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Research Article - Biomedical Research (2017) Volume 28, Issue 19
A comparative study of the effect of metoral and magnesium prophylactic in controlling atrial fibrillation after coronary arteries bypass operation
Alireza Kamali1, Azadeh Hosseini2*, Mehrzad Sharifi2 and Shirin Pazuki1
1Department of Anesthesiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
2Department of Surgery, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Azadeh Hosseini
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Arak, Iran
Accepted date: September 26, 2017
Objective: Arterial fibrillation is the most common type of arrhythmia observed after coronary arteries bypass operation and culminates in hemodynamic instability, higher morbidity and mortality rate, longer period of hospitalization, and higher hospital expenditures. The present research seeks to compare the effect of metoral, magnesium prophylactic, and a mixture of both (magnesium and metoral) in reducing the occurrence of CABG (coronary arteries bypass graft).
Methods: This is a double blind clinical trial where 195 patients candidated for CABG were selected based upon exclusion and inclusion criteria and randomly divided into three groups of metoral (receiving 5 mg metoral), magnesium (receiving 1.5 g magnesium), and combined (2.5 mg metoral+1 g magnesium). The resulting information was then analyzed using SPSS v.19 and ANOVA statistical tests.
Results: A significant difference was observed between the three groups in terms of post-operation AF and other types of arrhythmia. Higher rates of post-operation AF were observed in magnesium group than the two other groups (P=0.001). On the other hand, higher rates of post-operation AF were observed in the combined group than what was observed in metoral group (0% vs. 4.5%). The occurrence of other types of post-operation arrhythmia in the combined group was more than what was observed in the other two groups (P=0.001).
Conclusion: Both metoral and magnesium are really useful in reducing post-operation AF among the patients with CABG, while metoral was more effective than magnesium. On the other hand, adding magnesium to metoral can clearly enhance its prophylactic effects.
Arterial fibrillation, Coronary arteries bypass graft, Magnesium, Metoral, Prevention
Arterial Fibrillation (AF) is considered to be one of the most common complaints following coronary operations [1-4]. The occurrence rate of AF is different depending upon the type of operation, (e.g. 20 to 40% following CABG with an average of 30%). The etiology of AF is not clearly specified, but there are three main factors that play a major role in its occurrence: 1) Ischemic atrial tissue; 2) Increased sympathetic activity; 3) Increased inflammatory responses [2].
There is a direct correlation between post-operation AF and hemodynamic instability. Various researches have pointed to the fact that post-operation AF increases hemodynamic instability, Thrombolytic incidents, and result in longer period of hospitalization and higher hospital expenditures [1]. Various pharmacological methods have been proposed to prevent post-operation AF [1-4]. Prescription of beta-blockers before and after operation is used as the first line of treatment for POAF prophylaxis. Sotalol and Amiodarone are used as proper substitutionary treatments among high-risk patients. On the other hand, magnesium supplements also need to be taken into consideration among patients with hypomagnesemia. As a result of rise in sympathetic tone following CABG, AF risk increases among patients. By influencing catecholamines that affect myocardia, beta-blockers reduce the risk of AF [1,5-7]. Various researches have recently pointed to metoprolol as the most commonly used material [1,8,9]. Metoral is a class 2 beta-blocker. It is usually used to treat hypertension, chest cage pains, migraine headaches, anxiety, tachycardia, and to control arterial rhythm [9-11]. Further to reducing AF, metoral also reduces ventricle rate [6,10,12]. Hypomagnesaemia also acts as a risk factor in order to create supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia and it is an independent factor in the progress of POAF [1,12]. Mg is the second intracellular cation whose reduction may make the patient prone to SVT, VT, AF, long term PR, QT-segment, and even VF [12-14]. Mg prophylaxis is safe for the patients, but we do not know if it is useful for preventing AF [13,15]. The advantages of using magnesium include cheap price, the length of AF and VT, cardiac index stabilization, and infraction size reduction [15-17]. In spite of all these advantages, proving the routine utilization of Mg following CABG is a quite challenging task [15]. The present research seeks to compare the effect of metoral and magnesium and a mixture of both in the form of prophylaxis on POAF.
This is a double blind, randomized, clinical trial conducted on 195 patients candidated for CABG resorting to Amir Almomenin Hospital (PBUH) of Arak. Having possessed the inclusion criteria, the participants signed the written consent form. The patients were randomly divided into metoral, magnesium, and metoral and magnesium groups. After entering, the operation room and receiving premedication on the day of operation (25 mg of promethazine and 3 to 5 mg of morphine), the patients entered the operation room. Then, the necessary monitoring including T, Paco 2, EKG, RR, PR, and SPO 2 were carried out. Following a brief sedation (1 mg of midazolam and 1 cc of fentanyl), arterline was taken from nondominant left ulnar artery. The patients were then inducted and intubated using 5 to 7 mg fentanyl, 5 mg midazolam, 50 mg Atracurium, and 60 to 100 mg lidocaine. The patients then underwent ventilator. Following intubation, 5 mg metoral was used for the first group, while the second and the third groups received 1.5 g magnesium and 2.5 mg mixture of metoral and magnesium, respectively. The drugs were put in syringes and given to an assisting resident of anesthesia who was totally unaware of their contents. These drugs were finally put on syringe pump. Then, CV-line was installed for the patients and the operation began. Having placed the patients on cardiopulmonary pump and after conducting grafts, CBP pump was removed and the intubated patient was relegated to ICU. All signals of the patients were controlled in ICU and in the case of any signs of AF, amiodarone (300 mg) and, then, infusion dose were used to treat them. Finally, the information obtained by completing patients' questionnaire by the interns was analyzed and the frequency rates of AF across all three groups were compared against one another. Patients' V/S after entering ICU and their length of stay there were compared against one another. The resulting information was finally analyzed using ANOVA and χ2 and presented in tables and statistical figure.
1) All non-emergency patients candidated for CABG resorting to Amir Almomenin Hospital of Arak who agreed to take part in the research. 2) All type 3 and 4 ASA patients. 3) All patients whose length of operation was shorter than 6 h. 4) All patients without a history of previous arrhythmia and AF prior to CABG. 5) Patients without any history of using antiarrhythmic agent prior to CABG.
Exclusion criteria
1) All patients whose operation had lasted longer than 6 h. 2) Patients candidated for heart valve replacement in addition to CABG. 3) Patients with a previous history of arrhythmia and AF prior to operation. 4) Patients with a history of sensitivity to magnesium or metoral.
According to the following formula, as many as 65 patients were put in each group.
N=2{P1 (1-P1)+P2 (1-P2)}2 (Z1-α/2+Z1-β)2/(P1-P2)2
P1=5, P2=14, Z1-α/2=1/96, Z1-β=1/68 => N=65
This clinical trial is approved by university under the ethical code of IR.ARAKMU.1394-296 and (IRCT2016031520258N5) IRCT.
Table 1 presents a comparison of the age and number of grafts of patients candidated for coronary artery bypass graft resorting to Amir Almomenin Hospital of Arak in metoral, magnesium and metoral & magnesium groups.
Metoral
Average age (y) 64.7 ± 7.7 65.1 ± 8.2 65.4 ± 6.4 P ≥ 0.05
Average number of grafts 3.1 ± 1.1 3.5 ± 1.3 3.2 ± 1.8 P ≥ 0.05
Table 1: Comparing the age and number of grafts in patients.
Considering Table 1, no significant difference was observed between the three groups in terms of their average age and the average age across all three groups was 65 years old. The average number of grafts (3 grafts) didn't show a significant difference (P ≥ 0.05).
The following table compares the participants in the three groups in terms of their gender. As P ≥ 0.05, there is no statistically significant difference between the three groups in terms of their gender frequency and the frequency of male participants in all three groups was 65% (Table 2).
Frequency percentage 0.646 0.354 0.652 0.348 0.661 0.339 P ≥ 0.05
Table 2: Comparing patients' gender.
Table 3 compares the length of staying in ICU and the length of hospitalization across the participants in three groups.
Average length of staying in ICU 3.7 ± 2.1 3.4 ± 1.8 3.4 ± 1.5 P ≥ 0.05
Average length of hospitalization 11.9 ± 5.6 12.5 ± 4.8 12.1 ± 3.7 P ≥ 0.05
Table 3: Comparing the length of staying in ICU and the length of hospitalization.
No significant difference was observed between the three groups in terms of their length of staying in ICU and the length of hospitalization (P ≥ 0.05).
According to Table 4, a comparison of mortality rate among the participants in three groups failed to find any significant difference. The mortality rate across all three groups was 9% (P ≥ 0.05).
Mortality percentage 0.091 0.096 0.095 P ≥ 0.05
Table 4: Comparing mortality percentage among patients.
According to Figure 1, a significant difference was observed between the three groups in terms of arterial fibrillation occurrence with the magnesium group exhibiting more arterial fibrillation cases than the other two groups (P=0.001). The difference observed between metoral and combined group was also significant with a lower percentage of post-operation arterial fibrillation observed in the combined group. This fact points to the positive effect of all three medicines in reducing arterial fibrillation with beta-blockers (metoral) being more effective. It should also be mentioned that this effect would enhance as a result of combining with magnesium with a lower rate of arrhythmia observed in the combined groups. Other post-operation arrhythmias were less frequent in the combined group compared to what was observed in the other two groups (P=0.001).
Figure 1: A comparison of the occurrence of arterial fibrillation and other arrhythmias after operation.
Achieving a useful combination as prophylaxis to prevent post-operation AF of the patients candidated for CABG is a major step taken towards reducing the costs, death toll and post-operation side effects. As the results of our research indicate, the occurrence of AF following CABG is more in Mg group compared to the other two groups of participants. These results point to the fact that metoral is an effective beta-blocker in preventing post-operation AF among CABG patients. This effect will be enhanced by adding magnesium as an additive. There is a direct link between post-operation AF and hemodynamic instability. AF increases mortality, length of hospitalization, length of staying in ICU, and hospital costs [1,2]. Utilizing beta-blockers or amiodarone is one of the most effective pre-emptive measures [1-3]. On the other hand, existence of hypomagnesemia is also an important factor that increases the possibility of AF after CABG. As a result, utilizing prophylactic magnesium may result in the significant reduction of AF after operation [1,2]. The results of previous studies are somehow similar to those achieved in our research. A research conducted by University of Tehran introduced using beta-blockers as the most effective prophylactic method to reduce post-operation AF [1]. This research, conducted by Haghjoo et al. introduced Sotalol and amiodarone as prophylactic agents [1]. These results are in line with those achieved in our research where we discussed the prophylactic effect of metoral.
The occurrence of post-operation AF among those in the combined group was significantly more than what was observed in the other two groups where the prophylactic role of metoral is confirmed. On the other hand, the additive effect of magnesium along with metoral is also taken into consideration. Another research by Koniari et al. in Patras University of Greece arrived at the conclusion that beta-blockers need to be used as the first line of prophylaxis to reduce post-operation AF among all patients candidated for CABG [2]. The results of this research are also in line with those achieved in our research. This research has introduced amiodarone as a useful treatment to reduce post-CABG AF following metoral as the second line of treatment [2]. Our researchers found that metoral could reduce post-operation AF and this prophylactic effect could be enhanced in the combined group using magnesium additive. A meta-analysis by Shiga et al. found that magnesium could reduce post operation AF 29% and bring about a 40% reduction in other arrhythmias and has no effect on secondary infraction and mortality [18]. Another metaanalysis by Miler et al. found that prophylactic magnesium could reduce AF rate from 28 to 18 percent which is in line with the results of our research. Our research also confirmed the effect of magnesium in reducing post-operation AF, but it was less powerful compared to the prophylactic effect of metoral [17]. A research by Echahidi et al. in the USA reported that beta-blockers are more effective and safer in reducing post-operation AF. This research also found that using magnesium along with beta-blockers could enhance their prophylactic effect in reducing post-operation AF [4]. The results of this research are in line with those achieved in our study where metoral was very effective in reducing postoperation AF and magnesium could enhance this effectiveness. Another research conducted by the operation department of Freeman hospital in the UK found that further to reducing postoperation AF occurrence, beta-blockers also played a major role in reducing the length of hospitalization, the length of patient's stay in ICU, mortality, and morbidity rate among patients [5]. However, the results reported in our research showed that metoral reduced post-operation AF rate but it had no influence upon length of hospitalization, length of stay in ICU, morbidity, and mortality period. A study by Crystal et al. in Toronto of 1000 patients candidated for CABG found that prophylactic metoral had reduced AF from 40 to 28.5% while occurrence of post-operation AF in control group was 38%. These results are completely in line with those achieved in our research [8]. A similar project by Abbas et al. found that prophylactic magnesium could reduce post-operation AF and other arrhythmias, but it had no influence upon patients' mortality rate. In our research, magnesium had reduced POAF but it had no influence upon mortality. In a research by Xiaosun et al. 5 RCT's were studied. It was concluded that using magnesium combined with beta-blocker could make no difference in reducing POAF compared to the cases where beta-blocker is used alone. In other words, magnesium doesn't enhance the effect of metoral in reducing POAF [13]. These results are not in line with those achieved in our research because magnesium, in our research, played a reinforcing role in anti-arrhythmic prophylactic effects of metoral.
A research by Gu et al. in Guangixi university of China reported that magnesium had a prophylactic effect in reducing post-operation AF. Clear results indicated a 36% reduction of POAF using prophylactic magnesium which is in line with our research, but the effect of magnesium in reducing POAF was less than the above said research [14]. In a systematic review by Shepherd et al. in Southampton University of the UK, the prophylactic effect of magnesium and Sotalol in reducing POAF was investigated and both medicines were found to have a major effect in reducing POAF compared to placebo, while Sotalol played a stronger role compared to magnesium [16]. The effectiveness of metoral and the combined group in our research was more than magnesium. A research by Kamali et al. in Medical Sciences University of Arak arrived at the conclusion that metoral had a greater influence in reducing POAF compared to Amiodarone (P-value=0.004) which is in line with the current research [19]. In the present research, metoral played a major role in shortening the period of patients' stay in ICU, but our research found no significant difference between the two groups in terms of this issue. A review of all these researches confirms the great effect of magnesium and beta-blockers in reducing POAF. It is suggested to used beta-blockers such as metoral as very useful factors to reduce POAF. As magnesium is cheap and considering its prophylactic influence in reducing POAF, this medical supplement can be used in the absence of betablockers. Our research would also like to recommend using magnesium along with metoral as the reinforcing factor which enhances the anti-arrhythmical effects of metoral. Furthermore, recently various studies using computerised tomography scan have reported on pattern of differential diagnosis and play a major role on diseases [20-26].
Both metoral and Mg are really useful in reducing postoperation AF among patients with CABG with metoral being more useful than magnesium. Adding metoral to magnesium can clearly increase its usefulness. Finally, interested researchers are recommended to compare the effect of metoral and magnesium with metoral and other reinforcing factors such as statins and saturated fatty acids.
The authors report no conflicts of interest related to this study.
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I started this drawing of Copenhagen a while ago and am finally starting to piece it all together. Here's the first two panels, both separately and laid out.
Panoramic line drawing of Valetta, Malta.
Architectural drawings of landmarks and significant buildings in China.
This was a commission undertaken for a cruise company so I would be very grateful if these weren't copied or reproduced etc etc.
All illustrations were hand drawn using a Rotring Rapidograph on paper.
Architectural drawings of landmarks and significant buildings in France.
All illustrations were hand drawn using a Rotring Rapidograph (.25 if anyone is interested) on paper.
I'm going to be posting a few of these over the next few weeks as they're interesting to look back on.
The client also commissioned a series of drawings of different New York districts.
I recently completed this panoramic line drawing of Paris; although I've drawn the city several times in the past, I haven't yet attempted a panoramic version.
What I liked about this composition is that the Eiffel Tower and the Sacré-Cœur Basilica balance one another out and provide two focal points which allowed me a bit of freedom in how I represented the city buildings between them. So there is an element of abstraction to some of the building shapes which stops the piece being too busy.
This panoramic was drawn freehand using a Rotring Rapidograph pen on paper and is available for sale as a digital image in Tiff, Jpeg, PSD or AI format; please contact me at abigaildaker@hotmail.com for further information about using any of my images in your project.
Last year, I was commissioned to draw this large scale panoramic scene, based around a famous Chinese scroll painting.
The image was interlaced with my Trafalgar Square panorama (below) and adapted by EDGE Architecture to fit in with their designs for the Bank of China's new Visa Application Centre in the City of London.
It is always interesting to work on a panoramic drawing after spending several months on illustrated maps; the two types of work are very different, but compliment each other rather well. This was an especially interesting commission and you can see the completed design on the EDGE Architecture website here.


If you love Halloween, or even just passively like the holiday, you should have some fun with it this year! Carving pumpkins, making costumes, and some good old-fashioned scariness provide a nearly endless palette for decorating ideas. Here are some ideas to light your creative fire!
From all of us at Heatilator, have a safe and happy Halloween!


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"The world deserves well-educated women."...
"The world deserves well-educated women." – Ana Torres from Mexico
Posted on 26/06/2017 by Ulrike Böhm
Interview with #LiNo17 young scientist Ana Torres
This interview is part of a series of interviews of the "Women in Research" blog that features young female scientists participating in the 67th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting, to increase the visibility of women in research (more information for and about women in science by "Women in Research" on Facebook and Twitter). Enjoy the interview with Ana and get inspired.
Ana Torres, 33, from Mexico is a Postdoc at the Texas A&M University in the US. Her research is focused primarily on the theoretical study of the interfacial phenomena relevant for the development of next generation rechargeable batteries. She is also studying the confinement effect exerted by molecular sieves, solvents, nano-structured materials, an inert gas matrix over the chemical reactions, which are important for chemical catalysis. Her motivation is to assist the novel frontier materials design (with enhanced features) using theoretical and computational methods to optimise resources and facilitate the materials implementation for the manufacturing process of technological devices.
What inspired you to pursue a career in science/chemistry?
Since forever, science books were the only reading material available at home. Both my sister and I grew up with my two parents who are successful biologists despite the difficult circumstances they had to overcome to pursue a career in science. Their personal stories encouraged me to appreciate my education and science in general. I spent a lot of time surrounded by students, immersed in school, math competitions and science fairs. Also, my parents took my sister and me with them on their field research in natural reservations and archaeological zones. I went with my mother to her postgraduate courses and academic workshops. There was not a lot I could do in my small hometown in Mexico but fortunately, I was invited to participate in the Chemistry Olympiads and I enjoyed it all the way through the National Competition. I discovered my passion for chemistry during high school and I decided to travel a long way daily to Mexico City to the UNAM University and get an academic career in science.
In many ways, I have been inspired to dedicate my life to science when I pictured my parents doing their daily academic activities with a genuine delight. I enjoyed reading stories about inventors like Edison, Gutenberg, and González-Camarena and enjoyed the Sherlock Holmes adventures. As a child I had the highest scores in school triggered by the discipline at home and motivated by the guiding hands of several exceptional teachers and academicians who invested professional resources into my training. I keep evocative memories of my math teacher, during middle school, who was very dedicated in preparing his students for national competitions. After middle school, I participated in the National Chemistry Olympiads where I met devoted teachers and researchers of the UAEM-Mexico who trained the team and encouraged us to pursue a career in chemistry. My bachelor and postgraduate studies at the National Autonomous University of Mexico contributed to my personal and academic growing. I have been inspired in many ways by committed theorists and advisors: Prof. Fernando Colmenares, Prof. Serguei Fomine and Prof. Perla Balbuena and also the leading academics and theorists Prof. Raul Alvarez, Prof. Fernando Cortes and Prof. Tomas Rocha. Likewise, I shall mention the Nobel Laureates who are my academic life models: Prof. Mario Molina, Prof. Roald Hoffmann, Prof. Robert H. Grubbs, Prof. Walter Kohn, Prof. John Pople, Prof. Konstantin Novoselov, Prof. Andre Geim, Prof. Rudolph A. Marcus and Prof. Martin Karplus.
my parents took my sister and me with them on their field research in natural reservations and archaeological zones
The way throughout my current academic position was not easy but constructive and challenging in some aspects. I come from a small, quiet and traditional town in the state of Mexico. Thankfully, I was blessed with my parents' commitment to provide my sister and me a good education. During my basic education, I participated actively in several science and academic contests. Later on, I enrolled in the public high school and was benefited with a scholarship. That stage was meaningful for my further decision to study chemistry since I was selected to attend Mexico's National Olympiad of Chemistry. That privilege implied a strong commitment by means of traveling two hours to the school of Chemistry of UAEM-Mexico to be trained for the competition, and then two hours more for the way back. I traveled with my mother after the school in an old van provided by the principal two or three days per week during some months. We arrived at home almost at midnight, tired but enthusiastic about my preparation and the encouraging support within my family. After that fruitful experience of attending the national contest, I decided to study Chemistry in the School of Chemistry of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. So therefore, I spent four hours in a round-trip each day to the Mexico City to pursue my bachelor degree. Sometimes I traveled by car with my father before dawn, but others I had tiring trips in the overcrowded subway and the bus, which arrived in the middle of nowhere where my parents picked me up. After I had my first course of Quantum Chemistry in the university, I joined a theoretical research workgroup. The Quantum Chemistry captivated me and one year later, I obtained my bachelor degree with honours. I continued my postgraduate studies in Chemistry supported by a grant of the National Council of Science and Technology. Usually, there are few students willing to pursue a career in Theoretical Chemistry in my program. Thus, while I studied my advisor and other theorists dictated Quantum and Computational Chemistry post-graduate courses, indeed some of the lectures were first given. As well, during that time, I started my own family and I had to organise my time efficiently to get a functional balance between motherhood, research and teaching. Therefore, through family joint efforts, hard-working and passion for science important achievements were scored: my son loves math and I graduated with honours, gaining the MSc. and PhD. degrees in Chemistry. At present, I am thankful for the support of Prof. Balbuena and I am committed to my post-doctoral stay in Texas A&M University, US. Likewise, I am sharing this experience with my supportive family; we are all growing in academic and personal areas.
Every single project I have worked on has represented a hot topic for me. My Chemistry Master Project was crucial for my academic growing, since I was assigned to deal with some kind of reactions that computationally develop through the wrong expected pathway. So given that behind every failure is an opportunity to succeed, I just let the theory to guide me to get the pieces of the puzzle. Hence, the experienced guide of my advisor, Prof. Colmenares, and my chemical background converged into an alternative and plausible new two-step mechanism proposal (alternative to the spin intersystem-crossing) that explained for the experimental results and became the distinctive approach of the research group. By the time Prof. R. H. Grubbs held a lecture in the university, I got immersed in some articles on methatesis reactions which led me to work with Prof. Fomine. It was my luck that he noticed that I could have a complementary role in the nanoscience research he was guiding in that moment in view of my previous experience in multireference and ab-initio electronic structure methods. From then on, I had to deal with the electronic structure of polymers and p conjugated carbon-based linear and bidimensional nanosystems. Furthermore, after the 2013 Chemistry Nobel Prize announcement, I was fascinated by the multi-scale methods and the perspective of deconstructing a complex system into an accurate computational treatable one. This perspective helped me to deal with the molecular simulations of nanostructures and large-size catalytic systems and encouraged me to look for my current postdoctoral position which is working on a project focused on the computer-aided design of novel materials with technological applications. In this context, it is sought to contribute to the science development in the field of materials used in cutting-edge energy storage devices.
I had to organise my time efficiently to get a functional balance between motherhood, research and teaching
What's a time you felt immense pride in yourself/your work?
I feel proud when I mentor other young students and I succeed to transmit my enthusiasm for Quantum Chemistry to them. In particular, when I teach and help other students with their research and studies in chemistry I feel very gratified. As well, I value the research that I carried out in my home country headed by great Scientists and a limited infrastructure. I got some awards, they came unexpectedly as a nice reward for a constant work and joint endeavor of my home university and advisors, I feel pleased about it and double committed with my future efforts.
What is a "day in the life" of Ana like?
Currently, I am doing a postdoctoral stay in the Department of Chemical Engineering in Texas A&M University. My day starts early in the morning, so my husband and I start the day helping my child to get ready for the elementary school. Then I spend most of the day in the office interacting with the quantum world through the computer and enjoying my computational research. There, I read some Quantum Chemistry books or participate in a seminar or workshop. It is a fruitful experience to share the office with two young female students, we have a nice environment of mutual support and cooperation. We all come from developing countries and share a strong motivation and commitment on science. My workgroup is very diverse, encouraging and productive; it is leaded by Prof. Perla Balbuena. In my previous group, I was the only woman. At late afternoon, I go back home to enjoy a delicious and healthy dinner with my family. This, however, would not be possible without the wonderful team effort of my family that supports me. Then, after homework, games, handicrafts and origami at home, I benefit of the calm of the night to carry out some calculations and read before I go to sleep.
when I teach and help other students with their research and studies in chemistry I feel very gratified
When the bachelor degree is issued by my home university UNAM, the following oath must be taken:
"I affirm to practice my profession with integrity and enthusiasm, always bearing in mind my social responsibility to the community that contributed to my training, ensuring the professional solidarity, the progress of Chemistry and the prestige of our university. For my race, my spirit will speak."
I am keen to embrace this phrase as part of my everyday service through science and mentorship and willing to impact positively and more directly in the solution of welfare issues and technology development through the research in the field of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry.
I enjoy walking, running and biking, which let me spend a great time with my son and my husband and undertake physical activity. Likewise, I enjoy the Bible studies, since it provides me a compass to guide my next steps in all the areas of my life. As well, it is a good opportunity to know some colleagues of other research fields and countries out of the office and to enrich each other with great learnings and common goals. I like to talk about quantum chemistry and science with my family and friends, listen science podcasts, computers, hi-tech gadgets, stereograms and the origami. I like farm animals and the country lifestyle, indeed in my home country I have the opportunity to spend some weekends in my parents' eco-farm to take care of rabbits.
I urge each woman in disadvantaged regions to break away from the traditional molds society has imposed upon us to justify the lack of support to education, science and job opportunities
What advice do you have for other women interested in science/chemistry?
As a woman, I have my own perspective to address problems in several fields of chemistry; organisation and multitask skills enable me to have a good balance between the family and my career. It is important to have a strong discipline and continue motivated along the way to get an academic career on the basis of family ties and academic cooperation. Personally, chemistry can be seen as a high-level marathon that demands several attributes. Endurance to overcome the day-by-day challenges and enthusiasm to keep high levels of motivation to perform high-quality research. To keep the feet on solid ground, persistent academic training and the desire of service and impact in a positive and useful way in the immediate surroundings. The result is reaching the goal bearing in mind that every step is worth the effort! I urge each woman in disadvantaged regions to break away from the traditional molds society has imposed upon us to justify the lack of support to education, science and job opportunities, and to go beyond our own ways and limits to play an active role in our nation and take the challenge to pursue a career in Science.
In your opinion, what will be the next great breakthrough in science/chemistry?
The implementation and widespread usage of artificial intelligence in drug discovery, novel materials design, analytic techniques and environmental phenomena.
The world deserves well-educated women. In Latin countries, commonly women are responsible on their own of the children. They are mainly responsible for their education and the most important: they are laying the foundation of the future generations. Empowering a woman translates into well-educated children, an irreversible and fruitful process, which I witnessed by first-hand in my family. In this line, the thrust and support of women in Science represents an axis of transformation in the society. Certainly, job opportunities for women in Science should increase and special programs for childcare and scholarships for women might raise the number of women that continue their studies and pursue a career in Science.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Source: Res. Note RMRS-RN-17. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 4 p.
The fixed number of trees sample design proposed by Jonsson and others (1992) may be dangerous in applications if a probabilistic framework of sampling is desired. The procedure can be seriously biased. Examples are given here.
Schreuder, Hans T. 2004. Sampling Using a Fixed Number of Trees Per Plot. Res. Note RMRS-RN-17. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 4 p.
Procedures for establishing and maintaining permanent plots for silvicultural and yield research.
Permanent-plot procedures for silvicultural and yield research.


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text:
Home Books Emotion in the Clinical Encounter
Chapter 1: Emotions in 21st-Century Humanistic Medicine
Rachel Schwartz; Judith A. Hall; Lars G. Osterberg
Schwartz R, Hall JA, Osterberg LG. Schwartz R, & Hall J.A., & Osterberg L.G. Schwartz, Rachel, et al.Emotions in 21st-Century Humanistic Medicine. In: Schwartz R, Hall JA, Osterberg LG. Schwartz R, & Hall J.A., & Osterberg L.G.(Eds.),Eds. Rachel Schwartz, et al.eds. Emotion in the Clinical Encounter. McGraw Hill; 2021. Accessed January 30, 2023. https://hemonc.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=3088&sectionid=257488723
Schwartz R, Hall JA, Osterberg LG. Schwartz R, & Hall J.A., & Osterberg L.G. Schwartz, Rachel, et al. (2021). Emotions in 21st-century humanistic medicine. Schwartz R, Hall JA, Osterberg LG. Schwartz R, & Hall J.A., & Osterberg L.G.(Eds.),Eds. Rachel Schwartz, et al. Emotion in the Clinical Encounter. McGraw Hill. https://hemonc.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=3088&sectionid=257488723
Schwartz R, Hall JA, Osterberg LG. Schwartz R, & Hall J.A., & Osterberg L.G. Schwartz, Rachel, et al. "Emotions in 21st-Century Humanistic Medicine." Emotion in the Clinical Encounter Schwartz R, Hall JA, Osterberg LG. Schwartz R, & Hall J.A., & Osterberg L.G.(Eds.),Eds. Rachel Schwartz, et al. McGraw Hill, 2021, https://hemonc.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=3088&sectionid=257488723.
The Need for Emotion Training
WHAT IS EMOTION?
EMOTION'S FUNCTIONS
EMOTION AND ILLNESS
CLINICIAN FEARS AROUND EMOTION
Myth #1: Addressing Emotion Takes Longer
Myth #2: "I'm Not Trained for That; I'll Just Make Things Worse"
EMOTION AND THE CLINICIAN–PATIENT RELATIONSHIP
EMOTIONAL SOCIALIZATION IN THE CULTURE OF MEDICINE
The Emotional Demands of Medicine
History of Emotional Socialization in Medicine
Emotion Management by Professional Role and Medical Specialty
The current state of medical education is woefully deficient in educating its learners about the role of emotions in healthcare.
—Johanna Shapiro, 2013 (p. 314)1
Emotion is inseparable from medical care, yet its role in care delivery, healing, and the clinician experience is complex and often ignored and unaddressed by clinicians. This is in part due to how the culture of medicine has evolved; what began as a relational art has morphed into a more technical science with the rise of technology and the influence of medical forbearers who equated mastery of one's emotion with medical competence and professionalism. Ambivalence about the role of emotions, the ever-shifting tension between too much and too little emotion and uncertainty about how to make use of emotion for good ends have all, we believe, contributed to the nearly complete lack of training in emotion regulation and management that many clinicians receive. In their 2007 systematic review of emotion skills training for medical students, Satterfield and Hughes2 concluded:
[T]here is currently no operational definition of the superordinate construct of emotion skills in medicine, nor is there a complete developmental theory regarding the teaching and acquisition of emotion skills in medical providers. None of the studies reviewed provided a framework for understanding emotion skills development nor a discussion of how emotion skills are manifested in other areas of clinical care. (p. 939)
Despite increasing scholarship and interest in empathy and emotional socialization within the medical field,3 scholars and medical educators have much work ahead to address this gap.
Emotions are ever-present and consequential in a clinical encounter, and their importance cannot be overstated. There are three crucial, and interlocking, reasons why we say this,4 which we call the Three Principles. Although these principles may seem obvious, taking them seriously has far-reaching implications. They are the basis for everything that follows in this book.
Principle 1: Both Clinicians and Patients have Emotions
Some of these emotions precede the visit and have nothing directly to do with the visit itself. The clinician might be irritable due to fatigue, worried about finances, or anxious about their competence (we will often refer interchangeably to physicians, providers, clinicians, and healthcare providers). Clinicians are not professional robots who enact a scripted role; they are people with their own issues, styles, and habits, and, consequently, the full range of emotions, both pleasant and unpleasant. Likewise, patients have their own sources of emotional experience related to work, family, society, and their health. For both parties, these emotions can have profound effects on their mental and physical well-being. Furthermore, these emotions do not vanish at the door of the examining room; they impact the transaction in both subtle and extreme ways and their impact is often outside of awareness and unacknowledged.
Other ...


This shirt is cut for a loose fit, trimmed with beige piping stripes and white button fastenings along the front. Here in a crisp, fine woven cotton poplin with stripes in pale brown and blue hues. Wear it tugged in a high-rise denim or over fluted hemline.
Composition: Cotton 100%. Danish sizing. Fits true to size.


Christian rehab therapy facilities may be located throughout the country as well as help with healing utilizing Christian doctrine integrated with emotional, restorative as well as occasionally 12-step-modeled recuperation programs. Christian rehabilitation functions together with the patient as well as those near them to help with full soberness and healing. The difference with regular drug rehab is that the technique is Bible based, using Christ to lead the way toward taking care of psychological problems, getting out of rejection and learning how you can forgive. In Christian rehabilitation, as recuperating addicts are working through the 12 steps, they are likewise developing their personal Christian belief and connection with Christ. Along with standard therapy methods, we harness a faith-based technique that begins as well as ends with God's forgiveness, healing, and also reconstruction. This means that in addition to Christian rehabilitation to get rid of the dependency, they call for additional care to address a problem that is likely strengthening the dependency.
Christian rehab centers rely on the suggestion that faith and spirituality can aid an addict or alcoholic recover from those addictions. The really basis of the treatment technique is that an individual cannot conquer dependency by himself yet can via the support of a community and also the support of God. Holistic health and wellness, meditation, seeking advice as well as aid with prayer, looking for aid from others, helping other people – these are main styles to any type of healing program, whether it is religious based or otherwise.
A number of us have been Christians, however we have actually watched our addiction make shipwreck of our confidence. If you identify as Christian and are dealing with substance abuse or alcoholism, then a Christian rehab facility might be the right selection in order to help you conquer your substance abuse concerns. It is an excellent way to combat and win the battle of alcohol and drug addictions. There are many different faith-based rehabilitation programs around, so you are likely to locate one that abides by the trainings of your religious or spiritual beliefs. We familiarize God's love as well as grace for addicts while examining the Bible and also restoring our Christian spiritual practices.
Addiction to alcohol isn't a sign of weak point and does not indicate they do not have self-control. The good news is, addiction therapy programs can aid you get over compulsive habits and minimize your urge to use medications or alcohol. Preferably, these treatment programs must have developed aftercare programs for individuals to have less complicated shifts right into the regular lives and also routines. Daily reflection and regular prayer are simply a few of the things you can experience. Your increased spiritual recognition will guide you through recovery.
They provide you the possibility to explore your spirituality while working on recouping from alcohol or medication addiction so you can establish a more powerful spiritual link at the same time you conquer your addictions. These facilities make every effort to be considerate of all Christian beliefs as their supreme goal is healing and at their core all Christian faiths are very similar. Intensive counseling, team classes as well as education and learning all assist and aid in establishing a path toward health reconstruction. Our clients are not the only one in their trip, physically or emotionally. After therapy, recovering addicts continue to use prayer and also belief in God to obtain them with whatever comes their path. These aftercare actions, when combined with an energetic confidence walk, help recouping addicts stay on track, avoid relapse, as well as obtain assist when new triggers attract them. These connections can be valuable moving forward and maintaining them focused on making the right choices.
To put it simply, Christian rehab is not so different from standard addiction treatment programs, especially when we come down to the standard mechanics of long-term sobriety. This might include temper management, tension decrease, nutrition, art, equine therapy, fitness, and also numerous other options. The frequency of the visits, as well as the success of the program, depends upon both the addict as well as the program. By providing programs and also therapies that focus on the body, spirit, and relationships to construct even more assistance. There are good deal of methods wherein people could enlist in among these facilities. Because of that, Christian rehabilitation facilities are a great alternative for these having a hard time addicts.
A lot of spiritual rehabilitation programs are designed for individuals that currently have a particular religious belief. One of the ways to discover a Christian drug rehab center is to talk with Christian leaders such as priests, priests or the regulating body of a church. If you assume finding God will certainly help you to recuperate, then we urge you to follow your path.


Photographs from the 2009 hiking season.
Photos from activities in 2008.
Photos from activities in 2007.
Add photographs to this gallery if there aren't any other appropriate galleries for them. All photographs of Utah scenery are welcome, even if they aren't related to club activities.


text:
New plans to build 1500 city centre homes at former goods yard
An application has been lodged for the homes to be built near Glasgow's High Street.
The plans include 823 homes and 687 student homes alongside shops, restaurants, and leisure facilities. Supplied
By Calum Loudon
Petition launched as permit parking to be reintroduced at hospital
Bid to demolish historic distillery for flats refused by councillors
ScotRail to close or cut opening hours of 123 ticket offices
Plans for 650 homes to be built at old power station site approved
Plans have been submitted for more than 1500 of homes to be built in the city centre of Glasgow as part of a new 'urban neighbourhood'.
The application has outlined homes as well as retail, leisure, and food and drink venues to be built at the former High Street goods yard site.
The revised plans have been submitted by rent specialists Get Living and architecture firm Stallan Brand, who originally secured planning permission in 2018 for 700 rental homes.
Spanning a seven and a half-acre site between Collegelands and Bell Street, the urban neighbourhood project has been identified as an "enhanced gateway" away from Glasgow's city centre.
If approved, the updated plans would include 823 rental apartments, 687 student homes, and 411 square metres for business, retail, and leisure facilities.
A design statement from Stallan Brand read: "The proposals will create a high quality residential neighbourhood supported by a mix of new green spaces, amenity provision and ground floor commercial uses.
"The development will create a vibrant urban quarter that is well integrated with its wider urban context, unlocking new pedestrian and cycle connections to the east of the city centre.
"At its core, the High Street Goodsyard vision will deliver an intergenerational community combining build-to-rent and student provision within a cohesive neighbourhood that services the needs of a diverse community.
"As well as providing new commercial spaces within the site, the development will positively contribute to the wider local economy, bringing increased footfall to surrounding high streets.
"The proposals will deliver a significant amount of new green space providing a mix of informal and formal play as well as a range of amenity spaces for residents and the wider community to enjoy."


text:
10 Questions: Songs of Friendship's James Rowland
Writer and performer, James Rowland, tells us about his award-winning trilogy of plays Songs of Friendship, reminds us all to be kind, and shares his love of Bruce Springsteen as part of our 10 Questions.
Image: Rosie Collins
1.	What compels you as a writer and performer?
Ha, straight in swinging with a big one... authenticity is really important to me as is generosity. Shows should be for the people who watch them not the people who have made them.
2.	Can you tell us a bit about each play in the trilogy and the themes they explore?
Team Viking is about my childhood friend Tom dying of heart cancer then myself and our other best friend Sarah giving him a Viking Burial.
A Hundred Different Words for Love is about Sarah getting engaged and married and a relationship that I had during that time.
Revelationsis about Sarah and her wife deciding to start a family and asking me to be the sperm donor.
So death, love and new life are the big themes but I try to find time to talk about language, animals, truth in art, friendship, religion and McDonald's. It's quite hard to condense four years work and three hour-long shows into a palatable paragraph!
3. What's it like to create work based on your real experiences – what are the challenges and benefits?
I think it's impossible to make drama (or comedy) based on anything else. Even if those real experiences are researching something that you want to write.
At a base level, all art is indivisible from its creator... there will always be an interplay between the imaginary and the real in any piece of work. I think it's really important to remember that however true a story is, talking about it or replicating something on stage is not the same as that thing happening again (thank goodness). The other beautiful side of that is that if a story is made up it doesn't mean it isn't real.
4. The play is a mix of stand-up, live music and theatre. Can you tell us how these three elements will come together on stage?
Well, I've never self-identified as a stand-up but people do laugh with me (and at me) in the shows! I suppose that a combination of influences (Stewart Lee, Terry Pratchett and Carrie Fisher are big ones) and inspirational friends along with an eclectic load of experiences have thrown me into the particular mix I have.
5.	What are you looking forward to most about bringing the show to the Traverse?
As always, it's a joy to share the stories with people, having performed them more than three hundred times! It's audiences that make it work I love. Also just being back in Edinburgh. It's a wonderful place and I love it.
6.	What are your favourite Edinburgh haunts?
Apologies to vegans and veggies, but I love Wings, I love it so much. I also love the Captains Bar and the Royal Oak... and loads of places. I also get to see some great pals while I'm here too - love you, buddies.
7.	How do you want audiences to feel having watched the show?
Like it has been worth their while to part with some money and a fragment of precious time to share a room with thoughts and feelings that I help them have.
8.	There might be a hundred different words for love, but can you describe the Songs of Friendship trilogy in just three?
Love. Friends. Emotions.
9.	What are your favourite songs about friendship?
Holy crap I've never thought of this before...
I guess you have songs that you share with people rather than songs that are about that stuff but now I think about it there are loads. So I'll just name the first three I thought of: Steal Smoked Fish by the Mountain Goats, Free Pizza for Life by Ghost Mice and Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out by Bruce Springsteen and The E Street Band.
Incidentally, I'm a massive Bruce fan and about six months after I named the trilogy Songs of Friendship Springsteen released an album with the same name so it's nice to know the admiration is mutual.
10.	What's the best piece of advice you think you've been given, either as a writer or performer?
Be kind and if you can't be kind be nice.
James' Songs of Friendship trilogy including Team Viking, A Hundred Different Words for Love and Revelations comes to the Traverse Wed 11 - Sat 14 Mar.


text:
Q: $L^1$ norm of oscillatory integral operator My question is about the $L^1_x$ norm of an oscillatory integral like
$$ \int_{\mathbb{R}^n} e^{i(y\cdot x+\lambda \phi(y))}f(y)dy,$$ where $\lambda \in \mathbb{R}$, $f\in C^{\infty}_c(\mathbb{R}^n)$ is compactly supported and $\phi$ is real-valued and smooth (I have in mind $\phi(y)=\sqrt{1+|y|^2}$ but feel free to assume what you need). Of course, I am interested in the decay rate for $\lambda$ in this norm. Is there any known result or some hint?
The classical $L^{\infty}$ van der Corput bound is too "strong" to be integrated and I already used Bernstein-type lemmas, but I would like to have a refined estimate if any. I tried to look for results in this area following the traces of the classical papers by Hormander and Phong-Stein on $L^p \to L^{p'}$ boundedness, but nothing useful came out.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Monday 15 July 2019 | UK News feed
Ex-Labour radical now makes killing on NHS
By Robert Watts, Whitehall Correspondent
He was once a fully-fledged, flag-waving radical of the Labour Left who railed against the evils of capitalism. Now he has amassed a fortune working as a private contractor for the National Health Service.
Reg Race, the former Labour MP and close ally of socialist firebrands Tony Benn and Ken Livingstone, has been paid millions of pounds of taxpayers' money as a result of regulations brought in by New Labour ministers. The union man-turned-consultant has also become a substantial Labour Party donor and is one of the biggest backers of Alan Johnson's bid for the party's deputy leadership.
Mr Race's company, Quality Health, is one of a select band of "approved contractors" that health trusts must hire to conduct patient and staff surveys.
Labour ministers made the annual surveys compulsory in 2003. Since then, Mr Race's company has, according to its website, become "the largest provider of patient and staff surveys in the NHS".
Quality Health, which Mr Race owns with his wife, Amanda Moore, has won contracts with 320 of the 487 NHS trusts across the UK. The company charges about £4,200 to complete each annual survey.
Quality Health also has contracts for "service reviews" of the work carried out by health trusts, as well as the National Patient Surveys and the 2006 Diabetes Patients Survey.
Mr Race is not a medical doctor, but he can legitimately call himself "Dr Race" as he has completed a PhD in "bureaucracy" at the University of Kent. The title of his thesis was "Political agents and the development of bureaucraticisation [sic] and deradicalisation in the British Labour Party".
Mr Race made his name as one of the most radical figures in the Labour Party during the 1970s and 1980s. After working for a public sector union, he became the Labour MP for Wood Green in 1979. While representing his north London constituency Mr Race attained the dubious distinction of being the first member of parliament to utter the word "f***" in a Commons debate.
Mr Race criticised Conservative MPs for profiting by the sell-off of the state-owned energy company Amersham International, alleging that one Tory had made a "killing" from the deal.
He lost his seat at the 1983 general election and tried to secure the Labour candidacy for the constituency of Sedgefield, but was pipped at the post by a chap called Tony Blair.
Mr Race was selected as the Labour candidate for Chesterfield when Tony Benn retired at the 2001 general election. However, the seat was won by the Liberal Democrat Paul Holmes.
Since then, the success of Quality Health has allowed Mr Race to establish a palatial home at Sutton Manor in the Derbyshire village of Sutton Scarsdale, near Chesterfield.
When contacted by The Sunday Telegraph, Mr Race declined to comment in detail about the work of Quality Health or his support for Mr Johnson. He said: "Quality Health has nothing to do with my personal donations - full stop."
Labour's opponents said approved contractors should make their political backgrounds clear when pitching for public work.
Mark Hoban, the shadow Treasury minister, said: "The amount of work that Reg Race and his company are getting will raise eyebrows. There must be much greater transparency over companies listed as approved contractors by Government departments."
Mr Hoban asked a series of parliamentary questions about the Government's relationship with Quality Health. The Department of Health denied paying any money to or having any "direct contact" with the company since 2001.
Mr Hoban said: "I find it surprising that the department says it has had no contact with a firm listed as one of its 'approved contractors' for such a long time."
A former member of Neil Kinnock's Labour shadow cabinet said last night: "Hell's frozen over, has it? Reg was one of the most disruptive, hardline Labour MPs. A lot of people make their peace with capitalism later on in life. I wasn't expecting Reg to though."
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How are you feeling about your 2015?
It is that elusive half way point .. and I get a sense that many of you feel like it can't possibly be July already? I know how easy it is to dwell on the passing of time, the things that you should be doing, could have done, wish you had time for. I find that reflection, honesty and celebration work a little better.
Do you need to reboot, have a little look at your goals or your word for the year? Now is the perfect time to do all of these things .. and to celebrate! Yes, it's important to celebrate along the way, rather than saving it for the time when you think you have reached your goals, or the elusive 'perfect time'.
The foods that we choose for our bodies and minds can have a huge impact on the way that we feel. I am not a Health Professional, anything that I share about food is based on my own experience of living with anxiety and depression. Over the years I have found that certain foods make me feel less anxious. I have also found that some foods feed my brain in a good way and that others simply feed the depression.
It is important to remember that you are human, I don't make the best choices every single day. I slip up occasionally and choose food based on my mood rather than what I know is best for my body. Ironically, choosing food based on mood is not always the best thing for the mood! For example, ice cream appeals to me when I am feeling a little down, and it provides temporary relief (and pleasure!) however I know that it is not ideal if eaten regularly.


text:
Q: Javascript no captura formulario tengo el que realizar un formulario en el cual debo realizar ciertas validaciones, pero quitando eso me ocurre algo super raro con el compilador. Cuando llamo a un evento onclick en dos de los botones me tira un error de que la función no está definida pero... si lo hago haciendole el evento de ventana me pilla el botón... Qué puede pasar y por qué me pasa. Estoy un 99% seguro que mi código no está mal. Adjunto código y también captura del error.
Fotografías:

Código:

function validar(){

  console.log("validar");

}
function anadir(){

  console.log("añadir");

}
function comprar(){
  console.log("comprar");
}
<form id="formDatosPersonales" action="" method="post" onsubmit="return false">

        Nombre:
        <input type="text" id="nombre" name="user_nombre" placeholder="Rellena el campo..." required>

        Apellidos:
        <input type="text" id="apellido" name="user_apellido" placeholder="Rellena el campo..." required>

        E-mail:
        <input type="email" id="email" name="user_email" placeholder="Rellena el campo..." required>

        Contraseña:
        <input type="password" id="pwd" name="user_pwd" placeholder="Rellena el campo...">

            Selecciona los articulos a comprar

        <select id="compra" name="compra">
            <optgroup label="equipacion">
                <option value="20">Camiseta</option>
                <option value="10">pantalones</option>
                <option value="5">medias</option>
            </optgroup>
            <optgroup label="Entrada">
                <option value="100">Fondo Sur</option>
                <option value="100">Fondo norte</option>
                <option value="200">Tribuna Cubierta</option>
                <option value="50">lateral Derecho</option>
            </optgroup>
            <optgroup label="Tour">
                <option value="10">Tour normal</option>
                <option value="25">Tour con guia</option>
            </optgroup>
        </select>
        <input type="text" id="numero" required>
        <input type="text" id="suma" required>

        Dejanos tus comentarios:

        <textarea id="comentarios" name="user_comentarios" rows="10" cols="50"></textarea>

        <input type="button" id="validar" name="validar" value="Validar" onclick="validar()"/>
        <input type="button" id="añadir" name="añadir" value="Añadir" onclick="anadir()"/>
        <input type="button" id="comprar" name="comprar" value="Comprar" onclick="comprar()">

</form>

A: Eso te sucede porque la mayoría de navegadores modernos tienden a importar los ID de los elementos HTML dentro del JavaScript namespace global por lo que que cuando tratas de hacer un onclick="validar()" el navegador piensa que estás tratando de acceder al elemento id="validar" y al no tratarse de una función te suelta el error que nos nuestras.
Una solución sería cambiar el nombre de tus funciones para que no coincida con el de los ID de tus elementos.

function validar_funcion(){
  console.log("validar");
}

function anadir_funcion(){
  console.log("añadir");
}

function comprar_funcion(){
  console.log("comprar");
}
<form id="formDatosPersonales" action="" method="post" onsubmit="return false">

        Nombre:
        <input type="text" id="nombre" name="user_nombre" placeholder="Rellena el campo..." required>

        Apellidos:
        <input type="text" id="apellido" name="user_apellido" placeholder="Rellena el campo..." required>

        E-mail:
        <input type="email" id="email" name="user_email" placeholder="Rellena el campo..." required>

        Contraseña:
        <input type="password" id="pwd" name="user_pwd" placeholder="Rellena el campo...">

            Selecciona los articulos a comprar

        <select id="compra" name="compra">
            <optgroup label="equipacion">
                <option value="20">Camiseta</option>
                <option value="10">pantalones</option>
                <option value="5">medias</option>
            </optgroup>
            <optgroup label="Entrada">
                <option value="100">Fondo Sur</option>
                <option value="100">Fondo norte</option>
                <option value="200">Tribuna Cubierta</option>
                <option value="50">lateral Derecho</option>
            </optgroup>
            <optgroup label="Tour">
                <option value="10">Tour normal</option>
                <option value="25">Tour con guia</option>
            </optgroup>
        </select>
        <input type="text" id="numero" required>
        <input type="text" id="suma" required>

        Dejanos tus comentarios:

        <textarea id="comentarios" name="user_comentarios" rows="10" cols="50"></textarea>

        <input type="button" id="validar" name="validar" value="Validar" onclick="validar_funcion()"/>
        <input type="button" id="añadir" name="añadir" value="Añadir" onclick="anadir_funcion()"/>
        <input type="button" id="comprar" name="comprar" value="Comprar" onclick="comprar_funcion()">

</form>


text:
Deloitte named a global leader in eDiscovery Services by IDC MarketScape
NEW YORK, NY, USA, 29 June 2017—Deloitte announced today that it has been named as a global leader in eDiscovery Services in the IDC MarketScape: Worldwide eDiscovery Services 2017 Vendor Assessment (doc #US42255117, March 2017) report. The IDC MarketScape recognizes Deloitte as a leader based on capabilities and strategies.
"Identifying, collecting and preserving data relevant to multi-jurisdictional litigation, internal investigations or regulatory matters on a global scale can be a challenge as the amount and variety of organizational data evolves," said Don Fancher, Global leader for Deloitte Forensic. "But, streamlining processes involving data hold scoping and tracking, physical collection and transport of data, and preserving the chain of data custody can offer efficiencies that ultimately result in e-discovery savings and faster response times."
Specifically, for Deloitte, the report notes, "Deloitte has realized the enormity of this problem for its customers and has created a global infrastructure to help customers overcome these data management issues."
The IDC MarketScape is described as "a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the characteristics that explain a vendor's success in the marketplace and help anticipate the vendor's ascendancy." The report assesses the capability and business strategy of the leading business consulting firms.
"Growth in the overall eDiscovery market is now being driven by eDiscovery services. As litigation becomes increasingly more global and complex and regulatory oversight tightens, these services are becoming integral to corporate legal and compliance strategies," notes Angela Gelnaw, senior analyst of the eDiscovery and Information Governance market research program at IDC. "It is critical in today's marketplace that organizations have strong relationships with trusted partners that can help them prepare for and manage the eDiscovery process in a manner that is defensible, efficient, and cost-effective."
Additional Findings
"After a close evaluation of Deloitte's offerings and capabilities, IDC has positioned the company in the Leader Category within this IDC MarketScape."
"It is a well-known fact in the industry that the largest portion of eDiscovery costs are attributable to the review phase. Therefore, the quickest way to cut costs is to limit the number of documents that ultimately end up in review. As such, Deloitte's discovery practice has placed a large emphasis on information governance to help their clients take a more proactive approach to litigation — ideally resulting in a process that is more efficient, defensible, and less expensive. This approach allows them take on more of an "advisor" type of role with their clients, which is critical in the upfront scoping of any project, particularly as data privacy laws become a bigger issue in dealing with cross-border cases."
"The firm has a network of 37 datacenters globally with a minimum of eight in each of the three major geographic regions. This vast operating network along with the firm's proprietary D3 technology platform allows the firm to support global cases in a very thoughtful, consistent manner."
As used in this press release, "Deloitte" refers only to the Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited member firms
About IDC MarketScape: IDC MarketScape vendor analysis model is designed to provide an overview of the competitive fitness of ICT (information and communications technology) suppliers in a given market. The research methodology utilizes a rigorous scoring methodology based on both qualitative and quantitative criteria that results in a single graphical illustration of each vendor's position within a given market. IDC MarketScape provides a clear framework in which the product and service offerings, capabilities and strategies, and current and future market success factors of IT and telecommunications vendors can be meaningfully compared. The framework also provides technology buyers with a 360-degree assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and prospective vendors.
Deloitte provides audit, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax and related services to public and private clients spanning multiple industries. Deloitte serves four out of five Fortune Global 500® companies through a globally connected network of member firms in more than 150 countries bringing world-class capabilities, insights, and high-quality service to address clients' most complex business challenges. To learn more about how Deloitte's approximately 245,000 professionals make an impact that matters, please connect with us on Facebook, LinkedIn, or Twitter.
Lesley Stephen
lstephen@deloitte.com


These flexible metal trolleys are a very efficient way to safely move and transport items within the classroom or any environment.
Supplied complete with Gratnells trays, runners, castors and a removable metal top for easy cleaning.
Height 725mm - Mobile with 10 Containers Size "A"
Height 850mm - Mobile with 12 Containers Size "A"
Height 850mm - Mobile with 18 Containers Size "A"
Height 1500mm -Static with 39 Containers Size "A"
Height 1850mm - Static with 34 Containers Size "A"
Model 8 - Height 1850mm - Static with 51 Containers Size "A"


TEM'PORARINESS, n. [from temporary.] The state of being temporary; opposed to perpetuity.
The state of being temporary; opposed to perpetuity.
The quality or state of being temporary; -- opposed to perpetuity.
TEM'PORARINESS, noun [from temporary.] The state of being temporary; opposed to perpetuity.
I enjoy getting the meanings to words as they should be and not having been sifted and changed to the ideas of people nowadays.
2. That may be pastured on common land.
Commonable beasts are either beasts of the plow, or such as manure the ground.


The desire of man to have a garden is as old as civilization and is so ingrained that the first signs are manifested since the beginning of the history of peoples in all parts of the world.
The very first source of tradition is the religious one, so the gardens are born as appendages of the temples. Every religion of antiquity has its mythical garden: the Jewish Garden of Eden, the Eridu of the Assyrians, the Ida-Vasha of Hinduism. Parallel to the religious origin was the development of an enclosed land to grow food, thus making the garden a link between the spiritual and physical needs of man. These terrestrial paradises, at the service of one or both aspects of the dual human nature, are found in the desert oasis garden, in the enclosed hunting parks created by the Assyrians and in the medieval monastic gardens with their herbaceous plants, the fish ponds, and flowers for the altar. The idea that inspires all these early gardens is expressed in the word of Arab-Hispanic origin Glorietta, the small private paradise. In any case, they express the idea of paradise as conceived by their creators.
The earliest known gardens are those of Egypt, and here, as is natural enough, the idea of paradise was centered on the fruitfulness of the oasis. Water, without which there could be neither flowers nor fruit nor the shadow of the trees, became the central theme of the garden, both for necessity and for symbolism, representing the river of life. From this theme of water as a source of fertility all the Asian irrigation gardens developed, including those Arabs, Persians and the Mogul gardens in northern India. His influence penetrated deep into the Western world, into classical eras through Greek and Roman conquests, into medieval Europe through the return of the Crusaders, and finally, in a purer form, entering Spain with the invading Moors.
The characteristics of its fundamental form are the logical result of its origin. The garden is fenced, to leave out the surrounding desert, it is formal and leveled, because its central feature is the water enclosed in a canal or in a rectangular basin.
On each side of the watercourse are the trees and flowers of the idealized oasis. This simple design developed and changed through the various countries, under the influence of the land and often the religion of its users. Waterfalls were created in the hills of Persia, and the water-filled canals became the four rivers of life in Muslim India. This tradition of the oasis merged in Asia with another that originated from a very different terrain, that of the wooded hills of Assyria.
Here, the idea that the king had of paradise was a hunting forest, more beautiful and richer in the game than any natural forest.
He was the true ancestor of the park, large in comparison to the garden-oasis – since there was no desert around it – and informal in treatment, since it was born from the natural fertility of the countryside instead of following the straight lines of irrigation. From these two sources – the irrigation of the desert and the idealization of the forest – the Persian garden was born, whose design has been handed down to us through the motifs of Persian carpets.
The irrigation structure takes the form of canals that represent the four rivers of paradise and form a cross in the middle. Often the garden is also surrounded by a wall-enclosed ditch. At the four corners are the fruits and flowers of the oasis and sometimes also a symbolic trace that recalls the largest forest of the Assyrians.
The Arabs, great masters of irrigation, adopted the same pattern that we still find in the garden of the Alhambra in southern Spain. In the same Persia, these paradise gardens had a great bloom even up to the sixteenth century, and it is possible, thanks to what has remained and the news reached to us, still, appreciate today the enormous impression that they left to all those who could see them. They were precious gardens for conception, almost of jewels. Often the water flowed on blue tiles and in the parterre between the intertwined canals, there were flower beds with carefully grouped flowers, or sometimes whole gardens of one type of flower. There were fruit trees, and there was a great use of the symbolic grouping of the eternal cypresses with the almond tree which renews its birth every spring. A variant of the Persian-oasis garden came in the five-hundreds to northern India, where it gave rise to one of the great world traditions in the creation of gardens. The Mogul emperors united a passionate love for the gardens to the desire of conquest. They created gardens in the lands they conquered, and because they were imbued with Persian culture and often married Persian women, their gardens were based on the theme of the four rivers of life. The Moguls were creators, not imitators, and the theme was adapted to the place and climate depending on the location where the gardens were made. In torrid Punjab, the waters of life expanded into broad, fresh expanses. In Kashmir, the beauty of the surrounding landscape made the garden no longer an oasis within a hostile world, but a gem in the heart of paradise. The gardens of Shalamar Nishat and Chasma Shahi, located around the shores of Dal Lake and against the backdrop of the amphitheater of the foothills of the Himalayas, must be considered among the most beautiful examples of gardens, which derive so much from man's desires. as for the spirit of the surrounding landscape. These gardens, which were described by Villiers-Stuart in the Gardens of the Great Mughals, can still be visited. They have a place among the largest gardens in the world, are rooted in a more ancient tradition, but take on new form and vitality from the character of the country of adoption. Long before India collected the heritage of Persia, India itself had influenced the gardens of the Far Orient. Indian Buddhism reached China and from there, in the sixth century, arrived in Japan, bringing with it the idea of the Buddhist temple garden, with its hills, its lotus ponds and trees; an informal composition, in complete contrast with the straight channels and the oblong parterre of the irrigation garden. These temple gardens added their influence to the extraordinary tradition of Sino-Japanese garden.


Four alleged female members of the New People's Army (NPA) were arrested in Nueva Ecija last Saturday.
Included in the arrested rebels was a student from the Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP). PUP is in the list of schools identified by the Philippine National Police (PNP) as allegedly being targeted by the NPA to recruit its members.
The rebels were identified as Yolanda Diamsay, alias Mariz; Eulalia Pangkaliwangan Ladesma; Rachel Acana Galario, alias Rose; and Elaine Edzel Emocling, alias George, who were allegedly conducting recruitment, propaganda activities, and extortion in the community.
Emocling was said to be a student of PUP.
First Lieutenant Catherine Hapin, chief of the Public Affairs Office of Army's 7th Infantry Division (7ID) said the suspects were arrested at Sitio 32, Barangay Agbannawag, Rizal at 3:40pm after receiving a report from the barangay about their activities.
"The government troops found two amazonas recruiting residents. One of them was caught carrying a rifle. Two other female rebels went out of a nipa hut nearby and were caught with firearms, various (pieces of) ammunition, explosives and improvised explosive devices (IEDs)," Hapin said.
Authorities recovered firearms, pieces of ammunition, gadgets and voluminous subversive documents from the rebels, who are now under the custody of the PNP-Criminal Investigation and Detection Group.


Research Residency and Symposium with Frank Chester and Dorothea Mier.
Seven weeks spent prototyping new forms of adult education in Spring Valley, NY.
Featuring a residency with Frank Chester, art and science exhibition and research symposium.
I have attended Burning Man seven times since 2001, Black Rock Desert, Nevada.
Self-produced showcase at Swim Lounge on Manhattan's lower east side.


text:
Kids get hooked on fishing
Staff Sgt. Edward Burden, 366th Training Squadron, Detachment 6, structural instructor, Naval Construction Battalion Center, Gulfport, Miss., and his son, Kaden, cast their bait out into the Biloxi Back Bay during the Kids' Fishing Rodeo at the marina Oct. 15, 2016, on Keesler Air Force Base, Miss. Over 90 participants attended the event where
Operation Hero educates children on deployment process
Ruben Cerda, Jr., son of Ruben Cerda, 81st Force Support Squadron airman and family services flight chief, holds a dog tag during Operation Hero Oct. 15, 2016, on Keesler Air Force Base, Miss. The event was designed to help children better understand what their parents do when they deploy. (U.S. Air Force photo by Kemberly Groue/Released)
85th EIS promotes esprit de corps
Tech. Sgt. Jamie Felkins and Staff Sgt. Tyler Crawford, 85th Engineering Installation Squadron cable and antenna maintainers, negotiate a tire obstacle course during the 85th EIS Combat Dining In at the 85th EIS compound Oct 7, 2016, on Keesler Air Force Base, Miss. The combat dining-in is a military tradition which promotes good fellowship and
Wing leaders kick off Fire Prevention Week
A Keesler Fire Department glass sits on display at the 81st TRW headquarters building during the Fire Prevention Week kick off Oct. 11, 2016, on Keesler Air Force Base, Miss. The weeklong event includes fire drills, literature hand-outs and stove fire demonstrations around the base and concludes with an open house at the fire department Oct. 15.
TIPP tips
It's that time of year – whether you're going for a run, walking to your car or getting some fresh air during a break, it's almost impossible to avoid the Gulf Coast's summer heat and humidity. The 81st Aerospace Medicine Squadron's Bioenvironmental Engineering Flight has created the Thermal Injury Prevention Program to help you beat the heat.
Retired CMSgt delivers leadership seminar
Retired Chief Master Sgt. Anthony Brinkley speaks at a leadership and personal development seminar at the Welch Theater June 24, 2016 on Keesler Air Force Base, Miss. Brinkley, with more than 28 years of military experience, is delivering seminars highlighting leadership development, motivational speaking and team building to military members and
81st Training Wing vice commander receives base immersion tour
Col. C. Mike Smith, 81st Training Wing vice commander, walks to the air traffic control tower for a tour during an 81st Mission Support Group immersion tour June 24, 2016 on Keesler Air Force Base, Miss. The purpose of the tour was to become familiar with the group's mission, operations and personnel. (U.S. Air Force photo by Kemberly
Keesler leadership attend Memorial Day Ceremony
Airman 1st Class Brittany Harkins, Keesler Honor Guard member, plays taps during a Memorial Day Ceremony May 30, 2016, Biloxi, Miss. Local veterans, family members and Keesler Air Force Base personnel attended the event at the Biloxi National Cemetery to honor and remember the lives of fallen heroes of the U.S. military. (U.S. Air Force photo by
Keesler celebrates 30 years of Special Olympics Mississippi Summer Games
Austin Seymour, Special Olympics athlete, is awarded the gold medal by Chief Master Sgt. Derek Fromenthal, 338th Training Squadron superintendent, for the 25 meter wheelchair race during the Special Olympics Mississippi Summer Games at the triangle track May 21, 2016, Keesler Air Force Base, Miss. More than 700 athletes and 3,000 volunteers worked
Defenders honor National Police Week
Elizabeth Doss, bagpipe player, plays taps during the 81st Security Forces Squadron Retreat Ceremony May 19, 2016, Keesler Air Force Base, Miss. The ceremony was held during National Police Week, which recognizes the service of law enforcement men and women who put their lives at risk every day. (U.S. Air Force photo by Kemberly Groue)


text:
package com.example;

/**
 *
 * OldTobyTobacco concrete {@link Tobacco} implementation
 *
 */
public class OldTobyTobacco extends Tobacco {
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I wish we had more Faith in harmony. Many of us despair that we'll always have war and injustice because it's human nature. But I think we tend to make true what we want to believe.
Harmony is not only possible, it's natural. Mental, emotional, physical and spiritual harmony can be restored, even after traumatic experiences, like child abuse or divorce. If you have Faith that things can return to harmony, they will, more often than not.


text:
Great Partnerships: Vidic And Ferdinand
Posted on June 30, 2015 October 10, 2015 by Andy Hyslop
Nemanja Vidic and Rio Ferdinand both left Old Trafford in the summer of 2014 for pastures new.
Vidic had already announced in the January of 2014 that he would be leaving Old Trafford at the end of his contract in the summer. Stating that he would also be leaving the Premier League as he couldn't see himself playing for another English team, he eventually left Old Trafford for Serie A and Inter Milan.
In Ferdinand's case his future was uncertain right up till the end of the season, whether the club or Ferdinand decided it was time for Rio to move on, it doesn't really matter.
Ferdinand wanted to carry on playing in the Premier League, eventually signing on with Harry Redknapp at Queens Park Rangers. In Redknapp he was signing for the manager that gave him his chance at West Ham and he was joining a club that both his cousin Les and his brother Anton had played for in the past.
How the partnership began
Ferdinand joined United in the summer of 2002 from Leeds United for a british transfer record at the time and became the world's most expensive defender for a second time, the fee was said to be around £29million. Up until Vidic's arrival in January 2006, Ferdinand had numerous centre-back partners, Wes Brown, John O'Shea and Mikael Silvestre. Vidic arrived at Old Trafford from Russian side Spartak Moscow for a bargain price of £7million.
Vidic's first partner at centre-back in his early days at Old Trafford was Wes Brown with Ferdinand was used in a midfield role as they searched for a replacement for Roy Keane.
Their first game as a pair in the centre of United's defence came on 11th February 2006 in a 3-1 victory at Portsmouth and they would play together a further 8 times towards the end of the 2005/06 season.
Despite Vidic suffering a broken wrist that would delay his start to the season and a dislocated shoulder towards the end of the season, his partnership with Ferdinand began to flourish, as they were two of the first names on the team-sheet as United challenged for the Premier League title in 2006/07.
This article is for vavel.com Read the full article here
Tagged Manchester United FC, Nemanja Vidic, Rio Ferdinand
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Home kb hotfix Hotfix: Erroneous data is returned from dateTime and decimal fields set for data on demand
Hotfix: Erroneous data is returned from dateTime and decimal fields set for data on demand
Knowlege Base
Updated 11/2/2009
SEE ALSO K2 blackpearl Downloads Page
This article refers to legacy products, components or features. Therefore, the content in this article is offered "as is" and will no longer be updated. This content does not infer that the product, component or feature is supported, or that the product, component or feature will continue to function as described herein.
When the contents of data fields (process level or activity level) of type decimal or type dateTime, set for data on demand are retrieved the returned value(s) are not an exact copy of the data field's contents but erroneous data is returned.
Error Scenario
Note: The circumstances described in this article are one scenario under which this issue may, or is known to occur. The description is intended to be specific to the scenario described and does not take into account all possible scenarios or circumstances.
When at runtime a process with (process or activity) data fields of type decimal or type dateTime returns data from one of the mentioned data field types, the data returned would not be an exact copy of the source data field but would be erroneous data.
If the field was of type dateTime, an error would be thrown immediately as the returned data would not be of the right type. However, if the process was started pre K2 blackpearl 0807 + KB 450 and the field is of type decimal the returned value may be a valid decimal which would not necessarily throw an error and the erroneous data may be used to complete the task assigned for the activity. This does create the latency that if the decimal value was used in calculations, the resultant of the calculation would be incorrect. If this has taken place, the system Administrator must contact support so that the issue can be reviewed to recover, where possible incorrect data.
Create a process which includes process or activity level data fields of type dateTime or decimal that are set for data on demand. These fields could have initial values assigned to them
The process contains a client event, or
A client event with a website (using this method is easiest to detect the problem)
Deploy and start an instance of the process
Save a value into these data fields (if the datafield has an initial value this is not necessary)
Upgrade to K2 blackpearl 0807 + KB000450
Open the worklist item after the upgrade which then loads the data fields' values
When the worklist item opens and loads the data fields, the following outcomes can be expected
The decimal value will show the incorrect value, and
when loading the dateTime field, an error will be thrown
Note: If point 6.1 has been experienced by your system this does create the potential problem that if the decimal value was used in calculations, the resultant of the calculation would be incorrect. If this has taken place, the system Administrator must contact support so that the issue can be reviewed to recover, where possible incorrect data.
Error Resolution
This Hotfix is contained within the latest K2 blackpearl Update. Install the update package to resolve the error.
The latest K2 blackpearl Update is available as an independent installation package which can be found here: http://portal.k2.com/downloads/bp/default.aspx
K2.com
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text:
Q: running the event loop in tf federated I tried the code mentioned on homepage of tensorflow federated site....
https://www.tensorflow.org/federated
Got the error:
RuntimeError: Cannot run the event loop while another loop is running

Complete code:
https://github.com/shantanuo/stack_question/blob/master/tensorflow_federated.ipynb
How do I run the sample code?

A: This sounds like a Jupyter + asyncio issue. See README.md for more information.

*

*Install nest_asyncio.

*Use nest_asyncio to patch asyncio.

import nest_asyncio
nest_asyncio.apply()

A: By design asyncio does not allow its event loop to be nested. This presents a practical problem: When in an environment where the event loop is already running it's impossible to run tasks and wait for the result. To fix this, run the following code in your Jupyter Notebook:
!pip install --quiet --upgrade --user nest_asyncio

import nest_asyncio
nest_asyncio.apply()

This will solve your problem.


text:
16-Carat 'Star of Katandru' Has Been Part of the National Gem Collection Since 2005
The award-winning "Star of Katandru" — a 16.21-carat Sri Lankan star ruby — has been part of the Smithsonian's National Gem Collection since 2005. This unique example of July's official birthstone displays a perfect star with six clean, symmetrical, unbroken legs.
The rare gem was gifted to the Smithsonian by international gemstone merchant Jeffrey B. Bilgore, who told JCK magazine in June of 2005 of his vivid memories of visiting the Smithsonian in Washington, DC, and falling in love with the phenomenal stones.
Bilgore had learned that Smithsonian gem curator Jeffrey Post was looking for a fine star ruby, so when a series of fortunate circumstances allowed him to buy the Star of Katandru, he had no doubt about where its final destination should be.
"If I sell it, I never get to see it again," Bilgore told JCK. "This way everyone gets to see it."
In 2005, Bilgore and his Star of Katandru earned a 1st Place Cutting Edge Award in the Phenomenal Division. The Cutting Edge Award is sponsored by the American Gem Trade Association and acknowledges outstanding achievements in gem cutting.
The gem's prominent six-rayed asterism is caused by titanium trapped in the corundum while the crystal is forming. As the crystal cools, the titanium orients itself as needle-like structures in three directions. The smooth, rounded cabochon cut allows the light to reflect off the titanium and give the appearance of a six-legged star.
The name Katandru sounds like it may have exotic origins, but is it actually a mashup of the names of Bilgore's children — Katherine and Andrew. The donation was made in memory of I. G. Heyman. Bilgore had worked for luxury dealer Oscar Heyman & Brothers for 16 years, before establishing his own business.
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Gemstone-quality corundum in all shades of red are generally called rubies. Corundum in other colors are called sapphires.
The word "ruby" comes from "ruber," Latin for red. Rubies gets their color from the element chromium and boast a hardness of 9.0 on the Mohs scale. Only diamonds are rated higher at 10.0.
Legend tells us that rubies were revered as a mystical gem representing love, health and wisdom. It was a long-held belief that wearing a ruby brought good fortune to its owner. The value of a ruby increases based on its color, cut, clarity and carat weight.
While Myanmar (Burma) has earned the reputation of producing the finest rubies, the coveted red gems have also been mined in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.
Credit: Image courtesy of the Smithsonian.