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Deep Learning on Relational Business Data
Author: Johannes King
The year is 2020. The world is entirely dominated by Deep Learning applications. Well, not entirely... This post highlights the blank spot on the map.
We often claim that getML transfers the deep learning revolution to relational data and time series. But what precisely do we mean by that? This article sheds lights on what aspects of deep learning getML applies to relational business data and explains why this indeed bears comparison with a revolution.
Prologue: Deep learning
The great public interest in artificial intelligence is mostly triggered by advancements in a specific subdomain of the field - deep learning. But what is special about deep learning? In order to answer this question, let us disentangle the terms Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL). These terms are often used interchangeably although they actually represent different concepts.
AI is used to describe computer programs that are capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. A typical example for such a task is playing chess, prominently associated with the triumph of Deep Blue over world champion Garry Kasparov in 1997. Interestingly, playing chess is also a good example for a task that requires AI but no ML. Why is that?
Deep Blue is based on a search algorithm that evaluates possible moves based on known positions from matches in a database. It basically uses a huge library of all games ever played in chess history. But it never actually learned how to play chess. Other games like Tic-tac-toe or checkers can be mastered by machines in a similar manner: By hard-coding the rules and possible states.
Enter Machine Learning
One way to think of ML on the other hand is as one of several ways to achieve AI. Certain tasks require a computer to mimic the human process of learning. In other words, sometimes computers perform better when they are programmed to learn intelligence rather than to be intelligent in the first place.
In order to learn how to solve a certain task computers need one special capability: To generate knowledge from examples. This is essentially the way we acquire our human knowledge. We gain experience and thus learn new skills in the course of our lives. In order to learn how to distinguish different colours, we need to see examples and someone to tell us how to denominate the given examples.
Similarly, a ML system extracts correlations from so-called training data and maps these correlations to unknown data sets (strictly speaking this is only true for so-called supervised ML techniques). This allows for the algorithm to solve a given task for new data that was not available during the training.
A typical application for ML are spam filters: Most spam detection algorithms measure word frequencies in the email text and look for difference in example data that is labeled "spam" or "no spam". Thus they learn how to get progressively better at detecting spam, without having been specifically programmed for that task.
But what about Deep Learning?
Like humans, computers can learn using a variety of approaches. DL is one of these approaches. It is a special kind of ML that has aroused excitement in the 2010's because of its jaw-dropping precision in a range of tasks based on images, text and acoustic data. The DL revolution has led to enormous progress in autonomous driving. Examples like Google Translate or Siri demonstrate the power of DL in the field of natural language processing. DL algorithms like Pluribus and DeepMind have beaten professional poker players and a world champion in Go. All this was not possible with pure AI.
Technically, DL is based on deep neural nets. Neural nets are algorithms inspired by the human brain. Connected artificial neurons, so-called nodes, can transmit signals to other nodes. A node that receives a signal then processes it and signals other nodes connected to it. A neural net consists of a certain number of nodes layers. The increase in computing power over the last decade has enabled the creation of huge neural nets with many layers. These nets are called deep neural nets.
One of the greatest success stories of DL is image recognition. To fully grasp the importance of this achievement let us review how image recognition works on a human level: If we want to teach children what a cat is, we use example images in picture books or alike. We would take a page with images of all sorts of animals and point out which of them display a cat until the child is able to recognise cats in unseen images (and hopefully in real life) on its own.
But how does the child actually learn this ability? One approach would be to draw the child's attention to certain features like the colour, ears, whiskers or eyes of the animal. This is analogous to image recognition algorithms before the advance of DL - they relied on so-called manual feature engineering. Data Scientist had to look for meaningful feature in images to be analysed and teach their algorithms how to detect them. These approaches, however, were quite limited in performance.
Kitten v Ice Cream - source @teenybiscuit
The reason for the mediocre performance of ML system in image recognition before DL is best illustrated by an example. Consider this image of cats and ice cream. It is not easy to tell the difference, right? Which features would you use to tell the cats apart from the ice cream? How can the computer tell them apart? The definition of selective features in this case is difficult - even for the human eye. So, would it not be more efficient for the computer to find the best features without human intervention?
Exit Manual Feature Engineering
Here is where the power of DL comes into play. It does not rely on manual feature engineering. Deep neural nets can automatically learn the right features from images without introducing hand-coded rules or human domain knowledge - their flexible architectures can learn directly from raw pixel data. DL models are trained by sending numerous cat photos for the computer to learn from beforehand. But what does that mean concretely?
As humans we are able to learn the detection of a cat solely based on an images - the raw data so to say. The generation of features that allow us to recognise a cat is part of the learning process. The same is true for deep neural nets. The only input we provide them during the training process are raw images. They learn the relevant feature themselves. Each successive layer is able to learn more complex features in that process. The first one might for example be able to measure vague outline of an object and a later one detect special features on the surface of the object.
A huge advantage of this approach - besides being much more convenient - is the fact that it scales with the amount of data that is fed to the network. Whereas traditional approaches based on manually engineered features typically reach a plateau at some point, the performance of deep neural nets keeps increasing. This is quite plausible given that they keep generating new and more detailed features. Besides the increase in computing power the growing amount of available training data is the second pillar of the success story of DL.
The missing piece: Relational data
While DL has been enormously successful over the last decade, it can only solve a limited set of problems. The input data is restricted to images, text or sound data. When moving from cat recognition to problems that are more relevant for business analytics the raw input data is mostly available in a different, much more complex form: Relational databases.
Relational databases capture complex relationships between entities and their attributes. A bank for example might store information about their customers like the customer ID and the closing date in one table, information about transactions that were made by their customer in another table, and interactions of their customers with the complaints office in another table. In order to fully describe the customer, data from all these tables has to be taken into account. When adding more information from different sources this quickly leads to quite complex data schemes.
But what do we want with all this data? A good example for a ML application is customer churn prediction. We want to know if a customer is going to leave the bank before they actually submit the termination letter. Or even before they plan on sending a termination letter. This is the very foundation of a successful customer retention strategy.
Detecting a churning customer in the database of a bank is conceptually not so different from recognising a cat in an image: By exposing the computer to a large training data set with known labels (churn/no churn) we want it to learn the characteristics of a churning customer on its own. The key to solving this task, however, is hidden in the relational data. It is impossible to detect a churning customer by using only one source of information. The whole relational data scheme must be taken into account. The trouble is, though, that traditional ML algorithms cannot process relational data.
Doing it the old way
How did data scientists cope with this problem in the past? Just like in image classification before the advent of DL they did manual feature engineering by using hand-coded rules combined with human domain knowledge. When doing a customer churn analysis a typical feature might be the average transaction volume over a certain period of time in the past. If it falls below a certain threshold this might indicate that the customer is not using their account anymore and has switched to another bank. This information can be retrieved from a relational database by sending requests using languages like Python, R or SQL.
The questions that arise from this are numerous: What is the best time window to consider? Is the most meaningful feature really the average transaction volume or maybe a single transaction with the maximum volume? What about the other tables, like the one containing information about complaints? How should it be taken into account?
In order to answer these questions data scientists have to create not just one but hundreds or thousands of features when working on real world applications. The reason why data science projects take months from the definition of a business case until a production ready solution is the tedious work of manual feature engineering. Or to quote Andrew Ng, computer scientist and Co-founder of Google Brain
Coming up with features is difficult, time-consuming, requires expert knowledge. 'Applied machine learning' is basically feature engineering.
The problem with manual feature engineering
Besides being painful for data scientists, manual feature engineering comes with some severe problems that can jeopardize an entire ML project
Data Scientists are no domain experts. More often than not it requires domain specific knowledge in order to find the most meaningful features in a data set. This forces data scientists to become acquainted with each field in which they want to complete a project.
Manual feature engineering is time consuming. In a typical data science project, 90% of the time is dedicated to data preparation and feature engineering. Data scientists lack this time to do their actual job: Training machine learning models in order to solve a real world business task.
Important features will be overlooked. Especially with the growing amount of data these days, it is simply not possible for a human to go through all available data tables and think of potentially important features. Thus, manual feature engineering is an error-prone process.
While these problems are widely agreed on in the data science community, at the same time there is a consensus that the quality of the features used in a Data Science project has a crucial impact on the success or failure of the entire endeavour. The better the prepared features, the better the results. Or to say it with Pedro Domingos, ML expert and Professor at the University of Washington:
At the end of the day, some machine learning projects succeed and some fail. What makes the difference? Easily the most important factor is the features used.
So, having said the above, wouldn't it be valuable to have something similar to a deep neural network for relational business data? An algorithm that can process the raw data and learns the relevant features as part of the training process? Something that would make manual feature engineering obsolete?
GetML to the rescue
Similar to the advance of image recognition after the advent of DL, we believe that automating feature engineering is the next step into the future of ML on relational data. It is the most difficult step in a data science project that bears the biggest potential for improvement. With getML we created the first tool to efficiently automate feature engineering for relational data and time series.
How does this concretely affect data science projects? Let us go back to the customer churn analysis. Instead of handcrafting numerous features data scientist can start the analysis with the raw, relational customer data. Instead of reducing the richness of the entires data set by boiling it down to a limited set of feature they can feed the data to their computers as a whole. Like in DL, they can now use the whole picture as input and not only parts of it.
How does that improve anything?
The consequences of using getML in data science projects are
The project can be completed in a significantly shorter amount of time. Data Scientists are no longer required to become domain experts. They can tackle challenges even if they are only vaguely familiar with the corresponding field. Also, the tedious manual work of writing the code to construct features is omitted. Data Scientist can instead focus on the actual ML part of their work.
The prediction accuracy increases. Even if getML will certainly not beat human Data Scientist in every imaginable task on relational data, in practice this is most often the case. This is due to time constraints in most projects in combination with an extensive amount of data that cannot be overlooked by the people working in the project. Sometimes the haystack is so large that an automated procedure is the only way to find the needle - the best features.
More use cases can be tested with the same resources. Potentially valuable business cases are often not pursued because the manpower to start a full-scale data science project is not at hand. GetML allows quick results for new challenges without a large upfront investment. Thus it is more likely that impactful business cases are tested and brought into production
This article has briefly introduced the main concepts behind DL in contrast to traditional ML techniques and highlighted limitation of currently available solutions on relational business data. Most real world data, however, comes in relational form, so that a solution to this problem is imperative. With getML we strive to provide such a solution. Since this parallels the DL revolution both conceptually and in terms of its potential impacts, we think that the previously made claim that getML transfers the DL revolution to relational business data is justified. Do you agree?
More articles from our blog
Consumer expenditure categorization using FastProp and Relboost
Predict item purchases that will be gifts. This analysis is based on a public domain data set provided by the American Bureau of Labor Statistics.
GetML gains 4% accuracy in customer churn prediction within 15 minutes of training
GetML empowers a multinational car manufacturer to improve on customer retention strategies by providing accurate churn predictions.
Why getML is is the most efficient feature engineering solution
Automated Feature Engineering For Relational Data and Time Series
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The first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic saw an increase in mortality rates, both from COVID-19 and other causes, but the groups hardest hit shifted between the first and second years, according to an analysis of publicly available data.
Both years saw an increase in deaths over the five years preceding the pandemic, even with COVID-19 numbers removed. But while the first year was most deadly for those over age 65, the second year hit middle-aged adults the hardest, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign researchers found.
Graduate student Ian Ludden, computer science professor Sheldon H. Jacobson and Janet A. Jokela, voltaren zonnebank the interim executive associate dean of the Carle Illinois College of Medicine, published their findings in the journal Health Care Management Science.
"If the pandemic had not hit, many of those people, potentially, would still be alive today—not only because of COVID-19 deaths, but as a consequence of the changes that transformed society and resulted in people dying prematurely," said Jacobson, a data scientist who also is affiliated with the Carle Illinois College of Medicine. "So the question is, what can we do better in the future?"
The new study builds on an analysis Jacobson and Jokela published in 2021 focusing on excess deaths during the first year of the pandemic. The new study gives insights into the trends in death rates among various demographic groups year to year, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ludden said.
"The big trends that we see are that the second year, from April 2021 through March 2022, was harder on the middle-aged subgroups, while deaths declined for the elderly," he said.
The drop in deaths among the highest-aged groups can partly be attributed to displaced deaths—the phenomenon of deaths happening earlier than they statistically would have, so they can't occur again later. However, data also provide evidence that higher vaccination rates among the elderly beginning in the second year of the pandemic reduced mortality among them, Ludden said. "This underscores the importance of vaccination as a preventative measure," he said.
For the second-year surge in death numbers among the middle age brackets, with the biggest increase in mortality among both males and females aged 25 to 54, the researchers pointed to several likely contributing factors.
"We know that the delta variant was surging at that time, and that seemed to impact the middle and younger age groups more profoundly than they had been before," Jokela said. "We also know, from other studies, that preventive care decreased during the pandemic."
While other researchers and public health experts also have suggested the increase in non-COVID-19 deaths could be the ripple effects of delaying routine wellness checks, management of chronic conditions, cancer screenings and mental health care, public health officials and health care providers have little ability to address the problem or to see how far the ripples spread without real-time data available on non-COVID-19 causes of death, the researchers said.
"We've struggled with having data to inform decision-making, and it's simply because the infrastructure doesn't support the collection and reporting of data in a timely manner. It means that we're basically walking in fog and trying to make decisions with incomplete information," Jacobson said.
The researchers plan to continue to analyze data and follow ongoing trends in mortality, to see whether displacement effects among the middle-aged and elderly groupings impact mortality in the next few years and how long it takes to return to the pre-pandemic statistical baseline. They also hope to analyze more cause-of-death data as the CDC releases it in coming years.
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Novel Hand Tracking Game Silhouette Launches On Quest 2

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'Most Important Surveillance Story You Will See for Years': Report Reveals How AT&T Buildings Serve as Secret Hubs for NSA Spying
"AT&T has bent over backwards to help the U.S. government spy on essentially all internet traffic."
By Jake Johnson, staff writer for Common Dreams. Published 6-25-2018
AT&T Center, Los Angeles. Photo: Laurie Avocado/flickr/cc
"The most important surveillance story you will see for years just went online, revealing how AT&T became the internet's biggest enemy, secretly collaborating against its customers and partners to destroy your privacy."
That was how whistleblower and privacy advocate Edward Snowden reacted to the publication of an explosive story by The Intercept on Monday, which reveals for the first time how "fortress-like" AT&T buildings located in eight major American cities have played a central role in a massive National Security Agency (NSA) spying program "that has for years monitored billions of emails, phone calls, and online chats passing across U.S. territory." Continue reading →
This entry was posted in Civil Rights, Corruption, Cybersecurity, FCC, Government, International Agreements, National Security vs Police State, Technology and tagged AT&T, Atlanta, Atrocities, Brennan Center for Justice, bulk data collection, Chicago, Civil Rights, Corruption, Dallas, Edward Snowden, FAIRVIEW, Fight for the Future, International Agreements, Los Angeles, New York City, NSA, Police State, San Francisco, Seattle, Security, technology, The Intercept, Washington DC on June 26, 2018 by MNgranny.
Kurdish Emissaries to share details on ISIS outside both National Conventions
Written by Carol Benedict.
Kurds & Americans fighting together in Rojava, Syria. Image via Reece Harding News Agency screen shot.
The war against ISIS in the Middle East rages on with no end date set. The majority of the fighting on the ground that is winning back territory and pushing ISIS back is being done by Kurdish fighters in Syria and Iraq.
Following the Dallas shootings and the murders of Alton Sterling in Baton Rouge and Philando Castile in Falcon Heights, a suburb of Minneapolis, the Kurdish women fighters made a public statement of solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement.
"To our black sisters and brothers! The people of Kurdistan stand with you! Here are the women who fight ISIS in Rojava (northern Syria) – saluting your honorable struggle for freedom, dignity, and resistance!"
This follows a recent action in Washington DC, staged across the street from the Turkish Embassy on Massachusetts Avenue. Named "A Vigil for King's Dream in Kurdistan," the organizers drew the comparisons between the history of the black people in America and that of the Kurds within the borders of Turkey. In the words of the event organizer. Kani Xulam of the American Kurdish Information Network (AKIN). The Vigil enraged the Turkish Embassy for 92 days before the group left the site.
Now, a trip to both National Conventions has been organized by the AKIN to provide information to Americans on the war against ISIS and how the American-Kurdish alliance strengthens both America and the stateless nation of Kurdistan. The media advisory issued by the group includes the following:
Information on how Kurds can help America win the war against ISIS will be available for the press at both:
–The Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio, beginning Saturday, July 16, 2016.
–The Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, beginning the following Saturday, July 23, 2016.
Kurdish Americans and their friends will be on hand to provide details on how Kurdish freedom fighters can beat ISIS overseas—before it can bring large scale attacks to America.
"Kurds are fighting ISIS tooth and nail and we want Americans to help us prevail," said Kani Xulam, the director of American Kurdish Information Network (AKIN), an organizer of the trip.
Banner to look for at both National Conventions to offer solidarity with Kurdish Americans. Image via Facebook.
Xulam continues, "It may be viewed as a Cassandra like observation, but Kurds hold the key to the peace of American cities like Cleveland and Philadelphia.
Helping Kurds is an investment in peace in America."
We challenge you to find these people at the National Convention of your choice. Their message of Peace is nonpartisan and welcoming.
Sometimes you have to take the extra effort to understand how peace can be attained. The choice is yours, the message is truth.
Carol Benedict is an indépendant researcher and human rights activist who has been studying Kurdish history, culture and politics for over three years. She currently writes for Occupy World Writes exclusively.
This entry was posted in Civil Rights, Elections, Government, Human Rights, International Agreements, Kurds and Kurdistan, Religion, Social Justice, Solidarity, Terrorism and tagged Alton Sterling, American Kurdish Information Network, BlackLivesMatter, Civil Rights, Daesh, Dallas, Elections, Equality, Human rights, International Agreements, ISIS, Islamic State, Kani Xulam, Kurdish people, Kurdistan, Philando Castile, religion, social justice, Solidarity, terrorism on July 15, 2016 by MNgranny.
Bahamas to Its Citizens Traveling to the US: Beware of out of Control Cops
By Clarice Palmer. Published 7-9-2016 by The Anti-Media
The International Arrivals Hall at Boston Logan International Airport's Terminal E. Photi: hildgrim/flickr/CC
It appears even foreigners are scared of United States law enforcement.
The Bahamian government is warning its citizens to use extreme caution when traveling to the United States. The recommendation follows the "extrajudicial killings" of blacks, Caribbean outlet Antillean Media Group (AMG) reports, "which have spurred increased unrest across America." Continue reading →
This entry was posted in Civil Rights, Demonstrations & Protests, Economics, Government, Human Rights, International Agreements, National Security vs Police State, Racism, Social Justice and tagged Alton Sterling, Atrocities, Bahamas, Civil Rights, Dallas, Economics, Equality, Human rights, International Agreements, Philando Castile, Police Brutality, police deaths, Protests, racial bias, racial profiling, Racism, Security, Tourism, Travel on July 11, 2016 by ew.
Legal Experts Raise Alarm over Shocking Use of 'Killer Robot' in Dallas
'The fact that the police have a weapon like this…is an example of the militarization of the police and law enforcement—and goes in the wrong direction'
By Nadia Prupis, staff writer for Common Dreams. Published 7-8-2016
Dallas Police Chief David Brown giving a press conference on Friday morning. (Screenshot)
As news emerges that police officers in Dallas, Texas used an armed robot to kill the suspected shooter in Thursday night's ambush, experts are warning that it represents a sea change in police militarization that only heightens risks to human and constitutional rights.
Dallas Police Chief David Brown said Friday morning during a press conference that police "saw no other option but to use our bomb robot and place a device on its extension for it to detonate" where the suspect had taken refuge in a parking garage as police tried to negotiate with him, adding that he was "deceased as a result of detonating the bomb." Continue reading →
This entry was posted in Civil Rights, Demonstrations & Protests, Government, Human Rights, Military, National Security vs Police State, Racism, Social Justice, Technology and tagged Alton Sterling, Atrocities, BlackLivesMatter, Civil Rights, Dallas, Drones, Equality, Human rights, Philando Castile, Police Brutality, police deaths, police militarization, Protests, racial bias, Racism, Robots, Security, social justice on July 9, 2016 by ew.


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Home » Uncategorized » Dwave Adiabatic Quantum Computer used by Harvard to solve Protein folding problems
Dwave Adiabatic Quantum Computer used by Harvard to solve Protein folding problems
April 7, 2017 August 16, 2012 by Brian Wang
A team of Harvard University researchers, led by Professor Alan Aspuru-Guzik, have used Dwave's adiabatic quantum computer to solve a protein folding problem. The researchers ran instances of a lattice protein folding model, known as the Miyazawa-Jernigan model, on a D-Wave One quantum computer.
The research used 81 qubits and got the correct answer 13 times out of 10,000. However these kinds of problems usually have simple verification to determine the quality of the answer. So it cut down the search space from a huge number to 10,000. Dwave has been working on a 512 qubit chip for the last 10 months. The adiabatic chip does not have predetermined speed up amounts based on more qubits and depends upon what is being solved but in general the larger number of qubits will translate into better speed and larger problems that can be solved. I interviewed the CTO of Dwave Systems (Geordie Rose back in Dec, 2011). Usually the system is not yet faster than regular supercomputers (and often not faster than a desktop computer) for the 128 qubit chip but could be for some problems with the 512 qubit chip and should definitely be faster for many problems with an anticipated 2048 qubit chip. However, the Dwave system can run other kinds of algorithms and solutions which can do things that regular computers cannot. The system was used by Google to train image recognition systems to remove outliers in an automated way.
ABSTRACT – We present the first quantum-mechanical implementation of lattice protein models using a programmable quantum device. We were able to encode and to solve the global minima solution for a small tetrapeptide and hexapeptide chain under several experimental schemes involving 5 and 8 qubits for the four-amino-acid sequence (Hydrophobic-Polar model) and 5, 27, 28, and 81 qubits experiments for the six-amino-acid sequence under the Miyazawa-Jernigan model for general pairwise interactions. For the experiment with 8 qubits, we simulated the dynamics of the quantum device with a Redfield equation with no adjustable parameters, obtaining excellent agreement with experiment. Since the quantum annealing algorithm not only finds the ground state but also the low-lying excited states, it provides information about the relevant minimum energy compact structures of protein sequences and it is useful to evaluate designability and stability such as that found in natural protein sequences, where the global minimum of free energy is well separated in energy from other misfolded states. The approach employed here can be extended to treat other problems in biophysics and statistical mechanics such as molecular recognition, protein design, and sequence alignment.
This was 81 qubit work. Dwave announced a 512 qubit chip was created late in 2011 and was being prepared for commercialization in 2012. The published research work generally lags the current work by 1-2 years. 512 qubits used for protein folding solutions would be a lot faster and should be able to solve far larger problems. Dwave should also be developing 2048 qubit chips in the next few years.
Dwave recently landed the funding that will keep them going for another two years, which will hopefully take them to the point of financial profitability. At that point they would be able to IPO
"The D-Wave computer found the ground-state conformation of six-amino acid lattice protein models. This is the first time a quantum device has been used to tackle optimization problems related to the natural sciences," said Professor Alán Aspuru-Guzik from the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Harvard University.
Proteins contribute to virtually every process that occurs within a cell. The shape of a protein is closely related to its function. Understanding the shape of a protein helps researchers understand how it behaves, accelerating advances in many different areas of life sciences, including drug and vaccine design.
A cornerstone of computational biophysics, lattice protein folding models provide useful insight into the energy landscapes of real proteins. Understanding these landscapes, and how real proteins fold into the shapes that help give them their function, is an extremely difficult problem for today's computers to solve.
Dr. Alejandro Perdomo-Ortiz, the lead author of the paper, stated that: "Knowing that we can use real quantum computers to solve hard problems in biology is an exciting and important result. The techniques developed in this report can also be used to tackle other biophysical problems such as molecular recognition, protein design, and sequence alignment."
Device architecture and qubit connectivity. The array of superconducting quantum bits is arranged in 4 × 4 unit cells that consist of 8 quantum bits each. Within a unit cell, each of the 4 qubits in the left-hand partition (LHP) connects to all 4 qubits in the right-hand partition (RHP), and vice versa. A qubit in the LHP (RHP) also connects to the corresponding qubit in the LHP (RHP) of the units cells above and below (to the left and right of) it. (a) Qubits are labeled from 0 to 127 and edges between qubits represent couplers with programmable coupling strengths. Grey qubits indicate the 115 usable qubits, while vacancies indicate qubits under calibration which were not used. The larger experiments (Experiments 1,2, and 4) were performed on this chip, while the three remaining smaller experiments were run on other chips with the same architecture. (b) Embedding and qubit connectivity for Experiment 4, coloring the 81 qubits used in the experiment. Nodes with the same color represent the same logical qubit from the original 19-qubit Ising-like Hamiltonian resulting from the energy function associated with Experiment 4 (see Supplementary material for details). This embedding aims to fulfill the arbitrary connectivity of the Ising expression and allows for the coupling of qubits that are not directly coupled in hardware.
Nature Scientific Reports – Finding low-energy conformations of lattice protein models by quantum annealing.
ABSTRACT – Lattice protein folding models are a cornerstone of computational biophysics. Although these models are a coarse grained representation, they provide useful insight into the energy landscape of natural proteins. Finding low-energy threedimensional structures is an intractable problem even in the simplest model, the Hydrophobic-Polar (HP) model. Description of protein-like properties are more accurately described by generalized models, such as the one proposed by Miyazawa and Jernigan (MJ), which explicitly take into account the unique interactions among all 20 amino acids. There is theoretical and experimental evidence of the advantage of solving classical optimization problems using quantum annealing over its classical analogue (simulated annealing). In this report, we present a benchmark implementation of quantum annealing for lattice protein folding problems (six different experiments up to 81 superconducting quantum bits). This first implementation of a biophysical problem paves the way towards studying optimization problems in biophysics and statistical mechanics using quantum devices.
Even though the quantum device follows a quantum annealing protocol, the odds of measuring the ground state are not necessarily high. For example, in the 81 qubit experiment, only 13 out of 10,000 measurements yielded the desired solution. We attribute these low-percentages to the analog nature of the device and to precision limitations in the real values of the local fields and couplings among the qubits in the experimental setup. When compared to other problem implementations, physical problems such as lattice folding lack the structure of the Ramsey number problem37. In the lattice folding problem implemented here, the parameters defining the problem instances are arbitrary and do not fall into certain integral distinct values as in the case of the Ramsey number experiment, making precision issues more pronounced in our implementation.
To gain insights into the dynamics and evolution of the quantum system, we numerically simulated the superconducting array with a Bloch-Redfield model of the 8-qubit experiment (see Supplementary material) which takes into account thermal fluctuations in the states due to the finite temperature (20mK) of the quantum device. For this 8-qubit experiment, the simulation predicted a ground state probability of 80.7 %, in excellent agreement with the experimentally observed value (80.3%). It is important to note that no adjustable parameters were used in our simulations to fit the data and all the parameters correspond to values measured directly from the quantum device.
The temperature of the device is comparable with the minimum gap of the eight-qubit Hamiltonian. Therefore, we expect stronger excitation/relaxation near the gap closing, τ ≈ 0.6, due to exchange of energy with the environment, when compared to the other regimes of the annealing schedule where the gap is much larger than kBT. In the absence of environment (a fully coherent process), our simulations indicate that that the success probability would be 100%, within numerical error. For the simulations at 20 mK, the probability in the ground state goes down to ~ 55%, but the same fluctuations make the system relax back to the ground state, yielding tan 80.27% success probability. This is due to the advantageous natural tendency of the system to approach a thermal equilibrium which favors the ground state after crossing the minimum energy gap. As previously discussed in similar numerical simulations of quantum annealing algorithms, strong coupling to the bath and non-Markovianity would require going beyond the Bloch-Redfield model, but the agreement between experimental and simulated results support the validity of the quantum mechanical model used to describe the device. Previously reported temperature dependence predictions for the tunneling rate on the same qubits22 and excellent agreement with the same level of theory used here reinforce the validity of our simulations for this 8-qubit instances.
(a) Step-by-step construction of the binary representation of lattice protein. Two qubits per bond are needed and the bond directions are denoted as "00" (downwards), "01" (rightwards), "10" (leftwards), and "11" (upwards). The example shows one of the possible folds of an arbitrary six-amino-acid sequence. Any possible N-amino-acid fold can be represented by a string of variables with . (b)Time-dependence of the A(τ) and B(τ) functions, where τ = t/trun with trun = 148 µs, (c) time-dependent spectrum obtained through numerical diagonalization, and (d) Bloch-Redfield simulations showing the time-dependent population in the first eight instantaneous eigenstates of the experimentally implemented 8-qubit Hamiltonian (Eq. 3) with Hp from Eq. S18 in the Supplementary material. In panel (c), for each instantaneous eigenenergy curve we have subtracted the energy of the ground state, effectively plotting the gap of the seven-lowest-excited states with respect to the ground state (represented by the baseline at zero-energy). As a reference, we show the energy with the device temperature, which is comparable to the minimum gap between the ground and first excited state. In panel (d), populations are ordered in energy from top (ground state) to bottom. Although τ = t/trun runs from 0 to 1, we show the region where most of the population changes occur. As expected, this is in the proximity of the minimum gap between the ground and first excited state around τ ~ 0.4 [see panel(c)].
26 pages of supplemental information
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Prisoner Dilemma, which was used Cold War Politics Strategizing, has Winning Solutions
Superhard Diamond-Denting Material Created


With the 2019 Chinese New Year just a few days away, it has been a tradition to share blessings through the "Ang Pao" – a red paper envelope containing a monetary amount as good fortune for the incoming year. And together with the Ang Pao, the number 8: a number that has long been associated with luck in Chinese culture, mainly for the fact that it sounds similar to a Chinese word that means "wealth". So to start the year right, the leading mobile wallet in the Philippines, GCash, is holding a special CNY promo for its customers!
GCash users that will send digital Ang Paos worth a P1.00 minimum to at least two other users from February 1 – 14, 2019 will get a chance to win P88,888.88! Other rewards go from P1.88 up to P8,888.88.
To send an Ang Pao via GCash, a customer should just log-in to his GCash App, select Send Money, and select Send Ang Pao. Once there, a customer must select at least two recipients of a minimum of P1.00, enter a CNY greeting, and select one of the plenty Ang Pao designs. Even GCat is there!
"With GCash's new Ang Pao feature, we enable the digitalization of the traditional red envelope for faster and more convenient distribution to our customers. Now, they can send digital red envelopes to anyone in the Philippines within seconds," said Anthony Thomas, President and CEO of Mynt. Mynt is the operating company of GCash.
Also known as the Spring Festival in China, the Chinese New Year is a major date celebrated in communities around the world, with the 5th of February marking the Year of the Earth Pig. GCash's special CNY offers follow the customs during the festival, where it's traditional to share good luck through red paper envelopes which contain money.
Update to the latest version of the GCash App or download from the App Store or from Google Play to experience the time-limited Ang Pao promo.
For more details, visit www.gcash.com/ang-pao-promo. Gong Xi Fa Cai!


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Sharleen Joynt on Bachelor in Paradise: Episode 3
The smart, sexy former Bachelor contestant from Ottawa shares her thoughts on this week's episode
Sharleen Joynt, opera singer, former Bachelor 18 contestant and FLARE columnist
This week on Bachelor in Paradise Marquel enjoyed his time in the sun with newcomers Danielle and Jackie both vying for his affections. I can't say I was very #TeamMarquel this episode. He's been coming off increasingly insincere and high-and-mighty considering his blatant "grass is always greener" mentality. AshLee lived up to the title I awarded her in episode one as she continued to obsess over an aware and gloriously expressive Graham. Michelle was emotional but remains likable. And—cue evil music—player extraordinaire Chris B sprained his knee from, um, strolling on the beach. But this week's awards go to…
Paragon of Normalcy Award: Sarah, who might be the only reasonable and intelligent human on this show. I never disagree with a thing she says nor the eyebrow she raises as she says it.
Blandness Award: Robert, for his inability to emote and refusal to say anything interesting. Other than his being one of this week's "free agents" and the fact that he seems to not own any shirts, I couldn't for the life of me see the appeal that Sarah and Michelle saw.
Living On Another Planet Award: Elise, who at this point has infamously deaf ears. I don't think anyone was surprised by Elise's decision to leave with Chris. But, her describing him as a "rainbow after the storm" and "silver lining"—a mere day after her previous victim love, Dylan, ran for the hills—doesn't exactly speak highly of her deductive reasoning.
Bachelor in Paradise airs Mondays on City. For more on this season from Sharleen Joynt, visit her blog, All the Pretty Pandas.
Catch up on Sharleen's Bachelor in Paradise recaps for FLARE:
Bachelor in Paradise: Episode 1


Food grade polypropylene hosetail with a 90 degree bend. Available with connections to attach a variety of hose sizes to a variety of BSP fittings.
NB: If you can't find the thread or hose size you are looking for from the drop down below, please contact us.


text:
Lou Teasdale
Published November 11, 2018 at 801 × 1000 in Lou Teasdale: if you like One Direction, the merit belongs to this girl
Lou Teasdale is an English stylist was became very famous for being a stylist/makeup artist for One Direction.
She is hugely popular on social networks. Her true name is Louise Teasdale.
She trained at the London College of Fashion and was working for The X Factor when One Direction competed on the series. She then became One Direction's full-time beautician.
She trained at London College of Fashion and in this city currently resides. Lou worked at hair counters at shopping centers and junior jobs at salons assisting hairstylists.
She also worked as a primary hair stylist on Britain's Got Talent and The X Factor tours. She soon entered the fashion industry by assisting Ben Mohapi, a salon owner. She became One Direction's main hairstylist/makeup artist after they kept requesting her while on their X Factor tour run.
During the 'X Factor' tours, she was frequently requested by the band as their stylist. She ended up joining the band as their primary make-up artist.
She has confessed that she loves working with them and does just about everything to make them look perfect.
Her presence was widely recognized when she created a series of videos for Maybelline, Fudge Urban, and Vogue UK.
She has worked for other celebrities such as Olly Murs, Union J, and Cher Lloyd.
Lout Teasdale was born October 11, 1983, so she is 35 y, ars old. She was born in the Yorkshire, United Kingdom, and has a daughter, Lux Atkin.


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La  des championnats d'Europe de boxe amateur s'est déroulée à Perm, Russie, du 12 au .

Résultats

Podiums

Tableau des médailles

Référence

Lien externe
 Résultats des championnats d'Europe 2002

2002
Boxe amateur
Boxe amateur 2002
Sport en Russie en 2002
Sport à Perm
Sport en juillet 2002

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Prefer LEGO Star Wars Watch or the LEGO Minifigs
Daniel 03/11/2010 Cool Gadgets, Toys
Two gadgets, a LEGO Star Wars watch and a LEGO minifig shaped as character from Star Wars. Which one do you pick up? As a Star War fan, it's hard to decide. But for the upcoming LEGO Star Wars Series Watches, if you are an adult double fan of LEGO and Star Wars, you'll have to face the selection.
In this series of LEGO Star Wars watches, you can find the most famous characters including Darth Vader, Obi Wan, Han Solo, R2-D2, and so on. All the watches features quartz movement, mineral crystal glass and water-resistant to 50 meters. The watch case and links are made of plastic.
The series includes two version, one for kid, and another for adult. The former will come with a matched LEGO Star Wars minifig, but the adult version has not. So I said it's a hard decision to make for us adults. The LEGO Star Wars watch in kid version costs $22 USD, Adult version is priced at $30 USD. All of them are going to be available at Star Wars Shop on April 1. I'm sure that it's not a April Fool joke.
Tags:LEGO Minifig, LEGO Star Wars watch, minifig, Star Wars Watch
jeison martines 11/24/2011
donde se consiguen esos reloges
Star Trek Captain's Tea Set
Bandai Star Wars Samurai Styled Shadowtrooper Action …
Handmade Personalized Charging Station for Apple Watch …
Star Trek TNG Uniform Inspired Bedding Set
Fanmade Overwatch LEGO D.Va Mechas


It learns what temperatures you like, turns itself down when you're away and connects to your phone. It has a big, sharp display. And it's proven to help save energy. In independent studies, the Nest Thermostat saved an average of 10% to 12% on heating bills and 15% on cooling bills.
We've estimated average savings of $131 to $145 a year.
It learns the temperatures you like and programs itself.
temperature that saves energy. It guides you in the right direction.
keeps an eye on the weather to get you the temperature you want when you want it.
itself down when you're away to avoid heating or cooling an empty home.
and what affected your energy use.
home gets dangerously hot or cold.
the room, it lights up beautifully to show you the time, temperature or weather.


Welcome to my QAF FanFic website. I hope you will enjoy my stories about the characters of Queer As Folk-US. Comments and feedback are appreciated.
Disclaimer: The characters of Queer As Folk belong to Ron Cowen, Dan Lipman, Russell T. Davies, and Showtime. Borrowing these characters is a privilege and a pleasure, and no infringement is intended. Stories are not-for-profit, and are rated PG-13 (except where otherwise noted).
Justin wakes up in the hospital. Part 1 of 3.
and Brian determines to learn the truth. Part 2 of 3.
Brian helps Justin recover from the attack on prom night. Part 3 of 3.
Brian holds Justin responsible for charges on the stolen credit card.
It's 1985; Brian Kinney is fourteen. A Prequel.
This story takes place in 1987; Brian Kinney is almost sixteen. A Prequel.
It's 1987; Brian Kinney's a junior in high school. Sequel to Buttered Popcorn.
It's 1990; Brian's a college sophomore. A Prequel.
for their generous support and encouragement.
NOTE: I have created a webpage to present all my Season 1 Prequel, Episode-Related, and Post-Finale stories in CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. You may visit that site by clicking HERE.


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Peace and Election Coverage Tuesday, November 8, 2016
Peace and Election Coverage
Hosted by The Express Yourself! STAR On-Air Teen Team
Hosts Brigitte Jia and Zahra Hassanian as well as reporter Joven Hundal offer a full hour of youthful insights on today's national election and how peace can be attained in the world. Joven provides an historical perspective on the political mudslinging of campaigns. Polls of millennials indicate disillusion with this "R-rated election." An avid student of Latin, Zahra digs into the ancient wisdom of peace, providing correlations between the past and present. Artist Brigitte paints a picture of peace through the visuals of art, cartoons, and the Impressionist movement. It's a lively, peaceful discussion with very bright and informed teens who care deeply about who is in power and how peace can be attained.
Express Yourself!
Sunday at 3 PM Pacific Time on VoiceAmerica Empowerment Channel
Express Yourself! is an entertaining adolescent fusion program where passion, productivity, and possibility populate the airwaves. Produced by Starstyle Productions, LLC as an international outreach program of Be the Star You Are! charity, the radio program, Express Yourself! is a show for, by, and about teens. Hosted by teens and teenage field reporters from around the country, Express Yourself! is THE destination for teens to be heard. Within the walls of the young adult community, listeners are uplifted and encouraged to be the stars of your own life. Through collaboration and conversation, a global campus of young people express their views. Topics include anything that kids talk about-books, music, making a difference, technology, school, art, humor, writing, tough talks, health, sports, films, family, friends, foes, fashion, and fun. Come play in STAR country and Express Yourself!, Sundays at 3 PM Pacific on VoiceAmerica Empowerment.
The Express Yourself! STAR On-Air Teen Team
Broadcasting since 2011, twenty-seven young people from around the United States have regularly shared their passions and interests as hosts and reporters on Express Yourself! These teens are not afraid of the tough topics and thrill at the opportunity of interviewing a variety of guests including authors, actors, Olympians, scientists, musicians, poets, and experts of varied disciplines. As volunteers with Be the Star You Are! 501 c3 charity (http://www.BTSYA.org) the Express Yourself! teens are accomplished youth striving to make a difference on our planet and are dedicated to sharing ideas while having fun and giving a voice to the voiceless. Meet our STARS at http://www.ExpressYourselfTeenRadio.com.
Listen in Apple Podcasts
Listen in Google Podcasts
Express Yourself! TEEN Radio Website
Express Yourself! Creative Community
Be The Star You Are! 501 c3 Charity
Starstyle Productions, LLC
Starstyle Store


Enterprise Credit Union is headquartered in Brookfield and is the 85th largest credit union in the state of Wisconsin. It is also the 3,045th largest credit union in the nation. It was established in 1935 and as of December of 2018, it had grown to 12 employees and 3,704 members at 2 locations. Enterprise Credit Union has a C- health rating.
Enterprise Credit Union of Wisconsin is open to the residents and the people maintaining employment in these eligible counties: Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Washington, and Waukesha as well as the current and retired employees of the credit union affiliated select employer groups that are listed on the credit union website.
Additional Factors: Institutions with a small asset base, a short operating history, or negative return on assets can represent an instability risk beyond what their financial ratios indicate. Enterprise Credit Union has a low asset base.
Always verify rates and promotions with the bank or credit union. We are not Enterprise Credit Union; we are a rate comparison website and cannot provide official rates or promotions.


Home / Electronic Cigarette Resources / Electronic Cigarette Explodes in Man's Mouth – The Complete Story.
Electronic Cigarette Explodes in Man's Mouth – The Complete Story.
It has recently been reported that an electronic cigarette exploded in a Florida man's face while he was using the device. The incident left him "in a hospital with severe burns, missing his front teeth and a chunk of his tongue".
Understandably, we have received many questions from e-cig users about the safety of the e-cigarettes given the recent story. Well, after looking into this a bit deeper, it appears there was some important information left out of the majority of the news reports.
We should first remind everyone, we are an electronic cigarette distributor and retailer, not a manufacturer. But rest assured the device was not sold by us, nor was it a brand that we carry.
So while many in the media have had a field day at the expense of the electronic cigarette industry, it does appear that there is more to the story. To our knowledge there have been no such incidents with unmodified electronic cigarettes.
So while it may seem tempting, please remember that electronic cigarettes are electronic devices which should be used in accordance with each manufacturers instructions and specifications and should not be altered in any way.


Baffledazzle puzzles are a discovery in a box. Each one is made up of quarter-inch thick, laser-cut solid wood puzzle pieces. As the puzzle is assembled, a design, etched into the top of the pieces, appears. It contains clues that lead the puzzler to figure out what the puzzle is showing them, be it a historic event, a little known animal, an ancient board game, or a famous Lucha wrestler's mask design. Baffledazzle puzzles are not self-contained activities for passing the time; they're bread crumb trails that lead puzzlers back out into the real world in search of answers.
To create the puzzles, I taught myself every stage of the puzzle design and production process. I learned how to design vector-based artwork in Adobe Illustrator and experimented with the laser variables of power, speed, and pulse frequency until I could cut my prototypes without burning the wood.
I iterated each of my puzzle designs dozens of times and subjected them to ruthless durability testing (to broke my heart to snap puzzle pieces in half, but it had to be done) until I had puzzles I felt confident would last for decades. Some of the puzzles required additional pieces, like the game-based puzzle, which needed specialized playing pieces in order to be played. I took the time to source each specialized piece so the finished product would be flawless. These included custom ordered 4-sided dice for the Royal Game of Ur that I hand-painted to match the ancient pyramid dice discovered with the original 4000 year old board game.
Once I had my puzzles designs complete, I raised $14,000 through a Kickstarter campaign to purchase my own laser and begin production.
Baffledazzle was the perfect next step for me on my journey to produce products that inspire curiosity, deliver thought-provoking experiences, and invite unconventional solutions. It pushed my technical skills and dedication to my creative vision. Furthermore, puzzle solving is a precise little dance and I love, that even as a puzzle artist, I'm still "choreographing" movements.


I'm sure people think I'm exaggerating when I say that Hattie and Joe never argue, but it's true: they really do get on brilliantly, and are very kind. I've never heard them say a mean word to each other, and they've definitely never hurt each other physically. I'd like to credit this all to the amazing job Tristan and I do as parents (and I do think raising them in a calm household in which arguments and unpleasant talk don't occur has probably helped), but primarily I think we've just been lucky enough to have two children who are very gentle and complement one another well.
However, we knew that the 'no arguments' thing couldn't last forever, and sure enough: late last week we witnessed the First Fight. It deserves capitalisation because it was very dramatic and emotional.
It started off fairly innocently, with both children trying to tell us about somebody who'd served as an extra pair of hands at some non-classroom school activity that day – gym, or music – I'm hazy on the details. Anyway, Hattie thought the helper was a child, and Joe thought the helper was an adult. Or maybe the other way around – like I said, hazy on the details. The crux of the matter was that an older teenager had helped, and Hattie and Joe disagreed about whether they were a child or an adult.
One minute later Hattie was sitting on my knee and sobbing because Joe, in a misguided attempt to force her to calm down and stop shouting at him, had blocked her way and stopped her from leaving the bedroom. Joe also came back to the living room in tears, and all in all it was very tense.
We pointed out to them that this was probably not an issue that was important enough to have a big fight about, and that some people think teenagers are kids, and some people think they're grownups, so they could both be right. And that it wasn't a good idea to ever stop anybody from leaving a room, particularly if they were cross and wanted to get away from the argument, and that shouting and carrying on with the person they love best in the whole entire world was not really a very nice way to behave.
We suggested that we put it all behind us, and that they give each other a cuddle and be best friends again. Hattie fell into Joe's arms and they sobbed on each other's shoulders, and then the storm was over. Thank heavens! And here they are on a happier day, at school a couple of weeks ago (where they're absolutely thriving, by the way – I'll write an update about that as soon as my current semester from hell is finished).


 Abhiraja - Meaning of Abhiraja, What does Abhiraja mean?
[ 4 syll. ab-hi-ra-ja, abh-ir-aja ] The baby boy name Abhiraja is pronounced as ahBiy-RAA-JHaa- †. Abhiraja is used mostly in Indian and it is of Sanskrit origin. The meaning of Abhiraja is great ruler.
See also the related categories, ruler (king) and sanskrit.
Abhiraja is uncommon as a baby boy name. It is not in the top 1000 names.
Baby names that sound like Abhiraja include Abercio, Averea, Ivorea, Aparicio (Spanish), Abraxas, Afework, Avereah, Averroes (English), Aviraz, Avrea, Ibérico, and Ophrah (Hebrew).
† English pronunciation for Abhiraja: AH as in "mud (M.AH.D)" ; B as in "be (B.IY)" ; IY as in "eat (IY.T)" ; R as in "race (R.EY.S)" ; AA as in "odd (AA.D)" ; JH as in "joy (JH.OY)"


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Q: Concept of matched filter maximising SNR

The above question is a solved question from Digital Communication by Proakis . The question is about matched filter where I know matched filter is used to maximise the signal to noise ratio at the receiver to 2E/No where E is the energy of the signal which is input to the matched filter , the output is sampled at T, where T is the duration of the input signal. However in the second example SNR by sampling at T would become 0 since the output itself is 0, so in this case how is matched filter maximising the SNR ?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Teody is responsible for managing the overall end-to-end process and operations of Teodirico's Steamed Siomai from ensuring sufficient stocks and supplies, siomai production and logistics, sales reporting, and store administration.
You can see Rhyl from Monday to Saturday at our Sudtunggan Branch and is the main person responsible for all the branch sales and customer services. He is also very artistic and skillful in graphic design, and is the man behind the logos, signboards, t-shirts, and website art.
Robert works in the background and you rarely see him in our stores, but he is actively posting trivia, jokes, inspirational quotes on our Facebook page. He also built the Teodirico's website and writes blog articles for it every once in a while.


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Hakama - Aikido Knowledge Base - Aikido Glossary
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Hakama (袴) are a type of traditional Japanese clothing. They were originally worn only by men, but today they are worn by both men and women. Hakama are tied at the waist and fall approximately to the ankles. Hakama are worn over a kimono (Hakamashita).
There are two types of hakama, divided (umanori 馬乗り, "horse-riding" hakama) and undivided (andon bakama 行灯袴). The umanori type have divided legs, similar to trousers. Both these types appear similar. A "mountain" or "field" type of umanori hakama was traditionally worn by field or forest workers. They are looser in the waist and narrower in the leg.
Hakama are secured by four straps (himo); two longer himo attached on either side of the front of the garment, and two shorter himo attached on either side of the rear. The rear of the garment has a rigid board-like section, called koshi-ate, below that is a hakama-dome (袴止め) (a spoon shaped component) which is tucked into the obi or himo at the rear, and helps to keep the hakama in place.
Hakama have seven deep pleats, two on the back and five on the front. The pleats are said to represent the seven virtues of bushido, considered essential the samurai way. Although they appear balanced, the arrangement of the front pleats, (three to the right, two to the left) is asymmetrical, and as such is an interesting example of asymmetry in Japanese aesthetics.
The most formal type of men's hakama are made of stiff, striped silk, usually black and white, or black and navy blue. These are worn with black montsuki kimono (kimono with one, three, or five family crests on the back, chest, and shoulders), white tabi (divided-toe socks), white naga-juban (under-kimono) and various types of footwear. In cooler weather, a montsuki haori (long jacket) with a white haori-himo (haori-fastener) completes the outfit.
Hakama can be worn with any type of kimono except yukata (light cotton summer kimono generally worn for relaxing, for sleeping, or at festivals or summer outings). While striped hakama are usually worn with formal kimono, stripes in colours other than black, grey and white may be worn with less formal wear. Solid and gradated colours are also common.
While hakama used to be a required part of men's wear, nowadays typical Japanese men usually wear hakama only on extremely formal occasions and at tea ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. Hakama are also regularly worn by practitioners of a variety of martial arts, such as kendo, iaido, aikido, and kyūdō. Sumo wrestlers, who do not wear hakama in the context of their sport, are, however, required to wear traditional Japanese dress whenever they appear in public. As hakama are one of the most important parts of traditional male formal dress, sumo wrestlers are often seen wearing hakama when attending appropriately formal functions.
In addition to martial artists, hakama are also part of the every-day wear of Shinto kannushi, priests who maintain and perform services at shrines.
Kamishimo, kataginu, and naga-bakama An Edo-era kamishimo ensemble.
Hakama traditionally formed part of a complete outfit called a kamishimo (上下 or 裃). Worn by samurai and courtiers during the Edo era, the outfit included a formal kimono, hakama, and a sleeveless jacket with exaggerated shoulders called a kataginu
Samurai visiting the shōgun and other high-ranking daimyo at court were sometimes required to wear very long hakama called naga-bakama (long hakama). These resemble normal hakama in every way except their remarkable length in both the back and front, forming a train one or two feet long and impeding the ability to walk normally, thus helping to prevent a surprise attack or assassination attempt (see image here). Naga-bakama are now only worn in theatrical performances, particularly noh plays, and Shinto rituals.
Karusan-bakama
Some hakama during the Sengoku period had the hems made narrower than the body in imitation of the ballooning trousers worn by the Portuguese. This style carried on into the Edo period and became called karusan-bakama. In addition to the taper, they had a secured band of cloth — looking rather like a pants cuff — sewn around each leg's hem, so the ballooning fabric would not open out like regular hakama.
Sashinuki Hakama
Sashinuki are a type of hakama that are meant to be worn blousing over the leg and exposing the foot. To accomplish this, they are somewhat longer than normal hakama, and a cord is run through the hem and drawn tight, creating a "ballooning" effect . To allow for the body required, more formal sashinuki were six-panel hakama rather than four panels. Technically, this cord around the ankle makes sashinuki a type of kukuri- (tied) hakama. The earliest form of sashinuki were cut like normal hakama (albeit a bit longer) and have a cord running through the hem of each leg. These cords were pulled tight and tied off at the ankle. This was the form commonly worn during the Heian period. Sashinuki were worn by court nobles with various types of leisure or semi-formal wear.
Women's hakama
Women's hakama differ from men's in a variety of ways, most notably fabric design and method of tying.
While men's hakama can be worn on both formal and informal occasions, except as part of martial arts wear, women rarely wear hakama except at graduation ceremonies and for traditional Japanese sports such as kyudo and kendo.[1] In some schools, hakama are reserved for senior students.[citation needed] Only very rarely are hakama worn by women at tea ceremony.
The most iconic image of women in hakama is the miko or shrine maidens who assist in maintenance and ceremonies. A miko's uniform consists of a plain white kimono with a bright red hakama, sometimes a red naga-bakama during formal ceremonies.[2] Women at a graduation ceremony, featuring hakama with embroidered flowers, and demonstrating the waistline.
While formal men's hakama are made of striped fabric, women's formal hakama are either a solid color or dyed with gradating hues. Hakama for young women are sometimes sparsely decorated with embroidered flowers like sakura. Women typically wear hakama just below the bust line, while men wear them at the waist.
Tying hakama
There are many ways for men to tie hakama. First, the obi is tied in a special knot (an "under-hakama knot") at the rear. Starting with the front, the ties are brought around the waist and crossed over the top of the knot of the obi. The ties are brought to the front and crossed below the waist, then tied at the back, under the knot of the obi. The hakama-dome is then tucked behind the obi, the koshi-ate is adjusted, and the rear ties brought to the front and tied in a variety of ways. The most formal method results in a knot that resembles two bow-ties in a cross shape.
The method of tying the ties is also different, with women's hakama being tied in a simpler knot or a bow. As with men's hakama, the front ties are first brought to the back, then to the front, then tied at the back in a knot. Then the back himo are brought around to the front. At this point, they may be tied with a bow at the left hip, just in front of the opening, with the ends of the ties at equal lengths. For more secure fastening, the ties may be wrapped once at centre front, then tied inside at the back.
Folding hakama
Like all types of traditional Japanese clothing, it is important to fold and store hakama correctly to prevent damage and prolong the life of the garment, especially those that are made of silk. With hakama this is particularly important, since hakama have so many pleats which can easily lose their creases; re-creasing the pleats may require specialist attention in extreme cases.
Hakama are often considered particularly challenging to learn to fold properly, in part because of their pleats and in part because their long ties must be correctly smoothed and gathered before being tied in specific patterns.
Various martial arts traditions in which practitioners wear them have prescribed methods of folding the hakama. This is often considered an important part of etiquette.
In some martial arts it is also an old tradition that the highest ranking student has the responsibility to fold the teacher's hakama as a token of appreciation.
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Aikido is a modern Japanese Martial Art and is very different from disciplines such as Karate, Kick Boxing, Taekwondo, Kung Fu, MMA, BJJ, Kempo and Krav Maga where there is emphasis on kicking, punching or wrestling.
Aikido is an extremely efficient self defence (also as Self-Defence Women London) system utilising balance-taking and posture-breaking movements to achieve joint locks, pins and throws. It contains elements of Ju Jitsu, Kendo, Judo and other budo.
Aikido Classes are held every Tuesday and Wednesday evening at our Harrow dojo, and Thursday evening at our Pinner dojo in NW London. Pinner Aikido Club London is a part of the Kai Shin Kai International Traditional Aikido Association (KSK), which is a member of the British Aikido Board (BAB).
Aikido is essentially a non-violent Martial art system that encourages the avoidance of confrontation and harmony with an aggressor. The classes are well attended with Aikido students always on the mat and aimed at all levels, from beginner to advanced but everyone is welcome to come along regardless of fitness or experience.
Our Aikido students work at their own pace during the training sessions and no one is forced into doing anything they are not comfortable with.
Pinner Aikido Club in London can help you achieve self-defense skills, self-esteem, confidence, and fitness. Most of all though, our classes are fun.
You do not have to be competitive or naturally athletic to take part in the Aikido class. Learning Aikido is about self-improvement and self-confidence.
Regardless of your size, body type and current level of physical ability or disability. If you are looking for a healthier, more confident way of life, then the modern art of Aikido may well be for you.
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Home Florida Daytona Assault Weapons Ban Could Cost Florida $26.9 Million in Lost Revenue. But...
Assault Weapons Ban Could Cost Florida $26.9 Million in Lost Revenue. But it is worth it to save lives.
By ANA CEBALLOS NEWS SERVICE OF FLORIDA
Beth Dumond and Amy Baker
If Floridians approve a constitutional amendment next year to block possession of assault weapons, a panel of economists on Thursday estimated the state budget could take a $26.9 million hit in lost revenue.
But the head of the Legislature's Office of Economic and Demographic Research said the amount would likely be smaller because revenue lost in taxes from gun sales would be balanced out with other purchases that can be taxed.
"More than half of the direct sales-tax loss would be offset by redirected spending," Amy Baker, the office's coordinator and a lead state economist, told panel members as they tried to figure out the financial impact of the proposed amendment, which backers hope to put on the November 2020 ballot.
The ballot proposal, spearheaded by the political committee Ban Assault Weapons NOW, would prohibit possession of "semi-automatic rifles and shotguns capable of holding more than 10 rounds of ammunition at once, either in a fixed or detachable magazine, or any other ammunition-feeding device."
It includes an exception for people who own the guns at the time the measure would take effect. Those people would be able to keep assault weapons if they register the guns with the state.
Baker estimated the loss of revenue from the measure would have a "minimal" impact on the state's roughly $90 billion budget.
"It's a very small composition of the budget," she said.
To determine the economic impact of the proposed amendment, economists are looking at a number of variables, including a loss in sales taxes from assault-type weapons, ammunition and gun accessories, as well as impacts on government contracts and tourism.
During the panel's meeting Thursday, supporters of the proposed ballot measure said savings associated with fewer mass shootings should also be taken into consideration.
Beth Dumond, a Tallahassee-based volunteer with Moms Demand Action, said taking away assault weapons from the equation in mass shootings could save taxpayers money because of reduced medical costs, police response and demand for mental health services.
"The medical expenses associated with (assault weapons) are higher, there is just no getting around it," Dumond said. "You are able to kill more people and you are able to injure more people."
Dumond cited the work of Ted Miller, a health economist with the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation. Miller has studied the costs of firearms injuries for more than two decades, according to the university's website.
In 2016, Miller told PBS he estimated the costs of the mass shooting at Orlando's Pulse nightclub to be about $385 million, when considering the costs of victims' medical care, police response and the dollar value of the lives lost.
Baker said the panel of state economists was made aware of the data set and tried to get a study with Florida-specific information. She said the panel was told there was no state-specific data at the time.
The panel said it was also "indeterminate" to know the cost of the proposed constitutional amendment to law enforcement, corrections and courts. While costs associated with court cases could decline because of fewer assault weapons, the measure also would create a third-degree felony charge for people who violate the ban.
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Vatican: Protestants Not 'Sister Churches'
Vatican official proclaims Protestant churches not sister churches to the Roman Catholic faith.
Luigi Sandri, Cedric Pulford and Edmund DoogueOctober 23, 2000
This article is from the October 23 2000 issue. Subscribers can read all of CT's digital archives.
The Vatican has dealt a blow to Catholic-Protestant relations by reaffirming its doubts about the validity of Protestant churches and by officially ordering Catholic bishops not to use the term "sister churches" in reference to them. An official "note" by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, prefect of the Vatican's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, warns that describing Protestant churches as "sister churches" can cause "ambiguities."
Another document, Dominus Iesus: On the Unicity and Salvific Universality of Jesus Christ and the Church, also published today by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, declares that churches that do not have a "valid Episcopate [bishops] and the genuine and integral substance of the Eucharistic mystery are not Churches in the proper sense."
The two documents suggest a distinction between, on the one hand, the Roman and Orthodox churches which, according to Rome, are closely related, and, on the other hand, the Protestant communities. Both documents pointedly avoid using the word "church" when referring to Protestants, adopting instead the non-committal word "ecclesial communities."
Protestant churches contacted by ENI today were politely critical of the Vatican statements, although they pointed out that the documents contained nothing that had not been said before.
Cardinal Ratzinger's note on the expression "sister churches," dated June 30, 2000, was published this week by Adista, a Catholic publication in Rome. Cardinal Ratzinger has also sent a separate letter to the heads of Catholic bishops' conferences around the world warning that bishops should not use the term when speaking of "the Anglican communion and non-catholic ecclesial communities."
The cardinal's note, approved by Pope ...
Catholicism | International | Italy
October 23 2000, Vol. 44, No. 12, Pg 22
Luigi Sandri, Cedric Pulford and Edmund Doogue
Megxit and the Church: Harry and Meghan Reflect Our Lost Youth
Britain's royal family isn't the only institution struggling to retain and empower the next generation.
This article is from the October 23, 2000 print issue. Subscribe to continue reading.


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