}, {number}but it return only numbers.
The code is:
`
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define FULFILLED 1
#define NOT_FULFILLED 0

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    char line[99];
    int line_no = -1;
    int size = strlen(argv[1]);
    char letters[size][5];
    int total_combinations = 1;
    char combinations[total_combinations][size + 1];
    int current_combination[size];
    int check_name = NOT_FULFILLED;
    char name[99];

    for(int i = 0; argv[1][i]; i++)
    {
        switch(argv[1][i])              //cases according to input
        {
            case '0':
                strcpy(letters[i], "+");
                break;
            case '2':
                strcpy(letters[i], "abc");
                break;
            case '3':
                strcpy(letters[i], "def");
                break;
            case '4':
                strcpy(letters[i], "ghi");
                break;
            case '5':
                strcpy(letters[i], "jkl");
                break;
            case '6':
                strcpy(letters[i], "mno");
                break;
            case '7':
                strcpy(letters[i], "pqrs");
                break;
            case '8':
                strcpy(letters[i], "tuv");
                break;
            case '9':
                strcpy(letters[i], "wxyz");
                break;
        }
        total_combinations *= strlen(letters[i]);   //number of combinations of letters from array elements
    }
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
    {
        current_combination[i] = 0;
    }
        int k = 0;

    while (k < total_combinations)
    {
        for (int set_idx = 0; set_idx < size; set_idx++)
        {
            int letter_idx = current_combination[set_idx];
            combinations[k][set_idx] = letters[set_idx][letter_idx];
        }
        combinations[k][size] = '\0';
            for(int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--)
        {
            current_combination[i]++;
            if (current_combination[i] == strlen(letters[i]))
            {
                current_combination[i] = 0;
            }
            else
            {
                break;
            }
        }
        k++;
        }

    printf("%c\n", sizeof(combinations)/sizeof(combinations[0]));
    while(fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin))
    {
        line_no++;
        if (line_no % 2 == 0) //even lines (names)
        {
            name[99] = line; //variable to use name with number
            for (int i = 0; i < total_combinations; i++) //for each combination from array with combinations
            {
                if (strstr(line, combinations[i])) //if combination is a substring of a string
                {
                    check_name = FULFILLED;
                }
            }
        }

        else if (line_no % 2 == 1) //odd lines (numbers)
        {
            if (check_name == FULFILLED || strstr(line, argv[1])) // if there's name that corresponds with input OR input is a substring of a string
            {
                printf("%s, %s", name, line);
                check_name = NOT_FULFILLED;
            }
        }
    }
}

`
I've tried to change the way of checking names:
        if (line_no % 2 == 0)
        {
            for (int j = 0; j <= strlen(letters); j++)
            {
                char let = getchar();

                for (int i = 0; i < strlen(line); i++)
                {
                    if (letters[j] == line[i])
                    {
                        check_name = FULFILLED;
                        continue;
                    }
                    else if (letters[j] != line [i])
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                }

            }
        }

Sure I didn't reach success. So I'd be extremely grateful for any help.

A: Arrays do not resize reflectively when the variables used to create them change. They are sized permanently at the time of their initialization. The following
int total_combinations = 1;
char combinations[total_combinations][size + 1];
/* ... */
total_combinations *= strlen(letters[i]);

does not cause combinations to grow as total_combinations does. Move the definition of combinations to after total_combinations has been fully computed.
The following attempts to assign a char * to a char, and also indexes name out of bounds.
name[99] = line;

As done previously, use strcpy to copy strings.
Note that, if found and if there is room in the buffer, fgets stores the newline character in the buffer, so
printf("%s, %s", name, line);

will very likely print staggered output, like
Alice
, 5551234567

A cursory refactoring:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

char *remove_newline(char *string)
{
    if (string)
        string[strcspn(string, "\n")] = '\0';

    return string;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    if (argc < 2) {
        fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s t9_sequence\n", argv[0]);
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    int size = strlen(argv[1]);
    char letters[size][5];
    int total_combinations = 1;
    int current_combination[size];

    for (int i = 0; argv[1][i]; i++) {
        switch (argv[1][i]) {
            default:
                fprintf(stderr, "Invalid input: \"%c\"\n", argv[1][i]);
                return EXIT_FAILURE;
            case '0':
                strcpy(letters[i], "+");
                break;
            case '2':
                strcpy(letters[i], "abc");
                break;
            case '3':
                strcpy(letters[i], "def");
                break;
            case '4':
                strcpy(letters[i], "ghi");
                break;
            case '5':
                strcpy(letters[i], "jkl");
                break;
            case '6':
                strcpy(letters[i], "mno");
                break;
            case '7':
                strcpy(letters[i], "pqrs");
                break;
            case '8':
                strcpy(letters[i], "tuv");
                break;
            case '9':
                strcpy(letters[i], "wxyz");
                break;
        }

        total_combinations *= strlen(letters[i]);
    }

    memset(current_combination, 0, sizeof current_combination);

    char combinations[total_combinations][size + 1];

    for (int k = 0; k < total_combinations; k++) {
        for (int set_idx = 0; set_idx < size; set_idx++) {
            int letter_idx = current_combination[set_idx];
            combinations[k][set_idx] = letters[set_idx][letter_idx];
        }

        combinations[k][size] = '\0';

        for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            current_combination[i]++;

            if (current_combination[i] != strlen(letters[i]))
                break;

            current_combination[i] = 0;
        }
    }

    char name[128];
    char number[128];

    while (1) {
        if (!fgets(name, sizeof name, stdin))
            break;

        if (!fgets(number, sizeof number, stdin))
            break;

        int found = 0;

        for (int i = 0; i < total_combinations; i++) {
            if (strstr(name, combinations[i])) {
                found = 1;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (found || strstr(number, argv[1]))
            printf("%s, %s\n", remove_newline(name), remove_newline(number));
    }
}


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text:
PlayStation 3Xbox 360
Vanille Returns With A Funky Costume In Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII
By Ishaan October 2, 2013
Another Final Fantasy XIII character is confirmed to be returning in Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII. Oerba Dia Vanille will be making her return in the game, a page from Japan's Weekly Jump magazine confirms.
Vanille turned into a Crystal along with Fang, but awakened a few years prior. She's at "The Order" in Luxerion, can hear the voices of the dead, and wishes to put them to rest.
Monster Hunter Frontier Gets Proper Farewell With Thanks To All Players
By Alistair Wong December 31, 2019 0
Final Fantasy XIII Celebrates Its 10th Anniversary Today
By Sato December 17, 2019 0


AUC holds institutional accreditation from the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools in the United States (MSCHE). Institutional accreditation status is granted by MSCHE for a period of ten years, with a mid-way periodic review. AUC's most recent reaccreditation was granted by the commission of MSCHE on June 26, 2008. The accreditation status was reaffirmed subsequent to AUC's institutional self-study, a visit by a team of peers from Middle States and consideration by the board of MSCHE. AUC is up for institutional re-accreditation by MSCHE. AUC's institutional self-study report was submitted to the commission in the fall of 2017 and the visit of the MSCHE team took place in March 2018. In Egypt, AUC operates within the framework of the 1975 Protocol with the Egyptian government, which in turn is based on the 1962 Cultural Relations Agreement between the Egyptian and the U.S. governments. In the United States, AUC is licensed to grant degrees and is incorporated in the state of Delaware.
In April 2011, AUC became the first university in Egypt to be accredited at the institutional level by the National Authority for Quality Assurance and Accreditation of Education (NAQAAE), a government body formed in 2007 with the purpose of establishing quality standards for Egypt's educational institutions. While AUC is to undergo the process of reaffirming its NAQAAE accreditation, AUC was requested by NAQAAE to wait until the release of its new accreditation standards which will be applied to all Higher Education institutions in Egypt including AUC. For the past months, NAQAAE has been conducting an extensive and substantial review of its standards and the last communication that AUC received from NAQAAE was a survey soliciting feedback on possible standards. Once NAQAAE puts its new standards into effect, AUC's already formed accreditation steering committee will initiate the process towards reaffirmation of its accreditation.
The current Petroleum Engineering program received the Supreme Council of Universities reaccreditation in 2016 and the accreditation is valid until the end of the academic year 2020/2021.