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About the Rossing Center
The Rossing Center for Education and Dialogue is an interreligious organization based in Jerusalem which promotes an inclusive society for all religious, ethnic and national groups. Through education, encounter, research and consulting, the Rossing Center promotes better relations between Jews, Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land.
The Rossing Center for Education and Dialogue is an interreligious organization based in Jerusalem, which promotes an inclusive society for all religious, ethnic and national groups. Through education, encounter, research and advocacy, we foster better relations between Jews, Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land. We believe that understanding, respect, justice and equality will enable us all to live in peace.
Contribute to understanding and appreciation of the other's religious/cultural/national narrative, traditions, beliefs and practices;
Combat prejudices and negative stereotypes;
Create and deepen relationships across religious lines despite differences and disagreement.
To reach wider circles of society, the Rossing Center strives to network with other organizations and institutions, to
Enhance awareness of the significance of interreligious and intercultural relations to peacebuilding in the Holy Land;
Ensure the welfare of religious minorities in the Holy Land.
To read our annual report please press on the links below:
To date, we have collaborated on specific issues or programs with over 120 Jewish, Christian, interfaith, intercultural, educational and public bodies. Over 8,000 individuals are directly involved in our activities each year.
■ JCJCR-Lecture for students in Hebrew University
JCJCR-Lecture for students in Hebrew University
1 בJanuary 2022 14:30 – 15:30
■ JCJCR- Lecture for tour guides
JCJCR- Lecture for tour guides
2 בJanuary 2022
■ Ed4Change- Teacher Training- Vitzo Hadassim Aven Yehuda
Ed4Change- Teacher Training- Vitzo Hadassim Aven Yehuda
■ JCJCR-series of lectures about Christians in the Holy Land in Hertzog Center
JCJCR-series of lectures about Christians in the Holy Land in Hertzog Center
■ Meeting Place – Study Group Mount Scopus
Meeting Place – Study Group Mount Scopus
■ Ed4Change- Teacher Training- Rivivim R.L, Eroni He Modein
Ed4Change- Teacher Training- Rivivim R.L, Eroni He Modein
■ Open House – Womens' Stories Group
Open House – Womens' Stories Group
■ JCJCR- lecture for Hebrew University students
JCJCR- lecture for Hebrew University students
■ JCJCR- series of lectures in Beit Prat Jerusalem
JCJCR- series of lectures in Beit Prat Jerusalem
■ Ed4Change-Key Personnel forum
Ed4Change-Key Personnel forum
■ Meeting Place – Study Group Givat Ram
Meeting Place – Study Group Givat Ram
■ JCJCR-training day for tour guides
JCJCR-training day for tour guides
■ Open House Intercultural Group
Open House Intercultural Group
■ Ed4C- Teacher Training- Ben Tzvi Kiryat Uno
Ed4C- Teacher Training- Ben Tzvi Kiryat Uno
■ Ed4C- Teacher Training- Alhuda Ramla, Hadasssah Vitzo Canada Netanya
Ed4C- Teacher Training- Alhuda Ramla, Hadasssah Vitzo Canada Netanya
10 בJanuary 2022
10 בJanuary 2022 18:30 – 21:00
■ Ed4C- Teacher Training- Ben Tzvi Kiryat Uno, Harishonim Herzliya
Ed4C- Teacher Training- Ben Tzvi Kiryat Uno, Harishonim Herzliya
■ JCJCR-training for tour guides
JCJCR-training for tour guides
■ Dialogue and Identity – Teacher Training
Dialogue and Identity – Teacher Training
■ Ed4C- Teacher Training- Shoham
Ed4C- Teacher Training- Shoham
■ Facilitator Training – Ed4Change
Facilitator Training – Ed4Change
■ Ed4C- Teacher Training- Dkalim Tel Sheva
Ed4C- Teacher Training- Dkalim Tel Sheva
■ Ed4C- Teacher Training- Almutran Nazareth, Eroni He Modein, Rvivim R.L, Vitzo Hadassim Aven Yehuda
Ed4C- Teacher Training- Almutran Nazareth, Eroni He Modein, Rvivim R.L, Vitzo Hadassim Aven Yehuda
■ Ed4Change Principals' Forum
Ed4Change Principals' Forum
■ Ed4C- Teacher Training- Bewn Tzvi Kiryat Uno
Ed4C- Teacher Training- Bewn Tzvi Kiryat Uno
■ Ed4C- Teacher Training- Alhuda Ramla, Hadassah Vitzo Canada Netanya
Ed4C- Teacher Training- Alhuda Ramla, Hadassah Vitzo Canada Netanya
■ Ed4C- Teacher Training- Ben Tzvi Kiryat Uno, Ben Tzvi P.T, Harishonim Herzliya
Ed4C- Teacher Training- Ben Tzvi Kiryat Uno, Ben Tzvi P.T, Harishonim Herzliya
■ JCJCR-Lectures for tour guides
JCJCR-Lectures for tour guides
■ Ed4C- Teacher Training- Alhuda Ramla
Ed4C- Teacher Training- Alhuda Ramla
Dr. Sarah Bernstein
Born in the UK, with a background in law and mediation, Sarah has worked in the field of peace-building and coexistence work since 2000, specializing in interreligious dialogue. She was awarded her PHD in Peace and Reconciliation Studies by Coventry University in England for her thesis on the theme of 'Narratives of Belonging: Life Stories of Jewish-Israeli Women in Jerusalem.' The Israeli editor of the book, Women of the Book: A Jerusalem Collage, Dr. Bernstein's article on "Is 'Interreligious' Synonymous with 'Interfaith'? The Roles of Dialogue in Peacebuilding" was published as a chapter in the book, Peacebuilding and Reconciliation: Contemporary Challenges and Themes (Pluto Press, 2012). Sarah sits on the Alliance for Peacebuilding Global Advisory Council on Effective Interreligious Peacebuilding, and is a founding Board member of the International Association of Spiritual Care. Lives in Jerusalem.
sarah@rossingcenter.org
Hana Bendcowsky
JCJCR Program Director
Hana has an M.A. degree in Comparative Religion from Hebrew University and 16 years of practical experience in interfaith activities in Israel and abroad. She is the Director of the Jerusalem Center for Jewish-Christian Relations, coordinating and teaching in the Center's various educational programs, as well as producing educational materials, consulting and doing advocacy work. In addition to her position with the Rossing Center, Hana works as a free -lance tour educator in Jerusalem for groups involving over 1,500 individuals a year, mainly Israeli Jews and primarily study tours in the Christian Quarter. Hana lives in Jerusalem.
hanab@jcjcr.org
Hussam Elias
Dialogue and Identity Program Director
Hussam has more than 15 years of practical experience in community projects designed to promote mutual understanding and tolerance between different religious and national groups. He co-directs the Dialogue and Identity schools program, currently working with 40 schools in the Galilee and the center of Israel. In addition to his work with the Rossing Center, Hussam works with the Nazareth-based International Christian Committee in Israel (ICCI), an affiliate of the Middle East Council of Churches and the World Council of Churches. Hussam lives in Kafr Kana in the Galilee.
hussam@rossingcenter.org
Cami Mizrahi
Educating for Change Program Director
Cami has many years of experience as an educator and facilitator in the field of Jewish-Arab relations. Cami is the Director of the Educating for Change program, overseeing the staff and training and supporting the team of Arab and Jewish facilitators who work throughout the country. Cami has a BA in Education, one MA in International Relations and a second MA in Bibliotherapy. Cami lives in Tzur Hadasa (Jerusalem area).
cami@ed4change.org
Ophir Yarden
ADAShA Program Director
Ophir directs ADAShA:The Jerusalem Center for Interreligious Encounter, which creates and conducts Study-Tours in Israel/Palestine for interreligious groups from abroad. He is a senior lecturer in Jewish and Israel studies at Brigham Young University's Jerusalem Center and teaches in several other universities, colleges and seminaries in Jerusalem. Ophir is a licensed Tour Educator and has trained Tour Educators and Guides in Judaism and Islam since the 1990s. Ophir has rich experience in interreligious work having coordinated and facilitated many engagement programs and has recently begun to teach courses on religion and conflict transformation. Born in the U.S.A and has been living in Jerusalem since 1978.
ophir@rossingcenter.org
Vivian Rabia
Open House Program Director
Vivian has worked for over 13 years as a professional group facilitator in the field of Jewish-Arab relations, personal identity, women's empowerment and more. Vivian is the Director of the Open House in Ramle and of the Healing Hatred spiritual counselling program. In the past, she facilitated in both Dialogue and Identity and the Educating for Change Arab school program. Vivian has an MA in gender studies at Bar Ilan University and lives in Ramle.
vivian@rossingcenter.org
Gal Eblagon
Meeting Place Program Director
Gal has a Master's degree in Jewish Philosophy, and conducted her comparative research on early Judaism and Christianity in the field of Niddah. Gal is the Director of the Meeting Place program, partnering with the Hebrew University in Jerusalem to encourage encounter and dialogue between Jewish, Muslim and Christian, Israeli and Palestinian students. In the past, Gal facilitated in both the Educating for Change and Healing Hatred programs. Gal lives in Jerusalem.
gal@ed4change.org
Tamer Khalfo
Project Coordinator: Educating for Change
Tamer brings to the Rossing Center a strong background in group facilitation and work in the non-profit sector. He has worked with youth at risk – including Palestinian LGBTI youth. He has experience in managing projects, training, volunteer oversight and in program development. Tamer holds a B.A. in psychology and is now studying for an MA in Organizational Consulting. Originally from Haifa, today he lives in Jerusalem.
Tamer@ed4change.org
Dr. Pamela Lubell
Director of Resource Development
Pamela has a PhD in the Political History of Modern China and has taught at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University. Pamela has worked on project design, monitoring and fund-raising for NGOs conducting human rights and development programs in Israel, South East Asia and Africa. She also has a diploma in early childhood education and has worked in that field for Hebrew University and on commercial projects for Time Life International. Pamela lives in Jerusalem.
pamela@rossingcenter.org
John Munayer
Communications and Meeting Place Coordinator
Born and raised in Jerusalem, John has been involved in peace-building and dialogue initiatives from a young age. He continued to pursue relevant subjects in university, completing an MSc in International Relations of the Middle East from the University of Edinburgh, an MA in Theology and Religious Studies: Building Interreligious Relations from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and a BA in Religion, Politics and Society from King's College London. John also researches, writes and lectures on Palestinian Christian identity, Palestinian Theology and Interreligious Dialogue.
John@rossingcenter.org
Keren Hendin
Monitoring and Evaluation and Strategic Initiatives Director
Keren holds an M.A. in International Conflict and Coexistence from Brandeis University and a B.A. in Education from Hebrew University in Jerusalem. She has over a decade of experience working in multi-cultural settings both locally and overseas, specializing in project management, strategic development, partnership-building, facilitation and training.
Keren@rossingcenter.org
Salpy Arakelian
Born in an Armenian family in Haifa, Salpy has a degree in English Literature from Haifa University. Salpy started her career as an English teacher, but moved to work as an administrator with 20 years' experience in various companies, such as Palestinian Development Fund, Palestinian Banking Corporation and PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). Salpy lives in Jerusalem.
salpy@rossingcenter.org
Hannan Haddad
Program Coordinator, Dialogue and Identity and Education Departments Forum
Hannan has over 10 years of experience in project development and in group facilitation, specializing in multi-cultural groups. Hannan is in charge of the northern schools in Dialogue and Identity, and also holds an MA degree in Social Psychology from IDC Herzliya.
hannan@rossingcenter.org
Nily Nevo
Program Coordinator, The Rossing Center at the Open House in Ramle
Nily Nevo has over 20 years of experience in the formal and non-formal education sector, working with youth, guiding facilitators, and developing leadership training in different frameworks. She has a BA in the educational democratic track from Seminar HaKibbutzim specialising in teaching history and literature. Nily began her work at the Rossing Center in the Open House in Ramle as a program coordinator and facilitator. In addition, she is part of the Rossing Center's work with the departments of education.
nily@jcjcr.org
Fethiya Arafat Haddad
Program Coordinator, Dialogue and Identity
Fethiya Arafat Haddad has a MA in Organisational Consulting from the University of Tel-Aviv with over 10 years of experience in community work. In addition, she is a trained facilitator who was certified in the University of Tel-Aviv. Fethiya also volunteers in the field of awareness and identity among children and women in Ramle. At the Rossing Center, she facilitates a teacher training group in the Dialogue and Identity Program.
toha@rossingcenter.org
Michal Fisher
Michal has been working as a group facilitator since 2004. She has a MA in Group Facilitation combining Art and a BA in Phycology. In addition, Michal is a graduate of Psychotherapy Studies. She specialises her facilitation in subjects such as reducing violence, tolerance, gender, and sexuality, and has worked with youth at risk. Michal currently works in the Educating for Change as a facilitator and in Dialogue and Identity as a coordinator.
michalfish2@gmail.com
Hiba Janadri Abu Khadra
Hiba Janadri Abu Khadra has a MA and BA in Arabic Language and Literature, a BA in Education, and a BA in Social Work. For over 15 years Hiba has worked in the social and community spheres, developing and managing various programs among diverse sectors in the Arab population. Such programs addressed personal development, empowerment, acceptance of the 'other' and social resilience. At the Rossing Center, Hiba facilitates a teacher training group in the Dialogue and Identity Program.
hiba@rossingcenter.org
Rasha Abdeen
Program Administrator, Educating for Change
Born in Jerusalem, 20 year old BA student for linguistics and translation and press and media in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Administrative coordinator of the Educating for Change program. Moreover, Coordinator of different projects at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem that cares of coexistence between Arabs and Jews and learning the language of the other.
rasha@rossingcenter.org
Daniel Rossing (1946-2010)
Daniel Rossing devoted himself to interfaith relations in Israel for over forty years.
He was an expert on the Christian communities in the Holy Land, and Founder and first Director of the Jerusalem Center for Jewish-Christian Relations (JCJCR) – later to become the Rossing Center – promoting understanding and empathy between the various Jewish communities in Israel and the diverse strands of indigenous Christians.
Daniel earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from the University of Wisconsin and a Master of Theological Studies degree from the Lutheran School of Theology in Chicago. He was a Rotary International Fellow at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, where he also completed graduate studies in Contemporary Jewish Thought.
For fourteen years, Daniel was Director of the Department for Christian Communities in Israel's Ministry for Religious Affairs; for nearly a decade he was Director of the Melitz Center for Christian Encounter in Israel, and also served as Head of the Christian Communities Desk at the Jerusalem Foundation. He taught at the adjunct faculty of the Ecumenical Institute at Tantur, St. George's College in Jerusalem, and Hamline University Program in Israel, and was scholar-in-residence for a host of intensive short-term study programs, including the Council of Christians and Jews Church Leaders' Seminar in Israel. He published extensively on Christian minorities in the Middle East, on interfaith relations in the Holy Land, and on Jerusalem.
Daniel received the 2009 Mount Zion Award for his outstanding contribution to dialogue between the different religions and cultures in the Holy Land, and his enhancement of mutual understanding between Jews, Christians and Muslims, in Jerusalem and throughout the land held sacred by the three Abrahamic faiths.
We extend heartfelt thanks to all our supporters and donors for their generosity!
Your contribution helps us fulfill our mission to promote an inclusive society for all religious, ethnic and national groups in the Holy Land. We are committed to continue to develop our work in partnership with you.
To support our work
The following are among our past and current donor organizations:
Alliance for Peacebuilding
http://www.allianceforpeacebuilding.org/
http://www.ajc.org
Chicago Jewish Federation
Chicago, USA
http://www.juf.org
Church of Sweden
http://www.svenskakyrkan.se
Deutsche Verein vom Heiligen Lande
http://www.heilig-land-verein.de
Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart
Rottenburg, Germany
http://www.drs.de/startseite.html
Diocese of Hessen-Nassau
Bickenbach, Germany
http://www.imdialog.org/
http://www.ekir.de
Evangelische Kirche von Westfalen
http://www.ekvw.de
Evangelisches Missionswerk in Deutschland
http://www.emw-d.de
Gimprich Family Foundation
ICCO & Kerk in Actie
http://www.kerkinactie.org
and http://www.icco.nl
Katholische Zentralstelle für Entwicklungshilfe e.V. MISEREOR
(Foreign Political Entity)
http://www.misereor.de
Kindermissionswerk "Die Sternsinger"
http://www.sternsinger.org
Kirche in Not
Königstein, Germany
http://www.kirche-in-not.org
Missio Aachen
http://www.missio-aachen.de
Perlin Family Foundation
Virginia, USA
Pruzan-Abrams Family Foundation
Seattle, USA
Strauss Investments Ltd
US Embassy,
https://il.usembassy.gov/
The Rossing Center received $8,000 in 2019 and 2020 from the US Embassy towards our Dialogue and Identity project.


Buying and selling simultaneously is all about the timing. Although it is common to buy and sell a home at the same time, buying a home before selling your current home is quite difficult, unless you are one of the rare homeowners with the financial ability to pay two mortgages at once. The home buying and selling process can be time consuming overall, but you should expect to sell your current home before you purchase a new home. Many other homeowners have done exactly the same thing, and so can you. Listed below are some tips to avoid making a mistake and help you succeed as both a buyer and seller!
Buying and selling at the same time can be complicated and a bit overwhelming, so it is helpful to have a professional agent with experience and knowledge right by your side. A knowledgeable, local agent will not only be able to help you determine the market value of your home, but they will also be able to talk you through the timing and process. Your agent should be able to answer all your questions about the process and help to negotiate the perfect listing price.
The length of time it takes to buy and sell can vary tremendously depending on the local real estate scene and the current market. Every home needs some touch up work before selling. Whether it is repainting some scratched walls, updating light fixtures, installing new carpet, or repairing a broken deck. Don't wait until the last minute to initiate this process, otherwise you could find yourself rushed and miss out on a home sale.
When you're buying and selling simultaneously, the number of moving parts doubles. And if any of those parts become immobilized, it can throw off both of these transactions.
It is always best for you to have a backup plan in case something goes wrong. Keep your emergency fund well-stocked. In a best-case scenario, you may simply need a hotel or Airbnb for a week, but in worse scenarios you may also find yourself looking into a short-term rental. Always have cash on hand, in addition to your down payment funds, to prepare for the worst scenario.
A major mistake that we see from simultaneous buyers and sellers is making the same one that many first-time buyers make: they fail to get pre-approved on their new loan. Getting pre-approval is an important part of this process because it puts a stop to an unrealistic fantasy by telling the buyer exactly what size of house they can afford.
Many buyers assume that with a large down payment and increased income, they will automatically qualify for a larger home loan.
Since buying a home is a huge investment to your time and money, it is important to not add to your current debt by incautiously purchasing pricey items, from new furniture or a new car, to hiring contractors to remodel the home. It is recommended that you save your purchases for a few months after closing your home to regain your financial stability and see the layout of your new home. This allows you to see features of your new home and what rooms will need new furniture.
Oftentimes it is very tempting to purchase new furniture before you move out; nonetheless, it is best to wait until you have paid off all of your credit card bills and regained financial stability. Once your home has been closed, then make these purchases since new debts can affect your credit score negatively. When you use your credit card on an expensive new purchase or new line of credit, you can harm your credit score, delaying the ability to close your home as a result.
If you have any questions about buying and selling a home simultaneously, give us a call today at 614.855.8700!


Hey there! Thank you for reading that. 😊 I'm currently away for a little bit so I may not be able to respond to your comments or messages but I look forward to reading them when I get back!
But I was halfway to the bin.
S t o p p i n g.
because its shell was cracked.


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CRS Summary - Part 2/4
Aldo-Pier Solari <[log in to unmask]>
Fri, 8 Aug 1997 20:20:47 GMT
Ocean International Acquisition. On July 15, 1997, Corsaire
Snowboard Inc. announced that it was nearing completion of its
acquisition of Ocean International Products SA de CV. On July 28,
1997, Corsaire Snowboard Inc. announced that it had completed its
acquisition of Ocean International Products SA de CV. [Dow Jones
News, Corsaire Snowboard press release]
European Fleet Restructuring. On July 11, 1997, the European
Commission released its annual report on restructuring of the
European fishing industry (MAGP III), confirming that the UK and the
Netherlands failed to achieve fleet tonnage reduction goals by the
end of 1996. In addition, France and Italy failed to achieve their
obligations for reducing engine power. At the other extreme,
Portugal, Spain, Denmark, and Germany reduced their fleets well
below Multi-Annual Guidance Programme (MAGP) requirements. As a
whole, between 1991 and 1996, the European fishing fleet was reduced
15% in tonnage and 9.5% in engine power. [Agence Europe via
Reuters]
Van Camp Seafood Sale. {On July 10, 1997, the U.S. Bankruptcy
Court approved the sale of Van Camp Seafood assets to Tri-Union
Seafoods, LLC for $97 million, after the Court discounted a rival
$110 million offer for Van Camp Seafood Co. from International Home
Foods, Inc., due to serious antitrust problems. On July 15, 1997,
Van Camp Seafood, Inc. filed a motion requesting a 120-day
extension for filing a reorganization plan. On July 18, 1997, the
Court entered a bridge order extending Van Camp's exclusivity until
a Sept. 5, 1997, hearing on the 120-day extension motion.} {{On
Aug. 6, 1997, the sale of Van Camp Seafood Co., Inc. to Tri-Union
Seafoods, LLC was completed, with the operations subsequently to be
known as Chicken of the Sea International. Company headquarters are
to remain in San Diego, CA, and operation of a cannery in American
Samoa will continue.}} [Dow Jones News]
Salmon Along the Pacific Coast
{Savage Rapids Dam. On Aug. 5, 1997, the Grants Pass Irrigation
District's board of trustees voted 3-1 to spend an estimated $13.5
million to remove the Savage Rapids Dam on the Rogue River, OR and
replace it with pumps.} [Assoc Press]
{NPPC Meeting. On Aug. 5, 1997, OR Gov. John Kitzhaber's chief
salmon advisor Jim Martin told the Northwest Power Planning Council
(NPPC) that a 4-state plan to recovery salmon was necessary to avoid
continued failure in the Columbia River basin. On Aug. 6, 1997,
the NPPC was reported to have conceded that it had failed to restore
Columbia Basin salmon, and listened to recommendations by scientific
staff on how to improve the effectiveness of fishery programs funded
by the Bonneville Power Administration.} [Assoc Press]
{Elliott Bay Chinook Fishery. In early August 1997, Muckleshoot
tribal officials wrote the WA Dept. of Fish and Wildlife seeking
additional restrictions on the Elliott Bay chinook salmon sport
fishery, claiming the run to the Green River was 27% smaller than
predicted. The tribe is concerned that harvest of wild chinook will
threaten the population necessary to sustain the Green River run.}
AK Pink Salmon Price. On July 30, 1997, commercial salmon seiners
from False Pass to Cordova, AK, remained in port, refusing to accept
a price as low as $0.05 per pound for pink salmon. Kodiak seiners
initiated the protest earlier in the week, after the United Seiners
Association had little success in obtaining processor commitments to
a minimum price of $0.15 per pound. {On Aug. 1, 1997, a second
salmon buyer in the Kodiak area signed an agreement with the United
Seiners Assoc. for a minimum base price of $0.15 per pound for pink
salmon; the first contract was obtained on July 28. Fishermen are
fishing on a rotation basis until sufficient contracts are received
to permit a completely open fishery. On Aug. 6, 1997, Kodiak
fishermen agreed to resume fishing after 3 processors agreed to a
minimum price of $0.12 per pound for pink salmon.} [Assoc Press]
{Port of Seattle Salmon? In late July 1997, Port of Seattle
commissioners voted 3-2 to spend as much as $300,000 for feasibility
and environmental studies to create an artificial salmon stream and
spawning area in downtown Seattle, WA, for shared educational and
conservation objectives. Private funding is expected to cover
construction costs.} [Assoc Press]
Salmon/Steelhead at Bonneville Dam. In late July 1997, the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers began efforts to release an undetermined
number of salmon and steelhead trout that may have become trapped
beneath the fish ladder near the Bonneville Dam's powerhouse on the
WA side of the river. Debris from heavy spring runoff had ripped
holes in gratings allowing fish to become trapped. Some biologists
estimate as many as 1,000 fish may be trapped. In addition, the
Corps has been asked by federal, state, and tribal managers to shut
down the dam's second powerhouse for several weeks so that debris
can be removed to clear the fish passage system before the peak
steelhead/fall chinook run arrives. However, the Corps contends
that pumping water from the fish passage system and subsequent
debris removal could not be completed in time to benefit this year's
fish. {On Aug. 4, 1997, Corps officials announced that fish
passage facilities had been repaired and would be reopened on Aug.
5; few trapped fish were found.} [Assoc Press]
Columbia River Flow Management. In late July 1997, the U.S. Bureau
of Reclamation announced that it would begin spilling water at Grand
Coulee Dam, WA, and Hungry House Dam, MT, in order to meet NMFS flow
objectives for the Columbia River. [Dow Jones News]
NMFS Oversight Hearing. On July 24, 1997, the House Resources
Subcommittee on Fisheries Conservation, Wildlife, and Oceans held an
oversight hearing to review the authority and decision-making
processes for Columbia River salmon management by NMFS's Northwest
Region. A continuation of this hearing is scheduled on Aug. 15,
1997, in Boise, ID. [Congr. Record, personal communication]
Cook Inlet Salmon Fishery. On July 23, 1997, AK Fish and Wildlife
Protection officers began boarding 41 gillnet vessels alleged to
have been fishing for sockeye salmon beyond the legal 3-mile limit
in Cook Inlet. Charges are pending for 15 vessels, while 26 were
charged with misdemeanor counts of fishing in closed waters. [Assoc
El Nino. On July 18, 1997, the Peruvian government reinstated a
coastwide ban on anchovy fishing, based on lowered harvests related
to El Nino conditions. In mid-July 1997, Chilean officials
projected a significant increase in anchovy harvest due to
displacement of anchovy southward from Peru by warmer El Nino
currents. [Dow Jones News, Dow Jones News]
ID Hatchery Chinook. On July 17, 1997, the ID Fish and Game
Commission voted to open more areas to fishing for abundant
hatchery-bound chinook salmon and to increase the catch limits in
several areas. [Assoc Press]
Pacific Salmon Treaty. On July 16, 1997, U.S. and tribal managers
decided, jointly with Canadian managers, not to reopen the fishery
for early Stuart sockeye from the Fraser River due to concerns that
high siltation in the River may prevent significant numbers of
salmon from reaching their spawning areas. In earlier fisheries,
U.S. fisherman caught about 108,000 early Stuart fish while
Canadians harvested about 276,000. On July 16, 1997, BC Premier
Glen Clark was reported to have written to Canadian Prime Minister
Jean Chretien calling for a joint strategy to counter alleged
targeting of BC sockeye by southeast AK purse seiners near Noyes
Island. Canadian officials claim AK fishermen have caught 350,000
Canadian sockeye in this fishery, rather than the 120,000 agreed to.
AK officials contend the sockeye catch has been much smaller. On
July 18, 1997, U.S. officials admitted that southeast AK fishermen
had incidently caught a substantial number of sockeye salmon when
fishing for pink salmon, despite a limit of 120,000 sockeye, but
stated that they believe the United States is not in violation of
the Treaty. Canadian officials are concerned with the possibility
that southeast AK fishermen could catch as many as 1 million sockeye
caught by Aug. 1. On July 18, 1997, Canadian Foreign Minister Lloyd
Axworthy sent a diplomatic letter to the United States, demanding
that AK fishermen immediately stop intercepting Canadian sockeye
salmon. On July 18, 1997, after dozens of BC fishing boats blocked
the AK fish tender Polar Lady carrying 100 tons of salmon to a fish
processing plant in Prince Rupert, BC, the tender returned to U.S.
waters. On July 19, 1997, several hundred Canadian fishing boats
surrounded the AK ferry Malaspina in Prince Rupert, BC, blocking its
departure for Ketchikan, AK. The blockade continued through July
21, despite a July 20 court order from a Montreal judge that the
fishing boats move and allow the ferry to depart; about 300 ferry
passengers were stranded. U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine
Albright sent a diplomatic letter to Canada, protesting the ferry
blockade; the Canadian fishermen demand that Canadian Fisheries
Minister David Anderson intercede and resume Treaty negotiations.
On July 20, 1997, a second ferry bound for Prince Rupert was
diverted to Bellingham, WA. On July 20, 1997, four U.S. fishermen
aboard two salmon gillnetters, the Lynde E and the Wanda Mae, were
arrested and their boats and catch seized for allegedly fishing
inside Canadian waters in the Juan de Fuca Strait near the mouth of
the Jordan River off the southern tip of Vancouver Island; in
addition, their gillnets reportedly were of a type that was illegal
in Canada. On July 21, 1997, the captains of the two U.S. fishing
vessels arrested were fined $4,000 each, with charges against their
two deckhands stayed. Late on July 21, 1997 and after Canadian
Fisheries Minister David Anderson assured fishermen that he would
make a renewed effort to resolve the dispute, Canadian protesters
allowed the AK ferry Malaspina to continue its journey north from
Prince Rupert, BC. AK has suspended ferry service to Prince Rupert
indefinitely, and AK's Attorney General is reported to have said
that AK intends to sue BC fishermen and the Canadian government in
Vancouver,BC, Federal Court for damages. On July 22, 1997, Prince
Rupert's mayor sent a letter of apology to AK Governor Tony Knowles,
including assurances that efforts are being made to compensate AK
for losses. On July 23, 1997, Canadian and U.S. officials agreed
to appoint special envoys to renew Pacific salmon negotiations;
these envoys will maintain daily contact and report directly to
Prime Minister Jean Chretien and President Bill Clinton. On July
23, 1997, U.S. and Canadian officials were reported to have held an
hour-long meeting characterized as a "good discussion." On July 23,
1997, the U.S. Senate voted 81-19 to pass S.Res. 109, expressing
the sense of Congress with respect to the AK ferry blockade in
Prince Rupert, BC, and urging President Clinton to impose economic
sanctions if other ferries are blocked. On July 23, 1997, WA
officials announced that they were reopening the fishery for early
Stuart sockeye for one day on July 24, after the Pacific Salmon
Commission increased its estimate of the run size from 1.4 million
fish to 1.8 million fish. Thus far the U.S. has harvested 121,000
fish while Canadians have harvested 322,000; U.S. managers agreed
to Canada's revised request that 687,000 fish (rather than the
earlier 500,000 fish) be allowed to escape for spawning. On July
24, 1997, AK managers did not reopen the southeast AK purse seine
salmon fishery in Management District 4 to allow sockeye salmon
bound for Canada's Nass River to pass. On July 25, 1997, White
House announced that former EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus
had been appointed by President Clinton to serve as the U.S.
special envoy. The Canadian government appointed Dr. David W.
Strangway, President and Vice Chancellor of the Univ. of BC, as
their special envoy. On July 28, 1997, AK Attorney General Bruce
Botelho was tentatively scheduled to personally file AK's lawsuit
against the Canadian government and BC fishermen for AK ferry
blockade costs in Vancouver, BC, Federal Court. AK is seeking $2
million in damages. BC Premier Glen Clark assured BC fishermen that
the Province will pay their legal expenses. On July 28, 1997, the
Vancouver, BC, Federal Court Justice Barbara Reed granted AK a
permanent injunction against further blockades of AK state ferries
and approved the transport of AK commercial salmon through BC
waters. On July 28, 1997, the U.S. House approved H.Con.Res. 124
by voice vote, condemning the blockade of the AK ferry by BC
fishermen and calling on the Administration to protect U.S.
interests. In late July 1997, the Union of National Defense
Employees asked the BC Supreme Court for an injunction to block the
closure of the Nanoose testing range, as threatened by BC Premier
Glen Clark, claiming BC has no authority to cancel a federal lease.
On July 29, 1997, Canadian Fisheries Minister David Anderson met in
Washington, DC, with Pacific Northwest Senators and Commerce
Secretary William Daley. On July 29, 1997, WA announced a 3-day
fishery for early sockeye salmon bound for the Fraser River after
the Pacific Salmon Commission increased the estimated run size from
351,000 fish to 500,000 fish. On July 29, 1997, the AK ferry
Aurora, escorted by U.S. Coast Guard and Royal Canadian Mounted
Police vessels, made an uneventful trip to Hyder/Stewart, BC. On
July 30, 1997, WA Gov. Gary Locke announced that former WA wildlife
chief Curt Smitch was being appointed as Gov. Locke's chief advisor
on salmon and natural resource issues. In addition, Smitch was
reported likely to be nominated to represent WA and OR on the
Pacific Salmon Commission, replacing Bob Turner. On July 30, 1997,
Canadian Fisheries Minister David Anderson met in Seattle with the
governors of WA and AK. In a joint announcement on July 30, 1997,
the governors of AK and WA and Canadian Fisheries Minister David
Anderson announced that an expanded "Salmon Summit" would be
convened in fall 1997, and that stakeholder discussions may resume
in early fall 1997. Fisheries Minister Anderson also announced that
Canada would schedule no directed fishery for coho salmon off
Vancouver Island, reducing the harvest to 20% of the run, rather
than the 60% harvested in 1996. On July 30, 1997, BC Premier Glen
Clark urged Fisheries Minister David Anderson to adopt a "Canada
First" plan developed by a joint federal-provincial working group,
whereby Canadian fishermen would be encouraged to intercept Pacific
salmon headed for U.S. waters. {On Aug. 1, 1997, the AK Marine
Highway System announced its revised August schedule, with
additional sailings to and from Bellingham, WA, and deletion of
ferry stops at Prince Rupert, BC. On Aug. 4, 1997, BC fishermen
held a 6-hour protest gillnet fishery in defiance of Canadian Dept.
of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) regulations for DFO's hesitance in
scheduling an opportunity for BC gillnet fishermen to catch sockeye
salmon migrating to the Skeena River. DFO is concerned that gillnet
fishermen cannot be selective enough to protect intermingled and
less abundant coho salmon and steelhead trout. On Aug. 4, 1997,
U.S. Commerce Secretary William Daley delivered a speech to the
Montreal Board of Trade, commenting that the AK ferry blockade may
have changed attitudes sufficiently to cause progress in achieving a
negotiated agreement. On Aug. 5, 1997, Canada's Defense Minister
Art Eggleton announced that the Canadian federal government will not
allow BC Premier Glen Clark to cancel a U.S. Navy lease for marine
weapons testing at Nanoose Bay, BC. On Aug. 5, 1997, in Ottawa,
U.S. Commerce Secretary William Daley said that his Aug. 4 remarks
in Montreal had been "somewhat misinterpreted" and that the AK ferry
blockade was an illegal act that did nothing to help resolve the
End of Part 2/4

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tag: pandemic
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Q: Postfix Send many messages in one connection i have a question about postfix.
We cand send to our providers smarthost 4000 Mails per Hour.
When we send this messages, we got the failure too many connections back.
Now i want to send all theese messages in one connection.
So my question: Is it possible to send 500 Mails simultaneously in one connection to the providers smarthost?
Best regards,
Andreas

A: With Postfix 2.2 or later, SMTP connection caching "on demand" is enabled by default, where connections will be reused "when a destination has a high volume of mail in the active queue" (what counts as "high volume" isn't discussed).
If you have a limited list of destinations which you want to keep connections open for (as per your smarthost situation) you can tell Postfix to really, really keep connections open:
smtp_connection_cache_destinations = $relayhost

If your relayhost uses TLS, you're out of luck, though, because "The Postfix shared connection cache cannot be used with TLS".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Originally published in 1928, The Children is a late novel concerns Martin Boyne's distraction from his anticipated marriage to Rose Sellars, a recently widowed woman of his own age. The distraction comes in the form of seven children he meets aboard a ship sailing from South America to Italy, principally the eldest of them, the fifteen year-old Judith Wheater. Torn between his obligation to Rose and his gradual attraction to Judith, Martin begins to question his motive while nursing a regret for a life without children. The novel has been interpreted as an autobiographical work of fiction in which Wharton expresses her own regret at not having children and in the process enthusing about her love for the younger people in her life. That said, in a modern society, the central relationship between Martin, a forty-six year old man and Judith, some thirty years younger and not yet out of puberty can't help to raise questions of propriety.


text:
Issue 12index
Smuggling networks to Europe: a spectrum from organised to disorganised crime
The global displacement
Migrants as victims: victimological perspectives of human smuggling and human trafficking
Besides the socio-economic motivation, the charm of the Caliphate among children of immigrants
Migration and social cohesion
Mediterranean migration towards Europe: system failure?
Escaping climate change: who are the "environmental migrants" in international law?
Implementing Agenda 2030: welcome to the UNSSC Knowledge Centre for Sustainable Development
The Post Development Agenda …Somewhere in Armenia
Perceptions of ethnic Albanians in New York City and the role of stereotypes in fostering social exclusion and criminality
Hate speech online: assessing Europe's capacity to tackle an emerging threat
Trafficking in persons: victim assistance and protection in Italian criminal proceedings
Institutional child sexual abuse: impacts and responses
Just numbers and maps? The importance of monitoring trafficking in human beings for the development of evidence based policies
As Europe struggles to find a coherent approach to its burgeoning refugee and migrant crisis, one set of actors has been universally vilified: the migrant smugglers. While they are not the cause of the current crisis, they have certainly amplified it, and are often responsible for the greatest violations against human rights and protection. Turning attention and public outcry toward the smugglers arguably allows the EU member states to detract – and distract – from their own derogations of their obligations to international law and refugee protection.
In the context of the current crisis, however, the blanket term of "migrant smugglers" masks a very wide spectrum of actors: from concerned citizens trying to assist those seeking refuge by offering a ride across a border, to the genuine transnational organized crime syndicates providing upscale services – including the procurement of tickets and false documentation – and a corridor of corrupt officials who will wink the illicit traveller through every port and border.
Hundreds of people line up for food at a transit camp near the Tunisia-Libya border. All have crossed into Tunisia from Libya to escape the violence. Credit: David Ohana/OCHA AVMU
This ambiguity generates space for law enforcement officials to appear to make progress, though the impact on the smuggling market is negligible. For example, the emphasis on the number of 'facilitators' apprehended by Frontex refers not in fact to smugglers, but to anyone identified as having an operation role, which includes, for example, the boat migrant who made the call to the coastguard for rescue. Similarly, there have been cases where individuals have been prosecuted for 'migrant smuggling' as they loaned their passport to a family member to assist them fleeing active conflict.
How then should the crime of migrant smuggling be understood? According to the United Nations Transnational Organized Crime Convention (UNTOC), with its dedicated protocol on the Smuggling of Migrants that has 112 signatories and 142 parties, the crime is defined as "the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident." But this dry definition does not describe the function that a smuggler performs for the migrant, nor does it help us to understand when it is necessary to respond to the act.
A smuggler is required when a barrier – either physical, geographic, political or cultural – prevents a migrant from making the journey without assistance. For example, for a migrant from the Horn of Africa to travel to North Africa, a smuggler is mandatory: not only are the roads and borders full of hazards, from militia groups to national armies with a shoot-to-kill policy, but the Sahara itself is an unnavigable death-trap for those without specialised knowledge and significant pre-planning.
A migrant may alternatively need a smuggler to help them navigate through territories where the climate is hostile, where they cannot speak the language, or physically stand out and at risk of detection and detention. The more challenging the barrier is to overcome, the more sophisticated and professional a smuggler the migrant will require. Where the journey is less challenging, you see a greater number of migrants prepared to make the journey on their own reconnaissance.
To understand the nature of the smuggling industry within the framework of the European crisis, given the range of people travelling, the wide catchment area from which they come and the diversity of routes that they have been taking, it would be wise to stream analysis by the nationality of the migrant. More so than other criminal industries, illicit migration is a transaction based on trust: the commodity is the life and future of the migrant or their loved ones. And, as mentioned above, the service being provided by the smuggler is often to serve as a guide and protector along a dangerous journey. Furthermore, migrants chosen final destination is most typically where a large Diaspora population of their own nationality is already present. For all of these reasons, therefore, migrants transact predominantly with intermediaries in the smuggling network that are of their own ethnicities, and take confidence and comfort from being able to speak the same language and know the same people. Smugglers get their primary business from referrals from migrants who have completed the journey successfully, and use this to build the trust of new clients. Collateral services, such as the third-party broker chosen to hold their money, will also be a person of the same ethnicity. It is often restaurant owners, or those with a business that easily marks them as being part of the same identity group.
Dependent on the funds available, migrants can request different levels of services from the smuggler, ranging from help to cross a single border, to bespoke journeys traversing tens of thousands of miles. Every manner of transportation has been used: planes, cars, boats, but also bicycles, jet skis, and luxury yachts. The more complex the journey, and the longer the route being negotiated, the higher the price the migrant will pay, and the more professional (criminal) the smuggling group will need to be.
There are typically three indicators by which the professionalization and consolidation of a criminal industry (in any commodity) can be understood: price, level of violence, and ease of market entry. Monitoring these three metrics over time also provides indicators into the changes in the market. 1 The markets around the smuggling of migrants are particularly effective at demonstrating this.
Market entry: The more difficult the border to cross, or the more complex the journey offered, the more professional the smuggling group will need to be. In 2015, the Turkish town of Izmir has become a smuggling hub for the thousands of migrants seeking to cross the Aegean to Greece. The crossing takes a mere 1-4 hours, and boats push off from the beach, thus requires nothing more complicated than a cheap rubber dinghy. There is little surveillance or penalty from local law enforcement. With it this easy, the market includes all manner of local citizens choosing opportunistically to make some money. Residents have been quoted as saying, "Why shouldn't I? If I don't, someone else will."
Market entry conditions can be changed, with significant impact on the market. For example, where smuggling from the Libyan coast to Italy by boat was initially a relatively specialised industry, it is now a free-for-all similar to that seen in Turkey. The change in this case was the introduction of sea patrols by first the Italians, and then the EU. It reduced the requirement on smugglers to have a sea-worthy enough craft and capable enough crew to navigate the full 160nm crossing to Italy, down to having to just ensure a boatload of migrants could make it 12nm to international waters. The costs of boats and fuel fell dramatically, as did the risk, as it is no longer necessary for the smugglers themselves to go to sea, and as a consequence the market has proliferated and fragmented.
Criminal groups themselves can also change the conditions regarding market entry when they have access to a commodity or consumers to which they want to retain privileged access, and they will often use violence to protect their market.
Violence: the ability to control and use violence is a defining feature of a criminal group. The higher the value of the commodity the more violence is required to ensure protection. Increasing levels of violence can indicate challenges in the market, the level of arms being exhibited and used is a similar indicator. Along the route between the Sahara's main smuggling hub, Agadez in Niger, to Sebha in Southern Libya, two groups are coming in increasing competition: the Taureg and the Tebu. Both nomadic tribes who have long been traders along the trans-Saharan routes, their largely peaceful coexistence has been shattered by the newly lucrative migrant industry.
Where previously migrant convoys of migrants were guarded by two lackadaisical guys with an AK-47, they now are accompanied by numerous 'security vehicles' packed with armed men to stave off attacks by competing groups. The groups have been clashing heavily around the town of Ubari, a pivotal stop on the route north to Libya's coast. 2
Price: as with any market, price is reflective of a number of dynamics in the smuggling industry. Where smugglers are trying to build a market, they offer price incentives. On the North African coast, where the business model requires smuggling brokers to transact in groups of 20-50 migrants at a time, bulk discounts are offered: "if you bring 3 migrants, you travel for free." 3 Through extensive interviews with migrants, the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime has been tracking the prices paid along various legs of the journey towards Europe. The price changes have proven to be highly responsive to changes in the market and European policy. When a border closure is announced, prices rise quickly – when German Chancellor Merkel announced in August 2015 that all Syrians could register in Europe, prices along the previously prohibitive and dangerous Balkan Route crashed, and Do-It-Yourself migration surged.
If you analyse market entry, price and violence together, then you see that there is no unified smuggling market working to facilitate transit to Europe. Instead, what you see is a spectrum from disorganised to organised crime, that is responding to a set of market conditions which are also changing.
As worldwide displacement hits record levels, yet border controls and barriers to labour movement steadily rise, dealing with criminal markets orientated around human smuggling are going to be an increasingly dominant feature of the global transnational organised crime landscape. Developing a nuanced and proactive capacity to measure price, violence and market entry over time, not only in Europe but globally, would greatly facilitate a proper analysis and a more effective capacity to define policy and responses. As this article has attempted to show, this is a market that is determined by the extent of the barriers that are imposed, and more often than not, this is something entirely under the control of the international community.
Shaw, Mark (2016, forthcoming), '"WE PAY, YOU PAY": Protection economies, financial flows and violence', in Beyond Convergence. Washington DC: National Defense University.
T. Reitano and M. Shaw, "Atlantic Currents and their Illicit Undertow: Fragile States and Transnational Security Implications," Atlantic Currents, German Marshall Fund, October 2015
T. Reitano, "Smuggling of Migrants from West Africa to Europe", in OECD (2016, forthcoming), Bad Trades and Global Trails: Criminal Economies and Illicit Financial Flows, Paris: OECD Publishing.
Mark Shaw is the Professor of Justice and Security, Faculty of Law at the University of Cape Town, and the Director of the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime (www.globalinitiative.net), a network of prominent law enforcement, policy, governance and development professionals committed to seeking better responses to transnational organized crime. With the Institute for Security Studies, the Global Initiative has recently published a report on migrant smuggling and Europe's crisis: "Survive and Advance: the economics of smuggling refugees and migrants into Europe", drawn from extensive fieldwork in ten countries, and nearly four hundred interviews with experts, national authorities, migrants and smugglers themselves.
Viale Maestri del Lavoro, 10
10127 Turin Italy
f3@unicri.it


Rohini Sardana, Head of Product Propositions at SIS, highlights the key changes that are required to optimise the emerging sports vertical and to maximise betting opportunities.
With the global esports gambling sector projected to be worth around $13bn by 2020 (according to research by Eilers & Krejcik Gaming), it's a market that simply cannot be ignored. The concept of placing a bet on two people battling against each other on a computer game may be lost on some who don't understand it, but given the sheer size and potential of the eSports landscape, it's an area of betting which shouldn't be overlooked.
Many operators have already introduced markets on organised esports tournaments that are put on in various international gaming jurisdictions. It's a growing market for sure, but there have been questions raised as to whether the betting vertical has reached the potential it should have achieved, given the popularity of the gaming product.
The betting and gaming industry currently faces challenges in relation to its appeal to a broader range of bettors across the globe. There's no reason why esports cannot become a significant and profitable product for operators.
One of the main challenges with current esports betting offers is that existing tournaments are created for the benefit of game publishers and for the wider esports community, so many of the game formats aren't optimised for betting and many of the markets are unfamiliar to current sports bettors.


There are numerous gambling dens in the state, the majority on moored riverboats. The grandest of the Iowa gambling halls is the Meswaki Bingo Casino Hotel, an Amerindian gambling den in Tama, with 127,669 square feet of gaming room, 1,500 slot machines, 30 table games, such as blackjack, craps, roulette, and baccarat, and numerous varieties of poker; including three eatery's, daily shows, and gambling classes. One more big Indian gambling den is the Winna Vegas, with 45,000 square feet, 668 slots, and 14 table games. In addition, the Ameristar Casino Hotel in Council Bluffs never closes, with 38,500 square feet, 1,589 one armed bandits, 36 table games, and four eatery's. There are numerous other dominant Iowa gambling halls, including Harrah's Council Bluffs, with 28,250 sq.ft., 1,212 slots, and 39 table games.
A tinier Iowa casino is the Diamond Jo, a river boat gambling den in Dubuque, with 17,813 square feet, 776 one armed bandits, and 19 table games. The Catfish Bend water based, in Fort Madison, with 13,000 sq.ft., 535 one armed bandits, and 14 table games. Another Iowa riverboat gambling hall, The Isle of Capri, is open never closes, with 24,939 square feet, 1,100 one armed bandits, and 24 table games. The Mississippi Belle II, a 10,577 sq.ft. riverboat gambling den in Clinton, has 506 slot machines, 14 table games, live entertainment, and Thursday vingt-et-un tournaments.
Iowa casinos offer a great deal of tax money to the commonwealth of Iowa, which has allowed the funding of a good many commonwealth wide projects. Visitors have gotten bigger at an accelerated rate along with the requirement for companies and a gain in employment. Iowa gambling dens have been helpful to the growth of the market, and the affection for betting in Iowa is widespread.