text:
THE UK'S LEADING SHOOTING SPORTS DISTRIBUTOR
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RRP from £3,450
The pursuit of perfection is a never ending journey and Beretta engineers are constantly striving to push these limits. They have now taken a step nearer to absolute perfection with the spectacular, NEW 694.
The 694 heralds a new dawn; packed with features to improve your shooting performance as well as a stylish and totally, distinctive new action shape. The stock and forend wood have been completely re-designed to give better feel and improve all the contact points between gun and shooter. The stock now blends seamlessly into the shoulder of the action to improve peripheral vision. The new all steel forend mechanism maintains a smoother constant opening pressure and provides increased longevity. Beretta innovations, such as Stellium Plus barrels and the B-Fast balance system, remain as a standard part of this comprehensive package.
Weight From 3.5 kg
Barrel Finish Polished Steelium OBHP barrels
Trigger Three-position adjustable trigger
Rib 10x10 (trap) 10x8 (sporting)
12ga.
L/H Avail.
51880	 694 SPORT	 32	 OC.HPE	 3"	 3.5 kg £3800.00
51879	 694 SPORT ADJUSTABLE STOCK	 30	 OC.HPE	 3"	 3.5 kg £4100.00
51892	 694 TRAP	 30	 **/* - IM/F	 2.3/4"	 3.7 kg £3450.00
51902	 694 TRAP	 30	 O/C.HP	 2.3/4"	 3.7 kg £3800.00
51903	 694 TRAP ADJUSTABLE	 30	 O/C.HP	 2.3/4"	 3.7 kg £4150.00
51895	 694 TRAP ADJUSTABLE STOCK	 32	 **/* - IM/F	 2.3/4"	 3.7 kg £3800.00
To obtain price information for this product please enquire with your local dealer, as we are unable to provide a retail price
To enquiry about beretta 694 please call the number above or complete this enquiry form:
PLEASE NOTE: GMK is a UK importer/distributer and are unable to sell directly to you, but we are happy to help with product information. To find your local RFD, please click here or use the "where to buy" information on this page.
* - Denotes required field
Enquiry*:
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GMK Ltd,	Bear House, Concorde Way, Fareham, Hampshire, PO15 5RL
GMK Privacy Policy
Protection of your personal data is of a particularly high priority for GMK Ltd/Beretta. The use of the Internet pages of GMK Ltd/Beretta is possible without any indication of personal data; however, if a data subject wants to use certain services via our website, processing of personal data could become necessary. If the processing of personal data is necessary and there is no statutory basis for such processing, we generally obtain consent from the data subject.
The processing of personal data, such as the name, address, e-mail address, or telephone number of a data subject shall always be in line with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and in accordance with the country-specific data protection regulations applicable to GMK. By means of this data protection declaration, our company would like to inform the general public of the nature, scope, and purpose of the personal data we collect, use and process. Furthermore, data subjects are informed, by means of this data protection declaration, of the rights to which they are entitled.
As the controller, GMK Ltd/Beretta has implemented numerous technical and organizational measures to ensure the most complete protection of personal data processed through this website. However, Internet-based data transmissions may in principle have security gaps, so absolute protection may not be guaranteed. For this reason, every data subject is free to transfer personal data to us via alternative means, e.g. by telephone.
The data protection declaration of GMK Ltd/Beretta is based on the terms used by the European legislator for the adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Our data protection declaration should be legible and understandable for the general public, as well as our customers and business partners. To ensure this, we would like to first explain the terminology used.
Personal data means any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person ("data subject"). An identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person.
Profiling means any form of automated processing of personal data consisting of the use of personal data to evaluate certain personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to analyse or predict aspects concerning that natural person's personal preferences, interests or location.
GMK Ltd
Bear House
Concorde Way
PO15 5RL
Website: www.gmk.co.uk
The Internet pages of the GMK Ltd/Beretta use cookies. Cookies are text files that are stored in a computer system via an Internet browser.
Through the use of cookies, GMK Ltd/Beretta can provide the users of this website with more user-friendly services that would not be possible without the cookie setting.
The website of GMK Ltd/Beretta collects a series of general data and information when a data subject or automated system calls up the website. This general data and information are stored in the server log files. Collected may be (1) the browser types and versions used, (2) the operating system used by the accessing system, (3) the website from which an accessing system reaches our website (so-called referrers), (4) the sub-websites, (5) the date and time of access to the Internet site, (6) an Internet protocol address (IP address), (7) the Internet service provider of the accessing system, and (8) any other similar data and information that may be used in the event of attacks on our information technology systems.
When using these general data and information, GMK Ltd/Beretta does not draw any conclusions about the data subject. Rather, this information is needed to (1) deliver the content of our website correctly, (2) optimize the content of our website as well as its advertisement, (3) ensure the long-term viability of our information technology systems and website technology, and (4) provide law enforcement authorities with the information necessary for criminal prosecution in case of a cyber-attack. Therefore, GMK Ltd/Beretta analyzes anonymously collected data and information statistically, with the aim of increasing the data protection and data security of our company, and to ensure an optimal level of protection for the personal data we process. The anonymous data of the server log files are stored separately from all personal data provided by a data subject.
By registering on the website of the controller, the IP address-assigned by the Internet service provider (ISP) and used by the data subject-date, and time of the registration are also stored. The storage of this data takes place against the background that this is the only way to prevent the misuse of our services, and, if necessary, to make it possible to investigate committed offenses. Insofar, the storage of this data is necessary to secure the controller. This data is not passed on to third parties unless there is a statutory obligation to pass on the data, or if the transfer serves the aim of criminal prosecution.
The data controller shall, at any time, provide information upon request to each data subject as to what personal data are stored about the data subject. In addition, the data controller shall correct or erase personal data at the request or indication of the data subject, insofar as there are no statutory storage obligations. A Data Protection Officer particularly designated in this data protection declaration, as well as the entirety of the controller's employees are available to the data subject in this respect as contact persons.
On the website of GMK Ltd/Beretta, users are given the opportunity to subscribe to our company's newsletter. The input mask used for this purpose determines what personal data is transmitted, as well as when the newsletter is ordered from the controller.
GMK Ltd/Beretta informs its customers and business partners occasionally by means of a newsletter detailing offers and promotions. GMK Ltd/Beretta's newsletter may only be received by the data subject if (1) the data subject has a valid e-mail address and (2) the data subject registers for marketing. A confirmation e-mail will be sent to the e-mail address registered by a data subject for the first time for newsletter shipping, for legal reasons, in the double opt-in procedure. This confirmation e-mail is used to prove whether the owner of the e-mail address as the data subject is authorized to receive the newsletter.
The newsletter of GMK Ltd/Beretta contains so-called tracking pixels. A tracking pixel is a miniature graphic embedded in such e-mails, which are sent in HTML format to enable log file recording and analysis. This allows a statistical analysis of the success or failure of online marketing campaigns. Based on the embedded tracking pixel, GMK Ltd/Beretta may see if and when an e-mail was opened by a data subject, and which links in the e-mail were called up by data subjects.
Such personal data collected in the tracking pixels contained in the newsletters are stored and analyzed by the controller in order to optimize the shipping of the newsletter, as well as to adapt the content of future newsletters even better to the interests of the data subject. These personal data will not be passed on to third parties. Data subjects are at any time entitled to revoke the respective separate declaration of consent issued by means of the double-opt-in procedure. After a revocation, these personal data will be deleted by the controller. GMK Ltd/Beretta automatically regards a withdrawal from the receipt of the newsletter as a revocation.
The website of GMK Ltd/Beretta contains information that enables a quick electronic contact to our company, as well as direct communication with us, which also includes a general address of the so-called electronic mail (e-mail address). If a data subject contacts the controller by e-mail or via a contact form, the personal data transmitted by the data subject are automatically stored. Such personal data transmitted on a voluntary basis by a data subject to the data controller are stored for the purpose of processing or contacting the data subject. There is no transfer of this personal data to third parties.
Each data subject shall have the right granted by the European legislator to obtain from the controller the confirmation as to whether or not personal data concerning him or her are being processed. If a data subject wishes to avail himself of this right of confirmation, he or she may, at any time, contact our Data Protection Officer or another employee of the controller.
If a data subject wishes to avail himself of this right of access, he or she may at any time contact our Data Protection Officer or another employee of the controller.
If a data subject wishes to exercise this right to rectification, he or she may, at any time, contact our Data Protection Officer or another employee of the controller.
If one of the aforementioned reasons applies, and a data subject wishes to request the erasure of personal data stored by GMK Ltd/Beretta, he or she may at any time contact our Data Protection Officer or another employee of the controller. The Data Protection Officer of GMK Ltd/Beretta or another employee shall promptly ensure that the erasure request is complied with immediately.
Where the controller has made personal data public and is obliged pursuant to Article 17(1) to erase the personal data, the controller, taking account of available technology and the cost of implementation, shall take reasonable steps, including technical measures, to inform other controllers processing the personal data that the data subject has requested erasure by such controllers of any links to, or copy or replication of, those personal data, as far as processing is not required. The Data Protection Officer of GMK Ltd/Beretta or another employee will arrange the necessary measures in individual cases.
If one of the aforementioned conditions is met, and a data subject wishes to request the restriction of the processing of personal data stored by GMK Ltd/Beretta, he or she may at any time contact our Data Protection Officer or another employee of the controller. The Data Protection Officer of GMK Ltd/Beretta or another employee will arrange the restriction of the processing.
In order to assert the right to data portability, the data subject may at any time contact the Data Protection Officer designated by GMK Ltd/Beretta or another employee.
GMK Ltd/Beretta shall no longer process the personal data in the event of the objection, unless we can demonstrate compelling legitimate grounds for the processing which override the interests, rights and freedoms of the data subject, or for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims.
If GMK Ltd/Beretta processes personal data for direct marketing purposes, the data subject shall have the right to object at any time to processing of personal data concerning him or her for such marketing. This applies to profiling to the extent that it is related to such direct marketing. If the data subject objects to GMK Ltd/Beretta to the processing for direct marketing purposes, GMK Ltd/Beretta will no longer process the personal data for these purposes.
In addition, the data subject has the right, on grounds relating to his or her particular situation, to object to processing of personal data concerning him or her by GMK Ltd/Beretta for scientific or historical research purposes, or for statistical purposes pursuant to Article 89(1) of the GDPR, unless the processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out for reasons of public interest.
In order to exercise the right to object, the data subject may directly contact the Data Protection Officer of GMK Ltd/Beretta or another employee. In addition, the data subject is free in the context of the use of information society services, and notwithstanding Directive 2002/58/EC, to use his or her right to object by automated means using technical specifications.
If the decision (1) is necessary for entering into, or the performance of, a contract between the data subject and a data controller, or (2) it is based on the data subject's explicit consent, GMK Ltd/Beretta shall implement suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests, at least the right to obtain human intervention on the part of the controller, to express his or her point of view and contest the decision.
If the data subject wishes to exercise the rights concerning automated individual decision-making, he or she may at any time directly contact our Data Protection Officer of GMK Ltd/Beretta or another employee of the controller.
If the data subject wishes to exercise the right to withdraw the consent, he or she may at any time directly contact our Data Protection Officer of GMK Ltd/Beretta or another employee of the controller.
The data controller shall collect and process the personal data of applicants for the purpose of the processing of the application procedure. The processing may also be carried out electronically. This is the case, in particular, if an applicant submits corresponding application documents by e-mail or by means of a web form on the website to the controller. If the data controller concludes an employment contract with an applicant, the submitted data will be stored for the purpose of processing the employment relationship in compliance with legal requirements. If no employment contract is concluded with the applicant by the controller, the application documents shall be automatically erased six months after notification of the refusal decision, provided that no other legitimate interests of the controller are opposed to the erasure. Other legitimate interest in this relation is, e.g. a burden of proof in a procedure under the General Equal Treatment Act (AGG).
If the data subject is logged in at the same time on Facebook, Facebook detects with every call-up to our website by the data subject-and for the entire duration of their stay on our Internet site-which specific sub-site of our Internet page was visited by the data subject. This information is collected through the Facebook component and associated with the respective Facebook account of the data subject. If the data subject clicks on one of the Facebook buttons integrated into our website, e.g. the "Like" button, or if the data subject submits a comment, then Facebook matches this information with the personal Facebook user account of the data subject and stores the personal data.
The data protection guideline published by Facebook, which is available at https://facebook.com/about/privacy/, provides information about the collection, processing and use of personal data by Facebook. In addition, it is explained there what setting options Facebook offers to protect the privacy of the data subject. In addition, different configuration options are made available to allow the elimination of data transmission to Facebook, e.g. the Facebook blocker of the provider Webgraph, which may be obtained under http://webgraph.com/resources/facebookblocker/. These applications may be used by the data subject to eliminate a data transmission to Facebook.
14. Data protection provisions about the application and use of Twitter
On this website, the controller has integrated components of Twitter. Twitter is a multilingual, publicly-accessible microblogging service on which users may publish and spread so-called "tweets," e.g. short messages, which are limited to 140 characters. These short messages are available for everyone, including those who are not logged on to Twitter. The tweets are also displayed to so-called followers of the respective user. Followers are other Twitter users who follow a user's tweets. Furthermore, Twitter allows you to address a wide audience via hashtags, links or retweets.
With each call-up to one of the individual pages of this Internet site, which is operated by the controller and on which a Twitter component (Twitter button) was integrated, the Internet browser on the information technology system of the data subject is automatically prompted to download a display of the corresponding Twitter component of Twitter. Further information about the Twitter buttons is available under https://about.twitter.com/de/resources/buttons. During the course of this technical procedure, Twitter gains knowledge of what specific sub-page of our website was visited by the data subject. The purpose of the integration of the Twitter component is a retransmission of the contents of this website to allow our users to introduce this web page to the digital world and increase our visitor numbers.
If the data subject is logged in at the same time on Twitter, Twitter detects with every call-up to our website by the data subject and for the entire duration of their stay on our Internet site which specific sub-page of our Internet page was visited by the data subject. This information is collected through the Twitter component and associated with the respective Twitter account of the data subject. If the data subject clicks on one of the Twitter buttons integrated on our website, then Twitter assigns this information to the personal Twitter user account of the data subject and stores the personal data.
The applicable data protection provisions of Twitter may be accessed under https://twitter.com/privacy?lang=en.
15. Data protection provisions about the application and use of YouTube
On this website, the controller has integrated components of YouTube. YouTube is an Internet video portal that enables video publishers to set video clips and other users free of charge, which also provides free viewing, review and commenting on them. YouTube allows you to publish all kinds of videos, so you can access both full movies and TV broadcasts, as well as music videos, trailers, and videos made by users via the Internet portal.
With each call-up to one of the individual pages of this Internet site, which is operated by the controller and on which a YouTube component (YouTube video) was integrated, the Internet browser on the information technology system of the data subject is automatically prompted to download a display of the corresponding YouTube component. Further information about YouTube may be obtained under https://www.youtube.com/yt/about/en/. During the course of this technical procedure, YouTube and Google gain knowledge of what specific sub-page of our website was visited by the data subject.
If the data subject is logged in on YouTube, YouTube recognizes with each call-up to a sub-page that contains a YouTube video, which specific sub-page of our Internet site was visited by the data subject. This information is collected by YouTube and Google and assigned to the respective YouTube account of the data subject.
YouTube's data protection provisions, available at https://www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/, provide information about the collection, processing and use of personal data by YouTube and Google.
We clarify that the provision of personal data is partly required by law (e.g. tax regulations) or can also result from contractual provisions (e.g. information on the contractual partner). Sometimes it may be necessary to conclude a contract that the data subject provides us with personal data, which must subsequently be processed by us. The data subject is, for example, obliged to provide us with personal data when our company signs a contract with him or her. The non-provision of the personal data would have the consequence that the contract with the data subject could not be concluded. Before personal data is provided by the data subject, the data subject must contact our Data Protection Officer. Our Data Protection Officer clarifies to the data subject whether the provision of the personal data is required by law or contract or is necessary for the conclusion of the contract, whether there is an obligation to provide the personal data and the consequences of non-provision of the personal data.
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Specsavers in Cosham has spent the last six months collecting approximately 300 pairs of glasses to donate to Vision Aid Overseas, a charity enabling those living in poverty in Africa to access affordable glasses and eye care.
Gully Sandhar, store director at Specsavers Cosham, said: 'We've already sent quite a few collection boxes filled with donated glasses to Vision Aid Overseas this year, which will help to fund eye care projects for those that need it most.
Specsavers Cosham is continuing to collect glasses for Vision Aid Overseas and is aiming to donate a further 300 pairs by the end of the year. If you have any old specs to hand, please donate them at the store today.


Wet the animal with warm water and apply shampoo extensively on the fur to create a rich lather. Massage the shampoo into the wet hair coat, lather freely. Allow to remain on the hair coat for 5 to 10 minutes before rinsing thoroughly with clean water. Repeat if needed. It is generally recommended to shampoo 2 to 3 times weekly, for 1 to 2 weeks.


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text:
United States non-interventionism primarily refers to the foreign policy that was eventually applied by the United States between the late 18th century and the first half of the 20th century whereby it sought to avoid alliances with other nations in order to prevent itself from being drawn into wars that were not related to the direct territorial self-defense of the United States. Neutrality and non-interventionism found support among elite and popular opinion in the United States, which varied depending on the international context and the country's interests. At times, the degree and nature of this policy was better known as isolationism, such as the interwar period.

Due to the start of the Cold War in the aftermath of World War II end and the rise of the United States as a global superpower, its traditional foreign policy turned towards American imperialism with diplomatic and military interventionism, engaging or somehow intervening in virtually any overseas armed conflict ever since, and concluding multiple bilateral and regional military alliances, chiefly the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Non-interventionist policies have had continued support from some Americans even after World War II, mostly regarding specific armed conflicts like the Vietnam and Korean wars or the more recent Syrian Civil War.

Background

Robert Walpole, Britain's first Whig Prime Minister, proclaimed in 1723: "My politics are to keep free from all engagements as long as we possibly can." He emphasized economic advantage and rejected the idea of intervening in European affairs to maintain a balance of power.  Walpole's position was known to Americans. However, during the American Revolution, the Second Continental Congress debated about forming an alliance with France. It rejected non-interventionism when it was apparent that the American Revolutionary War could be won in no other manner than a military alliance with France, which Benjamin Franklin successfully negotiated in 1778.

After Britain and France went to war in 1792, George Washington declared neutrality, with unanimous support of his cabinet, after deciding that the treaty with France of 1778 did not apply.  Washington's Farewell Address of 1796 explicitly announced the policy of American non-interventionism:
The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.

No entangling alliances (19th century)

President Thomas Jefferson extended Washington's ideas about foreign policy in his March 4, 1801 inaugural address. Jefferson said that one of the "essential principles of our government" is that of "peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none." He also stated that "Commerce with all nations, alliance with none", should be the motto of the United States.  Extending at times into isolationism, both Jefferson and Madison also practiced the boycotting of belligerent nations with the Embargo Act of 1807.

In 1823, President James Monroe articulated what would come to be known as the Monroe Doctrine, which some have interpreted as non-interventionist in intent: "In the wars of the European powers, in matters relating to themselves, we have never taken part, nor does it comport with our policy, so to do. It is only when our rights are invaded, or seriously menaced that we resent injuries, or make preparations for our defense." It was applied to Hawaii in 1842 in support of eventual annexation there, and to support U.S. expansion on the North American continent.

After Tsar Alexander II put down the 1863 January Uprising in Poland, French Emperor Napoleon III asked the United States to "join in a protest to the Tsar." Secretary of State William H. Seward declined, "defending 'our policy of non-intervention—straight, absolute, and peculiar as it may seem to other nations,'" and insisted that "[t]he American people must be content to recommend the cause of human progress by the wisdom with which they should exercise the powers of self-government, forbearing at all times, and in every way, from foreign alliances, intervention, and interference."

President Ulysses S. Grant attempted to annex the Dominican Republic in 1870, but failed to get the support of the Radical Republicans in the Senate. The United States' policy of non-intervention was wholly abandoned with the Spanish–American War, followed by the Philippine–American War from 1899 to 1902.

20th century non-interventionism

President Theodore Roosevelt's administration is credited with inciting the Panamanian Revolt against Colombia, completed November 1903, in order to secure construction rights for the Panama Canal (begun in 1904).

President Woodrow Wilson was able to navigate neutrality in World War I for about three years, and to win 1916 reelection with the slogan "He kept us out of war." The neutrality policy was supported by the tradition of shunning foreign entanglements, and by the large population of immigrants from Europe with divided loyalties in the conflict. America did enter the war in April 1917, however. Congress voted to declare war on Germany, 373 to 50 in the House of Representatives and 82 to 6 in the Senate. Technically the US joined the side of the Triple Entente only as an "associated power" fighting the same enemy, not as officially allied with the Entente.

A few months after the declaration of war, Wilson gave a speech to Congress outlining his aims for conclusion of the conflict, labeled the Fourteen Points. That American proclamation was less triumphalist than the stated aims of some other belligerents, and its final point proposed that a "general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike." After the war, Wilson traveled to Europe and remained there for months to labor on the post-war treaty, longer than any previous Presidential sojourn outside the country. In that Treaty of Versailles, Wilson's "general association of nations" was formulated as the League of Nations.

Isolationism between the World Wars

In the wake of the First World War, the non-interventionist tendencies gained ascendancy. The Treaty of Versailles, and thus, United States' participation in the League of Nations, even with reservations, was rejected by the Senate in the final months of Wilson's presidency.
Republican Senate leader Henry Cabot Lodge supported the Treaty with reservations to be sure Congress had final authority on sending the U.S. into war. Wilson and his Democratic supporters rejected the Lodge Reservations,

The strongest opposition to American entry into the League of Nations came from the Senate where a tight-knit faction known as the Irreconcilables, led by William Borah and George Norris, had great objections regarding the clauses of the treaty which compelled America to come to the defense of other nations.  Senator William Borah, of Idaho, declared that it would "purchase peace at the cost of any part of our [American] independence." Senator Hiram Johnson, of California, denounced the League of Nations as a "gigantic war trust."  While some of the sentiment was grounded in adherence to Constitutional principles, most of the sentiment bore a reassertion of nativist and inward-looking policy.

The United States acted independently to become a major player in the 1920s in international negotiations and treaties.  The Harding Administration achieved naval disarmament among the major powers through the Washington Naval Conference in 1921–22. The Dawes Plan refinanced war debts and helped restore prosperity to Germany. In August 1928, fifteen nations signed the Kellogg–Briand Pact, brainchild of American Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand. This pact that was said to have outlawed war and showed the United States commitment to international peace had its semantic flaws. For example, it did not hold the United States to the conditions of any existing treaties, it still allowed European nations the right to self-defense, and it stated that if one nation broke the Pact, it would be up to the other signatories to enforce it. The Kellogg–Briand Pact was more of a sign of good intentions on the part of the US, rather than a legitimate step towards the sustenance of world peace.

The economic depression that ensued after the Crash of 1929, also continued to abet non-intervention. The attention of the country focused mostly on addressing the problems of the national economy. The rise of aggressive imperialist policies by Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan led to conflicts such as the Italian conquest of Ethiopia and the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. These events led to ineffectual condemnations by the League of Nations. Official American response was muted. America also did not take sides in the brutal Spanish Civil War and withdrew its troops from Haiti with the inauguration of the Good Neighbor Policy in 1934.

Non-interventionism before entering World War II

As Europe moved closer to war in the late 1930s, the United States Congress continued to demand American neutrality. Between 1936 and 1937, much to the dismay of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Congress passed the Neutrality Acts. For example, in the final Neutrality Act, Americans could not sail on ships flying the flag of a belligerent nation or trade arms with warring nations. Such activities had played a role in American entrance into World War I.

On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, marking the start of World War II, and the United Kingdom and France subsequently declared war on Germany. In an address to the American people two days later, President Roosevelt assured the nation that he would do all he could to keep them out of war. However, his words showed his true goals. "When peace has been broken anywhere, the peace of all countries everywhere is in danger," Roosevelt said. Even though he was intent on neutrality as the official policy of the United States, he still echoed the dangers of staying out of this war. He also cautioned the American people to not let their wish to avoid war at all costs supersede the security of the nation.

The war in Europe split the American people into two camps: non-interventionists and interventionists. The two sides argued over America's involvement in this World War II. The basic principle of the interventionist argument was fear of German invasion. One of the rhetorical criticisms of interventionism was that it was driven by the so-called merchants of death - businesses who had profited from World War I lobbying for involvement in order to profit from another large war. By the summer of 1940, France suffered a stunning defeat by Germans, and Britain was the only democratic enemy of Germany. In a 1940 speech, Roosevelt argued, "Some, indeed, still hold to the now somewhat obvious delusion that we … can safely permit the United States to become a lone island … in a world dominated by the philosophy of force."

A Life survey published in July found that in the summer of 1940, 67% of Americans believed that a German-Italian victory would endanger the United States, that if such an event occurred 88% supported "arm[ing] to the teeth at any expense to be prepared for any trouble", and that 71% favored "the immediate adoption of compulsory military training for all young men". The magazine wrote that the survey showed "the emergence of a majority attitude very different from that of six or even three months ago".

Ultimately, the ideological rift between the ideals of the United States and the goals of the fascist powers empowered the interventionist argument. Writer Archibald MacLeish asked, "How could we sit back as spectators of a war against ourselves?" In an address to the American people on December 29, 1940, President Roosevelt said, "the Axis not merely admits but proclaims that there can be no ultimate peace between their philosophy of government and our philosophy of government."

There were still many who held on to non-interventionism. Although a minority, they were well organized, and had a powerful presence in Congress. Pro-German or anti-British opinion contributed to non-interventionism. Roosevelt's national share of the 1940 presidential vote declined by seven percentage points from 1936. Of the 20 counties in which his share declined by 35 points or more, 19 were largely German-speaking. Of the 35 counties in which his share declined by 25 to 34 points, German was the largest or second-largest original nationality in 31.

Non-interventionists rooted a significant portion of their arguments in historical precedent, citing events such as Washington's farewell address and the failure of World War I. "If we have strong defenses and understand and believe in what we are defending, we need fear nobody in this world," Robert Maynard Hutchins, President of the University of Chicago, wrote in a 1940 essay. Isolationists believed that the safety of the nation was more important than any foreign war.

As 1940 became 1941, the actions of the Roosevelt administration made it more and more clear that the United States was on a course to war. This policy shift, driven by the President, came in two phases. The first came in 1939 with the passage of the Fourth Neutrality Act, which permitted the United States to trade arms with belligerent nations, as long as these nations came to America to retrieve the arms, and pay for them in cash. This policy was quickly dubbed, 'Cash and Carry.'

The second phase was the Lend-Lease Act of early 1941. This act allowed the President "to lend, lease, sell, or barter arms, ammunition, food, or any 'defense article' or any 'defense information' to 'the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.'" American public opinion supported Roosevelt's actions. As United States involvement in the Battle of the Atlantic grew with incidents such as the sinking of the , by late 1941 72% of Americans agreed that "the biggest job facing this country today is to help defeat the Nazi Government", and 70% thought that defeating Germany was more important than staying out of the war.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor caused America to enter the war in December 1941, isolationists such as Charles Lindbergh's America First Committee and Herbert Hoover announced their support of the war effort. Isolationist families' sons fought in the war as much as others.

Non-interventionism after World War II
Ohio Senator Robert A Taft was a leading opponent of interventionism after 1945, although it always played a secondary role to his deep interest in domestic affairs. Historian George Fujii, citing the Taft papers, argues:
Taft fought a mostly losing battle to reduce government expenditures and to curtail or prevent foreign aid measures such as the British loan of 1945 and the Marshall Plan. He feared that these measures would "destroy the freedom of the individual, freedom of States and local communities, freedom of the farmer to run his own farm and the workman to do his own job" (p. 375), thereby threatening the foundations of American prosperity and leading to a "totalitarian state" (p. 377).
In 1951, in the midst of bitter partisan debate over the Korean War, Taft increasingly spoke out on foreign policy issues. According to his biographer James T. Patterson:
Two basic beliefs continued to form a fairly consistent core of Taft's thinking on foreign policy. First, he insisted on limiting America's overseas commitments. [Taft said] "Nobody today can be an isolationist.... The only question is the degree to which we shall take action throughout the entire world." America had obligations that it had to honor – such as NATO – and it could not turn a blind eye to such countries as Formosa or Israel. But the United States had limited funds and problems at home and must therefore curb its commitments....This fear of overcommitment was rooted in Taft's even deeper faith in liberty, which made him shrink from a foreign policy that would cost large sums of money, increase the power of the military, and transform American society into what he called a garrison state.

Norman A. Graebner argues:
Differences over collective security in the G.O.P. were real in 1952, but Taft tried during his pre-convention campaign to moderate his image as a "go-it-aloner" in foreign policy. His whole effort proved unsuccessful, largely because by spring the internationalist camp had a formidable candidate of its own in Dwight D. Eisenhower. As the personification of post-1945 American commitment to collective security, particularly in Europe, General Eisenhower had decided to run because he feared, apparently, that Taft's election would lead to repudiation of the whole collective security effort, including NATO.

Eisenhower won the nomination and secured Taft's support by promising Taft a dominant voice in domestic policies, while Eisenhower's internationalism would set the foreign-policy agenda. Graebner argues that Eisenhower succeeded in moving the conservative Republicans away from their traditional attacks on foreign aid and reciprocal trade policies, and collective security arrangements, to support for those policies.  By 1964 the Republican conservatives rallied behind Barry Goldwater who was an aggressive advocate of an anti-communist internationalist foreign policy. Goldwater wanted to roll back Communism and win the Cold War, asking "Why Not Victory?"

Non-interventionism in the 21st century
During the presidency of Barack Obama, some members of the United States federal government, including President Obama and Secretary of State John Kerry, considered intervening militarily in the Syrian Civil War. A poll from late April 2013 found that 62% of Americans thought that the "United States has no responsibility to do something about the fighting in Syria between government forces and antigovernment groups," with only twenty-five percent disagreeing with that statement.

A writer for The New York Times referred to this as "an isolationist streak," a characterization international relations scholar Stephen Walt strongly objected to, calling the description "sloppy journalism." According to Walt, "the overwhelming majority of people who have doubts about the wisdom of deeper involvement in Syria—including yours truly—are not 'isolationist.' They are merely sensible people who recognize that we may not have vital interests there, that deeper involvement may not lead to a better outcome and could make things worse, and who believe that the last thing the United States needs to do is to get dragged into yet another nasty sectarian fight in the Arab/Islamic world."

In December 2013, the Pew Research Center reported that their newest poll, "American's Place in the World 2013," had revealed that 52 percent of respondents in the national poll said that the United States "should mind its own business internationally and let other countries get along the best they can on their own." This was the most people to answer that question this way in the history of the question, one which pollsters began asking in 1964. Only about a third of respondents felt this way a decade ago.

A July 2014 poll of "battleground voters" across the United States found "77 percent in favor of full withdrawal from Afghanistan by the end of 2016; only 15 percent and 17 percent interested in more involvement in Syria and Ukraine, respectively; and 67 percent agreeing with the statement that, 'U.S. military actions should be limited to direct threats to our national security.'"

Conservative policies
Rathbun (2008) compares three separate themes in conservative policies since the 1980s: conservatism, neoconservatism, and isolationism. These approaches are similar in that they all invoked the mantle of "realism" and pursued foreign policy goals designed to promote national interests. Conservatives were the only group that was "realist" in the academic sense in that they defined the national interest narrowly, strove for balances of power internationally, viewed international relations as amoral, and especially valued sovereignty.

By contrast, neoconservatives based their foreign policy on nationalism, and isolationists sought to minimize any involvement in foreign affairs and raise new barriers to immigration.
Former Republican Congressman Ron Paul favored a return to the non-interventionist policies of Thomas Jefferson and frequently opposed military intervention in countries like Iran and Iraq.

Supporters of non-interventionism

Politicians

 Justin Amash, former U.S. Representative from Michigan, 2020 Libertarian presidential candidate
 Eric Brakey, former U.S. State Senator from Maine, 2018 Republican U.S. Senate candidate
 Howard Buffett, U.S. Representative from Nebraska
 Calvin Coolidge, 30th U.S. President, 29th U.S. Vice President, 48th U.S. Governor of Massachusetts, 46th U.S. Lt. Governor of Massachusetts
 Tulsi Gabbard, former U.S. Representative from Hawaii (2013–2021)
 Mike Gravel, former US senator from Alaska (1969-1981), Entered the Pentagon Papers into Public Record in 1971, Democratic Presidential Candidate in 2008 and 2020. Founder of the Gravel Institute think tank
 Gary Johnson, 29th Governor of New Mexico (1995-2003), 2012 and 2016 Libertarian Presidential Nominee
 Thomas Massie, U.S. Representative from Kentucky
 Ron Paul, former U.S. Representative from Texas, 1988, 2008, & 2012 Republican presidential candidate; Paul's stance on foreign policy is one of consistent non-intervention, opposing wars of aggression and entangling alliances with other nations.
 Rand Paul, U.S. Senator from Kentucky, 2016 Republican presidential candidate, the son of Ron Paul
 Bernie Sanders, U.S. Senator from Vermont, 2016 and 2020 Democratic presidential candidate
 Henrik Shipstead, U.S. Senator from Minnesota, also a member of the America First Committee
 Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator from Ohio, Senate Majority Leader, 1940, 1948 & 1952 Republican presidential candidate

Government officials

 Michael Scheuer, former CIA intelligence officer & former chief of the Bin Laden Issue Station, professor at Georgetown University, blogger, political commentator

Public figures

 Karen Kwiatkowski, retired Lt. Col. of the United States Air Force, 2012 Republican U.S. Representative candidate from Virginia, whistleblower from the Pentagon

Criticism

In his World Policy Journal review of Bill Kauffman's  1995 book America First! Its History, Culture, and Politics, Benjamin Schwartz described America's history of isolationism as a tragedy and being rooted in Puritan thinking.

See also
Empire of Liberty
Interventionism
Ludlow Amendment
Little Englander
Open Door Policy
Vietnam War

Notes

References and further reading
 Adler, Selig. The Isolationist Impulse: Its Twentieth Century Reaction. (1957).; says it's based on economic self-sufficiency and the illusion of security, together with Irish and German ethnic factors.
 Aregood, Richard, Richard Shafer, and Eric Freedman. "American Isolationism and The Political Evolution of Journalist-Turned-US Senator Gerald P. Nye." Journalism Practice 9.2 (2015): 279–294.
 Cole, Wayne S. America First: The Battle Against Intervention, 1940–1941 (1953), the standard history.
 Cooper, John Milton, Jr. The Vanity of Power: American Isolationism and the First World War, 1914–1917 (1969).
 Divine, Robert A. The Illusion Of Neutrality (1962) scholarly history of neutrality legislation in 1930s. online free to borrow
 Doenecke, Justus D. "American Isolationism, 1939-1941" Journal of Libertarian Studies, Summer/Fall 1982, 6(3), pp. 201–216.
 Doenecke, Justus D. "Explaining the Antiwar Movement, 1939-1941: The Next Assignment" Journal of Libertarian Studies, Winter 1986, 8(1), pp. 139–162.
 Doenecke, Justus D. "Literature of Isolationism, 1972-1983: A Bibliographic Guide" Journal of Libertarian Studies, Spring 1983, 7(1), pp. 157–184.
 Doenecke, Justus D. "Anti-Interventionism of Herbert Hoover" Journal of Libertarian Studies, Summer 1987, 8(2), pp. 311–340.
 Doenecke, Justus D. "Non-interventionism of the Left: the Keep America Out of the War Congress, 1938-41." Journal of Contemporary History 12.2 (1977): 221–236.
 Dunn, David. "Isolationism revisited: seven persistent myths in the contemporary American foreign policy debate." Review of International Studies 31.02 (2005): 237–261.
 Fisher, Max. "American isolationism just hit a 50-year high. Why that matters." washingtonpost. com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/12/04/american-isolationism-just-hit-a-50-year-high-why-that-matters  Washington Post. Dec 12, 2013.
 Gilbert, Felix. "The English Background of American Isolationism in the Eighteenth Century." William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History (1944): 138–160. in JSTOR
 Guinsburg, Thomas N. The Pursuit of Isolationism in the United States from Versailles to Pearl Harbor (1982).
 Johnstone, Andrew. "Isolationism and internationalism in American foreign relations." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 9.1 (2011): 7-20.
 Jonas, Manfred. "Isolationism" Encyclopedia of the New American Nation,"  online
 Jonas, Manfred. Isolationism in America, 1935-1941 (1966).
 Kertzer, Joshua D. "Making sense of isolationism: foreign policy mood as a multilevel phenomenon." Journal of Politics 75.01 (2013): 225-240.
 Kupchan, Charles A. Isolationism: A History of America's Efforts to Shield Itself from the World (Oxford University Press, 2020).

 Nichols, Christopher McKnight. Promise and Peril: America at the Dawn of a Global Age (Harvard University Press, 2011).
 Smith, Glenn H. Langer of North Dakota: A Study in Isolationism, 1940–1959 (1979). Senator William Langer
 Weinberg, Albert K. "The Historical Meaning of the American Doctrine of Isolation." American Political Science Review'' 34#3 (1940): 539–547. in JSTOR

External links
 American isolationism and World War II

Criticism of neoconservatism
Non-interventionism
Old Right (United States)
Paleoconservatism
Paleolibertarianism
Political theories

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Teacher who famously broke through to Helen Keller and taught her how to read and write.
She married Harvard instructor John Albert Macy in May of 1905; the couple separated in 1914.
She studied at the Perkins School for the Blind.
She lost most of her eyesight at age twenty, which made it easy for her to relate to her famous pupil, Helen Keller.


text:
DASH and Incisional Hernias
US Good Alternative to CT for Characterizing Incisional Hernias: Study
By James E. Barone MD
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Using dynamic abdominal sonography to measure incisional hernias is equivalent to using computerized tomography (CT), according to a new study.
As opposed to a CT scan, dynamic abdominal sonography for hernia (DASH) is a bedside procedure, its results are available immediately and it does not use ionizing radiation, researchers write in JAMA Surgery, online May 28.
"The DASH examination is a feasible and accurate method for evaluating hernias, particularly in those patients who have smaller hernias and who may have unclear physical exam findings," lead author Dr. Rebeccah B. Baucom from Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee, told Reuters Health by email.
A previous paper by Dr. Baucom and colleagues showed that CT was better at detecting incisional hernias than physical examination by surgeons. In another study, the team found that DASH was as accurate as CT scan in diagnosing hernias.
To see if DASH could be used to plan operative procedures using measurements of hernia defect size, the researchers compared it with CT scans in 109 patients. One surgeon performed all of the DASH examinations, whereas one of three surgeons read the CT scans.
The mean patient BMI was 32.2, and 34% of the patients had at least one previous hernia repair.
As measured by CT, the mean surface area of hernias was 44.6 cm2, compared to 41.8 cm2 with DASH (p=0.82). The transverse dimensions were nearly identical at 5.20 cm for CT and 5.17 cm for DASH (p=0.71).
Measurements were comparably accurate for CT scan and DASH among the 14 morbidly obese patients (BMI>39.9), 49 who were obese (BMI 30 to 39.9), and 46 who had a BMI under 30.
The authors also looked at the subgroup of hernias that were 10 cm or larger in transverse dimension. Of the 15 patients in that category, the mean surface area of the hernias was 189.4 cm2 by CT and 171.3 cm2 by DASH, an insignificant difference (p=0.26).
"Several of our surgeons perform DASH examinations on their patients who present with suspected incisional hernias," said Dr. Baucom, adding that it is also being done more and more often at follow-ups after repair.
Dr. Michael Liang, who has studied ventral hernia repair but was not involved in the new work, said, "DASH is a safe and potentially effective modality for the surgeon to use to assess ventral incisional hernias."
But Dr. Liang, of the University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, raised a number of concerns about the study. For example, he told Reuters Health, the authors did not use operative findings, the gold standard, to validate the ultrasound and CT results, nor did they adjust for the size of the hernias.
For recurrent, large, and complex ventral hernias, Dr. Liang said a CT scan will be obtained regardless of DASH availability because the former modality "is useful to assess defect size, peritoneal volume, lateral muscles, abdominal wall thickness and contraction, intra-abdominal organs, and old mesh."
According to Dr. Baucom and colleagues, however, DASH plus physical examination have been sufficient to evaluate most of these structures and relationships.
SOURCE: http://bit.ly/1nZk6EV
JAMA Surgery 2014.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Moss Deyong started Deyong's Shoe & Leather Repair in downtown Newport News in 1953. The business primarily serviced the thousands of employees of Newport News Shipbuilding with quality repair for their workboots. By 1955, Deyong's added retail goods to meet the demands of the workers by carrying products such as wallets, handmade leather goods, shoe care products, and even basic wellington style workboots.
By the late 1950's, spurred on by numerous customer requests, Deyong's expanded its offerings into western wear items, mainly boots. The collection steadily grew to include a general line of western boots, leather belts, and even cowboy hats. For the next 15 years, Deyong's would slowly evolve into more of a retail store than a repair shop.
In 1973, Moss's son Jeffrey entered the business with a focus on providing even better western products to the community. He expanded the boot selection to include higher quality name brands, exotic leathers, and a wider assortment of women's products. The store also grew to include hundreds of styles of shirts, jeans, and other western accessories. It was also at this time that Deyong's earned its outstanding reputation for customer service. Jeff spent countless hours getting to know not only his products and how to properly fit boots, but he also formed lasting friendships with customers from all over Hampton Roads.
By the late 1990's, Deyong's continued to expand its operation by entering the workboot market. With the advent of modernized steel toe workboots, many industries began requiring them for employees. Deyong's wasted no time in adding high quality steel toe and non-steel toe workboots to its selection.
In 1999, Jeff's son Adam came into the business. He has spent years modernizing Deyong's to expand the variety of items offered and also to ensure that they are in stock at all times. He revamped the workboot business to include nearly one hundred styles of safety toe and non-safety toe boots and shoes. Adam just recently rebranded the business as Deyong's Boots & Western Wear to highlight what the Deyongs have always known best...boots!
In 2003, on its 50th anniversary of shoe repair service, Deyong's stopped taking in boots and shoes for repair. Deyong's now focuses on continuing to deliver the best boot and western wear collection possible to the Hampton Roads area. Deyong's has come a long way over the years and continues to be Hampton Roads number one destination for boots. For three generations and counting, we have brought and will continue to bring Hampton Roads unparalleled customer service! We look forward to seeing you soon!


2002-04-09 Assigned to SCIMED LIFE SYSTEMS, INC. reassignment SCIMED LIFE SYSTEMS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FORSBERG, ANDREW, GARNER, JOSEPH, ELLIS, LOUIS, HENDRICKSON, GARY, YOUNG, MATTHEW L.
A filter retrieval device having an actuatable dilator tip for retrieval of an intravascular filter from a body lumen is disclosed. An outer shaft coupled to a distal sheath is advanced along a filter wire to desired point within the vasculature. An intravascular filter such as a distal protection filter can be advanced along the filter wire to a point distal a lesion to collect debris dislodged during a medical procedure. Disposable in part within the distal sheath is an actuatable dilator tip adapted to retrieve the filter at least in part within the distal sheath. Actuation of the dilator tip may be accomplished by any number of means, including a resilient member such as a spring coil, or by a reduced inner diameter portion disposed on the distal sheath adapted to engage a plurality of recessed surfaces disposed on the dilator tip.
The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/272,657, filed on Mar. 1, 2001.
The present invention relates generally to the field of embolic protection devices. More specifically, the present invention pertains to retrieval devices for intravascular filters.
Intravascular filters such as embolic protection filters are generally placed within a body lumen, such as an artery or vein, downstream of a site where a therapeutic device will be used. Examples of procedures employing such filters include angioplasty, atherectomy, thrombectomy and stent placement. These procedures typically involve transluminally inserting and delivering within the artery or vein, a filter wire and filter to a location distal a coronary lesion. Once in place, a therapeutic device such as an angioplasty balloon or an atherectomy catheter can be advanced to the site of the lesion to perform the procedure. During the procedure, embolic material such as plaque or thrombus become dislodged from the walls of the body lumen, and flow downstream where they are collected by the filter. After the procedure is performed, the therapeutic device and filter containing the debris, if any, can be removed from the body.
The present invention relates generally to the field of embolic protection devices. More specifically, the present invention pertains to retrieval devices for intravascular filters. In one embodiment in accordance with the present invention, a filter retrieval device includes a distal sheath and an outer shaft extending proximally therefrom. A dilator tip is biased toward the distal end of the distal sheath by a resilient member. In one particular implementation, the resilient member may include a spring coil having one or more coils helically disposed along the filter wire. In an alternative implementation, the resilient member may include a spring having one or more struts longitudinally disposed along the filter wire. In use, the filter retrieval device is advanced along the filter wire until the dilator tip contacts a proximal filter stop. The filter retrieval device is then further advanced such that the filter collapses and is contained at least in part within the distal sheath.
In a similar embodiment, a filter retrieval device comprises a distal sheath and an outer shaft extending proximally therefrom, an actuatable dilator tip, and an inner shaft disposed at least in part within the lumen formed by the distal sheath. As with the aforementioned embodiment, the dilator tip is biased toward the distal end of the distal sheath by a resilient member such as a spring coil. The inner shaft may have a length substantially similar to the length of the outer shaft. Alternatively, the inner shaft may have a length substantially shorter than the length of the outer shaft. In the latter case, an exchange port can be disposed on the outer shaft to permit single operator advancement of the filter retrieval device.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a filter retrieval device comprises a distal sheath, a shaft, and a dilator tip slidably disposable along a filter wire. The distal sheath has a reduced inner diameter portion adapted to engage a recessed surface disposed on a portion of the dilator tip. In one particular implementation, the recessed surface includes a first recessed surface disposed on a proximal portion of the dilator tip, and a second recessed surface disposed on the dilator tip distal the first recessed surface. Prior to use, the operator attaches the dilator tip to the distal sheath by engaging the reduced inner diameter portion along the first recessed surface. To retrieve the filter, the operator then advances the device along the filter wire until the distal end of the dilator tip contacts the filter stop. Once the dilator tip is attached to the filter stop, further advancement of the dilator tip causes the reduced inner diameter portion of the distal sheath to engage the second recessed surface on the dilator tip. Continued advancement of the dilator tip causes the filter to retract at least in part within the distal sheath. A third recessed surface disposed on the dilator tip distal the second recessed surface may be utilized to provide the operator with tactile feedback that the filter has been retracted into the distal sheath a sufficient distance to permit removal from the body.
FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a fifth step of inserting a second guidewire into the patient through the guide catheter and outer sheath.
Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the several views, FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a filter retrieval catheter 10 in accordance with the present invention. Filter retrieval catheter 10 includes an outer shaft 14 and a generally cylindrical distal sheath 12 extending distally thereof. Distal sheath 12 defines a lumen 40 adapted to contain an intravascular filter such as the distal protection filter 22 shown in FIG. 1, once collapsed.
As shown in FIG. 1, catheter 10 has been advanced along a filter wire 20 to filter 22 disposed at the distal end of filter wire 20. Filter wire 20 includes a distal tip 24 which can be a spring tip. A filter stop 26 is disposed on filter wire 20 proximate and proximal the filter 22. Although the particular distal tip 24 shown in FIG. 1 is substantially straight, an arcuate or "J" shaped distal tip (not shown) can be utilized to facilitate steering and tracking during advancement of filter wire 20 through the body.
Catheter 10 further includes an inner shaft 16 disposable at least in part within lumen 40 formed by distal sheath 12. Inner shaft 16 exits catheter 10 proximally at opening 18. In the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 1, inner shaft 16 has a length substantially shorter than the length of outer shaft 14 to enable single operator advancement of catheter 10 within the body.
Also disposed within distal sheath 12 is a dilator tip 28 and a spring coil 30. Dilator tip 28 has a generally circular cross section and conical-shaped distal end. Dilator tip 28 is biased at least in part out of the distal end of distal sheath 12 by spring coil 30. In the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the proximal end of spring coil 30 is bonded to a portion of inner shaft 16. The distal end of spring coil 30, in turn, is bonded to dilator tip 28 at a distal bonding region 32.
In use, for example, filter 22 is positioned in a body vessel distally of a location where a therapeutic device is to be used. In an application, filter 22 can be positioned distally of a coronary lesion. A therapeutic device such as an angioplasty catheter can be advanced over filter wire 20 to the lesion. Coronary angioplasty can be performed by the angioplasty catheter and debris dislodged by the procedure can be captured in filter 22. The angioplasty catheter can then be withdrawn. Catheter 10 can then be advanced over filter wire 20 until dilator tip 28 contacts filter stop 26. Catheter 10 can then be further advanced such that spring coil 30 is compressed and dilator tip 28 is drawn into lumen 40 of distal sheath 12. Catheter 10 is further advanced until filter 22 is disposed at least in part within distal sheath 12, as shown in FIG. 2. Then catheter 10, filter wire 20, filter 22 and the collected debris can then be removed from the vessel lumen.
In an alternative embodiment to that shown in FIGS. 1–2, a filter retrieval device having an inner shaft with a length substantially similar to the length of the outer shaft may be utilized. For example, in the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the proximal end of inner shaft 116 terminates at or near the proximal end of outer shaft 114. Openings 142 and 118 are provided on inner shaft 116 and outer shaft 114, respectively, to permit single operator advancement of the catheter. As with the previous embodiment, a spring coil 130 is bonded to a portion of inner shaft 116, and to bonding region 132 on dilator tip 128.
A locking hub 144 disposed at or near the proximal end of the catheter is further provided to prevent relative motion between inner shaft 116 and outer shaft 114. Locking hub 144 may be attached to the inner and outer shafts by adhesive, solder or other attachment means, or by a releasable lock mechanism (not shown).
To retrieve the filter 22, outer shaft 114 is locked to inner sheath 116 by locking hub 144. Catheter 110 is advanced to a desired site in the body proximate and proximal filter 22. The catheter is then further advanced until dilator tip 128 attaches to filter stop 26. Once attached to filter stop 26, dilator tip 128 is retracted proximally, causing filter 22 to collapse at least in part within lumen 140 formed by distal sheath 112, as shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a filter retrieval device in accordance with the present invention. Catheter 210 includes a generally cylindrical distal sheath 212 and an outer shaft 214 extending proximally therefrom. Outer shaft 214 includes a side opening 218 to enable single operator advancement of catheter 210 within the body. A dilator tip 228 is disposable at least in part within the lumen 240 formed by distal sheath 212.
As shown in FIG. 5, Dilator tip 228 is biased at least in part distally from distal sheath 212 by a spring coil 230. The distal end of spring coil 230 can be bonded to dilator tip 228 at a dilator bonding region 232. A tapered portion 236 disposed on the catheter prevents spring coil 230 from retracting proximally from distal sheath 212, when actuated.
Catheter 210 is used in a manner similar to that of catheters 10 and 110. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 6, filter 22 can be collapsed and drawn into distal sheath 212 in a manner similar to that shown and described with respect to FIGS. 2 and 4.
FIG. 7 is a plan view of another exemplary embodiment of the present invention employing a plunger assembly. Catheter 310 includes a distal sheath 312 and an outer shaft 314 extending proximally therefrom. A dilator tip 328 and spring coil 330 are disposed within the distal sheath 312, similar to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 5–6.
An inner shaft 316 having a proximal end 346 and a distal end 348 is disposed within outer shaft 314 and distal sheath 312. The distal end 348 of inner shaft 316 may be attached to the proximal end of dilator tip 328 by adhesive or other attachment means.
Catheter 310 further includes a plunger assembly comprising a tubular member 352 defining a lumen 350, and a plunger 354 formed by enlarged diameter portion on the proximal end 346 of inner shaft 316. Plunger 354 is adapted to slide along filter wire 20 within lumen 350 formed by tubular member 352. A shaft 356 extending proximally from tubular member 352 is further disposed in part within lumen 350. A distal section 358 of shaft 356 is crimped in a smiley-face configuration to permit the filter wire 20 to exit catheter 310 through opening 360, and to act as a proximal stop for plunger 354. The proximal end of outer shaft 314, which extends proximally into lumen 350 formed by tubular member 352, is adapted to act as a distal stop for plunger 354.
In use, spring coil 330 biases the dilator tip 328 at least in part distally from distal sheath 312. To retrieve the filter, catheter 310 is advanced to a point along the filter wire 20 proximate and proximal filter stop 26. Catheter 310 is further advanced until dilator tip 328 attaches to filter stop 26. Once attached, filter wire 20 is retracted proximally, causing plunger 354 to slide proximally within tubular member 352, and filter 22 to collapse at least in part within distal sheath 312, as shown in FIG. 8. The crimped distal end 362 of shaft 356 acts as a proximal stop for plunger 354. When plunger 354 abuts distal end 362, the operator is prevented from retracting filter 22 further into distal sheath 312, thus providing the operator with tactile feedback that filter 22 is collapsed within distal sheath 312.
FIG. 9 illustrates another exemplary embodiment in accordance with the present invention. In the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 9, spring coil 430 is disposed within tubular member 452 proximal an inner shaft 416. Inner shaft 416 has a proximal end 446 and a distal end 448. An enlarged diameter portion disposed on the proximal end 446 of inner shaft 416 forms a plunger 454. The distal end 448 of inner shaft 416 is attached to dilator tip 428.
Spring coil 430 is adapted to bias the dilator tip 428 distally from distal sheath 412. As with the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 8–9, the crimped distal end 462 of shaft 456 is adapted to hold spring coil 430 in partial compression, and to prevent spring coil 430 from retracting proximally.
To retrieve the filter, catheter 410 is advanced along the filter wire 20 until dilator tip 428 contacts filter stop 26. Further advancement of catheter 410 causes the filter 22 to collapse within the lumen 440 of distal sheath 412, as shown in FIG. 10. Then the catheter containing filter wire 20, filter 22 and the debris can be removed from the body.
FIGS. 11 and 12 are cross-sectional views of a filter retrieval device in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention. Catheter 510 includes a cylindrical distal sheath 512 coupled to an outer shaft 514 distally thereof. Disposable at least in part within lumen 540 of distal sheath 512 is a dilator tip 528 similar to that depicted in FIGS. 9–10. Dilator tip 528 is biased at least in part distally from distal sheath 512 by a spring coil 530.
Spring coil 530 is formed by a portion of a wire 560 that has a proximal end 562 and a distal end 564. The proximal end 562 of wire 560 is attached to outer shaft 514 at or near opening 518. Wire 560 is substantially straight from proximal end 562 to point 566, and is helically disposed about inner shaft 516 from point 566 to distal end 564.
In use, when catheter 530 is advanced distally, dilator tip 528 attaches to filter stop 26. Further advancement of the catheter causes filter 22 to collapse and retract at least in part into the distal sheath 512, as shown in FIG. 12.
Although the particular embodiments depicted in FIGS. 1–12 utilize a helically disposed spring coil to bias the dilator tip distally from the distal sheath, other configurations are possible without deviating from the scope of the invention. For example, a spring having one or more struts disposed longitudinally along the axis formed by the filter wire may be used to bias the dilator tip distally from the distal sheath. In yet another example, the spring may comprise an accordion-shaped polymeric tube adapted to bias the dilator tip distally from the distal sheath.
It is also to be understood that several different materials may be utilized to form the resilient members without deviating from the scope of the present invention. For example, the spring coil may be comprised of 304 or 316 grade stainless steel, or may be comprised of a polymeric material such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylchloride (PVC) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
FIG. 13 illustrates yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention utilizing a snap-fit mechanism to retrieve the filter. Filter retrieval catheter 610 includes a distal sheath 612 coupled to a shaft 614 extending proximally therefrom. Distal sheath 612 defines a lumen 640 adapted to carry a filter such as a distal protection filter, once collapsed.
Disposable at least in part within lumen 640 is a dilator tip 628. Dilator tip 628 is comprised of a substantially hard material, and includes several recessed surfaces adapted to permit relative motion between the dilator tip 628 and the distal sheath 612. In the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 13, dilator tip 628 includes a first recessed surface 670 disposed on a proximal portion of dilator tip 628, and a second recessed surface 672 disposed distally the first recessed surface 670. The first recessed surface 670 and second recessed surface 672 are adapted to permit a reduced inner diameter portion 676 disposed on distal sheath 612 to slide thereon.
The length of the second recessed surface can be varied depending on the actuation length desired. In an application, the length of the second recessed surface can be predetermined to provide a sufficient actuation length to permit the filter to completely collapse within the distal sheath. This pre-determined length provides the operator with feedback on the location of the filter within the distal sheath, thus obviating the need to resort to more traditional fluoroscopic imaging techniques.
To retrieve the filter, dilator tip 628 is first attached to the distal sheath 612 prior to insertion of the device into the body. In a first position shown in FIG. 13, catheter 610 is inserted into the patient and advanced to the site of the filter to be retrieved. A barb 678 disposed on dilator tip 628 distal the first recessed surface 670 prevents dilator tip 628 from sliding relative to distal sheath 612 during delivery. Once catheter 610 has been advanced to the site, and the distal end of dilator tip 628 abuts filter stop 26, continued retraction of filter wire 20 and/or advancement of the catheter causes the reduced inner diameter portion 674 on the distal sheath 612 to overcome the frictional force exerted by barb 678. When this occurs, barb 678 displaces distally, allowing reduced inner diameter portion 676 to engage the second recessed surface 672. Continued retraction of reduced inner diameter portion 676 along the second recessed surface 672 draws filter 22 into delivery sheath 612, as shown in FIG. 14. Then the catheter containing the filer wire 20, collapsed filter 22 and collected debris can be withdrawn from the body.
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment in accordance with the present invention. Similar to the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 13–14, catheter 710 includes a distal sheath 712 coupled to a shaft 714 (not shown) extending proximally therefrom. Distal sheath 712 defines a lumen 740 adapted to carry a filter such as a distal protection filter, once collapsed.
In the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 15, distal sheath 712 has a reduced inner diameter portion 776 which is adapted to slidably engage the first recessed surface 770 and second recessed surface 772 on dilator tip 728.
In use, catheter 710 operates in a manner similar to that of catheter 610. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 16, filter 22 can be collapsed and drawn into distal sheath 712 in a manner similar to that shown and described with respect to FIG. 14.
In a similar embodiment to that shown in FIGS. 13–16, a filter retrieval device having an actuatable dilator tip further comprises a third recessed surface disposed on the dilator tip to provide the operator with tactile feedback that the filter is fully drawn into the catheter. As illustrated in FIG. 17, a filter retrieval catheter 810 having an actuatable dilator tip includes a distal sheath 812 coupled to a shaft 814 distally thereof, and a dilator tip 828 slidably disposable along a filter wire 20.
Dilator tip 828 includes a first recessed surface 870 disposed on a proximal portion thereof, a second recessed surface 872 disposed distally the first recessed surface 870, and a third recessed surface 874 disposed distally the second recessed surface 872. In an application, the length of the second recessed surface 872 can be pre-determined to provide a sufficient actuation length to permit the filter to completely collapse within distal sheath 812.
To retrieve the filter, dilator tip 828 is attached to the distal sheath 812 and inserted into the patient. In a first position shown in FIG. 17, catheter 810 is advanced to a location proximate and proximal a filter 22. A barb 878 disposed on dilator tip 828 distal the first recessed surface 870 prevents dilator tip 828 from sliding relative to distal sheath 812 during delivery. Once catheter 810 has been advanced to the site, and the distal end of dilator tip 828 abuts filter stop 26, continued retraction of filter wire 20 and/or advancement of the catheter causes the reduced inner diameter portion 876 on distal sheath 812 to overcome the frictional force exerted by barb 878. Continued retraction of the reduced inner diameter portion 876 in the proximal direction along the second recessed surface 872 draws filter 22 into delivery sheath 812, as shown in FIG. 18. A second barb 880 disposed distally of the second recessed surface 872 is then engaged. When a sufficient force is exerted on the second barb 880, barb 880 displaces, allowing reduced inner diameter portion 876 to engage the third recessed surface 874 as shown in FIG. 19. When the third recessed surface 874 is engaged, continued retraction of dilator tip 828 is prevented, thus informing the operator that filter 22 has been fully encapsulated within distal sheath 812.
Referring now to FIGS. 20–27, methods for retrieving an intravascular filter from a body lumen will now be described. As shown in FIG. 20, a guide catheter 910 having a flared distal end 982 is inserted into the lumen of a patient. A guidewire 20 is inserted through the guide catheter, and is advanced to a desired site within the patient. An intravascular filter 22 such as a distal protection filter is then advanced along guidewire 20 and placed at or near the distal end thereof. In an application, filter 22 is advanced to a location distal a lesion to collect debris dislodged during a therapeutic procedure such as an angioplasty or atherectomy.
To retrieve filter 22 from the body lumen, a dilator tip 928 is advanced by means of a pushing member 984 along filter wire 20 through guide catheter 910 to a point proximate and proximal filter 22. As shown in FIG. 21, the physician then further advances dilator tip 928 until it attaches to filter stop 26. Once dilator tip 928 is attached to filter stop 26, an outer sheath 992 is advanced along filter wire 20 and dilator tip 928 over filter 22, causing the filter to collapse within the outer sheath as shown in FIG. 22. Then, the dilator tip 928, filter wire 20, filter 22 and collected debris can be removed from the body.
FIGS. 23–27 illustrate an alternative method for retrieving an intravascular filter in accordance with the present invention wherein a second guidewire is placed within the body. As shown in FIG. 23, a guidewire is inserted into guide catheter 910, and is advanced to a desired location within the body where the procedure is to be performed. Disposed at or near the distal end of guidewire 20 is a filter 22.
Retrieval of the filter 22 from the body lumen proceeds in a manner similar to that illustrated in FIGS. 20-22. A dilator tip 928 is advanced along guidewire 20 by means of a pushing member 984 to a point proximate and proximal filter stop 26. Continued advancement causes the dilator tip 928 to attach to filter stop 26.
As shown in FIG. 24, once dilator tip 928 is attached to the filter stop 26, an outer sheath 992 is advanced along guidewire 20 to a point distal the proximal end of filter 22, causing the filter to collapse in part within the outer sheath. The flanged portion 982 disposed on the distal end of guide catheter 910 is adapted to prevent the proximal end of outer sheath 992 from exiting the guide catheter 910 distally.
Outer sheath 992 defines a lumen adapted to carry filter 22 in a collapsed state. A marking band (not shown) disposed about a distal portion of outer sheath 992 permits the operator to fluoroscopically judge the location of the outer sheath within the body.
Once filter 22 has been drawn into outer sheath 992, the dilator 928, filter wire 20, filter 22 and collected debris can be retracted through outer sheath 992 and guide catheter 910 and removed from the patient, as shown in FIG. 26. A second guidewire 920 can be inserted through guide catheter 910 and outer sheath 992 to the site, as shown in FIG. 27.
Having thus described the embodiments of the present invention, those of skill in the art will readily appreciate other alternative embodiments that may be employed which fall within the scope of the claims attached hereto. Numerous advantages of the invention covered by this document have been set forth in the foregoing description. It should be understood that the embodiments of the present invention are exemplary only. Changes may be made in details, particularly in matters of shape, size and arrangement of parts without exceeding the scope of the invention.
a spring coil adapted to bias the dilator tip in the distally advanced position.
2. The filter system of claim 1, wherein said dilator tip comprises a generally circular cross section and a conical shaped distal portion.
3. The filter system of claim 1, wherein the spring coil is disposed in the sheath.
4. The filter system of claim 1, further comprising an inner shaft disposed about the wire, said inner shaft having a proximal end and a distal end.
5. The filter system of claim 4, wherein the length of the inner shaft is substantially shorter than the length of the outer shaft.
6. The filter system of claim 4, wherein the length of the inner shaft is substantially the same as the length of the outer shaft.
7. The filter system of claim 6, further comprising a hub disposed about the proximal end of the outer shaft, said hub adapted to prevent relative motion between the inner and outer shafts.
8. The filter system of claim 4, wherein said spring coil is disposable at least in part about a portion of the inner shaft.
9. The filter system of claim 4, wherein said spring coil is disposable at least in part about a portion of the inner shaft, and wherein a portion of the spring coil is fixedly attached to a portion of the inner shaft.
10. The filter system of claim 4, further comprising a plunger assembly.
11. The filter system of claim 10, wherein said plunger assembly is attached to the proximal end of the inner shaft.
a spring coil disposed along the filter wire proximal the dilator tip, said spring coil adapted to bias the dilator tip toward the distal end of the distal sheath.
FR2850285B1 (en) * 2002-01-24 2006-06-30 Medtronic Vascular Inc Device has guidewire for temporary protection against distal emboli.


The Astronaut's Diet can help us to accelerate our metabolism and slim down. Don't worry, there's no need to go into space to follow this diet! Just follow these instructions and start feeling as light as you would in zero gravity!
We have learned about this easy diet that has a jaw-dropping effect.
Real astronauts don't use this diet, but only ladies with an astronaut's restraint will be able to stick to it because of the number of foods they have to give up. The diet of astronauts is quite ascetic and consists almost entirely of protein products. Fiber and carbohydrates are significantly minimized.
Also, you'll need to decrease your daily calorie intake (you can calculate it here). Thanks to the high amount of protein you'll be eating, this diet contributes to rapid weight loss without causing harm to the muscles.
Others products that aren't on the "restricted list".
Take a look at this example menu and try to adopt some of these meals as your own.
Breakfast: Two boiled or roasted eggs + one cup of coffee without milk or sugar.
Lunch: Half a chicken of medium size with half a liter of chicken broth (in which it was cooked) + salad with tomatoes and mushrooms + a glass of soy milk or black coffee.
Snack: One cup of orange or green tea.
Dinner: A glass of almond milk, fish and 150 grams of tofu.
You can replace tofu with cottage cheese, chicken with fish, coffee with green tea, and an orange with an apple.
Don't ignore vitamins and minerals. Also, be sure to walk or run daily and drink plenty of water (up to 2 liters a day).
If you suffer from digestive problems, know that they can be improved after making some lifestyle changes. And the suggested diet can help here too.
The most important thing to do is reduce or eliminate simple carbohydrates (sugar, pasta, white bread, fruit juice, alcohol, etc.). Because when the digestive system is out of balance, high-glycemic carbs and sugar tend to ferment in the colon. This can be the reason for bloating and gas.
It's even possible to heal irritable bowel syndrome using a high-protein diet in addition to other diet tips.
Avoid fried, spicy and fatty foods, sweeteners, black tea, carbonated beverages, and alcohol.
Try drinking soothing tea like chamomile, mint, and ginger.
Do you like this diet? Will you try using it? Maybe you have your own diet plan? Tell us about it in the comments!


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John Paul pays the price after Ste's drug addiction leaves him in debt to Lockie, and Holly is over the moon when she's told Cindy can come home for a visit, but Cindy's not so keen.
Hollyoaks Season 20 :Episode 3 How Much for Your Soul?	How Much for Your Soul?
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