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Quarter Mile Soul
The Savoy Bros.' "Soul to the Bone" Henry J gasser (circa 1970)
February, as we know, is Black History Month. February is also the official start of the drag racing season, beginning with the annual NHRA Winternationals at Pomona. Coincidence? Maybe. I can't claim any expert knowledge about Nat Turner, Harriet Tubman, W.E.B. DuBois or other textbook notables, but I do know a bit about drag racing; and I know that African American gearheads have been trailblazing the quarter mile for some 50 years. They might not be Dr. King, but I think their stories deserve a retelling, too.
Some background: American car racing has three major branches -- road racing, oval, and drag/lakes racing -- and each has its own distinct socioeconomic history and heritage. Road racing first developed as the leisure pursuit of coastal bluebloods, who had the cash to afford pricey European sports cars and the winding country lanes on which to play with them. Oval track racing -- including open wheel, sprints, and stock cars -- has always been a more blue collar phenomenon, evolving out of the county fairground horse tracks of the Midwest and South. Nascar shares this heritage, along with an additional link to moonshine runners in the segregated South. For obvious economic and social reasons, neither of these racing forums were conducive to Black participation.
By contrast, drag racing evolved with fewer cultural barriers. Like oval track racing it was a blue collar phenomenon, a natural extension of straight-line street racing by young guys in cheap homebuilt hot rods. Unlike oval racing, it developed largely on the postwar West Coast, a society less encumbered by the legacy of segregation. As a result drag racing was more or less born 'multicultural' and egalitarian; the roll call of hod rodding greats -- Xydias, Iskenderian, Hirohata, Pedregon, Karamesines -- reads like a passenger list from Ellis Island. And African Americans were there from its inception.
The Bean Bandits circa 1955
One early example is the legendary Bean Bandits hot rod club of San Diego, whose trademark yellow cars struck fear through SoCal dragstrips and dry lakes throughout the 50s and 60s, and is still going strong today. Though primarily Mexican-American, the club included several Black members like Harold Miller who earned their share of wins during the dawn of hot rodding. During the 1950s African-Americans were represented pitside as well, by top mechanics such as Eddie Flournoy who wrenched for Jim "Jazzy" Nelson's fuel coupe. Flournoy's son Rodney went on to become a competitive NHRA funny car pilot in the 1980s, and Rodney's daughters Thais and Naasira are now quarter mile up-and-comers.
Malcom Durham
The hot rod phenomenon spread eastward throughout the Fifties, hooking thousands of grassroots competitors. One was a young farm kid from the heart of Nascar county, Malcom Durham. He began his career in 1957, racing a '56 Chevy at Newton Grove, NC. After landing a gig as a mechanic at Hicks Chevy in Washington DC, Durham successfully campaigned his Z-11 427 '63 Impala in A/Stock, frequently defeating legends like Bill "Grumpy" Jenkins and "Dyno" Don Nicholson. He eventually moved up to the new A/FX Factory Experimental (a.k.a. "Funny Car") class, where his "Strip Blazer II" broke the 200 mph barrier in 1969. During NHRA's golden anniversary in 2001, Durham was named as one of its 50 greatest drivers, and his dragstrip legacy lives on through his engine building sons Raynard and Byron.
Stone Woods & Cook "Swindler"
'41 Willys Gasser 1965
In the late 1950s the NHRA's new ban on nitromethane fuel begat the "Gasser Wars" era -- the wildly popular competition for the crown of the barnstorming Gas Coupe classes. Fred Stone and Tim Woods, two African-American building contractors from L.A., teamed up to campaign "The Swindler," a gorgeous candy blue '41 Willys coupe powered by a blown Olds, and quickly established themselves as kings of the division. Woods piloted the Swindler to the first 9-second time in A/GS at San Gabriel in '62, but later ceded driving duties to Doug "Cookie" Cook to concentrate on his real talent -- race promotion. Woods became drag racing's good natured Muhammad Ali, relentlessly promoting grudge matches between his Stone Woods & Cook team and archrival "Big John" Mazmanian. Without Tim Woods, there would be no "SUNDAY! SUNDAY! SUNDAY!"
Roy Drew and his rocket powered "Black Magic"
Volkswagen after a 160 MPH wreck in 1966
But when it came to showmanship, I'm not sure even the talented Tim Woods could hold a candle to Kansas City's Roy "Mr. Pitiful" Drew. Foresaking the more traditional drag classes, Drew delighted thousands in the Sixties with his exhibition rocket powered (!) VW Beetle. Using a thermolene-fueled Turbonique thrust turbine rocket engine (I'll have much much more about Turbonique in a later post), Drew's Black Magic Bug was a major spectator draw, and consistently stomped some of the top fuel dragsters of the day. In one memorable match race he shut down Tommy Ivo's 4-engine Showboat, turning a mind-boggling 9.36 ET at 168 MPH.
Big Willie Robinson and the Brotherhood, 1972
As the Sixties drew to a close, the social upheaval seen in other spheres of society influenced drag racing as well. In the wake of the 1968 Watts riots, legendary street racer Big Willie Robinson figured out a way to use drag racing to change society. An imposing, muscular 6'6" Vietnam vet with a badass Hemi Daytona Charger and trademark bowler hat, Big Willie was the undisputed king of the late '60s- '70s East L.A. street racing scene. In response to the growing influence of drugs and street gangs, Big Willie and his wife Tomiko organized the 'Brotherhood of Street Racers' as a way to channel the energy of South Central youth away from crime and violence -- "peace through racing," as he put it. Working with local officials and police, Big Willie was the driving force behind the building of Brotherhood Raceway Park on L.A. harbor's Terminal Island. Before it closed in 1995, BRP was a popular destination for young South Cental racers and is widely regarded as the birthplace of import drag racing -- the 'Fast and Furious' scene. Efforts are now underway to reopen BRP, hopefully extending Big Willie's legacy to another generation of L.A. gearheads of every ethnicity.
Jackson Bros. 'Mandingo' Vega Funny Car
Black participation in drag racing continued to grow in the 1970s, with a heavy dash of Black Pride seen on their paint jobs. In the Hunter's Point section of San Francisco, brothers Jim and David Savoy ran a speed shop and on weekends campaigned at Famosa and Half Moon Bay in a wicked little straight axle Henry J gasser named "Soul to the Bone" (see top of post) festooned with a wildly un-PC native caricature and the Black Power salute logo of their Unity Racing Team. The Funny Car ranks were populated with a number of African-American racers sporting similar tongue-in-cheek blaxploitation car names - like the "Soul Shaker" Camaro of Georgia's R.S. Thomas, Dee Simmons' "Big Black Go-Rilla," the "Mandingo" Vega of brothers Tyrone and Ron Jackson, the "Super Fly" Mustang of Indianapolis' Stacy Shields, and the "King Boogaloo" Duster of Clarence Bailey. For a man/machine name combination, though, it's hard to top Western Bunns and his "Soul Twister" Funny Car.
The '70s saw the emergence of one drag racing's most successful Black shoes, Pro Stocker Ronald Lyles. In one of the most competitive class/eras in drag history, Lyles more than held his own against legends like Sox & Martin, Grumpy Jenkins, and Gapp & Roush (yes, Jack Roush did real racing before he got involved with Nascar). In 1973 Lyles piloted his Hemi Cuda to a 8.89 ET, becoming the second Pro Stocker into the eights.
Other barriers would fall in the '80s and '90s; L.A. truck company owner John Kimble became the first Black Top Fuel pilot, and the Funny car ranks were joined Rodney Flournoy, Eric Reed, and Tony McCallum, who notched a win at the '89 IHRA Spring Nationals. The IHRA Pro Mod class saw Lorenzo "Killer" Brooks, while former NBA stars Larry Nance and Tom Hammonds each began fielding NHRA Pro Stock teams in the late '90s. African Americans have excelled in in Pro Stock Bike, with veterans like current #2-ranked Antron Brown and Reggie Showers (a top-level class competitor despite having two prosthetic legs), and newcomers like Redell Harris and Michael Phillips.
I could go on; if you're interest in additional information I recommend this article at DRO, the BlackDragRacers.com website, and Leah Kerr's excellent book "Driving Me Wild." Keep in mind that this doesn't even touch the major influence that African Americans have had in the history and culture of Lowriders / Imports / street customs, a topic I'll cover later.
So next time you read some furrowed-brow media coverage bemoaning Nascar's "lack of diversity," remember: country music is fine, but it doesn't appeal to everybody. And if you go to the local dragstrip, you'll often find that the header pipes are playing some sweet soul music.
Since I first wrote this bit in 2006, a good bit more history has happened: At July's 2006 Mile High Nationals in Denver, 25-year old J.R. Todd of Lawrenceburg, Indiana became the first African-American to win an NHRA Top Fuel event, en route to three tour victories and NHRA Rookie of the Year honors. Keep your eye peeled for more black drag racing trailblazers this year with the return of Todd, Texas Pro Stock motorcycle racer Peggy Llewellyn, and the anticipated Pro Stock debut of SoCal musclecar builder Nicole Lyons (whom I recently interviewed for Garage Magazine), who becomes the first African-American woman to compete in one of the NHRA's "big three" classes. Remember not to blink -- they'll be traveling very, very fast.
Posted by iowahawk at 06:42 AM in Current Affairs, Racing | Permalink
i may have to borrow that soul to the bone pic for an upcoming project. Sweet looking Henry J...
Posted by: cratedigger | February 01, 2008 at 02:22 PM
One thorn of experience is worth a whole wilderness of warning.
Posted by: Running Shoes | February 25, 2011 at 09:51 PM
Interesting, I enjoyed reading it.
Posted by: tegaderm | March 15, 2011 at 06:33 AM
There is really a lot more to say about this topic these days than ever before. I salute you for speaking out on it and making your site informative. Thanks
Posted by: Dissertation Help | April 25, 2011 at 03:48 PM
This post made me recall those other drag races that people engage in on the real road. Some drivers think driving is a competition, which is dangerous because other lives are at stake on the road.
Posted by: Rachel Stoneham | September 20, 2011 at 09:54 AM
Car racing has a become a popular source of entertain for both car enthusiasts and lay people. The first auto race was organized in the 18th century, and the construction of fueled cars sparked the start of car racing. From then on, different kinds of racing sprouted and grew, from the grand prix to drag racing. The photos here are reminders that ,despite their age, gender and race, they were able to build a relationship with each other.
Posted by: Leisa Dreps | January 27, 2012 at 08:45 AM
Seeing the photos made me realize how car racing has evolved throughout the years. Before, one of the most popular cars used for drag racing is the Beetle. And as the world innovated, the world of racing also continued to grow and explore new opportunities. And as it opened new opportunities, it also opened a way to unite individuals of different groups.
Posted by: Angelica Emmanuel | February 04, 2012 at 02:59 PM
Cars are designed for many things, but these people live for the extremes: drag racing. There is nothing like the satisfaction of having your car running at a high speed. You don't have to be a car buff to know these cars are capable of churning out mind-boggling numbers. This is cool stuff! :)
Posted by: Dewey | November 28, 2012 at 09:42 AM


KASAI Elite Grappling Championships have added a third feature superfight to KASAI Pro 2 as Marcos 'Loro' Galvao takes on AJ Agazarm at 155lbs.
"This matchup adds another compelling story to our stacked main card on April 14," said Rolles Gracie, KASAI President.
Galvao, 36, is a professional mixed martial artist best known for winning Bellator's World Bantamweight Championship. A black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Nova União head coach André Pederneiras, he has also competed for the likes of WEC, Shooto, and Jungle Fight over a 14-plus year career.
Agazarm, 27, is an IBJJF Pan American no-gi champion, a European no-gi champion and a world no-gi champion at brown belt. In 2017, the Gracie Barra student under Eduardo de Lima and Carlos Gracie Junior finished second at the ADCC world championships and the IBJJF world no-gi championships. Agazarm also competed in KASAI's inaugural event, KASAI Pro, back in December.


R. Andrew White is Professor of Theatre and teaches courses in acting, auditioning, voice and diction, movement, dramatic literature, and theatre history. He directs productions annually in the Department of Theatre and has worked as an actor at numerous area theatres including the European Repertory Company (of which he was an ensemble member), Steppenwolf, Wisdom Bridge, Chicago Dramatists, Plan B Productions, Writers Theatre, and Indiana Repertory Theatre. In Russia he performed at the Tabakov Theatre and the American Studio of the Moscow Art Theatre.
Andrew's areas of expertise include performance, approaches to acting, the Russian actor-director Konstantin Stanislavsky, the actor-teacher Michael Chekhov, Anton Chekhov, and the intersection of yoga and acting practice.
Before joining the faculty at Valparaiso University in 1999, he worked at Fox Theatricals and assisted the executive producer in opening Chicago's Cadillac-Palace Theatre, bringing Blue Man Group to Chicago's Briar Street Theatre, and on mounting the Broadway productions of Jekyll and Hyde, Death of a Salesman, You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown and Thoroughly Modern Millie.
The Routledge Companion to Stanislavsky, editor (London: Routledge, 2013).
With Alan D. Ernstein, A Timeline of Western Drama: Scripts from the Classic Period to the 21st Century, ed. (San Diego: Cognella, 2014).
"Chekhov's Notion of Radiating: From Concept to Concrete" Marie-Christine Autant-Mathieu and Yana Meerzon, eds. The Routledge Companion to Michael Chekhov (London: Routledge, 2015).
"Altered States: Radiating Consciousness in Michael Chekhov's Technique" in Jade Rosina McCutcheon and Barbara Sellers-Young, eds. Embodied Consciousness: Performance Technologies (New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2013).
"Embodying the Disembodied: Hesychasm, Meditation, and Michael Chekhov's Higher Ego" in Lance Gharavi, ed. Religion, Theatre, and Performance: Acts of Faith (London: Routledge, 2011).
"La Pratique du Rayonnement selon Mikhail Tchekhov ou Comment Developper un Savoir-Faire" in Marie-Christine Autant-Mathieu, ed. Mikhaïl Tchekhov: de Moscou à Hollywood, du théâtre au cinéma (Paris: L'Entretemps, 2009).
Various articles in journals including Theatre Survey, Performance and Spirituality, TDR/The Drama Review, and New England Theatre Journal.
Yoga, Eastern Spirituality and their correlation to acting practice.


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Watch The Croods: A New Age (2020) Online
After leaving their cave, the Croods encounter their biggest threat since leaving: another family called the Bettermans, who claim and show to be better and evolved. Grug grows suspicious of the Betterman parents, Phil and Hope, as they secretly plan to break up his daughter Eep with her loving boyfriend Guy to ensure that their daughter Dawn has a loving and smart partner to protect her.
Genre: Adventure, Animation, Family, Fantasy
Actors: Catherine Keener, Emma Stone, Kelly Marie Tran, Leslie Mann, Nicolas Cage, Peter Dinklage, Ryan Reynolds
Thomas and his fellow Gladers face their greatest challenge yet: searching for clues about the mysterious and powerful organization known as WCKD. Their journey takes them to the Scorch, a…
Speed 2: Cruise Control (1997)
Sandra Bullock and Jason Patric star as a young couple whose dream cruise turns to terror when a lunatic computer genius (Willem Dafoe) sets a new course for destruction.
Genre: Action, Adventure, Crime, Romance, Thriller
A young boy and his dog, who happens to have a genius-level IQ, spring into action when their time-machine is stolen and moments in history begin to be changed.
Genre: Adventure, Animation, Comedy, Family, Science Fiction
The House of Magic (2013)
Thunder, an abandoned young cat seeking shelter from a storm, stumbles into the strangest house imaginable, owned by an old magician and inhabited by a dazzling array of automatons and…
Country: Belgium, France, UK
Zambezia (2012)
Set in a bustling bird city on the edge of the majestic Victoria Falls, "Zambezia" is the story of Kai – a naïve, but high-spirited young falcon who travels to…
The Principal (1987)
Burglary. Drugs. Assault. Rape. The students at Brandel High are more than new Principal Rick Latimer bargained for. Gangs fight to control the school using knives – even guns –…
Genre: Action, Adventure, Crime, Drama
Nearly a decade after occupation by an extraterrestrial force, the lives of a Chicago neighborhood on both sides of the conflict are explored. In a working-class Chicago neighborhood occupied by…
Genre: Action, Adventure, Drama, Horror, Mystery, Science Fiction, Thriller
The Legend of The Five (2020)
When a group of misfit teenagers encounter an ancient relic during a school trip, they find themselves caught up in a magical world, with elemental powers beyond their belief.
Genre: Adventure, Drama, Fantasy, Mystery
Walking with Dinosaurs (2013)
Walking with Dinosaurs 3D is a film depicting life-like 3D dinosaur characters set in photo-real landscapes that transports audiences to the prehistoric world as it existed 70 million years ago….
Genre: Adventure, Animation, Family
Monster Hunt (2015)
Young monster kids try to make peace between the world of humans and the world of the monsters.
Genre: Adventure, Comedy, Fantasy
Kangaroo Jack (2003)
Two childhood friends — a New York hairstylist and a wanna-be musician — get mixed-up with the mob and are forced to deliver $50,000 to Australia, but things go all…
Genre: Action, Adventure, Comedy, Crime, Family
Trailer: The Croods: A New Age (2020)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Communauté de communes Moret Seine et Loing is a federation of municipalities (communauté de communes) in the Seine-et-Marne département and in the Île-de-France région of France. Its area is 228.2 km2, and its population was 38,818 in 2018.

Composition
The communauté de communes consists of the following 18 communes:

Champagne-sur-Seine
Dormelles
Flagy
La Genevraye
Montigny-sur-Loing
Moret-Loing-et-Orvanne
Nanteau-sur-Lunain
Nonville
Paley
Remauville
Saint-Mammès
Thomery
Treuzy-Levelay
Vernou-la-Celle-sur-Seine
Villecerf
Villemaréchal
Villemer
Ville-Saint-Jacques

See also
Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department

References

Intercommunalities of Seine-et-Marne
Commune communities in France

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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"I really like to know", he added, "why she has been so esteemed for so many years." Depardieu might have felt the opportunity to have the headlines of the news and simply went on teasing. Les amants du Pont Neuf? "Just a piece of shit."
And than came the straw that breaks the camel's back: "Really", he said in the interview, "compared with her, Isabelle Adjani is great even if she's totally nuts. Or Franny Ardant – she is magnificent, extremely impressive. But Binoche? What has she ever had going for her?"
Something going on with Depardieu
After Binoche replied in the BBC radio 4 Front Row programme, where she was invited to talk about her new film Certified Copy, the international media are talking about "the ugly dispute". But it's not a dispute at all. Asked, what she thought about the attack, Binoche just replied: "I understand you don't have to like everyone and you dislike someone's work. But I don't understand the violence, in a way." And Binoche added: "But I think it has to do with himself - there's something going on."
Could she have been clearer? Binoche, apparently, did enough work on her own person to take attacks like this not personally. She is Oscar winning actress, one of the foremost French actors of her generation with almost 50 films in her repertoire. Why should she care about the furts of her fat colleague who had a hard year because he lost one of his sons recently?
The aura of beauty and authenticity
But I've to admit that I love Juliette Binoche. I love and always loved her for some simple reasons: She is not only beautiful and delicate, there is even something mysterious about her. She is a stupendous actress. I met her once; it was in Berlin, at the film festival. Five, six journalists had half an hour together with her around a table to ask her questions about her last film Chocolat.
When I entered the room, I felt like blinded. She has such a powerful aura that I was completely under her spell: her smile, her voice, the way she talked and walked. And than this: Her skin! I've never seen such a white, impeccable skin. You've got it: I'm not exactly what you call neutral in this case.
"Please can you explain me the secret of this actress is meant to be", Depardieu asked. Of course I can. She is authentic. She is, each time, giving herself, giving her soul. Something Depardieu not even has. And there is something else he might be jealous about and he would love to call his own: an Oscar!
You can listen to the interview with Juliette Binoche on BBC radio 4 Front Row.


Why do women help other families by becoming surrogates? The answer is because they are giving, compassionate, and kind. Surrogacy also provides a meaningful financial benefit to the surrogate and her family and often results in a lifelong relationship between her and the family she helps. We are honored to join surrogates and parents on this journey to provide a safe and intimate environment for the exchange of this invaluable gift.
We are so proud of our IARC Surrogacy community and hope you will feel a connection with us and that community when you watch this video put together at our Fall Surrogate Social appreciation event!
Why do you want to be a surrogate? The answer is because you are giving, compassionate, and kind. These are words that describe every one of our IARC surrogates. Surrogacy also provides a meaningful benefit to your family, both financially and through the lifelong relationship you will likely create with the family you choose to help. We would love to join you on this journey to provide a safe and intimate environment for you to give this gift.
We are so proud of our surrogacy community and hope you will feel a connection with us and that community when you watch this video put together at our Fall Surrogate Social appreciation event!
There are some agencies who have the necessary expertise to keep you safe in this process, and there are many agencies who work from the heart, but every aspiring parent and generous surrogate deserves both! IARC is unique in its ability to combine these two qualities into one to make surrogacy both a safe and joy-filled process for everyone involved.
What is "Expert Surrogacy?" IARC is one of the most experienced surrogacy agencies in the United States with over 35 years of experience working with surrogates from all over the country and parents around the globe. Our team includes experts with decades of experience who know how best to help you with every step of your journey – emotional, legal, administrative, financial, and otherwise. Whatever question you have, we will know the answer, and any situation that may arise (and each journey has its surprises!), we will know how to quickly resolve.
"From the Heart" simply means that we sincerely care about you and making this experience the best it can be. Our excellent reputation among the hundreds of parents and surrogates we've worked with and our personal approach to client care make IARC the perfect agency for you to choose as your partner on this journey.
IARC was always eager to help answer any questions I had. I had no idea what to expect when I first began this journey but I am so happy I chose IARC!
My husband and I are very grateful for all IARC has done for us. You're changing couples' lives.
My experience as a surrogate has been amazing, and so much of that has to do with how great the staff has always been. I love IARC!
My experience was wonderful! From day one and the first phone call from IARC I knew I was in good hands.
Not only do you need a caring and expert partner as you start this project, but you need someone you can rely on for extensive education, advice, and transparency at each step so you can make decisions that are best for you. From selecting a fertility clinic to matching with a surrogate to controlling your budget, IARC has the expertise to guide you confidently and successfully forward. IARC is also uniquely committed to minimizing costs while still providing the highest quality and expertise within our program.
You also need a team who is 100% committed to your success, which will require something different from us for each program; we give you this commitment from day one until you return home as a new family. We are privileged to walk this journey with you and are sincere when we say that our relationship it not about business, it is about blending our IARC family with yours to complete yours with a child.
Surrogacy is truly a profound act of love. When deciding to become a surrogate, there is much to consider and prepare for before you embark on your journey. IARC will fully educate and support you every step of the way to make sure your journey is running smoothly and to answer every question you have. Our surrogate coordinators have been surrogates themselves, and we have an entire surrogate community and online support group to guide you from the beginning. This is an incredible experience for everyone involved, and you are an incredible person for even considering giving this life-changing gift to another family. We can't wait for you to join our IARC family and to get to know you.
Contact our team for quick and personal assistance with any question you have!


In the movie Good Will Hunting, Matt Damon plays a tough, wise-cracking, but emotionally scarred math genius named, Will Hunting. And although he is extremely brilliant he is working (hiding) as a night janitor at Harvard.
Robin Williams play a therapist who attempts to help Will go inside of himself in order to own the truth about his abusive past and discover his authentic self.
Damon literally pushes back but Williams persists, "It's not your fault, It's not your fault," until Will surrenders and the tears erupt like a broken dam.
Have you ever put up a facade that things were fine on the outside, yet on the inside you were going through a tough time (troubles at work, fractured relationship at home, the loss of a loved one, or just plain loneliness)?
Sometimes what people project to the outside world isn't an accurate picture of their inside world. And the holidays can be especially tough because there is an expectation to be cheerful and filled with holiday spirit even though there is an emptiness on the inside.
What if … you believed that over the course of the next 2 weeks you will encounter someone who is in need of an extraordinary act of kindness?
What if … you believed that this person was put on your path for the specific reason that you were chosen to show them that they matter, that they are valuable, or that they are not alone?
What if … by helping that person you later came to the conclusion that they were really put on your path to help you in some unexpected way?
This holiday season, do a little goodwill hunting … it will certainly bring a bit more peace on earth and who knows … maybe even some goodwill towards men (people).
PreviousPrevious post:A Quality QualityNextNext post:Holidays … A Blessing or a Curse?


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Flags of convenience: Why some countries are more attractive than others when registering aircraft
Miquel Ros
Clear Mediterranean waters, year-round balmy weather and rich history make the island of Malta a top tourist destination, but these are not the only reasons why Ryanair, Wizz Air and Eurowings have set up shop in the European Union's smallest member state.
Forty air operators with a combined fleet of more than 500 aircraft were on Malta's registry as of last month; this number makes the tiny Mediterranean country one of a handful of jurisdictions that punch well above their weight when it comes to aircraft registrations.
The usual names still top the league tables, however. Data from aviation analytics firm Cirium shows the U.S. leading by a huge margin in all aircraft categories, including commercial, executive and general aviation; other large countries such as China, Canada and Brazil follow at a distance.
However, not all countries leading the way in aircraft registries are large in size, as the case of Malta shows. Other smaller jurisdictions like Ireland, Bermuda and the Cayman Islands have also carved a remarkable niche in the global aircraft registration market.
You may assume that the reason behind these smaller nations offering a noticeable number of aircraft registrations is because of taxes. While some of these jurisdictions may indeed have tax advantages for registering aircraft, TPG consulted different industry experts who downplayed this factor.
So why, then, do some smaller countries offer comparable numbers of aircraft registrations? We took a closer look to find out.
Ryanair Boeing 737-800 on the runway at the Dublin Airport. JJFARQUITECTOS/TWENTY20
Service reigns supreme
"Tax has become less of a factor in attracting new aircraft operating aircraft certificates and registrations, particularly since the introduction of harmonizing European directives in the field of taxation in the last decade," Stephan Piazza, a lawyer who specializes in aviation and shipping advisory services at accounting organization KPMG's Malta office, said. "This is a trend that is likely to continue."
If taxes are not behind the high number of aircraft registrations in smaller jurisdictions, what is? Simply put, it's the speed of service these nations are able to provide.
"The Malta registry is a very service-oriented authority," Piazza said. "Regulatory approval that can take months in a larger jurisdiction can be done in a matter of weeks here while ensuring, at the same time, the highest levels of regulatory compliance."
Others further highlighted this point, including David Colindres — president of the San Marino Aircraft Registry which oversees aircraft registries in the tiny independent microstate of San Marino (where there is no airport).
"Service is the main factor here," Colindres said. "When a jet is purchased, high net worth individuals and companies want to get them operational as soon as possible, and this is something we can do. We take pride in our ability to respond very quickly. We work very closely and align with the government, although the registry is run as a private business."
Unsurprisingly, this ability to quickly register aircraft seems to resonate with executive jet operators.
Related: The flying megayacht: Italian designer devises exclusive catamaran blimp
Beyond seeking speedy service, operators aim to reap as many benefits as possible from the jurisdiction they pick for registering their aircraft.
"When choosing where to register an aircraft, it is important to consider the geographical region where this aircraft is going to be primarily operating," Brian Skehan, an industry executive and managing director of SARC, a consultancy firm specializing in aviation regulation, said.
Doing so will likely come with some added perks.
Malta, Ireland and Austria, for example, are EU members, so their fleets can operate unimpeded throughout the EU without the need to get a Third Country Operator authorization.
Related: How overflight rights open new markets for Israeli airlines
Policies matter
Malta's Prime Minister Robert Abela and Health Minister Chris Fearne. JONATHAN BORG/XINHUA NEWS AGENCY/GETTY IMAGES
Specific policies also play a part in deciding where to register an aircraft.
The international framework that regulates civilian aviation — of which the Convention on International Civil Aviation (also known as the Chicago Convention) is a foundational stone — offers a degree of flexibility for countries to prioritize certain interpretations of registration rules so they can attract more aircraft owners and operators.
For example, in some jurisdictions, an aircraft has to be registered by its beneficial owner; other jurisdictions permit more complex ownership structures, providing extra flexibility to operators. The latter is another reason why Ireland regularly draws operators to its shores to register their aircraft.
Malta's ratification of the Cape Town Convention — an international treaty that protects ownership rights of highly mobile assets like aircraft — in 2010 also explains how it became a major player in aviation services. In making this move and subsequently revamping its aircraft registry to better align with business interests, the country has invested more in maintenance and improving facilities, which operators can then benefit from. We are not talking about a simple annotation on a ledger here, but about hard, tangible metal rolling on the tarmac of the local airport.
Related: The Super Hercules' little known civilian life: How airlines operate the famous transport commercially
Just as countries compete with each other in a quest to attract foreign investment to their economies, the same happens in the market for aircraft registrations. The aircraft registry has become a key tool for those territories that, regardless of their size, want to play their part in the development of the global aviation industry.
Featured image by TED HOROWITZ/GETTY IMAGES


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Øvre Eiker Dating, Møte single i gjesdal / Speed dating i agdenes
Politiet – tamarasilerjones.com
Eiker - Wikipedia
Øvre Eiker (Norway)
Stedsutvikling i Øvre Eiker - hovedprosjekt
Accommodation, Businesses and more pictures from Øvre Eiker Øvre Eiker covers a area of ,8 km2 and have approximately The inhabitants live in the villages SkotselvVestfossenDarbu and the small town of Hokksund.
Øvre Eiker is approximately 15 km to the west of Drammen and lies in Buskerud. Fossesholm Manor in Vestfossen is the main attraction. You are also welcome to try the vast opportunities for sports, hiking, water sports, biking and fishing in tarns and rivers. In the first Norwegian public road was built from Kongsberg to Vestfossen upon a royal decree.
The river Drammenselva flows through the town, meters from the centre. Hokksund has developed on both sides of the river. Forestry has traditionally been the principal industry, but engineering, especially electrical as well as the cement industry, have become important within the past century.
Half of the municipality live in Hokksund, where the Town Halla typical specimen of Scandinavian architecture of the ´s, dominates the centre. It also contains a swimming pool, library and service centre.
A beautiful landscape surrounds the Eiker countryside. The old part of Hokksund and the Eiker countryside are things you must visit. Eiker is also famous for the Nøstetangen glassworks and Hassel ironworks, silver mines and burial mounds. The first Norwegian public road was built from Kongsberg to Vestfossen upon a royal decree of An estate since the Middle Ages, Fossesholm was expanded to 5O.
HOYKOM-Høyhastighetskommunikasjon
In the period the estate belonged to the vice-regent, Hannibal Sehested. The buildings as we see them today are the result of the last enlargement and decoration in the rococco style in The oldest buildings in the Eiker area are to be found at Old Hokksund Haugsund with well preserved 18th century houses. Sculpture exhibitions are organized in summer in front of the Town Hall and art exhibitions in Tingstua and at Steinberg east of Hokksund; special services and concerts at Fiskum Old Church.
Vestfossen gangstaz
Hellefossen has again become one of the best Salmon Rivers in Norway where the fishermen take out over 10, kilos salmon and sea trout each year and as many as 42 species of fish have been registered. There are ample opportunities to catch various species of fish in the fjord up to the mouth of the river.
The river itself is also a fine place to fish.
Hellefossen is one of the best places and the most popular area, with a large sale of angling cards during the season. The salmon weighing between 10 and 20 kg are no unusual phenomenon! A fishing licence may be bought valid for specific zones and specific time periods such as Hellefossen.
These licences are for sale at Hokksund Båt og Camping. A salmon festival is organized every year in the beginning of August. You can buy fishing card for one day, week or the whole season.
Singel i stryn
Season is from May 15 to September The glasswork were in operation in Hokksund from They had a guiding position in the art industry, which was based øvre eiker dating norway the skills of craftsmen from Germany and England. With the help of multimedia presentations, web-based displays and collections of original Nøstetangen glass, Nøstetangen Museum presents the history of the glassworks.
The exhibits are partly owned by the museum and partly lent from other public and private collections. In the museum was awarded the Cultural Monument Prize. The main building houses not only the museum, but also a number of bright, friendly rooms in which art exhibitions displaying the works of well-known professional artists are organized during the summer months. The designs extend from cups and glasses based on old Nøstetangen models to modern coloured glassware, which you can buy in the little glas shop.
Haug Church was enlarged and constructed in brick after a fire in The church was extensively repaired and redecorated from to The organ was built by the German organ builder Jürgen Ahrend in As a youth Jonas Lie was a naval cadet in Stavern and lived in the naval barracks. In his later years, Jonas Lie and his wife Thomasine retired to Stavern, to their house "Elisenfryd".
StavernNorway´s øvre eiker dating norway townwas home to many of Norway´s most known and celebrated artist including Herman Wildenvey and Jonas Lie. At that time, the manor house known as Fossesholm became the center of a land collecting effort for the purpose of creating a large-scale sawmill industry.
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Later, other types of industry emerged. The most influential among them were the textile factory of Fredfos Uldvarefabrik and the Vestfossen Cellulose, a former paper company founded in as a pulp mill, which declared bankrupt in An industrial crisis which occurred around lead to the fall of these factories, and large parts of the local industrial infrastructure was unused for a long time.
After the yeara cultural effort led to the establishment of several cultural øvre eiker dating norway here, most notably the contemporary art gallery of Vestfossen Kunstlaboratorium founded by artist Morten Viskum. Vestfossen now calls itself "the capital of culture". In the period the estate belonged to the vice-regent, Harnibal Sehested.
Today a cultural centre, art exhibitions and concert are organized at Fossesholm, also featuring exhibitions of dolls, the War Resistance, a shop for hand-crafted articles and a café. Fiskum Church at Darbu is built in and was burned down øvre eiker dating norway januar You can find the Fiskum Church on Fv The church was dedicated to Saint Olav. Fiskum Old Church was constructed in a rectangular shape and built of stone. It was one of the smaller local churches and used only occasionally in summer.
The church consists of a short nave and a lower and narrower, the right end of choir.
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The church is built of stone fracture in lime mortar and plastered inside. The skogn dating steder dates from The altarpiece and baptismal font date from approx. The tower contained 3 bells inwhich were changed into to two clocks during It has a railway station on the Randsfjordbane. The main attraction in Skotselv is unarguable the "Dyvelgården", an old mansion representing the øvre eiker dating norway area of the village.
Another important place to the village is the public school. With a history of over years of practice it is one of the municipality´s oldest schools. This illustrates the important role the village had with its Iron Mill.
From early times, fertile soil and forest were sources for livelihood. Sawmills, and later the paper industry provided good for export to Europe. The discovery of the largest gold treasure in the Nordic region, dating apprx to year AD, indicates early relations with other countries. Norways first glass production also found place in Øvre Eiker when Nøstetangen glassworks was established in
A popular walking area is along "Bingenselven" with its beautiful park suitable for camping and outdoor grilling.
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nikah halala
Nikah Halala is an Islamic marriage practiced primarily by certain sects of Sunni Muslims, which involves a female divorcee marrying someone else, consummating the marriage and then getting a divorce in order to make it allowable to remarry her previous husband.
According to the Indian All India Muslim Personal Law Board, a man cannot remarry a woman after triple talaq unless she has already consummated her marriage with another man and then that new husband dies or divorces her.
In this case the marriage (Nikah) of the woman with her new husband is called Nikah halala. As per a new set of code of conduct issued regarding divorce by the organisation in April 2017, a man can rejoin with his wife in three months after single talaq and can remarry after three months without the woman having to go through nikah halala.
A public petition challenging the constitutional validity of 'triple talaq', 'nikah halala' and polygamy practices among Muslims has been filled in the Supreme Court of India. The issue is currently under consideration.
LAST UPDATED : Feb 03, 2020, 01:35 PM IST
AIMPLB moves SC for impleadment in pleas challenging validity of polygamy, nikah halala
The All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) on Monday moved the Supreme Court seeking impleadment in petitions challenging constitutional validity of polygamy and 'nikah halala' practised among Muslims.
Not discussing issue of women's entry into Sabarimala temple: SC
The SC on Monday resumed its exercise of framing questions relating to discrimination against women in various religions and made clear that it was not discussing the issue of entry of women of all age groups into Sabarimala temple in Kerala."We are not deciding Sabarimala. We are deciding the larger questions," the bench said.
AIMPLB moves Supreme Court for impleadment in pleas challenging validity of polygamy, nikah halala
MP: Man booked for giving triple talaq to wife in Jhansi
A 28-year-old man from Jhansi in Madhya Pradesh was booked for allegedly divorcing his wife through the banned triple talaq method, a Gwalior police official said on Sunday.
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Совзна́ки (расчётные знаки РСФСР, денежные знаки РСФСР и денежные знаки СССР) — бумажные денежные знаки, выпущенные Народным комиссариатом финансов РСФСР в 1919 и имевшие хождение в Советской России и СССР до 1924 года. В связи с эмиссионной политикой были подвержены значительному обесцениванию.

Принимались только на территории, контролируемой советской властью — как в РСФСР, Белоруссии, Туркестане, так на Украине и в Закавказье. В отличие от всех прочих выпущенных денег, совзнаки не признавались белыми властями.

Совзнаки, фактически являясь деньгами, официально деньгами не назывались, так как заявленной целью советского правительства было построение коммунистического общества, в котором деньги будут отсутствовать. Словосочетание «денежный знак» появилось только на банкноте образца 1922 года.

Начиная с 1922 года, в СССР параллельно действовала ещё одна денежная единица — «червонец». При этом «червонец» являлся валютой с устойчивой ценой, а совзнаки с падающей. Быстрое обесценивание совзнаков было вызвано их ускоренной эмиссией для покрытия бюджетного дефицита.

Советские знаки обесценивались настолько быстро, что неоднократно проводилась их деноминация:
 при выпуске совзнаков образца 1922 года 1 рубль новых денежных знаков приравнивался к 10 000 старых;
 при выпуске совзнаков образца 1923 года 1 рубль новых денежных знаков приравнивался к 100 рублям образца 1922 года или 1 000 000 более старых.

Согласно декрету СНК СССР от 7 марта 1924, эмиссия совзнаков была прекращена, а выпущенные банкноты подлежали выкупу по соотношению 1 рубль золотом (казначейскими билетами) за 50 000 рублей совзнаками образца 1923 года. Банкноты более ранних выпусков также обменивались по курсу 1 рубль за 5 000 000 рублей образца 1922 года или 1 рубль за 50 000 000 000 рублей более ранних выпусков.

Выпуски и номиналы
После Февральской революции 1917 года встал вопрос о выпуске новых денег. В течение лета и начале осени в обращении появились «думки» — кредитные билеты номиналом 250 и 1000 рублей, а также «керенки» — казначейские знаки 20 и 40-рублёвого достоинства.

Однако, вместе с тем в стране велась работа над созданием серии новых разменных денежных знаков, достоинством от 1 до 1000 рублей. С этой целью были разработаны эскизы и созданы инструменты, применявшиеся при изготовлении оттисков новых билетов всех номиналов. Но по причине возникших трудностей, последующей эвакуации в Пензу части необходимого оборудования Экспедиции заготовления государственных бумаг (которая в дальнейшем будет преобразована в Гознак), а затем смены власти и символики, эти деньги так и не вышли в обращение.

В собрании Гознака в настоящее время хранятся проектные рисунки этих знаков и альбом с пробными оттисками. На них — эмблемы Временного правительства и дата «1917», но это изделие, судя по записи на его обложке, появилось уже в 1921 году, когда ни Временного правительства, ни его символов уже не было.

Дело заключалось в том, что в 1921 в Советской России началась подготовка к денежной реформе, которая должна была прекратить обращение старых, обесценившихся купюр — «совзнаков». Именно тогда власти вспомнили о несостоявшейся серии 1917 года.

Из запасников извлекли инструменты и отпечатали пробные оттиски, добавив кое-где гербы РСФСР вместо устаревших орлов. А через год в обращение были выпущены новые купюры образца 1922 года. От не появившихся в обороте знаков они отличались только текстами и другими государственными эмблемами.

Правда, купюры достоинством 5 и 10 тысяч рублей пришлось проектировать заново: в 1917 году знаки таких крупных номиналов не разрабатывались. Поэтому они сильно отличаются стилистически от всех остальных.

Расчётные знаки образца 1919 года выпускались номиналом 1, 2, 3, 15, 30, 60, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 5 000, 10 000. Их печатали разные типографии, купюры многих мелких номиналов имели различную окраску, оформление и водяные знаки. На этих расчётных знаках впервые был изображён герб РСФСР.

Расчётные знаки образца 1921 года в целях экономии имели более простое исполнение. Они имели номинал: 3, 5, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 5 000, 10 000, 25 000, 50 000, 100 000 рублей. Банкноты имели одинаковое исполнение и цвет (за исключением купюры в 100 рублей выпускавшейся в жёлтом и оранжевом варианте), но различные водяные знаки. Купюры различных номиналов отличались также размером.

Денежные знаки образца 1922 года имели в связи с деноминацией номиналы скромнее: 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 5 000, 10 000 рублей. Во втором выпуске денежных знаков образца 1922 года, купюры номиналом 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 в целях экономии были сделаны значительно меньше.

Среди денежных знаков РСФСР образца 1923 года впервые появился знак номиналом меньше рубля — 50 копеек. Более крупные купюры имели два выпуска. В первый выпуск входили купюры номиналом 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 рублей (купюры одного номинала имели до 10 различных вариантов подписи). Банкноты второго выпуска отличались обратной стороной купюры и увеличившимся номиналом: 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5 000, 10 000 рублей. Купюры одного номинала могли отличаться не только подписями, но и водяными знаками. Купюра РСФСР достоинством в 10 000 рублей в обращение не выпускалась, поэтому является очень редкой и ценной для бонистов.

В том же 1923 году появились денежные знаки СССР номиналом 10 000, 15 000, 25 000 рублей.

Непризнание совзнаков белыми

Вооружённые силы Юга России (1918—1920)

Наши войска производили захват военнопленных, советских штабов и различных учреждений, насыщивались этими деньгами и также были недовольны их непризнанием.
 Особое совещание считало недопустимым признавать эти деньги хотя бы и временно. (Исключение из этого правила, в смысле временного признания советских денег, насколько помню, было допущено только для района Северного Кавказа.) При временном их признании, то есть назначении срока на обмен их на денежные знаки, имеющие хождение на территории, освобождённой от большевиков, у нас не хватило бы денег для производства этой операции.
Свободное же допущение в обращение советских денег давало бы в руки Советского Правительства слишком могучее орудие для борьбы с нами.
 Генерал Деникин, при объезде фронта, прислал мне из Харькова (23 июня/6 июля 1919 года) телеграмму, в которой, между прочим, указывая, что распоряжение о непризнании советских, в частности пятаковских, денег, возбуждает население, в которое выпущено их около миллиарда, сообщает, что генерал Май-Маевский это распоряжение приостановил, и просил дать объяснение.
 В ответ на телеграмму я послал (24 июня/7 июля) Главнокомандующему следующий ответ:
«Вопрос о советских деньгах, в частности пятаковских, подробно обсуждался Особым совещанием с практической и научной точек зрения. Единогласно признано, что если допустить и признать эти деньги, то мы оставляем страшное орудие в руках советской власти и ведем Россию к верному банкротству.
Ведь при дальнейшем продвижении мы встретим ещё большее количество миллиардов этих денег. То, что население, имеющее конечно и романовские, и керенки, и украинские, выбрасывает на рынок именно советские, прежде всего, указывает на то, что оно само осознаёт непрочность этих денег.
 Конечно, и у войск советских денег оказалось много. Характерен один из мотивов Май-Маевскаго, что на армию жертвуется много этих денег. Конечно, эта операция (то-есть непризнание) болезненная, но Особое Совещание и Управляющей финансами другого выхода не видели.
 Постановлено предложить все советские деньги сдавать на текущий счет, объявив населению, что пока их судьба не решается; но выдавать можно каждому, независимо от принесенной суммы, не более пятисот рублей признаваемыми знаками с отметкой на виде на жительство. (Эту уступку, то есть незначительный размен, признано было необходимым сделать, так как действительно городское население, а особенно рабочее, при полном непризнании советских денег ставилось в очень тяжелое положение.)
Единственное, что возможно — это несколько увеличить выдачу, но вряд ли допустимо эти деньги признавать».
 Генерал Деникин согласился с этим объяснением, и им были преподаны соответствующие указания.
Но эта мера, особенно среди рабочих, вызвала большое неудовольствие против «белой армии».

Расчётные знаки РСФСР

Серия 1919 года

Серия 1921 года

Государственные денежные знаки РСФСР

Серия 1922 года

Серия 1922 года (2 выпуск)

Серия 1923 года

См. также
 Керенки
 Пятаковки
 Червонец
 Советский рубль

Литература

Ссылки
 Первые советские деньги

Банкноты, номинированные в рублях
Банкноты РСФСР
Банкноты СССР


text:
Palestinians unanimously reject Israel and UAE agreement
Palestinians unanimously reject agreement between the United Arab Emirates and Israel to normalise ties.
The deal pledges full normalisation of relationships between the two countries in the areas of security, tourism, technology and trade in return for suspending Israel's annexation plans in the West Bank.
Both the Palestinian leadership and public were caught by surprise when the announcement came on Thursday.
READ: Israel and the UAE ink deal to establish diplomatic relations
"We absolutely had no prior knowledge of this agreement," Ahmed Majdalani, the Palestinian Authority's (PA) minister of social affairs said.
"The timing and speed of reaching this agreement were surprising, especially that it came at a critical moment in the Palestinian struggle."
Former PA minister Munib al-Masri noted Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, who ruled Abu Dhabi for more than 30 years before his death in 2004, had always been a strong supporter of the Palestinians.
"The late Sheikh Zayed was a dear brother to me, I knew how much he was proud of his support for Palestine… I never imagined that in my lifetime I would see the day in which the UAE would simply sell the Palestinians out for the sake of normalisation," al-Masri said.
"It's very shameful. I can't believe it until now."
Most factions, including Hamas and the Islamic Jihad, issued official statements denouncing the UAE-Israel agreement.
Tags Israel, Palestine, Palestinians unanimously reject Israel and UAE agreement, UAE, United Arab Emirates
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These crowns are often used for children as they do not require multiple dentist visits to fit. They are also more cost-effective for children when compared to custom-made crowns. These crowns can be replaced as the child grows and will eventually be replaced with a permanent crown.
Metal dental crowns will generally use an alloy with a high gold or platinum content or a base-metal alloy. Metal crowns are able to withstand chewing and biting forces very well and will generally last longer than other crowns. This is due to the fact that they do not wear as quickly as other crowns and they are less likely to break or chip. The primary issue that people have with this type of crown is the color which makes this crown best suited to out-of-sight molars.
If you are looking for a crown that has the same color as the surrounding teeth, you should choose this one. However, it is important to note that with this type of crown, there is more wearing on the opposing teeth when compared to resin or metal crowns. The porcelain section of the dental crown can also break off and chip. The primary benefit of this type of crown is the fact that it looks natural and like all of the other teeth.
Resin dental crowns are ideal for people who are looking for a cheaper option. An all resin crown will be cheaper than any other type of crown and there are reasons for this. This crown will wear down over time and need to be replaced. They are also more prone to fracturing when compared to the porcelain fused to metal crowns.